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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/24088-h.zip b/24088-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..1fe5d17 --- /dev/null +++ b/24088-h.zip diff --git a/24088-h/24088-h.htm b/24088-h/24088-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f9d1a12 --- /dev/null +++ b/24088-h/24088-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,1240 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> +<head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Lincoln's Last Hours, by Charles A. Leale, M. D. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + /*<![CDATA[ XML blockout */ + + <!-- + body {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + p {margin-top: 1em; + margin-bottom: 0em; + line-height: 1.4em; + text-align: justify;} + /* Text Blocks ------------------------------------------ */ + blockquote {text-align: justify; font-size: 0.9em;} + .blockquot {margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%;} + pre {font-size: 0.9em;} + .noteBox {margin-left: 20%; + margin-right: 20%; + border-style: ridge; + padding-left: 1em; + padding-right: 1em} + div.narrow {margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 5%} + /* Headers ---------------------------------------------- */ + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {text-align: center; clear: both;} + /* Horizontal Rules ------------------------------------- */ + hr {width: 65%; + margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; + margin-top: 2.0em; margin-bottom: 2.0em; + clear: both;} + hr.full {width: 100%;} + hr.short {width: 20%;} + /* General Formatting ---------------------------------- */ + .sc {font-variant: small-caps;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + .allsc {font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;} + .lowercase {text-transform: lowercase;} + span.pagenum {position: absolute; + right: 1%; + color: gray; background-color: inherit; + letter-spacing:normal; + text-indent: 0em; text-align:right; + font-style: normal; + font-variant:normal; + font-weight: normal; + font-size: 8pt;} + p.center {text-align: center;} + .center {text-align: center;} + /* Figures ----------------------------------------------- */ + .figure, .figcenter {padding: 1em; + margin: 0; + text-align: center; + font-size: 0.8em;} + .figure img, .figcenter img {border: none;} + .figcenter {margin: auto; clear: both;} + /* Links ------------------------------------------------ */ + a:link {color: blue; background-color: inherit; text-decoration: none} + link {color: blue; background-color: inherit; text-decoration: none} + a:visited {color: blue; background-color: inherit; text-decoration: none} + a:hover {color: red; background-color: inherit} + --> + /* XML end ]]>*/ + </style> +</head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Lincoln's Last Hours, by Charles A. Leale + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Lincoln's Last Hours + +Author: Charles A. Leale + +Release Date: December 31, 2007 [EBook #24088] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LINCOLN'S LAST HOURS *** + + + + +Produced by Richard J. Shiffer and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + + + + + +</pre> + + + + + +<h1>Lincoln's Last Hours</h1> + +<h3>By</h3> + +<h2>Charles A. Leale, M. D.</h2> + +<br /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 75px;"> +<img src="images/eagle.png" width="75" height="60" alt="Eagle" title="" /> +</div> + +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="noteBox"> +<h3>Compliments of</h3> +<h2>The Estate of Charles A. Leale</h2> +<h3>New York</h3> +</div> + +<br /> +<br /> + +<h2>ADDRESS</h2> + +<h3 class="sc">delivered before the<br /><br /> +COMMANDERY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK</h3> + +<h2>Military Order of the Loyal Legion<br /> +of the United States</h2> + +<h4>at the regular meeting, February, 1909, City of New York</h4> + +<h3 class="sc lowercase">in observance of the</h3> + +<h3>ONE HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY OF THE BIRTH OF</h3> + +<h2>President Abraham Lincoln</h2> + + +<hr /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p> + +<h1>Lincoln's Last Hours</h1> + +<h3>By Charles A. Leale, M. D.</h3> + +<h5>COPYRIGHT, 1909, BY CHARLES A. LEALE, M. D.</h5> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p><i>Commander and Companions of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of +the United States:</i></p> + +<p>At the historic pageant in Washington, when the remains of President +Lincoln were being taken from the White House to the Capitol, a +carriage immediately preceding the catafalque was assigned to me. +Outside were the crowds, the martial music, but inside the carriage I +was plunged in deep self-communion, until aroused by a gentle tap at +the window of my carriage door. An officer of high rank put his head +inside and exclaimed: "Dr. Leale, I would rather have done what you +did to prolong the life of the President than to have accomplished my +duties during the entire war." I shrank back at what he said, and for +the first time realized the importance of it all. As soon as I +returned to my private office in the hospital, I drew down the +window-shade, locked the door, threw myself prostrate on the bare wood +floor and asked for advice. The answer came as distinctly as if spoken +by a human being present: "Forget it all." I visited our Surgeon +General, Joseph K. Barnes, and asked his advice; he also said: "Cast +it from your memory."</p> + +<p>On April 17, 1865, a New York newspaper reporter called at my army +tent. I invited him in, and expressed my desire to forget all the +recent sad events, and to occupy my mind with the exacting present and +plans for the future.</p> + +<p>Recently, several of our Companions expressed the conviction, that +history now demands, and that it is my duty to give the detailed facts +of President Lincoln's death as I know them, and in compliance with +their request, I this evening for the first time will read a paper on +the subject.</p> + + +<hr /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="Lincolns_Last_Hours" id="Lincolns_Last_Hours"></a>Lincoln's Last Hours</h2> + + +<p>One of the most cruel wars in the history of the world had nearly +closed.</p> + +<p>The people of the United States were rejoicing at the prospect of +peace and returning happiness. President Lincoln, after the surrender +of General Robert E. Lee, visited Richmond, Virginia, exposing himself +to great danger, and on his return delivered an address from the +balcony of the White House.</p> + +<p>I was then a Commissioned Officer in the Medical Department of the +United States Army, having been appointed from my native State, New +York, and was on duty as Surgeon in charge of the Wounded Commissioned +Officers' Ward at the United States Army General Hospital, Armory +Square, Washington, District of Columbia, where my professional duties +were of the greatest importance and required constant and arduous +attention. For a brief relief and a few moments in the fresh air I +started one evening for a short walk on Pennsylvania Avenue. There +were crowds walking toward the President's residence. These I followed +and arrived just at the commencement of President Lincoln's last +public address to his people. From where I stood I could distinctly +hear every word he uttered and I was profoundly impressed with his +divine appearance as he stood in the rays of light, which penetrated +the windows of the White House.</p> + +<p>The influence thus produced gave me an intense desire again to behold +his face and study the characteristics of the "Savior of his Country." +Therefore on the evening of April 14, 1865, after the completion of my +daily hospital duties, I told my Ward Master that I would be absent +for a short time. As a very large number from the Army stationed near +Washington frequently visited the city, a general order was in force +that none should be there without a special pass and all wearing +uniform and out at night were subject to frequent challenge. To avoid +this inconvenience officers stationed in Washington generally removed +all signs of their calling when off duty. I changed to civilian's +dress and hurried to Ford's Theatre, where I had been told President +Lincoln, General Grant, and Members of the Cabinet were to be present +to see the play, "Our American Cousin." I arrived late at the theatre, +8.15 p. m., and requested a seat in the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span>orchestra, whence I could +view the occupants of the President's box, which on looking into the +theatre, I saw had been beautifully decorated with American flags in +honor of the occasion. As the building was crowded the last place +vacant was in the dress circle. I was greatly disappointed, but +accepted this seat, which was near the front on the same side and +about 40 feet from the President's box, and soon became interested in +the pleasing play.</p> + +<p>Suddenly there was a cheering welcome, the acting ceased temporarily +out of respect to the entering Presidential party. Many in the +audience rose to their feet in enthusiasm and vociferously cheered, +while looking around. Turning, I saw in the aisle a few feet behind +me, President Lincoln, Mrs. Lincoln, Major Rathbone and Miss Harris. +Mrs. Lincoln smiled very happily in acknowledgment of the loyal +greeting, gracefully curtsied several times and seemed to be +overflowing with good cheer and thankfulness. I had the best +opportunity to distinctly see the full face of the President, as the +light shone directly upon him. After he had walked a few feet he +stopped for a moment, looked upon the people he loved and acknowledged +their salutations with a solemn bow. His face was perfectly stoical, +his deep set eyes gave him a pathetically sad appearance. The audience +seemed to be enthusiastically cheerful, but he alone looked peculiarly +sorrowful, as he slowly walked with bowed head and drooping shoulders +toward the box. I was looking at him as he took his last walk. The +memory of that scene has never been effaced. The party was preceded by +a special usher, who opened the door of the box, stood to one side, +and after all had entered closed the door and took a seat outside, +where he could guard the entrance to the box. The play was resumed and +my attention was concentrated on the stage until I heard a disturbance +at the door of the President's box. With many others I looked in that +direction, and saw a man endeavoring to persuade the reluctant usher +to admit him. At last he succeeded in gaining an entrance, after which +the door was closed and the usher resumed his place.</p> + +<p>For a few moments all was quiet, and the play again held my attention +until, suddenly, the report of a pistol was heard, and a short time +after I saw a man in mid-air leaping from the President's box to the +stage, brandishing in his hand a drawn dagger. His spur caught in the +American flag festooned in front of the box, causing him to stumble +when he struck the stage, and he fell on his hands and knees. He +quickly regained the erect posture and hopped across the stage, +flourishing his dagger, clearing the stage before him and dragging the +foot of the leg, which was subsequently found to be broken, he +disappeared <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span>behind the scene on the opposite side of the stage. Then +followed cries that the President had been murdered, interspersed with +cries of "Kill the murderer!" "Shoot him!" etc., from different parts +of the building. The lights had been turned down, a general gloom was +over all, and the panic-stricken audience were rushing toward the +doors for exit and safety.</p> + +<p>I instantly arose and in response to cries for help and for a surgeon, +I crossed the aisle and vaulted over the seats in a direct line to the +President's box, forcing my way through the excited crowd. The door of +the box had been securely fastened on the inside to prevent anyone +following the assassin before he had accomplished his cruel object and +made his escape. The obstruction was with difficulty removed and I was +the first to be admitted to the box.</p> + +<p>The usher having been told that I was an army surgeon, had lifted up +his arm and had permitted me alone to enter.</p> + +<p>I passed in, not in the slightest degree knowing what I had to +encounter. At this moment, while in self-communion, the military +command: "Halt!" came to me, and in obedience to it I stood still in +the box, having a full view of the four other occupants. Then came the +advice: "Be calm!" and with the calmest deliberation and force of will +I brought all my senses to their greatest activity and walked forward +to my duty.</p> + +<p>Major Rathbone had bravely fought the assassin; his arm had been +severely wounded and was bleeding. He came to me holding his wounded +arm in the hand of the other, beseeching me to attend to his wound. I +placed my hand under his chin, looking into his eyes an almost +instantaneous glance revealed the fact that he was in no immediate +danger, and in response to appeals from Mrs. Lincoln and Miss Harris, +who were standing by the high-backed armchair in which President +Lincoln sat, I went immediately to their assistance, saying I was a +United States army surgeon. I grasped Mrs. Lincoln's outstretched hand +in mine, while she cried piteously to me, "Oh, Doctor! Is he dead? Can +he recover? Will you take charge of him? Do what you can for him. Oh, +my dear husband!" etc., etc. I soothingly answered that we would do +all that possibly could be done. While approaching the President, I +asked a gentleman, who was at the door of the box, to procure some +brandy and another to get some water.</p> + +<p>As I looked at the President, he appeared to be dead. His eyes were +closed and his head had fallen forward. He was being held upright in +his chair by Mrs. Lincoln, who was weeping bitterly. From <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span>his +crouched down sitting posture it was evident that Mrs. Lincoln had +instantly sprung to his aid after he had been wounded and had kept him +from tumbling to the floor. By Mrs. Lincoln's courage, strength and +energy the President was maintained in this upright position during +all the time that elapsed while Major Rathbone had bravely fought the +assassin and removed the obstruction from the door of the box.</p> + +<p>I placed my finger on the President's right radial pulse but could +perceive no movement of the artery. For the purpose of reviving him, +if possible, we removed him from his chair to a recumbent position on +the floor of the box, and as I held his head and shoulders while doing +this, my hand came in contact with a clot of blood near his left +shoulder. Remembering the flashing dagger in the hand of the assassin, +and the severely bleeding wound of Major Rathbone, I supposed the +President had been stabbed, and while kneeling on the floor over his +head, with my eyes continuously watching the President's face, I asked +a gentleman to cut the coat and shirt open from the neck to the elbow +to enable me, if possible, to check the hemorrhage that I thought +might take place from the subclavian artery or some other blood +vessel. This was done with a dirk knife, but no wound was found there. +I lifted his eyelids and saw evidence of a brain injury. I quickly +passed the separated fingers of both hands through his blood matted +hair to examine his head, and I discovered his mortal wound. The +President had been shot in the back part of the head, behind the left +ear. I easily removed the obstructing clot of blood from the wound, +and this relieved the pressure on the brain.</p> + +<p>The assassin of President Lincoln had evidently carefully planned to +shoot to produce instant death, as the wound he made was situated +within two inches of the physiological point of selection, when +instant death is desired. A Derringer pistol had been used, which had +sent a large round ball on its awful mission through one of the +thickest, hardest parts of the skull and into the brain. The history +of surgery fails to record a recovery from such a fearful wound and I +have never seen or heard of any other person with such a wound, and +injury to the sinus of the brain and to the brain itself, who lived +even for an hour.</p> + +<p>As the President did not then revive, I thought of the other mode of +death, apnoea, and assumed my preferred position to revive by +artificial respiration. I knelt on the floor over the President, with +a knee on each side of his pelvis and facing him. I leaned forward, +opened his mouth and introduced two extended fingers of my right hand +as far back as possible, and by pressing the base of his paralyzed +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span>tongue downward and outward, opened his larynx and made a free +passage for air to enter the lungs. I placed an assistant at each of +his arms to manipulate them in order to expand his thorax, then slowly +to press the arms down by the side of the body, while I pressed the +diaphragm upward: methods which caused air to be drawn in and forced +out of his lungs.</p> + +<p>During the intermissions I also with the strong thumb and fingers of +my right hand by intermittent sliding pressure under and beneath the +ribs, stimulated the apex of the heart, and resorted to several other +physiological methods. We repeated these motions a number of times +before signs of recovery from the profound shock were attained; then a +feeble action of the heart and irregular breathing followed.</p> + +<p>The effects of the shock were still manifest by such great +prostration, that I was fearful of any extra agitation of the +President's body, and became convinced that something more must be +done to retain life. I leaned forcibly forward directly over his body, +thorax to thorax, face to face, and several times drew in a long +breath, then forcibly breathed directly into his mouth and nostrils, +which expanded his lungs and improved his respirations. After waiting +a moment I placed my ear over his thorax and found the action of the +heart improving. I arose to the erect kneeling posture, then watched +for a short time, and saw that the President could continue +independent breathing and that instant death would not occur.</p> + +<p>I then pronounced my diagnosis and prognosis: "His wound is mortal; it +is impossible for him to recover." This message was telegraphed all +over the country.</p> + +<p>When the brandy and water arrived, I very slowly poured a small +quantity into the President's mouth, this was swallowed and retained.</p> + +<p>Many looked on during these earnest efforts to revive the President, +but not once did any one suggest a word or in any way interfere with +my actions. Mrs. Lincoln had thrown the burden on me and sat nearby +looking on.</p> + +<p>In the dimly lighted box of the theatre, so beautifully decorated with +American flags, a scene of historic importance was being enacted. On +the carpeted floor lay prostrate the President of the United States. +His long, outstretched, athletic body of six feet four inches appeared +unusually heroic. His bleeding head rested on my white linen +handkerchief. His clothing was arranged as nicely as possible. He was +irregularly breathing, his heart was feebly beating, his face was pale +and in solemn repose, his eyelids were closed, his countenance made +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span>him appear to be in prayerful communion with the Universal God he +always loved. I looked down upon him and waited for the next +inspiration, which soon came: "Remove to safety." From the time Mrs. +Lincoln had placed the President in my charge, I had not permitted my +attention to be diverted. Again I was asked the nature of his wound +and replied in these exact words: "His wound is mortal; it is +impossible for him to recover."</p> + +<p>While I was kneeling over the President on the floor Dr. Charles S. +Taft and Dr. Albert F. A. King had come and offered to render any +assistance. I expressed the desire to have the President taken, as +soon as he had gained sufficient strength, to the nearest house on the +opposite side of the street. I was asked by several if he could not be +taken to the White House, but I responded that if that were attempted +the President would die long before we reached there. While we were +waiting for Mr. Lincoln to gain strength Laura Keene, who had been +taking part in the play, appealed to me to allow her to hold the +President's head. I granted this request and she sat on the floor of +the box and held his head on her lap.</p> + +<p>We decided that the President could now be moved from the possibility +of danger in the theatre to a house where we might place him on a bed +in safety. To assist in this duty I assigned Dr. Taft to carry his +right shoulder, Dr. King to carry his left shoulder and detailed a +sufficient number of others, whose names I have never discovered, to +assist in carrying the body, while I carried his head, going first. We +reached the door of the box and saw the long passage leading to the +exit crowded with people. I called out twice: "Guards, clear the +passage! Guards, clear the passage!" A free space was quickly cleared +by an officer and protected by a line of soldiers in the position of +present arms with swords, pistols and bayonets. When we reached the +stairs, I turned so that those holding the President's feet would +descend first. At the door of the theatre, I was again asked if the +President could be taken to the White House. I answered: "No, the +President would die on the way."</p> + +<p>The crowd in the street completely obstructed the doorway and a +captain, whose services proved invaluable all through the night, came +to me, saying: "Surgeon, give me your commands and I will see that +they are obeyed." I asked him to clear a passage to the nearest house +opposite. He had on side arms and drew his sword. With the sword and +word of command he cleared the way. We slowly crossed the street. It +was necessary to stop several times to give me the opportunity to +remove the clot of blood from the opening to the wound. A barrier of +men had been formed to keep back the crowds on each side <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span>of an open +space leading to the house. Those who went ahead reported that the +house directly opposite the theatre was closed. I saw a man standing +at the door of Mr. Petersen's house, diagonally opposite, holding a +lighted candle in his hand and beckoning us to enter. This we did, not +having been interrupted in the slightest by the throngs in the street, +but a number of the excited populace followed us into the house.</p> + +<p>The great difficulty of retaining life during this brief time occupied +in moving the President from the theatre to Mr. Petersen's house, +conclusively proved that the President would have died in the street +if I had granted the request to take him such a long distance as to +the White House. I asked for the best room and we soon had the +President placed in bed. He was lifted to the longitudinal center of +the bed and placed on his back. While holding his face upward and +keeping his head from rolling to either side, I looked at his elevated +knees caused by his great height. This uncomfortable position grieved +me and I ordered the foot of the bed to be removed. Dr. Taft and Dr. +King reported that it was a fixture. Then I requested that it be +broken off; as I found this could not satisfactorily be done, I had +the President placed diagonally on the bed and called for extra +pillows, and with them formed a gentle inclined plane on which to rest +his head and shoulders. His position was then one of repose.</p> + +<p>The room soon filled with anxious people. I called the officer and +asked him to open a window and order all except the medical gentlemen +and friends to leave the room. After we had given the President a +short rest I decided to make a thorough physical examination, as I +wished to see if he had been wounded in any other part of the body. I +requested all except the surgeons to leave the room. The Captain +reported that my order had been carried out with the exception of Mrs. +Lincoln, to whom he said he did not like to speak. I addressed Mrs. +Lincoln, explaining my desire, and she immediately left the room. I +examined the President's entire body from his head to his feet and +found no other injury. His lower extremities were very cold and I sent +the Hospital Steward, who had been of great assistance to us in +removing the President from the theatre, to procure bottles of hot +water and hot blankets, which were applied. I also sent for a large +sinapism and in a short time one very nicely made was brought. This I +applied over the solar-plexus and to the anterior surface of his body. +We arranged the bed clothes nicely and I assigned Dr. Taft and Dr. +King to keep his head upon the pillows in the most comfortable +position, relieving each other in this duty, after which I sent an +officer to notify Mrs. Lincoln that she might return to her husband; +she came in and sat on a chair placed for her at the head of the bed.</p><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p> + +<p>As the symptoms indicated renewed brain compression, I again cleared +the opening of clotted blood and pushed forward the button of bone, +which acted as a valve, permitted an oozing of blood and relieved +pressure on the brain. I again saw good results from this action.</p> + +<p>After doing all that was professionally necessary, I stood aside for a +general view and to think what to do next. While thus watching several +army officers anxiously asked if they could in any way assist. I told +them my greatest desire then was to send messengers to the White House +for the President's son, Captain Robert T. Lincoln, also for the +Surgeon General, Joseph K. Barnes, Surgeon D. Willard Bliss, in charge +of Armory Square General Hospital, the President's family physician, +Dr. Robert K. Stone, and to each member of the President's Cabinet. +All these desires of mine were fulfilled.</p> + +<p>Having been taught in early youth to pay great respect to all +religious denominations in regard to their rules concerning the sick +or dying, it became my duty as surgeon in charge of the dying +President to summon a clergyman to his bedside. Therefore after +inquiring and being informed that the Rev. Dr. Gurley was Mrs. +Lincoln's pastor, I immediately sent for him.</p> + +<p>Then I sent the Hospital Steward for a Nelaton probe. No drug or +medicine in any form was administered to the President, but the +artificial heat and mustard plaster that I had applied warmed his cold +body and stimulated his nerves. Only a few were at any time admitted +to the room by the officer, whom I had stationed at the door, and at +all times I had maintained perfect discipline and order.</p> + +<p>While we were watching and letting Nature do her part, Dr. Taft came +to me with brandy and water and asked permission to give some to the +President. I objected, stating as my reason that it would produce +strangulation. Dr. Taft left the room, and again came to me stating +that it was the opinion of others also that it might do good. I +replied: "I will grant the request, if you will please at first try by +pouring only a very small quantity into the President's mouth." This +Dr. Taft very carefully did, the liquid ran into the President's +larynx producing laryngeal obstruction and unpleasant symptoms, which +took me about half a minute to overcome, but no lasting harm was done. +My physiological and practical experiences had led to correct +conclusions.</p> + +<p>On the arrival of Dr. Robert K. Stone, who had been the President's +family physician during his residence in Washington, I was presented +to him as the one who had been in charge since the President was shot. +I described the wound and told him all that had been done. He said he +approved of my treatment.</p><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span></p> + +<p>Surgeon General Joseph K. Barnes' long delay in arriving was due to +his going first to the White House, where he expected to find the +assassinated President, then to the residence of Secretary Seward and +his son, both of whom he found requiring immediate attention, as they +had been severely wounded by the attempts of another assassin to kill +them.</p> + +<p>On the arrival of the Surgeon General and Assistant Surgeon General, +Charles H. Crane, I reported what we had done and officially detailed +to the Surgeon General my diagnosis, stating that whenever the clot +was allowed to form over the opening to the wound the President's +breathing became greatly embarrassed. The Surgeon General approved the +treatment and my original plan of treatment was continued in every +respect until the President's death.</p> + +<p>The Hospital Steward arrived with the Nelaton probe and an examination +was made by the Surgeon General and myself, who introduced the probe +to a distance of about two and a half inches, where it came in contact +with a foreign substance, which lay across the track of the ball; this +was easily passed and the probe was introduced several inches further +where it again touched a hard substance at first supposed to be the +ball, but as the white porcelain bulb of the probe on its withdrawal +did not indicate the mark of lead it was generally thought to be +another piece of loose bone. The probe was introduced the second time +and the ball was supposed to be distinctly felt. After this second +exploration nothing further was done with the wound except to keep the +opening free from coagula, which, if allowed to form and remain for a +short time, produced signs of increased compression, the breathing +becoming profoundly stertorous and intermittent, the pulse more feeble +and irregular. After I had resigned my charge all that was +professionally done for the President was to repeat occasionally my +original expedient of relieving the brain pressure by freeing the +opening to the wound and to count the pulse and respirations. The +President's position on the bed remained exactly as I had first placed +him with the assistance of Dr. Taft and Dr. King.</p> + +<p>Captain Robert T. Lincoln came and remained with his father and +mother, bravely sustaining himself during the course of the night.</p> + +<p>On that awful memorable night the great War Secretary, the Honorable +Edwin M. Stanton, one of the most imposing figures of the nineteenth +century, promptly arrived and recognized at that critical period of +our country's history the necessity of a head to our Government and as +the President was passing away established a branch of his War +Department in an adjoining room. There he sat, surrounded <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span>by his +counsellors and messengers, pen in hand, writing to General Dix and +others. He was soon in communication with many in authority and with +the Government and army officials. By Secretary Stanton's wonderful +ability and power in action, he undoubtedly controlled millions of +excited people. He was then the Master, and in reality Acting +President of the United States.</p> + +<p>During the night Mrs. Lincoln came frequently from the adjoining room +accompanied by a lady friend. At one time Mrs. Lincoln exclaimed, +sobbing bitterly: "Oh! that my little Taddy might see his father +before he died!" This was decided not advisable. As Mrs. Lincoln sat +on a chair by the side of the bed with her face to her husband's his +breathing became very stertorous and the loud, unnatural noise +frightened her in her exhausted, agonized condition. She sprang up +suddenly with a piercing cry and fell fainting to the floor. Secretary +Stanton hearing her cry came in from the adjoining room and with +raised arms called out loudly: "Take that woman out and do not let her +in again." Mrs. Lincoln was helped up kindly and assisted in a +fainting condition from the room. Secretary Stanton's order was obeyed +and Mrs. Lincoln did not see her husband again before he died.</p> + +<p>As Captain Lincoln was consoling his mother in another room, and as I +had promised Mrs. Lincoln to do all I possibly could for her husband, +I took the place of kindred and continuously held the President's +right hand firmly, with one exception of less than a minute, when my +sympathies compelled me to seek the disconsolate wife. I found her +reclining in a nearby room, being comforted by her son. Without +stopping in my walk, I passed the room where Secretary Stanton sat at +his official table and returning took the hand of the dying President +in mine. The hand that had signed the Emancipation Proclamation +liberating 4,000,000 slaves.</p> + +<p>As morning dawned it became quite evident that the President was +sinking, and at several times his pulse could not be counted. Two or +three feeble pulsations being noticed, followed by an intermission +when not the slightest movements of the artery could be felt. The +inspirations became very prolonged and labored, accompanied by a +guttural sound. The respirations ceased for some time and several +anxiously looked at their watches until the profound silence was +disturbed by a prolonged inspiration, which was followed by a sonorous +expiration.</p> + +<p>During these moments the Surgeon General occupied a chair by the head +of the President's bed and occasionally held his finger over the +carotid artery to note its pulsations. Dr. Stone sat on the edge of +the foot of the bed, and I stood holding the President's right hand +with my extended forefinger on his pulse, being the only one between +the bed <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span>and the wall, the bed having been drawn out diagonally for +that purpose. While we were anxiously watching in profound solemn +silence, the Rev. Dr. Gurley said: "Let us pray," and offered a most +impressive prayer. After which we witnessed the last struggle between +life and death.</p> + +<p>At this time my knowledge of physiology, pathology and psychology told +me that the President was totally blind as a result of blood pressure +on the brain, as indicated by the paralysis, dilated pupils, +protruding and bloodshot eyes, but all the time I acted on the belief +that if his sense of hearing or feeling remained, he could possibly +hear me when I sent for his son, the voice of his wife when she spoke +to him and that the last sound he heard, may have been his pastor's +prayer, as he finally committed his soul to God.</p> + +<p>Knowledge that frequently just before departure recognition and reason +return to those who have been unconscious caused me for several hours +to hold his right hand firmly within my grasp to let him in his +blindness know, if possible, that he was in touch with humanity and +had a friend.</p> + +<p>The protracted struggle ceased at twenty minutes past seven o'clock on +the morning of April 15, 1865, and I announced that the President was +dead.</p> + +<p>Immediately after death the few remaining in the room knelt around the +bed while the Rev. Dr. Gurley delivered one of the most impressive +prayers ever uttered, that our Heavenly Father look down in pity upon +the bereaved family and preserve our afflicted and sorrow-stricken +country.</p> + +<p>Then I gently smoothed the President's contracted facial muscles, took +two coins from my pocket, placed them over his eyelids and drew a +white sheet over the martyr's face. I had been the means, in God's +hand, of prolonging the life of President Abraham Lincoln for nine +hours.</p> + +<p>Every necessary act of love, devotion, skill and loyalty had been +rendered during his helpless hours to the President of the United +States, the Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy, to the beloved of +millions of people throughout the world.</p> + +<p>Many reported, anxious in any way to be of service. I accepted their +offers to the extent of abundantly filling every want. Of all the +people I have met in different parts of the world, I have found that +as a class, good Americans are not to be excelled when occasions +demand, in strength, endurance, calmness, good judgment, ardent loyal +devotion and self-sacrificing love.</p><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p> + +<p>By prolonging the life of President Lincoln, his son Robert, whom I +sent for, was enabled to see his father alive. Physicians and +surgeons, lawyer and clergyman, whom I sent for, visited the President +and were given time to deliberate. Members of the Cabinet, whom I sent +for with soldiers and sailors and friends, had the opportunity to +surround him. Millions of dangerous, excited and disappointed people +were morally dissuaded from acts of discord. The nation was held in +suppressed, sympathetic suspense and control, when the people heard +that the President was living, though severely wounded and dying.</p> + +<p>Before the people had time to realize the situation there was another +President of the United States and the grandeur of the continuity of +the Republic was confirmed.</p> + +<p>After all was over, and as I stood by the side of the covered mortal +remains I thought: "You have fulfilled your promise to the wife, your +duty now is to the many living, suffering, wounded officers committed +to your care in your ward at Armory Square General Hospital," and I +left the house in deep meditation. In my lonely walk I was aroused +from my reveries by the cold drizzling rain dropping on my bare head, +my hat I had left in my seat at the theatre. My clothing was stained +with blood, I had not once been seated since I first sprang to the +President's aid; I was cold, weary and sad. The dawn of peace was +again clouded, the most cruel war in history had not completely ended. +Our long sorrowing country vividly came before me as I thought how +essential it was to have an organization composed of returning +soldiers to guard and protect the officers of state and uphold the +Constitution. This great need was simultaneously recognized by others, +for on that day, April 15, 1865, there assembled at Philadelphia a few +army officers for that purpose and originated the Military Order of +the Loyal Legion of the United States.</p> + +<p>Among the archives of our organization, the Military Order of the +Loyal Legion of the United States, we have recorded:—</p> + +<div class="narrow"> +<blockquote><p class="center"><i>ABRAHAM LINCOLN.</i></p> +<p><i>President of the United States, March 4, 1861, to April 15, 1865.</i><br /> +<i>Born February 12, 1809, Hardin (La Rue County), Kentucky.</i><br /> +<i>Assassinated April 14, 1865; died April 15, 1865, at Washington, D. C.</i><br /> +<i>Enrolled by Special Resolution, to date from April 15, 1865.</i></p> +</blockquote> +</div> + +<p>I herewith give in the order in which they arrived, the names of the +physicians and surgeons, and the clergyman whom I recognized as taking +a professional part in the physical, mental or spiritual welfare of +the President from the time he was shot until his death. The first +person to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span>enter the box after the President was shot, and who took +charge of him at the request of Mrs. Lincoln, was myself, Charles A. +Leale, M. D., Assistant Surgeon, United States Volunteers and the +surgeon in charge of the ward containing the wounded commissioned +officers at the United States Army General Hospital, Armory Square, +Washington, D. C. The next who reported and simultaneously offered +their services to me, which were accepted, were Charles S. Taft, M. +D., Acting Assistant Surgeon, United States Army, and Albert F. A. +King, M. D., Acting Assistant Surgeon, United States Army. Then +apparently a very long time after we had cared for the President in +Mr. Petersen's house, and in response to the numerous messengers whom +I had sent, there arrived Robert K. Stone, M. D., Mrs. Lincoln's +family physician; Joseph K. Barnes, M. D., Surgeon General, United +States Army; Charles H. Crane, M. D., Assistant Surgeon General, +United States Army, and the Rev. Dr. Gurley, Mrs. Lincoln's pastor. +During the night several other physicians unknown to me called, and +through courtesy I permitted some of them to feel the President's +pulse, but none of them touched the wound.</p> + +<p>Later in the forenoon as I was in the midst of important surgical +duties at our hospital, I was notified by my lady nurse that a +messenger had called inviting me to be present at the necropsy. Later +a doctor called for the same purpose. I respectfully asked to be +excused, as I did not dare to leave the large number of severely +wounded expecting my usual personal care. I was fearful that the shock +of hearing of the sudden death of the President might cause trouble in +their depressed painful conditions.</p> + +<p>One of my patients was profoundly depressed. He said to me: "Doctor, +all we have fought for is gone. Our country is destroyed, and I want +to die." This officer the day before was safely recovering from an +amputation. I called my lady nurse, "Please closely watch Lieutenant —— +cheer him as much as possible, and give him two ounces of wine +every two hours," etc., etc. This brave soldier received the greatest +kindness and skillful care, but he would not rally from the shock and +died in a short time.</p> + +<p>Among my relics I have a photograph taken a few days later in full +staff uniform as I appeared at the obsequies. The crape has never been +removed from my sword. I have my cuffs stained with the martyr's +blood, also my card of invitation to the funeral services, held on +Wednesday, April 19, which I attended, having been assigned a place at +the head of the coffin at the White House, and a carriage immediately +preceding the catafalque in the grand funeral procession from the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> +White House to the Capitol; where during the public ceremonies I was +assigned to a place at the head of the casket as it rested beneath the +rotunda.</p> + +<p>One of the most devoted of those who remained in the room with the +dying President was Senator Charles Sumner, of Massachusetts. He +visited me subsequently and said: "Dr. Leale, do you remember that I +remained all the time until President Lincoln died?" Senator Sumner +was profoundly affected by this great calamity to both North and +South.</p> + +<p>On my visit to Secretary Seward some time after the President's death, +he was still suffering from his fracture and from the brutal attacks +of the assassin, who made such a desperate attempt to kill him on that +fatal night.</p> + +<p>When I again met Secretary Stanton we sat alone in his private office. +He was doing his utmost to continue what he deemed best for our +country. The long continued strain and great burden had left their +deep impress upon him. At the close of my call we shook hands +fraternally.</p> + +<p>After the war had closed Governor Fenton, of New York State, one of +the "War Governors," came to me and said: "Dr. Leale, I will give you +anything possible within my power." I responded: "I sincerely thank +you, Governor; but I desire nothing, as I wish to follow my mission in +life."</p> + +<p>The city of Washington was wrapped in a mantle of gloom. The President +had known his people and had a heart full of love for his soldiers and +sailors. With "malice toward none" he alone seemed to have the power +to restore fraternal love. He alone appeared able to quickly heal his +country's wound.</p> + +<p>In May there occurred in Washington one of the most pathetic and +historic events, the return of the Northern Army for the final review +of more than 70,000 veterans. A grandstand had been erected in front +of the White House for the new President, his Cabinet, Officers of +State, Foreign Ministers and others. I had a seat on this grandstand, +from which on May 24th we watched one of the most imposing parades +recorded in history. Among the many heroes, I recall the passing of +stately General William Tecumseh Sherman on his majestic horse, which +had been garlanded with roses. After we had been sitting <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span>there for +several hours a foreign official tapped me on the shoulder and said: +"What will become of these thousands of soldiers after their +discharge?" I answered: "They will return to their homes all over the +country and soon be at work doing their utmost to pay off the national +debt." He replied: "Is it possible! No other country could expect such +a result."</p> + +<p>All had lost comrades, many were to return to desolate and broken +homes. Amidst all the grandeur of victory there was profound sorrow. +Among the thousands of passing veterans, there were many who looked +for their former Commander-in-Chief, but their "Father Abraham" had +answered to his last bugle call and with more than 300,000 comrades +had been mustered out.</p> + +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 75px;"> +<img src="images/eagle.png" width="75" height="60" alt="Eagle" title="" /> +</div> + +<hr class="full" /> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Lincoln's Last Hours, by Charles A. Leale + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LINCOLN'S LAST HOURS *** + +***** This file should be named 24088-h.htm or 24088-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/4/0/8/24088/ + +Produced by Richard J. 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Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + http://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + + +</pre> + +</body> +</html> diff --git a/24088-h/images/eagle.png b/24088-h/images/eagle.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..1d721c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/24088-h/images/eagle.png diff --git a/24088.txt b/24088.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..aeec1b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/24088.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1132 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Lincoln's Last Hours, by Charles A. Leale + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Lincoln's Last Hours + +Author: Charles A. Leale + +Release Date: December 31, 2007 [EBook #24088] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LINCOLN'S LAST HOURS *** + + + + +Produced by Richard J. Shiffer and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + + + + + + + + + Lincoln's Last Hours + + By + + Charles A. Leale, M. D. + + + Compliments of + + The Estate of Charles A. Leale + + New York + + + ADDRESS + + DELIVERED BEFORE THE + + COMMANDERY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK + + Military Order of the Loyal Legion + of the United States + + at the regular meeting, February, 1909, City of New York + + IN OBSERVANCE OF THE + + ONE HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY OF THE BIRTH OF + + President Abraham Lincoln + + + + + Lincoln's Last Hours + + By Charles A. Leale, M. D. + + COPYRIGHT, 1909, BY CHARLES A. LEALE, M. D. + + + + +_Commander and Companions of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of +the United States:_ + +At the historic pageant in Washington, when the remains of President +Lincoln were being taken from the White House to the Capitol, a +carriage immediately preceding the catafalque was assigned to me. +Outside were the crowds, the martial music, but inside the carriage I +was plunged in deep self-communion, until aroused by a gentle tap at +the window of my carriage door. An officer of high rank put his head +inside and exclaimed: "Dr. Leale, I would rather have done what you +did to prolong the life of the President than to have accomplished my +duties during the entire war." I shrank back at what he said, and for +the first time realized the importance of it all. As soon as I +returned to my private office in the hospital, I drew down the +window-shade, locked the door, threw myself prostrate on the bare wood +floor and asked for advice. The answer came as distinctly as if spoken +by a human being present: "Forget it all." I visited our Surgeon +General, Joseph K. Barnes, and asked his advice; he also said: "Cast +it from your memory." + +On April 17, 1865, a New York newspaper reporter called at my army +tent. I invited him in, and expressed my desire to forget all the +recent sad events, and to occupy my mind with the exacting present and +plans for the future. + +Recently, several of our Companions expressed the conviction, that +history now demands, and that it is my duty to give the detailed facts +of President Lincoln's death as I know them, and in compliance with +their request, I this evening for the first time will read a paper on +the subject. + + + + +Lincoln's Last Hours + + +One of the most cruel wars in the history of the world had nearly +closed. + +The people of the United States were rejoicing at the prospect of +peace and returning happiness. President Lincoln, after the surrender +of General Robert E. Lee, visited Richmond, Virginia, exposing himself +to great danger, and on his return delivered an address from the +balcony of the White House. + +I was then a Commissioned Officer in the Medical Department of the +United States Army, having been appointed from my native State, New +York, and was on duty as Surgeon in charge of the Wounded Commissioned +Officers' Ward at the United States Army General Hospital, Armory +Square, Washington, District of Columbia, where my professional duties +were of the greatest importance and required constant and arduous +attention. For a brief relief and a few moments in the fresh air I +started one evening for a short walk on Pennsylvania Avenue. There +were crowds walking toward the President's residence. These I followed +and arrived just at the commencement of President Lincoln's last +public address to his people. From where I stood I could distinctly +hear every word he uttered and I was profoundly impressed with his +divine appearance as he stood in the rays of light, which penetrated +the windows of the White House. + +The influence thus produced gave me an intense desire again to behold +his face and study the characteristics of the "Savior of his Country." +Therefore on the evening of April 14, 1865, after the completion of my +daily hospital duties, I told my Ward Master that I would be absent +for a short time. As a very large number from the Army stationed near +Washington frequently visited the city, a general order was in force +that none should be there without a special pass and all wearing +uniform and out at night were subject to frequent challenge. To avoid +this inconvenience officers stationed in Washington generally removed +all signs of their calling when off duty. I changed to civilian's +dress and hurried to Ford's Theatre, where I had been told President +Lincoln, General Grant, and Members of the Cabinet were to be present +to see the play, "Our American Cousin." I arrived late at the theatre, +8.15 p. m., and requested a seat in the orchestra, whence I could +view the occupants of the President's box, which on looking into the +theatre, I saw had been beautifully decorated with American flags in +honor of the occasion. As the building was crowded the last place +vacant was in the dress circle. I was greatly disappointed, but +accepted this seat, which was near the front on the same side and +about 40 feet from the President's box, and soon became interested in +the pleasing play. + +Suddenly there was a cheering welcome, the acting ceased temporarily +out of respect to the entering Presidential party. Many in the +audience rose to their feet in enthusiasm and vociferously cheered, +while looking around. Turning, I saw in the aisle a few feet behind +me, President Lincoln, Mrs. Lincoln, Major Rathbone and Miss Harris. +Mrs. Lincoln smiled very happily in acknowledgment of the loyal +greeting, gracefully curtsied several times and seemed to be +overflowing with good cheer and thankfulness. I had the best +opportunity to distinctly see the full face of the President, as the +light shone directly upon him. After he had walked a few feet he +stopped for a moment, looked upon the people he loved and acknowledged +their salutations with a solemn bow. His face was perfectly stoical, +his deep set eyes gave him a pathetically sad appearance. The audience +seemed to be enthusiastically cheerful, but he alone looked peculiarly +sorrowful, as he slowly walked with bowed head and drooping shoulders +toward the box. I was looking at him as he took his last walk. The +memory of that scene has never been effaced. The party was preceded by +a special usher, who opened the door of the box, stood to one side, +and after all had entered closed the door and took a seat outside, +where he could guard the entrance to the box. The play was resumed and +my attention was concentrated on the stage until I heard a disturbance +at the door of the President's box. With many others I looked in that +direction, and saw a man endeavoring to persuade the reluctant usher +to admit him. At last he succeeded in gaining an entrance, after which +the door was closed and the usher resumed his place. + +For a few moments all was quiet, and the play again held my attention +until, suddenly, the report of a pistol was heard, and a short time +after I saw a man in mid-air leaping from the President's box to the +stage, brandishing in his hand a drawn dagger. His spur caught in the +American flag festooned in front of the box, causing him to stumble +when he struck the stage, and he fell on his hands and knees. He +quickly regained the erect posture and hopped across the stage, +flourishing his dagger, clearing the stage before him and dragging the +foot of the leg, which was subsequently found to be broken, he +disappeared behind the scene on the opposite side of the stage. Then +followed cries that the President had been murdered, interspersed with +cries of "Kill the murderer!" "Shoot him!" etc., from different parts +of the building. The lights had been turned down, a general gloom was +over all, and the panic-stricken audience were rushing toward the +doors for exit and safety. + +I instantly arose and in response to cries for help and for a surgeon, +I crossed the aisle and vaulted over the seats in a direct line to the +President's box, forcing my way through the excited crowd. The door of +the box had been securely fastened on the inside to prevent anyone +following the assassin before he had accomplished his cruel object and +made his escape. The obstruction was with difficulty removed and I was +the first to be admitted to the box. + +The usher having been told that I was an army surgeon, had lifted up +his arm and had permitted me alone to enter. + +I passed in, not in the slightest degree knowing what I had to +encounter. At this moment, while in self-communion, the military +command: "Halt!" came to me, and in obedience to it I stood still in +the box, having a full view of the four other occupants. Then came the +advice: "Be calm!" and with the calmest deliberation and force of will +I brought all my senses to their greatest activity and walked forward +to my duty. + +Major Rathbone had bravely fought the assassin; his arm had been +severely wounded and was bleeding. He came to me holding his wounded +arm in the hand of the other, beseeching me to attend to his wound. I +placed my hand under his chin, looking into his eyes an almost +instantaneous glance revealed the fact that he was in no immediate +danger, and in response to appeals from Mrs. Lincoln and Miss Harris, +who were standing by the high-backed armchair in which President +Lincoln sat, I went immediately to their assistance, saying I was a +United States army surgeon. I grasped Mrs. Lincoln's outstretched hand +in mine, while she cried piteously to me, "Oh, Doctor! Is he dead? Can +he recover? Will you take charge of him? Do what you can for him. Oh, +my dear husband!" etc., etc. I soothingly answered that we would do +all that possibly could be done. While approaching the President, I +asked a gentleman, who was at the door of the box, to procure some +brandy and another to get some water. + +As I looked at the President, he appeared to be dead. His eyes were +closed and his head had fallen forward. He was being held upright in +his chair by Mrs. Lincoln, who was weeping bitterly. From his +crouched down sitting posture it was evident that Mrs. Lincoln had +instantly sprung to his aid after he had been wounded and had kept him +from tumbling to the floor. By Mrs. Lincoln's courage, strength and +energy the President was maintained in this upright position during +all the time that elapsed while Major Rathbone had bravely fought the +assassin and removed the obstruction from the door of the box. + +I placed my finger on the President's right radial pulse but could +perceive no movement of the artery. For the purpose of reviving him, +if possible, we removed him from his chair to a recumbent position on +the floor of the box, and as I held his head and shoulders while doing +this, my hand came in contact with a clot of blood near his left +shoulder. Remembering the flashing dagger in the hand of the assassin, +and the severely bleeding wound of Major Rathbone, I supposed the +President had been stabbed, and while kneeling on the floor over his +head, with my eyes continuously watching the President's face, I asked +a gentleman to cut the coat and shirt open from the neck to the elbow +to enable me, if possible, to check the hemorrhage that I thought +might take place from the subclavian artery or some other blood +vessel. This was done with a dirk knife, but no wound was found there. +I lifted his eyelids and saw evidence of a brain injury. I quickly +passed the separated fingers of both hands through his blood matted +hair to examine his head, and I discovered his mortal wound. The +President had been shot in the back part of the head, behind the left +ear. I easily removed the obstructing clot of blood from the wound, +and this relieved the pressure on the brain. + +The assassin of President Lincoln had evidently carefully planned to +shoot to produce instant death, as the wound he made was situated +within two inches of the physiological point of selection, when +instant death is desired. A Derringer pistol had been used, which had +sent a large round ball on its awful mission through one of the +thickest, hardest parts of the skull and into the brain. The history +of surgery fails to record a recovery from such a fearful wound and I +have never seen or heard of any other person with such a wound, and +injury to the sinus of the brain and to the brain itself, who lived +even for an hour. + +As the President did not then revive, I thought of the other mode of +death, apnoea, and assumed my preferred position to revive by +artificial respiration. I knelt on the floor over the President, with +a knee on each side of his pelvis and facing him. I leaned forward, +opened his mouth and introduced two extended fingers of my right hand +as far back as possible, and by pressing the base of his paralyzed +tongue downward and outward, opened his larynx and made a free +passage for air to enter the lungs. I placed an assistant at each of +his arms to manipulate them in order to expand his thorax, then slowly +to press the arms down by the side of the body, while I pressed the +diaphragm upward: methods which caused air to be drawn in and forced +out of his lungs. + +During the intermissions I also with the strong thumb and fingers of +my right hand by intermittent sliding pressure under and beneath the +ribs, stimulated the apex of the heart, and resorted to several other +physiological methods. We repeated these motions a number of times +before signs of recovery from the profound shock were attained; then a +feeble action of the heart and irregular breathing followed. + +The effects of the shock were still manifest by such great +prostration, that I was fearful of any extra agitation of the +President's body, and became convinced that something more must be +done to retain life. I leaned forcibly forward directly over his body, +thorax to thorax, face to face, and several times drew in a long +breath, then forcibly breathed directly into his mouth and nostrils, +which expanded his lungs and improved his respirations. After waiting +a moment I placed my ear over his thorax and found the action of the +heart improving. I arose to the erect kneeling posture, then watched +for a short time, and saw that the President could continue +independent breathing and that instant death would not occur. + +I then pronounced my diagnosis and prognosis: "His wound is mortal; it +is impossible for him to recover." This message was telegraphed all +over the country. + +When the brandy and water arrived, I very slowly poured a small +quantity into the President's mouth, this was swallowed and retained. + +Many looked on during these earnest efforts to revive the President, +but not once did any one suggest a word or in any way interfere with +my actions. Mrs. Lincoln had thrown the burden on me and sat nearby +looking on. + +In the dimly lighted box of the theatre, so beautifully decorated with +American flags, a scene of historic importance was being enacted. On +the carpeted floor lay prostrate the President of the United States. +His long, outstretched, athletic body of six feet four inches appeared +unusually heroic. His bleeding head rested on my white linen +handkerchief. His clothing was arranged as nicely as possible. He was +irregularly breathing, his heart was feebly beating, his face was pale +and in solemn repose, his eyelids were closed, his countenance made +him appear to be in prayerful communion with the Universal God he +always loved. I looked down upon him and waited for the next +inspiration, which soon came: "Remove to safety." From the time Mrs. +Lincoln had placed the President in my charge, I had not permitted my +attention to be diverted. Again I was asked the nature of his wound +and replied in these exact words: "His wound is mortal; it is +impossible for him to recover." + +While I was kneeling over the President on the floor Dr. Charles S. +Taft and Dr. Albert F. A. King had come and offered to render any +assistance. I expressed the desire to have the President taken, as +soon as he had gained sufficient strength, to the nearest house on the +opposite side of the street. I was asked by several if he could not be +taken to the White House, but I responded that if that were attempted +the President would die long before we reached there. While we were +waiting for Mr. Lincoln to gain strength Laura Keene, who had been +taking part in the play, appealed to me to allow her to hold the +President's head. I granted this request and she sat on the floor of +the box and held his head on her lap. + +We decided that the President could now be moved from the possibility +of danger in the theatre to a house where we might place him on a bed +in safety. To assist in this duty I assigned Dr. Taft to carry his +right shoulder, Dr. King to carry his left shoulder and detailed a +sufficient number of others, whose names I have never discovered, to +assist in carrying the body, while I carried his head, going first. We +reached the door of the box and saw the long passage leading to the +exit crowded with people. I called out twice: "Guards, clear the +passage! Guards, clear the passage!" A free space was quickly cleared +by an officer and protected by a line of soldiers in the position of +present arms with swords, pistols and bayonets. When we reached the +stairs, I turned so that those holding the President's feet would +descend first. At the door of the theatre, I was again asked if the +President could be taken to the White House. I answered: "No, the +President would die on the way." + +The crowd in the street completely obstructed the doorway and a +captain, whose services proved invaluable all through the night, came +to me, saying: "Surgeon, give me your commands and I will see that +they are obeyed." I asked him to clear a passage to the nearest house +opposite. He had on side arms and drew his sword. With the sword and +word of command he cleared the way. We slowly crossed the street. It +was necessary to stop several times to give me the opportunity to +remove the clot of blood from the opening to the wound. A barrier of +men had been formed to keep back the crowds on each side of an open +space leading to the house. Those who went ahead reported that the +house directly opposite the theatre was closed. I saw a man standing +at the door of Mr. Petersen's house, diagonally opposite, holding a +lighted candle in his hand and beckoning us to enter. This we did, not +having been interrupted in the slightest by the throngs in the street, +but a number of the excited populace followed us into the house. + +The great difficulty of retaining life during this brief time occupied +in moving the President from the theatre to Mr. Petersen's house, +conclusively proved that the President would have died in the street +if I had granted the request to take him such a long distance as to +the White House. I asked for the best room and we soon had the +President placed in bed. He was lifted to the longitudinal center of +the bed and placed on his back. While holding his face upward and +keeping his head from rolling to either side, I looked at his elevated +knees caused by his great height. This uncomfortable position grieved +me and I ordered the foot of the bed to be removed. Dr. Taft and Dr. +King reported that it was a fixture. Then I requested that it be +broken off; as I found this could not satisfactorily be done, I had +the President placed diagonally on the bed and called for extra +pillows, and with them formed a gentle inclined plane on which to rest +his head and shoulders. His position was then one of repose. + +The room soon filled with anxious people. I called the officer and +asked him to open a window and order all except the medical gentlemen +and friends to leave the room. After we had given the President a +short rest I decided to make a thorough physical examination, as I +wished to see if he had been wounded in any other part of the body. I +requested all except the surgeons to leave the room. The Captain +reported that my order had been carried out with the exception of Mrs. +Lincoln, to whom he said he did not like to speak. I addressed Mrs. +Lincoln, explaining my desire, and she immediately left the room. I +examined the President's entire body from his head to his feet and +found no other injury. His lower extremities were very cold and I sent +the Hospital Steward, who had been of great assistance to us in +removing the President from the theatre, to procure bottles of hot +water and hot blankets, which were applied. I also sent for a large +sinapism and in a short time one very nicely made was brought. This I +applied over the solar-plexus and to the anterior surface of his body. +We arranged the bed clothes nicely and I assigned Dr. Taft and Dr. +King to keep his head upon the pillows in the most comfortable +position, relieving each other in this duty, after which I sent an +officer to notify Mrs. Lincoln that she might return to her husband; +she came in and sat on a chair placed for her at the head of the bed. + +As the symptoms indicated renewed brain compression, I again cleared +the opening of clotted blood and pushed forward the button of bone, +which acted as a valve, permitted an oozing of blood and relieved +pressure on the brain. I again saw good results from this action. + +After doing all that was professionally necessary, I stood aside for a +general view and to think what to do next. While thus watching several +army officers anxiously asked if they could in any way assist. I told +them my greatest desire then was to send messengers to the White House +for the President's son, Captain Robert T. Lincoln, also for the +Surgeon General, Joseph K. Barnes, Surgeon D. Willard Bliss, in charge +of Armory Square General Hospital, the President's family physician, +Dr. Robert K. Stone, and to each member of the President's Cabinet. +All these desires of mine were fulfilled. + +Having been taught in early youth to pay great respect to all +religious denominations in regard to their rules concerning the sick +or dying, it became my duty as surgeon in charge of the dying +President to summon a clergyman to his bedside. Therefore after +inquiring and being informed that the Rev. Dr. Gurley was Mrs. +Lincoln's pastor, I immediately sent for him. + +Then I sent the Hospital Steward for a Nelaton probe. No drug or +medicine in any form was administered to the President, but the +artificial heat and mustard plaster that I had applied warmed his cold +body and stimulated his nerves. Only a few were at any time admitted +to the room by the officer, whom I had stationed at the door, and at +all times I had maintained perfect discipline and order. + +While we were watching and letting Nature do her part, Dr. Taft came +to me with brandy and water and asked permission to give some to the +President. I objected, stating as my reason that it would produce +strangulation. Dr. Taft left the room, and again came to me stating +that it was the opinion of others also that it might do good. I +replied: "I will grant the request, if you will please at first try by +pouring only a very small quantity into the President's mouth." This +Dr. Taft very carefully did, the liquid ran into the President's +larynx producing laryngeal obstruction and unpleasant symptoms, which +took me about half a minute to overcome, but no lasting harm was done. +My physiological and practical experiences had led to correct +conclusions. + +On the arrival of Dr. Robert K. Stone, who had been the President's +family physician during his residence in Washington, I was presented +to him as the one who had been in charge since the President was shot. +I described the wound and told him all that had been done. He said he +approved of my treatment. + +Surgeon General Joseph K. Barnes' long delay in arriving was due to +his going first to the White House, where he expected to find the +assassinated President, then to the residence of Secretary Seward and +his son, both of whom he found requiring immediate attention, as they +had been severely wounded by the attempts of another assassin to kill +them. + +On the arrival of the Surgeon General and Assistant Surgeon General, +Charles H. Crane, I reported what we had done and officially detailed +to the Surgeon General my diagnosis, stating that whenever the clot +was allowed to form over the opening to the wound the President's +breathing became greatly embarrassed. The Surgeon General approved the +treatment and my original plan of treatment was continued in every +respect until the President's death. + +The Hospital Steward arrived with the Nelaton probe and an examination +was made by the Surgeon General and myself, who introduced the probe +to a distance of about two and a half inches, where it came in contact +with a foreign substance, which lay across the track of the ball; this +was easily passed and the probe was introduced several inches further +where it again touched a hard substance at first supposed to be the +ball, but as the white porcelain bulb of the probe on its withdrawal +did not indicate the mark of lead it was generally thought to be +another piece of loose bone. The probe was introduced the second time +and the ball was supposed to be distinctly felt. After this second +exploration nothing further was done with the wound except to keep the +opening free from coagula, which, if allowed to form and remain for a +short time, produced signs of increased compression, the breathing +becoming profoundly stertorous and intermittent, the pulse more feeble +and irregular. After I had resigned my charge all that was +professionally done for the President was to repeat occasionally my +original expedient of relieving the brain pressure by freeing the +opening to the wound and to count the pulse and respirations. The +President's position on the bed remained exactly as I had first placed +him with the assistance of Dr. Taft and Dr. King. + +Captain Robert T. Lincoln came and remained with his father and +mother, bravely sustaining himself during the course of the night. + +On that awful memorable night the great War Secretary, the Honorable +Edwin M. Stanton, one of the most imposing figures of the nineteenth +century, promptly arrived and recognized at that critical period of +our country's history the necessity of a head to our Government and as +the President was passing away established a branch of his War +Department in an adjoining room. There he sat, surrounded by his +counsellors and messengers, pen in hand, writing to General Dix and +others. He was soon in communication with many in authority and with +the Government and army officials. By Secretary Stanton's wonderful +ability and power in action, he undoubtedly controlled millions of +excited people. He was then the Master, and in reality Acting +President of the United States. + +During the night Mrs. Lincoln came frequently from the adjoining room +accompanied by a lady friend. At one time Mrs. Lincoln exclaimed, +sobbing bitterly: "Oh! that my little Taddy might see his father +before he died!" This was decided not advisable. As Mrs. Lincoln sat +on a chair by the side of the bed with her face to her husband's his +breathing became very stertorous and the loud, unnatural noise +frightened her in her exhausted, agonized condition. She sprang up +suddenly with a piercing cry and fell fainting to the floor. Secretary +Stanton hearing her cry came in from the adjoining room and with +raised arms called out loudly: "Take that woman out and do not let her +in again." Mrs. Lincoln was helped up kindly and assisted in a +fainting condition from the room. Secretary Stanton's order was obeyed +and Mrs. Lincoln did not see her husband again before he died. + +As Captain Lincoln was consoling his mother in another room, and as I +had promised Mrs. Lincoln to do all I possibly could for her husband, +I took the place of kindred and continuously held the President's +right hand firmly, with one exception of less than a minute, when my +sympathies compelled me to seek the disconsolate wife. I found her +reclining in a nearby room, being comforted by her son. Without +stopping in my walk, I passed the room where Secretary Stanton sat at +his official table and returning took the hand of the dying President +in mine. The hand that had signed the Emancipation Proclamation +liberating 4,000,000 slaves. + +As morning dawned it became quite evident that the President was +sinking, and at several times his pulse could not be counted. Two or +three feeble pulsations being noticed, followed by an intermission +when not the slightest movements of the artery could be felt. The +inspirations became very prolonged and labored, accompanied by a +guttural sound. The respirations ceased for some time and several +anxiously looked at their watches until the profound silence was +disturbed by a prolonged inspiration, which was followed by a sonorous +expiration. + +During these moments the Surgeon General occupied a chair by the head +of the President's bed and occasionally held his finger over the +carotid artery to note its pulsations. Dr. Stone sat on the edge of +the foot of the bed, and I stood holding the President's right hand +with my extended forefinger on his pulse, being the only one between +the bed and the wall, the bed having been drawn out diagonally for +that purpose. While we were anxiously watching in profound solemn +silence, the Rev. Dr. Gurley said: "Let us pray," and offered a most +impressive prayer. After which we witnessed the last struggle between +life and death. + +At this time my knowledge of physiology, pathology and psychology told +me that the President was totally blind as a result of blood pressure +on the brain, as indicated by the paralysis, dilated pupils, +protruding and bloodshot eyes, but all the time I acted on the belief +that if his sense of hearing or feeling remained, he could possibly +hear me when I sent for his son, the voice of his wife when she spoke +to him and that the last sound he heard, may have been his pastor's +prayer, as he finally committed his soul to God. + +Knowledge that frequently just before departure recognition and reason +return to those who have been unconscious caused me for several hours +to hold his right hand firmly within my grasp to let him in his +blindness know, if possible, that he was in touch with humanity and +had a friend. + +The protracted struggle ceased at twenty minutes past seven o'clock on +the morning of April 15, 1865, and I announced that the President was +dead. + +Immediately after death the few remaining in the room knelt around the +bed while the Rev. Dr. Gurley delivered one of the most impressive +prayers ever uttered, that our Heavenly Father look down in pity upon +the bereaved family and preserve our afflicted and sorrow-stricken +country. + +Then I gently smoothed the President's contracted facial muscles, took +two coins from my pocket, placed them over his eyelids and drew a +white sheet over the martyr's face. I had been the means, in God's +hand, of prolonging the life of President Abraham Lincoln for nine +hours. + +Every necessary act of love, devotion, skill and loyalty had been +rendered during his helpless hours to the President of the United +States, the Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy, to the beloved of +millions of people throughout the world. + +Many reported, anxious in any way to be of service. I accepted their +offers to the extent of abundantly filling every want. Of all the +people I have met in different parts of the world, I have found that +as a class, good Americans are not to be excelled when occasions +demand, in strength, endurance, calmness, good judgment, ardent loyal +devotion and self-sacrificing love. + +By prolonging the life of President Lincoln, his son Robert, whom I +sent for, was enabled to see his father alive. Physicians and +surgeons, lawyer and clergyman, whom I sent for, visited the President +and were given time to deliberate. Members of the Cabinet, whom I sent +for with soldiers and sailors and friends, had the opportunity to +surround him. Millions of dangerous, excited and disappointed people +were morally dissuaded from acts of discord. The nation was held in +suppressed, sympathetic suspense and control, when the people heard +that the President was living, though severely wounded and dying. + +Before the people had time to realize the situation there was another +President of the United States and the grandeur of the continuity of +the Republic was confirmed. + +After all was over, and as I stood by the side of the covered mortal +remains I thought: "You have fulfilled your promise to the wife, your +duty now is to the many living, suffering, wounded officers committed +to your care in your ward at Armory Square General Hospital," and I +left the house in deep meditation. In my lonely walk I was aroused +from my reveries by the cold drizzling rain dropping on my bare head, +my hat I had left in my seat at the theatre. My clothing was stained +with blood, I had not once been seated since I first sprang to the +President's aid; I was cold, weary and sad. The dawn of peace was +again clouded, the most cruel war in history had not completely ended. +Our long sorrowing country vividly came before me as I thought how +essential it was to have an organization composed of returning +soldiers to guard and protect the officers of state and uphold the +Constitution. This great need was simultaneously recognized by others, +for on that day, April 15, 1865, there assembled at Philadelphia a few +army officers for that purpose and originated the Military Order of +the Loyal Legion of the United States. + +Among the archives of our organization, the Military Order of the +Loyal Legion of the United States, we have recorded:-- + + _ABRAHAM LINCOLN._ + + _President of the United States, March 4, 1861, to April 15, 1865._ + + _Born February 12, 1809, Hardin (La Rue County), Kentucky._ + + _Assassinated April 14, 1865; died April 15, 1865, at Washington, D.C._ + + _Enrolled by Special Resolution, to date from April 15, 1865._ + +I herewith give in the order in which they arrived, the names of the +physicians and surgeons, and the clergyman whom I recognized as taking +a professional part in the physical, mental or spiritual welfare of +the President from the time he was shot until his death. The first +person to enter the box after the President was shot, and who took +charge of him at the request of Mrs. Lincoln, was myself, Charles A. +Leale, M. D., Assistant Surgeon, United States Volunteers and the +surgeon in charge of the ward containing the wounded commissioned +officers at the United States Army General Hospital, Armory Square, +Washington, D. C. The next who reported and simultaneously offered +their services to me, which were accepted, were Charles S. Taft, M. +D., Acting Assistant Surgeon, United States Army, and Albert F. A. +King, M. D., Acting Assistant Surgeon, United States Army. Then +apparently a very long time after we had cared for the President in +Mr. Petersen's house, and in response to the numerous messengers whom +I had sent, there arrived Robert K. Stone, M. D., Mrs. Lincoln's +family physician; Joseph K. Barnes, M. D., Surgeon General, United +States Army; Charles H. Crane, M. D., Assistant Surgeon General, +United States Army, and the Rev. Dr. Gurley, Mrs. Lincoln's pastor. +During the night several other physicians unknown to me called, and +through courtesy I permitted some of them to feel the President's +pulse, but none of them touched the wound. + +Later in the forenoon as I was in the midst of important surgical +duties at our hospital, I was notified by my lady nurse that a +messenger had called inviting me to be present at the necropsy. Later +a doctor called for the same purpose. I respectfully asked to be +excused, as I did not dare to leave the large number of severely +wounded expecting my usual personal care. I was fearful that the shock +of hearing of the sudden death of the President might cause trouble in +their depressed painful conditions. + +One of my patients was profoundly depressed. He said to me: "Doctor, +all we have fought for is gone. Our country is destroyed, and I want +to die." This officer the day before was safely recovering from an +amputation. I called my lady nurse, "Please closely watch Lieutenant +----; cheer him as much as possible, and give him two ounces of wine +every two hours," etc., etc. This brave soldier received the greatest +kindness and skillful care, but he would not rally from the shock and +died in a short time. + +Among my relics I have a photograph taken a few days later in full +staff uniform as I appeared at the obsequies. The crape has never been +removed from my sword. I have my cuffs stained with the martyr's +blood, also my card of invitation to the funeral services, held on +Wednesday, April 19, which I attended, having been assigned a place at +the head of the coffin at the White House, and a carriage immediately +preceding the catafalque in the grand funeral procession from the +White House to the Capitol; where during the public ceremonies I was +assigned to a place at the head of the casket as it rested beneath the +rotunda. + +One of the most devoted of those who remained in the room with the +dying President was Senator Charles Sumner, of Massachusetts. He +visited me subsequently and said: "Dr. Leale, do you remember that I +remained all the time until President Lincoln died?" Senator Sumner +was profoundly affected by this great calamity to both North and +South. + +On my visit to Secretary Seward some time after the President's death, +he was still suffering from his fracture and from the brutal attacks +of the assassin, who made such a desperate attempt to kill him on that +fatal night. + +When I again met Secretary Stanton we sat alone in his private office. +He was doing his utmost to continue what he deemed best for our +country. The long continued strain and great burden had left their +deep impress upon him. At the close of my call we shook hands +fraternally. + +After the war had closed Governor Fenton, of New York State, one of +the "War Governors," came to me and said: "Dr. Leale, I will give you +anything possible within my power." I responded: "I sincerely thank +you, Governor; but I desire nothing, as I wish to follow my mission in +life." + +The city of Washington was wrapped in a mantle of gloom. The President +had known his people and had a heart full of love for his soldiers and +sailors. With "malice toward none" he alone seemed to have the power +to restore fraternal love. He alone appeared able to quickly heal his +country's wound. + +In May there occurred in Washington one of the most pathetic and +historic events, the return of the Northern Army for the final review +of more than 70,000 veterans. A grandstand had been erected in front +of the White House for the new President, his Cabinet, Officers of +State, Foreign Ministers and others. I had a seat on this grandstand, +from which on May 24th we watched one of the most imposing parades +recorded in history. Among the many heroes, I recall the passing of +stately General William Tecumseh Sherman on his majestic horse, which +had been garlanded with roses. After we had been sitting there for +several hours a foreign official tapped me on the shoulder and said: +"What will become of these thousands of soldiers after their +discharge?" I answered: "They will return to their homes all over the +country and soon be at work doing their utmost to pay off the national +debt." He replied: "Is it possible! No other country could expect such +a result." + +All had lost comrades, many were to return to desolate and broken +homes. Amidst all the grandeur of victory there was profound sorrow. +Among the thousands of passing veterans, there were many who looked +for their former Commander-in-Chief, but their "Father Abraham" had +answered to his last bugle call and with more than 300,000 comrades +had been mustered out. + +[Illustration] + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Lincoln's Last Hours, by Charles A. 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