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+Project Gutenberg's A Short History of Pittsburgh, by Samuel Harden Church
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: A Short History of Pittsburgh
+
+Author: Samuel Harden Church
+
+Release Date: November 16, 2007 [EBook #23507]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bruce Thomas, Curtis Weyant and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by Case Western Reserve University Preservation Department
+Digital Library)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                            A SHORT HISTORY
+                                  OF
+                              PITTSBURGH
+                              1758-1908
+
+       [Illustration: George Washington, the first Pittsburgher]
+
+                            A SHORT HISTORY
+                                  OF
+                              PITTSBURGH
+                              1758-1908
+
+                                 BY
+                         SAMUEL HARDEN CHURCH
+
+                AUTHOR OF "OLIVER CROMWELL: A HISTORY,"
+           "PENRUDDOCK OF THE WHITE LAMBS," "JOHN MARMADUKE,"
+                        "BEOWULF: A POEM," ETC.
+
+                              PRINTED AT
+                          THE DE VINNE PRESS
+                              NEW YORK
+                                1908
+
+                         Copyright, 1908, by
+                         SAMUEL HARDEN CHURCH
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+             PAGE
+HISTORICAL     13
+
+INDUSTRIAL     79
+
+INTELLECTUAL   89
+
+INDEX         127
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+George Washington, the first Pittsburgher  _Frontispiece_
+                                                  PAGE
+William Pitt, Earl of Chatham                       26
+
+Plan of Fort Pitt                                   31
+
+Henry Bouquet                                       32
+
+Block House of Fort Pitt. Built in 1764             33
+
+Anthony Wayne                                       41
+
+Conestoga wagon                                     44
+
+Stage-coach                                         46
+
+Over the mountains in 1839; canal boat being
+  hauled over the portage road                      47
+
+View of Old Pittsburgh, 1817                        50
+
+Pittsburgh, showing the junction of the
+  Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers                  80
+
+The Pittsburgh Country Club                         88
+
+Panther Hollow Bridge, Schenley Park                93
+
+Entrance to Highland Park                           97
+
+The Carnegie Institute                             101
+
+Court-house                                        104
+
+Zoölogical Garden in Highland Park                 107
+
+Carnegie Technical Schools (uncompleted)           111
+
+Margaret Morrison Carnegie School for Women        115
+
+Design of University of Pittsburgh                 119
+
+Allegheny Observatory, University of Pittsburgh    123
+
+Phipps Conservatory, Schenley Park                 125
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+Some ten years ago I contributed to a book on "Historic Towns,"
+published by G. P. Putnam's Sons, of New York and London, a brief
+historical sketch of Pittsburgh. The approach of the one hundred and
+fiftieth anniversary of the founding of Pittsburgh, and the elaborate
+celebrations planned in connection therewith, led to many requests that
+I would reprint the sketch in its own covers as a souvenir of the
+occasion. Finding it quite inadequate for permanent preservation in its
+original form, I have, after much research and painstaking labor,
+rewritten the entire work, adding many new materials, and making of it
+what I believe to be a complete, though a short, history of our city.
+The story has developed itself into three natural divisions: historical,
+industrial, and intellectual, and the record will show that under either
+one of these titles Pittsburgh is a notable, and under all of them, an
+imperial, city.
+
+S. H. C.
+
+Lake Placid Club,
+  Adirondack Mountains,
+    August 25, 1908.
+
+
+A SHORT HISTORY
+OF
+PITTSBURGH
+1758-1908
+
+
+
+
+A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH
+
+
+
+
+HISTORICAL
+
+
+I
+
+George Washington, the Father of his Country, is equally the Father of
+Pittsburgh, for he came thither in November, 1753, and established the
+location of the now imperial city by choosing it as the best place for a
+fort. Washington was then twenty-one years old. He had by that time
+written his precocious one hundred and ten maxims of civility and good
+behavior; had declined to be a midshipman in the British navy; had made
+his only sea-voyage to Barbados; had surveyed the estates of Lord
+Fairfax, going for months into the forest without fear of savage Indians
+or wild beasts; and was now a major of Virginia militia. In pursuance of
+the claim of Virginia that she owned that part of Pennsylvania in which
+Pittsburgh is situated, Washington came there as the agent of Governor
+Dinwiddie to treat with the Indians. With an eye alert for the dangers
+of the wilderness, and with Christopher Gist beside him, the young
+Virginian pushed his cautious way to "The Point" of land where the
+confluence of the Monongahela and Allegheny rivers forms the Ohio. That,
+he declared, with clear military instinct, was the best site for a fort;
+and he rejected the promontory two miles below, which the Indians had
+recommended for that purpose. Washington made six visits to the vicinity
+of Pittsburgh, all before his presidency, and on three of them (1753,
+1758, and 1770), he entered the limits of the present city. At the time
+of despatching the army to suppress the whisky insurrection, while he
+was President, in 1794, he came toward Pittsburgh as far as Bedford, and
+then, after planning the march, returned to Philadelphia. His contact
+with the place was, therefore, frequent, and his information always very
+complete. There is a tradition, none the less popular because it cannot
+be proved, which ascribes to Washington the credit of having suggested
+the name of Pittsburgh to General Forbes when the place was captured
+from the French. However this may be, we do know that Washington was
+certainly present when the English flag was hoisted and the city named
+Pittsburgh, on Sunday, November 26, 1758. And at that moment Pittsburgh
+became a chief bulwark of the British Empire in America.
+
+
+II
+
+As early as 1728, a daring hunter or trader found the Indians at the
+head waters of the Ohio,--among them the Delawares, Shawanese, Mohicans,
+and Iroquois,--whither they tracked the bear from their village of
+Logstown, seventeen miles down the river. They also employed the country
+roundabout as a highway for their march to battle against other tribes,
+and against each other. At that time France and England were disputing
+for the new continent. France, by right of her discovery of the
+Mississippi, claimed all lands drained by that river and its
+tributaries, a contention which would naturally plant her banner upon
+the summit of the Alleghany Mountains. England, on the other hand,
+claimed everything from ocean shore to ocean shore. This situation
+produced war, and Pittsburgh became the strategic key of the great
+Middle West. The French made early endeavors to win the allegiance of
+the Indians, and felt encouraged to press their friendly overtures
+because they usually came among the red men for trading or exploration,
+while the English invariably seized and occupied their lands. In 1731
+some French settlers did attempt to build a group of houses at
+Pittsburgh, but the Indians compelled them to go away. The next year the
+governor of Pennsylvania summoned two Indian chiefs from Pittsburgh to
+say why they had been going to see the French governor at Montreal; and
+they gave answer that he had sent for them only to express the hope that
+both English and French traders might meet at Pittsburgh and carry on
+trade amicably. The governor of Pennsylvania sought to induce the tribes
+to draw themselves farther east, where they might be made to feel the
+hand of authority, but Sassoonan, their chief, forbade them to stir. An
+Iroquois chief who joined his entreaties to those of the governor was
+soon afterward killed by some Shawanese braves, but they were forced to
+flee into Virginia to escape the vengeance of his tribe.
+
+Louis Celeron, a French officer, made an exploration of the country
+contiguous to Pittsburgh in 1747, and formally enjoined the governor of
+Pennsylvania not to occupy the ground, as France claimed its
+sovereignty. A year later the Ohio Company was formed, with a charter
+ceding an immense tract of land for sale and development, including
+Pittsburgh. This corporation built some storehouses at Logstown to
+facilitate their trade with the Indians, which were captured by the
+French, together with skins and commodities valued at 20,000 francs; and
+the purposes of the company were never accomplished.
+
+
+III
+
+Washington's first visit to Pittsburgh occurred in November, 1753, while
+he was on his way to the French fort at Leboeuff. He was carrying a
+letter from the Ohio Company to Contrecoeur, protesting against the
+plans of the French commander in undertaking to establish a line of
+forts to reach from Lake Erie to the mouth of the Ohio River. The winter
+season was becoming very severe, in despite of which Washington and Gist
+were forced to swim with their horses across the Allegheny River. On the
+way they fell in with a friendly Indian, Keyashuta, a Seneca chief, who
+showed them much kindness, and for whom a suburban town, Guyasuta, is
+named.
+
+Washington, in writing of his first sight of the forks of the river,
+says:
+
+     As I got down before the canoe, I spent some time in viewing the
+     rivers and the land at the fork, which I think extremely well
+     situated for a fort, as it has the absolute command of both rivers.
+     The land at the point is twenty-five feet above the common surface
+     of the water, and a considerable bottom of flat, well-timbered land
+     all around it very convenient for building. The rivers are each a
+     quarter of a mile across and run here very nearly at right angles,
+     the Allegheny being northeast and the Monongahela southeast. The
+     former of these two is a very rapid and swift-running water, the
+     other deep and still without any perceptible fall. About two miles
+     from this on the southeast side of the river at a place where the
+     Ohio Company intended to erect a fort, lives Shingiss, King of the
+     Delawares. We called upon him to invite him to a council at
+     Logstown. As I had taken a good deal of notice yesterday at the
+     fork, my curiosity led me to examine this more particularly and I
+     think it greatly inferior either for defense or advantages,
+     especially the latter. For a fort at the fork would be equally well
+     situated on the Ohio and have the entire command of the
+     Monongahela, which runs up our settlement and is extremely well
+     designed for water carriage, as it is of a deep, still nature.
+     Besides, a fort at the fork might be built at much less expense
+     than at the other place.
+
+Leaving Pittsburgh, Washington and Gist proceeded in a northeasterly
+direction, and after a day's journey they came upon an Indian
+settlement, and were constrained by the tribe to remain there for three
+days. A group of these Indians accompanied the two travelers to the
+French fort, and on the journey a large number of bear and deer were
+killed. At Leboeuff Washington received from the French commander a very
+satisfactory reply. On the trip back the two pioneers encountered almost
+insupportable hardships. Lacking proper food, their horses died, so that
+they were forced to push forward in canoes, often finding it necessary,
+when the creeks were frozen, to carry their craft for long stretches
+overland. When Venango was reached, Washington, whose clothes were now
+in tatters, procured an Indian costume, and he and Gist continued their
+way on foot, accompanied by an Indian guide. At this point an
+illustrious career was put in deadly peril, for on the second day of his
+escort, the treacherous guide deliberately fired his gun at Washington
+when standing only a few feet away from him. Bad marksmanship saved the
+intended victim, and Gist started to kill the Indian on the spot; but
+Washington, patient then as always, sent the savage away, giving him
+provisions to last until he could reach his tribe. But an apprehension
+of further trouble from the friends of the discomfited guide impelled
+the two men to travel all that night and the next day, although
+Washington was suffering acute agony from his frosted feet. While
+recrossing the Allegheny River on a rude raft, Washington fell into the
+icy waters and was saved by Gist from drowning only after the greatest
+efforts had been employed to rescue him. Reaching Herr's Island (within
+the present city limits), they built a fire and camped there for the
+night, but in the morning Gist's hands were frozen. The bitter cold had
+now solidified the river and the two wanderers passed over it on foot.
+By noon they had reached the home of John Frazier, at Turtle Creek,
+where they were given clothes and fresh supplies. The journey was
+completed in three more days, and on receiving the reply of
+Contrecoeur, the English began their preparations for sending troops
+to Pittsburgh.
+
+
+IV
+
+As soon as Washington's advice as to the location of the fort was
+received, Captain William Trent was despatched to Pittsburgh with a
+force of soldiers and workmen, packhorses, and materials, and he began
+in all haste to erect a stronghold. The French had already built forts
+on the northern lakes, and they now sent Captain Contrecoeur down the
+Allegheny with one thousand French, Canadians, and Indians, and eighteen
+pieces of cannon, in a flotilla of sixty bateaux and three hundred
+canoes. Trent had planted himself in Pittsburgh on February 17, 1754, a
+date important because it marks the first permanent white settlement
+there. But his work had been retarded alike by the small number of his
+men and the severity of the winter; and when Contrecoeur arrived in
+April, the young subaltern who commanded in Trent's absence surrendered
+the unfinished works, and was permitted to march away with his
+thirty-three men. The French completed the fort and named it Duquesne,
+in honor of the governor of Canada; and they held possession of it for
+four years.
+
+Immediately on the loss of this fort, Virginia sent a force under
+Washington to retake it. Washington surprised a French detachment near
+Great Meadows, and killed their commander, Jumonville. When a larger
+expedition came against him, he put up a stockade near the site of
+Uniontown, naming it Fort Necessity, which he was compelled to yield on
+terms permitting him to march away with the honors of war.
+
+
+V
+
+The next year (1755) General Edward Braddock came over with two
+regiments of British soldiers, and after augmenting his force with
+Colonial troops and a few Indians, began his fatal march upon Fort
+Duquesne. Braddock's testy disposition, his consuming egotism, his
+contempt for the Colonial soldiers, and his stubborn adherence to
+military maxims that were inapplicable to the warfare of the wilderness,
+alienated the respect and confidence of the American contingent, robbed
+him of an easy victory, and cost him his life. Benjamin Franklin had
+warned him against the imminent risk of Indian ambuscades, but he had
+contemptuously replied: "These savages may indeed be a formidable enemy
+to your raw American militia; but upon the king's regular and
+disciplined troops, sir, it is impossible they should make any
+impression." Some of his English staff-officers urged him to send the
+rangers in advance and to deploy his Indians as scouts, but he rejected
+their prudent suggestions with a sneer. On July 9 his army, comprising
+twenty-two hundred soldiers and one hundred and fifty Indians, was
+marching down the south bank of the Monongahela. The variant color and
+fashion of the expedition,--the red-coated regulars, the blue-coated
+Americans, the naval detachment, the rangers in deerskin shirts and
+leggins, the savages half-naked and befeathered, the glint of sword and
+gun in the hot daylight, the long wagon train, the lumbering cannon, the
+drove of bullocks, the royal banner and the Colonial gonfalon,--the pomp
+and puissance of it all composed a spectacle of martial splendor unseen
+in that country before. On the right was the tranquil river, and on the
+left the trackless wilderness whence the startled deer sprang into a
+deeper solitude. At noon the expedition crossed the river and pressed on
+toward Fort Duquesne, eight miles below, expectant of victory. What need
+to send out scouts when the king's troops are here? Let young George
+Washington and the rest urge it all they may; the thing is beneath the
+dignity of his majesty's general.
+
+Meanwhile, all was not tranquil at the French fort. Surrender was talked
+of, but Captain Beaujeu determined to lead a force out to meet the
+approaching army. Taking with him a total effective of thirty-six
+officers and cadets, seventy-two regular soldiers, one hundred and
+forty-six Canadians, and about six hundred Indian warriors, a command
+less than half the number of the enemy, he sallied out to meet him. How
+insignificant were the armed forces with which the two empires were now
+challenging each other for the splendid prize of a new world! Beaujeu,
+gaily clad in a fringed hunting dress, intrepidly pressed on until he
+came in sight of the English invaders. As soon as the alert French
+commander felt the hot breath of his foe he waved his hat and his
+faithful followers disappeared behind rocks and trees as if the very
+earth had swallowed them.
+
+The unsuspecting English came on. But here, when they have crossed, is a
+level plain, elevated but a few feet above the surface of the river,
+extending nearly half a mile landwards, and then gradually ascending
+into thickly wooded hills, with Fort Duquesne beyond. The troops in
+front had crossed the plain and plunged into the road through the forest
+for a hundred feet when a heavy discharge of musketry and arrows was
+poured upon them, which wrought in them a consternation all the greater
+because they could see no foe anywhere. They shot at random, and not
+without effect, for when Beaujeu fell the Canadians began to flee and
+the Indians quailed in their covers before the cannon fire of the
+English. But the French fighters were rallied back to their hidden
+recesses, and they now kept up an incessant and destructive fire. In
+this distressing situation the English fell back into the plain.
+Braddock rode in among them, and he and his officers persistently
+endeavored to rally them, but without success. The Colonial troops
+adopted the Indian method, and each man fought for himself behind a
+tree. This was forbidden by Braddock, who attempted to form his men in
+platoons and columns, making their slaughter inevitable. The French and
+Indians, concealed in the ravines and behind trees, kept up a cruel and
+deadly fire, until the British soldiers lost all presence of mind and
+began to shoot each other and their own officers, and hundreds were thus
+slain. The Virginia companies charged gallantly up a hill with a loss of
+but three men, but when they reached the summit the British soldiery,
+mistaking them for the enemy, fired upon them, killing fifty out of
+eighty men. The Colonial troops then resumed the Indian fashion of
+fighting from behind trees, which provoked Braddock, who had had five
+horses killed under him in three hours, to storm at them and strike them
+with his sword. At this moment he was fatally wounded, and many of his
+men now fled away from the hopeless action, not waiting to hear their
+general's fainting order to retreat. Washington had had two horses
+killed and received three bullets through his coat. Being the only
+mounted officer who was not disabled, he drew up the troops still on the
+field, directed their retreat, maintaining himself at the rear with
+great coolness and courage, and brought away his wounded general.
+Sixty-four British and American officers, and nearly one thousand
+privates, were killed or wounded in this battle, while the total French
+and Indian loss was not over sixty. A few prisoners captured by the
+Indians were brought to Pittsburgh and burnt at the stake. Four days
+after the fight Braddock died, exclaiming to the last, "Who would have
+thought it!"
+
+
+VI
+
+Despondency seized the English settlers after Braddock's defeat. But two
+years afterward William Pitt became prime minister, and he thrilled the
+nation with his appeal to protect the Colonies against France and the
+savages.
+
+[Illustration: William Pitt, Earl of Chatham]
+
+William Pitt, the great Earl of Chatham, the man for whom our city is
+named, was one of the most indomitable characters in the statesmanship
+of modern times. Born in November, 1708, he was educated at Eton and at
+Oxford, then traveled in France and Italy, and was elected to Parliament
+when twenty-seven years old. His early addresses were not models either
+of force or logic, but the fluent speech and many personal attractions
+of the young orator instantly caught the attention of the people, who
+always listened to him with favor; and it was not long before his
+constant participation in public affairs developed the splendid talents
+which he possessed. Wayward and affected in little things, Pitt attacked
+the great problems of government with the bold confidence of a master
+spirit, impressing the clear genius of his leadership upon the yearning
+heart of England in every emergency of peace or war. Too great to be
+consistent, he never hesitated to change his tactics or his opinion when
+the occasion developed the utility of another course. Ordinary men have
+been more faithful to asserted principles, but no statesman more
+frequently departed from asserted principles to secure achievements
+which redounded to the honor of the nation. During the thirty years in
+which Pitt exercised the magic spell of his eloquence and power over the
+English Parliament, the stakes for which he contended against the world
+were no less than the dominion of North America and of India. In the
+pursuit of these policies he fought Spain and subdued her armies. He
+subsidized the king of Prussia to his interests. He destroyed the navy
+of France and wrested from her the larger part of her possessions beyond
+sea. Having always a clear conception of the remotest aim of national
+aspiration, he was content to leave the designing of operations in
+detail to the humbler servants of the government, reserving to himself
+the mighty concentration of his powers upon the general purpose for
+which the nation was striving. The king trusted him, the Commons obeyed
+him, the people adored him and called him the Great Commoner. He was
+wise, brave, sincere, tolerant, and humane; and no man could more
+deserve the honor of having named for him a city which was destined to
+become rich and famous, keeping his memory in more enduring fame than
+bronze or marble.
+
+
+VII
+
+Pitt's letters inspired the Americans with new hope, and he promised to
+send them British troops and to supply their own militia with arms,
+ammunition, tents, and provisions at the king's charge. He sent twelve
+thousand soldiers from England, which were joined to a Colonial force
+aggregating fifty thousand men, the most formidable army yet seen in the
+new world. The plan of campaign embraced three expeditions: the first
+against Louisburg, in the island of Cape Breton, which was successful;
+the second against Ticonderoga, which succeeded after a defeat; and the
+third against Fort Duquesne. General Forbes, born at Dunfermline (whence
+have come others to Pittsburgh), commanded this expedition, comprising
+about seven thousand men. The militia from Virginia, North Carolina, and
+Maryland was led by Washington, whose independent spirit led the testy
+Scotchman, made irritable by a malady which was soon to cause his death,
+to declare that Washington's "behavior about the roads was no ways like
+a soldier." But we cannot believe that the young Virginian was moved by
+any motive but the public good. On September 12, 1758, Major Grant, a
+Highlander, led an advance guard of eight hundred and fifty men to a
+point one mile from the fort, which is still called Grant's Hill, on
+which the court-house now stands, where he rashly permitted himself to
+be surrounded and attacked by the French and Indians, half his force
+being killed or wounded, and himself slain. Washington followed soon
+after, and opened a road for the advance of the main body under Forbes.
+Fort Frontenac, on Lake Ontario, had just been taken by General
+Amherst, with the result that supplies for Fort Duquesne were cut off.
+When, therefore, Captain Ligneris, the French commandant, learned of the
+advance of a superior force, having no hope of reinforcements, he blew
+up the fort, set fire to the adjacent buildings, and drew his garrison
+away.
+
+On Saturday, November 25, 1758, amidst a fierce snowstorm, the English
+took possession of the place, and Colonel Armstrong, in the presence of
+Forbes and Washington, hauled up the puissant banner of Great Britain,
+while cannons boomed and the exulting victors cheered. On the next day,
+General Forbes wrote to Governor Denny from "Fort Duquesne, now
+Pittsburgh,[A] the 26th of November, 1758," and this was the first use
+of that name. On this same Sunday the Rev. Mr. Beatty, a Presbyterian
+chaplain, preached a sermon in thanksgiving for the superiority of
+British arms,--the first Protestant service in Pittsburgh. The French
+had had a Roman Catholic chaplain, Father Baron, during their occupancy.
+On the next day Forbes wrote to Pitt with a vision of prophecy as
+follows:
+
+     PITTSBOURGH, 27th Novem'r, 1758.
+
+     _Sir_,
+
+     I do myself the Honour of acquainting you that it has pleased God
+     to crown His Majesty's Arms with Success over all His Enemies upon
+     the Ohio, by my having obliged the enemy to burn and abandon Fort
+     Du Quesne, which they effectuated on the 25th:, and of which I
+     took possession next day, the Enemy having made their Escape down
+     the River towards the Missisippi in their Boats, being abandoned
+     by their Indians, whom I had previously engaged to leave them, and
+     who now seem all willing and ready to implore His Majesty's most
+     Gracious Protection. So give me leave to congratulate you upon this
+     great Event, of having totally expelled the French from this
+     prodigious tract of Country, and of having reconciled the various
+     tribes of Indians inhabiting it to His Majesty's Government.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+     I have used the freedom of giving your name to Fort Du Quesne, as I
+     hope it was in some measure the being actuated by your spirits that
+     now makes us Masters of the place.... These dreary deserts will
+     soon be the richest and most fertile of any possest by the British
+     in No. America. I have the honour to be with great regard and
+     Esteem Sir,
+
+     Your most obed't. & most hum'le. serv't.
+
+     JO: FORBES.
+
+[Footnote A: Local controversialists should note that the man who named
+the city spelt it with the final h.]
+
+
+VIII
+
+As a place of urgent shelter the English proceeded to build a new fort
+about two hundred yards from the site of Fort Duquesne, which is
+traditionally known as the first Fort Pitt, and was probably so called
+by the garrison, although the letters written from there during the next
+few months refer to it as "the camp at Pittsburgh." This stronghold cut
+off French transportation to the Mississippi by way of the Ohio River,
+and the only remaining route, by way of the Great Lakes, was soon
+afterward closed by the fall of Fort Niagara. The fall of Quebec, with
+the death of the two opposing generals, Montcalm and Wolfe, and the
+capture of Montreal, ended the claims of France to sovereignty in the
+new world.
+
+[Illustration: Plan of Fort Pitt]
+
+The new fort being found too small, General Stanwix built a second Fort
+Pitt, much larger and stronger, designed for a garrison of one thousand
+men. The Indians viewed the new-comers with suspicion, but Colonel
+Henry Bouquet assured them, with diplomatic tergiversation, that, "We
+have not come here to take possession of your country in a hostile
+manner, as the French did when they came among you, but to open a
+large and extensive trade with you and all other nations of Indians to
+the westward." A redoubt (the "Blockhouse"), built by Colonel Bouquet in
+1764, still stands, in a very good state of preservation, being cared
+for by the Daughters of the American Revolution. The protection of the
+garrison naturally attracted a few traders, merchants, and pioneers to
+Pittsburgh, and a permanent population began to grow.
+
+[Illustration: Henry Bouquet]
+
+[Illustration: Block House of Fort Pitt. Built in 1764]
+
+But the indigenous race continued to resent the extension of white
+encroachment; and they formed a secret confederacy under Pontiac, the
+renowned Ottawa chief, who planned a simultaneous attack on all the
+white frontier posts. This uprising was attended by atrocious cruelties
+at many of the points attacked, but we may take note here of the
+movement only as it affected Pittsburgh. At the grand council held by
+the tribes, a bundle of sticks had been given to every tribe, each
+bundle containing as many sticks as there were days intervening before
+the deadly assault should begin. One stick was to be drawn from the
+bundle every day until but one remained, which was to signal the
+outbreak for that day. This was the best calendar the barbarian mind
+could devise. At Pittsburgh, a Delaware squaw who was friendly to the
+whites had stealthily taken out three of the sticks, thus precipitating
+the attack on Fort Pitt three days in advance of the time appointed.
+
+The last stick was reached on June 22, 1763, and the Delawares and
+Shawanese began the assault in the afternoon, under Simon Ecuyer. The
+people of Pittsburgh took shelter in the fort, and held out while
+waiting for reinforcements. Colonel Bouquet hurried forward a force of
+five hundred men, but they were intercepted at Bushy Run, where a bloody
+battle was fought. Bouquet had fifty men killed and sixty wounded, but
+inflicted a much greater loss on his savage foes and gained the fort,
+relieving the siege. As soon as Bouquet could recruit his command, he
+moved down the Ohio, attacked the Indians, liberated some of their
+prisoners, and taught the red men to respect the power that controlled
+at Pittsburgh.
+
+In 1768 the Indians ceded their lands about Pittsburgh to the Colonies,
+and civilization was then free to spread over them. In 1774 a land
+office was opened in Pittsburgh by Governor Dunmore, and land warrants
+were granted on payment of two shillings and six pence purchase money,
+at the rate of ten pounds per one hundred acres.
+
+
+IX
+
+Washington made his last visit to Pittsburgh in October, 1770, when, on
+his way to the Kanawha River, he stopped here for several days, and
+lodged with Samuel Semple, the first innkeeper, whose hostelry stood,
+and still stands, at the corner of Water and Ferry Streets. This house
+was later known as the Virginian Hotel, and for many years furnished
+entertainment to those early travelers. The building, erected in 1764 by
+Colonel George Morgan, is now nearly one hundred and forty years old,
+and is still devoted to public hospitality, but the character of its
+patronage has changed from George Washington to the deck roysterers who
+lodge there between their trips on the river packets. At the time of
+Washington's visit the lower story of the house was divided into three
+rooms, two facing on Ferry Street, and the third, a large room, on Water
+Street, and in this latter room was placed, in the year of Washington's
+stop there, the first billiard table ever brought to Pittsburgh. The
+mahogany steps from the first to the second floors, which were once the
+pride of the place, are still in the house.[B] According to Washington's
+journal, there were in Pittsburgh in 1770 twenty houses situated on
+Water Street, facing the Monongahela River. These were occupied by
+traders and their families. The population at that time is estimated at
+one hundred and twenty-six men, women, and children, besides a garrison
+consisting of two companies of British troops.
+
+[Footnote B: On going again to look at this house, which I have seen
+many times, I find that it was recently demolished to make room for
+railway improvements.]
+
+In October, 1772, Fort Pitt was ordered abandoned. The works about
+Pittsburgh, from first to last, had cost the British Crown some three
+hundred thousand dollars, but the salvage on the stone, brick, and iron
+of the existing redoubts amounted to only two hundred and fifty dollars.
+The Blockhouse was repaired and occupied for a time by Dr. John
+Connelly; and during the Revolution it was constantly used by our
+Colonial troops.
+
+
+X
+
+With the French out of the country, and with William Pitt out of office
+and incapacitated by age, the Colonies began to feel the oppression of a
+British policy which British statesmen and British historians to-day
+most bitterly condemn. America's opposition to tyranny found its natural
+expression in the Battle of Lexington, April 19, 1775. The fires of
+patriotism leapt through the continent and the little settlement at
+Pittsburgh was quickly aflame with the national spirit. On May 16th a
+convention was held at Pittsburgh, which resolved that
+
+     This committee have the highest sense of the spirited behavior of
+     their brethren in New England, and do most cordially approve of
+     their opposing the invaders of American rights and privileges to
+     the utmost extreme, and that each member of this committee,
+     respectively, will animate and encourage their neighborhood to
+     follow the brave example.
+
+No foreign soldiers were sent over the mountains to Pittsburgh, but a
+more merciless foe, who would attack and harass with remorseless
+cruelty, was impressed into the English service, despite the horrified
+protests of some of her wisest statesmen. American treaties with the
+Indians had no force against the allurements of foreign gold, and under
+this unholy alliance men were burnt at the stake, women were carried
+away, and cabins were destroyed.
+
+With the aim of regaining the friendship of the Indians, Congress
+appointed commissioners who met the tribes at Pittsburgh; and Colonel
+George Morgan, Indian agent, writes to John Hancock, November 8, 1776:
+
+     I have the happiness to inform you that the cloud that threatened
+     to break over us is likely to disperse. The Six Nations, with the
+     Muncies, Delawares, Shawanese, and Mohicans, who have been
+     assembled here with their principal chiefs and warriors to the
+     number of 644, have given the strongest assurance of their
+     determination to preserve inviolate the peace and neutrality with
+     the United States.
+
+These amicable expectations were not realized, and General Edward Hand
+came to Pittsburgh the next year and planned an expedition against the
+Indians. Colonel Broadhead took out Hand's expedition in the summer and
+burned the Indian towns.
+
+The depreciation of paper currency, or Continental money, had by this
+time brought the serious burden of high prices upon the people. The
+traders, who demanded apparently exorbitant rates for their goods, were
+denounced in public meetings at Pittsburgh as being "now commonly known
+by the disgraceful epithet of speculators, of more malignant natures
+than the savage Mingoes in the wilderness." This hardship grew in
+severity until the finances were put upon a more stable basis.
+
+In 1781, there was demoralization and mutiny at Fort Pitt, and General
+William Irvine was put in command. His firm hand soon restored the
+garrison to obedience. The close of the war with Great Britain in that
+year was celebrated by General Irvine by the issue of an order at the
+fort, November 6, 1781, requiring all, as a sailor would say, "to splice
+the mainbrace." This order read as follows:
+
+     The commissioners will issue a gill of whisky, extraordinary, to
+     the non-commissioned officers and privates, upon this joyful
+     occasion.
+
+The Penn family had purchased the Pittsburgh region from the Indians in
+1768, and they would offer none of it for sale until 1783. Up to this
+time they had held the charter to Pennsylvania; but as they had
+maintained a steadfast allegiance to the mother country, the general
+assembly annulled their title, except to allow them to retain the
+ownership of various manors throughout the State, embracing half a
+million acres.
+
+In order to relieve the people of Pittsburgh from going to Greensburg
+to the court-house in their sacred right of suing and being sued, the
+general assembly erected Allegheny County out of parts of Westmoreland
+and Washington Counties, September 24, 1788. This county originally
+comprised, in addition to its present limits, what are now Armstrong,
+Beaver, Butler, Crawford, Erie, Mercer, Venango, and Warren Counties.
+The Act required that the court-house and jail should be located in
+Allegheny (just across the river from Pittsburgh), but as there was no
+protection against Indians there, an amendment established Pittsburgh as
+the county seat. The first court was held at Fort Pitt; and the next day
+a ducking-stool was erected for the district, at "The Point" in the
+three rivers.
+
+In 1785, the dispute between Virginia and Pennsylvania for the
+possession of Pittsburgh was settled by the award of a joint commission
+in favor of Pennsylvania.
+
+A writer says that in 1786 Pittsburgh contained thirty-six log houses,
+one stone, and one frame house, and five small stores. Another records
+that the population "is almost entirely Scots and Irish, who live in log
+houses." A third says of these log houses: "Now and then one had assumed
+the appearance of neatness and comfort."
+
+The first newspaper, the Pittsburgh "Gazette," was established July 29,
+1786. A mail route to Philadelphia, by horseback, was adopted in the
+same year. On September 29, 1787, the Legislature granted a charter to
+the Pittsburgh Academy, a school that has grown steadily in usefulness
+and power as the Western University of Pennsylvania, and which has in
+this year (July 11, 1908) appropriately altered its name to University
+of Pittsburgh.
+
+[Illustration: Anthony Wayne]
+
+In 1791, the Indians became vindictive and dangerous, and General Arthur
+St. Clair, with a force of twenty-three hundred men, was sent down the
+river to punish them. Neglecting President Washington's imperative
+injunction to avoid a surprise, he led his command into an ambush and
+lost half of it in the most disastrous battle with the redskins since
+the time of Braddock. In the general alarm that ensued, Fort Pitt being
+in a state of decay, a new fort was built in Pittsburgh at Ninth and
+Tenth Streets and Penn Avenue,--a stronghold that included bastions,
+blockhouses, barracks, etc., and was named Fort Lafayette. General
+Anthony Wayne was then selected to command another expedition against
+the savages, and he arrived in Pittsburgh in June, 1792. After drilling
+his troops and making preparations for two years, in the course of which
+he erected several forts in the West, including Fort Defiance and Fort
+Wayne, he fought the Indians and crushed their strength and spirit. On
+his return a lasting peace was made with them, and there were no further
+raids about Pittsburgh.
+
+
+XI
+
+The whisky insurrection demands a brief reference. Whisky seems to be a
+steady concomitant of civilization. As soon as the white settlers had
+planted themselves securely at Pittsburgh, they made requisition on
+Philadelphia for six thousand kegs of flour and three thousand kegs of
+whisky--a disproportion as startling as Falstaff's intolerable deal of
+sack to one half-penny-worth of bread. Congress, in 1791, passed an
+excise law to assist in paying the war debt. The measure was very
+unpopular, and its operation was forcibly resisted, particularly in
+Pittsburgh, which was noted then, as now, for the quantity and quality
+of its whisky. There were distilleries on nearly every stream emptying
+into the Monongahela. The time and circumstances made the tax odious.
+The Revolutionary War had just closed, the pioneers were in the midst of
+great Indian troubles, and money was scarce, of low value, and very hard
+to obtain. The people of the new country were unused to the exercise of
+stringent laws. The progress of the French Revolution encouraged the
+settlers to account themselves oppressed by similar tyrannies, against
+which some of them persuaded themselves similar resistance should be
+made. Genêt, the French demagogue, was sowing sedition everywhere.
+Lafayette's participation in the French Revolution gave it in America,
+where he was deservedly beloved, a prestige which it could never have
+gained for itself. Distillers who paid the tax were assaulted; some of
+them were tarred and feathered; others were taken into the forest and
+tied to trees; their houses and barns were burned; their property was
+carried away or destroyed. Several thousand insurgents assembled at
+Braddock's Field, and marched on Pittsburgh, where the citizens gave
+them food and submitted to a reign of terror. Then President Washington
+sent an army of fifteen thousand troops against them, and they melted
+away, as a mob will ever do when the strong arm of government smites it
+without fear or respect.
+
+[Illustration: Conestoga wagon]
+
+
+XII
+
+It was not long after the close of the Revolutionary War before
+Pittsburgh was recognized as the natural gateway of the Atlantic
+seaboard to the West and South, and the necessity for an improved system
+of transportation became imperative. The earliest method of
+transportation through the American wilderness required the eastern
+merchants to forward their goods in Conestoga wagons to Shippensburg and
+Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, and Hagerstown, Maryland, and thence to
+Pittsburgh on packhorses, where they were exchanged for Pittsburgh
+products, and these in turn were carried by boat to New Orleans, where
+they were exchanged for sugar, molasses, and similar commodities, which
+were carried through the gulf and along the coast to Baltimore and
+Philadelphia. For passenger travel the stage-coach furnished the most
+luxurious method then known.
+
+[Illustration: Stage-coach]
+
+The people of Pennsylvania had given considerable attention to inland
+improvements and as early as 1791 they began to formulate the daring
+project of constructing a canal system from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh,
+with a portage road over the crest of the Alleghany Mountains. In 1825,
+the governor appointed commissioners for making surveys, certain
+residents of Pittsburgh being chosen on the board, and in 1826 (February
+25th) the Legislature passed an act authorizing the commencement of work
+on the canal at the expense of the State. The western section was
+completed and the first boat entered Pittsburgh on November 10, 1829.
+Subsequent acts provided for the various eastern sections, including the
+building of the portage railroad over the mountains, and by April 16,
+1834, a through line was in operation from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh.
+The termini of the road were Hollidaysburg, 1,398 feet below the
+mountain summit, and Johnstown, 1,771 feet below the summit. The boats
+were taken from the water like amphibious monsters and hauled up the ten
+inclined planes by stationary engines. The total cost of the canal and
+portage railroad was about ten million dollars, and the entire system
+was sold to the Pennsylvania Railroad Company in 1857 (June 25th) for
+$7,500,000. The importance of canal transportation in the popular mind
+is shown by the fact that in 1828, when the Pennsylvania Legislature
+granted a charter to the Pennsylvania and Ohio Railroad Company (which
+never constructed its road), the act stated that the purpose of the
+railroad was to connect Pittsburgh with the canal at Massillon, Ohio.
+The railroad quickly superseded the canal, however, and when men
+perceived that the mountains could be conquered by a portage road, it
+was a natural step to plan the Pennsylvania and Baltimore and Ohio
+railroads on a system of easy grades, so that all obstacles of height
+and distance were annihilated. The Pennsylvania Railroad was
+incorporated April 13, 1846, and completed its roadway from
+Philadelphia to Pittsburgh February 15, 1854. The canal was for a time
+operated by the Pennsylvania Canal Company in the interest of the
+Pennsylvania Railroad Company, but its use was gradually abandoned. The
+division from Pittsburgh to Johnstown ceased to be operated in 1864, and
+that portion which was in the Juniata Valley was used until 1899, while
+the portion lying along the Susquehanna River was operated until
+1900.[C]
+
+[Footnote C: There is an interesting relief map of the portage railroad
+of the Pennsylvania Canal in the Carnegie Museum.]
+
+[Illustration: Over the mountains in 1839; canal boat being hauled over
+the portage road]
+
+Other railroads came as they were needed. The Baltimore and Ohio
+received a charter from the State of Maryland on February 28, 1827, but
+did not reach Pittsburgh until December 12, 1860, when its Pittsburgh
+and Connellsville branch was opened. The Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroad
+was built into Pittsburgh July 4, 1851, and became part of the
+Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railway in 1856, that line reaching
+Chicago in 1859. The Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis
+Railway (the "Pan Handle") was opened between Pittsburgh and Columbus,
+Ohio, October 9, 1865. The Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad, now a part
+of the New York Central Lines, was opened into Pittsburgh in February,
+1879. The Wabash Railway completed its entrance into the city on June
+19, 1904.
+
+
+XIII
+
+[Illustration: View of Old Pittsburgh, 1817]
+
+In 1784 the town was laid out and settlers, among whom were many Scotch
+and Irish, came rapidly. The town was made the county seat in 1791,
+incorporated as a borough in 1794, the charter was revived in 1804,
+and the borough was chartered as a city in 1816. The first charter
+granted to Pittsburgh in 1816 vested the more important powers of the
+city government in a common council of fifteen members and a select
+council of nine members. In 1887 a new charter was adopted giving to the
+mayor the power to appoint the heads of departments who were formerly
+elected by the councils. On March 7, 1901, a new charter, known as "The
+Ripper," was adopted, under the operations of which the elected mayor
+(William J. Diehl) was removed from his office, and a new chief
+executive officer (A. M. Brown) appointed in his place by the governor,
+under the title of recorder. By an act of April 23, 1903, the title of
+mayor was restored, and under the changes then made the appointing power
+rests with the mayor, with the consent of the select council. The
+following is a list of the mayors of Pittsburgh:
+
+   1816-1817, Ebenezer Denny
+   1817-1825, John Darragh
+   1825-1828, John M. Snowden
+   1828-1830, Magnus M. Murray
+   1830-1831, Matthew B. Lowrie
+   1831-1832, Magnus M. Murray
+   1832-1836, Samuel Pettigrew
+   1836-1839, Jonas R. McClintock
+   1839-1840, William Little
+   1840-1841, William W. Irwin
+   1841-1842, James Thomson
+   1842-1845, Alexander Hay
+   1845-1846, William J. Howard
+   1846-1847, William Kerr
+   1847-1849, Gabriel Adams
+   1849-1850, John Herron
+   1850-1851, Joseph Barker
+   1851-1853, John B. Guthrie
+   1853-1854, Robert M. Riddle
+   1854-1856, Ferdinand E. Volz
+   1856-1857, William Bingham
+   1857-1860, Henry A. Weaver
+   1860-1862, George Wilson
+   1862-1864, B. C. Sawyer
+   1864-1866, James Lowry
+   1866-1868, W. S. McCarthy
+   1868-1869, James Blackmore
+   1869-1872, Jared M. Brush
+   1872-1875, James Blackmore
+   1875-1878, William C. McCarthy
+   1878-1881, Robert Liddell
+   1881-1884, Robert W. Lyon
+   1884-1887, Andrew Fulton
+   1887-1890, William McCallin
+   1890-1893, Henry I. Gourley
+   1893-1896, Bernard McKenna
+   1896-1899, Henry P. Ford
+   1899-1901, William J. Diehl
+   1901,      A. M. Brown (Title changed to Recorder)
+   1901-1903, J. O. Brown (Recorder)
+   1903,      W. B. Hays (Recorder; served about one week under that title)
+   1903-1906, W. B. Hays (Mayor again)
+   1906-1909, George W. Guthrie
+
+A movement to consolidate the cities of Pittsburgh and Allegheny
+together with some adjacent boroughs, was begun in 1853-54. It failed
+entirely that year, but in 1867 Lawrenceville, Peebles, Collins,
+Liberty, Pitt, and Oakland, all lying between the two rivers, were
+annexed to Pittsburgh, and in 1872 there was a further annexation of a
+district embracing twenty-seven square miles south of the Monongahela
+River, while in 1906 Allegheny was also annexed; and, as there was
+litigation to test the validity of the consolidation, the Supreme Court
+of the United States on December 6, 1907, declared in favor of the
+constitutionality of the act.
+
+
+XIV
+
+The first national convention of the Republican party was held in
+Pittsburgh on February 22 and 23, 1856. While this gathering was an
+informal convention, it was made for the purpose of effecting a national
+organization of the groups of Republicans which had grown up in the
+States where slavery was prohibited. Pittsburgh was, therefore, in a
+broad sense, the place where the birth of the Republican party occurred.
+A digression on this subject, in order that the record may be made
+clear, will probably not be unwelcome.
+
+In 1620, three months before the landing of the _Mayflower_ at
+Provincetown, a Dutch vessel carried African slaves up the James River,
+and on the soil of Virginia there was planted a system of servitude
+which at last extended throughout the Colonies and flourished with
+increasing vigor in the South, until, in the War of the Rebellion,
+Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation put an end forever to
+slavery in America. When the builders of our Government met in the
+Constitutional Convention of 1787, slavery was a problem which more than
+once threatened to wreck the scheme for an indissoluble union of the
+States. But it was compromised under a suggestion implied in the
+Constitution itself, that slavery should not be checked in the States
+in which it existed until 1808. In the meantime the entire labor system
+of the South was built upon African slavery, while at the North the
+horror of the public conscience grew against the degrading institution
+from year to year. By 1854 the men in the free States who were opposed
+to slavery had begun to unite themselves by political bonds, and in the
+spring and summer of that year, groups of such men met in more or less
+informal conferences in Wisconsin, Michigan, New York, Maine,
+Massachusetts, Iowa, Ohio, and other northern States. But it was at
+Jackson, Michigan, where the men who were uniting their political
+fortunes to accomplish the destruction of slavery first assembled in a
+formal convention on July 6, 1854, nominated a full State ticket, and
+adopted a platform containing these declarations:
+
+     Resolved: That, postponing and suspending all differences with
+     regard to political economy or administrative policy, in view of
+     the imminent danger that Kansas and Nebraska will be grasped by
+     slavery, and a thousand miles of slave soil be thus interposed
+     between the free States of the Atlantic and those of the Pacific,
+     we will act cordially and faithfully in unison to avert and repeal
+     this gigantic wrong and shame.
+
+     Resolved: That in view of the necessity of battling for the first
+     principles of Republican government, and against the schemes of an
+     aristocracy, the most revolting and oppressive with which the earth
+     was ever cursed or man debased, we will coöperate and be known as
+     "Republicans" until the contest be terminated.
+
+On January 17, 1856, "the Republican Association of Washington, D. C.,"
+referring to the extension of slavery into Kansas and Nebraska as "the
+deep dishonor inflicted upon the age in which we live," issued a call,
+in accordance with what appeared to be the general desire of the
+Republican party, inviting the Republicans of the Union to meet in
+informal convention at Pittsburgh on February 22, 1856, for the purpose
+of perfecting the national organization, and providing for a national
+delegate convention of the Republican party, at some subsequent day, to
+nominate candidates for the presidency and vice-presidency, to be
+supported at the election in November, 1856.
+
+The Republican party met accordingly for the first time in a national
+convention in Pittsburgh on the date appointed, and was largely
+attended. Not only were all the free States represented, but there were
+also delegates from Maryland, Virginia, South Carolina, Kentucky, and
+Missouri. John A. King was made temporary chairman, and Francis P. Blair
+permanent chairman. Speeches were made by Horace Greeley, Giddings and
+Gibson of Ohio, Codding and Lovejoy of Illinois, and others. Mr. Greeley
+sent a telegraphic report of the first day's proceedings to the New York
+"Tribune," stating that the convention had accomplished much to cement
+former political differences and distinctions, and that the meeting at
+Pittsburgh had marked the inauguration of a national party, based upon
+the principle of freedom. He said that the gathering was very large and
+the enthusiasm unbounded; that men were acting in the most perfect
+harmony and with a unity of feeling seldom known to political
+assemblages of such magnitude; that the body was eminently Republican in
+principle and tendency; and that it combined much of character and
+talent, with integrity of purpose and devotion to the great principles
+which underlie our Government. He prophesied that the moral and
+political effect of this convention upon the country would be felt for
+the next quarter of a century. In its deliberations, he said that
+everything had been conducted with marked propriety and dignity.
+
+The platform adopted at Pittsburgh demanded the repeal of all laws
+allowing the introduction of slavery into free territories; promised
+support by all lawful measures to the Free-State men in Kansas in their
+resistance to the usurped authority of lawless invaders; and strongly
+urged the Republican party to resist and overthrow the existing national
+administration because it was identified with the progress of the slave
+power to national supremacy.
+
+On the evening of the second day, a mass meeting was held in aid of the
+emigration to Kansas. The president of the meeting was George N.
+Jackson, and D. D. Eaton was made secretary. Horace Greeley and others
+made addresses, and with great enthusiasm promises of aid to the
+bleeding young sister in the West were made.
+
+This record seems to show beyond question that the Republican party had
+its national birth at Pittsburgh on February 22, 1856, and that it came
+into being dedicated, as Horace Greeley described it at that moment, to
+the principle of human freedom. A later formal convention, as provided
+for at Pittsburgh, was held at Philadelphia on June 17, 1856, which
+nominated John C. Fremont, of California, for President, and William L.
+Dayton, of New Jersey, for Vice-President. This ticket polled a total
+popular vote of 1,341,264, but was beaten by the Democratic
+candidates,--James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania, for President, and John C.
+Breckinridge, of Kentucky, for Vice-President, who polled 1,838,169
+votes. This defeat of a good cause was probably a fortunate piece of
+adversity, for the men who opposed slavery were not yet strong enough to
+grapple the monster to its death as they did when Lincoln was nominated
+four years later. It was the high mission of the party in 1856 and 1860
+to stand against the extension of slavery, and in 1864 against all
+slavery as well as against the destruction of this Union; and in 1868,
+against those who wished to nullify the results of the war. Its later
+mission has been full of usefulness and honor.
+
+
+XV
+
+Among the eminent men who visited Pittsburgh in bygone days we find
+record of the following:
+
+    1817, President Monroe
+    1825, General Lafayette
+    1833, Daniel Webster
+    1842, Charles Dickens
+    1848, Henry Clay
+    1849, President Taylor and Governor Johnston
+    1852, Louis Kossuth
+    1860, Prince of Wales (now King Edward VII)
+    1861, President Lincoln
+    1866, President Johnson, Admiral Farragut, General Grant,
+            and Secretaries Seward and Welles
+
+In 1845 (April 10th), a great fire destroyed about one third of the
+total area of the city, including most of the large business houses and
+factories, the bridge over the Monongahela River, the large hotel known
+as the Monongahela House, and several churches, in all about eleven
+hundred buildings. The Legislature appropriated $50,000 for the relief
+of the sufferers.
+
+In 1889, the great flood at Johnstown, accompanied by a frightful loss
+of life and destruction of property, touched the common heart of
+humanity all over the world. The closeness of Johnstown geographically
+made the sorrow at Pittsburgh most poignant and profound. In a few hours
+almost the whole population had brought its offerings for the stricken
+community, and besides clothing, provisions, and every conceivable thing
+necessary for relief and comfort, the people of Pittsburgh contributed
+$250,000 to restore so far as possible the material portion of the
+loss.
+
+In the autumn of 1908 a series of imposing celebrations was held to
+commemorate the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the founding of
+Pittsburgh.
+
+
+XVI
+
+In 1877, the municipal government being, in its personnel, at the
+moment, incompetent to preserve the fundamental principles on which it
+was established, permitted a strike of railroad employees to grow
+without restriction as to the observance of law and order until it
+became an insurrection. Four million dollars' worth of property was
+destroyed by riot and incendiarism in a few hours. When at last outraged
+authority was properly shifted from the supine city chieftains to the
+indomitable State itself, it became necessary, before order could be
+restored, for troops to fire, with a sacrifice of human life.
+
+For some months preceding the riots at Pittsburgh disturbances among the
+railroad employees, especially the engineers and brakemen of
+freight-trains, had been frequent on railroads west and east of this
+city. These disturbances arose mainly from resistance to reductions in
+the rates of wages, made or proposed by the executive officers of the
+various railroads, and also from objections of train crews to
+regulations governing the transportation system.
+
+The Pennsylvania Railroad Company, some time after the panic of 1873,
+reduced the wages of its employees ten per cent., and, on account of the
+general decline in business, made another reduction of ten per cent. to
+take effect on June 1, 1877; these reductions to apply to all employees
+from the president of the company down. The reductions affected the
+roads known as the Pennsylvania Lines west of Pittsburgh, as well as the
+Pennsylvania Railroad, and similar alterations were also made on the New
+York Central and the Baltimore & Ohio Railroads. The changed conditions
+caused a great deal of dissatisfaction among the trainmen, but a
+committee was appointed by them, which held a conference with Mr. Thomas
+A. Scott, President of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, and agreed to
+the reduction, reporting its conclusions to the trainmen.
+
+On July 16th an order was issued by the railroad company that thirty-six
+freight-cars, instead of eighteen, as before, were to be made up as a
+train, without increase in the number of the crew, and with a locomotive
+at the end to act as a pusher, assisting the one at the front, making
+what is technically called "a double header." The train employees looked
+upon this order as doubling their work under the decreased pay of June
+1st, and in its effect virtually tending to the discharge of many men
+then employed in the running of freight-trains. The strike which
+followed does not seem to have been seriously organized, but was rather
+a sudden conclusion arrived at on the impulse of the moment, and was
+probably strengthened by a wave of discontent which was sweeping over
+the roads to the east and west, as well as by an undercurrent of
+hostility toward the railroads exhibited by some of the newspapers. As
+far back as July 23, 1876, a Pittsburgh paper, in publishing an article
+headed "Railroad Vultures," had said: "Railroad officials are commencing
+to understand that the people of Pittsburgh will be patient no longer;
+that this community is being aroused into action, and that presently the
+torrent of indignation will give place to condign retribution"; and in
+another paragraph the same paper had said: "We desire to impress upon
+the minds of the community that these vultures are constantly preying
+upon the wealth and resources of the country; they are a class, as it
+were, of money jugglers intent only on practising their trickery for
+self aggrandizement, and that, consequently, their greed leads them into
+all known ways and byways of fraud, scheming, and speculating, to
+accomplish the amassing of princely fortunes." These intemperate
+utterances were the first seeds of popular sedition.
+
+It was not until 8.30 o'clock on the morning of the 19th that the real
+trouble began. Two freight-trains were to start at 8.40, but ten minutes
+before that the crews sent word that they would not take the trains out.
+Two yard crews were then asked to take their places, but they refused to
+do so. The trains were not taken out, and the crews of all the trains
+that came in, as they arrived, joined the strikers. As the day wore on
+the men gradually congregated at the roundhouse of the road at
+Twenty-eighth Street, but did not attempt or threaten any violence. The
+news of the strike had spread through the two cities, and large numbers
+of the more turbulent class of the population, together with many
+workmen from the factories who sympathized with the strikers, hastened
+to Twenty-eighth Street, and there was soon gathered a formidable mob in
+which the few striking railroad employees were an insignificant
+quantity.
+
+When the railroad officials found their tracks and roundhouse in the
+possession of a mob which defied them, they called upon the mayor of the
+city for protection, to which Mayor McCarthy promptly responded, going
+in person with a detail of officers to the scene of the trouble. When
+the police arrived on the ground they found an excited assemblage of
+people who refused to listen to their orders to disperse, and the mayor
+made no serious effort to enforce his authority effectually. There was
+no collision, however, until a man who had refused to join the strikers
+attempted to couple some cars, when he was assaulted. An officer of the
+road who undertook to turn a switch, was also assaulted by one of the
+mob, who was arrested by the police. His comrades began throwing stones,
+but the police maintained their hold of their prisoner, and conveyed
+him to the jail. A crowd then gathered in front of the police station
+and made threats of rescuing their comrade, but no overt act was
+committed. The mob, which had by this time become greatly enraged, was
+really not composed of railroad employees, who had contemplated no such
+result of their strike, and now generally deplored the unfortunate turn
+which the affair had taken. It was for the most part composed of the
+worst element of the population, who, without any grievance of their
+own, real or imagined, had gathered together from the very force of
+their vicious inclinations and the active hope of plunder.
+
+The strikers held a meeting that evening, at which they demanded that
+the ten per cent. should be restored, and the running of double headers
+abolished. In the meantime, the railroad authorities, perceiving the
+inefficiency of the local police powers, and alarmed at the
+still-increasing mob and the vicious spirit which it displayed, invoked
+the aid of the sheriff of the county. At midnight Sheriff Fife came to
+Twenty-eighth Street with a hastily summoned _posse_, a part of which
+deserted him before he reached the scene of action, and ordered the
+rioters to disperse, which they, with hoots and jeers, defiantly refused
+to do. The sheriff then sought aid from the military, and General A. L.
+Pearson issued an order to the Eighteenth and Nineteenth regiments of
+the National Guards of Pennsylvania, with headquarters at Pittsburgh, to
+assemble at half past six the next morning, armed and equipped for
+duty. Sheriff Fife also telegraphed to the State authorities at
+Harrisburg, stating that he was unable to quell the riot, and asking
+that General Pearson be instructed to do this with his force; and
+Adjutant General Latta issued the orders accordingly. General Pearson
+marched his forces to the Union Depot and placed them in position in the
+yard and on the hillside above it. The mob was not, however, deterred by
+this action, as the troops were supposed to be more or less in sympathy
+with the strikers, and were expected to be disinclined to fire upon
+their fellow citizens if they should be ordered to do so. The employment
+of local troops at this moment constituted a grave mistake in the
+management of the riot.
+
+The governor had, however, been telegraphed to, and had ordered General
+Brinton's division of troops to leave Philadelphia for Pittsburgh. This
+became known to the mob, which was still increasing in numbers and
+turbulence, and the calling of troops from the east drove them to fury.
+The feeling had spread to the workingmen in the factories on the South
+Side, where a public meeting was held, and demagogical speeches made,
+upholding the action of the strikers; and five hundred men came thence
+in a body and joined the crowd.
+
+At this critical moment the mob received an endorsement that not only
+greatly encouraged it, but incited it to extreme violence. A local
+newspaper, on Friday, the 20th, in the course of an editorial headed
+"The Talk of the Desperate," which formulated what was assumed as the
+expression of a workingman, used this language:
+
+     This may be the great civil war in this country between labor and
+     capital that is bound to come.... The workingmen everywhere are in
+     fullest sympathy with the strikers, and only waiting to see whether
+     they are in earnest enough to fight for their rights. They would
+     all join and help them the moment an actual conflict took place....
+     The governor, with his proclamation, may call and call, but the
+     laboring people, who mostly constitute the militia, won't take up
+     arms to put down their brethren. Will capital then rely on the
+     United States Army? Pshaw! Its ten to fifteen thousand available
+     men would be swept from our path like leaves in a whirlwind. The
+     workingmen of this country can capture and hold it, if they will
+     only stick together, and it looks as though they were going to do
+     so this time. Of course, you say that capital will have some
+     supporters. Many of the unemployed will be glad to get work as
+     soldiers, or extra policemen; the farmers, too, might turn out to
+     preserve your law and order; but the working army would have the
+     most men and the best men. The war might be bloody but the right
+     would prevail. Men like Tom Scott, Frank Thomson--yes, and William
+     Thaw--who have got rich swindling the stockholders of railroads, so
+     that they cannot pay honest labor living rates, we would hang to
+     the nearest tree.
+
+Although the paper in a later edition suppressed that part of the
+editorial, and the other papers of the city refrained from any
+editorials that might increase the excitement, yet the mischief had been
+done, the unfortunate words had been widely read, and the more
+intelligently vicious of the rioters proceeded to make the most of
+them.
+
+The eastern troops left Philadelphia on Friday night and arrived at the
+Union Depot on Saturday afternoon, tired and hungry. After a scant and
+hasty lunch they were placed out along the tracks to the roundhouse
+where the great bulk of the mob was assembled. In order to secure and
+protect the building and tracks it was necessary that the crowd should
+be forced back. When the troops undertook this movement some stones were
+thrown and a few soldiers were hit. Then one of the subordinate officers
+gave an order to fire, and about twenty persons were killed and thirty
+wounded, three of whom were children.
+
+When the rioters beheld their associates attacked, their rage passed all
+control, and the troops were closed in upon and driven into the
+roundhouse. Encouraged by this retreat, the mob took steps to burn them
+out. Many cars loaded with whisky and petroleum were set on fire and
+sent down the track against the building, and fire was opened on it with
+a cannon which the crowd had seized from a local armory. General Brinton
+came personally to one of the windows of the roundhouse and appealed to
+the mob to desist, warning them that if they did not he must and would
+fire. The rioters paid no attention to his appeal, but continued their
+assaults, whereupon General Brinton gave orders to his men to fire at
+those who were handling the cannon, and several of them were killed and
+wounded. Incendiarism, having been inaugurated, went on through the
+night, whole trains being robbed and then burned. The troops held their
+position until Sunday morning, and then retreated out Penn Avenue to
+Sharpsburg, where they went into camp.
+
+During Saturday night and Sunday morning the mob seemed to have taken
+possession of the city. They broke open several armories and gun stores,
+and supplied themselves with arms and ammunition. The banks were
+threatened, and the city seemed about to be pillaged, the business part
+of the city being filled with bands of rioters who uttered threats of
+violence and murder. On Sunday morning the roundhouse and all the
+locomotives which it contained were destroyed by fire. The Union Depot,
+the grain elevator, the Adams Express building, and the Pan Handle depot
+were also set on fire and consumed. The firemen who hastened to the
+scene and attempted to extinguish the flames were met by armed men and
+driven back. At half past twelve on Sunday morning a committee appointed
+by a citizens' meeting tried to open a consultation with the mob, but
+were promptly driven away. The committee found that they were not
+dealing with dissatisfied railroad employees but with a mob of the worst
+of the city's population, there being neither organization nor leader,
+but each man or party of men doing what the frenzy of the moment
+suggested. When it seemed as if the whole city was to be destroyed, some
+of the original strikers were persuaded to attend a meeting of the
+citizens at four o'clock and arrange to aid in suppressing the
+incendiarism, and they did this with such a good spirit as showed that
+the railroad strikers were not a part of the mob and did not countenance
+its violence. At this meeting the mayor was authorized to enroll five
+hundred police, but the accounts of the day show that the ranks filled
+up slowly. The state of terror continued through all of Sunday night,
+and on Monday morning the mob was still in an unorganized control.
+
+Throughout the thirty-six hours from Saturday night until Monday morning
+a most unusual state of public mind developed here and there which
+seemed like a moral epidemic. There was almost a wholesale appropriation
+of goods from the burning cars by men and even women who would at other
+times have shuddered at the idea of robbery; and after the riot was
+suppressed goods were for some time voluntarily returned by persons who
+had taken them unreflectingly, having at length recovered their moral
+perceptions, which had seemingly been clouded by the vicious influence
+of the mob.
+
+On Monday morning, however, the uprooted law seemed to be recovering a
+portion of its dissipated majesty. During the night posters had been
+placed conspicuously throughout the city, on which was printed the law
+under which the citizens of Allegheny County were liable for all the
+damage done by the mob or arising from its actions. At eleven o'clock
+in the morning, a meeting of citizens was called at the Chamber of
+Commerce, to form a Committee of Public Safety to take charge of the
+situation, as the city authorities, the sheriff, and the military seemed
+powerless to control it. This committee presented the following address
+to the public:
+
+     The Committee of Public Safety, appointed at the meeting of
+     citizens held at the Chamber of Commerce July 23d, deeming that the
+     allaying of excitement is the first step toward restoring order,
+     would urge upon all citizens disposed to aid therein the necessity
+     of pursuing their usual avocation, and keeping all their employees
+     at work, and would, therefore, request that full compliance be
+     accorded to this demand of the committee. The committee are
+     impressed with the belief that the police force now being organized
+     will be able to arrest and disperse all riotous assemblages, and
+     that much of the danger of destruction to property has passed, and
+     that an entire restoration of order will be established. The
+     committee believe that the mass of industrious workmen of the city
+     are on the side of law and order, and a number of the so-called
+     strikers are already in the ranks of the defenders of the city, and
+     it is quite probable that any further demonstration will proceed
+     from thieves and similar classes of population, with whom our
+     working classes have no affiliation and will not be found among
+     them.
+
+     It is to this end that the committee request that all classes of
+     business be prosecuted as usual, and our citizens refrain from
+     congregating in the streets in crowds, so that the police of the
+     city may not be confused in their effort to arrest rioters, and the
+     military be not restrained from prompt action, if necessary, from
+     fear of injuring the innocent.
+
+While the rioters had by this time been somewhat restrained by the
+resolute action of the committee, yet they were, although dispersed as
+a body, holding meetings and still breathing sullen threats of further
+outrage and murder. The strike had spread to the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne
+& Chicago Railway, and its trains were for two or three days virtually
+stopped; in other sections of the country the railroad troubles were
+increasing, and the committee thought best to call Major-General Joseph
+Brown and Colonel P. N. Guthrie, of the Eighteenth National Guards, into
+consultation. Under their advice a camp of the military was formed at
+East Liberty, to be held in readiness for any further outbreak. Mayor
+McCarthy, at last inspirited by the determined men who urged him to his
+duty, enrolled five hundred extra police, and issued a proclamation in
+which he said:
+
+     I have determined that peace, order, and quiet shall be restored to
+     the community, and to this end call upon all good citizens to come
+     forward at once to the old City Hall and unite with the police and
+     military now organizing. I call upon all to continue quietly at
+     their several places of business and refrain from participating in
+     excited assemblages.
+
+A proclamation had also been issued by Governor Hartranft, and he had
+come to Pittsburgh to address the rioters, and subsequently two or three
+thousand troops were ordered by him to Pittsburgh, and were encamped
+near East Liberty for several days.
+
+Under these vigorous measures quiet was in a few days restored,
+although the Committee of Public Safety continued to hold sessions and
+to take steps not only to prevent any further demonstrations, but to
+arrest and bring to punishment a number of the prominent rioters.
+
+Claims for losses in the riot were made on Allegheny County in the sum
+of $4,100,000, which the commissioners settled for $2,772,349.53. Of
+this sum $1,600,000 was paid to the Pennsylvania Railroad, whose claim
+for $2,312,000 was settled for that sum. In addition to the buildings
+already specified as burned, there were 1,383 freight-cars, 104
+locomotives, and 66 passenger coaches destroyed by fire. Twenty-five
+persons in all were killed.
+
+The lesson was worth all it cost, and anarchy has never dared to raise
+its head in the corporation limits since that time.
+
+
+XVII
+
+The Homestead strike and riot of 1892 is another incident of false
+leadership in industrial life which must be chronicled here.
+
+For many years the Carnegie Steel Company, whose principal works were
+situated at Homestead, just outside the present boundaries of the city,
+had employed a large number of skilled workmen who belonged to the
+Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers, and had contracted
+for their employment with the officers of that Association. On July 1,
+1889, a three years' contract was made which was to terminate at the end
+of June, 1892. The workmen were paid by the ton, the amount they
+received depending on the selling price of steel billets of a specified
+size which they produced. If the price of these billets advanced, the
+wages they received per ton advanced proportionately. If the price
+declined, their wages also declined to a certain point, called a
+minimum, but a decline in the selling price below this minimum caused no
+reduction in wages. The minimum was fixed in the contract at $25.00 per
+ton. At the date the contract was made the market price of the billets
+was $26.50 per ton.
+
+As the time drew near for the contract to expire, the Carnegie Company,
+through its chairman, Mr. Henry C. Frick, submitted to the workmen
+belonging to the Association a proposition as the basis of a new
+contract. The three most important features of the proposed contract
+were, first, a reduction in the minimum of the scale for billets from
+$25.00 to $22.00; second, a change in the expiration of the date of the
+scale from June 30th to December 31st; third, a reduction of tonnage
+rates at those furnaces and mills in which, by reason of the
+introduction of improved machinery, the earnings of the workmen had been
+increased far beyond the liberal calculation of their employers. At
+those places where no such improvements had been made, no reduction in
+tonnage rates was proposed. The company gave as a reason for reducing
+the minimum that the market price of steel had gone down below $25.00
+per ton, and that it was unfair for the workmen to have the benefits of
+a rise in the market above $25.00, and share none of the losses of the
+company when the market price fell below that figure. Indeed, the
+company contended that there ought to be no minimum as there was no
+maximum under the sliding scale. The workmen insisted that there ought
+to be a minimum to protect them against unfair dealing between the
+company and its buyers, as they had no voice or authority in selling the
+products of their labor.
+
+The reason for changing the time for closing the contract was that the
+company's business was less active at the end of the calendar year than
+in midsummer, and that it was easier to complete new arrangements for
+employment at that time. Another reason was that the company often made
+sales for an entire year, and consequently contracts for labor could be
+more safely made if they began and ended at times corresponding with
+contracts made with their customers. The workmen opposed this change in
+the duration of the contract on the ground that in midwinter they would
+be less able to resist any disposition on the part of the company to cut
+down their wages, and that in the event of a strike, it would be more
+difficult to maintain their situation than it would be in summer. They
+claimed, therefore, that the change in time would be a serious
+disadvantage to them in negotiating with their employers. They proposed
+to the company, as a counter proposition, that the contract should end
+the last of June, as had formerly been the case, and that if any change
+was to be demanded, three months' notice must be given them, and that,
+if this was not done, the contract, which was to run for three years,
+should continue for a year longer; in other words, from June 30, 1895,
+until June 30, 1896. This suggestion was rejected by the company. But
+the company then proposed to make the minimum $23.00 per ton for steel
+billets, and the Association, through its committee, named a price of
+$24.00, refusing to concede any more.
+
+While these negotiations were pending, the superintendent of the
+Homestead Steel Works had concluded contracts with all the employees,
+except three hundred and twenty-five of the highest skill, who were
+employed in three of the twelve departments. All the others were to be
+paid on the former basis of remuneration without any reduction whatever.
+Of the three hundred and twenty-five high-priced men with whom contracts
+had not been made, two hundred and eighty would have been affected by
+the tonnage reductions and about forty-five more by the tonnage
+reductions and scale minimum.
+
+Under the proposed readjustments those who received the low grades of
+compensation and the common laborers would not have been touched in
+their earnings. The actual controversy was thus narrowed down to a
+small number of men, less than ten per cent. of those employed at
+Homestead.
+
+During the remainder of the month of June other steps were taken to
+effect an agreement, but the relations between the officers of the
+company and the workmen, instead of improving, grew worse. On the 28th
+the company began to close the different departments, and on the last
+day of the month work in all of them ceased. On July 1st the striking
+workmen congregated about the gates, stopped the foremen and employees
+who came to work, and persuaded them to go away. The watchmen of the
+company were turned away from the works; guards were placed at all the
+entrances, the river, streets and roads entering the town were patrolled
+by strikers, and a rigid surveillance was exercised over those who
+entered the town or approached the plant. When the sheriff came on July
+4th and attempted to put deputies of his own selection in possession of
+the works, to guard them for the company, he was opposed by a counter
+force, the striking workmen proposing to place guards of their own and
+give indemnity for the safety of the property; but this the sheriff
+declined because it would enable the strikers to keep any new non-union
+men from taking their places. On July 5th, when the sheriff sent twelve
+deputies to take possession of the works, they were driven away.
+
+In the meantime Mr. Frick had begun negotiations as early as June 20th
+with Robert A. Pinkerton, of New York, for the employment of three
+hundred watchmen to be placed in the works at Homestead. They were
+brought from Ashtabula to Youngstown by rail, thence to Pittsburgh by
+river. On the evening of July 5th, Captain Rodgers' two boats, with
+Deputy Sheriff Gray, Superintendent Potter, of the Homestead works, and
+some of his assistants, on board, dropped down the river with two barges
+in tow, until they met the Pinkerton men. When the boat, with the barges
+in tow, approached Homestead in the early morning of the 6th, they were
+discovered by a small steamer used by the strikers as a patrol, and the
+alarm was given. A short war of words was followed by firing on each
+side, which resulted ultimately in the death of three of the Pinkertons
+and seven of the workmen, and the wounding of many on each side. After a
+brief fusillade those on shore fled in various directions, and the
+Pinkerton men retreated into their barges. About five o'clock in the
+afternoon the Pinkertons surrendered, being allowed to take out their
+clothing, but their arms and supplies fell into the possession of the
+Homestead people. The barges were immediately set on fire and burned,
+and in their burning the pump-house belonging to the Carnegie Company
+was also destroyed. The Pinkerton men, now being practically prisoners
+of war, were marched up-town to the skating-rink for temporary
+imprisonment. The sheriff was notified, and he came down that night and
+took the prisoners away. He then informed the governor of Pennsylvania
+of what had occurred, and called upon him for troops to enforce the law
+and restore public order. Governor Pattison made a prompt response to
+this appeal, as his duty under the law required him to do. On the
+morning of the 12th the soldiers of the State militia entered Homestead.
+As soon as they arrived the Carnegie Company took possession of its
+works, and began to make preparations to resume work with non-union men.
+It was difficult to secure employees, and several months passed away
+before the company was able to obtain all the men it desired. At first
+the new employees were fed and housed within the enclosure, and this
+plan continued for several weeks until their number had increased to
+such a degree that they felt secure in going outside for their meals
+with the protection afforded by the sheriff's deputies.
+
+The company made an effort to employ their old workmen and fixed a time
+for receiving applications for employment from them. When the time had
+expired, however, which was on July 21st, not one participant in the
+strike had returned. At a later period many of the old employees
+returned to work. By the close of July, nearly a thousand men were at
+work at Homestead. On July 23d Mr. Frick was shot in his office by
+Alexander Berkman, an anarchist, who was not, and never had been, an
+employee. The chairman recovered from his wounds and his assailant was
+sent to the penitentiary.
+
+The last of the troops were not withdrawn until October 13th. At that
+time the mill was in full operation with non-union men.
+
+Though the strike was ended in October, its formal termination by the
+Amalgamated Association was not declared until November 20th, when the
+disposition of the strikers to return to work was very general. Assuming
+that the strike lasted nearly five months, as the monthly pay-roll of
+the mill was about $250,000, the loss to the striking employees for that
+period was not far from $1,250,000. No estimate of the loss sustained by
+the company has been published. The cost to the State in sending and
+maintaining the National Guard at Homestead was $440,256.31.
+
+
+
+
+INDUSTRIAL
+
+
+I
+
+Pittsburgh has thus passed through many battles, trials, afflictions,
+and adversities, and has grown in the strength of giants until it now
+embraces in the limits of the county a population rapidly approaching
+one million. This seems a proper moment, therefore, turning away from
+the romantic perspective of history, to attempt a brief description of
+Pittsburgh as we see her to-day. In order to give value to the record it
+will be necessary to employ certain statistics, but the effort will be
+to make these figures as little wearisome as possible. The present
+population after the annexation of Allegheny (December 6, 1907) is
+estimated at 550,000, and if we were to add McKeesport with its tube
+mills, Homestead with its Carnegie works, and East Pittsburgh with its
+Westinghouse plants, all of which lie just outside of the present
+corporate limits, the population would be 700,000. In 1900 we can give
+the population definitely (omitting Allegheny) at 321,616, of whom
+85,032 were foreign born and 17,040 were negroes. Of these foreign born
+21,222 were natives of Germany, 18,620 of Ireland, 8,902 of England,
+6,243 of Russian Poland, 5,709 of Italy, 4,107 of Russia, 3,553 of
+Austria, 3,515 of German Poland, 2,539 of Wales, 2,264 of Scotland,
+2,124 of Hungary, 1,072 of Sweden, 1,025 of Austrian Poland, and 154
+Chinese.
+
+[Illustration: Pittsburgh, showing the junction of the Allegheny and
+Monongahela Rivers]
+
+
+II
+
+It has already been said that the city is a gateway from the East to the
+West and South, and as such it is the center of a vast railway system.
+The principal railroads serving Pittsburgh are the Pennsylvania,
+Baltimore and Ohio, the New York Central Lines, and the Wabash System,
+and she has also a numerous fleet of boats plying the three rivers. Coal
+is brought to the city by boats as well as by rail, and great fleets of
+barges carry it and other heavy freight down the Ohio. A ship canal for
+the establishment of water transportation between Pittsburgh and Lake
+Erie (127.5 miles) has been projected. The railroads carry through
+Pittsburgh over eight per cent. of all the railroad traffic of the
+United States; and have a particularly heavy tonnage of coal, coke, and
+iron and steel products; while a large proportion of the iron ore that
+is produced in the Lake Superior region is brought here to supply
+Pittsburgh manufactures. The total railway and river tonnage is greater
+than that of any other city in the world, amounting in 1906 to
+122,000,000 tons, of which about 12,000,000 tons were carried on boats
+down the Ohio. Her tonnage is equal to one half the combined tonnage of
+the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. The following table will be very
+interesting as showing the extraordinary fact that the tonnage of
+Pittsburgh exceeds the combined tonnage of the five other greatest
+cities in the world (1902):
+
+    Pittsburgh                     86,636,680 tons
+    London      17,564,110 tons
+    New York    17,398,000  "
+    Antwerp     16,721,000  "
+    Hamburg     15,853,490  "
+    Liverpool   13,157,720  "
+                ----------
+          Total                    80,694,320  "
+                                   ----------
+       Pittsburgh's excess          5,942,360  "
+
+Pittsburgh has freight yards with a total capacity for more than 60,000
+cars. Its harbor has a total length on the three rivers of twenty-eight
+miles, with an average width of about one thousand feet, and has been
+deepened by the Davis Island Dam (1885) and by dredging. Slack water
+navigation has been secured on the Allegheny River by locks and dams at
+an expense of more than a million and a quarter dollars. The
+Monongahela River from Pittsburgh to the West Virginia State line (91.5
+miles) was improved by a private company in 1836, which built seven
+locks and dams. This property was condemned and bought by the United
+States Government, in 1897 for $3,761,615, and the Government is
+planning to rebuild and enlarge these works.
+
+Pittsburgh is surrounded by the most productive coal-fields in the
+country. The region is also rich in petroleum and natural gas, and
+although the petroleum in the immediate vicinity has been nearly
+exhausted, it is still obtained through pipes from the neighboring
+regions. The first petroleum pipe line reached Pittsburgh in 1875.
+
+Pittsburgh is also a port of entry, and for the year ending December,
+1907, the value of its imports amounted to $2,416,367.
+
+In 1806 the manufacture of iron was begun, and by 1825 this had become
+the leading industry. Among the earlier prominent iron industries was
+the Kensington Iron Works, of which Samuel Church (born February 5,
+1800; died December 7, 1857), whose family has been resident in
+Pittsburgh from 1822 to the present day, was the leading partner. In the
+manufacture of iron and steel products Pittsburgh ranks first among the
+cities of the United States, their value in 1905 amounting to
+$92,939,860, or 53.3 per cent. of the total of the whole country.
+Several towns in the near neighborhood are also extensively engaged in
+the same industry, and in 1902 Allegheny County produced about 24 per
+cent. of the pig iron; nearly 34 per cent. of the Bessemer steel; 44 per
+cent. of the open hearth steel; 53 per cent. of the crucible steel; 24
+per cent. of the steel rails, and 59 per cent. of the structural shapes
+that were made that year in the United States. In 1905 the value of
+Pittsburgh's foundry and machine-shop products amounted to $9,631,514;
+of the product of steam railroad repair shops, $3,726,990; of malt
+liquors, $3,166,829; of slaughtering and meat-packing products,
+$2,732,027; of cigars and cigarettes, $2,297,228; of glass, $2,130,540;
+and of tin and terne plate, $1,645,570. Electrical machinery, apparatus,
+and supplies were manufactured largely in the city, to a value in 1905
+of $1,796,557. The Heinz Company has its main pickle plant in
+Pittsburgh, the largest establishment of its kind in the world.
+
+Pittsburgh's first glass works was built in 1797 by James O'Hara. In
+1900, and for a long period preceding, the town ranked first among
+American cities in the manufacture of glass, but in 1905 it was
+outranked in this industry by Muncie, Indiana, Millville, New Jersey,
+and Washington, Pennsylvania; but in the district outside of the limits
+of Pittsburgh much glass is manufactured, so that the Pittsburgh glass
+district is still the greatest in the country. In Pittsburgh or its
+immediate vicinity the more important plants of the United States Steel
+Corporation are located, including the Carnegie Works at Homestead. Just
+outside the limits also are the plants of the Westinghouse Company for
+the manufacture of electrical apparatus, of air-brakes which George
+Westinghouse invented in 1868, and of devices for railway signals which
+he also invented.
+
+Alexander Johnston Cassatt, one of the greatest of the Pennsylvania
+Railroad presidents, and perhaps the most far-seeing and resourceful of
+all our captains of industry of the present generation, was born here.
+James McCrea, the present wise and conservative president of that road,
+lived here for twenty years. Andrew Carnegie, Henry Phipps, and Henry C.
+Frick were the strongest personalities who grew up with the Carnegie
+steel interests. George Westinghouse, whose inventive genius, as shown
+in his safety appliances, has so greatly reduced the hazards of railway
+travel and of operation, has long been one of the industrial and social
+pillars of the community. John A. Brashear, astronomer and educator, the
+maker of delicate instruments, is a well-beloved citizen.
+
+Pittsburgh ranks high as a banking center. She is the second city in the
+United States in banking capital and surplus, and leads all American
+cities in proportion of capital and surplus to gross deposits, with 47.1
+per cent., while Philadelphia ranks second with 26 per cent. In 1906,
+there were one hundred and seventy-nine banks and trust companies in
+the Pittsburgh district with a combined capital of $72,058,402, and a
+surplus of $87,044,622. The gross deposits were $395,379,783, while the
+total resources amounted to $593,392,069. Pittsburgh, with
+clearing-house exchanges amounting to $2,640,847,046, ranks sixth among
+the cities of the United States, being exceeded by the following cities
+in the order named: New York, Chicago, Boston, Philadelphia, and St.
+Louis, and often on a given day exceeds those of St. Louis.
+
+
+III
+
+The tax valuation of Pittsburgh property is $609,632,427. She mines one
+quarter of the bituminous coal of the United States. With an invested
+capital of $641,000,000, she has 3,029 mills and factories with an
+annual product worth $551,000,000, and 250,000 employees on a pay-roll
+of about $1,000,000 a day, or $350,000,000 a year. Her electric
+street-railway system multiplies itself through her streets for four
+hundred and ninety-two miles. Natural-gas fuel is conveyed into her
+mills and houses through one thousand miles of iron pipe. Her output of
+coke makes one train ten miles long every day throughout the year. Seven
+hundred passenger trains and ten thousand loaded freight cars run to and
+from her terminals every day. Nowhere else in the world is there so
+large a Bessemer-steel plant, crucible-steel plant, plate-glass plant,
+chimney-glass plant, table-glass plant, air-brake plant, steel-rail
+plant, cork works, tube works, or steel freight-car works. Her armor
+sheaths our battle-ships, as well as those of Russia and Japan. She
+equips the navies of the world with projectiles and range-finders. Her
+bridges span the rivers of India, China, Egypt, and the Argentine
+Republic; and her locomotives, rails, and bridges are used on the
+Siberian Railroad. She builds electric railways for Great Britain and
+Brazil, and telescopes for Germany and Denmark. Indeed, she distributes
+her varied manufactures into the channels of trade all over the earth.
+
+[Illustration: The Pittsburgh Country Club]
+
+
+
+
+INTELLECTUAL
+
+
+I
+
+But while these stupendous industries have given Pittsburgh her wealth,
+population, supremacy, and power, commercial materialism is not the
+_ultima thule_ of her people.
+
+Travelers who come to Pittsburgh, forgetting the smoke which often dims
+the blue splendor of its skies, are struck with the picturesque
+situation of the town, for they find rolling plateaus, wide rivers, and
+narrow valleys dropping down from high hills or precipitous bluffs
+throughout the whole district over which the city extends. Yet the
+surpassing beauty of nature is not more impressive to the thinking
+stranger than the work of man who has created and dominates a vast
+industrial system. The manufactories extend for miles along the banks of
+all three rivers. Red fires rise heavenward from gigantic forges where
+iron is being fused into wealth. The business section of the city is
+wedged in by the rivers, its streets are swarming with people, and there
+is a myriad of retail houses, wholesale houses, banks, tall office
+buildings, hotels, theaters, and railway terminals; but right where
+these stop the residence section begins like another city of happy
+homes--an immense garden of verdant trees and flowering lawns divided
+off by beautiful avenues, where some houses rise which in Europe would
+be called castles and palaces, with scarce a fence between to mark the
+land lines, giving an aspect almost of a park rather than of a city.
+There are many miles of asphalt streets set off with grass plots. On the
+rolling hills above the Monongahela River is Schenley Park (about four
+hundred and forty acres) with beautiful drives, winding bridle paths,
+and shady walks through narrow valleys and over small streams. Above the
+Allegheny River is Highland Park (about two hundred and ninety acres),
+containing a placid lake and commanding fine views from the summits of
+its great hills. It also contains a very interesting zoölogical garden.
+Close to Schenley Park are Homewood and Calvary Cemeteries and near
+Highland Park is Allegheny Cemetery, where the dead sleep amidst
+drooping willows and shading elms. Connecting the two parks and leading
+to them from the downtown section is a system of wide boulevards about
+twenty miles in length. On the North Side (once Allegheny) is Riverview
+Park (two hundred and seventeen acres), in which the Allegheny
+Observatory is situated. A large number of handsome bridges span the
+rivers. The Pittsburgh Country Club provides a broad expanse of rolling
+acres for pastoral sports.
+
+
+II
+
+In Schenley Park is the Carnegie Institute, with its new main building,
+dedicated in April (11, 12, and 13), 1907, with imposing ceremonies
+which were attended by several hundred prominent men from America and
+Europe. This building, which is about six hundred feet long and four
+hundred feet wide, contains a library, an art gallery, halls of
+architecture and sculpture, a museum, and a hall of music; while the
+Carnegie Technical Schools are operated in separate buildings near by.
+It is built in the later Renaissance style, being very simple and yet
+beautiful. Its exterior is of Ohio sandstone, while its interior finish
+is largely in marble, of which there are sixty-five varieties, brought
+from every famous quarry in the world. In its great entrance hall is a
+series of mural decorations by John W. Alexander, a distinguished son of
+Pittsburgh. The library, in which the institution had its beginning in
+1895, contains about 300,000 volumes, has seven important branches, and
+one hundred and seventy-seven stations for the distribution of books.
+Mr. Edwin H. Anderson inaugurated the library at the time of its
+creation, and, after several years of successful service, was followed
+by Mr. Anderson H. Hopkins, and he by Mr. Harrison W. Craver, who is now
+the efficient librarian. The Fine Arts department contains many casts
+of notable works of architecture and sculpture, sufficient to carry the
+visitor in fancy through an almost unbroken development from the
+earliest times in which man began to produce beautiful structures to the
+present day. It is now the aim of this department to develop its
+galleries on three lines: first, to gather early American paintings from
+the very beginning of art in this country; second, to acquire such
+portraits of eminent men as will, in the passage of years, make these
+halls to some extent a national portrait gallery; and, third, to obtain
+such pieces of contemporary art as will lead to the formation of a
+thoroughly representative collection of modern painting. The Art Gallery
+is already rich in this latter purpose, and is renowned for its annual
+competitive exhibits which are open to the artists of all countries for
+prizes offered by the Carnegie Institute. Mr. John W. Beatty, Director
+of Fine Arts, has made the building up of this department his ripest and
+best work. The Museum embraces sections of paleontology, mineralogy,
+vertebrate and invertebrate zoölogy, entomology, botany, comparative
+anatomy, archæology, numismatics, ceramics, textiles, transportation,
+carvings in wood and ivory, historical collections, the useful arts, and
+biological sciences. Its work in the department of paleontology is
+particularly noteworthy as it has extended the boundaries of knowledge
+through its many explorations in the western fossil fields. The
+success of the Museum is largely due to the energy and erudition of Dr.
+W. J. Holland, its amiable director. In the music-hall, a symphony
+orchestra is maintained, and free recitals are given on the great organ
+twice every week by a capable performer. When the orchestra began its
+work thirteen years ago, it is doubtful if there were very many persons
+in Pittsburgh, other than musical students, who knew the difference
+between a symphony, a suite, a concerto, and a fugue. To-day there are
+thousands of people in this city who can intelligently describe the
+shading differences in the Ninth Symphony and give good reasons for
+their preference as between the two movements of the "Unfinished." The
+first conductor of the orchestra was Frederic Archer, for three years,
+who was followed by Victor Herbert, for three years, and then came Emil
+Paur, who is now in charge. The Technical Schools embrace a School of
+Applied Science, a School for Apprentices and Journeymen, a School of
+Applied Design, and a School for Women, and already possess a capable
+faculty of one hundred and fifteen members, and a student body numbering
+1,916. Dr. Arthur A. Hamerschlag is an enthusiastic and capable director
+of this educational scheme. The Institute is governed by a Board of
+Trustees, of which William N. Frew is President, Robert Pitcairn, Vice
+President, Samuel Harden Church, Secretary, and James H. Reed,
+Treasurer. Charles C. Mellor is chairman of the Museum committee, John
+Caldwell, of the Fine Arts committee, George A. Macbeth, of the Library
+committee, and William McConway, of the Technical Schools committee.
+
+[Illustration: Panther Hollow Bridge, Schenley Park]
+
+The annual celebration of Founder's Day at the Carnegie Institute has
+become one of the most notable platform occasions in America, made so by
+the illustrious men who participate in the exercises. Some of these
+distinguished orators are William McKinley and Grover Cleveland, former
+Presidents of the United States; John Morley and James Bryce, foremost
+among British statesmen and authors; Joseph Jefferson, a beloved actor;
+Richard Watson Gilder, editor and poet; Wu Ting Fang, Chinese diplomat,
+and Whitelaw Reid, editor and ambassador. At the great dedication of the
+new building, in April, 1907, the celebration of Founder's Day surpassed
+all previous efforts, being marked by the assembling of an illustrious
+group of men, and the delivery of a series of addresses, which made the
+festival altogether beyond precedent. On that occasion there came to
+Pittsburgh, as the guests of the Institute, from France, Dr. Leonce
+Bénédite, Director Musée du Luxembourg; Baron d'Estournelles de
+Constant, Member of the French Senate and of the Hague Court of
+Arbitration; Dr. Paul Doumer, late Governor-General of Cochin China, and
+Dr. Camille Enlart, Director of the Trocadero Museum; from Germany, upon
+the personal suggestion of his Majesty, Emperor William II, His
+Excellency Lieutenant-General Alfred von Loewenfeld, Adjutant-General to
+his Majesty the Emperor; Colonel Gustav Dickhuth, Lecturer on Military
+Science to the Royal Household; Dr. Ernst von Ihne, Hof-Architekt Sr.
+Maj. d. Kaisers; Dr. Reinhold Koser, Principal Director of the Prussian
+State Archives, and Prof. Dr. Fritz Schaper, sculptor; from Great
+Britain, Mr. William Archer, author and critic; Sir Robert S. Ball,
+Director of Cambridge Observatory; Dr. C. F. Moberly Bell, manager
+London "Times"; Sir Robert Cranston, late Lord Provost of Edinburgh; Sir
+Edward Elgar, composer; Mr. James Currie Macbeth, Provost of
+Dunfermline; Dr. P. Chalmers Mitchell, Secretary Zoölogical Society of
+London; Sir William Henry Preece, Consulting Engineer to the G. P. O.
+and Colonies; Dr. John Rhys, Principal of Jesus College, University
+of Oxford; Dr. Ernest S. Roberts, Vice Chancellor of Cambridge
+University; Mr. William Robertson, Member Dunfermline Trust; Dr. John
+Ross, Chairman Dunfermline Trust, and Dr. William T. Stead, editor
+"Review of Reviews"; and from Holland, Jonkheer R. de Marees van
+Swinderen, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the
+United States, and Dr. Joost Marius Willem van der Poorten-Schwartz
+("Maarten Maartens"), author.
+
+[Illustration: Entrance to Highland Park]
+
+Mr. Andrew Carnegie has founded this splendid Institute, with its school
+system, at a cost already approximating twenty million dollars, and he
+must enjoy the satisfaction of knowing it to be the rallying ground
+for the cultured and artistic life of the community. The progress made
+each year goes by leaps and bounds; so much so that we might well employ
+the phrase used by Macaulay to describe Lord Bacon's philosophy: "The
+point which was yesterday invisible is to-day its starting-point, and
+to-morrow will be its goal." The Institute has truly a splendid mission.
+
+
+III
+
+The University of Pittsburgh was opened about 1770 and incorporated by
+the Legislature in 1787 under the name Pittsburgh Academy. In 1819 the
+name was changed to the Western University of Pennsylvania, but, holding
+to the narrower scope of a college, it did not really become a
+university until 1892, when it formed the Department of Medicine by
+taking over the Western Pennsylvania Medical College. In 1895 the
+Departments of Law and Pharmacy were added and women were for the first
+time admitted. In 1896 the Department of Dentistry was established. In
+1908 (July 11th) the name was changed to the University of Pittsburgh.
+The several departments of the University are at present (1908) located
+in different parts of the city, but a new site of forty-three acres has
+been acquired near Schenley Park on which it is planned to bring them
+all together. These new plans have been drawn under the direction of the
+chancellor, Dr. Samuel Black McCormick, whose faith in the merit of his
+cause is bound to remove whole mountains of financial difficulties. The
+University embraces a College and Engineering School, a School of Mines,
+a Graduate Department, a Summer School, Evening Classes, Saturday
+Classes, besides Departments of Astronomy, Law, Medicine, Pharmacy, and
+Dentistry. It now has a corps of one hundred and fifty-one instructors
+and a body of 1,138 students.
+
+
+IV
+
+The author ventures to repeat in this little book a suggestion which has
+been made by him several times, looking to a working coöperation or even
+a closer bond of union between the Carnegie Institute and the University
+of Pittsburgh. In an address delivered at the Carnegie Institute on
+Founder's Day, 1908, the author made the following remarks on this
+subject:
+
+     The temptation to go a little further into the future first
+     requires the acknowledgment which St. Paul made when he wrote of
+     marriage: "I speak not by authority, but by sufferance." There will
+     soon begin to rise on these adjacent heights the first new
+     buildings of the Western University (now University of Pittsburgh),
+     conceived in the classic spirit of Greece and crowning that hill
+     like a modern Acropolis. With its charter dating back one hundred
+     and twenty-five years the University is already venerable in this
+     land. Is it not feasible to hope that through the practical
+     benevolence of our people, some working basis of union can be
+     effected between that institution and this? Here we have painting,
+     and sculpture, and architecture, and books, and a wonderfully rich
+     scientific collection, and the abiding spirit of music. We have
+     these fast-growing Technical Schools. And yet the entire scheme
+     seems to be lacking something which marks its unfinished state. The
+     Technical Schools do not and should not teach languages,
+     literature, philosophy, and the fine arts, nor the old learned
+     professions, but these must always rest in the University. Should
+     not one school thus supplement the other? And then, the students on
+     each side of this main building would find available here those
+     great collections which, if properly demonstrated, would give them
+     a larger opportunity for systematic culture than could be offered
+     by any other community in the world. For we should no longer permit
+     these great departments of the fine arts and of the sciences to
+     remain in a passive state, but they should all be made the means of
+     active instruction from masterful professors. Music, its theory,
+     composition, and performance on every instrument should be taught
+     where demonstrations could be made with the orchestra and the
+     organ. Successful painters and sculptors, the elected members of
+     the future faculty, should fix their studios near the Institute and
+     teach painting and sculpture as well as it could be done in Paris
+     or Munich. Architecture should thrive by the hand of its trained
+     votaries, while science should continue to reveal the secrets of
+     her most attractive mysteries. Then, as the ambitious youths of the
+     ancient world came to Athens to obtain the purest culture of that
+     age, so would our modern youths, who are already in the Carnegie
+     Technical Schools from twenty-six States, continue to come to
+     Pittsburgh to partake of the most comprehensive scheme of education
+     which the world would obtain. Believing firmly in the achieving
+     power of hopeful thought, I pray you think on this.
+
+[Illustration: The Carnegie Institute]
+
+
+V
+
+In the East End is the Pennsylvania College for Women (Presbyterian;
+chartered in 1869), which has one hundred and two students. On the North
+Side (Allegheny) are the Allegheny Theological Seminary (United
+Presbyterian; founded in 1825), which has six instructors and sixty-one
+students; the Western Theological Seminary (Presbyterian; opened in
+1827), with sixty-four students and twelve instructors, and a library of
+34,000 volumes; and the Reformed Presbyterian Theological Seminary
+(founded in 1856). There are five high schools and a normal academy and
+also the following private academies: Pittsburgh Academy, for both boys
+and girls; East Liberty Academy, for boys; Lady of Mercy Academy, for
+girls and for boys in the lower grades; the Stuart-Mitchell School, for
+girls; the Gleim School, for girls; the Thurston School, for girls; and
+the Ursuline Young Ladies' Academy.
+
+The Phipps Conservatory (horticulture), the largest in America, and the
+Hall of Botany are in Schenley Park and were built by Mr. Henry Phipps.
+There is an interesting zoölogical garden in Highland Park which was
+founded by Mr. Christopher L. Magee.
+
+The Pittsburgh "Gazette," founded July 29, 1786, and consolidated with
+the Pittsburgh "Times" (1879) in 1906 as the "Gazette Times," is one of
+the oldest newspapers west of the Alleghany Mountains. Other prominent
+newspapers of the city are the "Chronicle Telegraph" (1841); "Post"
+(1842); "Dispatch" (1846); "Leader" (1870; Sunday, 1864); "Press"
+(1883); and the "Sun" (1906). There are also two German dailies, the
+"Volksblatt und Freiheits-Freund" and the "Pittsburgher Beobachter," one
+Slavonic daily, one Slavonic weekly, two Italian weeklies, besides
+journals devoted to society and the iron, building, and glass trades.
+The publishing house of the United Presbyterian Church is located here,
+and there are several periodical journals published by the various
+religious bodies.
+
+The city has some very attractive public buildings and office buildings
+and an unusual number of beautiful churches. The Allegheny County
+Court-House, in the Romanesque style, erected in 1884-88 at a cost of
+$2,500,000, is one of Henry H. Richardson's masterpieces. The Nixon
+Theater is a notable piece of architecture. The Post-Office and the
+Customs Office are housed in a large Government building of polished
+granite.
+
+[Illustration: Court-house]
+
+The city has twenty or more hospitals for the care of its sick, injured,
+or insane, ten of which have schools for the training of nurses. There
+is the Western Pennsylvania Institute for the Instruction of the Deaf
+and Dumb in Pittsburgh, which is in part maintained by the State, where
+trades are taught as a part of the educational system. The State also
+helps to maintain the Western Pennsylvania Institution for the Blind,
+the Home for Aged and Infirm Colored Women, and the Home for Colored
+Children. Among other charitable institutions maintained by the city are
+the Home for Orphans, Home for the Aged, Home for Released Convicts, an
+extensive system of public baths, the Curtis Home for Destitute Women
+and Girls, the Pittsburgh Newsboys' Home, the Children's Aid Society of
+Western Pennsylvania, the Protestant Home for Incurables, the Pittsburgh
+Association for the Improvement of the Poor, and the Western
+Pennsylvania Humane Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals,
+Children, and Aged Persons. Under the management of Women's Clubs
+several playgrounds are open to children during the summer, where
+competent teachers give instruction to children over ten years of age in
+music, manual training, sewing, cooking, nature study, and color work.
+
+The water supply of Pittsburgh is taken from the Allegheny River and
+pumped into reservoirs, the highest of which is Herron Hill, five
+hundred and thirty feet above the river. A slow sand filtration plant
+for the filtration of the entire supply is under construction and a part
+of it is in operation. In this last year the Legislature has passed an
+act prohibiting the deposit of sewage material in the rivers of the
+State, and this tardy action in the interest of decency and health will
+stop the ravages of death through epidemic fevers caught from poisoned
+streams.
+
+
+VI
+
+Pittsburgh maintains by popular support one of the four symphony
+orchestras in America. She has given many famous men to science,
+literature, and art. Her astronomical observatory is known throughout
+the world. Her rich men are often liberal beyond their own needs,
+particularly so William Thaw, who spent great sums for education and
+benevolence; Mrs. Mary Schenley, who has given the city a great park,
+over four hundred acres in the very heart of its boundaries; and Henry
+Phipps, who erected the largest conservatory for plants and flowers in
+our country. There is one other, Andrew Carnegie, whose wise and
+continuous use of vast wealth for the public good is nearly beyond human
+precedent.
+
+[Illustration: Zoölogical Garden in Highland Park]
+
+If Pittsburgh people were called upon to name their best known singer,
+they would, of course, with one accord, say Stephen C. Foster. His songs
+are verily written in the hearts of millions of his fellow-creatures,
+for who has not sung "Old Folks at Home," "Nelly Bly," "My Old Kentucky
+Home," and the others? Ethelbert Nevin is the strongest name among our
+musical composers, his "Narcissus," "The Rosary," and many others being
+known throughout the world.
+
+Charles Stanley Reinhart, Mary Cassatt, and John W. Alexander are the
+best known among our painters. Henry O. Tanner, the only negro
+painter, was born in Pittsburgh and learned the rudiments of his art
+here. Albert S. Wall, his son, A. Bryan Wall, George Hetzel, and John W.
+Beatty have painted good pictures, as have another group which includes
+William A. Coffin, Martin B. Leisser, Jaspar Lawman, Eugene A. Poole,
+Joseph R. Woodwell, William H. Singer, Clarence M. Johns, and Johanna
+Woodwell Hailman. Thomas S. Clarke is a Pittsburgh painter and sculptor.
+Philander C. Knox, United States Senator, and John Dalzell, member of
+the House of Representatives, are prominent among those who have served
+Pittsburgh ably in the National Government.
+
+
+VII
+
+And how about letters? Has Pittsburgh a literature? Those rolling clouds
+of smoke, those mighty industries, those men of brawn, those men of
+energy, that ceaseless calculation of wages and dividends--can these
+produce an atmosphere for letters? It seems unthinkable. Yet hold! Only
+the other day on the train a man who has been a resident of New York for
+thirty-five years remarked in this author's presence that "Pittsburgh is
+the most intellectual city in America." He had never visited Pittsburgh
+and the author did not and does not know his name. "How about Boston?"
+asked another traveler. "Boston used to be, but is not now," he
+answered. Then I, in my timid and artless way, ventured to ask him why
+he spoke thus of Pittsburgh. "Because," said he, "distant as I am from
+Pittsburgh, more inspiration in artistic and intellectual things has
+come to me from that city than from any other place in America." But
+that may have been his dinner or the cigar.
+
+Literature I once attempted to define as the written record of thought
+and action. If this be an adequate definition, then Pittsburgh writers
+have substantially enriched the field of literature in every department,
+and given our city permanent fame as a place of letters. As we begin our
+survey of the local field, the wonder grows that the literary production
+is so large, and that the character of much of it is so very high. Let
+Pegasus champ his golden bit as he may, and beat his hoof upon the empty
+air, Pittsburgh men and Pittsburgh women have ridden the classic steed
+with grace and skill through all the flowered deviations of his bridal
+paths. This is scarcely the place to attempt a critical estimate, and it
+would be an ungracious and a presumptuous task for me to appraise the
+literary value of that work with any great degree of detail. The
+occasion will hardly permit more than a list of names and titles; and
+while pains have been taken to make this list complete, it is possible
+that some books may have been overlooked, but truly by inadvertence
+only.
+
+
+VIII
+
+Perhaps the most important piece of literature from a local pen is
+Professor William M. Sloane's "Life of Napoleon." This is a painstaking
+and authoritative record of the great Frenchman who conquered everybody
+but himself. Dr. William J. Holland, once chancellor of the University
+of Pittsburgh, now director of the Carnegie Museum, has given to the
+field of popular science "The Butterfly Book"--an author who knows every
+butterfly by its Christian name. Then Andrew Carnegie's "Triumphant
+Democracy" presents masses of statistics with such lightness of touch as
+to make them seem a stirring narrative. His other books, "An American
+Four-in-Hand in Britain" and "Round the World" present the vivid
+impressions of a keen traveler. His "Life of James Watt" conveys a
+sympathetic portraiture of the inventor of the steam engine. His "Gospel
+of Wealth" is a piece of deep-thinking discursiveness, although it
+really seems a superfluous thesis, for Mr. Carnegie's best exposition of
+the gospel of wealth unfolds itself in two thousand noble buildings
+erected all over the world for the diffusion of literature; in those
+splendid conceptions, the Scottish Education Fund; the Washington
+Carnegie Institution for Scientific Research; the Pension for College
+Professors, which has so much advanced the dignity and security of
+teaching; the Pension for Aged and Disabled Workmen; the Hero Fund, with
+its provision of aid to the injured and to the worthy poor; the many
+college endowments; and, greater than all, the Peace Palace at The
+Hague, through which he will make his appeal to the conscience of
+civilization during all time to organize and extend among the nations of
+the earth that system of arbitrated justice which has been already
+established within the borders of each State.
+
+[Illustration: Carnegie Technical Schools (uncompleted)]
+
+But if I continue to group our Pittsburgh authors in this arbitrary
+fashion, those who come at the end will think I mean the last to be
+least. Therefore, let me pursue the theme indiscriminately, as I meant
+to do all along had not that same Pegasus, in spite of my defiance, run
+away at the very start.
+
+
+IX
+
+The first Pittsburgh book that I can find in my hurried review of the
+field is "Modern Chivalry," by Hugh Henry Brackenridge. The third volume
+of this book was printed in Pittsburgh in 1796, the first two having
+been published in Philadelphia. This writer's son, Henry M.
+Brackenridge, was also an author, having written "History of the Late
+War between the United States and Great Britain," "History of the
+Western Insurrection called the Whisky Insurrection, 1794," "Journal of
+a Voyage up the River Missouri, Performed in 1811," "Recollections of
+Persons and Places in the West," and several other books. Neville B.
+Craig wrote a "History of Pittsburgh," published in 1851, which is still
+a work of standard reference. Another "History of Pittsburgh" was
+brought out some ten years ago under the editorship of Erasmus Wilson,
+who has also published a volume of "Quiet Observations," selected from
+his newspaper essays. But the most important, painstaking, and accurate
+"History of Pittsburgh" which has yet been published is the one by Miss
+Sarah H. Killikelly, published in 1906. Another book of hers, "Curious
+Questions," is an entertaining collection of many queer things that have
+occurred in the world's history. Robert P. Nevin wrote "Black Robes" and
+"Three Kings." Professor Samuel P. Langley was for many years in charge
+of the Allegheny Observatory and won fame while here as a writer on
+scientific subjects. Also the first models of his flying machine were
+made while he was a resident in Pittsburgh. W. M. Darlington wrote "Fort
+Pitt" and edited the journals of Christopher Gist, who was Washington's
+scout when the Father of his Country first came to Pittsburgh. "Two Men
+in the West" is the title of a little book on travel by W. R. Halpin.
+Arthur G. Burgoyne, a newspaper writer, has published "All Sorts of
+Pittsburghers." George Seibel has written three beautiful plays which
+have not yet been produced because the modern stage managers seem to
+prefer to produce unbeautiful plays. One of these is "Omar Khayyam,"
+which was accepted and paid for by Richard Mansfield, who died before he
+could arrange for its production. Another is "Christopher Columbus," and
+he has just finished an important tragedy entitled "OEdipus," dealing
+artistically with a horrifying story, which has been accepted for early
+production by Mr. Robert Mantel. Mr. Seibel has published a monograph on
+"The Mormon Problem." Charles P. Shiras wrote the "Redemption of Labor,"
+and a drama, "The Invisible Prince," which was played in the old
+Pittsburgh Theater. Bartley Campbell was the most prolific writer of
+plays that Pittsburgh has yet produced, and his melodramas have been
+played in nearly every theater in America. H. G. Donnelly, well known as
+a playwright, was also a Pittsburgher. Mrs. Mary Roberts Rinehart is a
+young author who is coming to the front as a writer of successful
+dramas, stories, and books. Her plays, "The Double Life" and "By Order
+of the Court" have been produced, and a novel, "The Circular Staircase,"
+has just appeared from the press. My own little play, "The Brayton
+Episode," was played by Miss Sarah Truax at the Alvin Theater,
+Pittsburgh, June 24, 1903, and by Miss Eleanor Moretti at the Fifth
+Avenue Theater, New York, January 15, 1905.
+
+[Illustration: Margaret Morrison Carnegie School for Women]
+
+Rev. W. G. Mackay wrote tales of history under the title of "The Skein
+of Life." Father Morgan M. Sheedy and Rev. Dr. George Hodges, who used
+to strive together in Pittsburgh to surpass each other in tearing down
+the walls of religious prejudice that keep people out of the Kingdom of
+Heaven, have each given us several books on social and religious topics
+composed on the broad and generous lines of thought which only such
+sensible teachers know how to employ. Among Dr. Hodges' books are
+"Christianity between Sundays," the "Heresy of Cain," and "Faith and
+Social Service"; while Father Sheedy has published "Social Topics."
+
+That devoted student of nature, Dr. Benjamin Cutler Jillson, wrote a
+book called "Home Geology," and another, "River Terraces In and Near
+Pittsburgh," which carry the fancy into far-off antiquity. Professor
+Daniel Carhart, of the University of Pittsburgh, has given us "Field
+Work for Civil Engineers" and "Treatise on Plane Surveying." From J.
+Heron Foster we have "A Full Account of the Great Fire at Pittsburgh in
+1845." Adelaide M. Nevin published "Social Mirror," and Robert P. Nevin
+"Poems," a book with mood and feeling. Dr. Stephen A. Hunter, a
+clergyman, is the author of an erudite work entitled "Manual of
+Therapeutics and Pharmacy in the Chinese Language."
+
+Walter Scott, who, after taking a course at the University of Edinburgh,
+came to Pittsburgh in 1826, was a very distinguished preacher and
+author. His greatest reputation was gained in his work in association
+with Alexander Campbell in establishing the principles of the now mighty
+congregation known as the Christian, or Disciples, Church. His books
+are: "The Gospel Restored," "The Great Demonstration," and "The Union of
+Christians."
+
+A memoir of Professor John L. Lincoln, by his son, W. L. Lincoln, gives
+a record of a life so spent that many men were truly made better
+thereby. Father Andrew A. Lambing, President of the Historical Society
+of Western Pennsylvania, has written useful monographs on the early
+history of this region, and he is one of the first authorities in that
+field. He has also composed books on religious subjects. E. W. Duckwell
+wrote "Bacteriology Applied to the Canning and Preserving of Food
+Products."
+
+Richard Realf was a poet "whose songs gushed from his heart," and some
+of them hold a place in literature. His "Monarch of the Forges" breathes
+the deep spirit of industrial life as he found it in Pittsburgh.
+
+Mr. Lee S. Smith, now (1908) president of the Chamber of Commerce, has
+published an interesting book entitled "Through Egypt to Palestine,"
+describing his travels in the Orient.
+
+Our men who have written most knowingly on industrial topics are James
+M. Swank and Joseph D. Weeks. A young writer, Francis Hill, has
+published a very readable boys' story, "Outlaws of Horseshoe Hole," and
+Arthur Sanwood Pier has published "The Pedagogues," a novel satirizing
+the Harvard Summer School.
+
+Rev. Henry C. McCook's very successful novel, "The Latimers," is an
+engaging study of the whisky insurrection of early Pittsburgh days.
+Thomas B. Plimpton is remembered by some as a writer of verse. Judge J.
+E. Parke and Judge Joseph Mellon have written historical essays. Josiah
+Copley wrote "Gathering Beulah." Logan Conway is the author of "Money
+and Banking." He has also written a series of essays on "Evolution."
+Miss Cara Reese has published a little story entitled "And She Got All
+That." Miss Willa Sibert Cather has just published her "Poems." Charles
+McKnight's "Old Fort Duquesne; or Captain Jack the Scout" is a stirring
+book that has fired the hearts of many boys who love a good tale.
+William Harvey Brown's story, "On the South African Frontier," was
+written and published while he was a curator in the Carnegie Museum.
+
+Pittsburgh has produced a group of standard schoolbooks--always of the
+very first importance in the literature of any country. Among these are
+the books by Andrew Burt and Milton B. Goff, and a series of readers by
+Lucius Osgood.
+
+[Illustration: Design of University of Pittsburgh]
+
+Henry J. Ford's "Rise and Growth of American Politics" is a well-studied
+work. Henry A. Miller's "Money and Bimetallism" is a conscientious
+statement of his investigations of that question. Judge Marshall Brown
+has written two books, "Bulls and Blunders" and "Wit and Humor of Famous
+Sayings." Frank M. Bennett's "Steam Navy of the United States" is a
+useful technical work.
+
+L. C. Van Noppen, after pursuing his studies of Dutch literature in
+Holland, came to Pittsburgh and wrote a translation of Vondel's great
+Dutch classical poem "Lucifer." Vondel published the original of this
+work some ten or fifteen years before Milton's "Paradise Lost" appeared,
+and critics have tried to show by the deadly parallel column that Milton
+drew the inspiration for some of his highest poetical flights from
+Vondel. It is probable, however, that Milton was unconscious of the
+existence of Vondel's work.
+
+S. L. Fleishman has translated the poems of Heine with tenderness and
+feeling. Ella Boyce Kirk has written several educational pamphlets.
+Morgan Neville published a poem, "Comparisons." From that Prince Rupert
+of the astronomers, Professor James E. Keeler, who has made more than
+one fiery dash across the borderland of known science, we have
+"Spectroscopic Observations of Nebulæ." That truly gifted woman,
+Margaretta Wade Deland, was born in Pittsburgh in 1857 and resided here
+until her marriage in 1880. Among her books are "John Ward, Preacher,"
+"The Story of a Child," "Philip and His Wife," and "Old Chester Tales."
+Jane Grey Swisshelm wrote the recollections of an eventful experience
+under the title "Half a Century of Life." Nicholas Biddle composed a
+studious "Life of Sebastian Cabot," and another book, "Modern Chivalry."
+Mrs. Annie Wade has written poems and stories. The city has fathered
+many able writers against slavery and intemperance, among whom was
+William H. Burleigh, who wrote "Our Country." William B. Conway wrote
+"Cottage on the Cliff." From Rev. John Black we have "The Everlasting
+Kingdom," and Rev. John Tassey published a "Life of Christ." William G.
+Johnston's interesting book, "Experiences of a Forty-niner," was
+published in 1892. John Reed Scott has published two successful novels,
+"The Colonel of the Red Hussars" and "Beatrix of Clare." Martha Fry
+Boggs wrote "A Romance of New Virginia." Then there are "Polly and I,"
+by Cora Thurmston; "Free at Last" and "Emma's Triumph," by Mrs. Jane S.
+Collins; "Her Brother Donnard," by Emily E. Verder; "Essays," by Anna
+Pierpont Siviter; "Human Progress," by Thomas S. Blair; "Steel: A Manual
+for Steel Users," a useful monograph by William Metcalf; and "Memoir of
+John B. Gibson," by Colonel Thomas P. Roberts. Then there are some poor
+things from my own pen, if, in order to make the record complete, I may
+add them at the end--"Oliver Cromwell: A History" (1894); "John
+Marmaduke: A Romance of the English Invasion of Ireland in 1649"
+(1897); "Beowulf: A Poem" (1901); "Penruddock of the White Lambs," a
+novel (1903); "The Brayton Episode," a play (1903); "The Sword of the
+Parliament," a play (1907); and this, "A Short History of Pittsburgh"
+(1908).
+
+And such is the list. Imperfect though it may be, it is the best that I
+have been able to compose. But how large and full the measure of it all
+is! History, biography, philosophy, religion, nature, science,
+criticism, government, coinage and finance, art, poetry, the drama,
+travel, adventure, fiction, society, education, all avenues of human
+activity, all themes of human speculation, have been covered in books
+written with more or less interest and power by men and women of
+Pittsburgh. Much of this volume of production is ephemeral, but some of
+it on the other hand is undoubtedly a permanent addition to the world's
+literature.
+
+
+X
+
+One word more before leaving this subject. Literature has not until
+recently enjoyed that degree of attention from the public press of
+Pittsburgh which it deserves. It ought to be the concern of every human
+unit in the nation to receive honest guidance in the development of
+literature; for literature, once again, is the written record of thought
+and action. Mobs will melt away when the units in the mob begin to
+think, and they will think when they read. Then will the law be
+paramount, and then will our institutions be safe. Thousands of our
+serious people annually subscribe for literary reviews of one kind or
+another in order that they may follow the rapid expansion of the written
+record of the thought and action of the world, when the whole department
+might be covered so admirably by our daily newspapers. Should not the
+newspaper give each household practically all it needs in criticism and
+information outside of the printed books themselves? How easily we could
+spare some of the glaring and exaggerated headlines over the daily
+record of crime, misconduct, and false leadership, which inflame the
+mind and the passions with evil fire, and how joyfully we would welcome
+instead an intelligent, conscientious, comprehensive, discriminating,
+piquant--in short, a masterful discussion from day to day of the written
+record of the thought and action of the world as unfolded in its
+statesmanship, its oratory, its education, its heroism, and its
+literature.
+
+[Illustration: Allegheny Observatory, University of Pittsburgh]
+
+
+XI
+
+And so my little story of Pittsburgh comes to an end. It is the story of
+a great achievement in the building of a city, and the development of a
+community within its boundaries. I have sometimes heard a sneer at
+Pittsburgh as a place where undigested wealth is paramount. I have never
+beheld the city in that character. On the contrary, I have, on frequent
+occasions, seen the assemblage of men native here where a goodly section
+of the brain and power of the nation was represented. There is much
+wealth here, but the dominant spirit of those who have it is not a
+spirit of pride and luxury and arrogance. There is much poverty here,
+but it is the poverty of hope which effort and opportunity will
+transform into affluence. And especially is there here a spirit of good
+fellowship, of help one to another, and of pride in the progress of the
+intellectual life. And with all of these comes a growth toward the best
+civic character which in its aggregate expression is probably like unto
+the old Prophet's idea of that righteousness which exalteth a nation.
+
+[Illustration: Phipps Conservatory, Schenley Park]
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+Adams, Gabriel, Mayor, 51
+
+Alexander, John W., 91, 106
+
+Allegheny, made county-seat, 40;
+  county-seat changed to Pittsburgh, 40;
+  annexed to Pittsburgh, 52
+
+Allegheny Cemetery, 90
+
+Allegheny County, erection of, 40;
+  iron and steel products of, 84
+
+Allegheny Observatory, 84, 99
+
+Allegheny River improved, 82
+
+Allegheny Theological Seminary, 102
+
+Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers, 71, 78
+
+Amherst, General, captures Fort Frontenac, 29
+
+Anderson, Edwin H., 91
+
+Archer, Frederick, 94
+
+Archer, William, 100
+
+Armstrong, Colonel, raises English flag over Fort Duquesne, 29
+
+Artists, list of, 106
+
+Astronomical Observatory, 91, 106
+
+Authors, list of, 112
+
+
+Ball, Sir Robert S., 96
+
+Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Company, 49, 60, 81
+
+Barker, Joseph, Mayor, 51
+
+Baron, Father, 29
+
+Beatty, John W., 92, 108
+
+Beatty, Rev. Mr., 29
+
+Beaujeu, Captain, attacks Braddock's army, 22;
+  killed, 23
+
+Bell, C. F. Moberly, 96
+
+Bénédite, Leonce, 95
+
+Bennett, Frank M., 120
+
+Biddle, Nicholas, 121
+
+Bingham, William, Mayor, 51
+
+Black, John, 121
+
+Blackmore, James, Mayor, 52
+
+Blair, Francis P., 55
+
+Blair, Thomas S., 121
+
+"Blockhouse," built by Bouquet, 34;
+  occupied by Dr. John Connelly, 37;
+  used by Colonial troops in Revolution, 37
+
+Boggs, Martha Fry, 121
+
+Bouquet, Colonel Henry, builds "Blockhouse," 34;
+  leads army at Battle of Bushy Run, 35
+
+Brackenridge, Henry M., 112
+
+Brackenridge, Hugh Henry, 112
+
+Braddock, General Edward, marches upon Fort Duquesne, 21;
+  wounded in battle, 24;
+  his army defeated, 24;
+  death of, 25
+
+Braddock's defeat, effect of on Colonies, 25
+
+Brashear, John A., 85
+
+Breckinridge, John C., 57
+
+Broadhead, Colonel, 38
+
+Brown, A. M., Recorder, 52
+
+Brown, Joseph, 70
+
+Brown, J. O., Recorder, 52
+
+Brown, Marshall, 120
+
+Brown, William Harvey, 118
+
+Brush, Jared M., Mayor, 52
+
+Bryce, Right Honorable James, 95
+
+Buchanan, James, 57
+
+Burgoyne, Arthur G., 113
+
+Burleigh, William H., 121
+
+Burt, Andrew, 118
+
+Bushy Run, Battle of, 35
+
+
+Caldwell, John, 94
+
+Calvary Cemetery, 90
+
+Campbell, Alexander, 117
+
+Campbell, Bartley, 114
+
+Carhart, Daniel, 116
+
+Carnegie, Andrew, 85, 96, 106, 110
+
+Carnegie Institute, 91, 99
+
+Carnegie Steel Company, 71, 77
+
+Carnegie Technical Schools, 91, 94
+
+Cassatt, Alexander Johnston, 85
+
+Cassatt, Mary, 106
+
+Cather, Willa Sibert, 118
+
+Celeron, Louis, 16
+
+Charitable institutions, 103
+
+Chatham, Earl of (William Pitt), 25, 29, 37
+
+Church, Samuel, 83
+
+Church, Samuel Harden, 94, 114, 121
+
+Civil War, 53
+
+Clarke, Thomas S., 123
+
+Clay, Henry, visits Pittsburgh, 58
+
+Cleveland, Grover, 95
+
+Coffin, William A., 108
+
+Collins annexed to Pittsburgh, 52
+
+Collins, Jane S., 121
+
+Composers, list of, 106
+
+Constant, Baron d'Estournelles de, 95
+
+Constitutional Convention, 53
+
+Contrecoeur, Captain, visited by Washington, 17;
+  his reply received by English, 19;
+  captures fort at Pittsburgh and names it Fort Duquesne, 20
+
+Conway, Logan, 118
+
+Conway, William B., 121
+
+Copley, Josiah, 118
+
+Country Club, 90
+
+Court-house, architect of, 103;
+  cost of, 103
+
+Craig, Neville B., 113
+
+Cranston, Sir Robert, 96
+
+Craver, Harrison W., 92
+
+
+Dalzell, John, 108
+
+Darlington, W. M., 113
+
+Darragh, John, Mayor, 51
+
+Daughters of American Revolution, 34
+
+Davis Island Dam, 82
+
+Dayton, William L., 57
+
+Defiance, Fort, built by General Wayne, 42
+
+Deland, Margaretta Wade, 120
+
+Denny, Ebenezer, Mayor, 51
+
+Denny, Governor, 29
+
+Dickens, Charles, visits Pittsburgh, 58
+
+Dickhuth, Colonel Gustav, 96
+
+Diehl, William J., Mayor, 52
+
+Dinwiddie, Governor, sends Washington to Pittsburgh, 14
+
+Donnelly, H. G., 114
+
+Doumer, Paul, 95
+
+Duckwell, E. W., 117
+
+Dunfermline, 28
+
+Dunmore, Governor, opens land office in Pittsburgh, 35
+
+Duquesne, Fort, built and named by French, 20;
+  captured by English, 29;
+  blown up and burned by French, 29;
+  taken possession of by English, 29;
+  name changed to Fort Pitt, 29
+
+
+East Liberty Academy, 102
+
+Ecuyer, Simon, leads attack on Fort Pitt, 35
+
+Elgar, Sir Edward, 96
+
+Emancipation Proclamation, 53
+
+England, war with France, 15
+
+Enlart, Camille, 95
+
+
+Fang, Wu Ting, 95
+
+Farragut, Admiral, visits Pittsburgh, 58
+
+Fleishman, S. L., 120
+
+Forbes, General, captures Fort Duquesne, 14;
+  names captured fort Pittsburgh, 14, 29;
+  his letter to Pitt announcing capture and renaming of Fort Duquesne, 29
+
+Ford, Henry J., 118
+
+Ford, Henry P., Mayor, 52
+
+Foster, J. Heron, 116
+
+Foster, Stephen C., 106
+
+Founder's Day, 95
+
+France, war with England, 15
+
+Franklin, Benjamin, 21
+
+Fremont, John C., 57
+
+French Revolution, 43
+
+Frew, William N., 94
+
+Frick, Henry C., 72, 76, 77, 85
+
+Frontenac, Fort, captured by General Amherst, 29
+
+Fulton, Andrew, Mayor, 52
+
+
+Gilder, Richard Watson, 95
+
+Gist, Christopher, accompanies Washington to Pittsburgh, 14;
+  hardships of journey to Fort Leboeuff, 17, 18, 19;
+  saves Washington from drowning, 19
+
+Gleim School, 102
+
+Goff, Milton B., 118
+
+Gourley, Henry I., Mayor, 52
+
+Grant, General U. S., visits Pittsburgh, 58
+
+Grant, Major, defeated at Grant's Hill and killed, 28
+
+Great Meadows, Battle of, 20
+
+Greeley, Horace, 55, 56, 57
+
+Greensburg, 40
+
+Guthrie, George W., Mayor, 52
+
+Guthrie, John B., Mayor, 51
+
+Guthrie, P. N., 70
+
+Guyesuta, 17
+
+
+Hailman, Johanna Woodwell, 108
+
+Hall of Botany, 102
+
+Halpin, W. R., 113
+
+Hamerschlag, Arthur A., 94
+
+Hancock, John, 38
+
+Hand, General Edward, plans expedition against Indians, 38
+
+Hay, Alexander, Mayor, 51
+
+Hays, W. B., Recorder and Mayor, 52
+
+Heinz Company, 84
+
+Herbert, Victor, 94
+
+Herron Hill Reservoir, 105
+
+Herron, John, Mayor, 51
+
+Herr's Island, 19
+
+Hetzel, George, 108
+
+Highland Park, 90
+
+Hill, Francis, 117
+
+Hodges, George, 116
+
+Holland, W. J., 94, 110
+
+Homestead Steel Works, 68
+
+Homestead strike, 71
+
+Homewood Cemetery, 90
+
+Hopkins, Anderson H., 91
+
+Hospitals, 103
+
+Howard, William J., Mayor, 51
+
+Hunter, Stephen A., 116
+
+
+Ihne, Ernst von, 96
+
+Indians cede land about Pittsburgh to Colonies, 35
+
+Irvine, General William, placed in command of Fort Pitt, 39
+
+Irwin, William W., Mayor, 51
+
+
+Jackson, George N., 56
+
+Jefferson, Joseph, 95
+
+Jillson, Benjamin Cutler, 116
+
+Johns, Clarence M., 108
+
+Johnson, President, visits Pittsburgh, 58
+
+Johnston, Governor, visits Pittsburgh, 58
+
+Johnston, William G., 121
+
+Johnstown Flood, 58
+
+Jumonville, death of, 20
+
+
+Keeler, James E., 120
+
+Kensington Iron Works, 83
+
+Kerr, William, Mayor, 51
+
+Keyashuta, Indian chief, 17
+
+Killikelly, Sarah H., 113
+
+King, John A., 55
+
+Kirk, Ella Boyce, 120
+
+Knox, Philander C., 108
+
+Koser, Reinhold, 96
+
+Kossuth, Louis, visits Pittsburgh, 58
+
+
+Lady of Mercy Academy, 102
+
+Lafayette, Fort, built, 42
+
+Lafayette, General, visits Pittsburgh, 58
+
+Lambing, A. A., 117
+
+Langley, Samuel P., 113
+
+Lawman, Jaspar, 108
+
+Lawrenceville annexed to Pittsburgh, 52
+
+Leboeuff, Fort, 17
+
+Leisser, Martin B., 108
+
+Lexington, Battle of, 37
+
+Liberty annexed to Pittsburgh, 52
+
+Liddell, Robert, Mayor, 52
+
+Ligneris, Captain, surrenders Fort Duquesne, 29
+
+Lincoln, Abraham, visits Pittsburgh, 58
+
+Lincoln, John L., 117
+
+Lincoln, W. L., 117
+
+Little, William, Mayor, 51
+
+Loewenfeld, His Excellency Lieutenant General Alfred von, 95
+
+Logstown, storehouses built by Ohio Company, 16;
+  captured by French, 16
+
+Louisburg, capture of, 28
+
+Lowrie, Walter B., Mayor, 51
+
+Lowry, James, Mayor, 51
+
+Lyon, Robert W., Mayor, 52
+
+
+"Maarten Maartens," 96
+
+Macbeth, George A., 94
+
+Macbeth, James Currie, 96
+
+Mackay, W. G., 116
+
+Magee, C. L., 102
+
+Mail route to Philadelphia established, 40
+
+Mansfield, Robert, 114
+
+Mantel, Robert, 114
+
+Mayflower, landing of, 53
+
+McCallin, William, Mayor, 52
+
+McCarthy, William C., Mayor, 52
+
+McCarthy, W. L., Mayor, 52
+
+McClintock, Jonas R., Mayor, 51
+
+McConway, William, 95
+
+McCook, Henry C., 118
+
+McCormick, Samuel Black, 99
+
+McCrea, James, 78
+
+McKenna, Bernard, Mayor, 52
+
+McKinley, William, 95
+
+McKnight, Charles, 118
+
+Mellon, Joseph, 118
+
+Mellor, Charles C., 94
+
+Metcalf, William, 121
+
+Miller, Henry A., 118
+
+Milton, John, 120
+
+Mitchell, P. Chalmers, 107
+
+Monongahela River improved, 83
+
+Monroe, President, visited Pittsburgh, 58
+
+Montcalm, death of, 31
+
+Moretti, Eleanor, 114
+
+Morgan, Colonel George, 38
+
+Morley, John, 95
+
+Murray, Magnus M., Mayor, 51
+
+
+Necessity, Fort, built by Washington, 21;
+  captured by French, 21
+
+Neville, Morgan, 120
+
+Nevin, Adelaide M., 116
+
+Nevin, Ethelbert, 106
+
+Nevin, Robert P., 113, 116
+
+Newspapers, list of, 40, 113
+
+New York Central Lines, 60, 81
+
+Niagara, Fort, fall of, 31
+
+Nixon Theater, 103
+
+
+Oakland annexed to Pittsburgh, 52
+
+O'Hara, James, 84
+
+Ohio & Pennsylvania Railroad, 49
+
+Ohio Company formed, 16
+
+Osgood, Lucius, 118
+
+
+Parke, J. E., 118
+
+Paur, Emil, 94
+
+Pearson, A. L., 63
+
+Peebles annexed to Pittsburgh, 52
+
+Penn family, purchased Pittsburgh region from Indians, 39;
+  their title annulled, 39
+
+Pennsylvania, dispute with Virginia settled, 40
+
+Pennsylvania and Ohio R. R. Co. incorporated, 48
+
+Pennsylvania Canal, proposed, 47;
+  construction authorized, 47;
+  canal completed, 48;
+  termini of, 48;
+  portage railroad, 48;
+  cost, 48;
+  sold to Pennsylvania Railroad Company, 48;
+  abandoned, 49
+
+Pennsylvania College for Women, 102
+
+Pennsylvania Railroad Company, 48, 49, 60, 81, 85
+
+Pennsylvania, Western University of. See University of Pittsburgh
+
+Pettigrew, Samuel, Mayor, 51
+
+Phipps Conservatory, 102
+
+Phipps, Henry, 85, 102, 106
+
+Pier, Arthur Stanwood, 118
+
+Pinkerton, Robert A., 76
+
+Pitcairn, Robert, 94
+
+Pitt annexed to Pittsburgh, 52
+
+Pitt, Fort, building of first fort, 30;
+  building of second fort, 31;
+  abandoned, 36;
+  mutiny at, 39;
+  General William Irvine put in command, 39;
+  first court held, 40
+
+Pitt, William, Earl of Chatham, 25, 29, 37
+
+Pittsburgh, site selected for fort, 13, 14;
+  site claimed by Virginia, 14;
+  said to have been named by Washington, 14;
+  French attempt to make settlement, 16;
+  explored by Louis Celeron, 16;
+  Washington's first impressions of, 17;
+  first permanent white settlement, 20;
+  captured by Contrecoeur, 20;
+  named Fort Duquesne, 20;
+  captured from French by English, 29;
+  name changed to Pittsburgh, 29;
+  first Fort Pitt built, 30;
+  second Fort Pitt built, 31;
+  attacked by Indians under Simon Ecuyer, 35;
+  land ceded to Colonies by Indians,35;
+  land office opened, 35;
+  made county seat, 40;
+  first court held, 40;
+  ducking-stool erected, 40;
+  size of in 1786, 40;
+  mail route to Philadelphia established, 40;
+  new fort built and named Fort Lafayette, 42;
+  town laid out, 50;
+  incorporated as a borough, 50;
+  chartered as a city, 50;
+  new charter adopted in 1887, 50;
+  "Ripper" charter adopted, 50;
+  list of mayors, 51;
+  first Republican Convention, 53;
+  distinguished visitors, 58;
+  great fire, 58;
+  railroad riots, 59;
+  consolidation of Pittsburgh and Allegheny, 52;
+  present population, 79, 81;
+  tonnage compared with other cities, 82;
+  surrounded by rich coal and gas fields, 83;
+  imports in 1907, 83;
+  manufacture of iron begun, 83;
+  iron and steel statistics, 83, 84, 86;
+  value of various products, 84;
+  first glass works built, 84;
+  rank as a glass-producing center, 84;
+  as a banking center, 85;
+  tax valuation of property, 86;
+  public buildings, 103;
+  hospitals, 103;
+  charitable institutions, 103;
+  water supply, 105
+
+Pittsburgh Academy, 41, 98, 102
+
+Pittsburgh and Connellsville Railroad, 49
+
+Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Canal, 81
+
+Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad, 49
+
+Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad, 49
+
+Pittsburgh Country Club, 90
+
+Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad, 49
+
+Pittsburgh Harbor, 82
+
+Pittsburgh Orchestra, 94, 106
+
+Pittsburgh riots, 59
+
+Pittsburgh, University of, 41, 98
+
+Plimpton, Thomas B., 118
+
+Pontiac plans attack on whites, 34
+
+Poole, Eugene A., 108
+
+Poorten-Schwartz, Joost Marius Willem van der ("Maarten Maartens"), 96
+
+Preece, Sir William Henry, 96
+
+
+Quebec, fall of, 31
+
+
+Realf, Richard, 117
+
+Rebellion, War of, 53
+
+Reed, James H., 94
+
+Reese, Cara, 118
+
+Reformed Presbyterian Theological Seminary, 102
+
+Reid, Whitelaw, 95
+
+Reinhart, Charles Stanley, 106
+
+Republican Association, 54
+
+Republican Party, founding of, 52;
+  first Convention, 55;
+  first candidates, 57
+
+Rhys, John, 96
+
+Richardson, H. H., 103
+
+Riddle, Robert M., Mayor, 51
+
+Rinehart, Mary Roberts, 114
+
+"Ripper" charter, 50
+
+Riverview Park, 90
+
+Roberts, E. S., 96
+
+Roberts, Thomas P., 121
+
+Robertson, William, 96
+
+Ross, John, 96
+
+
+St. Clair, General Arthur, sent against Indians, 42;
+  defeated, 42
+
+Sassoonan, 16
+
+Sawyer, B. C., Mayor, 51
+
+Schaper, Fritz, 96
+
+Schenley, Mrs. Mary, 106
+
+Schenley Park, 90, 91
+
+Scott, Walter, 116
+
+Seibel, George, 114
+
+Semple, Samuel, 35
+
+Seward, William H., Secretary of State, visits Pittsburgh, 58
+
+Sheedy, Morgan M., 116
+
+Shiras, Charles R., 114
+
+Singer, William H., 108
+
+Siviter, Anna Pierpont, 121
+
+Slavery, introduction into
+  United States, 53;
+  abolished, 53
+
+Sloane, William H., 110
+
+Smith, Lee S., 117
+
+Snowden, John M., Mayor, 51
+
+Stanwix, General, builds new Fort Pitt, 31
+
+Stead, William T., 107
+
+Stuart-Mitchell School, 102
+
+Swank, James M., 117
+
+Swinderen, R. de Marees van, 96
+
+Swisshelm, Jane Grey, 121
+
+
+Tanner, Henry O., 108
+
+Tassey, John, 121
+
+Taylor, President, visits Pittsburgh, 58
+
+Thaw, William, 106
+
+Thomson, James, Mayor, 51
+
+Thurmston, Cora, 121
+
+Thurston School, 102
+
+Ticonderoga, capture of, 28
+
+Trent, Captain William, established first permanent white
+  settlement in Pittsburgh, 20
+
+Truax, Sarah, 114
+
+Turtle Creek, 19
+
+
+Uniontown, fort at, 21
+
+United States Steel Corporation, 85
+
+University of Pittsburgh, 41, 98
+
+Ursuline Young Ladies' Academy, 102
+
+
+Van Noppen, L. C., 120
+
+Venango, 18
+
+Verder, Emily E., 121
+
+Virginia, claims site of Pittsburgh, 14;
+  sends Washington to retake Fort Duquesne, 20;
+  dispute with Pennsylvania settled, 40
+
+Volz, Ferdinand E., Mayor, 51
+
+Vondel, 120
+
+
+Wabash R. R. Co., 49, 74
+
+Wade, Annie, 121
+
+Wales, Prince of, visits Pittsburgh, 58
+
+Wall, A. Bryan, 108
+
+Wall, Albert S., 108
+
+Washington, George, the first Pittsburgher, 13;
+  first visits Pittsburgh, 13, 17;
+  his visits to Pittsburgh, 13, 14, 17, 35;
+  said to have named Pittsburgh, 14;
+  first impressions of site of Pittsburgh, 17;
+  hardships of journey to Fort Leboeuff, 17, 18, 19;
+  shot at by his Indian guide, 19;
+  saved from drowning by  Gist, 19;
+  sent to retake Fort Duquesne, 20;
+  directs the retreat of Braddock's army, 24;
+  commands militia at Fort Duquesne, 28;
+  last visit to Pittsburgh, 35;
+  warns General St. Clair against Indians, 42;
+  sends army to suppress whisky insurrection, 44
+
+Wayne, Fort, built by General Wayne, 42
+
+Wayne, General Anthony, sent against Indians, 42;
+  builds Fort Defiance and Fort Wayne, 42;
+  defeats Indians,  42
+
+Weaver, Henry A., Mayor, 51
+
+Webster, Daniel, visits Pittsburgh, 58
+
+Weeks, Joseph D., 117
+
+Welles, Gideon, Secretary of  Navy, visits Pittsburgh, 58
+
+Western Theological Seminary, 102
+
+Western University of Pennsylvania. See University of Pittsburgh
+
+Westinghouse Company, 85
+
+Westinghouse, George, 85
+
+Whisky insurrection, 42
+
+William II, Emperor of Germany, 101
+
+Wilson, Erasmus, 113
+
+Wilson, George, Mayor, 51
+
+Wolfe, death of, 31
+
+Woodwell, Joseph R., 108
+
+
+Zoölogical garden, 102
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's notes:
+
+
+Page 30 (026.png) - Left spelling of Missisippi as is in quoted letter
+
+Index (026.png) - Corrected spelling of Breckinridge, John C. to match
+correct spelling as in text (based on Internet search)
+
+The name Rhys appears once in the text and once in the Index.  In the print
+copy, there is a carat over the y which is not included in this version.
+
+The name Contrecoeur appears throughout the text with an oe ligature which
+is removed for this version.  Similarly OEdipus appears once herein without
+the OE ligature.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Short History of Pittsburgh, by 
+Samuel Harden Church
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH ***
+
+***** This file should be named 23507-8.txt or 23507-8.zip *****
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+Project Gutenberg's A Short History of Pittsburgh, by Samuel Harden Church
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+Title: A Short History of Pittsburgh
+
+Author: Samuel Harden Church
+
+Release Date: November 16, 2007 [EBook #23507]
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+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
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+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH ***
+
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+
+
+<h4>A SHORT HISTORY<br />
+OF</h4>
+<h2>PITTSBURGH</h2>
+<h4>1758-1908</h4>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/002px.png" width="600" height="770" alt="George Washington, the first Pittsburgher" /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center;">George Washington, the first Pittsburgher<br /></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h3>A SHORT HISTORY<br />
+OF</h3>
+<h1>PITTSBURGH</h1>
+<h3>1758-1908<br /><br /><br /></h3>
+
+<h4>BY</h4>
+<h3>SAMUEL HARDEN CHURCH</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">AUTHOR OF "OLIVER CROMWELL: A HISTORY,"
+"PENRUDDOCK OF THE WHITE LAMBS," "JOHN MARMADUKE,"
+"BEOWULF: A POEM," ETC.<br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/003px.png" alt="logo" /><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+<h3>PRINTED AT<br />
+THE DE VINNE PRESS<br />
+NEW YORK<br />
+1908</h3>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p  style="text-align: center;">Copyright, 1908, by<br />
+<span class="smcap">Samuel Harden Church</span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS</h2>
+
+
+
+<div>
+<div style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.5em;">&nbsp;
+<span style="text-align: right; margin-right: 3em;position: absolute; right: 5em;font-size: 60%;">PAGE</span></div>
+<div style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.5em;">HISTORICAL
+<span style="text-align: right; margin-right: 3em;position: absolute; right: 3em;"><a href="#HISTORICAL">13</a></span></div>
+<br />
+<div style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.5em;">INDUSTRIAL
+<span style="text-align: right; margin-right: 3em;position: absolute; right: 3em;"><a href="#INDUSTRIAL">79</a></span></div>
+<br />
+<div style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.5em;">INTELLECTUAL
+<span style="text-align: right; margin-right: 3em;position: absolute; right: 3em;"><a href="#INTELLECTUAL">89</a></span></div>
+<br />
+<div style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.5em;">INDEX
+<span style="text-align: right; margin-right: 3em;position: absolute; right: 3em;"><a href="#INDEX">127</a></span></div>
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="LIST_OF_ILLUSTRATIONS" id="LIST_OF_ILLUSTRATIONS"></a>LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS</h2>
+
+<div>
+<div style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.5em;">George Washington, the first Pittsburgher
+<span style="text-align: right; margin-right: 3em;position: absolute; right: 2em;"><i>Frontispiece</i></span></div>
+
+<div style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.5em;">&nbsp;
+<span style="text-align: right; margin-right: 3em;position: absolute; right: 5em;font-size: 60%;">PAGE</span></div>
+
+<div style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.5em;">William Pitt, Earl of Chatham
+<span style="text-align: right; margin-right: 3em;position: absolute; right: 3em;"><a href="#022px">26</a></span></div>
+<br />
+<div style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.5em;">Plan of Fort Pitt
+<span style="text-align: right; margin-right: 3em;position: absolute; right: 3em;"><a href="#027px">31</a></span></div>
+<br />
+<div style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.5em;">Henry Bouquet
+<span style="text-align: right; margin-right: 3em;position: absolute; right: 3em;"><a href="#028px">32</a></span></div>
+<br />
+<div style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.5em;">Block House of Fort Pitt. Built in 1764
+<span style="text-align: right; margin-right: 3em;position: absolute; right: 3em;"><a href="#029px">33</a></span></div>
+<br />
+<div style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.5em;">Anthony Wayne
+<span style="text-align: right; margin-right: 3em;position: absolute; right: 3em;"><a href="#037px">41</a></span></div>
+<br />
+<div style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.5em;">Conestoga wagon
+<span style="text-align: right; margin-right: 3em;position: absolute; right: 3em;%"><a href="#040px">44</a></span></div>
+<br />
+<div style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.5em;">Stage-coach
+<span style="text-align: right; margin-right: 3em;position: absolute; right: 3em;"><a href="#042px">46</a></span></div>
+<br />
+<div style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 5em;">Over the mountains in 1839; canal boat being
+hauled over the portage road
+<span style="text-align: right; margin-right: 3em;position: absolute; right: 3em;"><a href="#043px">47</a></span></div>
+<br />
+<div style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.5em;">View of Old Pittsburgh, 1817
+<span style="text-align: right; margin-right: 3em;position: absolute; right: 3em;"><a href="#046px">50</a></span></div>
+<br />
+<div style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 5em">Pittsburgh, showing the junction of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers
+<span style="text-align: right; margin-right: 3em;position: absolute; right: 3em;"><a href="#076px">80</a></span></div>
+<br />
+<div style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.5em;">The Pittsburgh Country Club
+<span style="text-align: right; margin-right: 3em;position: absolute; right: 3em;"><a href="#084px">88</a></span></div>
+<br />
+<div style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.5em;">Panther Hollow Bridge, Schenley Park
+<span style="text-align: right; margin-right: 3em;position: absolute; right: 3em;"><a href="#089px">93</a></span></div>
+<br />
+<div style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.5em;">Entrance to Highland Park
+<span style="text-align: right; margin-right: 3em;position: absolute; right: 3em;"><a href="#093px">97</a></span></div>
+<br />
+<div style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.5em;">The Carnegie Institute
+<span style="text-align: right; margin-right: 3em;position: absolute; right: 3em;"><a href="#097px">101</a></span></div>
+<br />
+<div style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.5em;">Court-house
+<span style="text-align: right; margin-right: 3em;position: absolute; right: 3em;"><a href="#100px">104</a></span></div>
+<br />
+<div style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.5em;">Zo&ouml;logical Garden in Highland Park
+<span style="text-align: right; margin-right: 3em;position: absolute; right: 3em;"><a href="#103px">107</a></span></div>
+<br />
+<div style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.5em;">Carnegie Technical Schools (uncompleted)
+<span style="text-align: right; margin-right: 3em;position: absolute; right: 3em;"><a href="#107px">111</a></span></div>
+<br />
+<div style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.5em;">Margaret Morrison Carnegie School for Women
+<span style="text-align: right; margin-right: 3em;position: absolute; right: 3em;"><a href="#111px">115</a></span></div>
+<br />
+<div style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.5em;">Design of University of Pittsburgh
+<span style="text-align: right; margin-right: 3em;position: absolute; right: 3em;"><a href="#115px">119</a></span></div>
+<br />
+<div style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.5em;">Allegheny Observatory, University of Pittsburgh
+<span style="text-align: right; margin-right: 3em;position: absolute; right: 3em;"><a href="#119px">123</a></span></div>
+<br />
+<div style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.5em;">Phipps Conservatory, Schenley Park
+<span style="text-align: right; margin-right: 3em;position: absolute; right: 3em;"><a href="#121px">125</a></span></div>
+</div>
+
+<p style="text-align: center;"><br /><br /><br /><img src="images/007px.png" width="100%" alt="banner" /></p>
+
+<h2><a name="PREFACE" id="PREFACE"></a>PREFACE</h2>
+
+<p>Some ten years ago I contributed to a book on "Historic Towns,"
+published by G. P. Putnam's Sons, of New York and London, a brief
+historical sketch of Pittsburgh. The approach of the one hundred and
+fiftieth anniversary of the founding of Pittsburgh, and the elaborate
+celebrations planned in connection therewith, led to many requests that
+I would reprint the sketch in its own covers as a souvenir of the
+occasion. Finding it quite inadequate for permanent preservation in its
+original form, I have, after much research and painstaking labor,
+rewritten the entire work, adding many new materials, and making of it
+what I believe to be a complete, though a short, history of our city.
+The story has developed itself into three natural divisions: historical,
+industrial, and intellectual, and the record will show that under either
+one of these titles Pittsburgh is a notable, and under all of them, an
+imperial, city.</p>
+
+<p  style="text-align: right; margin-right: 1em;">S. H. C.</p>
+
+<div>Lake Placid Club,<br /></div>
+<div style="margin-left: 1em;">Adirondack Mountains,</div>
+<div style="margin-left: 2em;">August 25, 1908.</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h4><br /><br /><br />A SHORT HISTORY<br />
+OF</h4>
+<h2>PITTSBURGH</h2>
+<h4>1758-1908</h4>
+
+<p style="text-align: center;"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13"></a>
+<a name="HISTORICAL" id="HISTORICAL"></a>
+<br /><br /><br /><img src="images/009px1.png" width="100%" alt="banner" /><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+<h2><a name="A_SHORT_HISTORY_OF_PITTSBURGH" id="A_SHORT_HISTORY_OF_PITTSBURGH"></a>A SHORT HISTORY OF<br />PITTSBURGH</h2>
+
+<h4>HISTORICAL</h4>
+
+<h4>I</h4>
+
+<p><img src="images/009px2.png" style = "float: left" width="163" height="192" alt="Letter G" />
+eorge Washington, the Father of his Country, is equally the Father of
+Pittsburgh, for he came thither in November, 1753, and established the
+location of the now imperial city by choosing it as the best place for a
+fort. Washington was then twenty-one years old. He had by that time
+written his precocious one hundred and ten maxims of civility and good
+behavior; had declined to be a midshipman in the British navy; had made
+his only sea-voyage to Barbados; had surveyed
+<a name="Page_14" id="Page_14"></a>
+the estates of Lord
+Fairfax, going for months into the forest without fear of savage Indians
+or wild beasts; and was now a major of Virginia militia. In pursuance of
+the claim of Virginia that she owned that part of Pennsylvania in which
+Pittsburgh is situated, Washington came there as the agent of Governor
+Dinwiddie to treat with the Indians. With an eye alert for the dangers
+of the wilderness, and with Christopher Gist beside him, the young
+Virginian pushed his cautious way to "The Point" of land where the
+confluence of the Monongahela and Allegheny rivers forms the Ohio. That,
+he declared, with clear military instinct, was the best site for a fort;
+and he rejected the promontory two miles below, which the Indians had
+recommended for that purpose. Washington made six visits to the vicinity
+of Pittsburgh, all before his presidency, and on three of them (1753,
+1758, and 1770), he entered the limits of the present city. At the time
+of despatching the army to suppress the whisky insurrection, while he
+was President, in 1794, he came toward Pittsburgh as far as Bedford, and
+then, after planning the march, returned to Philadelphia. His contact
+with the place was, therefore, frequent, and his information always very
+complete. There is a tradition, none the less popular because it cannot
+be proved, which ascribes to Washington the credit of having suggested
+the name of Pittsburgh to General Forbes when the place was captured
+from the French. However this may be, we do
+<a name="Page_15" id="Page_15"></a>
+know that Washington was
+certainly present when the English flag was hoisted and the city named
+Pittsburgh, on Sunday, November 26, 1758. And at that moment Pittsburgh
+became a chief bulwark of the British Empire in America.</p>
+
+<h4><br /><br />II</h4>
+
+<p>As early as 1728, a daring hunter or trader found the Indians at the
+head waters of the Ohio,&mdash;among them the Delawares, Shawanese, Mohicans,
+and Iroquois,&mdash;whither they tracked the bear from their village of
+Logstown, seventeen miles down the river. They also employed the country
+roundabout as a highway for their march to battle against other tribes,
+and against each other. At that time France and England were disputing
+for the new continent. France, by right of her discovery of the
+Mississippi, claimed all lands drained by that river and its
+tributaries, a contention which would naturally plant her banner upon
+the summit of the Alleghany Mountains. England, on the other hand,
+claimed everything from ocean shore to ocean shore. This situation
+produced war, and Pittsburgh became the strategic key of the great
+Middle West. The French made early endeavors to win the allegiance of
+the Indians, and felt encouraged to press their friendly overtures
+because they usually came
+<a name="Page_16" id="Page_16"></a>
+among the red men for trading or exploration,
+while the English invariably seized and occupied their lands. In 1731
+some French settlers did attempt to build a group of houses at
+Pittsburgh, but the Indians compelled them to go away. The next year the
+governor of Pennsylvania summoned two Indian chiefs from Pittsburgh to
+say why they had been going to see the French governor at Montreal; and
+they gave answer that he had sent for them only to express the hope that
+both English and French traders might meet at Pittsburgh and carry on
+trade amicably. The governor of Pennsylvania sought to induce the tribes
+to draw themselves farther east, where they might be made to feel the
+hand of authority, but Sassoonan, their chief, forbade them to stir. An
+Iroquois chief who joined his entreaties to those of the governor was
+soon afterward killed by some Shawanese braves, but they were forced to
+flee into Virginia to escape the vengeance of his tribe.</p>
+
+<p>Louis Celeron, a French officer, made an exploration of the country
+contiguous to Pittsburgh in 1747, and formally enjoined the governor of
+Pennsylvania not to occupy the ground, as France claimed its
+sovereignty. A year later the Ohio Company was formed, with a charter
+ceding an immense tract of land for sale and development, including
+Pittsburgh. This corporation built some storehouses at Logstown to
+facilitate their trade with the Indians, which were captured by
+<a name="Page_17" id="Page_17"></a>
+the
+French, together with skins and commodities valued at 20,000 francs; and
+the purposes of the company were never accomplished.</p>
+
+<h4><br /><br />III</h4>
+
+<p>Washington's first visit to Pittsburgh occurred in November, 1753, while
+he was on his way to the French fort at Leboeuff. He was carrying a
+letter from the Ohio Company to Contrec&oelig;ur, protesting against the
+plans of the French commander in undertaking to establish a line of
+forts to reach from Lake Erie to the mouth of the Ohio River. The winter
+season was becoming very severe, in despite of which Washington and Gist
+were forced to swim with their horses across the Allegheny River. On the
+way they fell in with a friendly Indian, Keyashuta, a Seneca chief, who
+showed them much kindness, and for whom a suburban town, Guyasuta, is
+named.</p>
+
+<p>Washington, in writing of his first sight of the forks of the river,
+says:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">As I got down before the canoe, I spent some time in viewing the
+rivers and the land at the fork, which I think extremely well
+situated for a fort, as it has the absolute command of both rivers.
+The land at the point is twenty-five feet above the common surface
+of the water, and a considerable bottom of flat, well-timbered land
+all around it very convenient for building. The rivers are each a
+quarter of a mile across and run here very nearly at right
+<a name="Page_18" id="Page_18"></a>
+angles,
+the Allegheny being northeast and the Monongahela southeast. The
+former of these two is a very rapid and swift-running water, the
+other deep and still without any perceptible fall. About two miles
+from this on the southeast side of the river at a place where the
+Ohio Company intended to erect a fort, lives Shingiss, King of the
+Delawares. We called upon him to invite him to a council at
+Logstown. As I had taken a good deal of notice yesterday at the
+fork, my curiosity led me to examine this more particularly and I
+think it greatly inferior either for defense or advantages,
+especially the latter. For a fort at the fork would be equally well
+situated on the Ohio and have the entire command of the
+Monongahela, which runs up our settlement and is extremely well
+designed for water carriage, as it is of a deep, still nature.
+Besides, a fort at the fork might be built at much less expense
+than at the other place.</div>
+
+<p>Leaving Pittsburgh, Washington and Gist proceeded in a northeasterly
+direction, and after a day's journey they came upon an Indian
+settlement, and were constrained by the tribe to remain there for three
+days. A group of these Indians accompanied the two travelers to the
+French fort, and on the journey a large number of bear and deer were
+killed. At Leboeuff Washington received from the French commander a very
+satisfactory reply. On the trip back the two pioneers encountered almost
+insupportable hardships. Lacking proper food, their horses died, so that
+they were forced to push forward in canoes, often finding it necessary,
+when the creeks were frozen, to carry their craft for long stretches
+overland. When Venango was reached, Washington, whose clothes were now
+in
+<a name="Page_19" id="Page_19"></a>
+tatters, procured an Indian costume, and he and Gist continued their
+way on foot, accompanied by an Indian guide. At this point an
+illustrious career was put in deadly peril, for on the second day of his
+escort, the treacherous guide deliberately fired his gun at Washington
+when standing only a few feet away from him. Bad marksmanship saved the
+intended victim, and Gist started to kill the Indian on the spot; but
+Washington, patient then as always, sent the savage away, giving him
+provisions to last until he could reach his tribe. But an apprehension
+of further trouble from the friends of the discomfited guide impelled
+the two men to travel all that night and the next day, although
+Washington was suffering acute agony from his frosted feet. While
+recrossing the Allegheny River on a rude raft, Washington fell into the
+icy waters and was saved by Gist from drowning only after the greatest
+efforts had been employed to rescue him. Reaching Herr's Island (within
+the present city limits), they built a fire and camped there for the
+night, but in the morning Gist's hands were frozen. The bitter cold had
+now solidified the river and the two wanderers passed over it on foot.
+By noon they had reached the home of John Frazier, at Turtle Creek,
+where they were given clothes and fresh supplies. The journey was
+completed in three more days, and on receiving the reply of
+Contrec&oelig;ur, the English began their preparations for sending troops
+to Pittsburgh.</p>
+
+<h4><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20"></a><br /><br />IV</h4>
+
+<p>As soon as Washington's advice as to the location of the fort was
+received, Captain William Trent was despatched to Pittsburgh with a
+force of soldiers and workmen, packhorses, and materials, and he began
+in all haste to erect a stronghold. The French had already built forts
+on the northern lakes, and they now sent Captain Contrec&oelig;ur down the
+Allegheny with one thousand French, Canadians, and Indians, and eighteen
+pieces of cannon, in a flotilla of sixty bateaux and three hundred
+canoes. Trent had planted himself in Pittsburgh on February 17, 1754, a
+date important because it marks the first permanent white settlement
+there. But his work had been retarded alike by the small number of his
+men and the severity of the winter; and when Contrec&oelig;ur arrived in
+April, the young subaltern who commanded in Trent's absence surrendered
+the unfinished works, and was permitted to march away with his
+thirty-three men. The French completed the fort and named it Duquesne,
+in honor of the governor of Canada; and they held possession of it for
+four years.</p>
+
+<p>Immediately on the loss of this fort, Virginia sent a force under
+Washington to retake it. Washington surprised a French detachment near
+Great Meadows, and killed their commander, Jumonville. When a
+<a name="Page_21" id="Page_21"></a>
+larger
+expedition came against him, he put up a stockade near the site of
+Uniontown, naming it Fort Necessity, which he was compelled to yield on
+terms permitting him to march away with the honors of war.</p>
+
+<h4><br /><br />V</h4>
+
+<p>The next year (1755) General Edward Braddock came over with two
+regiments of British soldiers, and after augmenting his force with
+Colonial troops and a few Indians, began his fatal march upon Fort
+Duquesne. Braddock's testy disposition, his consuming egotism, his
+contempt for the Colonial soldiers, and his stubborn adherence to
+military maxims that were inapplicable to the warfare of the wilderness,
+alienated the respect and confidence of the American contingent, robbed
+him of an easy victory, and cost him his life. Benjamin Franklin had
+warned him against the imminent risk of Indian ambuscades, but he had
+contemptuously replied: "These savages may indeed be a formidable enemy
+to your raw American militia; but upon the king's regular and
+disciplined troops, sir, it is impossible they should make any
+impression." Some of his English staff-officers urged him to send the
+rangers in advance and to deploy his Indians as scouts, but he rejected
+their prudent suggestions with a sneer. On July 9 his army, comprising
+twenty-two hundred
+<a name="Page_22" id="Page_22"></a>
+soldiers and one hundred and fifty Indians, was
+marching down the south bank of the Monongahela. The variant color and
+fashion of the expedition,&mdash;the red-coated regulars, the blue-coated
+Americans, the naval detachment, the rangers in deerskin shirts and
+leggins, the savages half-naked and befeathered, the glint of sword and
+gun in the hot daylight, the long wagon train, the lumbering cannon, the
+drove of bullocks, the royal banner and the Colonial gonfalon,&mdash;the pomp
+and puissance of it all composed a spectacle of martial splendor unseen
+in that country before. On the right was the tranquil river, and on the
+left the trackless wilderness whence the startled deer sprang into a
+deeper solitude. At noon the expedition crossed the river and pressed on
+toward Fort Duquesne, eight miles below, expectant of victory. What need
+to send out scouts when the king's troops are here? Let young George
+Washington and the rest urge it all they may; the thing is beneath the
+dignity of his majesty's general.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, all was not tranquil at the French fort. Surrender was talked
+of, but Captain Beaujeu determined to lead a force out to meet the
+approaching army. Taking with him a total effective of thirty-six
+officers and cadets, seventy-two regular soldiers, one hundred and
+forty-six Canadians, and about six hundred Indian warriors, a command
+less than half the number of the enemy, he sallied out to meet him. How
+insignificant were the armed forces with which the two
+<a name="Page_23" id="Page_23"></a>
+empires were now
+challenging each other for the splendid prize of a new world! Beaujeu,
+gaily clad in a fringed hunting dress, intrepidly pressed on until he
+came in sight of the English invaders. As soon as the alert French
+commander felt the hot breath of his foe he waved his hat and his
+faithful followers disappeared behind rocks and trees as if the very
+earth had swallowed them.</p>
+
+<p>The unsuspecting English came on. But here, when they have crossed, is a
+level plain, elevated but a few feet above the surface of the river,
+extending nearly half a mile landwards, and then gradually ascending
+into thickly wooded hills, with Fort Duquesne beyond. The troops in
+front had crossed the plain and plunged into the road through the forest
+for a hundred feet when a heavy discharge of musketry and arrows was
+poured upon them, which wrought in them a consternation all the greater
+because they could see no foe anywhere. They shot at random, and not
+without effect, for when Beaujeu fell the Canadians began to flee and
+the Indians quailed in their covers before the cannon fire of the
+English. But the French fighters were rallied back to their hidden
+recesses, and they now kept up an incessant and destructive fire. In
+this distressing situation the English fell back into the plain.
+Braddock rode in among them, and he and his officers persistently
+endeavored to rally them, but without success. The Colonial troops
+adopted the Indian method, and
+<a name="Page_24" id="Page_24"></a>
+each man fought for himself behind a
+tree. This was forbidden by Braddock, who attempted to form his men in
+platoons and columns, making their slaughter inevitable. The French and
+Indians, concealed in the ravines and behind trees, kept up a cruel and
+deadly fire, until the British soldiers lost all presence of mind and
+began to shoot each other and their own officers, and hundreds were thus
+slain. The Virginia companies charged gallantly up a hill with a loss of
+but three men, but when they reached the summit the British soldiery,
+mistaking them for the enemy, fired upon them, killing fifty out of
+eighty men. The Colonial troops then resumed the Indian fashion of
+fighting from behind trees, which provoked Braddock, who had had five
+horses killed under him in three hours, to storm at them and strike them
+with his sword. At this moment he was fatally wounded, and many of his
+men now fled away from the hopeless action, not waiting to hear their
+general's fainting order to retreat. Washington had had two horses
+killed and received three bullets through his coat. Being the only
+mounted officer who was not disabled, he drew up the troops still on the
+field, directed their retreat, maintaining himself at the rear with
+great coolness and courage, and brought away his wounded general.
+Sixty-four British and American officers, and nearly one thousand
+privates, were killed or wounded in this battle, while the total French
+and Indian loss was not over sixty. A few prisoners captured
+<a name="Page_25" id="Page_25"></a>
+by the
+Indians were brought to Pittsburgh and burnt at the stake. Four days
+after the fight Braddock died, exclaiming to the last, "Who would have
+thought it!"</p>
+
+<h4><br /><br />VI</h4>
+
+<p>Despondency seized the English settlers after Braddock's defeat. But two
+years afterward William Pitt became prime minister, and he thrilled the
+nation with his appeal to protect the Colonies against France and the
+savages.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center;"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26"></a>
+<a name = "022px"></a>
+<img src="images/022px.png" width="600" height="777" alt="William Pitt, Earl of Chatham" /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center;">William Pitt, Earl of Chatham<br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p>William Pitt, the great Earl of Chatham, the man for whom our city is
+named, was one of the most indomitable characters in the statesmanship
+of modern times. Born in November, 1708, he was educated at Eton and at
+Oxford, then traveled in France and Italy, and was elected to Parliament
+when twenty-seven years old. His early addresses were not models either
+of force or logic, but the fluent speech and many personal attractions
+of the young orator instantly caught the attention of the people, who
+always listened to him with favor; and it was not long before his
+constant participation in public affairs developed the splendid talents
+which he possessed. Wayward and affected in little things, Pitt attacked
+the great problems of government with the bold confidence of a master
+spirit, impressing the clear genius of his leadership upon the yearning
+heart of England in every emergency of peace or war. Too great to be
+consistent, he never hesitated to change his tactics or his opinion when
+the occasion developed the utility of another course. Ordinary men have
+been more faithful to asserted principles, but no statesman more
+frequently departed from asserted principles to
+<a name="Page_27" id="Page_27"></a>
+secure achievements
+which redounded to the honor of the nation. During the thirty years in
+which Pitt exercised the magic spell of his eloquence and power over the
+English Parliament, the stakes for which he contended against the world
+were no less than the dominion of North America and of India. In the
+pursuit of these policies he fought Spain and subdued her armies. He
+subsidized the king of Prussia to his interests. He destroyed the navy
+of France and wrested from her the larger part of her possessions beyond
+sea. Having always a clear conception of the remotest aim of national
+aspiration, he was content to leave the designing of operations in
+detail to the humbler servants of the government, reserving to himself
+the mighty concentration of his powers upon the general purpose for
+which the nation was striving. The king trusted him, the Commons obeyed
+him, the people adored him and called him the Great Commoner. He was
+wise, brave, sincere, tolerant, and humane; and no man could more
+deserve the honor of having named for him a city which was destined to
+become rich and famous, keeping his memory in more enduring fame than
+bronze or marble.</p>
+
+<h4><br /><br />VII</h4>
+
+<p>Pitt's letters inspired the Americans with new hope, and he promised to
+send them British troops and to
+<a name="Page_28" id="Page_28"></a>
+supply their own militia with arms,
+ammunition, tents, and provisions at the king's charge. He sent twelve
+thousand soldiers from England, which were joined to a Colonial force
+aggregating fifty thousand men, the most formidable army yet seen in the
+new world. The plan of campaign embraced three expeditions: the first
+against Louisburg, in the island of Cape Breton, which was successful;
+the second against Ticonderoga, which succeeded after a defeat; and the
+third against Fort Duquesne. General Forbes, born at Dunfermline (whence
+have come others to Pittsburgh), commanded this expedition, comprising
+about seven thousand men. The militia from Virginia, North Carolina, and
+Maryland was led by Washington, whose independent spirit led the testy
+Scotchman, made irritable by a malady which was soon to cause his death,
+to declare that Washington's "behavior about the roads was no ways like
+a soldier." But we cannot believe that the young Virginian was moved by
+any motive but the public good. On September 12, 1758, Major Grant, a
+Highlander, led an advance guard of eight hundred and fifty men to a
+point one mile from the fort, which is still called Grant's Hill, on
+which the court-house now stands, where he rashly permitted himself to
+be surrounded and attacked by the French and Indians, half his force
+being killed or wounded, and himself slain. Washington followed soon
+after, and opened a road for the advance of the main body under Forbes.
+Fort
+<a name="Page_29" id="Page_29"></a>
+Frontenac, on Lake Ontario, had just been taken by General
+Amherst, with the result that supplies for Fort Duquesne were cut off.
+When, therefore, Captain Ligneris, the French commandant, learned of the
+advance of a superior force, having no hope of reinforcements, he blew
+up the fort, set fire to the adjacent buildings, and drew his garrison
+away.</p>
+
+<p>On Saturday, November 25, 1758, amidst a fierce snowstorm, the English
+took possession of the place, and Colonel Armstrong, in the presence of
+Forbes and Washington, hauled up the puissant banner of Great Britain,
+while cannons boomed and the exulting victors cheered. On the next day,
+General Forbes wrote to Governor Denny from "Fort Duquesne, now
+Pittsburgh,<a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> the 26th of November, 1758," and this was the first use
+of that name. On this same Sunday the Rev. Mr. Beatty, a Presbyterian
+chaplain, preached a sermon in thanksgiving for the superiority of
+British arms,&mdash;the first Protestant service in Pittsburgh. The French
+had had a Roman Catholic chaplain, Father Baron, during their occupancy.
+On the next day Forbes wrote to Pitt with a vision of prophecy as
+follows:</p>
+
+<div style="margin-right: 5em; text-align: right;"><span class="smcap">Pittsbourgh</span>, 27<sup>th</sup> Novem<sup>r</sup>, 1758.</div>
+
+<div style="margin-left: 4em; text-align: left;"><i>Sir</i>,</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">I do myself the Honour of acquainting you that it has pleased God
+to crown His Majesty's Arms with Success over all His Enemies upon
+the Ohio, by my having obliged the enemy to burn
+<a name="Page_30" id="Page_30"></a>
+and abandon Fort
+Du Quesne, which they effectuated on the 25<sup>th</sup>:, and of which I
+took possession next day, the Enemy having made their Escape down
+the River towards the Missisippi in their Boats, being abandoned
+by their Indians, whom I had previously engaged to leave them, and
+who now seem all willing and ready to implore His Majesty's most
+Gracious Protection. So give me leave to congratulate you upon this
+great Event, of having totally expelled the French from this
+prodigious tract of Country, and of having reconciled the various
+tribes of Indians inhabiting it to His Majesty's Government.</div>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<div class="blockquot">I have used the freedom of giving your name to Fort Du Quesne, as I
+hope it was in some measure the being actuated by your spirits that
+now makes us Masters of the place.... These dreary deserts will
+soon be the richest and most fertile of any possest by the British
+in N<sup>o.</sup> America. I have the honour to be with great regard and
+Esteem Sir,</div>
+
+<div style="margin-right: 6em; text-align: right;"><br />Your most obed<sup>t</sup>. &amp; most hum<sup>le</sup>. serv<sup>t</sup>.</div>
+
+<div style="margin-right: 5em; text-align: right;"><span class="smcap"><br />Jo: Forbes</span>.</div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> Local controversialists should note that the man who named
+the city spelt it with the final h.</p></div>
+
+<h4><br /><br />VIII</h4>
+
+<p>As a place of urgent shelter the English proceeded to build a new fort
+about two hundred yards from the site of Fort Duquesne, which is
+traditionally known as the first Fort Pitt, and was probably so called
+by the garrison, although the letters written from there during the next
+few months refer to it as "the camp at Pittsburgh." This stronghold cut
+off French transportation to the Mississippi by way of the Ohio River,
+and the only remaining route, by way of the Great Lakes, was soon
+<a name="Page_31" id="Page_31"></a>
+afterward closed by the fall of Fort Niagara. The fall of Quebec, with
+the death of the two opposing generals, Montcalm and Wolfe, and the
+capture of Montreal, ended the claims of France to sovereignty in the
+new world.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center;"><a name = "027px"></a><img src="images/027px.png" width="600" height="700" alt="Plan of Fort Pitt" /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center;">Plan of Fort Pitt<br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p>The new fort being found too small, General Stanwix built a second Fort
+Pitt, much larger and stronger, designed for a garrison of one thousand
+men. The
+<a name="Page_32" id="Page_32"></a>
+Indians viewed the new-comers with suspicion, but Colonel
+Henry Bouquet assured them, with diplomatic tergiversation, that, "We
+have not come here to take possession of your country in a hostile
+manner, as the French did when they came among you, but to open a
+<a name="Page_34" id="Page_34"></a>
+large and extensive trade with you and all other nations of Indians to
+the westward." A redoubt (the "Blockhouse"), built by Colonel Bouquet in
+1764, still stands, in a very good state of preservation, being cared
+for by the Daughters of the American Revolution. The protection of the
+garrison naturally attracted a few traders, merchants, and pioneers to
+Pittsburgh, and a permanent population began to grow.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center;"><a name = "028px"></a><img src="images/028px.png" width="600" height="801" alt="Henry Bouquet" /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center;">Henry Bouquet</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p style="text-align: center;"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33"></a><a name = "029px"></a>
+<img src="images/029px.png" width="600" height="379" alt="Block House of Fort Pitt. Built in 1764" /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center;">Block House of Fort Pitt. Built in 1764<br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p>But the indigenous race continued to resent the extension of white
+encroachment; and they formed a secret confederacy under Pontiac, the
+renowned Ottawa chief, who planned a simultaneous attack on all the
+white frontier posts. This uprising was attended by atrocious cruelties
+at many of the points attacked, but we may take note here of the
+movement only as it affected Pittsburgh. At the grand council held by
+the tribes, a bundle of sticks had been given to every tribe, each
+bundle containing as many sticks as there were days intervening before
+the deadly assault should begin. One stick was to be drawn from the
+bundle every day until but one remained, which was to signal the
+outbreak for that day. This was the best calendar the barbarian mind
+could devise. At Pittsburgh, a Delaware squaw who was friendly to the
+whites had stealthily taken out three of the sticks, thus precipitating
+the attack on Fort Pitt three days in advance of the time appointed.</p>
+
+<p>The last stick was reached on June 22, 1763, and the
+<a name="Page_35" id="Page_35"></a>
+Delawares and
+Shawanese began the assault in the afternoon, under Simon Ecuyer. The
+people of Pittsburgh took shelter in the fort, and held out while
+waiting for reinforcements. Colonel Bouquet hurried forward a force of
+five hundred men, but they were intercepted at Bushy Run, where a bloody
+battle was fought. Bouquet had fifty men killed and sixty wounded, but
+inflicted a much greater loss on his savage foes and gained the fort,
+relieving the siege. As soon as Bouquet could recruit his command, he
+moved down the Ohio, attacked the Indians, liberated some of their
+prisoners, and taught the red men to respect the power that controlled
+at Pittsburgh.</p>
+
+<p>In 1768 the Indians ceded their lands about Pittsburgh to the Colonies,
+and civilization was then free to spread over them. In 1774 a land
+office was opened in Pittsburgh by Governor Dunmore, and land warrants
+were granted on payment of two shillings and six pence purchase money,
+at the rate of ten pounds per one hundred acres.</p>
+
+
+<h4><br /><br />IX</h4>
+
+<p>Washington made his last visit to Pittsburgh in October, 1770, when, on
+his way to the Kanawha River, he stopped here for several days, and
+lodged with Samuel Semple, the first innkeeper, whose hostelry stood,
+and still stands, at the corner of Water and Ferry Streets.
+<a name="Page_36" id="Page_36"></a>
+This house
+was later known as the Virginian Hotel, and for many years furnished
+entertainment to those early travelers. The building, erected in 1764 by
+Colonel George Morgan, is now nearly one hundred and forty years old,
+and is still devoted to public hospitality, but the character of its
+patronage has changed from George Washington to the deck roysterers who
+lodge there between their trips on the river packets. At the time of
+Washington's visit the lower story of the house was divided into three
+rooms, two facing on Ferry Street, and the third, a large room, on Water
+Street, and in this latter room was placed, in the year of Washington's
+stop there, the first billiard table ever brought to Pittsburgh. The
+mahogany steps from the first to the second floors, which were once the
+pride of the place, are still in the house.<a name="FNanchor_B_2" id="FNanchor_B_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_B_2" class="fnanchor">[B]</a> According to Washington's
+journal, there were in Pittsburgh in 1770 twenty houses situated on
+Water Street, facing the Monongahela River. These were occupied by
+traders and their families. The population at that time is estimated at
+one hundred and twenty-six men, women, and children, besides a garrison
+consisting of two companies of British troops.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_B_2" id="Footnote_B_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_B_2"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> On going again to look at this house, which I have seen
+many times, I find that it was recently demolished to make room for
+railway improvements.</p></div>
+
+<p>In October, 1772, Fort Pitt was ordered abandoned. The works about
+Pittsburgh, from first to last, had cost the British Crown some three
+hundred thousand dollars,
+<a name="Page_37" id="Page_37"></a>
+but the salvage on the stone, brick, and iron
+of the existing redoubts amounted to only two hundred and fifty dollars.
+The Blockhouse was repaired and occupied for a time by Dr. John
+Connelly; and during the Revolution it was constantly used by our
+Colonial troops.</p>
+
+<h4><br /><br />X</h4>
+
+<p>With the French out of the country, and with William Pitt out of office
+and incapacitated by age, the Colonies began to feel the oppression of a
+British policy which British statesmen and British historians to-day
+most bitterly condemn. America's opposition to tyranny found its natural
+expression in the Battle of Lexington, April 19, 1775. The fires of
+patriotism leapt through the continent and the little settlement at
+Pittsburgh was quickly aflame with the national spirit. On May 16th a
+convention was held at Pittsburgh, which resolved that</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">This committee have the highest sense of the spirited behavior of
+their brethren in New England, and do most cordially approve of
+their opposing the invaders of American rights and privileges to
+the utmost extreme, and that each member of this committee,
+respectively, will animate and encourage their neighborhood to
+follow the brave example.</div>
+
+<p>No foreign soldiers were sent over the mountains to Pittsburgh, but a
+more merciless foe, who would attack
+<a name="Page_38" id="Page_38"></a>
+and harass with remorseless
+cruelty, was impressed into the English service, despite the horrified
+protests of some of her wisest statesmen. American treaties with the
+Indians had no force against the allurements of foreign gold, and under
+this unholy alliance men were burnt at the stake, women were carried
+away, and cabins were destroyed.</p>
+
+<p>With the aim of regaining the friendship of the Indians, Congress
+appointed commissioners who met the tribes at Pittsburgh; and Colonel
+George Morgan, Indian agent, writes to John Hancock, November 8, 1776:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">I have the happiness to inform you that the cloud that threatened
+to break over us is likely to disperse. The Six Nations, with the
+Muncies, Delawares, Shawanese, and Mohicans, who have been
+assembled here with their principal chiefs and warriors to the
+number of 644, have given the strongest assurance of their
+determination to preserve inviolate the peace and neutrality with
+the United States.</div>
+
+<p>These amicable expectations were not realized, and General Edward Hand
+came to Pittsburgh the next year and planned an expedition against the
+Indians. Colonel Broadhead took out Hand's expedition in the summer and
+burned the Indian towns.</p>
+
+<p>The depreciation of paper currency, or Continental money, had by this
+time brought the serious burden of high prices upon the people. The
+traders, who
+<a name="Page_39" id="Page_39"></a>
+demanded apparently exorbitant rates for their goods, were
+denounced in public meetings at Pittsburgh as being "now commonly known
+by the disgraceful epithet of speculators, of more malignant natures
+than the savage Mingoes in the wilderness." This hardship grew in
+severity until the finances were put upon a more stable basis.</p>
+
+<p>In 1781, there was demoralization and mutiny at Fort Pitt, and General
+William Irvine was put in command. His firm hand soon restored the
+garrison to obedience. The close of the war with Great Britain in that
+year was celebrated by General Irvine by the issue of an order at the
+fort, November 6, 1781, requiring all, as a sailor would say, "to splice
+the mainbrace." This order read as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">The commissioners will issue a gill of whisky, extraordinary, to
+the non-commissioned officers and privates, upon this joyful
+occasion.</div>
+
+<p>The Penn family had purchased the Pittsburgh region from the Indians in
+1768, and they would offer none of it for sale until 1783. Up to this
+time they had held the charter to Pennsylvania; but as they had
+maintained a steadfast allegiance to the mother country, the general
+assembly annulled their title, except to allow them to retain the
+ownership of various manors throughout the State, embracing half a
+million acres.</p>
+
+<p>In order to relieve the people of Pittsburgh from
+<a name="Page_40" id="Page_40"></a>
+going to Greensburg
+to the court-house in their sacred right of suing and being sued, the
+general assembly erected Allegheny County out of parts of Westmoreland
+and Washington Counties, September 24, 1788. This county originally
+comprised, in addition to its present limits, what are now Armstrong,
+Beaver, Butler, Crawford, Erie, Mercer, Venango, and Warren Counties.
+The Act required that the court-house and jail should be located in
+Allegheny (just across the river from Pittsburgh), but as there was no
+protection against Indians there, an amendment established Pittsburgh as
+the county seat. The first court was held at Fort Pitt; and the next day
+a ducking-stool was erected for the district, at "The Point" in the
+three rivers.</p>
+
+<p>In 1785, the dispute between Virginia and Pennsylvania for the
+possession of Pittsburgh was settled by the award of a joint commission
+in favor of Pennsylvania.</p>
+
+<p>A writer says that in 1786 Pittsburgh contained thirty-six log houses,
+one stone, and one frame house, and five small stores. Another records
+that the population "is almost entirely Scots and Irish, who live in log
+houses." A third says of these log houses: "Now and then one had assumed
+the appearance of neatness and comfort."</p>
+
+<p>The first newspaper, the Pittsburgh "Gazette," was established July 29,
+1786. A mail route to Philadelphia, by horseback, was adopted in the
+same year. On
+<a name="Page_41" id="Page_41"></a>
+September 29, 1787, the Legislature granted a charter to
+the Pittsburgh Academy, a school that has grown steadily in usefulness
+and power as the Western University of Pennsylvania, and which has in
+this year (July 11, 1908) appropriately altered its name to University
+of Pittsburgh.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center;"><a name = "037px"></a><img src="images/037px.png" width="600" height="798" alt="Anthony Wayne" /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center;">Anthony Wayne<br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42"></a>In 1791, the Indians became vindictive and
+dangerous, and General Arthur
+St. Clair, with a force of twenty-three hundred men, was sent down the
+river to punish them. Neglecting President Washington's imperative
+injunction to avoid a surprise, he led his command into an ambush and
+lost half of it in the most disastrous battle with the redskins since
+the time of Braddock. In the general alarm that ensued, Fort Pitt being
+in a state of decay, a new fort was built in Pittsburgh at Ninth and
+Tenth Streets and Penn Avenue,&mdash;a stronghold that included bastions,
+blockhouses, barracks, etc., and was named Fort Lafayette. General
+Anthony Wayne was then selected to command another expedition against
+the savages, and he arrived in Pittsburgh in June, 1792. After drilling
+his troops and making preparations for two years, in the course of which
+he erected several forts in the West, including Fort Defiance and Fort
+Wayne, he fought the Indians and crushed their strength and spirit. On
+his return a lasting peace was made with them, and there were no further
+raids about Pittsburgh.</p>
+
+<h4><br /><br />XI</h4>
+
+<p>The whisky insurrection demands a brief reference. Whisky seems to be a
+steady concomitant of civilization. As soon as the white settlers had
+planted
+<a name="Page_43" id="Page_43"></a>
+themselves securely at Pittsburgh, they made requisition on
+Philadelphia for six thousand kegs of flour and three thousand kegs of
+whisky&mdash;a disproportion as startling as Falstaff's intolerable deal of
+sack to one half-penny-worth of bread. Congress, in 1791, passed an
+excise law to assist in paying the war debt. The measure was very
+unpopular, and its operation was forcibly resisted, particularly in
+Pittsburgh, which was noted then, as now, for the quantity and quality
+of its whisky. There were distilleries on nearly every stream emptying
+into the Monongahela. The time and circumstances made the tax odious.
+The Revolutionary War had just closed, the pioneers were in the midst of
+great Indian troubles, and money was scarce, of low value, and very hard
+to obtain. The people of the new country were unused to the exercise of
+stringent laws. The progress of the French Revolution encouraged the
+settlers to account themselves oppressed by similar tyrannies, against
+which some of them persuaded themselves similar resistance should be
+made. Gen&ecirc;t, the French demagogue, was sowing sedition everywhere.
+Lafayette's participation in the French Revolution gave it in America,
+where he was deservedly beloved, a prestige which it could never have
+gained for itself. Distillers who paid the tax were assaulted; some of
+them were tarred and feathered; others were taken into the forest and
+tied to trees; their houses and barns were burned; their property was
+carried away or destroyed. Several
+<a name="Page_45" id="Page_45"></a>
+thousand insurgents assembled at
+Braddock's Field, and marched on Pittsburgh, where the citizens gave
+them food and submitted to a reign of terror. Then President Washington
+sent an army of fifteen thousand troops against them, and they melted
+away, as a mob will ever do when the strong arm of government smites it
+without fear or respect.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center;"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44"></a>
+<a name = "040px"></a><img src="images/040px.png" width="600" height="204" alt="Conestoga wagon" /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center;">Conestoga wagon</p>
+
+<h4><br /><br />XII</h4>
+
+<p>It was not long after the close of the Revolutionary War before
+Pittsburgh was recognized as the natural gateway of the Atlantic
+seaboard to the West and South, and the necessity for an improved system
+of transportation became imperative. The earliest method of
+transportation through the American wilderness required the eastern
+merchants to forward their goods in Conestoga wagons to Shippensburg and
+Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, and Hagerstown, Maryland, and thence to
+Pittsburgh on packhorses, where they were exchanged for Pittsburgh
+products, and these in turn were carried by boat to New Orleans, where
+they were exchanged for sugar, molasses, and similar commodities, which
+were carried through the gulf and along the coast to Baltimore and
+Philadelphia. For passenger travel the stage-coach furnished the most
+luxurious method then known.</p>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: center;"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46"></a>
+<a name = "042px"></a><img src="images/042px.png" width="600" height="252" alt="Stage-coach" /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center;">Stage-coach<br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47"></a>The people of Pennsylvania had given considerable attention to inland
+improvements and as early as 1791 they began to formulate the daring
+project of constructing a canal system from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh,
+with a portage road over the crest of the Alleghany Mountains. In 1825,
+the governor appointed commissioners for making surveys, certain
+residents of Pittsburgh being chosen on the board, and in 1826 (February
+25th) the Legislature passed an act authorizing the commencement of work
+on the canal at the expense of the <a name="Page_48" id="Page_48"></a>
+State. The western section was
+completed and the first boat entered Pittsburgh on November 10, 1829.
+Subsequent acts provided for the various eastern sections, including the
+building of the portage railroad over the mountains, and by April 16,
+1834, a through line was in operation from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh.
+The termini of the road were Hollidaysburg, 1,398 feet below the
+mountain summit, and Johnstown, 1,771 feet below the summit. The boats
+were taken from the water like amphibious monsters and hauled up the ten
+inclined planes by stationary engines. The total cost of the canal and
+portage railroad was about ten million dollars, and the entire system
+was sold to the Pennsylvania Railroad Company in 1857 (June 25th) for
+$7,500,000. The importance of canal transportation in the popular mind
+is shown by the fact that in 1828, when the Pennsylvania Legislature
+granted a charter to the Pennsylvania and Ohio Railroad Company (which
+never constructed its road), the act stated that the purpose of the
+railroad was to connect Pittsburgh with the canal at Massillon, Ohio.
+The railroad quickly superseded the canal, however, and when men
+perceived that the mountains could be conquered by a portage road, it
+was a natural step to plan the Pennsylvania and Baltimore and Ohio
+railroads on a system of easy grades, so that all obstacles of height
+and distance were annihilated. The Pennsylvania Railroad was
+incorporated April 13, 1846, and completed its
+<a name="Page_49" id="Page_49"></a>
+roadway from
+Philadelphia to Pittsburgh February 15, 1854. The canal was for a time
+operated by the Pennsylvania Canal Company in the interest of the
+Pennsylvania Railroad Company, but its use was gradually abandoned. The
+division from Pittsburgh to Johnstown ceased to be operated in 1864, and
+that portion which was in the Juniata Valley was used until 1899, while
+the portion lying along the Susquehanna River was operated until
+1900.<a name="FNanchor_C_3" id="FNanchor_C_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_C_3" class="fnanchor">[C]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_C_3" id="Footnote_C_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_C_3"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> There is an interesting relief map of the portage railroad
+of the Pennsylvania Canal in the Carnegie Museum.</p></div>
+
+<p style="text-align: center;"><a name = "043px"></a><img src="images/043px.png" width="600" height="473" alt="Over the mountains in 1839; canal boat being hauled over the portage road" /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center;">Over the mountains in 1839; canal boat being hauled over
+the portage road<br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p>Other railroads came as they were needed. The Baltimore and Ohio
+received a charter from the State of Maryland on February 28, 1827, but
+did not reach Pittsburgh until December 12, 1860, when its Pittsburgh
+and Connellsville branch was opened. The Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroad
+was built into Pittsburgh July 4, 1851, and became part of the
+Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railway in 1856, that line reaching
+Chicago in 1859. The Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis
+Railway (the "Pan Handle") was opened between Pittsburgh and Columbus,
+Ohio, October 9, 1865. The Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad, now a part
+of the New York Central Lines, was opened into Pittsburgh in February,
+1879. The Wabash Railway completed its entrance into the city on June
+19, 1904.</p>
+
+<h4><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50"></a><br /><br />XIII</h4>
+
+<p style="text-align: center;"><a name = "046px"></a><img src="images/046px.png" width="600" height="352" alt="View of Old Pittsburgh, 1817" /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center;">View of Old Pittsburgh, 1817<br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p>In 1784 the town was laid out and settlers, among whom were many Scotch
+and Irish, came rapidly. The town was made the county seat in 1791,
+incorporated as a borough in 1794, the charter was revived in 1804,
+and the borough was chartered as a city in 1816. The first charter
+granted to Pittsburgh in 1816 vested the more important powers of the
+city government in a common council of fifteen members and a select
+council of nine members. In 1887 a new charter was adopted giving to the
+mayor the power to appoint the heads of departments who were formerly
+elected by the councils. On March 7, 1901, a new charter, known as "The
+Ripper," was adopted, under the operations of which the
+
+<a name="Page_51" id="Page_51"></a>elected mayor
+(William J. Diehl) was removed from his office, and a new chief
+executive officer (A. M. Brown) appointed in his place by the governor,
+under the title of recorder. By an act of April 23, 1903, the title of
+mayor was restored, and under the changes then made the appointing power
+rests with the mayor, with the consent of the select council. The
+following is a list of the mayors of Pittsburgh:</p>
+
+<div>
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">1816-1817, Ebenezer Denny</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">1817-1825, John Darragh</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">1825-1828, John M. Snowden</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">1828-1830, Magnus M. Murray</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">1830-1831, Matthew B. Lowrie</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">1831-1832, Magnus M. Murray</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">1832-1836, Samuel Pettigrew</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">1836-1839, Jonas R. McClintock</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">1839-1840, William Little</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">1840-1841, William W. Irwin</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">1841-1842, James Thomson</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">1842-1845, Alexander Hay</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">1845-1846, William J. Howard</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">1846-1847, William Kerr</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">1847-1849, Gabriel Adams</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">1849-1850, John Herron</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">1850-1851, Joseph Barker</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">1851-1853, John B. Guthrie</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">1853-1854, Robert M. Riddle</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">1854-1856, Ferdinand E. Volz</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">1856-1857, William Bingham</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">1857-1860, Henry A. Weaver</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">1860-1862, George Wilson</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">1862-1864, B. C. Sawyer</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">1864-1866, James Lowry</span><br />
+<a name="Page_52" id="Page_52"></a>
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">1866-1868, W. S. McCarthy</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">1868-1869, James Blackmore</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">1869-1872, Jared M. Brush</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">1872-1875, James Blackmore</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">1875-1878, William C. McCarthy</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">1878-1881, Robert Liddell</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">1881-1884, Robert W. Lyon</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">1884-1887, Andrew Fulton</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">1887-1890, William McCallin</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">1890-1893, Henry I. Gourley</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">1893-1896, Bernard McKenna</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">1896-1899, Henry P. Ford</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">1899-1901, William J. Diehl</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">1901,&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; A. M. Brown (Title changed to Recorder)</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">1901-1903, J. O. Brown (Recorder)</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">1903,&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; W. B. Hays (Recorder; served about one week under that title)</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">1903-1906, W. B. Hays (Mayor again)</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">1906-1909, George W. Guthrie</span><br />
+</div>
+
+<p>A movement to consolidate the cities of Pittsburgh and Allegheny
+together with some adjacent boroughs, was begun in 1853-54. It failed
+entirely that year, but in 1867 Lawrenceville, Peebles, Collins,
+Liberty, Pitt, and Oakland, all lying between the two rivers, were
+annexed to Pittsburgh, and in 1872 there was a further annexation of a
+district embracing twenty-seven square miles south of the Monongahela
+River, while in 1906 Allegheny was also annexed; and, as there was
+litigation to test the validity of the consolidation, the Supreme Court
+of the United States on December 6, 1907, declared in favor of the
+constitutionality of the act.</p>
+
+<h4><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53"></a><br /><br />XIV</h4>
+
+<p>The first national convention of the Republican party was held in
+Pittsburgh on February 22 and 23, 1856. While this gathering was an
+informal convention, it was made for the purpose of effecting a national
+organization of the groups of Republicans which had grown up in the
+States where slavery was prohibited. Pittsburgh was, therefore, in a
+broad sense, the place where the birth of the Republican party occurred.
+A digression on this subject, in order that the record may be made
+clear, will probably not be unwelcome.</p>
+
+<p>In 1620, three months before the landing of the <i>Mayflower</i> at
+Provincetown, a Dutch vessel carried African slaves up the James River,
+and on the soil of Virginia there was planted a system of servitude
+which at last extended throughout the Colonies and flourished with
+increasing vigor in the South, until, in the War of the Rebellion,
+Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation put an end forever to
+slavery in America. When the builders of our Government met in the
+Constitutional Convention of 1787, slavery was a problem which more than
+once threatened to wreck the scheme for an indissoluble union of the
+States. But it was compromised under a suggestion implied in the
+Constitution itself, that slavery should not be checked in the
+<a name="Page_54" id="Page_54"></a>
+States
+in which it existed until 1808. In the meantime the entire labor system
+of the South was built upon African slavery, while at the North the
+horror of the public conscience grew against the degrading institution
+from year to year. By 1854 the men in the free States who were opposed
+to slavery had begun to unite themselves by political bonds, and in the
+spring and summer of that year, groups of such men met in more or less
+informal conferences in Wisconsin, Michigan, New York, Maine,
+Massachusetts, Iowa, Ohio, and other northern States. But it was at
+Jackson, Michigan, where the men who were uniting their political
+fortunes to accomplish the destruction of slavery first assembled in a
+formal convention on July 6, 1854, nominated a full State ticket, and
+adopted a platform containing these declarations:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">Resolved: That, postponing and suspending all differences with
+regard to political economy or administrative policy, in view of
+the imminent danger that Kansas and Nebraska will be grasped by
+slavery, and a thousand miles of slave soil be thus interposed
+between the free States of the Atlantic and those of the Pacific,
+we will act cordially and faithfully in unison to avert and repeal
+this gigantic wrong and shame.<br /><br />
+
+Resolved: That in view of the necessity of battling for the first
+principles of Republican government, and against the schemes of an
+aristocracy, the most revolting and oppressive with which the earth
+was ever cursed or man debased, we will co&ouml;perate and be known as
+"Republicans" until the contest be terminated.</div>
+
+<p>On January 17, 1856, "the Republican Association of Washington, D. C.,"
+referring to the extension of
+<a name="Page_55" id="Page_55"></a>
+slavery into Kansas and Nebraska as "the
+deep dishonor inflicted upon the age in which we live," issued a call,
+in accordance with what appeared to be the general desire of the
+Republican party, inviting the Republicans of the Union to meet in
+informal convention at Pittsburgh on February 22, 1856, for the purpose
+of perfecting the national organization, and providing for a national
+delegate convention of the Republican party, at some subsequent day, to
+nominate candidates for the presidency and vice-presidency, to be
+supported at the election in November, 1856.</p>
+
+<p>The Republican party met accordingly for the first time in a national
+convention in Pittsburgh on the date appointed, and was largely
+attended. Not only were all the free States represented, but there were
+also delegates from Maryland, Virginia, South Carolina, Kentucky, and
+Missouri. John A. King was made temporary chairman, and Francis P. Blair
+permanent chairman. Speeches were made by Horace Greeley, Giddings and
+Gibson of Ohio, Codding and Lovejoy of Illinois, and others. Mr. Greeley
+sent a telegraphic report of the first day's proceedings to the New York
+"Tribune," stating that the convention had accomplished much to cement
+former political differences and distinctions, and that the meeting at
+Pittsburgh had marked the inauguration of a national party, based upon
+the principle of freedom. He said that the gathering was very large and
+the enthusiasm unbounded;
+<a name="Page_56" id="Page_56"></a>
+that men were acting in the most perfect
+harmony and with a unity of feeling seldom known to political
+assemblages of such magnitude; that the body was eminently Republican in
+principle and tendency; and that it combined much of character and
+talent, with integrity of purpose and devotion to the great principles
+which underlie our Government. He prophesied that the moral and
+political effect of this convention upon the country would be felt for
+the next quarter of a century. In its deliberations, he said that
+everything had been conducted with marked propriety and dignity.</p>
+
+<p>The platform adopted at Pittsburgh demanded the repeal of all laws
+allowing the introduction of slavery into free territories; promised
+support by all lawful measures to the Free-State men in Kansas in their
+resistance to the usurped authority of lawless invaders; and strongly
+urged the Republican party to resist and overthrow the existing national
+administration because it was identified with the progress of the slave
+power to national supremacy.</p>
+
+<p>On the evening of the second day, a mass meeting was held in aid of the
+emigration to Kansas. The president of the meeting was George N.
+Jackson, and D. D. Eaton was made secretary. Horace Greeley and others
+made addresses, and with great enthusiasm promises of aid to the
+bleeding young sister in the West were made.</p>
+
+<p>This record seems to show beyond question that the Republican party had
+its national birth at Pittsburgh
+<a name="Page_57" id="Page_57"></a>
+on February 22, 1856, and that it came
+into being dedicated, as Horace Greeley described it at that moment, to
+the principle of human freedom. A later formal convention, as provided
+for at Pittsburgh, was held at Philadelphia on June 17, 1856, which
+nominated John C. Fremont, of California, for President, and William L.
+Dayton, of New Jersey, for Vice-President. This ticket polled a total
+popular vote of 1,341,264, but was beaten by the Democratic
+candidates,&mdash;James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania, for President, and John C.
+Breckinridge, of Kentucky, for Vice-President, who polled 1,838,169
+votes. This defeat of a good cause was probably a fortunate piece of
+adversity, for the men who opposed slavery were not yet strong enough to
+grapple the monster to its death as they did when Lincoln was nominated
+four years later. It was the high mission of the party in 1856 and 1860
+to stand against the extension of slavery, and in 1864 against all
+slavery as well as against the destruction of this Union; and in 1868,
+against those who wished to nullify the results of the war. Its later
+mission has been full of usefulness and honor.</p>
+
+<h4><br /><br />XV</h4>
+
+<p><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58"></a>Among the eminent men who visited Pittsburgh in
+bygone days we find
+record of the following:</p>
+
+<div>
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">1817, President Monroe</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">1825, General Lafayette</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">1833, Daniel Webster</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">1842, Charles Dickens</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">1848, Henry Clay</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">1849, President Taylor and Governor Johnston</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">1852, Louis Kossuth</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">1860, Prince of Wales (now King Edward VII)</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">1861, President Lincoln</span><br />
+<div style="margin-left: 2em;">1866, President Johnson, Admiral Farragut, General Grant,
+and Secretaries Seward and Welles</div><br />
+</div>
+
+<p>In 1845 (April 10th), a great fire destroyed about one third of the
+total area of the city, including most of the large business houses and
+factories, the bridge over the Monongahela River, the large hotel known
+as the Monongahela House, and several churches, in all about eleven
+hundred buildings. The Legislature appropriated $50,000 for the relief
+of the sufferers.</p>
+
+<p>In 1889, the great flood at Johnstown, accompanied by a frightful loss
+of life and destruction of property, touched the common heart of
+humanity all over the world. The closeness of Johnstown geographically
+made the sorrow at Pittsburgh most poignant and profound. In a few hours
+almost the whole population had brought its offerings for the stricken
+community, and besides clothing, provisions, and every conceivable thing
+necessary for relief and comfort, the people of Pittsburgh contributed
+$250,000 to restore so far as possible the material portion of the
+loss.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59"></a>In the autumn of 1908 a series of
+imposing celebrations was held to
+commemorate the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the founding of
+Pittsburgh.</p>
+
+<h4><br /><br />XVI</h4>
+
+<p>In 1877, the municipal government being, in its personnel, at the
+moment, incompetent to preserve the fundamental principles on which it
+was established, permitted a strike of railroad employees to grow
+without restriction as to the observance of law and order until it
+became an insurrection. Four million dollars' worth of property was
+destroyed by riot and incendiarism in a few hours. When at last outraged
+authority was properly shifted from the supine city chieftains to the
+indomitable State itself, it became necessary, before order could be
+restored, for troops to fire, with a sacrifice of human life.</p>
+
+<p>For some months preceding the riots at Pittsburgh disturbances among the
+railroad employees, especially the engineers and brakemen of
+freight-trains, had been frequent on railroads west and east of this
+city. These disturbances arose mainly from resistance to reductions in
+the rates of wages, made or proposed by the executive officers of the
+various railroads, and also from objections of train crews to
+regulations governing the transportation system.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60"></a>
+The Pennsylvania Railroad Company, some time after the panic of 1873,
+reduced the wages of its employees ten per cent., and, on account of the
+general decline in business, made another reduction of ten per cent. to
+take effect on June 1, 1877; these reductions to apply to all employees
+from the president of the company down. The reductions affected the
+roads known as the Pennsylvania Lines west of Pittsburgh, as well as the
+Pennsylvania Railroad, and similar alterations were also made on the New
+York Central and the Baltimore &amp; Ohio Railroads. The changed conditions
+caused a great deal of dissatisfaction among the trainmen, but a
+committee was appointed by them, which held a conference with Mr. Thomas
+A. Scott, President of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, and agreed to
+the reduction, reporting its conclusions to the trainmen.</p>
+
+<p>On July 16th an order was issued by the railroad company that thirty-six
+freight-cars, instead of eighteen, as before, were to be made up as a
+train, without increase in the number of the crew, and with a locomotive
+at the end to act as a pusher, assisting the one at the front, making
+what is technically called "a double header." The train employees looked
+upon this order as doubling their work under the decreased pay of June
+1st, and in its effect virtually tending to the discharge of many men
+then employed in the running of freight-trains. The strike which
+followed does not seem to have been seriously organized, but was rather
+a sudden
+<a name="Page_61" id="Page_61"></a>
+conclusion arrived at on the impulse of the moment, and was
+probably strengthened by a wave of discontent which was sweeping over
+the roads to the east and west, as well as by an undercurrent of
+hostility toward the railroads exhibited by some of the newspapers. As
+far back as July 23, 1876, a Pittsburgh paper, in publishing an article
+headed "Railroad Vultures," had said: "Railroad officials are commencing
+to understand that the people of Pittsburgh will be patient no longer;
+that this community is being aroused into action, and that presently the
+torrent of indignation will give place to condign retribution"; and in
+another paragraph the same paper had said: "We desire to impress upon
+the minds of the community that these vultures are constantly preying
+upon the wealth and resources of the country; they are a class, as it
+were, of money jugglers intent only on practising their trickery for
+self aggrandizement, and that, consequently, their greed leads them into
+all known ways and byways of fraud, scheming, and speculating, to
+accomplish the amassing of princely fortunes." These intemperate
+utterances were the first seeds of popular sedition.</p>
+
+<p>It was not until 8.30 o'clock on the morning of the 19th that the real
+trouble began. Two freight-trains were to start at 8.40, but ten minutes
+before that the crews sent word that they would not take the trains out.
+Two yard crews were then asked to take their places, but they refused to
+do so. The trains were not taken
+<a name="Page_62" id="Page_62"></a>
+out, and the crews of all the trains
+that came in, as they arrived, joined the strikers. As the day wore on
+the men gradually congregated at the roundhouse of the road at
+Twenty-eighth Street, but did not attempt or threaten any violence. The
+news of the strike had spread through the two cities, and large numbers
+of the more turbulent class of the population, together with many
+workmen from the factories who sympathized with the strikers, hastened
+to Twenty-eighth Street, and there was soon gathered a formidable mob in
+which the few striking railroad employees were an insignificant
+quantity.</p>
+
+<p>When the railroad officials found their tracks and roundhouse in the
+possession of a mob which defied them, they called upon the mayor of the
+city for protection, to which Mayor McCarthy promptly responded, going
+in person with a detail of officers to the scene of the trouble. When
+the police arrived on the ground they found an excited assemblage of
+people who refused to listen to their orders to disperse, and the mayor
+made no serious effort to enforce his authority effectually. There was
+no collision, however, until a man who had refused to join the strikers
+attempted to couple some cars, when he was assaulted. An officer of the
+road who undertook to turn a switch, was also assaulted by one of the
+mob, who was arrested by the police. His comrades began throwing stones,
+but the police maintained their hold of their prisoner, and
+<a name="Page_63" id="Page_63"></a>
+conveyed
+him to the jail. A crowd then gathered in front of the police station
+and made threats of rescuing their comrade, but no overt act was
+committed. The mob, which had by this time become greatly enraged, was
+really not composed of railroad employees, who had contemplated no such
+result of their strike, and now generally deplored the unfortunate turn
+which the affair had taken. It was for the most part composed of the
+worst element of the population, who, without any grievance of their
+own, real or imagined, had gathered together from the very force of
+their vicious inclinations and the active hope of plunder.</p>
+
+<p>The strikers held a meeting that evening, at which they demanded that
+the ten per cent. should be restored, and the running of double headers
+abolished. In the meantime, the railroad authorities, perceiving the
+inefficiency of the local police powers, and alarmed at the
+still-increasing mob and the vicious spirit which it displayed, invoked
+the aid of the sheriff of the county. At midnight Sheriff Fife came to
+Twenty-eighth Street with a hastily summoned <i>posse</i>, a part of which
+deserted him before he reached the scene of action, and ordered the
+rioters to disperse, which they, with hoots and jeers, defiantly refused
+to do. The sheriff then sought aid from the military, and General A. L.
+Pearson issued an order to the Eighteenth and Nineteenth regiments of
+the National Guards of Pennsylvania, with headquarters at Pittsburgh, to
+assemble at half
+<a name="Page_64" id="Page_64"></a>
+past six the next morning, armed and equipped for
+duty. Sheriff Fife also telegraphed to the State authorities at
+Harrisburg, stating that he was unable to quell the riot, and asking
+that General Pearson be instructed to do this with his force; and
+Adjutant General Latta issued the orders accordingly. General Pearson
+marched his forces to the Union Depot and placed them in position in the
+yard and on the hillside above it. The mob was not, however, deterred by
+this action, as the troops were supposed to be more or less in sympathy
+with the strikers, and were expected to be disinclined to fire upon
+their fellow citizens if they should be ordered to do so. The employment
+of local troops at this moment constituted a grave mistake in the
+management of the riot.</p>
+
+<p>The governor had, however, been telegraphed to, and had ordered General
+Brinton's division of troops to leave Philadelphia for Pittsburgh. This
+became known to the mob, which was still increasing in numbers and
+turbulence, and the calling of troops from the east drove them to fury.
+The feeling had spread to the workingmen in the factories on the South
+Side, where a public meeting was held, and demagogical speeches made,
+upholding the action of the strikers; and five hundred men came thence
+in a body and joined the crowd.</p>
+
+<p>At this critical moment the mob received an endorsement that not only
+greatly encouraged it, but incited it
+<a name="Page_65" id="Page_65"></a>
+to extreme violence. A local
+newspaper, on Friday, the 20th, in the course of an editorial headed
+"The Talk of the Desperate," which formulated what was assumed as the
+expression of a workingman, used this language:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">This may be the great civil war in this country between labor and
+capital that is bound to come.... The workingmen everywhere are in
+fullest sympathy with the strikers, and only waiting to see whether
+they are in earnest enough to fight for their rights. They would
+all join and help them the moment an actual conflict took place....
+The governor, with his proclamation, may call and call, but the
+laboring people, who mostly constitute the militia, won't take up
+arms to put down their brethren. Will capital then rely on the
+United States Army? Pshaw! Its ten to fifteen thousand available
+men would be swept from our path like leaves in a whirlwind. The
+workingmen of this country can capture and hold it, if they will
+only stick together, and it looks as though they were going to do
+so this time. Of course, you say that capital will have some
+supporters. Many of the unemployed will be glad to get work as
+soldiers, or extra policemen; the farmers, too, might turn out to
+preserve your law and order; but the working army would have the
+most men and the best men. The war might be bloody but the right
+would prevail. Men like Tom Scott, Frank Thomson&mdash;yes, and William
+Thaw&mdash;who have got rich swindling the stockholders of railroads, so
+that they cannot pay honest labor living rates, we would hang to
+the nearest tree.</div>
+
+<p>Although the paper in a later edition suppressed that part of the
+editorial, and the other papers of the city refrained from any
+editorials that might increase the excitement, yet the mischief had been
+done, the unfortunate words had been widely read, and the more
+intelligently vicious of the rioters proceeded to make the most of
+them.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66"></a>The eastern troops left Philadelphia
+on Friday night and arrived at the
+Union Depot on Saturday afternoon, tired and hungry. After a scant and
+hasty lunch they were placed out along the tracks to the roundhouse
+where the great bulk of the mob was assembled. In order to secure and
+protect the building and tracks it was necessary that the crowd should
+be forced back. When the troops undertook this movement some stones were
+thrown and a few soldiers were hit. Then one of the subordinate officers
+gave an order to fire, and about twenty persons were killed and thirty
+wounded, three of whom were children.</p>
+
+<p>When the rioters beheld their associates attacked, their rage passed all
+control, and the troops were closed in upon and driven into the
+roundhouse. Encouraged by this retreat, the mob took steps to burn them
+out. Many cars loaded with whisky and petroleum were set on fire and
+sent down the track against the building, and fire was opened on it with
+a cannon which the crowd had seized from a local armory. General Brinton
+came personally to one of the windows of the roundhouse and appealed to
+the mob to desist, warning them that if they did not he must and would
+fire. The rioters paid no attention to his appeal, but continued their
+assaults, whereupon General Brinton gave orders to his men to fire at
+those who were handling the cannon, and several of them were killed and
+wounded. Incendiarism, having been inaugurated, went on through the
+<a name="Page_67" id="Page_67"></a>
+night, whole trains being robbed and then burned. The troops held their
+position until Sunday morning, and then retreated out Penn Avenue to
+Sharpsburg, where they went into camp.</p>
+
+<p>During Saturday night and Sunday morning the mob seemed to have taken
+possession of the city. They broke open several armories and gun stores,
+and supplied themselves with arms and ammunition. The banks were
+threatened, and the city seemed about to be pillaged, the business part
+of the city being filled with bands of rioters who uttered threats of
+violence and murder. On Sunday morning the roundhouse and all the
+locomotives which it contained were destroyed by fire. The Union Depot,
+the grain elevator, the Adams Express building, and the Pan Handle depot
+were also set on fire and consumed. The firemen who hastened to the
+scene and attempted to extinguish the flames were met by armed men and
+driven back. At half past twelve on Sunday morning a committee appointed
+by a citizens' meeting tried to open a consultation with the mob, but
+were promptly driven away. The committee found that they were not
+dealing with dissatisfied railroad employees but with a mob of the worst
+of the city's population, there being neither organization nor leader,
+but each man or party of men doing what the frenzy of the moment
+suggested. When it seemed as if the whole city was to be destroyed, some
+of the original strikers were persuaded to attend a
+<a name="Page_68" id="Page_68"></a>
+meeting of the
+citizens at four o'clock and arrange to aid in suppressing the
+incendiarism, and they did this with such a good spirit as showed that
+the railroad strikers were not a part of the mob and did not countenance
+its violence. At this meeting the mayor was authorized to enroll five
+hundred police, but the accounts of the day show that the ranks filled
+up slowly. The state of terror continued through all of Sunday night,
+and on Monday morning the mob was still in an unorganized control.</p>
+
+<p>Throughout the thirty-six hours from Saturday night until Monday morning
+a most unusual state of public mind developed here and there which
+seemed like a moral epidemic. There was almost a wholesale appropriation
+of goods from the burning cars by men and even women who would at other
+times have shuddered at the idea of robbery; and after the riot was
+suppressed goods were for some time voluntarily returned by persons who
+had taken them unreflectingly, having at length recovered their moral
+perceptions, which had seemingly been clouded by the vicious influence
+of the mob.</p>
+
+<p>On Monday morning, however, the uprooted law seemed to be recovering a
+portion of its dissipated majesty. During the night posters had been
+placed conspicuously throughout the city, on which was printed the law
+under which the citizens of Allegheny County were liable for all the
+damage done by the mob
+<a name="Page_69" id="Page_69"></a>
+or arising from its actions. At eleven o'clock
+in the morning, a meeting of citizens was called at the Chamber of
+Commerce, to form a Committee of Public Safety to take charge of the
+situation, as the city authorities, the sheriff, and the military seemed
+powerless to control it. This committee presented the following address
+to the public:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">The Committee of Public Safety, appointed at the meeting of
+citizens held at the Chamber of Commerce July 23d, deeming that the
+allaying of excitement is the first step toward restoring order,
+would urge upon all citizens disposed to aid therein the necessity
+of pursuing their usual avocation, and keeping all their employees
+at work, and would, therefore, request that full compliance be
+accorded to this demand of the committee. The committee are
+impressed with the belief that the police force now being organized
+will be able to arrest and disperse all riotous assemblages, and
+that much of the danger of destruction to property has passed, and
+that an entire restoration of order will be established. The
+committee believe that the mass of industrious workmen of the city
+are on the side of law and order, and a number of the so-called
+strikers are already in the ranks of the defenders of the city, and
+it is quite probable that any further demonstration will proceed
+from thieves and similar classes of population, with whom our
+working classes have no affiliation and will not be found among
+them.<br /><br />
+
+It is to this end that the committee request that all classes of
+business be prosecuted as usual, and our citizens refrain from
+congregating in the streets in crowds, so that the police of the
+city may not be confused in their effort to arrest rioters, and the
+military be not restrained from prompt action, if necessary, from
+fear of injuring the innocent.</div>
+
+<p>While the rioters had by this time been somewhat restrained by the
+resolute action of the committee, yet
+<a name="Page_70" id="Page_70"></a>
+they were, although dispersed as
+a body, holding meetings and still breathing sullen threats of further
+outrage and murder. The strike had spread to the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne
+&amp; Chicago Railway, and its trains were for two or three days virtually
+stopped; in other sections of the country the railroad troubles were
+increasing, and the committee thought best to call Major-General Joseph
+Brown and Colonel P. N. Guthrie, of the Eighteenth National Guards, into
+consultation. Under their advice a camp of the military was formed at
+East Liberty, to be held in readiness for any further outbreak. Mayor
+McCarthy, at last inspirited by the determined men who urged him to his
+duty, enrolled five hundred extra police, and issued a proclamation in
+which he said:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">I have determined that peace, order, and quiet shall be restored to
+the community, and to this end call upon all good citizens to come
+forward at once to the old City Hall and unite with the police and
+military now organizing. I call upon all to continue quietly at
+their several places of business and refrain from participating in
+excited assemblages.</div>
+
+<p>A proclamation had also been issued by Governor Hartranft, and he had
+come to Pittsburgh to address the rioters, and subsequently two or three
+thousand troops were ordered by him to Pittsburgh, and were encamped
+near East Liberty for several days.</p>
+
+<p>Under these vigorous measures quiet was in a few
+<a name="Page_71" id="Page_71"></a>
+days restored,
+although the Committee of Public Safety continued to hold sessions and
+to take steps not only to prevent any further demonstrations, but to
+arrest and bring to punishment a number of the prominent rioters.</p>
+
+<p>Claims for losses in the riot were made on Allegheny County in the sum
+of $4,100,000, which the commissioners settled for $2,772,349.53. Of
+this sum $1,600,000 was paid to the Pennsylvania Railroad, whose claim
+for $2,312,000 was settled for that sum. In addition to the buildings
+already specified as burned, there were 1,383 freight-cars, 104
+locomotives, and 66 passenger coaches destroyed by fire. Twenty-five
+persons in all were killed.</p>
+
+<p>The lesson was worth all it cost, and anarchy has never dared to raise
+its head in the corporation limits since that time.</p>
+
+<h4><br /><br />XVII</h4>
+
+<p>The Homestead strike and riot of 1892 is another incident of false
+leadership in industrial life which must be chronicled here.</p>
+
+<p>For many years the Carnegie Steel Company, whose principal works were
+situated at Homestead, just outside the present boundaries of the city,
+had employed a large number of skilled workmen who belonged to the
+Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers, and had contracted
+for their
+<a name="Page_72" id="Page_72"></a>
+employment with the officers of that Association. On July 1,
+1889, a three years' contract was made which was to terminate at the end
+of June, 1892. The workmen were paid by the ton, the amount they
+received depending on the selling price of steel billets of a specified
+size which they produced. If the price of these billets advanced, the
+wages they received per ton advanced proportionately. If the price
+declined, their wages also declined to a certain point, called a
+minimum, but a decline in the selling price below this minimum caused no
+reduction in wages. The minimum was fixed in the contract at $25.00 per
+ton. At the date the contract was made the market price of the billets
+was $26.50 per ton.</p>
+
+<p>As the time drew near for the contract to expire, the Carnegie Company,
+through its chairman, Mr. Henry C. Frick, submitted to the workmen
+belonging to the Association a proposition as the basis of a new
+contract. The three most important features of the proposed contract
+were, first, a reduction in the minimum of the scale for billets from
+$25.00 to $22.00; second, a change in the expiration of the date of the
+scale from June 30th to December 31st; third, a reduction of tonnage
+rates at those furnaces and mills in which, by reason of the
+introduction of improved machinery, the earnings of the workmen had been
+increased far beyond the liberal calculation of their employers. At
+those places where no such improvements had been made, no reduction in
+<a name="Page_73" id="Page_73"></a>
+tonnage rates was proposed. The company gave as a reason for reducing
+the minimum that the market price of steel had gone down below $25.00
+per ton, and that it was unfair for the workmen to have the benefits of
+a rise in the market above $25.00, and share none of the losses of the
+company when the market price fell below that figure. Indeed, the
+company contended that there ought to be no minimum as there was no
+maximum under the sliding scale. The workmen insisted that there ought
+to be a minimum to protect them against unfair dealing between the
+company and its buyers, as they had no voice or authority in selling the
+products of their labor.</p>
+
+<p>The reason for changing the time for closing the contract was that the
+company's business was less active at the end of the calendar year than
+in midsummer, and that it was easier to complete new arrangements for
+employment at that time. Another reason was that the company often made
+sales for an entire year, and consequently contracts for labor could be
+more safely made if they began and ended at times corresponding with
+contracts made with their customers. The workmen opposed this change in
+the duration of the contract on the ground that in midwinter they would
+be less able to resist any disposition on the part of the company to cut
+down their wages, and that in the event of a strike, it would be more
+difficult to maintain their situation than it would be in summer. They
+claimed, therefore,
+<a name="Page_74" id="Page_74"></a>
+that the change in time would be a serious
+disadvantage to them in negotiating with their employers. They proposed
+to the company, as a counter proposition, that the contract should end
+the last of June, as had formerly been the case, and that if any change
+was to be demanded, three months' notice must be given them, and that,
+if this was not done, the contract, which was to run for three years,
+should continue for a year longer; in other words, from June 30, 1895,
+until June 30, 1896. This suggestion was rejected by the company. But
+the company then proposed to make the minimum $23.00 per ton for steel
+billets, and the Association, through its committee, named a price of
+$24.00, refusing to concede any more.</p>
+
+<p>While these negotiations were pending, the superintendent of the
+Homestead Steel Works had concluded contracts with all the employees,
+except three hundred and twenty-five of the highest skill, who were
+employed in three of the twelve departments. All the others were to be
+paid on the former basis of remuneration without any reduction whatever.
+Of the three hundred and twenty-five high-priced men with whom contracts
+had not been made, two hundred and eighty would have been affected by
+the tonnage reductions and about forty-five more by the tonnage
+reductions and scale minimum.</p>
+
+<p>Under the proposed readjustments those who received the low grades of
+compensation and the common laborers would not have been touched in
+their earnings.
+<a name="Page_75" id="Page_75"></a>
+The actual controversy was thus narrowed down to a
+small number of men, less than ten per cent. of those employed at
+Homestead.</p>
+
+<p>During the remainder of the month of June other steps were taken to
+effect an agreement, but the relations between the officers of the
+company and the workmen, instead of improving, grew worse. On the 28th
+the company began to close the different departments, and on the last
+day of the month work in all of them ceased. On July 1st the striking
+workmen congregated about the gates, stopped the foremen and employees
+who came to work, and persuaded them to go away. The watchmen of the
+company were turned away from the works; guards were placed at all the
+entrances, the river, streets and roads entering the town were patrolled
+by strikers, and a rigid surveillance was exercised over those who
+entered the town or approached the plant. When the sheriff came on July
+4th and attempted to put deputies of his own selection in possession of
+the works, to guard them for the company, he was opposed by a counter
+force, the striking workmen proposing to place guards of their own and
+give indemnity for the safety of the property; but this the sheriff
+declined because it would enable the strikers to keep any new non-union
+men from taking their places. On July 5th, when the sheriff sent twelve
+deputies to take possession of the works, they were driven away.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76"></a>
+In the meantime Mr. Frick had begun negotiations as early as June 20th
+with Robert A. Pinkerton, of New York, for the employment of three
+hundred watchmen to be placed in the works at Homestead. They were
+brought from Ashtabula to Youngstown by rail, thence to Pittsburgh by
+river. On the evening of July 5th, Captain Rodgers' two boats, with
+Deputy Sheriff Gray, Superintendent Potter, of the Homestead works, and
+some of his assistants, on board, dropped down the river with two barges
+in tow, until they met the Pinkerton men. When the boat, with the barges
+in tow, approached Homestead in the early morning of the 6th, they were
+discovered by a small steamer used by the strikers as a patrol, and the
+alarm was given. A short war of words was followed by firing on each
+side, which resulted ultimately in the death of three of the Pinkertons
+and seven of the workmen, and the wounding of many on each side. After a
+brief fusillade those on shore fled in various directions, and the
+Pinkerton men retreated into their barges. About five o'clock in the
+afternoon the Pinkertons surrendered, being allowed to take out their
+clothing, but their arms and supplies fell into the possession of the
+Homestead people. The barges were immediately set on fire and burned,
+and in their burning the pump-house belonging to the Carnegie Company
+was also destroyed. The Pinkerton men, now being practically prisoners
+of war, were marched up-town to the skating-rink for temporary
+<a name="Page_77" id="Page_77"></a>
+imprisonment. The sheriff was notified, and he came down that night and
+took the prisoners away. He then informed the governor of Pennsylvania
+of what had occurred, and called upon him for troops to enforce the law
+and restore public order. Governor Pattison made a prompt response to
+this appeal, as his duty under the law required him to do. On the
+morning of the 12th the soldiers of the State militia entered Homestead.
+As soon as they arrived the Carnegie Company took possession of its
+works, and began to make preparations to resume work with non-union men.
+It was difficult to secure employees, and several months passed away
+before the company was able to obtain all the men it desired. At first
+the new employees were fed and housed within the enclosure, and this
+plan continued for several weeks until their number had increased to
+such a degree that they felt secure in going outside for their meals
+with the protection afforded by the sheriff's deputies.</p>
+
+<p>The company made an effort to employ their old workmen and fixed a time
+for receiving applications for employment from them. When the time had
+expired, however, which was on July 21st, not one participant in the
+strike had returned. At a later period many of the old employees
+returned to work. By the close of July, nearly a thousand men were at
+work at Homestead. On July 23d Mr. Frick was shot in his office by
+Alexander Berkman, an anarchist, who was not, and never had been, an
+employee. The chairman recovered from his
+<a name="Page_78" id="Page_78"></a>
+wounds and his assailant was
+sent to the penitentiary.</p>
+
+<p>The last of the troops were not withdrawn until October 13th. At that
+time the mill was in full operation with non-union men.</p>
+
+<p>Though the strike was ended in October, its formal termination by the
+Amalgamated Association was not declared until November 20th, when the
+disposition of the strikers to return to work was very general. Assuming
+that the strike lasted nearly five months, as the monthly pay-roll of
+the mill was about $250,000, the loss to the striking employees for that
+period was not far from $1,250,000. No estimate of the loss sustained by
+the company has been published. The cost to the State in sending and
+maintaining the National Guard at Homestead was $440,256.31.</p>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: center;"><a name="INDUSTRIAL" id="INDUSTRIAL"></a>
+<a name="Page_79" id="Page_79"></a>
+<a name = "075px"></a><br /><br /><br /><img src="images/075px.png" width="100%" alt="banner" /></p>
+
+<h4><br /><br /><br />INDUSTRIAL</h4>
+
+<h4>I</h4>
+
+<p>Pittsburgh has thus passed through many battles, trials, afflictions,
+and adversities, and has grown in the strength of giants until it now
+embraces in the limits of the county a population rapidly approaching
+one million. This seems a proper moment, therefore, turning away from
+the romantic perspective of history, to attempt a brief description of
+Pittsburgh as we see her to-day. In order to give value to the record it
+will be necessary to employ certain statistics, but the effort will be
+to make these figures as little wearisome as possible. The present
+population after the annexation of Allegheny (December 6, 1907) is
+estimated at 550,000, and if we were to add McKeesport with its tube
+mills, Homestead with its Carnegie works, and East Pittsburgh with its
+Westinghouse plants, all of which lie just outside of the present
+corporate limits, the population would be 700,000. In 1900 we can give
+the population <a name="Page_81" id="Page_81"></a>definitely (omitting Allegheny) at 321,616, of whom
+85,032 were foreign born and 17,040 were negroes. Of these foreign born
+21,222 were natives of Germany, 18,620 of Ireland, 8,902 of England,
+6,243 of Russian Poland, 5,709 of Italy, 4,107 of Russia, 3,553 of
+Austria, 3,515 of German Poland, 2,539 of Wales, 2,264 of Scotland,
+2,124 of Hungary, 1,072 of Sweden, 1,025 of Austrian Poland, and 154
+Chinese.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center;"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80"></a>
+<a name = "076px"></a><img src="images/076px.png" width="600" height="321" alt="Pittsburgh, showing the junction of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers" /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center;">Pittsburgh, showing the junction of the Allegheny and
+Monongahela Rivers</p>
+
+<h4><br /><br />II</h4>
+
+<p>It has already been said that the city is a gateway from the East to the
+West and South, and as such it is the center of a vast railway system.
+The principal railroads serving Pittsburgh are the Pennsylvania,
+Baltimore and Ohio, the New York Central Lines, and the Wabash System,
+and she has also a numerous fleet of boats plying the three rivers. Coal
+is brought to the city by boats as well as by rail, and great fleets of
+barges carry it and other heavy freight down the Ohio. A ship canal for
+the establishment of water transportation between Pittsburgh and Lake
+Erie (127.5 miles) has been projected. The railroads carry through
+Pittsburgh over eight per cent. of all the railroad traffic of the
+United States; and have a particularly heavy tonnage of coal, coke, and
+iron and steel products; while a large proportion of the iron ore that
+is produced in the
+<a name="Page_82" id="Page_82"></a>
+Lake Superior region is brought here to supply
+Pittsburgh manufactures. The total railway and river tonnage is greater
+than that of any other city in the world, amounting in 1906 to
+122,000,000 tons, of which about 12,000,000 tons were carried on boats
+down the Ohio. Her tonnage is equal to one half the combined tonnage of
+the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. The following table will be very
+interesting as showing the extraordinary fact that the tonnage of
+Pittsburgh exceeds the combined tonnage of the five other greatest
+cities in the world (1902):</p>
+
+<div style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.5em;"><table summary="Pittsburg shipping tonnage">
+<tr>
+       <td>Pittsburgh</td>
+       <td><span style=" margin-left: 7em;">86,636,680 tons</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>London</td>
+       <td><span style=" margin-left: 2em;">17,564,110 tons</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>New York</td>
+       <td><span style=" margin-left: 2em;">17,398,000&nbsp; &nbsp; "</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Antwerp</td>
+       <td><span style=" margin-left: 2em;">16,721,000&nbsp; &nbsp; "</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Hamburg</td>
+       <td><span style=" margin-left: 2em;">15,853,490&nbsp; &nbsp; "</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td>Liverpool</td>
+       <td><span style = "text-decoration: underline; margin-left: 2em;">13,157,720</span>&nbsp; &nbsp; "</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td><span style=" margin-left: 3em;">Total</span></td>
+       <td><span style = "text-decoration: underline; margin-left: 7em;">80,694,320</span>&nbsp; &nbsp; "</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+       <td><span style=" margin-left: 2em;">Pittsburgh's excess</span></td>
+       <td><span style=" margin-left: 7em;">&nbsp;&nbsp;5,942,360&nbsp; &nbsp; "</span></td>
+</tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p>Pittsburgh has freight yards with a total capacity for more than 60,000
+cars. Its harbor has a total length on the three rivers of twenty-eight
+miles, with an average width of about one thousand feet, and has been
+deepened by the Davis Island Dam (1885) and by dredging. Slack water
+navigation has been secured on the Allegheny River by locks and dams at
+an expense of more than a million and a quarter dollars. The
+
+<a name="Page_83" id="Page_83"></a>
+Monongahela River from Pittsburgh to the West Virginia State line (91.5
+miles) was improved by a private company in 1836, which built seven
+locks and dams. This property was condemned and bought by the United
+States Government, in 1897 for $3,761,615, and the Government is
+planning to rebuild and enlarge these works.</p>
+
+<p>Pittsburgh is surrounded by the most productive coal-fields in the
+country. The region is also rich in petroleum and natural gas, and
+although the petroleum in the immediate vicinity has been nearly
+exhausted, it is still obtained through pipes from the neighboring
+regions. The first petroleum pipe line reached Pittsburgh in 1875.</p>
+
+<p>Pittsburgh is also a port of entry, and for the year ending December,
+1907, the value of its imports amounted to $2,416,367.</p>
+
+<p>In 1806 the manufacture of iron was begun, and by 1825 this had become
+the leading industry. Among the earlier prominent iron industries was
+the Kensington Iron Works, of which Samuel Church (born February 5,
+1800; died December 7, 1857), whose family has been resident in
+Pittsburgh from 1822 to the present day, was the leading partner. In the
+manufacture of iron and steel products Pittsburgh ranks first among the
+cities of the United States, their value in 1905 amounting to
+$92,939,860, or 53.3 per cent. of the total of the whole country.
+Several towns in the near
+<a name="Page_84" id="Page_84"></a>
+neighborhood are also extensively engaged in
+the same industry, and in 1902 Allegheny County produced about 24 per
+cent. of the pig iron; nearly 34 per cent. of the Bessemer steel; 44 per
+cent. of the open hearth steel; 53 per cent. of the crucible steel; 24
+per cent. of the steel rails, and 59 per cent. of the structural shapes
+that were made that year in the United States. In 1905 the value of
+Pittsburgh's foundry and machine-shop products amounted to $9,631,514;
+of the product of steam railroad repair shops, $3,726,990; of malt
+liquors, $3,166,829; of slaughtering and meat-packing products,
+$2,732,027; of cigars and cigarettes, $2,297,228; of glass, $2,130,540;
+and of tin and terne plate, $1,645,570. Electrical machinery, apparatus,
+and supplies were manufactured largely in the city, to a value in 1905
+of $1,796,557. The Heinz Company has its main pickle plant in
+Pittsburgh, the largest establishment of its kind in the world.</p>
+
+<p>Pittsburgh's first glass works was built in 1797 by James O'Hara. In
+1900, and for a long period preceding, the town ranked first among
+American cities in the manufacture of glass, but in 1905 it was
+outranked in this industry by Muncie, Indiana, Millville, New Jersey,
+and Washington, Pennsylvania; but in the district outside of the limits
+of Pittsburgh much glass is manufactured, so that the Pittsburgh glass
+district is still the greatest in the country. In Pittsburgh or its
+immediate vicinity the more important plants of the
+<a name="Page_85" id="Page_85"></a>
+United States Steel
+Corporation are located, including the Carnegie Works at Homestead. Just
+outside the limits also are the plants of the Westinghouse Company for
+the manufacture of electrical apparatus, of air-brakes which George
+Westinghouse invented in 1868, and of devices for railway signals which
+he also invented.</p>
+
+<p>Alexander Johnston Cassatt, one of the greatest of the Pennsylvania
+Railroad presidents, and perhaps the most far-seeing and resourceful of
+all our captains of industry of the present generation, was born here.
+James McCrea, the present wise and conservative president of that road,
+lived here for twenty years. Andrew Carnegie, Henry Phipps, and Henry C.
+Frick were the strongest personalities who grew up with the Carnegie
+steel interests. George Westinghouse, whose inventive genius, as shown
+in his safety appliances, has so greatly reduced the hazards of railway
+travel and of operation, has long been one of the industrial and social
+pillars of the community. John A. Brashear, astronomer and educator, the
+maker of delicate instruments, is a well-beloved citizen.</p>
+
+<p>Pittsburgh ranks high as a banking center. She is the second city in the
+United States in banking capital and surplus, and leads all American
+cities in proportion of capital and surplus to gross deposits, with 47.1
+per cent., while Philadelphia ranks second with 26 per cent. In 1906,
+there were one hundred and seventy-nine
+<a name="Page_86" id="Page_86"></a>
+banks and trust companies in
+the Pittsburgh district with a combined capital of $72,058,402, and a
+surplus of $87,044,622. The gross deposits were $395,379,783, while the
+total resources amounted to $593,392,069. Pittsburgh, with
+clearing-house exchanges amounting to $2,640,847,046, ranks sixth among
+the cities of the United States, being exceeded by the following cities
+in the order named: New York, Chicago, Boston, Philadelphia, and St.
+Louis, and often on a given day exceeds those of St. Louis.</p>
+
+<h4><br /><br />III</h4>
+
+<p>The tax valuation of Pittsburgh property is $609,632,427. She mines one
+quarter of the bituminous coal of the United States. With an invested
+capital of $641,000,000, she has 3,029 mills and factories with an
+annual product worth $551,000,000, and 250,000 employees on a pay-roll
+of about $1,000,000 a day, or $350,000,000 a year. Her electric
+street-railway system multiplies itself through her streets for four
+hundred and ninety-two miles. Natural-gas fuel is conveyed into her
+mills and houses through one thousand miles of iron pipe. Her output of
+coke makes one train ten miles long every day throughout the year. Seven
+hundred passenger trains and ten thousand loaded freight cars run to and
+from her terminals every day. Nowhere else in the world is there so
+large a Bessemer-steel plant,
+<a name="Page_87" id="Page_87"></a>
+crucible-steel plant, plate-glass plant,
+chimney-glass plant, table-glass plant, air-brake plant, steel-rail
+plant, cork works, tube works, or steel freight-car works. Her armor
+sheaths our battle-ships, as well as those of Russia and Japan. She
+equips the navies of the world with projectiles and range-finders. Her
+bridges span the rivers of India, China, Egypt, and the Argentine
+Republic; and her locomotives, rails, and bridges are used on the
+Siberian Railroad. She builds electric railways for Great Britain and
+Brazil, and telescopes for Germany and Denmark. Indeed, she distributes
+her varied manufactures into the channels of trade all over the earth.</p>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: center;"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88"></a>
+<a name = "084px"></a>
+<img src="images/084px.png" width="600" height="413" alt="The Pittsburgh Country Club" /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center;">The Pittsburgh Country Club<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center;"><a name="INTELLECTUAL" id="INTELLECTUAL"></a>
+<a name="Page_89" id="Page_89"></a><a name = "085px"></a>
+<br /><br /><br /><img src="images/085px.png" width="100%" alt="banner" /></p>
+
+<h4>INTELLECTUAL</h4>
+
+<h4>I</h4>
+
+<p>But while these stupendous industries have given Pittsburgh her wealth,
+population, supremacy, and power, commercial materialism is not the
+<i>ultima thule</i> of her people.</p>
+
+<p>Travelers who come to Pittsburgh, forgetting the smoke which often dims
+the blue splendor of its skies, are struck with the picturesque
+situation of the town, for they find rolling plateaus, wide rivers, and
+narrow valleys dropping down from high hills or precipitous bluffs
+throughout the whole district over which the city extends. Yet the
+surpassing beauty of nature is not more impressive to the thinking
+stranger than the work of man who has created and dominates a vast
+industrial system. The manufactories extend for miles along the banks of
+all three rivers. Red fires rise heavenward from gigantic forges where
+iron is being fused into wealth. The business section of the city is
+wedged in by the rivers, its streets are swarming with people, and there
+is a myriad of retail houses, wholesale houses,
+<a name="Page_90" id="Page_90"></a>
+banks, tall office
+buildings, hotels, theaters, and railway terminals; but right where
+these stop the residence section begins like another city of happy
+homes&mdash;an immense garden of verdant trees and flowering lawns divided
+off by beautiful avenues, where some houses rise which in Europe would
+be called castles and palaces, with scarce a fence between to mark the
+land lines, giving an aspect almost of a park rather than of a city.
+There are many miles of asphalt streets set off with grass plots. On the
+rolling hills above the Monongahela River is Schenley Park (about four
+hundred and forty acres) with beautiful drives, winding bridle paths,
+and shady walks through narrow valleys and over small streams. Above the
+Allegheny River is Highland Park (about two hundred and ninety acres),
+containing a placid lake and commanding fine views from the summits of
+its great hills. It also contains a very interesting zo&ouml;logical garden.
+Close to Schenley Park are Homewood and Calvary Cemeteries and near
+Highland Park is Allegheny Cemetery, where the dead sleep amidst
+drooping willows and shading elms. Connecting the two parks and leading
+to them from the downtown section is a system of wide boulevards about
+twenty miles in length. On the North Side (once Allegheny) is Riverview
+Park (two hundred and seventeen acres), in which the Allegheny
+Observatory is situated. A large number of handsome bridges span the
+rivers. The Pittsburgh Country Club provides a broad expanse of rolling
+acres for pastoral sports.</p>
+
+<h4><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91"></a><br /><br />II</h4>
+
+<p>In Schenley Park is the Carnegie Institute, with its new main building,
+dedicated in April (11, 12, and 13), 1907, with imposing ceremonies
+which were attended by several hundred prominent men from America and
+Europe. This building, which is about six hundred feet long and four
+hundred feet wide, contains a library, an art gallery, halls of
+architecture and sculpture, a museum, and a hall of music; while the
+Carnegie Technical Schools are operated in separate buildings near by.
+It is built in the later Renaissance style, being very simple and yet
+beautiful. Its exterior is of Ohio sandstone, while its interior finish
+is largely in marble, of which there are sixty-five varieties, brought
+from every famous quarry in the world. In its great entrance hall is a
+series of mural decorations by John W. Alexander, a distinguished son of
+Pittsburgh. The library, in which the institution had its beginning in
+1895, contains about 300,000 volumes, has seven important branches, and
+one hundred and seventy-seven stations for the distribution of books.
+Mr. Edwin H. Anderson inaugurated the library at the time of its
+creation, and, after several years of successful service, was followed
+by Mr. Anderson H. Hopkins, and he by Mr. Harrison W. Craver, who is now
+the efficient
+<a name="Page_92" id="Page_92"></a>
+librarian. The Fine Arts department contains many casts
+of notable works of architecture and sculpture, sufficient to carry the
+visitor in fancy through an almost unbroken development from the
+earliest times in which man began to produce beautiful structures to the
+present day. It is now the aim of this department to develop its
+galleries on three lines: first, to gather early American paintings from
+the very beginning of art in this country; second, to acquire such
+portraits of eminent men as will, in the passage of years, make these
+halls to some extent a national portrait gallery; and, third, to obtain
+such pieces of contemporary art as will lead to the formation of a
+thoroughly representative collection of modern painting. The Art Gallery
+is already rich in this latter purpose, and is renowned for its annual
+competitive exhibits which are open to the artists of all countries for
+prizes offered by the Carnegie Institute. Mr. John W. Beatty, Director
+of Fine Arts, has made the building up of this department his ripest and
+best work. The Museum embraces sections of paleontology, mineralogy,
+vertebrate and invertebrate zo&ouml;logy, entomology, botany, comparative
+anatomy, arch&aelig;ology, numismatics, ceramics, textiles, transportation,
+carvings in wood and ivory, historical collections, the useful arts, and
+biological sciences. Its work in the department of paleontology is
+particularly noteworthy as it has extended the boundaries of knowledge
+through its many explorations in the
+<a name="Page_94" id="Page_94"></a>
+western fossil fields. The
+success of the Museum is largely due to the energy and erudition of Dr.
+W. J. Holland, its amiable director. In the music-hall, a symphony
+orchestra is maintained, and free recitals are given on the great organ
+twice every week by a capable performer. When the orchestra began its
+work thirteen years ago, it is doubtful if there were very many persons
+in Pittsburgh, other than musical students, who knew the difference
+between a symphony, a suite, a concerto, and a fugue. To-day there are
+thousands of people in this city who can intelligently describe the
+shading differences in the Ninth Symphony and give good reasons for
+their preference as between the two movements of the "Unfinished." The
+first conductor of the orchestra was Frederic Archer, for three years,
+who was followed by Victor Herbert, for three years, and then came Emil
+Paur, who is now in charge. The Technical Schools embrace a School of
+Applied Science, a School for Apprentices and Journeymen, a School of
+Applied Design, and a School for Women, and already possess a capable
+faculty of one hundred and fifteen members, and a student body numbering
+1,916. Dr. Arthur A. Hamerschlag is an enthusiastic and capable director
+of this educational scheme. The Institute is governed by a Board of
+Trustees, of which William N. Frew is President, Robert Pitcairn, Vice
+President, Samuel Harden Church, Secretary, and James H. Reed,
+Treasurer. Charles C.
+
+<a name="Page_95" id="Page_95"></a>Mellor is chairman of the Museum committee, John
+Caldwell, of the Fine Arts committee, George A. Macbeth, of the Library
+committee, and William McConway, of the Technical Schools committee.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center;"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93"></a>
+<a name = "089px"></a><img src="images/089px.png" width="600" height="376" alt="Panther Hollow Bridge, Schenley Park" /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center;">Panther Hollow Bridge, Schenley Park<br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p>The annual celebration of Founder's Day at the Carnegie Institute has
+become one of the most notable platform occasions in America, made so by
+the illustrious men who participate in the exercises. Some of these
+distinguished orators are William McKinley and Grover Cleveland, former
+Presidents of the United States; John Morley and James Bryce, foremost
+among British statesmen and authors; Joseph Jefferson, a beloved actor;
+Richard Watson Gilder, editor and poet; Wu Ting Fang, Chinese diplomat,
+and Whitelaw Reid, editor and ambassador. At the great dedication of the
+new building, in April, 1907, the celebration of Founder's Day surpassed
+all previous efforts, being marked by the assembling of an illustrious
+group of men, and the delivery of a series of addresses, which made the
+festival altogether beyond precedent. On that occasion there came to
+Pittsburgh, as the guests of the Institute, from France, Dr. Leonce
+B&eacute;n&eacute;dite, Director Mus&eacute;e du Luxembourg; Baron d'Estournelles de
+Constant, Member of the French Senate and of the Hague Court of
+Arbitration; Dr. Paul Doumer, late Governor-General of Cochin China, and
+Dr. Camille Enlart, Director of the Trocadero Museum; from Germany, upon
+the personal suggestion of his Majesty,
+<a name="Page_96" id="Page_96"></a>
+Emperor William II, His
+Excellency Lieutenant-General Alfred von Loewenfeld, Adjutant-General to
+his Majesty the Emperor; Colonel Gustav Dickhuth, Lecturer on Military
+Science to the Royal Household; Dr. Ernst von Ihne, Hof-Architekt Sr.
+Maj. d. Kaisers; Dr. Reinhold Koser, Principal Director of the Prussian
+State Archives, and Prof. Dr. Fritz Schaper, sculptor; from Great
+Britain, Mr. William Archer, author and critic; Sir Robert S. Ball,
+Director of Cambridge Observatory; Dr. C. F. Moberly Bell, manager
+London "Times"; Sir Robert Cranston, late Lord Provost of Edinburgh; Sir
+Edward Elgar, composer; Mr. James Currie Macbeth, Provost of
+Dunfermline; Dr. P. Chalmers Mitchell, Secretary Zo&ouml;logical Society of
+London; Sir William Henry Preece, Consulting Engineer to the G. P. O.
+and Colonies; Dr. John Rh&#375;s, Principal of Jesus College, University
+of Oxford; Dr. Ernest S. Roberts, Vice Chancellor of Cambridge
+University; Mr. William Robertson, Member Dunfermline Trust; Dr. John
+Ross, Chairman Dunfermline Trust, and Dr. William T. Stead, editor
+"Review of Reviews"; and from Holland, Jonkheer R. de Marees van
+Swinderen, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the
+United States, and Dr. Joost Marius Willem van der Poorten-Schwartz
+("Maarten Maartens"), author.</p>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: center;"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97"></a>
+<a name = "093px"></a><img src="images/093px.png" width="600" height="370" alt="Entrance to Highland Park" /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center;">Entrance to Highland Park<br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+
+<p>Mr. Andrew Carnegie has founded this splendid Institute, with its school
+system, at a cost already
+<a name="Page_98" id="Page_98"></a>
+approximating twenty million dollars, and he
+must enjoy the satisfaction of knowing it to be the rallying ground
+for the cultured and artistic life of the community. The progress made
+each year goes by leaps and bounds; so much so that we might well employ
+the phrase used by Macaulay to describe Lord Bacon's philosophy: "The
+point which was yesterday invisible is to-day its starting-point, and
+to-morrow will be its goal." The Institute has truly a splendid mission.</p>
+
+<h4><br /><br />III</h4>
+
+<p>The University of Pittsburgh was opened about 1770 and incorporated by
+the Legislature in 1787 under the name Pittsburgh Academy. In 1819 the
+name was changed to the Western University of Pennsylvania, but, holding
+to the narrower scope of a college, it did not really become a
+university until 1892, when it formed the Department of Medicine by
+taking over the Western Pennsylvania Medical College. In 1895 the
+Departments of Law and Pharmacy were added and women were for the first
+time admitted. In 1896 the Department of Dentistry was established. In
+1908 (July 11th) the name was changed to the University of Pittsburgh.
+The several departments of the University are at present (1908) located
+in different parts of the city, but a new site of forty-three acres has
+been
+<a name="Page_99" id="Page_99"></a>
+acquired near Schenley Park on which it is planned to bring them
+all together. These new plans have been drawn under the direction of the
+chancellor, Dr. Samuel Black McCormick, whose faith in the merit of his
+cause is bound to remove whole mountains of financial difficulties. The
+University embraces a College and Engineering School, a School of Mines,
+a Graduate Department, a Summer School, Evening Classes, Saturday
+Classes, besides Departments of Astronomy, Law, Medicine, Pharmacy, and
+Dentistry. It now has a corps of one hundred and fifty-one instructors
+and a body of 1,138 students.</p>
+
+<h4><br /><br />IV</h4>
+
+<p>The author ventures to repeat in this little book a suggestion which has
+been made by him several times, looking to a working co&ouml;peration or even
+a closer bond of union between the Carnegie Institute and the University
+of Pittsburgh. In an address delivered at the Carnegie Institute on
+Founder's Day, 1908, the author made the following remarks on this
+subject:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">The temptation to go a little further into the future first
+requires the acknowledgment which St. Paul made when he wrote of
+marriage: "I speak not by authority, but by sufferance." There will
+soon begin to rise on these adjacent heights the first new
+buildings of the Western University (now University of Pittsburgh),
+conceived in the classic spirit of Greece and crowning
+
+<a name="Page_100" id="Page_100"></a>that hill
+like a modern Acropolis. With its charter dating back one hundred
+and twenty-five years the University is already venerable in this
+land. Is it not feasible to hope that through the practical
+benevolence of our people, some working basis of union can be
+effected between that institution and this? Here we have painting,
+and sculpture, and architecture, and books, and a wonderfully rich
+scientific collection, and the abiding spirit of music. We have
+these fast-growing Technical Schools. And yet the entire scheme
+seems to be lacking something which marks its unfinished state. The
+Technical Schools do not and should not teach languages,
+literature, philosophy, and the fine arts, nor the old learned
+professions, but these must always rest in the University. Should
+not one school thus supplement the other? And then, the students on
+each side of this main building would find available here those
+great collections which, if properly demonstrated, would give them
+a larger opportunity for systematic culture than could be offered
+by any other community in the world. For we should no longer permit
+these great departments of the fine arts and of the sciences to
+remain in a passive state, but they should all be made the means of
+active instruction from masterful professors. Music, its theory,
+composition, and performance on every instrument should be taught
+where demonstrations could be made with the orchestra and the
+organ. Successful painters and sculptors, the elected members of
+the future faculty, should fix their studios near the Institute and
+teach painting and sculpture as well as it could be done in Paris
+or Munich. Architecture should thrive by the hand of its trained
+votaries, while science should continue to reveal the secrets of
+her most attractive mysteries. Then, as the ambitious youths of the
+ancient world came to Athens to obtain the purest culture of that
+age, so would our modern youths, who are already in the Carnegie
+Technical Schools from twenty-six States, continue to come to
+Pittsburgh to partake of the most comprehensive scheme of education
+which the world would obtain. Believing firmly in the achieving
+power of hopeful thought, I pray you think on this.</div>
+
+<p style="text-align: center;"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101"></a>
+<a name = "097px"></a><img src="images/097px.png" width="600" height="344" alt="The Carnegie Institute" /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center;">The Carnegie Institute</p>
+
+<h4><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102"></a><br /><br />V</h4>
+
+<p>In the East End is the Pennsylvania College for Women (Presbyterian;
+chartered in 1869), which has one hundred and two students. On the North
+Side (Allegheny) are the Allegheny Theological Seminary (United
+Presbyterian; founded in 1825), which has six instructors and sixty-one
+students; the Western Theological Seminary (Presbyterian; opened in
+1827), with sixty-four students and twelve instructors, and a library of
+34,000 volumes; and the Reformed Presbyterian Theological Seminary
+(founded in 1856). There are five high schools and a normal academy and
+also the following private academies: Pittsburgh Academy, for both boys
+and girls; East Liberty Academy, for boys; Lady of Mercy Academy, for
+girls and for boys in the lower grades; the Stuart-Mitchell School, for
+girls; the Gleim School, for girls; the Thurston School, for girls; and
+the Ursuline Young Ladies' Academy.</p>
+
+<p>The Phipps Conservatory (horticulture), the largest in America, and the
+Hall of Botany are in Schenley Park and were built by Mr. Henry Phipps.
+There is an interesting zo&ouml;logical garden in Highland Park which was
+founded by Mr. Christopher L. Magee.</p>
+
+<p>The Pittsburgh "Gazette," founded July 29, 1786, and consolidated with
+the Pittsburgh "Times" (1879)
+<a name="Page_103" id="Page_103"></a>
+in 1906 as the "Gazette Times," is one of
+the oldest newspapers west of the Alleghany Mountains. Other prominent
+newspapers of the city are the "Chronicle Telegraph" (1841); "Post"
+(1842); "Dispatch" (1846); "Leader" (1870; Sunday, 1864); "Press"
+(1883); and the "Sun" (1906). There are also two German dailies, the
+"Volksblatt und Freiheits-Freund" and the "Pittsburgher Beobachter," one
+Slavonic daily, one Slavonic weekly, two Italian weeklies, besides
+journals devoted to society and the iron, building, and glass trades.
+The publishing house of the United Presbyterian Church is located here,
+and there are several periodical journals published by the various
+religious bodies.</p>
+
+<p>The city has some very attractive public buildings and office buildings
+and an unusual number of beautiful churches. The Allegheny County
+Court-House, in the Romanesque style, erected in 1884-88 at a cost of
+$2,500,000, is one of Henry H. Richardson's masterpieces. The Nixon
+Theater is a notable piece of architecture. The Post-Office and the
+Customs Office are housed in a large Government building of polished
+granite.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center;"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104"></a>
+<a name = "100px"></a><img src="images/100px.png" width="600" height="761" alt="Court-house" /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center;">Court-house<br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p>The city has twenty or more hospitals for the care of its sick, injured,
+or insane, ten of which have schools for the training of nurses. There
+is the Western Pennsylvania Institute for the Instruction of the Deaf
+and Dumb in Pittsburgh, which is in part maintained by the State, where
+trades are taught as a part of the educational system. The State also
+helps to maintain the Western Pennsylvania Institution for the Blind,
+the
+<a name="Page_105" id="Page_105"></a>
+Home for Aged and Infirm Colored Women, and the Home for Colored
+Children. Among other charitable institutions maintained by the city are
+the Home for Orphans, Home for the Aged, Home for Released Convicts, an
+extensive system of public baths, the Curtis Home for Destitute Women
+and Girls, the Pittsburgh Newsboys' Home, the Children's Aid Society of
+Western Pennsylvania, the Protestant Home for Incurables, the Pittsburgh
+Association for the Improvement of the Poor, and the Western
+Pennsylvania Humane Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals,
+Children, and Aged Persons. Under the management of Women's Clubs
+several playgrounds are open to children during the summer, where
+competent teachers give instruction to children over ten years of age in
+music, manual training, sewing, cooking, nature study, and color work.</p>
+
+<p>The water supply of Pittsburgh is taken from the Allegheny River and
+pumped into reservoirs, the highest of which is Herron Hill, five
+hundred and thirty feet above the river. A slow sand filtration plant
+for the filtration of the entire supply is under construction and a part
+of it is in operation. In this last year the Legislature has passed an
+act prohibiting the deposit of sewage material in the rivers of the
+State, and this tardy action in the interest of decency and health will
+stop the ravages of death through epidemic fevers caught from poisoned
+streams.</p>
+
+<h4><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106"></a><br /><br />VI</h4>
+
+<p>Pittsburgh maintains by popular support one of the four symphony
+orchestras in America. She has given many famous men to science,
+literature, and art. Her astronomical observatory is known throughout
+the world. Her rich men are often liberal beyond their own needs,
+particularly so William Thaw, who spent great sums for education and
+benevolence; Mrs. Mary Schenley, who has given the city a great park,
+over four hundred acres in the very heart of its boundaries; and Henry
+Phipps, who erected the largest conservatory for plants and flowers in
+our country. There is one other, Andrew Carnegie, whose wise and
+continuous use of vast wealth for the public good is nearly beyond human
+precedent.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center;"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107"></a>
+<a name = "103px"></a><img src="images/103px.png" width="600" height="372" alt="Zo&ouml;logical Garden in Highland Park" /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center;">Zo&ouml;logical Garden in Highland Park<br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p>If Pittsburgh people were called upon to name their best known singer,
+they would, of course, with one accord, say Stephen C. Foster. His songs
+are verily written in the hearts of millions of his fellow-creatures,
+for who has not sung "Old Folks at Home," "Nelly Bly," "My Old Kentucky
+Home," and the others? Ethelbert Nevin is the strongest name among our
+musical composers, his "Narcissus," "The Rosary," and many others being
+known throughout the world.</p>
+
+<p>Charles Stanley Reinhart, Mary Cassatt, and John W. Alexander are the
+best known among our painters.
+<a name="Page_108" id="Page_108"></a>
+Henry O. Tanner, the only negro
+painter, was born in Pittsburgh and learned the rudiments of his art
+here. Albert S. Wall, his son, A. Bryan Wall, George Hetzel, and John W.
+Beatty have painted good pictures, as have another group which includes
+William A. Coffin, Martin B. Leisser, Jaspar Lawman, Eugene A. Poole,
+Joseph R. Woodwell, William H. Singer, Clarence M. Johns, and Johanna
+Woodwell Hailman. Thomas S. Clarke is a Pittsburgh painter and sculptor.
+Philander C. Knox, United States Senator, and John Dalzell, member of
+the House of Representatives, are prominent among those who have served
+Pittsburgh ably in the National Government.</p>
+
+<h4><br /><br />VII</h4>
+
+<p>And how about letters? Has Pittsburgh a literature? Those rolling clouds
+of smoke, those mighty industries, those men of brawn, those men of
+energy, that ceaseless calculation of wages and dividends&mdash;can these
+produce an atmosphere for letters? It seems unthinkable. Yet hold! Only
+the other day on the train a man who has been a resident of New York for
+thirty-five years remarked in this author's presence that "Pittsburgh is
+the most intellectual city in America." He had never visited Pittsburgh
+and the author did not and does not know his name. "How about Boston?"
+<a name="Page_109" id="Page_109"></a>
+asked another traveler. "Boston used to be, but is not now," he
+answered. Then I, in my timid and artless way, ventured to ask him why
+he spoke thus of Pittsburgh. "Because," said he, "distant as I am from
+Pittsburgh, more inspiration in artistic and intellectual things has
+come to me from that city than from any other place in America." But
+that may have been his dinner or the cigar.</p>
+
+<p>Literature I once attempted to define as the written record of thought
+and action. If this be an adequate definition, then Pittsburgh writers
+have substantially enriched the field of literature in every department,
+and given our city permanent fame as a place of letters. As we begin our
+survey of the local field, the wonder grows that the literary production
+is so large, and that the character of much of it is so very high. Let
+Pegasus champ his golden bit as he may, and beat his hoof upon the empty
+air, Pittsburgh men and Pittsburgh women have ridden the classic steed
+with grace and skill through all the flowered deviations of his bridal
+paths. This is scarcely the place to attempt a critical estimate, and it
+would be an ungracious and a presumptuous task for me to appraise the
+literary value of that work with any great degree of detail. The
+occasion will hardly permit more than a list of names and titles; and
+while pains have been taken to make this list complete, it is possible
+that some books may have been overlooked, but truly by inadvertence
+only.</p>
+
+<h4><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110"></a><br /><br />VIII</h4>
+
+<p>Perhaps the most important piece of literature from a local pen is
+Professor William M. Sloane's "Life of Napoleon." This is a painstaking
+and authoritative record of the great Frenchman who conquered everybody
+but himself. Dr. William J. Holland, once chancellor of the University
+of Pittsburgh, now director of the Carnegie Museum, has given to the
+field of popular science "The Butterfly Book"&mdash;an author who knows every
+butterfly by its Christian name. Then Andrew Carnegie's "Triumphant
+Democracy" presents masses of statistics with such lightness of touch as
+to make them seem a stirring narrative. His other books, "An American
+Four-in-Hand in Britain" and "Round the World" present the vivid
+impressions of a keen traveler. His "Life of James Watt" conveys a
+sympathetic portraiture of the inventor of the steam engine. His "Gospel
+of Wealth" is a piece of deep-thinking discursiveness, although it
+really seems a superfluous thesis, for Mr. Carnegie's best exposition of
+the gospel of wealth unfolds itself in two thousand noble buildings
+erected all over the world for the diffusion of literature; in those
+splendid conceptions, the Scottish Education Fund; the Washington
+Carnegie Institution for Scientific Research; the Pension for College
+Professors,
+<a name="Page_112" id="Page_112"></a>
+which has so much advanced the dignity and security of
+teaching; the Pension for Aged and Disabled Workmen; the Hero Fund, with
+its provision of aid to the injured and to the worthy poor; the many
+college endowments; and, greater than all, the Peace Palace at The
+Hague, through which he will make his appeal to the conscience of
+civilization during all time to organize and extend among the nations of
+the earth that system of arbitrated justice which has been already
+established within the borders of each State.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center;"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111"></a>
+<a name = "107px"></a><img src="images/107px.png" width="600" height="347" alt="Carnegie Technical Schools (uncompleted)" /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center;">Carnegie Technical Schools (uncompleted)<br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p>But if I continue to group our Pittsburgh authors in this arbitrary
+fashion, those who come at the end will think I mean the last to be
+least. Therefore, let me pursue the theme indiscriminately, as I meant
+to do all along had not that same Pegasus, in spite of my defiance, run
+away at the very start.</p>
+
+<h4><br /><br />IX</h4>
+
+<p>The first Pittsburgh book that I can find in my hurried review of the
+field is "Modern Chivalry," by Hugh Henry Brackenridge. The third volume
+of this book was printed in Pittsburgh in 1796, the first two having
+been published in Philadelphia. This writer's son, Henry M.
+Brackenridge, was also an author, having written "History of the Late
+War between the United
+<a name="Page_113" id="Page_113"></a>
+States and Great Britain," "History of the
+Western Insurrection called the Whisky Insurrection, 1794," "Journal of
+a Voyage up the River Missouri, Performed in 1811," "Recollections of
+Persons and Places in the West," and several other books. Neville B.
+Craig wrote a "History of Pittsburgh," published in 1851, which is still
+a work of standard reference. Another "History of Pittsburgh" was
+brought out some ten years ago under the editorship of Erasmus Wilson,
+who has also published a volume of "Quiet Observations," selected from
+his newspaper essays. But the most important, painstaking, and accurate
+"History of Pittsburgh" which has yet been published is the one by Miss
+Sarah H. Killikelly, published in 1906. Another book of hers, "Curious
+Questions," is an entertaining collection of many queer things that have
+occurred in the world's history. Robert P. Nevin wrote "Black Robes" and
+"Three Kings." Professor Samuel P. Langley was for many years in charge
+of the Allegheny Observatory and won fame while here as a writer on
+scientific subjects. Also the first models of his flying machine were
+made while he was a resident in Pittsburgh. W. M. Darlington wrote "Fort
+Pitt" and edited the journals of Christopher Gist, who was Washington's
+scout when the Father of his Country first came to Pittsburgh. "Two Men
+in the West" is the title of a little book on travel by W. R. Halpin.
+Arthur G. Burgoyne, a newspaper writer, has published "All
+<a name="Page_114" id="Page_114"></a>
+Sorts of
+Pittsburghers." George Seibel has written three beautiful plays which
+have not yet been produced because the modern stage managers seem to
+prefer to produce unbeautiful plays. One of these is "Omar Khayyam,"
+which was accepted and paid for by Richard Mansfield, who died before he
+could arrange for its production. Another is "Christopher Columbus," and
+he has just finished an important tragedy entitled "&OElig;dipus," dealing
+artistically with a horrifying story, which has been accepted for early
+production by Mr. Robert Mantel. Mr. Seibel has published a monograph on
+"The Mormon Problem." Charles P. Shiras wrote the "Redemption of Labor,"
+and a drama, "The Invisible Prince," which was played in the old
+Pittsburgh Theater. Bartley Campbell was the most prolific writer of
+plays that Pittsburgh has yet produced, and his melodramas have been
+played in nearly every theater in America. H. G. Donnelly, well known as
+a playwright, was also a Pittsburgher. Mrs. Mary Roberts Rinehart is a
+young author who is coming to the front as a writer of successful
+dramas, stories, and books. Her plays, "The Double Life" and "By Order
+of the Court" have been produced, and a novel, "The Circular Staircase,"
+has just appeared from the press. My own little play, "The Brayton
+Episode," was played by Miss Sarah Truax at the Alvin Theater,
+Pittsburgh, June 24, 1903, and by Miss Eleanor Moretti at the Fifth
+Avenue Theater, New York, January 15, 1905.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center;"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115"></a>
+<a name = "111px"></a><img src="images/111px.png" width="600" height="346" alt="Margaret Morrison Carnegie School for Women" /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center;">Margaret Morrison Carnegie School for Women<br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116"></a>Rev. W. G. Mackay wrote tales of
+history under the title of "The Skein
+of Life." Father Morgan M. Sheedy and Rev. Dr. George Hodges, who used
+to strive together in Pittsburgh to surpass each other in tearing down
+the walls of religious prejudice that keep people out of the Kingdom of
+Heaven, have each given us several books on social and religious topics
+composed on the broad and generous lines of thought which only such
+sensible teachers know how to employ. Among Dr. Hodges' books are
+"Christianity between Sundays," the "Heresy of Cain," and "Faith and
+Social Service"; while Father Sheedy has published "Social Topics."</p>
+
+<p>That devoted student of nature, Dr. Benjamin Cutler Jillson, wrote a
+book called "Home Geology," and another, "River Terraces In and Near
+Pittsburgh," which carry the fancy into far-off antiquity. Professor
+Daniel Carhart, of the University of Pittsburgh, has given us "Field
+Work for Civil Engineers" and "Treatise on Plane Surveying." From J.
+Heron Foster we have "A Full Account of the Great Fire at Pittsburgh in
+1845." Adelaide M. Nevin published "Social Mirror," and Robert P. Nevin
+"Poems," a book with mood and feeling. Dr. Stephen A. Hunter, a
+clergyman, is the author of an erudite work entitled "Manual of
+Therapeutics and Pharmacy in the Chinese Language."</p>
+
+<p>Walter Scott, who, after taking a course at the University of Edinburgh,
+came to Pittsburgh in 1826, was
+<a name="Page_117" id="Page_117"></a>
+a very distinguished preacher and
+author. His greatest reputation was gained in his work in association
+with Alexander Campbell in establishing the principles of the now mighty
+congregation known as the Christian, or Disciples, Church. His books
+are: "The Gospel Restored," "The Great Demonstration," and "The Union of
+Christians."</p>
+
+<p>A memoir of Professor John L. Lincoln, by his son, W. L. Lincoln, gives
+a record of a life so spent that many men were truly made better
+thereby. Father Andrew A. Lambing, President of the Historical Society
+of Western Pennsylvania, has written useful monographs on the early
+history of this region, and he is one of the first authorities in that
+field. He has also composed books on religious subjects. E. W. Duckwell
+wrote "Bacteriology Applied to the Canning and Preserving of Food
+Products."</p>
+
+<p>Richard Realf was a poet "whose songs gushed from his heart," and some
+of them hold a place in literature. His "Monarch of the Forges" breathes
+the deep spirit of industrial life as he found it in Pittsburgh.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lee S. Smith, now (1908) president of the Chamber of Commerce, has
+published an interesting book entitled "Through Egypt to Palestine,"
+describing his travels in the Orient.</p>
+
+<p>Our men who have written most knowingly on industrial topics are James
+M. Swank and Joseph D. Weeks. A young writer, Francis Hill, has
+published
+<a name="Page_118" id="Page_118"></a>
+a very readable boys' story, "Outlaws of Horseshoe Hole," and
+Arthur Sanwood Pier has published "The Pedagogues," a novel satirizing
+the Harvard Summer School.</p>
+
+<p>Rev. Henry C. McCook's very successful novel, "The Latimers," is an
+engaging study of the whisky insurrection of early Pittsburgh days.
+Thomas B. Plimpton is remembered by some as a writer of verse. Judge J.
+E. Parke and Judge Joseph Mellon have written historical essays. Josiah
+Copley wrote "Gathering Beulah." Logan Conway is the author of "Money
+and Banking." He has also written a series of essays on "Evolution."
+Miss Cara Reese has published a little story entitled "And She Got All
+That." Miss Willa Sibert Cather has just published her "Poems." Charles
+McKnight's "Old Fort Duquesne; or Captain Jack the Scout" is a stirring
+book that has fired the hearts of many boys who love a good tale.
+William Harvey Brown's story, "On the South African Frontier," was
+written and published while he was a curator in the Carnegie Museum.</p>
+
+<p>Pittsburgh has produced a group of standard schoolbooks&mdash;always of the
+very first importance in the literature of any country. Among these are
+the books by Andrew Burt and Milton B. Goff, and a series of readers by
+Lucius Osgood.</p>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: center;"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119"></a>
+<a name = "115px"></a><img src="images/115px.png" width="600" height="263" alt="Design of University of Pittsburgh" /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center;">Design of University of Pittsburgh<br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p>Henry J. Ford's "Rise and Growth of American Politics" is a well-studied
+work. Henry A. Miller's
+<a name="Page_120" id="Page_120"></a>
+"Money and Bimetallism" is a conscientious
+statement of his investigations of that question. Judge Marshall Brown
+has written two books, "Bulls and Blunders" and "Wit and Humor of Famous
+Sayings." Frank M. Bennett's "Steam Navy of the United States" is a
+useful technical work.</p>
+
+<p>L. C. Van Noppen, after pursuing his studies of Dutch literature in
+Holland, came to Pittsburgh and wrote a translation of Vondel's great
+Dutch classical poem "Lucifer." Vondel published the original of this
+work some ten or fifteen years before Milton's "Paradise Lost" appeared,
+and critics have tried to show by the deadly parallel column that Milton
+drew the inspiration for some of his highest poetical flights from
+Vondel. It is probable, however, that Milton was unconscious of the
+existence of Vondel's work.</p>
+
+<p>S. L. Fleishman has translated the poems of Heine with tenderness and
+feeling. Ella Boyce Kirk has written several educational pamphlets.
+Morgan Neville published a poem, "Comparisons." From that Prince Rupert
+of the astronomers, Professor James E. Keeler, who has made more than
+one fiery dash across the borderland of known science, we have
+"Spectroscopic Observations of Nebul&aelig;." That truly gifted woman,
+Margaretta Wade Deland, was born in Pittsburgh in 1857 and resided here
+until her marriage in 1880. Among her books are "John Ward, Preacher,"
+"The Story of a Child," "Philip and His Wife," and
+<a name="Page_121" id="Page_121"></a>
+"Old Chester Tales."
+Jane Grey Swisshelm wrote the recollections of an eventful experience
+under the title "Half a Century of Life." Nicholas Biddle composed a
+studious "Life of Sebastian Cabot," and another book, "Modern Chivalry."
+Mrs. Annie Wade has written poems and stories. The city has fathered
+many able writers against slavery and intemperance, among whom was
+William H. Burleigh, who wrote "Our Country." William B. Conway wrote
+"Cottage on the Cliff." From Rev. John Black we have "The Everlasting
+Kingdom," and Rev. John Tassey published a "Life of Christ." William G.
+Johnston's interesting book, "Experiences of a Forty-niner," was
+published in 1892. John Reed Scott has published two successful novels,
+"The Colonel of the Red Hussars" and "Beatrix of Clare." Martha Fry
+Boggs wrote "A Romance of New Virginia." Then there are "Polly and I,"
+by Cora Thurmston; "Free at Last" and "Emma's Triumph," by Mrs. Jane S.
+Collins; "Her Brother Donnard," by Emily E. Verder; "Essays," by Anna
+Pierpont Siviter; "Human Progress," by Thomas S. Blair; "Steel: A Manual
+for Steel Users," a useful monograph by William Metcalf; and "Memoir of
+John B. Gibson," by Colonel Thomas P. Roberts. Then there are some poor
+things from my own pen, if, in order to make the record complete, I may
+add them at the end&mdash;"Oliver Cromwell: A History" (1894); "John
+Marmaduke: A Romance of the English
+<a name="Page_122" id="Page_122"></a>
+Invasion of Ireland in 1649"
+(1897); "Beowulf: A Poem" (1901); "Penruddock of the White Lambs," a
+novel (1903); "The Brayton Episode," a play (1903); "The Sword of the
+Parliament," a play (1907); and this, "A Short History of Pittsburgh"
+(1908).</p>
+
+<p>And such is the list. Imperfect though it may be, it is the best that I
+have been able to compose. But how large and full the measure of it all
+is! History, biography, philosophy, religion, nature, science,
+criticism, government, coinage and finance, art, poetry, the drama,
+travel, adventure, fiction, society, education, all avenues of human
+activity, all themes of human speculation, have been covered in books
+written with more or less interest and power by men and women of
+Pittsburgh. Much of this volume of production is ephemeral, but some of
+it on the other hand is undoubtedly a permanent addition to the world's
+literature.</p>
+
+<h4><br /><br />X</h4>
+
+<p>One word more before leaving this subject. Literature has not until
+recently enjoyed that degree of attention from the public press of
+Pittsburgh which it deserves. It ought to be the concern of every human
+unit in the nation to receive honest guidance in the development of
+literature; for literature, once again, is the written record of thought
+and action. Mobs will
+<a name="Page_124" id="Page_124"></a>
+melt away when the units in the mob begin to
+think, and they will think when they read. Then will the law be
+paramount, and then will our institutions be safe. Thousands of our
+serious people annually subscribe for literary reviews of one kind or
+another in order that they may follow the rapid expansion of the written
+record of the thought and action of the world, when the whole department
+might be covered so admirably by our daily newspapers. Should not the
+newspaper give each household practically all it needs in criticism and
+information outside of the printed books themselves? How easily we could
+spare some of the glaring and exaggerated headlines over the daily
+record of crime, misconduct, and false leadership, which inflame the
+mind and the passions with evil fire, and how joyfully we would welcome
+instead an intelligent, conscientious, comprehensive, discriminating,
+piquant&mdash;in short, a masterful discussion from day to day of the written
+record of the thought and action of the world as unfolded in its
+statesmanship, its oratory, its education, its heroism, and its
+literature.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center;"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123"></a>
+<a name = "119px"></a><img src="images/119px.png" width="600" height="377" alt="Allegheny Observatory, University of Pittsburgh" /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center;">Allegheny Observatory, University of Pittsburgh</p>
+
+<h4><br /><br />XI</h4>
+
+<p>And so my little story of Pittsburgh comes to an end. It is the story of
+a great achievement in the building of a city, and the development of a
+community within its
+<a name="Page_126" id="Page_126"></a>
+boundaries. I have sometimes heard a sneer at
+Pittsburgh as a place where undigested wealth is paramount. I have never
+beheld the city in that character. On the contrary, I have, on frequent
+occasions, seen the assemblage of men native here where a goodly section
+of the brain and power of the nation was represented. There is much
+wealth here, but the dominant spirit of those who have it is not a
+spirit of pride and luxury and arrogance. There is much poverty here,
+but it is the poverty of hope which effort and opportunity will
+transform into affluence. And especially is there here a spirit of good
+fellowship, of help one to another, and of pride in the progress of the
+intellectual life. And with all of these comes a growth toward the best
+civic character which in its aggregate expression is probably like unto
+the old Prophet's idea of that righteousness which exalteth a nation.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center;"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125"></a>
+<a name = "121px"></a><img src="images/121px.png" width="600" height="380" alt="Phipps Conservatory, Schenley Park" /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center;">Phipps Conservatory, Schenley Park</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center;"><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX"></a>
+<a name = "123px"></a><br /><br /><br /><img src="images/123px.png" width="100%" alt="banner" /></p>
+
+<h4>INDEX</h4>
+
+<p>Adams, Gabriel, Mayor, <a href='#Page_51'><b>51</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Alexander, John W., <a href='#Page_91'><b>91</b></a>, <a href='#Page_106'><b>106</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Allegheny, made county-seat, <a href='#Page_40'><b>40</b></a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">county-seat changed to Pittsburgh, <a href='#Page_40'><b>40</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">annexed to Pittsburgh, <a href='#Page_52'><b>52</b></a></span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Allegheny Cemetery, <a href='#Page_90'><b>90</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Allegheny County, erection of, <a href='#Page_40'><b>40</b></a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iron and steel products of, <a href='#Page_84'><b>84</b></a></span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Allegheny Observatory, <a href='#Page_84'><b>84</b></a>, <a href='#Page_99'><b>99</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Allegheny River improved, <a href='#Page_82'><b>82</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Allegheny Theological Seminary, <a href='#Page_102'><b>102</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers, <a href='#Page_71'><b>71</b></a>, <a href='#Page_78'><b>78</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Amherst, General, captures Fort Frontenac, <a href='#Page_29'><b>29</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Anderson, Edwin H., <a href='#Page_91'><b>91</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Archer, Frederick, <a href='#Page_94'><b>94</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Archer, William, <a href='#Page_100'><b>100</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Armstrong, Colonel, raises English flag over Fort Duquesne, <a href='#Page_29'><b>29</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Artists, list of, <a href='#Page_106'><b>106</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Astronomical Observatory, <a href='#Page_91'><b>91</b></a>, <a href='#Page_106'><b>106</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Authors, list of, <a href='#Page_112'><b>112</b></a><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+
+<p>Ball, Sir Robert S., <a href='#Page_96'><b>96</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Baltimore &amp; Ohio Railroad Company, <a href='#Page_49'><b>49</b></a>, <a href='#Page_60'><b>60</b></a>, <a href='#Page_81'><b>81</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Barker, Joseph, Mayor, <a href='#Page_51'><b>51</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Baron, Father, <a href='#Page_29'><b>29</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Beatty, John W., <a href='#Page_92'><b>92</b></a>, <a href='#Page_108'><b>108</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Beatty, Rev. Mr., <a href='#Page_29'><b>29</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Beaujeu, Captain, attacks Braddock's army, <a href='#Page_22'><b>22</b></a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">killed, <a href='#Page_23'><b>23</b></a></span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Bell, C. F. Moberly, <a href='#Page_96'><b>96</b></a></p>
+
+<p>B&eacute;n&eacute;dite, Leonce, <a href='#Page_95'><b>95</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Bennett, Frank M., <a href='#Page_120'><b>120</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Biddle, Nicholas, <a href='#Page_121'><b>121</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Bingham, William, Mayor, <a href='#Page_51'><b>51</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Black, John, <a href='#Page_121'><b>121</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Blackmore, James, Mayor, <a href='#Page_52'><b>52</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Blair, Francis P., <a href='#Page_55'><b>55</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Blair, Thomas S., <a href='#Page_121'><b>121</b></a></p>
+
+<p>"Blockhouse," built by Bouquet, <a href='#Page_34'><b>34</b></a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">occupied by Dr. John Connelly, <a href='#Page_37'><b>37</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">used by Colonial troops in Revolution, <a href='#Page_37'><b>37</b></a></span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Boggs, Martha Fry, <a href='#Page_121'><b>121</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Bouquet, Colonel Henry, builds "Blockhouse," <a href='#Page_34'><b>34</b></a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">leads army at Battle of Bushy Run, <a href='#Page_35'><b>35</b></a></span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Brackenridge, Henry M., <a href='#Page_112'><b>112</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Brackenridge, Hugh Henry, <a href='#Page_112'><b>112</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Braddock, General Edward, marches upon Fort Duquesne, <a href='#Page_21'><b>21</b></a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">wounded in battle, <a href='#Page_24'><b>24</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his army defeated, <a href='#Page_24'><b>24</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death of, <a href='#Page_25'><b>25</b></a></span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Braddock's defeat, effect of on Colonies, <a href='#Page_25'><b>25</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Brashear, John A., <a href='#Page_85'><b>85</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Breckinridge, John C., <a href='#Page_57'><b>57</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Broadhead, Colonel, <a href='#Page_38'><b>38</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Brown, A. M., Recorder, <a href='#Page_52'><b>52</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Brown, Joseph, <a href='#Page_70'><b>70</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Brown, J. O., Recorder, <a href='#Page_52'><b>52</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Brown, Marshall, <a href='#Page_120'><b>120</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Brown, William Harvey, <a href='#Page_118'><b>118</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Brush, Jared M., Mayor, <a href='#Page_52'><b>52</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Bryce, Right Honorable James, <a href='#Page_95'><b>95</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Buchanan, James, <a href='#Page_57'><b>57</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Burgoyne, Arthur G., <a href='#Page_113'><b>113</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Burleigh, William H., <a href='#Page_121'><b>121</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Burt, Andrew, <a href='#Page_118'><b>118</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Bushy Run, Battle of, <a href='#Page_35'><b>35</b></a><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+
+<p>Caldwell, John, <a href='#Page_94'><b>94</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Calvary Cemetery, <a href='#Page_90'><b>90</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Campbell, Alexander, <a href='#Page_117'><b>117</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Campbell, Bartley, <a href='#Page_114'><b>114</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Carhart, Daniel, <a href='#Page_116'><b>116</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Carnegie, Andrew, <a href='#Page_85'><b>85</b></a>, <a href='#Page_96'><b>96</b></a>, <a href='#Page_106'><b>106</b></a>, <a href='#Page_110'><b>110</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Carnegie Institute, <a href='#Page_91'><b>91</b></a>, <a href='#Page_99'><b>99</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Carnegie Steel Company, <a href='#Page_71'><b>71</b></a>, <a href='#Page_77'><b>77</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Carnegie Technical Schools, <a href='#Page_91'><b>91</b></a>, <a href='#Page_94'><b>94</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Cassatt, Alexander Johnston, <a href='#Page_85'><b>85</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Cassatt, Mary, <a href='#Page_106'><b>106</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Cather, Willa Sibert, <a href='#Page_118'><b>118</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Celeron, Louis, <a href='#Page_16'><b>16</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Charitable institutions, <a href='#Page_103'><b>103</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Chatham, Earl of (William Pitt), <a href='#Page_25'><b>25</b></a>, <a href='#Page_29'><b>29</b></a>, <a href='#Page_37'><b>37</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Church, Samuel, <a href='#Page_83'><b>83</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Church, Samuel Harden, <a href='#Page_94'><b>94</b></a>, <a href='#Page_114'><b>114</b></a>, <a href='#Page_121'><b>121</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Civil War, <a href='#Page_53'><b>53</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Clarke, Thomas S., <a href='#Page_123'><b>123</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Clay, Henry, visits Pittsburgh, <a href='#Page_58'><b>58</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Cleveland, Grover, <a href='#Page_95'><b>95</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Coffin, William A., <a href='#Page_108'><b>108</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Collins annexed to Pittsburgh, <a href='#Page_52'><b>52</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Collins, Jane S., <a href='#Page_121'><b>121</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Composers, list of, <a href='#Page_106'><b>106</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Constant, Baron d'Estournelles de, <a href='#Page_95'><b>95</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Constitutional Convention, <a href='#Page_53'><b>53</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Contrec&oelig;ur, Captain, visited by Washington, <a href='#Page_17'><b>17</b></a> ;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his reply received by English, <a href='#Page_19'><b>19</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">captures fort at Pittsburgh and names it Fort Duquesne, <a href='#Page_20'><b>20</b></a></span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Conway, Logan, <a href='#Page_118'><b>118</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Conway, William B., <a href='#Page_121'><b>121</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Copley, Josiah, <a href='#Page_118'><b>118</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Country Club, <a href='#Page_90'><b>90</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Court-house, architect of, <a href='#Page_103'><b>103</b></a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">cost of, <a href='#Page_103'><b>103</b></a></span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Craig, Neville B., <a href='#Page_113'><b>113</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Cranston, Sir Robert, <a href='#Page_96'><b>96</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Craver, Harrison W., <a href='#Page_92'><b>92</b></a><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+
+<p>Dalzell, John, <a href='#Page_108'><b>108</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Darlington, W. M., <a href='#Page_113'><b>113</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Darragh, John, Mayor, <a href='#Page_51'><b>51</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Daughters of American Revolution, <a href='#Page_34'><b>34</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Davis Island Dam, <a href='#Page_82'><b>82</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Dayton, William L., <a href='#Page_57'><b>57</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Defiance, Fort, built by General Wayne, <a href='#Page_42'><b>42</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Deland, Margaretta Wade, <a href='#Page_120'><b>120</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Denny, Ebenezer, Mayor, <a href='#Page_51'><b>51</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Denny, Governor, <a href='#Page_29'><b>29</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Dickens, Charles, visits Pittsburgh, <a href='#Page_58'><b>58</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Dickhuth, Colonel Gustav, <a href='#Page_96'><b>96</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Diehl, William J., Mayor, <a href='#Page_52'><b>52</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Dinwiddie, Governor, sends Washington to Pittsburgh, <a href='#Page_14'><b>14</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Donnelly, H. G., <a href='#Page_114'><b>114</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Doumer, Paul, <a href='#Page_95'><b>95</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Duckwell, E. W., <a href='#Page_117'><b>117</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Dunfermline, <a href='#Page_28'><b>28</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Dunmore, Governor, opens land office in Pittsburgh, <a href='#Page_35'><b>35</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Duquesne, Fort, built and named by French, <a href='#Page_20'><b>20</b></a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">captured by English, <a href='#Page_29'><b>29</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">blown up and burned by French, <a href='#Page_29'><b>29</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">taken possession of by English, <a href='#Page_29'><b>29</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">name changed to Fort Pitt, <a href='#Page_29'><b>29</b></a><br /><br /><br /></span><br /></p>
+
+
+<p>East Liberty Academy, <a href='#Page_102'><b>102</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Ecuyer, Simon, leads attack on Fort Pitt, <a href='#Page_35'><b>35</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Elgar, Sir Edward, <a href='#Page_96'><b>96</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Emancipation Proclamation, <a href='#Page_53'><b>53</b></a></p>
+
+<p>England, war with France, <a href='#Page_15'><b>15</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Enlart, Camille, <a href='#Page_95'><b>95</b></a><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+
+<p>Fang, Wu Ting, <a href='#Page_95'><b>95</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Farragut, Admiral, visits Pittsburgh, <a href='#Page_58'><b>58</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Fleishman, S. L., <a href='#Page_120'><b>120</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Forbes, General, captures Fort Duquesne, <a href='#Page_14'><b>14</b></a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">names captured fort Pittsburgh, <a href='#Page_14'><b>14</b></a>, <a href='#Page_29'><b>29</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his letter to Pitt announcing capture and renaming of Fort Duquesne, <a href='#Page_29'><b>29</b></a></span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Ford, Henry J., <a href='#Page_118'><b>118</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Ford, Henry P., Mayor, <a href='#Page_52'><b>52</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Foster, J. Heron, <a href='#Page_116'><b>116</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Foster, Stephen C., <a href='#Page_106'><b>106</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Founder's Day, <a href='#Page_95'><b>95</b></a></p>
+
+<p>France, war with England, <a href='#Page_15'><b>15</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Franklin, Benjamin, <a href='#Page_21'><b>21</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Fremont, John C., <a href='#Page_57'><b>57</b></a></p>
+
+<p>French Revolution, <a href='#Page_43'><b>43</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Frew, William N., <a href='#Page_94'><b>94</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Frick, Henry C., <a href='#Page_72'><b>72</b></a>, <a href='#Page_76'><b>76</b></a>, <a href='#Page_77'><b>77</b></a>, <a href='#Page_85'><b>85</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Frontenac, Fort, captured by General Amherst, <a href='#Page_29'><b>29</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Fulton, Andrew, Mayor, <a href='#Page_52'><b>52</b></a><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+
+<p>Gilder, Richard Watson, <a href='#Page_95'><b>95</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Gist, Christopher, accompanies Washington to Pittsburgh, <a href='#Page_14'><b>14</b></a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">hardships of journey to Fort Leboeuff, <a href='#Page_17'><b>17</b></a>, <a href='#Page_18'><b>18</b></a>, <a href='#Page_19'><b>19</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">saves Washington from drowning, <a href='#Page_19'><b>19</b></a></span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Gleim School, <a href='#Page_102'><b>102</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Goff, Milton B., <a href='#Page_118'><b>118</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Gourley, Henry I., Mayor, <a href='#Page_52'><b>52</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Grant, General U. S., visits Pittsburgh, <a href='#Page_58'><b>58</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Grant, Major, defeated at Grant's Hill and killed, <a href='#Page_28'><b>28</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Great Meadows, Battle of, <a href='#Page_20'><b>20</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Greeley, Horace, <a href='#Page_55'><b>55</b></a>, <a href='#Page_56'><b>56</b></a>, <a href='#Page_57'><b>57</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Greensburg, <a href='#Page_40'><b>40</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Guthrie, George W., Mayor, <a href='#Page_52'><b>52</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Guthrie, John B., Mayor, <a href='#Page_51'><b>51</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Guthrie, P. N., <a href='#Page_70'><b>70</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Guyesuta, <a href='#Page_17'><b>17</b></a><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+
+<p>Hailman, Johanna Woodwell, <a href='#Page_108'><b>108</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Hall of Botany, <a href='#Page_102'><b>102</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Halpin, W. R., <a href='#Page_113'><b>113</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Hamerschlag, Arthur A., <a href='#Page_94'><b>94</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Hancock, John, <a href='#Page_38'><b>38</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Hand, General Edward, plans expedition against Indians, <a href='#Page_38'><b>38</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Hay, Alexander, Mayor, <a href='#Page_51'><b>51</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Hays, W. B., Recorder and Mayor, <a href='#Page_52'><b>52</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Heinz Company, <a href='#Page_84'><b>84</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Herbert, Victor, <a href='#Page_94'><b>94</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Herron Hill Reservoir, <a href='#Page_105'><b>105</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Herron, John, Mayor, <a href='#Page_51'><b>51</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Herr's Island, <a href='#Page_19'><b>19</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Hetzel, George, <a href='#Page_108'><b>108</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Highland Park, <a href='#Page_90'><b>90</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Hill, Francis, <a href='#Page_117'><b>117</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Hodges, George, <a href='#Page_116'><b>116</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Holland, W. J., <a href='#Page_94'><b>94</b></a>, <a href='#Page_110'><b>110</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Homestead Steel Works, <a href='#Page_68'><b>68</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Homestead strike, <a href='#Page_71'><b>71</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Homewood Cemetery, <a href='#Page_90'><b>90</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Hopkins, Anderson H., <a href='#Page_91'><b>91</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Hospitals, <a href='#Page_103'><b>103</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Howard, William J., Mayor, <a href='#Page_51'><b>51</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Hunter, Stephen A., <a href='#Page_116'><b>116</b></a><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+
+<p>Ihne, Ernst von, <a href='#Page_96'><b>96</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Indians cede land about Pittsburgh to Colonies, <a href='#Page_35'><b>35</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Irvine, General William, placed in command of Fort Pitt, <a href='#Page_39'><b>39</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Irwin, William W., Mayor, <a href='#Page_51'><b>51</b></a><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+
+<p>Jackson, George N., <a href='#Page_56'><b>56</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Jefferson, Joseph, <a href='#Page_95'><b>95</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Jillson, Benjamin Cutler, <a href='#Page_116'><b>116</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Johns, Clarence M., <a href='#Page_108'><b>108</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Johnson, President, visits Pittsburgh, <a href='#Page_58'><b>58</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Johnston, Governor, visits Pittsburgh, <a href='#Page_58'><b>58</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Johnston, William G., <a href='#Page_121'><b>121</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Johnstown Flood, <a href='#Page_58'><b>58</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Jumonville, death of, <a href='#Page_20'><b>20</b></a><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+
+<p>Keeler, James E., <a href='#Page_120'><b>120</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Kensington Iron Works, <a href='#Page_83'><b>83</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Kerr, William, Mayor, <a href='#Page_51'><b>51</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Keyashuta, Indian chief, <a href='#Page_17'><b>17</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Killikelly, Sarah H., <a href='#Page_113'><b>113</b></a></p>
+
+<p>King, John A., <a href='#Page_55'><b>55</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Kirk, Ella Boyce, <a href='#Page_120'><b>120</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Knox, Philander C., <a href='#Page_108'><b>108</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Koser, Reinhold, <a href='#Page_96'><b>96</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Kossuth, Louis, visits Pittsburgh, <a href='#Page_58'><b>58</b></a><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+
+<p>Lady of Mercy Academy, <a href='#Page_102'><b>102</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Lafayette, Fort, built, <a href='#Page_42'><b>42</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Lafayette, General, visits Pittsburgh, <a href='#Page_58'><b>58</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Lambing, A. A., <a href='#Page_117'><b>117</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Langley, Samuel P., <a href='#Page_113'><b>113</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Lawman, Jaspar, <a href='#Page_108'><b>108</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Lawrenceville annexed to Pittsburgh, <a href='#Page_52'><b>52</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Leboeuff, Fort, <a href='#Page_17'><b>17</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Leisser, Martin B., <a href='#Page_108'><b>108</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Lexington, Battle of, <a href='#Page_37'><b>37</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Liberty annexed to Pittsburgh, <a href='#Page_52'><b>52</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Liddell, Robert, Mayor, <a href='#Page_52'><b>52</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Ligneris, Captain, surrenders Fort Duquesne, <a href='#Page_29'><b>29</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Lincoln, Abraham, visits Pittsburgh, <a href='#Page_58'><b>58</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Lincoln, John L., <a href='#Page_117'><b>117</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Lincoln, W. L., <a href='#Page_117'><b>117</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Little, William, Mayor, <a href='#Page_51'><b>51</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Loewenfeld, His Excellency Lieutenant General Alfred von, <a href='#Page_95'><b>95</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Logstown, storehouses built by Ohio Company, <a href='#Page_16'><b>16</b></a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">captured by French, <a href='#Page_16'><b>16</b></a></span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Louisburg, capture of, <a href='#Page_28'><b>28</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Lowrie, Walter B., Mayor, <a href='#Page_51'><b>51</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Lowry, James, Mayor, <a href='#Page_51'><b>51</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Lyon, Robert W., Mayor, <a href='#Page_52'><b>52</b></a><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+
+<p>"Maarten Maartens," <a href='#Page_96'><b>96</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Macbeth, George A., <a href='#Page_94'><b>94</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Macbeth, James Currie, <a href='#Page_96'><b>96</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Mackay, W. G., <a href='#Page_116'><b>116</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Magee, C. L., <a href='#Page_102'><b>102</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Mail route to Philadelphia established, <a href='#Page_40'><b>40</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Mansfield, Robert, <a href='#Page_114'><b>114</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Mantel, Robert, <a href='#Page_114'><b>114</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Mayflower, landing of, <a href='#Page_53'><b>53</b></a></p>
+
+<p>McCallin, William, Mayor, <a href='#Page_52'><b>52</b></a></p>
+
+<p>McCarthy, William C., Mayor, <a href='#Page_52'><b>52</b></a></p>
+
+<p>McCarthy, W. L., Mayor, <a href='#Page_52'><b>52</b></a></p>
+
+<p>McClintock, Jonas R., Mayor, <a href='#Page_51'><b>51</b></a></p>
+
+<p>McConway, William, <a href='#Page_95'><b>95</b></a></p>
+
+<p>McCook, Henry C., <a href='#Page_118'><b>118</b></a></p>
+
+<p>McCormick, Samuel Black, <a href='#Page_99'><b>99</b></a></p>
+
+<p>McCrea, James, <a href='#Page_78'><b>78</b></a></p>
+
+<p>McKenna, Bernard, Mayor, <a href='#Page_52'><b>52</b></a></p>
+
+<p>McKinley, William, <a href='#Page_95'><b>95</b></a></p>
+
+<p>McKnight, Charles, <a href='#Page_118'><b>118</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Mellon, Joseph, <a href='#Page_118'><b>118</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Mellor, Charles C., <a href='#Page_94'><b>94</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Metcalf, William, <a href='#Page_121'><b>121</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Miller, Henry A., <a href='#Page_118'><b>118</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Milton, John, <a href='#Page_120'><b>120</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Mitchell, P. Chalmers, <a href='#Page_107'><b>107</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Monongahela River improved, <a href='#Page_83'><b>83</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Monroe, President, visited Pittsburgh, <a href='#Page_58'><b>58</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Montcalm, death of, <a href='#Page_31'><b>31</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Moretti, Eleanor, <a href='#Page_114'><b>114</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Morgan, Colonel George, <a href='#Page_38'><b>38</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Morley, John, <a href='#Page_95'><b>95</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Murray, Magnus M., Mayor, <a href='#Page_51'><b>51</b></a><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+
+<p>Necessity, Fort, built by Washington, <a href='#Page_21'><b>21</b></a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">captured by French, <a href='#Page_21'><b>21</b></a></span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Neville, Morgan, <a href='#Page_120'><b>120</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Nevin, Adelaide M., <a href='#Page_116'><b>116</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Nevin, Ethelbert, <a href='#Page_106'><b>106</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Nevin, Robert P., <a href='#Page_113'><b>113</b></a>, <a href='#Page_116'><b>116</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Newspapers, list of, <a href='#Page_40'><b>40</b></a>, <a href='#Page_113'><b>113</b></a></p>
+
+<p>New York Central Lines, <a href='#Page_60'><b>60</b></a>, <a href='#Page_81'><b>81</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Niagara, Fort, fall of, <a href='#Page_31'><b>31</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Nixon Theater, <a href='#Page_103'><b>103</b></a><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+
+<p>Oakland annexed to Pittsburgh, <a href='#Page_52'><b>52</b></a></p>
+
+<p>O'Hara, James, <a href='#Page_84'><b>84</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Ohio &amp; Pennsylvania Railroad, <a href='#Page_49'><b>49</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Ohio Company formed, <a href='#Page_16'><b>16</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Osgood, Lucius, <a href='#Page_118'><b>118</b></a><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+
+<p>Parke, J. E., <a href='#Page_118'><b>118</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Paur, Emil, <a href='#Page_94'><b>94</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Pearson, A. L., <a href='#Page_63'><b>63</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Peebles annexed to Pittsburgh, <a href='#Page_52'><b>52</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Penn family, purchased Pittsburgh region from Indians, <a href='#Page_39'><b>39</b></a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">their title annulled, <a href='#Page_39'><b>39</b></a></span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Pennsylvania, dispute with Virginia settled, <a href='#Page_40'><b>40</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Pennsylvania and Ohio R. R. Co. incorporated, <a href='#Page_48'><b>48</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Pennsylvania Canal, proposed, <a href='#Page_47'><b>47</b></a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">construction authorized, <a href='#Page_47'><b>47</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">canal completed, <a href='#Page_48'><b>48</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">termini of, <a href='#Page_48'><b>48</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">portage railroad, <a href='#Page_48'><b>48</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">cost, <a href='#Page_48'><b>48</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sold to Pennsylvania Railroad Company, <a href='#Page_48'><b>48</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">abandoned, <a href='#Page_49'><b>49</b></a></span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Pennsylvania College for Women, <a href='#Page_102'><b>102</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Pennsylvania Railroad Company, <a href='#Page_48'><b>48</b></a>, <a href='#Page_49'><b>49</b></a>, <a href='#Page_60'><b>60</b></a>, <a href='#Page_81'><b>81</b></a>, <a href='#Page_85'><b>85</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Pennsylvania, Western University of. See University of Pittsburgh</p>
+
+<p>Pettigrew, Samuel, Mayor, <a href='#Page_51'><b>51</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Phipps Conservatory, <a href='#Page_102'><b>102</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Phipps, Henry, <a href='#Page_85'><b>85</b></a>, <a href='#Page_102'><b>102</b></a>, <a href='#Page_106'><b>106</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Pier, Arthur Stanwood, <a href='#Page_118'><b>118</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Pinkerton, Robert A., <a href='#Page_76'><b>76</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Pitcairn, Robert, <a href='#Page_94'><b>94</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Pitt annexed to Pittsburgh, <a href='#Page_52'><b>52</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Pitt, Fort, building of first fort, <a href='#Page_30'><b>30</b></a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">building of second fort, <a href='#Page_31'><b>31</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">abandoned, <a href='#Page_36'><b>36</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">mutiny at, <a href='#Page_39'><b>39</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">General William Irvine put in command, <a href='#Page_39'><b>39</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">first court held, <a href='#Page_40'><b>40</b></a></span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Pitt, William, Earl of Chatham, <a href='#Page_25'><b>25</b></a>, <a href='#Page_29'><b>29</b></a>, <a href='#Page_37'><b>37</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Pittsburgh, site selected for fort, <a href='#Page_13'><b>13</b></a>, <a href='#Page_14'><b>14</b></a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">site claimed by Virginia, <a href='#Page_14'><b>14</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">said to have been named by Washington, <a href='#Page_14'><b>14</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">French attempt to make settlement, <a href='#Page_16'><b>16</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">explored by Louis Celeron, <a href='#Page_16'><b>16</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Washington's first impressions of, <a href='#Page_17'><b>17</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">first permanent white settlement, <a href='#Page_20'><b>20</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">captured by Contrec&oelig;ur, <a href='#Page_20'><b>20</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">named Fort Duquesne, <a href='#Page_20'><b>20</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">captured from French by English, <a href='#Page_29'><b>29</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">name changed to Pittsburgh, <a href='#Page_29'><b>29</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">first Fort Pitt built, <a href='#Page_30'><b>30</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">second Fort Pitt built, <a href='#Page_31'><b>31</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">attacked by Indians under Simon Ecuyer, <a href='#Page_35'><b>35</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">land ceded to Colonies by Indians,<a href='#Page_35'><b>35</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">land office opened, <a href='#Page_35'><b>35</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">made county seat, <a href='#Page_40'><b>40</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">first court held, <a href='#Page_40'><b>40</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ducking-stool erected, <a href='#Page_40'><b>40</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">size of in 1786, <a href='#Page_40'><b>40</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">mail route to Philadelphia established, <a href='#Page_40'><b>40</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">new fort built and named Fort Lafayette, <a href='#Page_42'><b>42</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">town laid out, <a href='#Page_50'><b>50</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">incorporated as a borough, <a href='#Page_50'><b>50</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">chartered as a city, <a href='#Page_50'><b>50</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">new charter adopted in 1887, <a href='#Page_50'><b>50</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Ripper" charter adopted, <a href='#Page_50'><b>50</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">list of mayors, <a href='#Page_51'><b>51</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">first Republican Convention, <a href='#Page_53'><b>53</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">distinguished visitors, <a href='#Page_58'><b>58</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">great fire, <a href='#Page_58'><b>58</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">railroad riots, <a href='#Page_59'><b>59</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">consolidation of Pittsburgh and Allegheny, <a href='#Page_52'><b>52</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">present population, <a href='#Page_79'><b>79</b></a>, <a href='#Page_81'><b>81</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">tonnage compared with other cities, <a href='#Page_82'><b>82</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">surrounded by rich coal and gas fields, <a href='#Page_83'><b>83</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">imports in 1907, <a href='#Page_83'><b>83</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">manufacture of iron begun, <a href='#Page_83'><b>83</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iron and steel statistics, <a href='#Page_83'><b>83</b></a>, <a href='#Page_84'><b>84</b></a>, <a href='#Page_86'><b>86</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">value of various products, <a href='#Page_84'><b>84</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">first glass works built, <a href='#Page_84'><b>84</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">rank as a glass-producing center, <a href='#Page_84'><b>84</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as a banking center, <a href='#Page_85'><b>85</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">tax valuation of property, <a href='#Page_86'><b>86</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">public buildings, <a href='#Page_103'><b>103</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">hospitals, <a href='#Page_103'><b>103</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">charitable institutions, <a href='#Page_103'><b>103</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">water supply, <a href='#Page_105'><b>105</b></a></span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Pittsburgh Academy, <a href='#Page_41'><b>41</b></a>, <a href='#Page_98'><b>98</b></a>, <a href='#Page_102'><b>102</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Pittsburgh and Connellsville Railroad, <a href='#Page_49'><b>49</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Canal, <a href='#Page_81'><b>81</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad, <a href='#Page_49'><b>49</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago &amp; St. Louis Railroad, <a href='#Page_49'><b>49</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Pittsburgh Country Club, <a href='#Page_90'><b>90</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne &amp; Chicago Railroad, <a href='#Page_49'><b>49</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Pittsburgh Harbor, <a href='#Page_82'><b>82</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Pittsburgh Orchestra, <a href='#Page_94'><b>94</b></a>, <a href='#Page_106'><b>106</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Pittsburgh riots, <a href='#Page_59'><b>59</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Pittsburgh, University of, <a href='#Page_41'><b>41</b></a>, <a href='#Page_98'><b>98</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Plimpton, Thomas B., <a href='#Page_118'><b>118</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Pontiac plans attack on whites, <a href='#Page_34'><b>34</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Poole, Eugene A., <a href='#Page_108'><b>108</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Poorten-Schwartz, Joost Marius Willem van der ("Maarten Maartens"), <a href='#Page_96'><b>96</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Preece, Sir William Henry, <a href='#Page_96'><b>96</b></a><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+
+<p>Quebec, fall of, <a href='#Page_31'><b>31</b></a><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+
+<p>Realf, Richard, <a href='#Page_117'><b>117</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Rebellion, War of, <a href='#Page_53'><b>53</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Reed, James H., <a href='#Page_94'><b>94</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Reese, Cara, <a href='#Page_118'><b>118</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Reformed Presbyterian Theological Seminary, <a href='#Page_102'><b>102</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Reid, Whitelaw, <a href='#Page_95'><b>95</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Reinhart, Charles Stanley, <a href='#Page_106'><b>106</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Republican Association, <a href='#Page_54'><b>54</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Republican Party, founding of, <a href='#Page_52'><b>52</b></a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">first Convention, <a href='#Page_55'><b>55</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">first candidates, <a href='#Page_57'><b>57</b></a></span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Rh&#375;s, John, <a href='#Page_96'><b>96</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Richardson, H. H., <a href='#Page_103'><b>103</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Riddle, Robert M., Mayor, <a href='#Page_51'><b>51</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Rinehart, Mary Roberts, <a href='#Page_114'><b>114</b></a></p>
+
+<p>"Ripper" charter, <a href='#Page_50'><b>50</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Riverview Park, <a href='#Page_90'><b>90</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Roberts, E. S., <a href='#Page_96'><b>96</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Roberts, Thomas P., <a href='#Page_121'><b>121</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Robertson, William, <a href='#Page_96'><b>96</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Ross, John, <a href='#Page_96'><b>96</b></a><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+
+<p>St. Clair, General Arthur, sent against Indians, <a href='#Page_42'><b>42</b></a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">defeated, <a href='#Page_42'><b>42</b></a></span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Sassoonan, <a href='#Page_16'><b>16</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Sawyer, B. C., Mayor, <a href='#Page_51'><b>51</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Schaper, Fritz, <a href='#Page_96'><b>96</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Schenley, Mrs. Mary, <a href='#Page_106'><b>106</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Schenley Park, <a href='#Page_90'><b>90</b></a>, <a href='#Page_91'><b>91</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Scott, Walter, <a href='#Page_116'><b>116</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Seibel, George, <a href='#Page_114'><b>114</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Semple, Samuel, <a href='#Page_35'><b>35</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Seward, William H., Secretary of State, visits Pittsburgh, <a href='#Page_58'><b>58</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Sheedy, Morgan M., <a href='#Page_116'><b>116</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Shiras, Charles R., <a href='#Page_114'><b>114</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Singer, William H., <a href='#Page_108'><b>108</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Siviter, Anna Pierpont, <a href='#Page_121'><b>121</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Slavery, introduction into<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">United States, <a href='#Page_53'><b>53</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">abolished, <a href='#Page_53'><b>53</b></a></span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Sloane, William H., <a href='#Page_110'><b>110</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Smith, Lee S., <a href='#Page_117'><b>117</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Snowden, John M., Mayor, <a href='#Page_51'><b>51</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Stanwix, General, builds new Fort Pitt, <a href='#Page_31'><b>31</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Stead, William T., <a href='#Page_107'><b>107</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Stuart-Mitchell School, <a href='#Page_102'><b>102</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Swank, James M., <a href='#Page_117'><b>117</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Swinderen, R. de Marees van, <a href='#Page_96'><b>96</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Swisshelm, Jane Grey, <a href='#Page_121'><b>121</b></a><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+
+<p>Tanner, Henry O., <a href='#Page_108'><b>108</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Tassey, John, <a href='#Page_121'><b>121</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Taylor, President, visits Pittsburgh, <a href='#Page_58'><b>58</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Thaw, William, <a href='#Page_106'><b>106</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Thomson, James, Mayor, <a href='#Page_51'><b>51</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Thurmston, Cora, <a href='#Page_121'><b>121</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Thurston School, <a href='#Page_102'><b>102</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Ticonderoga, capture of, <a href='#Page_28'><b>28</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Trent, Captain William, established first permanent white settlement in Pittsburgh, <a href='#Page_20'><b>20</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Truax, Sarah, <a href='#Page_114'><b>114</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Turtle Creek, <a href='#Page_19'><b>19</b></a><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+
+<p>Uniontown, fort at, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></p>
+
+<p>United States Steel Corporation, <a href='#Page_85'><b>85</b></a></p>
+
+<p>University of Pittsburgh, <a href='#Page_41'><b>41</b></a>, <a href='#Page_98'><b>98</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Ursuline Young Ladies' Academy, <a href='#Page_102'><b>102</b></a><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+
+<p>Van Noppen, L. C., <a href='#Page_120'><b>120</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Venango, <a href='#Page_18'><b>18</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Verder, Emily E., <a href='#Page_121'><b>121</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Virginia, claims site of Pittsburgh, <a href='#Page_14'><b>14</b></a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sends Washington to retake Fort Duquesne, <a href='#Page_20'><b>20</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">dispute with Pennsylvania settled, <a href='#Page_40'><b>40</b></a></span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Volz, Ferdinand E., Mayor, <a href='#Page_51'><b>51</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Vondel, <a href='#Page_120'><b>120</b></a><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+
+<p>Wabash R. R. Co., <a href='#Page_49'><b>49</b></a>, <a href='#Page_74'><b>74</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Wade, Annie, <a href='#Page_121'><b>121</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Wales, Prince of, visits Pittsburgh, <a href='#Page_58'><b>58</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Wall, A. Bryan, <a href='#Page_108'><b>108</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Wall, Albert S., <a href='#Page_108'><b>108</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Washington, George, the first Pittsburgher, <a href='#Page_13'><b>13</b></a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">first visits Pittsburgh, <a href='#Page_13'><b>13</b></a>, <a href='#Page_17'><b>17</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his visits to Pittsburgh, <a href='#Page_13'><b>13</b></a>, <a href='#Page_14'><b>14</b></a>, <a href='#Page_17'><b>17</b></a>, <a href='#Page_35'><b>35</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">said to have named Pittsburgh, <a href='#Page_14'><b>14</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">first impressions of site of Pittsburgh, <a href='#Page_17'><b>17</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">hardships of journey to Fort Leboeuff, <a href='#Page_17'><b>17</b></a>, <a href='#Page_18'><b>18</b></a>, <a href='#Page_19'><b>19</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">shot at by his Indian guide, <a href='#Page_19'><b>19</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">saved from drowning by&nbsp; Gist, <a href='#Page_19'><b>19</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sent to retake Fort Duquesne, <a href='#Page_20'><b>20</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">directs the retreat of Braddock's army, <a href='#Page_24'><b>24</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">commands militia at Fort Duquesne, <a href='#Page_28'><b>28</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">last visit to Pittsburgh, <a href='#Page_35'><b>35</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">warns General St. Clair against Indians, <a href='#Page_42'><b>42</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sends army to suppress whisky insurrection, <a href='#Page_44'><b>44</b></a></span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Wayne, Fort, built by General Wayne, <a href='#Page_42'><b>42</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Wayne, General Anthony, sent against Indians, <a href='#Page_42'><b>42</b></a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">builds Fort Defiance and Fort Wayne, <a href='#Page_42'><b>42</b></a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">defeats Indians,&nbsp; <a href='#Page_42'><b>42</b></a></span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Weaver, Henry A., Mayor, <a href='#Page_51'><b>51</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Webster, Daniel, visits Pittsburgh, <a href='#Page_58'><b>58</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Weeks, Joseph D., <a href='#Page_117'><b>117</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Welles, Gideon, Secretary of  Navy, visits Pittsburgh, <a href='#Page_58'><b>58</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Western Theological Seminary, <a href='#Page_102'><b>102</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Western University of Pennsylvania. See University of Pittsburgh</p>
+
+<p>Westinghouse Company, <a href='#Page_85'><b>85</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Westinghouse, George, <a href='#Page_85'><b>85</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Whisky insurrection, <a href='#Page_42'><b>42</b></a></p>
+
+<p>William II, Emperor of Germany, <a href='#Page_101'><b>101</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Wilson, Erasmus, <a href='#Page_113'><b>113</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Wilson, George, Mayor, <a href='#Page_51'><b>51</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Wolfe, death of, <a href='#Page_31'><b>31</b></a></p>
+
+<p>Woodwell, Joseph R., <a href='#Page_108'><b>108</b></a><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+
+<p>Zo&ouml;logical garden, <a href='#Page_102'><b>102</b></a><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Transcribers_notes" id="Transcribers_notes"></a>Transcriber's notes:</h2>
+
+
+<p>Page 30 (026.png) - Left spelling of Missisippi as is in quoted letter</p>
+
+<p>Index (124.png) - Corrected spelling of Breckinridge, John C. to match correct spelling as in text (based on Internet search)</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
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+Project Gutenberg's A Short History of Pittsburgh, by Samuel Harden Church
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: A Short History of Pittsburgh
+
+Author: Samuel Harden Church
+
+Release Date: November 16, 2007 [EBook #23507]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bruce Thomas, Curtis Weyant and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by Case Western Reserve University Preservation Department
+Digital Library)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                            A SHORT HISTORY
+                                  OF
+                              PITTSBURGH
+                              1758-1908
+
+       [Illustration: George Washington, the first Pittsburgher]
+
+                            A SHORT HISTORY
+                                  OF
+                              PITTSBURGH
+                              1758-1908
+
+                                 BY
+                         SAMUEL HARDEN CHURCH
+
+                AUTHOR OF "OLIVER CROMWELL: A HISTORY,"
+           "PENRUDDOCK OF THE WHITE LAMBS," "JOHN MARMADUKE,"
+                        "BEOWULF: A POEM," ETC.
+
+                              PRINTED AT
+                          THE DE VINNE PRESS
+                              NEW YORK
+                                1908
+
+                         Copyright, 1908, by
+                         SAMUEL HARDEN CHURCH
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+             PAGE
+HISTORICAL     13
+
+INDUSTRIAL     79
+
+INTELLECTUAL   89
+
+INDEX         127
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+George Washington, the first Pittsburgher  _Frontispiece_
+                                                  PAGE
+William Pitt, Earl of Chatham                       26
+
+Plan of Fort Pitt                                   31
+
+Henry Bouquet                                       32
+
+Block House of Fort Pitt. Built in 1764             33
+
+Anthony Wayne                                       41
+
+Conestoga wagon                                     44
+
+Stage-coach                                         46
+
+Over the mountains in 1839; canal boat being
+  hauled over the portage road                      47
+
+View of Old Pittsburgh, 1817                        50
+
+Pittsburgh, showing the junction of the
+  Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers                  80
+
+The Pittsburgh Country Club                         88
+
+Panther Hollow Bridge, Schenley Park                93
+
+Entrance to Highland Park                           97
+
+The Carnegie Institute                             101
+
+Court-house                                        104
+
+Zooelogical Garden in Highland Park                 107
+
+Carnegie Technical Schools (uncompleted)           111
+
+Margaret Morrison Carnegie School for Women        115
+
+Design of University of Pittsburgh                 119
+
+Allegheny Observatory, University of Pittsburgh    123
+
+Phipps Conservatory, Schenley Park                 125
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+Some ten years ago I contributed to a book on "Historic Towns,"
+published by G. P. Putnam's Sons, of New York and London, a brief
+historical sketch of Pittsburgh. The approach of the one hundred and
+fiftieth anniversary of the founding of Pittsburgh, and the elaborate
+celebrations planned in connection therewith, led to many requests that
+I would reprint the sketch in its own covers as a souvenir of the
+occasion. Finding it quite inadequate for permanent preservation in its
+original form, I have, after much research and painstaking labor,
+rewritten the entire work, adding many new materials, and making of it
+what I believe to be a complete, though a short, history of our city.
+The story has developed itself into three natural divisions: historical,
+industrial, and intellectual, and the record will show that under either
+one of these titles Pittsburgh is a notable, and under all of them, an
+imperial, city.
+
+S. H. C.
+
+Lake Placid Club,
+  Adirondack Mountains,
+    August 25, 1908.
+
+
+A SHORT HISTORY
+OF
+PITTSBURGH
+1758-1908
+
+
+
+
+A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH
+
+
+
+
+HISTORICAL
+
+
+I
+
+George Washington, the Father of his Country, is equally the Father of
+Pittsburgh, for he came thither in November, 1753, and established the
+location of the now imperial city by choosing it as the best place for a
+fort. Washington was then twenty-one years old. He had by that time
+written his precocious one hundred and ten maxims of civility and good
+behavior; had declined to be a midshipman in the British navy; had made
+his only sea-voyage to Barbados; had surveyed the estates of Lord
+Fairfax, going for months into the forest without fear of savage Indians
+or wild beasts; and was now a major of Virginia militia. In pursuance of
+the claim of Virginia that she owned that part of Pennsylvania in which
+Pittsburgh is situated, Washington came there as the agent of Governor
+Dinwiddie to treat with the Indians. With an eye alert for the dangers
+of the wilderness, and with Christopher Gist beside him, the young
+Virginian pushed his cautious way to "The Point" of land where the
+confluence of the Monongahela and Allegheny rivers forms the Ohio. That,
+he declared, with clear military instinct, was the best site for a fort;
+and he rejected the promontory two miles below, which the Indians had
+recommended for that purpose. Washington made six visits to the vicinity
+of Pittsburgh, all before his presidency, and on three of them (1753,
+1758, and 1770), he entered the limits of the present city. At the time
+of despatching the army to suppress the whisky insurrection, while he
+was President, in 1794, he came toward Pittsburgh as far as Bedford, and
+then, after planning the march, returned to Philadelphia. His contact
+with the place was, therefore, frequent, and his information always very
+complete. There is a tradition, none the less popular because it cannot
+be proved, which ascribes to Washington the credit of having suggested
+the name of Pittsburgh to General Forbes when the place was captured
+from the French. However this may be, we do know that Washington was
+certainly present when the English flag was hoisted and the city named
+Pittsburgh, on Sunday, November 26, 1758. And at that moment Pittsburgh
+became a chief bulwark of the British Empire in America.
+
+
+II
+
+As early as 1728, a daring hunter or trader found the Indians at the
+head waters of the Ohio,--among them the Delawares, Shawanese, Mohicans,
+and Iroquois,--whither they tracked the bear from their village of
+Logstown, seventeen miles down the river. They also employed the country
+roundabout as a highway for their march to battle against other tribes,
+and against each other. At that time France and England were disputing
+for the new continent. France, by right of her discovery of the
+Mississippi, claimed all lands drained by that river and its
+tributaries, a contention which would naturally plant her banner upon
+the summit of the Alleghany Mountains. England, on the other hand,
+claimed everything from ocean shore to ocean shore. This situation
+produced war, and Pittsburgh became the strategic key of the great
+Middle West. The French made early endeavors to win the allegiance of
+the Indians, and felt encouraged to press their friendly overtures
+because they usually came among the red men for trading or exploration,
+while the English invariably seized and occupied their lands. In 1731
+some French settlers did attempt to build a group of houses at
+Pittsburgh, but the Indians compelled them to go away. The next year the
+governor of Pennsylvania summoned two Indian chiefs from Pittsburgh to
+say why they had been going to see the French governor at Montreal; and
+they gave answer that he had sent for them only to express the hope that
+both English and French traders might meet at Pittsburgh and carry on
+trade amicably. The governor of Pennsylvania sought to induce the tribes
+to draw themselves farther east, where they might be made to feel the
+hand of authority, but Sassoonan, their chief, forbade them to stir. An
+Iroquois chief who joined his entreaties to those of the governor was
+soon afterward killed by some Shawanese braves, but they were forced to
+flee into Virginia to escape the vengeance of his tribe.
+
+Louis Celeron, a French officer, made an exploration of the country
+contiguous to Pittsburgh in 1747, and formally enjoined the governor of
+Pennsylvania not to occupy the ground, as France claimed its
+sovereignty. A year later the Ohio Company was formed, with a charter
+ceding an immense tract of land for sale and development, including
+Pittsburgh. This corporation built some storehouses at Logstown to
+facilitate their trade with the Indians, which were captured by the
+French, together with skins and commodities valued at 20,000 francs; and
+the purposes of the company were never accomplished.
+
+
+III
+
+Washington's first visit to Pittsburgh occurred in November, 1753, while
+he was on his way to the French fort at Leboeuff. He was carrying a
+letter from the Ohio Company to Contrecoeur, protesting against the
+plans of the French commander in undertaking to establish a line of
+forts to reach from Lake Erie to the mouth of the Ohio River. The winter
+season was becoming very severe, in despite of which Washington and Gist
+were forced to swim with their horses across the Allegheny River. On the
+way they fell in with a friendly Indian, Keyashuta, a Seneca chief, who
+showed them much kindness, and for whom a suburban town, Guyasuta, is
+named.
+
+Washington, in writing of his first sight of the forks of the river,
+says:
+
+     As I got down before the canoe, I spent some time in viewing the
+     rivers and the land at the fork, which I think extremely well
+     situated for a fort, as it has the absolute command of both rivers.
+     The land at the point is twenty-five feet above the common surface
+     of the water, and a considerable bottom of flat, well-timbered land
+     all around it very convenient for building. The rivers are each a
+     quarter of a mile across and run here very nearly at right angles,
+     the Allegheny being northeast and the Monongahela southeast. The
+     former of these two is a very rapid and swift-running water, the
+     other deep and still without any perceptible fall. About two miles
+     from this on the southeast side of the river at a place where the
+     Ohio Company intended to erect a fort, lives Shingiss, King of the
+     Delawares. We called upon him to invite him to a council at
+     Logstown. As I had taken a good deal of notice yesterday at the
+     fork, my curiosity led me to examine this more particularly and I
+     think it greatly inferior either for defense or advantages,
+     especially the latter. For a fort at the fork would be equally well
+     situated on the Ohio and have the entire command of the
+     Monongahela, which runs up our settlement and is extremely well
+     designed for water carriage, as it is of a deep, still nature.
+     Besides, a fort at the fork might be built at much less expense
+     than at the other place.
+
+Leaving Pittsburgh, Washington and Gist proceeded in a northeasterly
+direction, and after a day's journey they came upon an Indian
+settlement, and were constrained by the tribe to remain there for three
+days. A group of these Indians accompanied the two travelers to the
+French fort, and on the journey a large number of bear and deer were
+killed. At Leboeuff Washington received from the French commander a very
+satisfactory reply. On the trip back the two pioneers encountered almost
+insupportable hardships. Lacking proper food, their horses died, so that
+they were forced to push forward in canoes, often finding it necessary,
+when the creeks were frozen, to carry their craft for long stretches
+overland. When Venango was reached, Washington, whose clothes were now
+in tatters, procured an Indian costume, and he and Gist continued their
+way on foot, accompanied by an Indian guide. At this point an
+illustrious career was put in deadly peril, for on the second day of his
+escort, the treacherous guide deliberately fired his gun at Washington
+when standing only a few feet away from him. Bad marksmanship saved the
+intended victim, and Gist started to kill the Indian on the spot; but
+Washington, patient then as always, sent the savage away, giving him
+provisions to last until he could reach his tribe. But an apprehension
+of further trouble from the friends of the discomfited guide impelled
+the two men to travel all that night and the next day, although
+Washington was suffering acute agony from his frosted feet. While
+recrossing the Allegheny River on a rude raft, Washington fell into the
+icy waters and was saved by Gist from drowning only after the greatest
+efforts had been employed to rescue him. Reaching Herr's Island (within
+the present city limits), they built a fire and camped there for the
+night, but in the morning Gist's hands were frozen. The bitter cold had
+now solidified the river and the two wanderers passed over it on foot.
+By noon they had reached the home of John Frazier, at Turtle Creek,
+where they were given clothes and fresh supplies. The journey was
+completed in three more days, and on receiving the reply of
+Contrecoeur, the English began their preparations for sending troops
+to Pittsburgh.
+
+
+IV
+
+As soon as Washington's advice as to the location of the fort was
+received, Captain William Trent was despatched to Pittsburgh with a
+force of soldiers and workmen, packhorses, and materials, and he began
+in all haste to erect a stronghold. The French had already built forts
+on the northern lakes, and they now sent Captain Contrecoeur down the
+Allegheny with one thousand French, Canadians, and Indians, and eighteen
+pieces of cannon, in a flotilla of sixty bateaux and three hundred
+canoes. Trent had planted himself in Pittsburgh on February 17, 1754, a
+date important because it marks the first permanent white settlement
+there. But his work had been retarded alike by the small number of his
+men and the severity of the winter; and when Contrecoeur arrived in
+April, the young subaltern who commanded in Trent's absence surrendered
+the unfinished works, and was permitted to march away with his
+thirty-three men. The French completed the fort and named it Duquesne,
+in honor of the governor of Canada; and they held possession of it for
+four years.
+
+Immediately on the loss of this fort, Virginia sent a force under
+Washington to retake it. Washington surprised a French detachment near
+Great Meadows, and killed their commander, Jumonville. When a larger
+expedition came against him, he put up a stockade near the site of
+Uniontown, naming it Fort Necessity, which he was compelled to yield on
+terms permitting him to march away with the honors of war.
+
+
+V
+
+The next year (1755) General Edward Braddock came over with two
+regiments of British soldiers, and after augmenting his force with
+Colonial troops and a few Indians, began his fatal march upon Fort
+Duquesne. Braddock's testy disposition, his consuming egotism, his
+contempt for the Colonial soldiers, and his stubborn adherence to
+military maxims that were inapplicable to the warfare of the wilderness,
+alienated the respect and confidence of the American contingent, robbed
+him of an easy victory, and cost him his life. Benjamin Franklin had
+warned him against the imminent risk of Indian ambuscades, but he had
+contemptuously replied: "These savages may indeed be a formidable enemy
+to your raw American militia; but upon the king's regular and
+disciplined troops, sir, it is impossible they should make any
+impression." Some of his English staff-officers urged him to send the
+rangers in advance and to deploy his Indians as scouts, but he rejected
+their prudent suggestions with a sneer. On July 9 his army, comprising
+twenty-two hundred soldiers and one hundred and fifty Indians, was
+marching down the south bank of the Monongahela. The variant color and
+fashion of the expedition,--the red-coated regulars, the blue-coated
+Americans, the naval detachment, the rangers in deerskin shirts and
+leggins, the savages half-naked and befeathered, the glint of sword and
+gun in the hot daylight, the long wagon train, the lumbering cannon, the
+drove of bullocks, the royal banner and the Colonial gonfalon,--the pomp
+and puissance of it all composed a spectacle of martial splendor unseen
+in that country before. On the right was the tranquil river, and on the
+left the trackless wilderness whence the startled deer sprang into a
+deeper solitude. At noon the expedition crossed the river and pressed on
+toward Fort Duquesne, eight miles below, expectant of victory. What need
+to send out scouts when the king's troops are here? Let young George
+Washington and the rest urge it all they may; the thing is beneath the
+dignity of his majesty's general.
+
+Meanwhile, all was not tranquil at the French fort. Surrender was talked
+of, but Captain Beaujeu determined to lead a force out to meet the
+approaching army. Taking with him a total effective of thirty-six
+officers and cadets, seventy-two regular soldiers, one hundred and
+forty-six Canadians, and about six hundred Indian warriors, a command
+less than half the number of the enemy, he sallied out to meet him. How
+insignificant were the armed forces with which the two empires were now
+challenging each other for the splendid prize of a new world! Beaujeu,
+gaily clad in a fringed hunting dress, intrepidly pressed on until he
+came in sight of the English invaders. As soon as the alert French
+commander felt the hot breath of his foe he waved his hat and his
+faithful followers disappeared behind rocks and trees as if the very
+earth had swallowed them.
+
+The unsuspecting English came on. But here, when they have crossed, is a
+level plain, elevated but a few feet above the surface of the river,
+extending nearly half a mile landwards, and then gradually ascending
+into thickly wooded hills, with Fort Duquesne beyond. The troops in
+front had crossed the plain and plunged into the road through the forest
+for a hundred feet when a heavy discharge of musketry and arrows was
+poured upon them, which wrought in them a consternation all the greater
+because they could see no foe anywhere. They shot at random, and not
+without effect, for when Beaujeu fell the Canadians began to flee and
+the Indians quailed in their covers before the cannon fire of the
+English. But the French fighters were rallied back to their hidden
+recesses, and they now kept up an incessant and destructive fire. In
+this distressing situation the English fell back into the plain.
+Braddock rode in among them, and he and his officers persistently
+endeavored to rally them, but without success. The Colonial troops
+adopted the Indian method, and each man fought for himself behind a
+tree. This was forbidden by Braddock, who attempted to form his men in
+platoons and columns, making their slaughter inevitable. The French and
+Indians, concealed in the ravines and behind trees, kept up a cruel and
+deadly fire, until the British soldiers lost all presence of mind and
+began to shoot each other and their own officers, and hundreds were thus
+slain. The Virginia companies charged gallantly up a hill with a loss of
+but three men, but when they reached the summit the British soldiery,
+mistaking them for the enemy, fired upon them, killing fifty out of
+eighty men. The Colonial troops then resumed the Indian fashion of
+fighting from behind trees, which provoked Braddock, who had had five
+horses killed under him in three hours, to storm at them and strike them
+with his sword. At this moment he was fatally wounded, and many of his
+men now fled away from the hopeless action, not waiting to hear their
+general's fainting order to retreat. Washington had had two horses
+killed and received three bullets through his coat. Being the only
+mounted officer who was not disabled, he drew up the troops still on the
+field, directed their retreat, maintaining himself at the rear with
+great coolness and courage, and brought away his wounded general.
+Sixty-four British and American officers, and nearly one thousand
+privates, were killed or wounded in this battle, while the total French
+and Indian loss was not over sixty. A few prisoners captured by the
+Indians were brought to Pittsburgh and burnt at the stake. Four days
+after the fight Braddock died, exclaiming to the last, "Who would have
+thought it!"
+
+
+VI
+
+Despondency seized the English settlers after Braddock's defeat. But two
+years afterward William Pitt became prime minister, and he thrilled the
+nation with his appeal to protect the Colonies against France and the
+savages.
+
+[Illustration: William Pitt, Earl of Chatham]
+
+William Pitt, the great Earl of Chatham, the man for whom our city is
+named, was one of the most indomitable characters in the statesmanship
+of modern times. Born in November, 1708, he was educated at Eton and at
+Oxford, then traveled in France and Italy, and was elected to Parliament
+when twenty-seven years old. His early addresses were not models either
+of force or logic, but the fluent speech and many personal attractions
+of the young orator instantly caught the attention of the people, who
+always listened to him with favor; and it was not long before his
+constant participation in public affairs developed the splendid talents
+which he possessed. Wayward and affected in little things, Pitt attacked
+the great problems of government with the bold confidence of a master
+spirit, impressing the clear genius of his leadership upon the yearning
+heart of England in every emergency of peace or war. Too great to be
+consistent, he never hesitated to change his tactics or his opinion when
+the occasion developed the utility of another course. Ordinary men have
+been more faithful to asserted principles, but no statesman more
+frequently departed from asserted principles to secure achievements
+which redounded to the honor of the nation. During the thirty years in
+which Pitt exercised the magic spell of his eloquence and power over the
+English Parliament, the stakes for which he contended against the world
+were no less than the dominion of North America and of India. In the
+pursuit of these policies he fought Spain and subdued her armies. He
+subsidized the king of Prussia to his interests. He destroyed the navy
+of France and wrested from her the larger part of her possessions beyond
+sea. Having always a clear conception of the remotest aim of national
+aspiration, he was content to leave the designing of operations in
+detail to the humbler servants of the government, reserving to himself
+the mighty concentration of his powers upon the general purpose for
+which the nation was striving. The king trusted him, the Commons obeyed
+him, the people adored him and called him the Great Commoner. He was
+wise, brave, sincere, tolerant, and humane; and no man could more
+deserve the honor of having named for him a city which was destined to
+become rich and famous, keeping his memory in more enduring fame than
+bronze or marble.
+
+
+VII
+
+Pitt's letters inspired the Americans with new hope, and he promised to
+send them British troops and to supply their own militia with arms,
+ammunition, tents, and provisions at the king's charge. He sent twelve
+thousand soldiers from England, which were joined to a Colonial force
+aggregating fifty thousand men, the most formidable army yet seen in the
+new world. The plan of campaign embraced three expeditions: the first
+against Louisburg, in the island of Cape Breton, which was successful;
+the second against Ticonderoga, which succeeded after a defeat; and the
+third against Fort Duquesne. General Forbes, born at Dunfermline (whence
+have come others to Pittsburgh), commanded this expedition, comprising
+about seven thousand men. The militia from Virginia, North Carolina, and
+Maryland was led by Washington, whose independent spirit led the testy
+Scotchman, made irritable by a malady which was soon to cause his death,
+to declare that Washington's "behavior about the roads was no ways like
+a soldier." But we cannot believe that the young Virginian was moved by
+any motive but the public good. On September 12, 1758, Major Grant, a
+Highlander, led an advance guard of eight hundred and fifty men to a
+point one mile from the fort, which is still called Grant's Hill, on
+which the court-house now stands, where he rashly permitted himself to
+be surrounded and attacked by the French and Indians, half his force
+being killed or wounded, and himself slain. Washington followed soon
+after, and opened a road for the advance of the main body under Forbes.
+Fort Frontenac, on Lake Ontario, had just been taken by General
+Amherst, with the result that supplies for Fort Duquesne were cut off.
+When, therefore, Captain Ligneris, the French commandant, learned of the
+advance of a superior force, having no hope of reinforcements, he blew
+up the fort, set fire to the adjacent buildings, and drew his garrison
+away.
+
+On Saturday, November 25, 1758, amidst a fierce snowstorm, the English
+took possession of the place, and Colonel Armstrong, in the presence of
+Forbes and Washington, hauled up the puissant banner of Great Britain,
+while cannons boomed and the exulting victors cheered. On the next day,
+General Forbes wrote to Governor Denny from "Fort Duquesne, now
+Pittsburgh,[A] the 26th of November, 1758," and this was the first use
+of that name. On this same Sunday the Rev. Mr. Beatty, a Presbyterian
+chaplain, preached a sermon in thanksgiving for the superiority of
+British arms,--the first Protestant service in Pittsburgh. The French
+had had a Roman Catholic chaplain, Father Baron, during their occupancy.
+On the next day Forbes wrote to Pitt with a vision of prophecy as
+follows:
+
+     PITTSBOURGH, 27th Novem'r, 1758.
+
+     _Sir_,
+
+     I do myself the Honour of acquainting you that it has pleased God
+     to crown His Majesty's Arms with Success over all His Enemies upon
+     the Ohio, by my having obliged the enemy to burn and abandon Fort
+     Du Quesne, which they effectuated on the 25th:, and of which I
+     took possession next day, the Enemy having made their Escape down
+     the River towards the Missisippi in their Boats, being abandoned
+     by their Indians, whom I had previously engaged to leave them, and
+     who now seem all willing and ready to implore His Majesty's most
+     Gracious Protection. So give me leave to congratulate you upon this
+     great Event, of having totally expelled the French from this
+     prodigious tract of Country, and of having reconciled the various
+     tribes of Indians inhabiting it to His Majesty's Government.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+     I have used the freedom of giving your name to Fort Du Quesne, as I
+     hope it was in some measure the being actuated by your spirits that
+     now makes us Masters of the place.... These dreary deserts will
+     soon be the richest and most fertile of any possest by the British
+     in No. America. I have the honour to be with great regard and
+     Esteem Sir,
+
+     Your most obed't. & most hum'le. serv't.
+
+     JO: FORBES.
+
+[Footnote A: Local controversialists should note that the man who named
+the city spelt it with the final h.]
+
+
+VIII
+
+As a place of urgent shelter the English proceeded to build a new fort
+about two hundred yards from the site of Fort Duquesne, which is
+traditionally known as the first Fort Pitt, and was probably so called
+by the garrison, although the letters written from there during the next
+few months refer to it as "the camp at Pittsburgh." This stronghold cut
+off French transportation to the Mississippi by way of the Ohio River,
+and the only remaining route, by way of the Great Lakes, was soon
+afterward closed by the fall of Fort Niagara. The fall of Quebec, with
+the death of the two opposing generals, Montcalm and Wolfe, and the
+capture of Montreal, ended the claims of France to sovereignty in the
+new world.
+
+[Illustration: Plan of Fort Pitt]
+
+The new fort being found too small, General Stanwix built a second Fort
+Pitt, much larger and stronger, designed for a garrison of one thousand
+men. The Indians viewed the new-comers with suspicion, but Colonel
+Henry Bouquet assured them, with diplomatic tergiversation, that, "We
+have not come here to take possession of your country in a hostile
+manner, as the French did when they came among you, but to open a
+large and extensive trade with you and all other nations of Indians to
+the westward." A redoubt (the "Blockhouse"), built by Colonel Bouquet in
+1764, still stands, in a very good state of preservation, being cared
+for by the Daughters of the American Revolution. The protection of the
+garrison naturally attracted a few traders, merchants, and pioneers to
+Pittsburgh, and a permanent population began to grow.
+
+[Illustration: Henry Bouquet]
+
+[Illustration: Block House of Fort Pitt. Built in 1764]
+
+But the indigenous race continued to resent the extension of white
+encroachment; and they formed a secret confederacy under Pontiac, the
+renowned Ottawa chief, who planned a simultaneous attack on all the
+white frontier posts. This uprising was attended by atrocious cruelties
+at many of the points attacked, but we may take note here of the
+movement only as it affected Pittsburgh. At the grand council held by
+the tribes, a bundle of sticks had been given to every tribe, each
+bundle containing as many sticks as there were days intervening before
+the deadly assault should begin. One stick was to be drawn from the
+bundle every day until but one remained, which was to signal the
+outbreak for that day. This was the best calendar the barbarian mind
+could devise. At Pittsburgh, a Delaware squaw who was friendly to the
+whites had stealthily taken out three of the sticks, thus precipitating
+the attack on Fort Pitt three days in advance of the time appointed.
+
+The last stick was reached on June 22, 1763, and the Delawares and
+Shawanese began the assault in the afternoon, under Simon Ecuyer. The
+people of Pittsburgh took shelter in the fort, and held out while
+waiting for reinforcements. Colonel Bouquet hurried forward a force of
+five hundred men, but they were intercepted at Bushy Run, where a bloody
+battle was fought. Bouquet had fifty men killed and sixty wounded, but
+inflicted a much greater loss on his savage foes and gained the fort,
+relieving the siege. As soon as Bouquet could recruit his command, he
+moved down the Ohio, attacked the Indians, liberated some of their
+prisoners, and taught the red men to respect the power that controlled
+at Pittsburgh.
+
+In 1768 the Indians ceded their lands about Pittsburgh to the Colonies,
+and civilization was then free to spread over them. In 1774 a land
+office was opened in Pittsburgh by Governor Dunmore, and land warrants
+were granted on payment of two shillings and six pence purchase money,
+at the rate of ten pounds per one hundred acres.
+
+
+IX
+
+Washington made his last visit to Pittsburgh in October, 1770, when, on
+his way to the Kanawha River, he stopped here for several days, and
+lodged with Samuel Semple, the first innkeeper, whose hostelry stood,
+and still stands, at the corner of Water and Ferry Streets. This house
+was later known as the Virginian Hotel, and for many years furnished
+entertainment to those early travelers. The building, erected in 1764 by
+Colonel George Morgan, is now nearly one hundred and forty years old,
+and is still devoted to public hospitality, but the character of its
+patronage has changed from George Washington to the deck roysterers who
+lodge there between their trips on the river packets. At the time of
+Washington's visit the lower story of the house was divided into three
+rooms, two facing on Ferry Street, and the third, a large room, on Water
+Street, and in this latter room was placed, in the year of Washington's
+stop there, the first billiard table ever brought to Pittsburgh. The
+mahogany steps from the first to the second floors, which were once the
+pride of the place, are still in the house.[B] According to Washington's
+journal, there were in Pittsburgh in 1770 twenty houses situated on
+Water Street, facing the Monongahela River. These were occupied by
+traders and their families. The population at that time is estimated at
+one hundred and twenty-six men, women, and children, besides a garrison
+consisting of two companies of British troops.
+
+[Footnote B: On going again to look at this house, which I have seen
+many times, I find that it was recently demolished to make room for
+railway improvements.]
+
+In October, 1772, Fort Pitt was ordered abandoned. The works about
+Pittsburgh, from first to last, had cost the British Crown some three
+hundred thousand dollars, but the salvage on the stone, brick, and iron
+of the existing redoubts amounted to only two hundred and fifty dollars.
+The Blockhouse was repaired and occupied for a time by Dr. John
+Connelly; and during the Revolution it was constantly used by our
+Colonial troops.
+
+
+X
+
+With the French out of the country, and with William Pitt out of office
+and incapacitated by age, the Colonies began to feel the oppression of a
+British policy which British statesmen and British historians to-day
+most bitterly condemn. America's opposition to tyranny found its natural
+expression in the Battle of Lexington, April 19, 1775. The fires of
+patriotism leapt through the continent and the little settlement at
+Pittsburgh was quickly aflame with the national spirit. On May 16th a
+convention was held at Pittsburgh, which resolved that
+
+     This committee have the highest sense of the spirited behavior of
+     their brethren in New England, and do most cordially approve of
+     their opposing the invaders of American rights and privileges to
+     the utmost extreme, and that each member of this committee,
+     respectively, will animate and encourage their neighborhood to
+     follow the brave example.
+
+No foreign soldiers were sent over the mountains to Pittsburgh, but a
+more merciless foe, who would attack and harass with remorseless
+cruelty, was impressed into the English service, despite the horrified
+protests of some of her wisest statesmen. American treaties with the
+Indians had no force against the allurements of foreign gold, and under
+this unholy alliance men were burnt at the stake, women were carried
+away, and cabins were destroyed.
+
+With the aim of regaining the friendship of the Indians, Congress
+appointed commissioners who met the tribes at Pittsburgh; and Colonel
+George Morgan, Indian agent, writes to John Hancock, November 8, 1776:
+
+     I have the happiness to inform you that the cloud that threatened
+     to break over us is likely to disperse. The Six Nations, with the
+     Muncies, Delawares, Shawanese, and Mohicans, who have been
+     assembled here with their principal chiefs and warriors to the
+     number of 644, have given the strongest assurance of their
+     determination to preserve inviolate the peace and neutrality with
+     the United States.
+
+These amicable expectations were not realized, and General Edward Hand
+came to Pittsburgh the next year and planned an expedition against the
+Indians. Colonel Broadhead took out Hand's expedition in the summer and
+burned the Indian towns.
+
+The depreciation of paper currency, or Continental money, had by this
+time brought the serious burden of high prices upon the people. The
+traders, who demanded apparently exorbitant rates for their goods, were
+denounced in public meetings at Pittsburgh as being "now commonly known
+by the disgraceful epithet of speculators, of more malignant natures
+than the savage Mingoes in the wilderness." This hardship grew in
+severity until the finances were put upon a more stable basis.
+
+In 1781, there was demoralization and mutiny at Fort Pitt, and General
+William Irvine was put in command. His firm hand soon restored the
+garrison to obedience. The close of the war with Great Britain in that
+year was celebrated by General Irvine by the issue of an order at the
+fort, November 6, 1781, requiring all, as a sailor would say, "to splice
+the mainbrace." This order read as follows:
+
+     The commissioners will issue a gill of whisky, extraordinary, to
+     the non-commissioned officers and privates, upon this joyful
+     occasion.
+
+The Penn family had purchased the Pittsburgh region from the Indians in
+1768, and they would offer none of it for sale until 1783. Up to this
+time they had held the charter to Pennsylvania; but as they had
+maintained a steadfast allegiance to the mother country, the general
+assembly annulled their title, except to allow them to retain the
+ownership of various manors throughout the State, embracing half a
+million acres.
+
+In order to relieve the people of Pittsburgh from going to Greensburg
+to the court-house in their sacred right of suing and being sued, the
+general assembly erected Allegheny County out of parts of Westmoreland
+and Washington Counties, September 24, 1788. This county originally
+comprised, in addition to its present limits, what are now Armstrong,
+Beaver, Butler, Crawford, Erie, Mercer, Venango, and Warren Counties.
+The Act required that the court-house and jail should be located in
+Allegheny (just across the river from Pittsburgh), but as there was no
+protection against Indians there, an amendment established Pittsburgh as
+the county seat. The first court was held at Fort Pitt; and the next day
+a ducking-stool was erected for the district, at "The Point" in the
+three rivers.
+
+In 1785, the dispute between Virginia and Pennsylvania for the
+possession of Pittsburgh was settled by the award of a joint commission
+in favor of Pennsylvania.
+
+A writer says that in 1786 Pittsburgh contained thirty-six log houses,
+one stone, and one frame house, and five small stores. Another records
+that the population "is almost entirely Scots and Irish, who live in log
+houses." A third says of these log houses: "Now and then one had assumed
+the appearance of neatness and comfort."
+
+The first newspaper, the Pittsburgh "Gazette," was established July 29,
+1786. A mail route to Philadelphia, by horseback, was adopted in the
+same year. On September 29, 1787, the Legislature granted a charter to
+the Pittsburgh Academy, a school that has grown steadily in usefulness
+and power as the Western University of Pennsylvania, and which has in
+this year (July 11, 1908) appropriately altered its name to University
+of Pittsburgh.
+
+[Illustration: Anthony Wayne]
+
+In 1791, the Indians became vindictive and dangerous, and General Arthur
+St. Clair, with a force of twenty-three hundred men, was sent down the
+river to punish them. Neglecting President Washington's imperative
+injunction to avoid a surprise, he led his command into an ambush and
+lost half of it in the most disastrous battle with the redskins since
+the time of Braddock. In the general alarm that ensued, Fort Pitt being
+in a state of decay, a new fort was built in Pittsburgh at Ninth and
+Tenth Streets and Penn Avenue,--a stronghold that included bastions,
+blockhouses, barracks, etc., and was named Fort Lafayette. General
+Anthony Wayne was then selected to command another expedition against
+the savages, and he arrived in Pittsburgh in June, 1792. After drilling
+his troops and making preparations for two years, in the course of which
+he erected several forts in the West, including Fort Defiance and Fort
+Wayne, he fought the Indians and crushed their strength and spirit. On
+his return a lasting peace was made with them, and there were no further
+raids about Pittsburgh.
+
+
+XI
+
+The whisky insurrection demands a brief reference. Whisky seems to be a
+steady concomitant of civilization. As soon as the white settlers had
+planted themselves securely at Pittsburgh, they made requisition on
+Philadelphia for six thousand kegs of flour and three thousand kegs of
+whisky--a disproportion as startling as Falstaff's intolerable deal of
+sack to one half-penny-worth of bread. Congress, in 1791, passed an
+excise law to assist in paying the war debt. The measure was very
+unpopular, and its operation was forcibly resisted, particularly in
+Pittsburgh, which was noted then, as now, for the quantity and quality
+of its whisky. There were distilleries on nearly every stream emptying
+into the Monongahela. The time and circumstances made the tax odious.
+The Revolutionary War had just closed, the pioneers were in the midst of
+great Indian troubles, and money was scarce, of low value, and very hard
+to obtain. The people of the new country were unused to the exercise of
+stringent laws. The progress of the French Revolution encouraged the
+settlers to account themselves oppressed by similar tyrannies, against
+which some of them persuaded themselves similar resistance should be
+made. Genet, the French demagogue, was sowing sedition everywhere.
+Lafayette's participation in the French Revolution gave it in America,
+where he was deservedly beloved, a prestige which it could never have
+gained for itself. Distillers who paid the tax were assaulted; some of
+them were tarred and feathered; others were taken into the forest and
+tied to trees; their houses and barns were burned; their property was
+carried away or destroyed. Several thousand insurgents assembled at
+Braddock's Field, and marched on Pittsburgh, where the citizens gave
+them food and submitted to a reign of terror. Then President Washington
+sent an army of fifteen thousand troops against them, and they melted
+away, as a mob will ever do when the strong arm of government smites it
+without fear or respect.
+
+[Illustration: Conestoga wagon]
+
+
+XII
+
+It was not long after the close of the Revolutionary War before
+Pittsburgh was recognized as the natural gateway of the Atlantic
+seaboard to the West and South, and the necessity for an improved system
+of transportation became imperative. The earliest method of
+transportation through the American wilderness required the eastern
+merchants to forward their goods in Conestoga wagons to Shippensburg and
+Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, and Hagerstown, Maryland, and thence to
+Pittsburgh on packhorses, where they were exchanged for Pittsburgh
+products, and these in turn were carried by boat to New Orleans, where
+they were exchanged for sugar, molasses, and similar commodities, which
+were carried through the gulf and along the coast to Baltimore and
+Philadelphia. For passenger travel the stage-coach furnished the most
+luxurious method then known.
+
+[Illustration: Stage-coach]
+
+The people of Pennsylvania had given considerable attention to inland
+improvements and as early as 1791 they began to formulate the daring
+project of constructing a canal system from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh,
+with a portage road over the crest of the Alleghany Mountains. In 1825,
+the governor appointed commissioners for making surveys, certain
+residents of Pittsburgh being chosen on the board, and in 1826 (February
+25th) the Legislature passed an act authorizing the commencement of work
+on the canal at the expense of the State. The western section was
+completed and the first boat entered Pittsburgh on November 10, 1829.
+Subsequent acts provided for the various eastern sections, including the
+building of the portage railroad over the mountains, and by April 16,
+1834, a through line was in operation from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh.
+The termini of the road were Hollidaysburg, 1,398 feet below the
+mountain summit, and Johnstown, 1,771 feet below the summit. The boats
+were taken from the water like amphibious monsters and hauled up the ten
+inclined planes by stationary engines. The total cost of the canal and
+portage railroad was about ten million dollars, and the entire system
+was sold to the Pennsylvania Railroad Company in 1857 (June 25th) for
+$7,500,000. The importance of canal transportation in the popular mind
+is shown by the fact that in 1828, when the Pennsylvania Legislature
+granted a charter to the Pennsylvania and Ohio Railroad Company (which
+never constructed its road), the act stated that the purpose of the
+railroad was to connect Pittsburgh with the canal at Massillon, Ohio.
+The railroad quickly superseded the canal, however, and when men
+perceived that the mountains could be conquered by a portage road, it
+was a natural step to plan the Pennsylvania and Baltimore and Ohio
+railroads on a system of easy grades, so that all obstacles of height
+and distance were annihilated. The Pennsylvania Railroad was
+incorporated April 13, 1846, and completed its roadway from
+Philadelphia to Pittsburgh February 15, 1854. The canal was for a time
+operated by the Pennsylvania Canal Company in the interest of the
+Pennsylvania Railroad Company, but its use was gradually abandoned. The
+division from Pittsburgh to Johnstown ceased to be operated in 1864, and
+that portion which was in the Juniata Valley was used until 1899, while
+the portion lying along the Susquehanna River was operated until
+1900.[C]
+
+[Footnote C: There is an interesting relief map of the portage railroad
+of the Pennsylvania Canal in the Carnegie Museum.]
+
+[Illustration: Over the mountains in 1839; canal boat being hauled over
+the portage road]
+
+Other railroads came as they were needed. The Baltimore and Ohio
+received a charter from the State of Maryland on February 28, 1827, but
+did not reach Pittsburgh until December 12, 1860, when its Pittsburgh
+and Connellsville branch was opened. The Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroad
+was built into Pittsburgh July 4, 1851, and became part of the
+Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railway in 1856, that line reaching
+Chicago in 1859. The Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis
+Railway (the "Pan Handle") was opened between Pittsburgh and Columbus,
+Ohio, October 9, 1865. The Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad, now a part
+of the New York Central Lines, was opened into Pittsburgh in February,
+1879. The Wabash Railway completed its entrance into the city on June
+19, 1904.
+
+
+XIII
+
+[Illustration: View of Old Pittsburgh, 1817]
+
+In 1784 the town was laid out and settlers, among whom were many Scotch
+and Irish, came rapidly. The town was made the county seat in 1791,
+incorporated as a borough in 1794, the charter was revived in 1804,
+and the borough was chartered as a city in 1816. The first charter
+granted to Pittsburgh in 1816 vested the more important powers of the
+city government in a common council of fifteen members and a select
+council of nine members. In 1887 a new charter was adopted giving to the
+mayor the power to appoint the heads of departments who were formerly
+elected by the councils. On March 7, 1901, a new charter, known as "The
+Ripper," was adopted, under the operations of which the elected mayor
+(William J. Diehl) was removed from his office, and a new chief
+executive officer (A. M. Brown) appointed in his place by the governor,
+under the title of recorder. By an act of April 23, 1903, the title of
+mayor was restored, and under the changes then made the appointing power
+rests with the mayor, with the consent of the select council. The
+following is a list of the mayors of Pittsburgh:
+
+   1816-1817, Ebenezer Denny
+   1817-1825, John Darragh
+   1825-1828, John M. Snowden
+   1828-1830, Magnus M. Murray
+   1830-1831, Matthew B. Lowrie
+   1831-1832, Magnus M. Murray
+   1832-1836, Samuel Pettigrew
+   1836-1839, Jonas R. McClintock
+   1839-1840, William Little
+   1840-1841, William W. Irwin
+   1841-1842, James Thomson
+   1842-1845, Alexander Hay
+   1845-1846, William J. Howard
+   1846-1847, William Kerr
+   1847-1849, Gabriel Adams
+   1849-1850, John Herron
+   1850-1851, Joseph Barker
+   1851-1853, John B. Guthrie
+   1853-1854, Robert M. Riddle
+   1854-1856, Ferdinand E. Volz
+   1856-1857, William Bingham
+   1857-1860, Henry A. Weaver
+   1860-1862, George Wilson
+   1862-1864, B. C. Sawyer
+   1864-1866, James Lowry
+   1866-1868, W. S. McCarthy
+   1868-1869, James Blackmore
+   1869-1872, Jared M. Brush
+   1872-1875, James Blackmore
+   1875-1878, William C. McCarthy
+   1878-1881, Robert Liddell
+   1881-1884, Robert W. Lyon
+   1884-1887, Andrew Fulton
+   1887-1890, William McCallin
+   1890-1893, Henry I. Gourley
+   1893-1896, Bernard McKenna
+   1896-1899, Henry P. Ford
+   1899-1901, William J. Diehl
+   1901,      A. M. Brown (Title changed to Recorder)
+   1901-1903, J. O. Brown (Recorder)
+   1903,      W. B. Hays (Recorder; served about one week under that title)
+   1903-1906, W. B. Hays (Mayor again)
+   1906-1909, George W. Guthrie
+
+A movement to consolidate the cities of Pittsburgh and Allegheny
+together with some adjacent boroughs, was begun in 1853-54. It failed
+entirely that year, but in 1867 Lawrenceville, Peebles, Collins,
+Liberty, Pitt, and Oakland, all lying between the two rivers, were
+annexed to Pittsburgh, and in 1872 there was a further annexation of a
+district embracing twenty-seven square miles south of the Monongahela
+River, while in 1906 Allegheny was also annexed; and, as there was
+litigation to test the validity of the consolidation, the Supreme Court
+of the United States on December 6, 1907, declared in favor of the
+constitutionality of the act.
+
+
+XIV
+
+The first national convention of the Republican party was held in
+Pittsburgh on February 22 and 23, 1856. While this gathering was an
+informal convention, it was made for the purpose of effecting a national
+organization of the groups of Republicans which had grown up in the
+States where slavery was prohibited. Pittsburgh was, therefore, in a
+broad sense, the place where the birth of the Republican party occurred.
+A digression on this subject, in order that the record may be made
+clear, will probably not be unwelcome.
+
+In 1620, three months before the landing of the _Mayflower_ at
+Provincetown, a Dutch vessel carried African slaves up the James River,
+and on the soil of Virginia there was planted a system of servitude
+which at last extended throughout the Colonies and flourished with
+increasing vigor in the South, until, in the War of the Rebellion,
+Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation put an end forever to
+slavery in America. When the builders of our Government met in the
+Constitutional Convention of 1787, slavery was a problem which more than
+once threatened to wreck the scheme for an indissoluble union of the
+States. But it was compromised under a suggestion implied in the
+Constitution itself, that slavery should not be checked in the States
+in which it existed until 1808. In the meantime the entire labor system
+of the South was built upon African slavery, while at the North the
+horror of the public conscience grew against the degrading institution
+from year to year. By 1854 the men in the free States who were opposed
+to slavery had begun to unite themselves by political bonds, and in the
+spring and summer of that year, groups of such men met in more or less
+informal conferences in Wisconsin, Michigan, New York, Maine,
+Massachusetts, Iowa, Ohio, and other northern States. But it was at
+Jackson, Michigan, where the men who were uniting their political
+fortunes to accomplish the destruction of slavery first assembled in a
+formal convention on July 6, 1854, nominated a full State ticket, and
+adopted a platform containing these declarations:
+
+     Resolved: That, postponing and suspending all differences with
+     regard to political economy or administrative policy, in view of
+     the imminent danger that Kansas and Nebraska will be grasped by
+     slavery, and a thousand miles of slave soil be thus interposed
+     between the free States of the Atlantic and those of the Pacific,
+     we will act cordially and faithfully in unison to avert and repeal
+     this gigantic wrong and shame.
+
+     Resolved: That in view of the necessity of battling for the first
+     principles of Republican government, and against the schemes of an
+     aristocracy, the most revolting and oppressive with which the earth
+     was ever cursed or man debased, we will cooeperate and be known as
+     "Republicans" until the contest be terminated.
+
+On January 17, 1856, "the Republican Association of Washington, D. C.,"
+referring to the extension of slavery into Kansas and Nebraska as "the
+deep dishonor inflicted upon the age in which we live," issued a call,
+in accordance with what appeared to be the general desire of the
+Republican party, inviting the Republicans of the Union to meet in
+informal convention at Pittsburgh on February 22, 1856, for the purpose
+of perfecting the national organization, and providing for a national
+delegate convention of the Republican party, at some subsequent day, to
+nominate candidates for the presidency and vice-presidency, to be
+supported at the election in November, 1856.
+
+The Republican party met accordingly for the first time in a national
+convention in Pittsburgh on the date appointed, and was largely
+attended. Not only were all the free States represented, but there were
+also delegates from Maryland, Virginia, South Carolina, Kentucky, and
+Missouri. John A. King was made temporary chairman, and Francis P. Blair
+permanent chairman. Speeches were made by Horace Greeley, Giddings and
+Gibson of Ohio, Codding and Lovejoy of Illinois, and others. Mr. Greeley
+sent a telegraphic report of the first day's proceedings to the New York
+"Tribune," stating that the convention had accomplished much to cement
+former political differences and distinctions, and that the meeting at
+Pittsburgh had marked the inauguration of a national party, based upon
+the principle of freedom. He said that the gathering was very large and
+the enthusiasm unbounded; that men were acting in the most perfect
+harmony and with a unity of feeling seldom known to political
+assemblages of such magnitude; that the body was eminently Republican in
+principle and tendency; and that it combined much of character and
+talent, with integrity of purpose and devotion to the great principles
+which underlie our Government. He prophesied that the moral and
+political effect of this convention upon the country would be felt for
+the next quarter of a century. In its deliberations, he said that
+everything had been conducted with marked propriety and dignity.
+
+The platform adopted at Pittsburgh demanded the repeal of all laws
+allowing the introduction of slavery into free territories; promised
+support by all lawful measures to the Free-State men in Kansas in their
+resistance to the usurped authority of lawless invaders; and strongly
+urged the Republican party to resist and overthrow the existing national
+administration because it was identified with the progress of the slave
+power to national supremacy.
+
+On the evening of the second day, a mass meeting was held in aid of the
+emigration to Kansas. The president of the meeting was George N.
+Jackson, and D. D. Eaton was made secretary. Horace Greeley and others
+made addresses, and with great enthusiasm promises of aid to the
+bleeding young sister in the West were made.
+
+This record seems to show beyond question that the Republican party had
+its national birth at Pittsburgh on February 22, 1856, and that it came
+into being dedicated, as Horace Greeley described it at that moment, to
+the principle of human freedom. A later formal convention, as provided
+for at Pittsburgh, was held at Philadelphia on June 17, 1856, which
+nominated John C. Fremont, of California, for President, and William L.
+Dayton, of New Jersey, for Vice-President. This ticket polled a total
+popular vote of 1,341,264, but was beaten by the Democratic
+candidates,--James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania, for President, and John C.
+Breckinridge, of Kentucky, for Vice-President, who polled 1,838,169
+votes. This defeat of a good cause was probably a fortunate piece of
+adversity, for the men who opposed slavery were not yet strong enough to
+grapple the monster to its death as they did when Lincoln was nominated
+four years later. It was the high mission of the party in 1856 and 1860
+to stand against the extension of slavery, and in 1864 against all
+slavery as well as against the destruction of this Union; and in 1868,
+against those who wished to nullify the results of the war. Its later
+mission has been full of usefulness and honor.
+
+
+XV
+
+Among the eminent men who visited Pittsburgh in bygone days we find
+record of the following:
+
+    1817, President Monroe
+    1825, General Lafayette
+    1833, Daniel Webster
+    1842, Charles Dickens
+    1848, Henry Clay
+    1849, President Taylor and Governor Johnston
+    1852, Louis Kossuth
+    1860, Prince of Wales (now King Edward VII)
+    1861, President Lincoln
+    1866, President Johnson, Admiral Farragut, General Grant,
+            and Secretaries Seward and Welles
+
+In 1845 (April 10th), a great fire destroyed about one third of the
+total area of the city, including most of the large business houses and
+factories, the bridge over the Monongahela River, the large hotel known
+as the Monongahela House, and several churches, in all about eleven
+hundred buildings. The Legislature appropriated $50,000 for the relief
+of the sufferers.
+
+In 1889, the great flood at Johnstown, accompanied by a frightful loss
+of life and destruction of property, touched the common heart of
+humanity all over the world. The closeness of Johnstown geographically
+made the sorrow at Pittsburgh most poignant and profound. In a few hours
+almost the whole population had brought its offerings for the stricken
+community, and besides clothing, provisions, and every conceivable thing
+necessary for relief and comfort, the people of Pittsburgh contributed
+$250,000 to restore so far as possible the material portion of the
+loss.
+
+In the autumn of 1908 a series of imposing celebrations was held to
+commemorate the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the founding of
+Pittsburgh.
+
+
+XVI
+
+In 1877, the municipal government being, in its personnel, at the
+moment, incompetent to preserve the fundamental principles on which it
+was established, permitted a strike of railroad employees to grow
+without restriction as to the observance of law and order until it
+became an insurrection. Four million dollars' worth of property was
+destroyed by riot and incendiarism in a few hours. When at last outraged
+authority was properly shifted from the supine city chieftains to the
+indomitable State itself, it became necessary, before order could be
+restored, for troops to fire, with a sacrifice of human life.
+
+For some months preceding the riots at Pittsburgh disturbances among the
+railroad employees, especially the engineers and brakemen of
+freight-trains, had been frequent on railroads west and east of this
+city. These disturbances arose mainly from resistance to reductions in
+the rates of wages, made or proposed by the executive officers of the
+various railroads, and also from objections of train crews to
+regulations governing the transportation system.
+
+The Pennsylvania Railroad Company, some time after the panic of 1873,
+reduced the wages of its employees ten per cent., and, on account of the
+general decline in business, made another reduction of ten per cent. to
+take effect on June 1, 1877; these reductions to apply to all employees
+from the president of the company down. The reductions affected the
+roads known as the Pennsylvania Lines west of Pittsburgh, as well as the
+Pennsylvania Railroad, and similar alterations were also made on the New
+York Central and the Baltimore & Ohio Railroads. The changed conditions
+caused a great deal of dissatisfaction among the trainmen, but a
+committee was appointed by them, which held a conference with Mr. Thomas
+A. Scott, President of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, and agreed to
+the reduction, reporting its conclusions to the trainmen.
+
+On July 16th an order was issued by the railroad company that thirty-six
+freight-cars, instead of eighteen, as before, were to be made up as a
+train, without increase in the number of the crew, and with a locomotive
+at the end to act as a pusher, assisting the one at the front, making
+what is technically called "a double header." The train employees looked
+upon this order as doubling their work under the decreased pay of June
+1st, and in its effect virtually tending to the discharge of many men
+then employed in the running of freight-trains. The strike which
+followed does not seem to have been seriously organized, but was rather
+a sudden conclusion arrived at on the impulse of the moment, and was
+probably strengthened by a wave of discontent which was sweeping over
+the roads to the east and west, as well as by an undercurrent of
+hostility toward the railroads exhibited by some of the newspapers. As
+far back as July 23, 1876, a Pittsburgh paper, in publishing an article
+headed "Railroad Vultures," had said: "Railroad officials are commencing
+to understand that the people of Pittsburgh will be patient no longer;
+that this community is being aroused into action, and that presently the
+torrent of indignation will give place to condign retribution"; and in
+another paragraph the same paper had said: "We desire to impress upon
+the minds of the community that these vultures are constantly preying
+upon the wealth and resources of the country; they are a class, as it
+were, of money jugglers intent only on practising their trickery for
+self aggrandizement, and that, consequently, their greed leads them into
+all known ways and byways of fraud, scheming, and speculating, to
+accomplish the amassing of princely fortunes." These intemperate
+utterances were the first seeds of popular sedition.
+
+It was not until 8.30 o'clock on the morning of the 19th that the real
+trouble began. Two freight-trains were to start at 8.40, but ten minutes
+before that the crews sent word that they would not take the trains out.
+Two yard crews were then asked to take their places, but they refused to
+do so. The trains were not taken out, and the crews of all the trains
+that came in, as they arrived, joined the strikers. As the day wore on
+the men gradually congregated at the roundhouse of the road at
+Twenty-eighth Street, but did not attempt or threaten any violence. The
+news of the strike had spread through the two cities, and large numbers
+of the more turbulent class of the population, together with many
+workmen from the factories who sympathized with the strikers, hastened
+to Twenty-eighth Street, and there was soon gathered a formidable mob in
+which the few striking railroad employees were an insignificant
+quantity.
+
+When the railroad officials found their tracks and roundhouse in the
+possession of a mob which defied them, they called upon the mayor of the
+city for protection, to which Mayor McCarthy promptly responded, going
+in person with a detail of officers to the scene of the trouble. When
+the police arrived on the ground they found an excited assemblage of
+people who refused to listen to their orders to disperse, and the mayor
+made no serious effort to enforce his authority effectually. There was
+no collision, however, until a man who had refused to join the strikers
+attempted to couple some cars, when he was assaulted. An officer of the
+road who undertook to turn a switch, was also assaulted by one of the
+mob, who was arrested by the police. His comrades began throwing stones,
+but the police maintained their hold of their prisoner, and conveyed
+him to the jail. A crowd then gathered in front of the police station
+and made threats of rescuing their comrade, but no overt act was
+committed. The mob, which had by this time become greatly enraged, was
+really not composed of railroad employees, who had contemplated no such
+result of their strike, and now generally deplored the unfortunate turn
+which the affair had taken. It was for the most part composed of the
+worst element of the population, who, without any grievance of their
+own, real or imagined, had gathered together from the very force of
+their vicious inclinations and the active hope of plunder.
+
+The strikers held a meeting that evening, at which they demanded that
+the ten per cent. should be restored, and the running of double headers
+abolished. In the meantime, the railroad authorities, perceiving the
+inefficiency of the local police powers, and alarmed at the
+still-increasing mob and the vicious spirit which it displayed, invoked
+the aid of the sheriff of the county. At midnight Sheriff Fife came to
+Twenty-eighth Street with a hastily summoned _posse_, a part of which
+deserted him before he reached the scene of action, and ordered the
+rioters to disperse, which they, with hoots and jeers, defiantly refused
+to do. The sheriff then sought aid from the military, and General A. L.
+Pearson issued an order to the Eighteenth and Nineteenth regiments of
+the National Guards of Pennsylvania, with headquarters at Pittsburgh, to
+assemble at half past six the next morning, armed and equipped for
+duty. Sheriff Fife also telegraphed to the State authorities at
+Harrisburg, stating that he was unable to quell the riot, and asking
+that General Pearson be instructed to do this with his force; and
+Adjutant General Latta issued the orders accordingly. General Pearson
+marched his forces to the Union Depot and placed them in position in the
+yard and on the hillside above it. The mob was not, however, deterred by
+this action, as the troops were supposed to be more or less in sympathy
+with the strikers, and were expected to be disinclined to fire upon
+their fellow citizens if they should be ordered to do so. The employment
+of local troops at this moment constituted a grave mistake in the
+management of the riot.
+
+The governor had, however, been telegraphed to, and had ordered General
+Brinton's division of troops to leave Philadelphia for Pittsburgh. This
+became known to the mob, which was still increasing in numbers and
+turbulence, and the calling of troops from the east drove them to fury.
+The feeling had spread to the workingmen in the factories on the South
+Side, where a public meeting was held, and demagogical speeches made,
+upholding the action of the strikers; and five hundred men came thence
+in a body and joined the crowd.
+
+At this critical moment the mob received an endorsement that not only
+greatly encouraged it, but incited it to extreme violence. A local
+newspaper, on Friday, the 20th, in the course of an editorial headed
+"The Talk of the Desperate," which formulated what was assumed as the
+expression of a workingman, used this language:
+
+     This may be the great civil war in this country between labor and
+     capital that is bound to come.... The workingmen everywhere are in
+     fullest sympathy with the strikers, and only waiting to see whether
+     they are in earnest enough to fight for their rights. They would
+     all join and help them the moment an actual conflict took place....
+     The governor, with his proclamation, may call and call, but the
+     laboring people, who mostly constitute the militia, won't take up
+     arms to put down their brethren. Will capital then rely on the
+     United States Army? Pshaw! Its ten to fifteen thousand available
+     men would be swept from our path like leaves in a whirlwind. The
+     workingmen of this country can capture and hold it, if they will
+     only stick together, and it looks as though they were going to do
+     so this time. Of course, you say that capital will have some
+     supporters. Many of the unemployed will be glad to get work as
+     soldiers, or extra policemen; the farmers, too, might turn out to
+     preserve your law and order; but the working army would have the
+     most men and the best men. The war might be bloody but the right
+     would prevail. Men like Tom Scott, Frank Thomson--yes, and William
+     Thaw--who have got rich swindling the stockholders of railroads, so
+     that they cannot pay honest labor living rates, we would hang to
+     the nearest tree.
+
+Although the paper in a later edition suppressed that part of the
+editorial, and the other papers of the city refrained from any
+editorials that might increase the excitement, yet the mischief had been
+done, the unfortunate words had been widely read, and the more
+intelligently vicious of the rioters proceeded to make the most of
+them.
+
+The eastern troops left Philadelphia on Friday night and arrived at the
+Union Depot on Saturday afternoon, tired and hungry. After a scant and
+hasty lunch they were placed out along the tracks to the roundhouse
+where the great bulk of the mob was assembled. In order to secure and
+protect the building and tracks it was necessary that the crowd should
+be forced back. When the troops undertook this movement some stones were
+thrown and a few soldiers were hit. Then one of the subordinate officers
+gave an order to fire, and about twenty persons were killed and thirty
+wounded, three of whom were children.
+
+When the rioters beheld their associates attacked, their rage passed all
+control, and the troops were closed in upon and driven into the
+roundhouse. Encouraged by this retreat, the mob took steps to burn them
+out. Many cars loaded with whisky and petroleum were set on fire and
+sent down the track against the building, and fire was opened on it with
+a cannon which the crowd had seized from a local armory. General Brinton
+came personally to one of the windows of the roundhouse and appealed to
+the mob to desist, warning them that if they did not he must and would
+fire. The rioters paid no attention to his appeal, but continued their
+assaults, whereupon General Brinton gave orders to his men to fire at
+those who were handling the cannon, and several of them were killed and
+wounded. Incendiarism, having been inaugurated, went on through the
+night, whole trains being robbed and then burned. The troops held their
+position until Sunday morning, and then retreated out Penn Avenue to
+Sharpsburg, where they went into camp.
+
+During Saturday night and Sunday morning the mob seemed to have taken
+possession of the city. They broke open several armories and gun stores,
+and supplied themselves with arms and ammunition. The banks were
+threatened, and the city seemed about to be pillaged, the business part
+of the city being filled with bands of rioters who uttered threats of
+violence and murder. On Sunday morning the roundhouse and all the
+locomotives which it contained were destroyed by fire. The Union Depot,
+the grain elevator, the Adams Express building, and the Pan Handle depot
+were also set on fire and consumed. The firemen who hastened to the
+scene and attempted to extinguish the flames were met by armed men and
+driven back. At half past twelve on Sunday morning a committee appointed
+by a citizens' meeting tried to open a consultation with the mob, but
+were promptly driven away. The committee found that they were not
+dealing with dissatisfied railroad employees but with a mob of the worst
+of the city's population, there being neither organization nor leader,
+but each man or party of men doing what the frenzy of the moment
+suggested. When it seemed as if the whole city was to be destroyed, some
+of the original strikers were persuaded to attend a meeting of the
+citizens at four o'clock and arrange to aid in suppressing the
+incendiarism, and they did this with such a good spirit as showed that
+the railroad strikers were not a part of the mob and did not countenance
+its violence. At this meeting the mayor was authorized to enroll five
+hundred police, but the accounts of the day show that the ranks filled
+up slowly. The state of terror continued through all of Sunday night,
+and on Monday morning the mob was still in an unorganized control.
+
+Throughout the thirty-six hours from Saturday night until Monday morning
+a most unusual state of public mind developed here and there which
+seemed like a moral epidemic. There was almost a wholesale appropriation
+of goods from the burning cars by men and even women who would at other
+times have shuddered at the idea of robbery; and after the riot was
+suppressed goods were for some time voluntarily returned by persons who
+had taken them unreflectingly, having at length recovered their moral
+perceptions, which had seemingly been clouded by the vicious influence
+of the mob.
+
+On Monday morning, however, the uprooted law seemed to be recovering a
+portion of its dissipated majesty. During the night posters had been
+placed conspicuously throughout the city, on which was printed the law
+under which the citizens of Allegheny County were liable for all the
+damage done by the mob or arising from its actions. At eleven o'clock
+in the morning, a meeting of citizens was called at the Chamber of
+Commerce, to form a Committee of Public Safety to take charge of the
+situation, as the city authorities, the sheriff, and the military seemed
+powerless to control it. This committee presented the following address
+to the public:
+
+     The Committee of Public Safety, appointed at the meeting of
+     citizens held at the Chamber of Commerce July 23d, deeming that the
+     allaying of excitement is the first step toward restoring order,
+     would urge upon all citizens disposed to aid therein the necessity
+     of pursuing their usual avocation, and keeping all their employees
+     at work, and would, therefore, request that full compliance be
+     accorded to this demand of the committee. The committee are
+     impressed with the belief that the police force now being organized
+     will be able to arrest and disperse all riotous assemblages, and
+     that much of the danger of destruction to property has passed, and
+     that an entire restoration of order will be established. The
+     committee believe that the mass of industrious workmen of the city
+     are on the side of law and order, and a number of the so-called
+     strikers are already in the ranks of the defenders of the city, and
+     it is quite probable that any further demonstration will proceed
+     from thieves and similar classes of population, with whom our
+     working classes have no affiliation and will not be found among
+     them.
+
+     It is to this end that the committee request that all classes of
+     business be prosecuted as usual, and our citizens refrain from
+     congregating in the streets in crowds, so that the police of the
+     city may not be confused in their effort to arrest rioters, and the
+     military be not restrained from prompt action, if necessary, from
+     fear of injuring the innocent.
+
+While the rioters had by this time been somewhat restrained by the
+resolute action of the committee, yet they were, although dispersed as
+a body, holding meetings and still breathing sullen threats of further
+outrage and murder. The strike had spread to the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne
+& Chicago Railway, and its trains were for two or three days virtually
+stopped; in other sections of the country the railroad troubles were
+increasing, and the committee thought best to call Major-General Joseph
+Brown and Colonel P. N. Guthrie, of the Eighteenth National Guards, into
+consultation. Under their advice a camp of the military was formed at
+East Liberty, to be held in readiness for any further outbreak. Mayor
+McCarthy, at last inspirited by the determined men who urged him to his
+duty, enrolled five hundred extra police, and issued a proclamation in
+which he said:
+
+     I have determined that peace, order, and quiet shall be restored to
+     the community, and to this end call upon all good citizens to come
+     forward at once to the old City Hall and unite with the police and
+     military now organizing. I call upon all to continue quietly at
+     their several places of business and refrain from participating in
+     excited assemblages.
+
+A proclamation had also been issued by Governor Hartranft, and he had
+come to Pittsburgh to address the rioters, and subsequently two or three
+thousand troops were ordered by him to Pittsburgh, and were encamped
+near East Liberty for several days.
+
+Under these vigorous measures quiet was in a few days restored,
+although the Committee of Public Safety continued to hold sessions and
+to take steps not only to prevent any further demonstrations, but to
+arrest and bring to punishment a number of the prominent rioters.
+
+Claims for losses in the riot were made on Allegheny County in the sum
+of $4,100,000, which the commissioners settled for $2,772,349.53. Of
+this sum $1,600,000 was paid to the Pennsylvania Railroad, whose claim
+for $2,312,000 was settled for that sum. In addition to the buildings
+already specified as burned, there were 1,383 freight-cars, 104
+locomotives, and 66 passenger coaches destroyed by fire. Twenty-five
+persons in all were killed.
+
+The lesson was worth all it cost, and anarchy has never dared to raise
+its head in the corporation limits since that time.
+
+
+XVII
+
+The Homestead strike and riot of 1892 is another incident of false
+leadership in industrial life which must be chronicled here.
+
+For many years the Carnegie Steel Company, whose principal works were
+situated at Homestead, just outside the present boundaries of the city,
+had employed a large number of skilled workmen who belonged to the
+Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers, and had contracted
+for their employment with the officers of that Association. On July 1,
+1889, a three years' contract was made which was to terminate at the end
+of June, 1892. The workmen were paid by the ton, the amount they
+received depending on the selling price of steel billets of a specified
+size which they produced. If the price of these billets advanced, the
+wages they received per ton advanced proportionately. If the price
+declined, their wages also declined to a certain point, called a
+minimum, but a decline in the selling price below this minimum caused no
+reduction in wages. The minimum was fixed in the contract at $25.00 per
+ton. At the date the contract was made the market price of the billets
+was $26.50 per ton.
+
+As the time drew near for the contract to expire, the Carnegie Company,
+through its chairman, Mr. Henry C. Frick, submitted to the workmen
+belonging to the Association a proposition as the basis of a new
+contract. The three most important features of the proposed contract
+were, first, a reduction in the minimum of the scale for billets from
+$25.00 to $22.00; second, a change in the expiration of the date of the
+scale from June 30th to December 31st; third, a reduction of tonnage
+rates at those furnaces and mills in which, by reason of the
+introduction of improved machinery, the earnings of the workmen had been
+increased far beyond the liberal calculation of their employers. At
+those places where no such improvements had been made, no reduction in
+tonnage rates was proposed. The company gave as a reason for reducing
+the minimum that the market price of steel had gone down below $25.00
+per ton, and that it was unfair for the workmen to have the benefits of
+a rise in the market above $25.00, and share none of the losses of the
+company when the market price fell below that figure. Indeed, the
+company contended that there ought to be no minimum as there was no
+maximum under the sliding scale. The workmen insisted that there ought
+to be a minimum to protect them against unfair dealing between the
+company and its buyers, as they had no voice or authority in selling the
+products of their labor.
+
+The reason for changing the time for closing the contract was that the
+company's business was less active at the end of the calendar year than
+in midsummer, and that it was easier to complete new arrangements for
+employment at that time. Another reason was that the company often made
+sales for an entire year, and consequently contracts for labor could be
+more safely made if they began and ended at times corresponding with
+contracts made with their customers. The workmen opposed this change in
+the duration of the contract on the ground that in midwinter they would
+be less able to resist any disposition on the part of the company to cut
+down their wages, and that in the event of a strike, it would be more
+difficult to maintain their situation than it would be in summer. They
+claimed, therefore, that the change in time would be a serious
+disadvantage to them in negotiating with their employers. They proposed
+to the company, as a counter proposition, that the contract should end
+the last of June, as had formerly been the case, and that if any change
+was to be demanded, three months' notice must be given them, and that,
+if this was not done, the contract, which was to run for three years,
+should continue for a year longer; in other words, from June 30, 1895,
+until June 30, 1896. This suggestion was rejected by the company. But
+the company then proposed to make the minimum $23.00 per ton for steel
+billets, and the Association, through its committee, named a price of
+$24.00, refusing to concede any more.
+
+While these negotiations were pending, the superintendent of the
+Homestead Steel Works had concluded contracts with all the employees,
+except three hundred and twenty-five of the highest skill, who were
+employed in three of the twelve departments. All the others were to be
+paid on the former basis of remuneration without any reduction whatever.
+Of the three hundred and twenty-five high-priced men with whom contracts
+had not been made, two hundred and eighty would have been affected by
+the tonnage reductions and about forty-five more by the tonnage
+reductions and scale minimum.
+
+Under the proposed readjustments those who received the low grades of
+compensation and the common laborers would not have been touched in
+their earnings. The actual controversy was thus narrowed down to a
+small number of men, less than ten per cent. of those employed at
+Homestead.
+
+During the remainder of the month of June other steps were taken to
+effect an agreement, but the relations between the officers of the
+company and the workmen, instead of improving, grew worse. On the 28th
+the company began to close the different departments, and on the last
+day of the month work in all of them ceased. On July 1st the striking
+workmen congregated about the gates, stopped the foremen and employees
+who came to work, and persuaded them to go away. The watchmen of the
+company were turned away from the works; guards were placed at all the
+entrances, the river, streets and roads entering the town were patrolled
+by strikers, and a rigid surveillance was exercised over those who
+entered the town or approached the plant. When the sheriff came on July
+4th and attempted to put deputies of his own selection in possession of
+the works, to guard them for the company, he was opposed by a counter
+force, the striking workmen proposing to place guards of their own and
+give indemnity for the safety of the property; but this the sheriff
+declined because it would enable the strikers to keep any new non-union
+men from taking their places. On July 5th, when the sheriff sent twelve
+deputies to take possession of the works, they were driven away.
+
+In the meantime Mr. Frick had begun negotiations as early as June 20th
+with Robert A. Pinkerton, of New York, for the employment of three
+hundred watchmen to be placed in the works at Homestead. They were
+brought from Ashtabula to Youngstown by rail, thence to Pittsburgh by
+river. On the evening of July 5th, Captain Rodgers' two boats, with
+Deputy Sheriff Gray, Superintendent Potter, of the Homestead works, and
+some of his assistants, on board, dropped down the river with two barges
+in tow, until they met the Pinkerton men. When the boat, with the barges
+in tow, approached Homestead in the early morning of the 6th, they were
+discovered by a small steamer used by the strikers as a patrol, and the
+alarm was given. A short war of words was followed by firing on each
+side, which resulted ultimately in the death of three of the Pinkertons
+and seven of the workmen, and the wounding of many on each side. After a
+brief fusillade those on shore fled in various directions, and the
+Pinkerton men retreated into their barges. About five o'clock in the
+afternoon the Pinkertons surrendered, being allowed to take out their
+clothing, but their arms and supplies fell into the possession of the
+Homestead people. The barges were immediately set on fire and burned,
+and in their burning the pump-house belonging to the Carnegie Company
+was also destroyed. The Pinkerton men, now being practically prisoners
+of war, were marched up-town to the skating-rink for temporary
+imprisonment. The sheriff was notified, and he came down that night and
+took the prisoners away. He then informed the governor of Pennsylvania
+of what had occurred, and called upon him for troops to enforce the law
+and restore public order. Governor Pattison made a prompt response to
+this appeal, as his duty under the law required him to do. On the
+morning of the 12th the soldiers of the State militia entered Homestead.
+As soon as they arrived the Carnegie Company took possession of its
+works, and began to make preparations to resume work with non-union men.
+It was difficult to secure employees, and several months passed away
+before the company was able to obtain all the men it desired. At first
+the new employees were fed and housed within the enclosure, and this
+plan continued for several weeks until their number had increased to
+such a degree that they felt secure in going outside for their meals
+with the protection afforded by the sheriff's deputies.
+
+The company made an effort to employ their old workmen and fixed a time
+for receiving applications for employment from them. When the time had
+expired, however, which was on July 21st, not one participant in the
+strike had returned. At a later period many of the old employees
+returned to work. By the close of July, nearly a thousand men were at
+work at Homestead. On July 23d Mr. Frick was shot in his office by
+Alexander Berkman, an anarchist, who was not, and never had been, an
+employee. The chairman recovered from his wounds and his assailant was
+sent to the penitentiary.
+
+The last of the troops were not withdrawn until October 13th. At that
+time the mill was in full operation with non-union men.
+
+Though the strike was ended in October, its formal termination by the
+Amalgamated Association was not declared until November 20th, when the
+disposition of the strikers to return to work was very general. Assuming
+that the strike lasted nearly five months, as the monthly pay-roll of
+the mill was about $250,000, the loss to the striking employees for that
+period was not far from $1,250,000. No estimate of the loss sustained by
+the company has been published. The cost to the State in sending and
+maintaining the National Guard at Homestead was $440,256.31.
+
+
+
+
+INDUSTRIAL
+
+
+I
+
+Pittsburgh has thus passed through many battles, trials, afflictions,
+and adversities, and has grown in the strength of giants until it now
+embraces in the limits of the county a population rapidly approaching
+one million. This seems a proper moment, therefore, turning away from
+the romantic perspective of history, to attempt a brief description of
+Pittsburgh as we see her to-day. In order to give value to the record it
+will be necessary to employ certain statistics, but the effort will be
+to make these figures as little wearisome as possible. The present
+population after the annexation of Allegheny (December 6, 1907) is
+estimated at 550,000, and if we were to add McKeesport with its tube
+mills, Homestead with its Carnegie works, and East Pittsburgh with its
+Westinghouse plants, all of which lie just outside of the present
+corporate limits, the population would be 700,000. In 1900 we can give
+the population definitely (omitting Allegheny) at 321,616, of whom
+85,032 were foreign born and 17,040 were negroes. Of these foreign born
+21,222 were natives of Germany, 18,620 of Ireland, 8,902 of England,
+6,243 of Russian Poland, 5,709 of Italy, 4,107 of Russia, 3,553 of
+Austria, 3,515 of German Poland, 2,539 of Wales, 2,264 of Scotland,
+2,124 of Hungary, 1,072 of Sweden, 1,025 of Austrian Poland, and 154
+Chinese.
+
+[Illustration: Pittsburgh, showing the junction of the Allegheny and
+Monongahela Rivers]
+
+
+II
+
+It has already been said that the city is a gateway from the East to the
+West and South, and as such it is the center of a vast railway system.
+The principal railroads serving Pittsburgh are the Pennsylvania,
+Baltimore and Ohio, the New York Central Lines, and the Wabash System,
+and she has also a numerous fleet of boats plying the three rivers. Coal
+is brought to the city by boats as well as by rail, and great fleets of
+barges carry it and other heavy freight down the Ohio. A ship canal for
+the establishment of water transportation between Pittsburgh and Lake
+Erie (127.5 miles) has been projected. The railroads carry through
+Pittsburgh over eight per cent. of all the railroad traffic of the
+United States; and have a particularly heavy tonnage of coal, coke, and
+iron and steel products; while a large proportion of the iron ore that
+is produced in the Lake Superior region is brought here to supply
+Pittsburgh manufactures. The total railway and river tonnage is greater
+than that of any other city in the world, amounting in 1906 to
+122,000,000 tons, of which about 12,000,000 tons were carried on boats
+down the Ohio. Her tonnage is equal to one half the combined tonnage of
+the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. The following table will be very
+interesting as showing the extraordinary fact that the tonnage of
+Pittsburgh exceeds the combined tonnage of the five other greatest
+cities in the world (1902):
+
+    Pittsburgh                     86,636,680 tons
+    London      17,564,110 tons
+    New York    17,398,000  "
+    Antwerp     16,721,000  "
+    Hamburg     15,853,490  "
+    Liverpool   13,157,720  "
+                ----------
+          Total                    80,694,320  "
+                                   ----------
+       Pittsburgh's excess          5,942,360  "
+
+Pittsburgh has freight yards with a total capacity for more than 60,000
+cars. Its harbor has a total length on the three rivers of twenty-eight
+miles, with an average width of about one thousand feet, and has been
+deepened by the Davis Island Dam (1885) and by dredging. Slack water
+navigation has been secured on the Allegheny River by locks and dams at
+an expense of more than a million and a quarter dollars. The
+Monongahela River from Pittsburgh to the West Virginia State line (91.5
+miles) was improved by a private company in 1836, which built seven
+locks and dams. This property was condemned and bought by the United
+States Government, in 1897 for $3,761,615, and the Government is
+planning to rebuild and enlarge these works.
+
+Pittsburgh is surrounded by the most productive coal-fields in the
+country. The region is also rich in petroleum and natural gas, and
+although the petroleum in the immediate vicinity has been nearly
+exhausted, it is still obtained through pipes from the neighboring
+regions. The first petroleum pipe line reached Pittsburgh in 1875.
+
+Pittsburgh is also a port of entry, and for the year ending December,
+1907, the value of its imports amounted to $2,416,367.
+
+In 1806 the manufacture of iron was begun, and by 1825 this had become
+the leading industry. Among the earlier prominent iron industries was
+the Kensington Iron Works, of which Samuel Church (born February 5,
+1800; died December 7, 1857), whose family has been resident in
+Pittsburgh from 1822 to the present day, was the leading partner. In the
+manufacture of iron and steel products Pittsburgh ranks first among the
+cities of the United States, their value in 1905 amounting to
+$92,939,860, or 53.3 per cent. of the total of the whole country.
+Several towns in the near neighborhood are also extensively engaged in
+the same industry, and in 1902 Allegheny County produced about 24 per
+cent. of the pig iron; nearly 34 per cent. of the Bessemer steel; 44 per
+cent. of the open hearth steel; 53 per cent. of the crucible steel; 24
+per cent. of the steel rails, and 59 per cent. of the structural shapes
+that were made that year in the United States. In 1905 the value of
+Pittsburgh's foundry and machine-shop products amounted to $9,631,514;
+of the product of steam railroad repair shops, $3,726,990; of malt
+liquors, $3,166,829; of slaughtering and meat-packing products,
+$2,732,027; of cigars and cigarettes, $2,297,228; of glass, $2,130,540;
+and of tin and terne plate, $1,645,570. Electrical machinery, apparatus,
+and supplies were manufactured largely in the city, to a value in 1905
+of $1,796,557. The Heinz Company has its main pickle plant in
+Pittsburgh, the largest establishment of its kind in the world.
+
+Pittsburgh's first glass works was built in 1797 by James O'Hara. In
+1900, and for a long period preceding, the town ranked first among
+American cities in the manufacture of glass, but in 1905 it was
+outranked in this industry by Muncie, Indiana, Millville, New Jersey,
+and Washington, Pennsylvania; but in the district outside of the limits
+of Pittsburgh much glass is manufactured, so that the Pittsburgh glass
+district is still the greatest in the country. In Pittsburgh or its
+immediate vicinity the more important plants of the United States Steel
+Corporation are located, including the Carnegie Works at Homestead. Just
+outside the limits also are the plants of the Westinghouse Company for
+the manufacture of electrical apparatus, of air-brakes which George
+Westinghouse invented in 1868, and of devices for railway signals which
+he also invented.
+
+Alexander Johnston Cassatt, one of the greatest of the Pennsylvania
+Railroad presidents, and perhaps the most far-seeing and resourceful of
+all our captains of industry of the present generation, was born here.
+James McCrea, the present wise and conservative president of that road,
+lived here for twenty years. Andrew Carnegie, Henry Phipps, and Henry C.
+Frick were the strongest personalities who grew up with the Carnegie
+steel interests. George Westinghouse, whose inventive genius, as shown
+in his safety appliances, has so greatly reduced the hazards of railway
+travel and of operation, has long been one of the industrial and social
+pillars of the community. John A. Brashear, astronomer and educator, the
+maker of delicate instruments, is a well-beloved citizen.
+
+Pittsburgh ranks high as a banking center. She is the second city in the
+United States in banking capital and surplus, and leads all American
+cities in proportion of capital and surplus to gross deposits, with 47.1
+per cent., while Philadelphia ranks second with 26 per cent. In 1906,
+there were one hundred and seventy-nine banks and trust companies in
+the Pittsburgh district with a combined capital of $72,058,402, and a
+surplus of $87,044,622. The gross deposits were $395,379,783, while the
+total resources amounted to $593,392,069. Pittsburgh, with
+clearing-house exchanges amounting to $2,640,847,046, ranks sixth among
+the cities of the United States, being exceeded by the following cities
+in the order named: New York, Chicago, Boston, Philadelphia, and St.
+Louis, and often on a given day exceeds those of St. Louis.
+
+
+III
+
+The tax valuation of Pittsburgh property is $609,632,427. She mines one
+quarter of the bituminous coal of the United States. With an invested
+capital of $641,000,000, she has 3,029 mills and factories with an
+annual product worth $551,000,000, and 250,000 employees on a pay-roll
+of about $1,000,000 a day, or $350,000,000 a year. Her electric
+street-railway system multiplies itself through her streets for four
+hundred and ninety-two miles. Natural-gas fuel is conveyed into her
+mills and houses through one thousand miles of iron pipe. Her output of
+coke makes one train ten miles long every day throughout the year. Seven
+hundred passenger trains and ten thousand loaded freight cars run to and
+from her terminals every day. Nowhere else in the world is there so
+large a Bessemer-steel plant, crucible-steel plant, plate-glass plant,
+chimney-glass plant, table-glass plant, air-brake plant, steel-rail
+plant, cork works, tube works, or steel freight-car works. Her armor
+sheaths our battle-ships, as well as those of Russia and Japan. She
+equips the navies of the world with projectiles and range-finders. Her
+bridges span the rivers of India, China, Egypt, and the Argentine
+Republic; and her locomotives, rails, and bridges are used on the
+Siberian Railroad. She builds electric railways for Great Britain and
+Brazil, and telescopes for Germany and Denmark. Indeed, she distributes
+her varied manufactures into the channels of trade all over the earth.
+
+[Illustration: The Pittsburgh Country Club]
+
+
+
+
+INTELLECTUAL
+
+
+I
+
+But while these stupendous industries have given Pittsburgh her wealth,
+population, supremacy, and power, commercial materialism is not the
+_ultima thule_ of her people.
+
+Travelers who come to Pittsburgh, forgetting the smoke which often dims
+the blue splendor of its skies, are struck with the picturesque
+situation of the town, for they find rolling plateaus, wide rivers, and
+narrow valleys dropping down from high hills or precipitous bluffs
+throughout the whole district over which the city extends. Yet the
+surpassing beauty of nature is not more impressive to the thinking
+stranger than the work of man who has created and dominates a vast
+industrial system. The manufactories extend for miles along the banks of
+all three rivers. Red fires rise heavenward from gigantic forges where
+iron is being fused into wealth. The business section of the city is
+wedged in by the rivers, its streets are swarming with people, and there
+is a myriad of retail houses, wholesale houses, banks, tall office
+buildings, hotels, theaters, and railway terminals; but right where
+these stop the residence section begins like another city of happy
+homes--an immense garden of verdant trees and flowering lawns divided
+off by beautiful avenues, where some houses rise which in Europe would
+be called castles and palaces, with scarce a fence between to mark the
+land lines, giving an aspect almost of a park rather than of a city.
+There are many miles of asphalt streets set off with grass plots. On the
+rolling hills above the Monongahela River is Schenley Park (about four
+hundred and forty acres) with beautiful drives, winding bridle paths,
+and shady walks through narrow valleys and over small streams. Above the
+Allegheny River is Highland Park (about two hundred and ninety acres),
+containing a placid lake and commanding fine views from the summits of
+its great hills. It also contains a very interesting zooelogical garden.
+Close to Schenley Park are Homewood and Calvary Cemeteries and near
+Highland Park is Allegheny Cemetery, where the dead sleep amidst
+drooping willows and shading elms. Connecting the two parks and leading
+to them from the downtown section is a system of wide boulevards about
+twenty miles in length. On the North Side (once Allegheny) is Riverview
+Park (two hundred and seventeen acres), in which the Allegheny
+Observatory is situated. A large number of handsome bridges span the
+rivers. The Pittsburgh Country Club provides a broad expanse of rolling
+acres for pastoral sports.
+
+
+II
+
+In Schenley Park is the Carnegie Institute, with its new main building,
+dedicated in April (11, 12, and 13), 1907, with imposing ceremonies
+which were attended by several hundred prominent men from America and
+Europe. This building, which is about six hundred feet long and four
+hundred feet wide, contains a library, an art gallery, halls of
+architecture and sculpture, a museum, and a hall of music; while the
+Carnegie Technical Schools are operated in separate buildings near by.
+It is built in the later Renaissance style, being very simple and yet
+beautiful. Its exterior is of Ohio sandstone, while its interior finish
+is largely in marble, of which there are sixty-five varieties, brought
+from every famous quarry in the world. In its great entrance hall is a
+series of mural decorations by John W. Alexander, a distinguished son of
+Pittsburgh. The library, in which the institution had its beginning in
+1895, contains about 300,000 volumes, has seven important branches, and
+one hundred and seventy-seven stations for the distribution of books.
+Mr. Edwin H. Anderson inaugurated the library at the time of its
+creation, and, after several years of successful service, was followed
+by Mr. Anderson H. Hopkins, and he by Mr. Harrison W. Craver, who is now
+the efficient librarian. The Fine Arts department contains many casts
+of notable works of architecture and sculpture, sufficient to carry the
+visitor in fancy through an almost unbroken development from the
+earliest times in which man began to produce beautiful structures to the
+present day. It is now the aim of this department to develop its
+galleries on three lines: first, to gather early American paintings from
+the very beginning of art in this country; second, to acquire such
+portraits of eminent men as will, in the passage of years, make these
+halls to some extent a national portrait gallery; and, third, to obtain
+such pieces of contemporary art as will lead to the formation of a
+thoroughly representative collection of modern painting. The Art Gallery
+is already rich in this latter purpose, and is renowned for its annual
+competitive exhibits which are open to the artists of all countries for
+prizes offered by the Carnegie Institute. Mr. John W. Beatty, Director
+of Fine Arts, has made the building up of this department his ripest and
+best work. The Museum embraces sections of paleontology, mineralogy,
+vertebrate and invertebrate zooelogy, entomology, botany, comparative
+anatomy, archaeology, numismatics, ceramics, textiles, transportation,
+carvings in wood and ivory, historical collections, the useful arts, and
+biological sciences. Its work in the department of paleontology is
+particularly noteworthy as it has extended the boundaries of knowledge
+through its many explorations in the western fossil fields. The
+success of the Museum is largely due to the energy and erudition of Dr.
+W. J. Holland, its amiable director. In the music-hall, a symphony
+orchestra is maintained, and free recitals are given on the great organ
+twice every week by a capable performer. When the orchestra began its
+work thirteen years ago, it is doubtful if there were very many persons
+in Pittsburgh, other than musical students, who knew the difference
+between a symphony, a suite, a concerto, and a fugue. To-day there are
+thousands of people in this city who can intelligently describe the
+shading differences in the Ninth Symphony and give good reasons for
+their preference as between the two movements of the "Unfinished." The
+first conductor of the orchestra was Frederic Archer, for three years,
+who was followed by Victor Herbert, for three years, and then came Emil
+Paur, who is now in charge. The Technical Schools embrace a School of
+Applied Science, a School for Apprentices and Journeymen, a School of
+Applied Design, and a School for Women, and already possess a capable
+faculty of one hundred and fifteen members, and a student body numbering
+1,916. Dr. Arthur A. Hamerschlag is an enthusiastic and capable director
+of this educational scheme. The Institute is governed by a Board of
+Trustees, of which William N. Frew is President, Robert Pitcairn, Vice
+President, Samuel Harden Church, Secretary, and James H. Reed,
+Treasurer. Charles C. Mellor is chairman of the Museum committee, John
+Caldwell, of the Fine Arts committee, George A. Macbeth, of the Library
+committee, and William McConway, of the Technical Schools committee.
+
+[Illustration: Panther Hollow Bridge, Schenley Park]
+
+The annual celebration of Founder's Day at the Carnegie Institute has
+become one of the most notable platform occasions in America, made so by
+the illustrious men who participate in the exercises. Some of these
+distinguished orators are William McKinley and Grover Cleveland, former
+Presidents of the United States; John Morley and James Bryce, foremost
+among British statesmen and authors; Joseph Jefferson, a beloved actor;
+Richard Watson Gilder, editor and poet; Wu Ting Fang, Chinese diplomat,
+and Whitelaw Reid, editor and ambassador. At the great dedication of the
+new building, in April, 1907, the celebration of Founder's Day surpassed
+all previous efforts, being marked by the assembling of an illustrious
+group of men, and the delivery of a series of addresses, which made the
+festival altogether beyond precedent. On that occasion there came to
+Pittsburgh, as the guests of the Institute, from France, Dr. Leonce
+Benedite, Director Musee du Luxembourg; Baron d'Estournelles de
+Constant, Member of the French Senate and of the Hague Court of
+Arbitration; Dr. Paul Doumer, late Governor-General of Cochin China, and
+Dr. Camille Enlart, Director of the Trocadero Museum; from Germany, upon
+the personal suggestion of his Majesty, Emperor William II, His
+Excellency Lieutenant-General Alfred von Loewenfeld, Adjutant-General to
+his Majesty the Emperor; Colonel Gustav Dickhuth, Lecturer on Military
+Science to the Royal Household; Dr. Ernst von Ihne, Hof-Architekt Sr.
+Maj. d. Kaisers; Dr. Reinhold Koser, Principal Director of the Prussian
+State Archives, and Prof. Dr. Fritz Schaper, sculptor; from Great
+Britain, Mr. William Archer, author and critic; Sir Robert S. Ball,
+Director of Cambridge Observatory; Dr. C. F. Moberly Bell, manager
+London "Times"; Sir Robert Cranston, late Lord Provost of Edinburgh; Sir
+Edward Elgar, composer; Mr. James Currie Macbeth, Provost of
+Dunfermline; Dr. P. Chalmers Mitchell, Secretary Zooelogical Society of
+London; Sir William Henry Preece, Consulting Engineer to the G. P. O.
+and Colonies; Dr. John Rhys, Principal of Jesus College, University
+of Oxford; Dr. Ernest S. Roberts, Vice Chancellor of Cambridge
+University; Mr. William Robertson, Member Dunfermline Trust; Dr. John
+Ross, Chairman Dunfermline Trust, and Dr. William T. Stead, editor
+"Review of Reviews"; and from Holland, Jonkheer R. de Marees van
+Swinderen, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the
+United States, and Dr. Joost Marius Willem van der Poorten-Schwartz
+("Maarten Maartens"), author.
+
+[Illustration: Entrance to Highland Park]
+
+Mr. Andrew Carnegie has founded this splendid Institute, with its school
+system, at a cost already approximating twenty million dollars, and he
+must enjoy the satisfaction of knowing it to be the rallying ground
+for the cultured and artistic life of the community. The progress made
+each year goes by leaps and bounds; so much so that we might well employ
+the phrase used by Macaulay to describe Lord Bacon's philosophy: "The
+point which was yesterday invisible is to-day its starting-point, and
+to-morrow will be its goal." The Institute has truly a splendid mission.
+
+
+III
+
+The University of Pittsburgh was opened about 1770 and incorporated by
+the Legislature in 1787 under the name Pittsburgh Academy. In 1819 the
+name was changed to the Western University of Pennsylvania, but, holding
+to the narrower scope of a college, it did not really become a
+university until 1892, when it formed the Department of Medicine by
+taking over the Western Pennsylvania Medical College. In 1895 the
+Departments of Law and Pharmacy were added and women were for the first
+time admitted. In 1896 the Department of Dentistry was established. In
+1908 (July 11th) the name was changed to the University of Pittsburgh.
+The several departments of the University are at present (1908) located
+in different parts of the city, but a new site of forty-three acres has
+been acquired near Schenley Park on which it is planned to bring them
+all together. These new plans have been drawn under the direction of the
+chancellor, Dr. Samuel Black McCormick, whose faith in the merit of his
+cause is bound to remove whole mountains of financial difficulties. The
+University embraces a College and Engineering School, a School of Mines,
+a Graduate Department, a Summer School, Evening Classes, Saturday
+Classes, besides Departments of Astronomy, Law, Medicine, Pharmacy, and
+Dentistry. It now has a corps of one hundred and fifty-one instructors
+and a body of 1,138 students.
+
+
+IV
+
+The author ventures to repeat in this little book a suggestion which has
+been made by him several times, looking to a working cooeperation or even
+a closer bond of union between the Carnegie Institute and the University
+of Pittsburgh. In an address delivered at the Carnegie Institute on
+Founder's Day, 1908, the author made the following remarks on this
+subject:
+
+     The temptation to go a little further into the future first
+     requires the acknowledgment which St. Paul made when he wrote of
+     marriage: "I speak not by authority, but by sufferance." There will
+     soon begin to rise on these adjacent heights the first new
+     buildings of the Western University (now University of Pittsburgh),
+     conceived in the classic spirit of Greece and crowning that hill
+     like a modern Acropolis. With its charter dating back one hundred
+     and twenty-five years the University is already venerable in this
+     land. Is it not feasible to hope that through the practical
+     benevolence of our people, some working basis of union can be
+     effected between that institution and this? Here we have painting,
+     and sculpture, and architecture, and books, and a wonderfully rich
+     scientific collection, and the abiding spirit of music. We have
+     these fast-growing Technical Schools. And yet the entire scheme
+     seems to be lacking something which marks its unfinished state. The
+     Technical Schools do not and should not teach languages,
+     literature, philosophy, and the fine arts, nor the old learned
+     professions, but these must always rest in the University. Should
+     not one school thus supplement the other? And then, the students on
+     each side of this main building would find available here those
+     great collections which, if properly demonstrated, would give them
+     a larger opportunity for systematic culture than could be offered
+     by any other community in the world. For we should no longer permit
+     these great departments of the fine arts and of the sciences to
+     remain in a passive state, but they should all be made the means of
+     active instruction from masterful professors. Music, its theory,
+     composition, and performance on every instrument should be taught
+     where demonstrations could be made with the orchestra and the
+     organ. Successful painters and sculptors, the elected members of
+     the future faculty, should fix their studios near the Institute and
+     teach painting and sculpture as well as it could be done in Paris
+     or Munich. Architecture should thrive by the hand of its trained
+     votaries, while science should continue to reveal the secrets of
+     her most attractive mysteries. Then, as the ambitious youths of the
+     ancient world came to Athens to obtain the purest culture of that
+     age, so would our modern youths, who are already in the Carnegie
+     Technical Schools from twenty-six States, continue to come to
+     Pittsburgh to partake of the most comprehensive scheme of education
+     which the world would obtain. Believing firmly in the achieving
+     power of hopeful thought, I pray you think on this.
+
+[Illustration: The Carnegie Institute]
+
+
+V
+
+In the East End is the Pennsylvania College for Women (Presbyterian;
+chartered in 1869), which has one hundred and two students. On the North
+Side (Allegheny) are the Allegheny Theological Seminary (United
+Presbyterian; founded in 1825), which has six instructors and sixty-one
+students; the Western Theological Seminary (Presbyterian; opened in
+1827), with sixty-four students and twelve instructors, and a library of
+34,000 volumes; and the Reformed Presbyterian Theological Seminary
+(founded in 1856). There are five high schools and a normal academy and
+also the following private academies: Pittsburgh Academy, for both boys
+and girls; East Liberty Academy, for boys; Lady of Mercy Academy, for
+girls and for boys in the lower grades; the Stuart-Mitchell School, for
+girls; the Gleim School, for girls; the Thurston School, for girls; and
+the Ursuline Young Ladies' Academy.
+
+The Phipps Conservatory (horticulture), the largest in America, and the
+Hall of Botany are in Schenley Park and were built by Mr. Henry Phipps.
+There is an interesting zooelogical garden in Highland Park which was
+founded by Mr. Christopher L. Magee.
+
+The Pittsburgh "Gazette," founded July 29, 1786, and consolidated with
+the Pittsburgh "Times" (1879) in 1906 as the "Gazette Times," is one of
+the oldest newspapers west of the Alleghany Mountains. Other prominent
+newspapers of the city are the "Chronicle Telegraph" (1841); "Post"
+(1842); "Dispatch" (1846); "Leader" (1870; Sunday, 1864); "Press"
+(1883); and the "Sun" (1906). There are also two German dailies, the
+"Volksblatt und Freiheits-Freund" and the "Pittsburgher Beobachter," one
+Slavonic daily, one Slavonic weekly, two Italian weeklies, besides
+journals devoted to society and the iron, building, and glass trades.
+The publishing house of the United Presbyterian Church is located here,
+and there are several periodical journals published by the various
+religious bodies.
+
+The city has some very attractive public buildings and office buildings
+and an unusual number of beautiful churches. The Allegheny County
+Court-House, in the Romanesque style, erected in 1884-88 at a cost of
+$2,500,000, is one of Henry H. Richardson's masterpieces. The Nixon
+Theater is a notable piece of architecture. The Post-Office and the
+Customs Office are housed in a large Government building of polished
+granite.
+
+[Illustration: Court-house]
+
+The city has twenty or more hospitals for the care of its sick, injured,
+or insane, ten of which have schools for the training of nurses. There
+is the Western Pennsylvania Institute for the Instruction of the Deaf
+and Dumb in Pittsburgh, which is in part maintained by the State, where
+trades are taught as a part of the educational system. The State also
+helps to maintain the Western Pennsylvania Institution for the Blind,
+the Home for Aged and Infirm Colored Women, and the Home for Colored
+Children. Among other charitable institutions maintained by the city are
+the Home for Orphans, Home for the Aged, Home for Released Convicts, an
+extensive system of public baths, the Curtis Home for Destitute Women
+and Girls, the Pittsburgh Newsboys' Home, the Children's Aid Society of
+Western Pennsylvania, the Protestant Home for Incurables, the Pittsburgh
+Association for the Improvement of the Poor, and the Western
+Pennsylvania Humane Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals,
+Children, and Aged Persons. Under the management of Women's Clubs
+several playgrounds are open to children during the summer, where
+competent teachers give instruction to children over ten years of age in
+music, manual training, sewing, cooking, nature study, and color work.
+
+The water supply of Pittsburgh is taken from the Allegheny River and
+pumped into reservoirs, the highest of which is Herron Hill, five
+hundred and thirty feet above the river. A slow sand filtration plant
+for the filtration of the entire supply is under construction and a part
+of it is in operation. In this last year the Legislature has passed an
+act prohibiting the deposit of sewage material in the rivers of the
+State, and this tardy action in the interest of decency and health will
+stop the ravages of death through epidemic fevers caught from poisoned
+streams.
+
+
+VI
+
+Pittsburgh maintains by popular support one of the four symphony
+orchestras in America. She has given many famous men to science,
+literature, and art. Her astronomical observatory is known throughout
+the world. Her rich men are often liberal beyond their own needs,
+particularly so William Thaw, who spent great sums for education and
+benevolence; Mrs. Mary Schenley, who has given the city a great park,
+over four hundred acres in the very heart of its boundaries; and Henry
+Phipps, who erected the largest conservatory for plants and flowers in
+our country. There is one other, Andrew Carnegie, whose wise and
+continuous use of vast wealth for the public good is nearly beyond human
+precedent.
+
+[Illustration: Zooelogical Garden in Highland Park]
+
+If Pittsburgh people were called upon to name their best known singer,
+they would, of course, with one accord, say Stephen C. Foster. His songs
+are verily written in the hearts of millions of his fellow-creatures,
+for who has not sung "Old Folks at Home," "Nelly Bly," "My Old Kentucky
+Home," and the others? Ethelbert Nevin is the strongest name among our
+musical composers, his "Narcissus," "The Rosary," and many others being
+known throughout the world.
+
+Charles Stanley Reinhart, Mary Cassatt, and John W. Alexander are the
+best known among our painters. Henry O. Tanner, the only negro
+painter, was born in Pittsburgh and learned the rudiments of his art
+here. Albert S. Wall, his son, A. Bryan Wall, George Hetzel, and John W.
+Beatty have painted good pictures, as have another group which includes
+William A. Coffin, Martin B. Leisser, Jaspar Lawman, Eugene A. Poole,
+Joseph R. Woodwell, William H. Singer, Clarence M. Johns, and Johanna
+Woodwell Hailman. Thomas S. Clarke is a Pittsburgh painter and sculptor.
+Philander C. Knox, United States Senator, and John Dalzell, member of
+the House of Representatives, are prominent among those who have served
+Pittsburgh ably in the National Government.
+
+
+VII
+
+And how about letters? Has Pittsburgh a literature? Those rolling clouds
+of smoke, those mighty industries, those men of brawn, those men of
+energy, that ceaseless calculation of wages and dividends--can these
+produce an atmosphere for letters? It seems unthinkable. Yet hold! Only
+the other day on the train a man who has been a resident of New York for
+thirty-five years remarked in this author's presence that "Pittsburgh is
+the most intellectual city in America." He had never visited Pittsburgh
+and the author did not and does not know his name. "How about Boston?"
+asked another traveler. "Boston used to be, but is not now," he
+answered. Then I, in my timid and artless way, ventured to ask him why
+he spoke thus of Pittsburgh. "Because," said he, "distant as I am from
+Pittsburgh, more inspiration in artistic and intellectual things has
+come to me from that city than from any other place in America." But
+that may have been his dinner or the cigar.
+
+Literature I once attempted to define as the written record of thought
+and action. If this be an adequate definition, then Pittsburgh writers
+have substantially enriched the field of literature in every department,
+and given our city permanent fame as a place of letters. As we begin our
+survey of the local field, the wonder grows that the literary production
+is so large, and that the character of much of it is so very high. Let
+Pegasus champ his golden bit as he may, and beat his hoof upon the empty
+air, Pittsburgh men and Pittsburgh women have ridden the classic steed
+with grace and skill through all the flowered deviations of his bridal
+paths. This is scarcely the place to attempt a critical estimate, and it
+would be an ungracious and a presumptuous task for me to appraise the
+literary value of that work with any great degree of detail. The
+occasion will hardly permit more than a list of names and titles; and
+while pains have been taken to make this list complete, it is possible
+that some books may have been overlooked, but truly by inadvertence
+only.
+
+
+VIII
+
+Perhaps the most important piece of literature from a local pen is
+Professor William M. Sloane's "Life of Napoleon." This is a painstaking
+and authoritative record of the great Frenchman who conquered everybody
+but himself. Dr. William J. Holland, once chancellor of the University
+of Pittsburgh, now director of the Carnegie Museum, has given to the
+field of popular science "The Butterfly Book"--an author who knows every
+butterfly by its Christian name. Then Andrew Carnegie's "Triumphant
+Democracy" presents masses of statistics with such lightness of touch as
+to make them seem a stirring narrative. His other books, "An American
+Four-in-Hand in Britain" and "Round the World" present the vivid
+impressions of a keen traveler. His "Life of James Watt" conveys a
+sympathetic portraiture of the inventor of the steam engine. His "Gospel
+of Wealth" is a piece of deep-thinking discursiveness, although it
+really seems a superfluous thesis, for Mr. Carnegie's best exposition of
+the gospel of wealth unfolds itself in two thousand noble buildings
+erected all over the world for the diffusion of literature; in those
+splendid conceptions, the Scottish Education Fund; the Washington
+Carnegie Institution for Scientific Research; the Pension for College
+Professors, which has so much advanced the dignity and security of
+teaching; the Pension for Aged and Disabled Workmen; the Hero Fund, with
+its provision of aid to the injured and to the worthy poor; the many
+college endowments; and, greater than all, the Peace Palace at The
+Hague, through which he will make his appeal to the conscience of
+civilization during all time to organize and extend among the nations of
+the earth that system of arbitrated justice which has been already
+established within the borders of each State.
+
+[Illustration: Carnegie Technical Schools (uncompleted)]
+
+But if I continue to group our Pittsburgh authors in this arbitrary
+fashion, those who come at the end will think I mean the last to be
+least. Therefore, let me pursue the theme indiscriminately, as I meant
+to do all along had not that same Pegasus, in spite of my defiance, run
+away at the very start.
+
+
+IX
+
+The first Pittsburgh book that I can find in my hurried review of the
+field is "Modern Chivalry," by Hugh Henry Brackenridge. The third volume
+of this book was printed in Pittsburgh in 1796, the first two having
+been published in Philadelphia. This writer's son, Henry M.
+Brackenridge, was also an author, having written "History of the Late
+War between the United States and Great Britain," "History of the
+Western Insurrection called the Whisky Insurrection, 1794," "Journal of
+a Voyage up the River Missouri, Performed in 1811," "Recollections of
+Persons and Places in the West," and several other books. Neville B.
+Craig wrote a "History of Pittsburgh," published in 1851, which is still
+a work of standard reference. Another "History of Pittsburgh" was
+brought out some ten years ago under the editorship of Erasmus Wilson,
+who has also published a volume of "Quiet Observations," selected from
+his newspaper essays. But the most important, painstaking, and accurate
+"History of Pittsburgh" which has yet been published is the one by Miss
+Sarah H. Killikelly, published in 1906. Another book of hers, "Curious
+Questions," is an entertaining collection of many queer things that have
+occurred in the world's history. Robert P. Nevin wrote "Black Robes" and
+"Three Kings." Professor Samuel P. Langley was for many years in charge
+of the Allegheny Observatory and won fame while here as a writer on
+scientific subjects. Also the first models of his flying machine were
+made while he was a resident in Pittsburgh. W. M. Darlington wrote "Fort
+Pitt" and edited the journals of Christopher Gist, who was Washington's
+scout when the Father of his Country first came to Pittsburgh. "Two Men
+in the West" is the title of a little book on travel by W. R. Halpin.
+Arthur G. Burgoyne, a newspaper writer, has published "All Sorts of
+Pittsburghers." George Seibel has written three beautiful plays which
+have not yet been produced because the modern stage managers seem to
+prefer to produce unbeautiful plays. One of these is "Omar Khayyam,"
+which was accepted and paid for by Richard Mansfield, who died before he
+could arrange for its production. Another is "Christopher Columbus," and
+he has just finished an important tragedy entitled "OEdipus," dealing
+artistically with a horrifying story, which has been accepted for early
+production by Mr. Robert Mantel. Mr. Seibel has published a monograph on
+"The Mormon Problem." Charles P. Shiras wrote the "Redemption of Labor,"
+and a drama, "The Invisible Prince," which was played in the old
+Pittsburgh Theater. Bartley Campbell was the most prolific writer of
+plays that Pittsburgh has yet produced, and his melodramas have been
+played in nearly every theater in America. H. G. Donnelly, well known as
+a playwright, was also a Pittsburgher. Mrs. Mary Roberts Rinehart is a
+young author who is coming to the front as a writer of successful
+dramas, stories, and books. Her plays, "The Double Life" and "By Order
+of the Court" have been produced, and a novel, "The Circular Staircase,"
+has just appeared from the press. My own little play, "The Brayton
+Episode," was played by Miss Sarah Truax at the Alvin Theater,
+Pittsburgh, June 24, 1903, and by Miss Eleanor Moretti at the Fifth
+Avenue Theater, New York, January 15, 1905.
+
+[Illustration: Margaret Morrison Carnegie School for Women]
+
+Rev. W. G. Mackay wrote tales of history under the title of "The Skein
+of Life." Father Morgan M. Sheedy and Rev. Dr. George Hodges, who used
+to strive together in Pittsburgh to surpass each other in tearing down
+the walls of religious prejudice that keep people out of the Kingdom of
+Heaven, have each given us several books on social and religious topics
+composed on the broad and generous lines of thought which only such
+sensible teachers know how to employ. Among Dr. Hodges' books are
+"Christianity between Sundays," the "Heresy of Cain," and "Faith and
+Social Service"; while Father Sheedy has published "Social Topics."
+
+That devoted student of nature, Dr. Benjamin Cutler Jillson, wrote a
+book called "Home Geology," and another, "River Terraces In and Near
+Pittsburgh," which carry the fancy into far-off antiquity. Professor
+Daniel Carhart, of the University of Pittsburgh, has given us "Field
+Work for Civil Engineers" and "Treatise on Plane Surveying." From J.
+Heron Foster we have "A Full Account of the Great Fire at Pittsburgh in
+1845." Adelaide M. Nevin published "Social Mirror," and Robert P. Nevin
+"Poems," a book with mood and feeling. Dr. Stephen A. Hunter, a
+clergyman, is the author of an erudite work entitled "Manual of
+Therapeutics and Pharmacy in the Chinese Language."
+
+Walter Scott, who, after taking a course at the University of Edinburgh,
+came to Pittsburgh in 1826, was a very distinguished preacher and
+author. His greatest reputation was gained in his work in association
+with Alexander Campbell in establishing the principles of the now mighty
+congregation known as the Christian, or Disciples, Church. His books
+are: "The Gospel Restored," "The Great Demonstration," and "The Union of
+Christians."
+
+A memoir of Professor John L. Lincoln, by his son, W. L. Lincoln, gives
+a record of a life so spent that many men were truly made better
+thereby. Father Andrew A. Lambing, President of the Historical Society
+of Western Pennsylvania, has written useful monographs on the early
+history of this region, and he is one of the first authorities in that
+field. He has also composed books on religious subjects. E. W. Duckwell
+wrote "Bacteriology Applied to the Canning and Preserving of Food
+Products."
+
+Richard Realf was a poet "whose songs gushed from his heart," and some
+of them hold a place in literature. His "Monarch of the Forges" breathes
+the deep spirit of industrial life as he found it in Pittsburgh.
+
+Mr. Lee S. Smith, now (1908) president of the Chamber of Commerce, has
+published an interesting book entitled "Through Egypt to Palestine,"
+describing his travels in the Orient.
+
+Our men who have written most knowingly on industrial topics are James
+M. Swank and Joseph D. Weeks. A young writer, Francis Hill, has
+published a very readable boys' story, "Outlaws of Horseshoe Hole," and
+Arthur Sanwood Pier has published "The Pedagogues," a novel satirizing
+the Harvard Summer School.
+
+Rev. Henry C. McCook's very successful novel, "The Latimers," is an
+engaging study of the whisky insurrection of early Pittsburgh days.
+Thomas B. Plimpton is remembered by some as a writer of verse. Judge J.
+E. Parke and Judge Joseph Mellon have written historical essays. Josiah
+Copley wrote "Gathering Beulah." Logan Conway is the author of "Money
+and Banking." He has also written a series of essays on "Evolution."
+Miss Cara Reese has published a little story entitled "And She Got All
+That." Miss Willa Sibert Cather has just published her "Poems." Charles
+McKnight's "Old Fort Duquesne; or Captain Jack the Scout" is a stirring
+book that has fired the hearts of many boys who love a good tale.
+William Harvey Brown's story, "On the South African Frontier," was
+written and published while he was a curator in the Carnegie Museum.
+
+Pittsburgh has produced a group of standard schoolbooks--always of the
+very first importance in the literature of any country. Among these are
+the books by Andrew Burt and Milton B. Goff, and a series of readers by
+Lucius Osgood.
+
+[Illustration: Design of University of Pittsburgh]
+
+Henry J. Ford's "Rise and Growth of American Politics" is a well-studied
+work. Henry A. Miller's "Money and Bimetallism" is a conscientious
+statement of his investigations of that question. Judge Marshall Brown
+has written two books, "Bulls and Blunders" and "Wit and Humor of Famous
+Sayings." Frank M. Bennett's "Steam Navy of the United States" is a
+useful technical work.
+
+L. C. Van Noppen, after pursuing his studies of Dutch literature in
+Holland, came to Pittsburgh and wrote a translation of Vondel's great
+Dutch classical poem "Lucifer." Vondel published the original of this
+work some ten or fifteen years before Milton's "Paradise Lost" appeared,
+and critics have tried to show by the deadly parallel column that Milton
+drew the inspiration for some of his highest poetical flights from
+Vondel. It is probable, however, that Milton was unconscious of the
+existence of Vondel's work.
+
+S. L. Fleishman has translated the poems of Heine with tenderness and
+feeling. Ella Boyce Kirk has written several educational pamphlets.
+Morgan Neville published a poem, "Comparisons." From that Prince Rupert
+of the astronomers, Professor James E. Keeler, who has made more than
+one fiery dash across the borderland of known science, we have
+"Spectroscopic Observations of Nebulae." That truly gifted woman,
+Margaretta Wade Deland, was born in Pittsburgh in 1857 and resided here
+until her marriage in 1880. Among her books are "John Ward, Preacher,"
+"The Story of a Child," "Philip and His Wife," and "Old Chester Tales."
+Jane Grey Swisshelm wrote the recollections of an eventful experience
+under the title "Half a Century of Life." Nicholas Biddle composed a
+studious "Life of Sebastian Cabot," and another book, "Modern Chivalry."
+Mrs. Annie Wade has written poems and stories. The city has fathered
+many able writers against slavery and intemperance, among whom was
+William H. Burleigh, who wrote "Our Country." William B. Conway wrote
+"Cottage on the Cliff." From Rev. John Black we have "The Everlasting
+Kingdom," and Rev. John Tassey published a "Life of Christ." William G.
+Johnston's interesting book, "Experiences of a Forty-niner," was
+published in 1892. John Reed Scott has published two successful novels,
+"The Colonel of the Red Hussars" and "Beatrix of Clare." Martha Fry
+Boggs wrote "A Romance of New Virginia." Then there are "Polly and I,"
+by Cora Thurmston; "Free at Last" and "Emma's Triumph," by Mrs. Jane S.
+Collins; "Her Brother Donnard," by Emily E. Verder; "Essays," by Anna
+Pierpont Siviter; "Human Progress," by Thomas S. Blair; "Steel: A Manual
+for Steel Users," a useful monograph by William Metcalf; and "Memoir of
+John B. Gibson," by Colonel Thomas P. Roberts. Then there are some poor
+things from my own pen, if, in order to make the record complete, I may
+add them at the end--"Oliver Cromwell: A History" (1894); "John
+Marmaduke: A Romance of the English Invasion of Ireland in 1649"
+(1897); "Beowulf: A Poem" (1901); "Penruddock of the White Lambs," a
+novel (1903); "The Brayton Episode," a play (1903); "The Sword of the
+Parliament," a play (1907); and this, "A Short History of Pittsburgh"
+(1908).
+
+And such is the list. Imperfect though it may be, it is the best that I
+have been able to compose. But how large and full the measure of it all
+is! History, biography, philosophy, religion, nature, science,
+criticism, government, coinage and finance, art, poetry, the drama,
+travel, adventure, fiction, society, education, all avenues of human
+activity, all themes of human speculation, have been covered in books
+written with more or less interest and power by men and women of
+Pittsburgh. Much of this volume of production is ephemeral, but some of
+it on the other hand is undoubtedly a permanent addition to the world's
+literature.
+
+
+X
+
+One word more before leaving this subject. Literature has not until
+recently enjoyed that degree of attention from the public press of
+Pittsburgh which it deserves. It ought to be the concern of every human
+unit in the nation to receive honest guidance in the development of
+literature; for literature, once again, is the written record of thought
+and action. Mobs will melt away when the units in the mob begin to
+think, and they will think when they read. Then will the law be
+paramount, and then will our institutions be safe. Thousands of our
+serious people annually subscribe for literary reviews of one kind or
+another in order that they may follow the rapid expansion of the written
+record of the thought and action of the world, when the whole department
+might be covered so admirably by our daily newspapers. Should not the
+newspaper give each household practically all it needs in criticism and
+information outside of the printed books themselves? How easily we could
+spare some of the glaring and exaggerated headlines over the daily
+record of crime, misconduct, and false leadership, which inflame the
+mind and the passions with evil fire, and how joyfully we would welcome
+instead an intelligent, conscientious, comprehensive, discriminating,
+piquant--in short, a masterful discussion from day to day of the written
+record of the thought and action of the world as unfolded in its
+statesmanship, its oratory, its education, its heroism, and its
+literature.
+
+[Illustration: Allegheny Observatory, University of Pittsburgh]
+
+
+XI
+
+And so my little story of Pittsburgh comes to an end. It is the story of
+a great achievement in the building of a city, and the development of a
+community within its boundaries. I have sometimes heard a sneer at
+Pittsburgh as a place where undigested wealth is paramount. I have never
+beheld the city in that character. On the contrary, I have, on frequent
+occasions, seen the assemblage of men native here where a goodly section
+of the brain and power of the nation was represented. There is much
+wealth here, but the dominant spirit of those who have it is not a
+spirit of pride and luxury and arrogance. There is much poverty here,
+but it is the poverty of hope which effort and opportunity will
+transform into affluence. And especially is there here a spirit of good
+fellowship, of help one to another, and of pride in the progress of the
+intellectual life. And with all of these comes a growth toward the best
+civic character which in its aggregate expression is probably like unto
+the old Prophet's idea of that righteousness which exalteth a nation.
+
+[Illustration: Phipps Conservatory, Schenley Park]
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+Adams, Gabriel, Mayor, 51
+
+Alexander, John W., 91, 106
+
+Allegheny, made county-seat, 40;
+  county-seat changed to Pittsburgh, 40;
+  annexed to Pittsburgh, 52
+
+Allegheny Cemetery, 90
+
+Allegheny County, erection of, 40;
+  iron and steel products of, 84
+
+Allegheny Observatory, 84, 99
+
+Allegheny River improved, 82
+
+Allegheny Theological Seminary, 102
+
+Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers, 71, 78
+
+Amherst, General, captures Fort Frontenac, 29
+
+Anderson, Edwin H., 91
+
+Archer, Frederick, 94
+
+Archer, William, 100
+
+Armstrong, Colonel, raises English flag over Fort Duquesne, 29
+
+Artists, list of, 106
+
+Astronomical Observatory, 91, 106
+
+Authors, list of, 112
+
+
+Ball, Sir Robert S., 96
+
+Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Company, 49, 60, 81
+
+Barker, Joseph, Mayor, 51
+
+Baron, Father, 29
+
+Beatty, John W., 92, 108
+
+Beatty, Rev. Mr., 29
+
+Beaujeu, Captain, attacks Braddock's army, 22;
+  killed, 23
+
+Bell, C. F. Moberly, 96
+
+Benedite, Leonce, 95
+
+Bennett, Frank M., 120
+
+Biddle, Nicholas, 121
+
+Bingham, William, Mayor, 51
+
+Black, John, 121
+
+Blackmore, James, Mayor, 52
+
+Blair, Francis P., 55
+
+Blair, Thomas S., 121
+
+"Blockhouse," built by Bouquet, 34;
+  occupied by Dr. John Connelly, 37;
+  used by Colonial troops in Revolution, 37
+
+Boggs, Martha Fry, 121
+
+Bouquet, Colonel Henry, builds "Blockhouse," 34;
+  leads army at Battle of Bushy Run, 35
+
+Brackenridge, Henry M., 112
+
+Brackenridge, Hugh Henry, 112
+
+Braddock, General Edward, marches upon Fort Duquesne, 21;
+  wounded in battle, 24;
+  his army defeated, 24;
+  death of, 25
+
+Braddock's defeat, effect of on Colonies, 25
+
+Brashear, John A., 85
+
+Breckinridge, John C., 57
+
+Broadhead, Colonel, 38
+
+Brown, A. M., Recorder, 52
+
+Brown, Joseph, 70
+
+Brown, J. O., Recorder, 52
+
+Brown, Marshall, 120
+
+Brown, William Harvey, 118
+
+Brush, Jared M., Mayor, 52
+
+Bryce, Right Honorable James, 95
+
+Buchanan, James, 57
+
+Burgoyne, Arthur G., 113
+
+Burleigh, William H., 121
+
+Burt, Andrew, 118
+
+Bushy Run, Battle of, 35
+
+
+Caldwell, John, 94
+
+Calvary Cemetery, 90
+
+Campbell, Alexander, 117
+
+Campbell, Bartley, 114
+
+Carhart, Daniel, 116
+
+Carnegie, Andrew, 85, 96, 106, 110
+
+Carnegie Institute, 91, 99
+
+Carnegie Steel Company, 71, 77
+
+Carnegie Technical Schools, 91, 94
+
+Cassatt, Alexander Johnston, 85
+
+Cassatt, Mary, 106
+
+Cather, Willa Sibert, 118
+
+Celeron, Louis, 16
+
+Charitable institutions, 103
+
+Chatham, Earl of (William Pitt), 25, 29, 37
+
+Church, Samuel, 83
+
+Church, Samuel Harden, 94, 114, 121
+
+Civil War, 53
+
+Clarke, Thomas S., 123
+
+Clay, Henry, visits Pittsburgh, 58
+
+Cleveland, Grover, 95
+
+Coffin, William A., 108
+
+Collins annexed to Pittsburgh, 52
+
+Collins, Jane S., 121
+
+Composers, list of, 106
+
+Constant, Baron d'Estournelles de, 95
+
+Constitutional Convention, 53
+
+Contrecoeur, Captain, visited by Washington, 17;
+  his reply received by English, 19;
+  captures fort at Pittsburgh and names it Fort Duquesne, 20
+
+Conway, Logan, 118
+
+Conway, William B., 121
+
+Copley, Josiah, 118
+
+Country Club, 90
+
+Court-house, architect of, 103;
+  cost of, 103
+
+Craig, Neville B., 113
+
+Cranston, Sir Robert, 96
+
+Craver, Harrison W., 92
+
+
+Dalzell, John, 108
+
+Darlington, W. M., 113
+
+Darragh, John, Mayor, 51
+
+Daughters of American Revolution, 34
+
+Davis Island Dam, 82
+
+Dayton, William L., 57
+
+Defiance, Fort, built by General Wayne, 42
+
+Deland, Margaretta Wade, 120
+
+Denny, Ebenezer, Mayor, 51
+
+Denny, Governor, 29
+
+Dickens, Charles, visits Pittsburgh, 58
+
+Dickhuth, Colonel Gustav, 96
+
+Diehl, William J., Mayor, 52
+
+Dinwiddie, Governor, sends Washington to Pittsburgh, 14
+
+Donnelly, H. G., 114
+
+Doumer, Paul, 95
+
+Duckwell, E. W., 117
+
+Dunfermline, 28
+
+Dunmore, Governor, opens land office in Pittsburgh, 35
+
+Duquesne, Fort, built and named by French, 20;
+  captured by English, 29;
+  blown up and burned by French, 29;
+  taken possession of by English, 29;
+  name changed to Fort Pitt, 29
+
+
+East Liberty Academy, 102
+
+Ecuyer, Simon, leads attack on Fort Pitt, 35
+
+Elgar, Sir Edward, 96
+
+Emancipation Proclamation, 53
+
+England, war with France, 15
+
+Enlart, Camille, 95
+
+
+Fang, Wu Ting, 95
+
+Farragut, Admiral, visits Pittsburgh, 58
+
+Fleishman, S. L., 120
+
+Forbes, General, captures Fort Duquesne, 14;
+  names captured fort Pittsburgh, 14, 29;
+  his letter to Pitt announcing capture and renaming of Fort Duquesne, 29
+
+Ford, Henry J., 118
+
+Ford, Henry P., Mayor, 52
+
+Foster, J. Heron, 116
+
+Foster, Stephen C., 106
+
+Founder's Day, 95
+
+France, war with England, 15
+
+Franklin, Benjamin, 21
+
+Fremont, John C., 57
+
+French Revolution, 43
+
+Frew, William N., 94
+
+Frick, Henry C., 72, 76, 77, 85
+
+Frontenac, Fort, captured by General Amherst, 29
+
+Fulton, Andrew, Mayor, 52
+
+
+Gilder, Richard Watson, 95
+
+Gist, Christopher, accompanies Washington to Pittsburgh, 14;
+  hardships of journey to Fort Leboeuff, 17, 18, 19;
+  saves Washington from drowning, 19
+
+Gleim School, 102
+
+Goff, Milton B., 118
+
+Gourley, Henry I., Mayor, 52
+
+Grant, General U. S., visits Pittsburgh, 58
+
+Grant, Major, defeated at Grant's Hill and killed, 28
+
+Great Meadows, Battle of, 20
+
+Greeley, Horace, 55, 56, 57
+
+Greensburg, 40
+
+Guthrie, George W., Mayor, 52
+
+Guthrie, John B., Mayor, 51
+
+Guthrie, P. N., 70
+
+Guyesuta, 17
+
+
+Hailman, Johanna Woodwell, 108
+
+Hall of Botany, 102
+
+Halpin, W. R., 113
+
+Hamerschlag, Arthur A., 94
+
+Hancock, John, 38
+
+Hand, General Edward, plans expedition against Indians, 38
+
+Hay, Alexander, Mayor, 51
+
+Hays, W. B., Recorder and Mayor, 52
+
+Heinz Company, 84
+
+Herbert, Victor, 94
+
+Herron Hill Reservoir, 105
+
+Herron, John, Mayor, 51
+
+Herr's Island, 19
+
+Hetzel, George, 108
+
+Highland Park, 90
+
+Hill, Francis, 117
+
+Hodges, George, 116
+
+Holland, W. J., 94, 110
+
+Homestead Steel Works, 68
+
+Homestead strike, 71
+
+Homewood Cemetery, 90
+
+Hopkins, Anderson H., 91
+
+Hospitals, 103
+
+Howard, William J., Mayor, 51
+
+Hunter, Stephen A., 116
+
+
+Ihne, Ernst von, 96
+
+Indians cede land about Pittsburgh to Colonies, 35
+
+Irvine, General William, placed in command of Fort Pitt, 39
+
+Irwin, William W., Mayor, 51
+
+
+Jackson, George N., 56
+
+Jefferson, Joseph, 95
+
+Jillson, Benjamin Cutler, 116
+
+Johns, Clarence M., 108
+
+Johnson, President, visits Pittsburgh, 58
+
+Johnston, Governor, visits Pittsburgh, 58
+
+Johnston, William G., 121
+
+Johnstown Flood, 58
+
+Jumonville, death of, 20
+
+
+Keeler, James E., 120
+
+Kensington Iron Works, 83
+
+Kerr, William, Mayor, 51
+
+Keyashuta, Indian chief, 17
+
+Killikelly, Sarah H., 113
+
+King, John A., 55
+
+Kirk, Ella Boyce, 120
+
+Knox, Philander C., 108
+
+Koser, Reinhold, 96
+
+Kossuth, Louis, visits Pittsburgh, 58
+
+
+Lady of Mercy Academy, 102
+
+Lafayette, Fort, built, 42
+
+Lafayette, General, visits Pittsburgh, 58
+
+Lambing, A. A., 117
+
+Langley, Samuel P., 113
+
+Lawman, Jaspar, 108
+
+Lawrenceville annexed to Pittsburgh, 52
+
+Leboeuff, Fort, 17
+
+Leisser, Martin B., 108
+
+Lexington, Battle of, 37
+
+Liberty annexed to Pittsburgh, 52
+
+Liddell, Robert, Mayor, 52
+
+Ligneris, Captain, surrenders Fort Duquesne, 29
+
+Lincoln, Abraham, visits Pittsburgh, 58
+
+Lincoln, John L., 117
+
+Lincoln, W. L., 117
+
+Little, William, Mayor, 51
+
+Loewenfeld, His Excellency Lieutenant General Alfred von, 95
+
+Logstown, storehouses built by Ohio Company, 16;
+  captured by French, 16
+
+Louisburg, capture of, 28
+
+Lowrie, Walter B., Mayor, 51
+
+Lowry, James, Mayor, 51
+
+Lyon, Robert W., Mayor, 52
+
+
+"Maarten Maartens," 96
+
+Macbeth, George A., 94
+
+Macbeth, James Currie, 96
+
+Mackay, W. G., 116
+
+Magee, C. L., 102
+
+Mail route to Philadelphia established, 40
+
+Mansfield, Robert, 114
+
+Mantel, Robert, 114
+
+Mayflower, landing of, 53
+
+McCallin, William, Mayor, 52
+
+McCarthy, William C., Mayor, 52
+
+McCarthy, W. L., Mayor, 52
+
+McClintock, Jonas R., Mayor, 51
+
+McConway, William, 95
+
+McCook, Henry C., 118
+
+McCormick, Samuel Black, 99
+
+McCrea, James, 78
+
+McKenna, Bernard, Mayor, 52
+
+McKinley, William, 95
+
+McKnight, Charles, 118
+
+Mellon, Joseph, 118
+
+Mellor, Charles C., 94
+
+Metcalf, William, 121
+
+Miller, Henry A., 118
+
+Milton, John, 120
+
+Mitchell, P. Chalmers, 107
+
+Monongahela River improved, 83
+
+Monroe, President, visited Pittsburgh, 58
+
+Montcalm, death of, 31
+
+Moretti, Eleanor, 114
+
+Morgan, Colonel George, 38
+
+Morley, John, 95
+
+Murray, Magnus M., Mayor, 51
+
+
+Necessity, Fort, built by Washington, 21;
+  captured by French, 21
+
+Neville, Morgan, 120
+
+Nevin, Adelaide M., 116
+
+Nevin, Ethelbert, 106
+
+Nevin, Robert P., 113, 116
+
+Newspapers, list of, 40, 113
+
+New York Central Lines, 60, 81
+
+Niagara, Fort, fall of, 31
+
+Nixon Theater, 103
+
+
+Oakland annexed to Pittsburgh, 52
+
+O'Hara, James, 84
+
+Ohio & Pennsylvania Railroad, 49
+
+Ohio Company formed, 16
+
+Osgood, Lucius, 118
+
+
+Parke, J. E., 118
+
+Paur, Emil, 94
+
+Pearson, A. L., 63
+
+Peebles annexed to Pittsburgh, 52
+
+Penn family, purchased Pittsburgh region from Indians, 39;
+  their title annulled, 39
+
+Pennsylvania, dispute with Virginia settled, 40
+
+Pennsylvania and Ohio R. R. Co. incorporated, 48
+
+Pennsylvania Canal, proposed, 47;
+  construction authorized, 47;
+  canal completed, 48;
+  termini of, 48;
+  portage railroad, 48;
+  cost, 48;
+  sold to Pennsylvania Railroad Company, 48;
+  abandoned, 49
+
+Pennsylvania College for Women, 102
+
+Pennsylvania Railroad Company, 48, 49, 60, 81, 85
+
+Pennsylvania, Western University of. See University of Pittsburgh
+
+Pettigrew, Samuel, Mayor, 51
+
+Phipps Conservatory, 102
+
+Phipps, Henry, 85, 102, 106
+
+Pier, Arthur Stanwood, 118
+
+Pinkerton, Robert A., 76
+
+Pitcairn, Robert, 94
+
+Pitt annexed to Pittsburgh, 52
+
+Pitt, Fort, building of first fort, 30;
+  building of second fort, 31;
+  abandoned, 36;
+  mutiny at, 39;
+  General William Irvine put in command, 39;
+  first court held, 40
+
+Pitt, William, Earl of Chatham, 25, 29, 37
+
+Pittsburgh, site selected for fort, 13, 14;
+  site claimed by Virginia, 14;
+  said to have been named by Washington, 14;
+  French attempt to make settlement, 16;
+  explored by Louis Celeron, 16;
+  Washington's first impressions of, 17;
+  first permanent white settlement, 20;
+  captured by Contrecoeur, 20;
+  named Fort Duquesne, 20;
+  captured from French by English, 29;
+  name changed to Pittsburgh, 29;
+  first Fort Pitt built, 30;
+  second Fort Pitt built, 31;
+  attacked by Indians under Simon Ecuyer, 35;
+  land ceded to Colonies by Indians,35;
+  land office opened, 35;
+  made county seat, 40;
+  first court held, 40;
+  ducking-stool erected, 40;
+  size of in 1786, 40;
+  mail route to Philadelphia established, 40;
+  new fort built and named Fort Lafayette, 42;
+  town laid out, 50;
+  incorporated as a borough, 50;
+  chartered as a city, 50;
+  new charter adopted in 1887, 50;
+  "Ripper" charter adopted, 50;
+  list of mayors, 51;
+  first Republican Convention, 53;
+  distinguished visitors, 58;
+  great fire, 58;
+  railroad riots, 59;
+  consolidation of Pittsburgh and Allegheny, 52;
+  present population, 79, 81;
+  tonnage compared with other cities, 82;
+  surrounded by rich coal and gas fields, 83;
+  imports in 1907, 83;
+  manufacture of iron begun, 83;
+  iron and steel statistics, 83, 84, 86;
+  value of various products, 84;
+  first glass works built, 84;
+  rank as a glass-producing center, 84;
+  as a banking center, 85;
+  tax valuation of property, 86;
+  public buildings, 103;
+  hospitals, 103;
+  charitable institutions, 103;
+  water supply, 105
+
+Pittsburgh Academy, 41, 98, 102
+
+Pittsburgh and Connellsville Railroad, 49
+
+Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Canal, 81
+
+Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad, 49
+
+Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad, 49
+
+Pittsburgh Country Club, 90
+
+Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad, 49
+
+Pittsburgh Harbor, 82
+
+Pittsburgh Orchestra, 94, 106
+
+Pittsburgh riots, 59
+
+Pittsburgh, University of, 41, 98
+
+Plimpton, Thomas B., 118
+
+Pontiac plans attack on whites, 34
+
+Poole, Eugene A., 108
+
+Poorten-Schwartz, Joost Marius Willem van der ("Maarten Maartens"), 96
+
+Preece, Sir William Henry, 96
+
+
+Quebec, fall of, 31
+
+
+Realf, Richard, 117
+
+Rebellion, War of, 53
+
+Reed, James H., 94
+
+Reese, Cara, 118
+
+Reformed Presbyterian Theological Seminary, 102
+
+Reid, Whitelaw, 95
+
+Reinhart, Charles Stanley, 106
+
+Republican Association, 54
+
+Republican Party, founding of, 52;
+  first Convention, 55;
+  first candidates, 57
+
+Rhys, John, 96
+
+Richardson, H. H., 103
+
+Riddle, Robert M., Mayor, 51
+
+Rinehart, Mary Roberts, 114
+
+"Ripper" charter, 50
+
+Riverview Park, 90
+
+Roberts, E. S., 96
+
+Roberts, Thomas P., 121
+
+Robertson, William, 96
+
+Ross, John, 96
+
+
+St. Clair, General Arthur, sent against Indians, 42;
+  defeated, 42
+
+Sassoonan, 16
+
+Sawyer, B. C., Mayor, 51
+
+Schaper, Fritz, 96
+
+Schenley, Mrs. Mary, 106
+
+Schenley Park, 90, 91
+
+Scott, Walter, 116
+
+Seibel, George, 114
+
+Semple, Samuel, 35
+
+Seward, William H., Secretary of State, visits Pittsburgh, 58
+
+Sheedy, Morgan M., 116
+
+Shiras, Charles R., 114
+
+Singer, William H., 108
+
+Siviter, Anna Pierpont, 121
+
+Slavery, introduction into
+  United States, 53;
+  abolished, 53
+
+Sloane, William H., 110
+
+Smith, Lee S., 117
+
+Snowden, John M., Mayor, 51
+
+Stanwix, General, builds new Fort Pitt, 31
+
+Stead, William T., 107
+
+Stuart-Mitchell School, 102
+
+Swank, James M., 117
+
+Swinderen, R. de Marees van, 96
+
+Swisshelm, Jane Grey, 121
+
+
+Tanner, Henry O., 108
+
+Tassey, John, 121
+
+Taylor, President, visits Pittsburgh, 58
+
+Thaw, William, 106
+
+Thomson, James, Mayor, 51
+
+Thurmston, Cora, 121
+
+Thurston School, 102
+
+Ticonderoga, capture of, 28
+
+Trent, Captain William, established first permanent white
+  settlement in Pittsburgh, 20
+
+Truax, Sarah, 114
+
+Turtle Creek, 19
+
+
+Uniontown, fort at, 21
+
+United States Steel Corporation, 85
+
+University of Pittsburgh, 41, 98
+
+Ursuline Young Ladies' Academy, 102
+
+
+Van Noppen, L. C., 120
+
+Venango, 18
+
+Verder, Emily E., 121
+
+Virginia, claims site of Pittsburgh, 14;
+  sends Washington to retake Fort Duquesne, 20;
+  dispute with Pennsylvania settled, 40
+
+Volz, Ferdinand E., Mayor, 51
+
+Vondel, 120
+
+
+Wabash R. R. Co., 49, 74
+
+Wade, Annie, 121
+
+Wales, Prince of, visits Pittsburgh, 58
+
+Wall, A. Bryan, 108
+
+Wall, Albert S., 108
+
+Washington, George, the first Pittsburgher, 13;
+  first visits Pittsburgh, 13, 17;
+  his visits to Pittsburgh, 13, 14, 17, 35;
+  said to have named Pittsburgh, 14;
+  first impressions of site of Pittsburgh, 17;
+  hardships of journey to Fort Leboeuff, 17, 18, 19;
+  shot at by his Indian guide, 19;
+  saved from drowning by  Gist, 19;
+  sent to retake Fort Duquesne, 20;
+  directs the retreat of Braddock's army, 24;
+  commands militia at Fort Duquesne, 28;
+  last visit to Pittsburgh, 35;
+  warns General St. Clair against Indians, 42;
+  sends army to suppress whisky insurrection, 44
+
+Wayne, Fort, built by General Wayne, 42
+
+Wayne, General Anthony, sent against Indians, 42;
+  builds Fort Defiance and Fort Wayne, 42;
+  defeats Indians,  42
+
+Weaver, Henry A., Mayor, 51
+
+Webster, Daniel, visits Pittsburgh, 58
+
+Weeks, Joseph D., 117
+
+Welles, Gideon, Secretary of  Navy, visits Pittsburgh, 58
+
+Western Theological Seminary, 102
+
+Western University of Pennsylvania. See University of Pittsburgh
+
+Westinghouse Company, 85
+
+Westinghouse, George, 85
+
+Whisky insurrection, 42
+
+William II, Emperor of Germany, 101
+
+Wilson, Erasmus, 113
+
+Wilson, George, Mayor, 51
+
+Wolfe, death of, 31
+
+Woodwell, Joseph R., 108
+
+
+Zooelogical garden, 102
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's notes:
+
+
+Page 30 (026.png) - Left spelling of Missisippi as is in quoted letter
+
+Index (026.png) - Corrected spelling of Breckinridge, John C. to match
+correct spelling as in text (based on Internet search)
+
+The name Rhys appears once in the text and once in the Index.  In the print
+copy, there is a carat over the y which is not included in this version.
+
+The name Contrecoeur appears throughout the text with an oe ligature which
+is removed for this version.  Similarly OEdipus appears once herein without
+the OE ligature.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Short History of Pittsburgh, by
+Samuel Harden Church
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH ***
+
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