diff options
| author | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 02:18:12 -0700 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 02:18:12 -0700 |
| commit | 5fb38eb044f5109871f4eff4387e881613045e19 (patch) | |
| tree | c8ca86d02c039b1e410430b9a7fd1d9507cebba0 /25646-h | |
Diffstat (limited to '25646-h')
| -rw-r--r-- | 25646-h/25646-h.htm | 4335 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 25646-h/images/img002.png | bin | 0 -> 32350 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 25646-h/images/img005.png | bin | 0 -> 8816 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 25646-h/images/img007.png | bin | 0 -> 8716 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 25646-h/images/img009.png | bin | 0 -> 54940 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 25646-h/images/img009l.png | bin | 0 -> 1001 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 25646-h/images/img011.png | bin | 0 -> 24999 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 25646-h/images/img012.png | bin | 0 -> 6421 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 25646-h/images/img014.png | bin | 0 -> 16082 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 25646-h/images/img021w.png | bin | 0 -> 1153 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 25646-h/images/img023.png | bin | 0 -> 14709 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 25646-h/images/img027h.png | bin | 0 -> 864 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 25646-h/images/img028.png | bin | 0 -> 17883 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 25646-h/images/img038.png | bin | 0 -> 17348 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 25646-h/images/img039r.png | bin | 0 -> 792 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 25646-h/images/img040.png | bin | 0 -> 41668 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 25646-h/images/img042.png | bin | 0 -> 54006 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 25646-h/images/img045a.png | bin | 0 -> 1035 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 25646-h/images/img046.png | bin | 0 -> 6148 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 25646-h/images/img049d.png | bin | 0 -> 1018 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 25646-h/images/img056.png | bin | 0 -> 61870 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 25646-h/images/img060.png | bin | 0 -> 58335 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 25646-h/images/img061.png | bin | 0 -> 19771 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 25646-h/images/img071n.png | bin | 0 -> 945 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 25646-h/images/img073.png | bin | 0 -> 82856 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 25646-h/images/img075.png | bin | 0 -> 92150 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 25646-h/images/img089.png | bin | 0 -> 73322 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 25646-h/images/img093t.png | bin | 0 -> 852 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 25646-h/images/img098.png | bin | 0 -> 29854 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 25646-h/images/img104.png | bin | 0 -> 22888 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 25646-h/images/img110.png | bin | 0 -> 18560 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 25646-h/images/img115m.png | bin | 0 -> 1059 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 25646-h/images/img120.jpg | bin | 0 -> 81709 bytes |
33 files changed, 4335 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/25646-h/25646-h.htm b/25646-h/25646-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a798b24 --- /dev/null +++ b/25646-h/25646-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,4335 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Child's Health Primer, by Jane Andrews. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> +/*<![CDATA[ XML blockout */ +<!-- + p {margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + text-indent: 1.25em; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + img {border: 0;} + .tnote {border: dashed 1px; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; padding-bottom: .5em; padding-top: .5em; + padding-left: .5em; padding-right: .5em;} + ins {text-decoration:none; border-bottom: thin dotted gray;} + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; + } + hr { width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; + } + table.grapes {width: 550px; text-align: center; background-image: + url("images/img042.png"); background-repeat: no-repeat;} + table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;} + + .grape1 {margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + text-indent: 1.25em; + margin-bottom: .75em; + margin-right: 20em; + } + .grape2 {margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + text-indent: 1.25em; + margin-bottom: .75em; + margin-right: 15em; + } + + .grape3 {margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + text-indent: 1.25em; + margin-bottom: .75em; + margin-right: 10em; + } + + body{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + + .pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; + } /* page numbers */ + + .blockquot{margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%; text-align: justify;} + + .bbox {border: solid 2px; margin-left: 20%; margin-right: 20%; padding-bottom: .5em; padding-top: .5em; + padding-left: .5em; padding-right: .5em;} + + .center {text-align: center;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + + .caption {font-weight: bold;} + + .figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center;} + + .figleft {float: left; clear: left; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: + 1em; margin-right: 0; padding: 0; text-align: center;} + + .figright {float: right; clear: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; + margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0; padding: 0; text-align: center;} + + .unindent {margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + .right {text-align: right;} + .poem {margin-left: 30%; margin-right: 10%; text-align: left;} + .poem2 {margin-left: 15%; margin-right: 10%; text-align: left;} + .sig {margin-right: 10%; text-align: right;} + .u {text-decoration: underline;} + + .footnotes {border: dashed 1px;} + .footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + .fnanchor {vertical-align:baseline; + position: relative; + bottom: 0.33em; + font-size: .8em; + text-decoration: none;} + .hang1 {text-indent: -3em; margin-left: 5em;} + // --> + /* XML end ]]>*/ + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Child's Health Primer For Primary Classes, by +Jane Andrews + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Child's Health Primer For Primary Classes + With Special Reference to the Effects of Alcoholic Drinks, + Stimulants, and Narcotics upon The Human System + +Author: Jane Andrews + +Release Date: May 30, 2008 [EBook #25646] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HEALTH PRIMER *** + + + + +Produced by Stephen Hope, Joseph Cooper, Emmy and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_i" id="Page_i">[i]</a></span><br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[ii]</a></span></p> +<h1>CHILD'S HEALTH PRIMER.</h1> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[iii]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 277px;"><a name="front" id="front"></a> +<img src="images/img002.png" width="277" height="400" alt="WASTING MONEY." title="WASTING MONEY." /> +<span class="caption">WASTING MONEY. (<a href="#Page_123">See p. 123.</a>)</span> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<div class='center'><span class="u">PATHFINDER PHYSIOLOGY No. 1</span></div> + + + + +<h1>CHILD'S<br /> + +HEALTH PRIMER</h1> + +<h3>FOR PRIMARY CLASSES</h3> + +<div class='center'> +WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOLIC DRINKS,<br /> +STIMULANTS, AND NARCOTICS UPON THE HUMAN SYSTEM<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<small>INDORSED BY THE</small><br /> +SCIENTIFIC DEPARTMENT OF THE<br /> +WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNION<br /> +OF THE<br /> +UNITED STATES<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<small><span class="smcap">Copyright</span>, 1885</small><br /> +<big>A. S. BARNES & COMPANY</big><br /> +NEW YORK AND CHICAGO<br /></div> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv">[iv]</a></span></p> + + + +<div class='center'> +PATHFINDER SERIES<br /> +OF TEXT BOOKS ON<br /> +<big>ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, AND HYGIENE.</big><br /> +<br /> +With Special Reference to the Influence of Alcoholic<br /> +Drinks and Narcotics on the Human System.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Indorsed by the Scientific Department of the Women's Christian Temperance<br /> +Union of the United States.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +I.<br /> +FOR PRIMARY GRADES.<br /> +<big>THE CHILD'S HEALTH PRIMER.</big><br /> +12mo. Cloth.<br /> +<br /> +An introduction to the study of the science, suited to<br /> +pupils of the ordinary third reader grade.<br /> +<br /> +Full of lively description and embellished by many apt<br /> +illustrations.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +II.<br /> +FOR INTERMEDIATE CLASSES.<br /> +<big>HYGIENE FOR YOUNG PEOPLE.</big><br /> +12mo. Cloth. Beautifully illustrated.<br /> +<br /> +Suited to pupils able to read any fourth reader.<br /> +<br /> +An admirable elementary treatise upon the subject.<br /> +<br /> +The principles of the science more fully announced<br /> +and illustrated.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +III.<br /> +FOR HIGH SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES.<br /> +<big>HYGIENIC PHYSIOLOGY.</big><br /> +12mo. Beautifully illustrated.<br /> +A MORE ELABORATE TREATISE.<br /> +<br /> +Prepared for the instruction of youth in the principles which<br /> +underlie the preservation of health and the<br /> +formation of correct physical habits.<br /></div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[v]</a></span></p> + + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/img005.png" width="400" height="124" alt="Preface" title="Preface" /> +</div> + + +<p>As this little book goes to press, Massachusetts, by +an act of its legislature, is made the fourteenth state +in this country that requires the pupils in the primary, +as well as in the higher grades of public schools, to +be taught the effects of alcoholics and other narcotics +upon the human system, in connection with other +facts of physiology and hygiene.</p> + +<p>The object of all this legislation is, not that the +future citizen may know the technical names of +bones, nerves, and muscles, but that he may have a +<i><b>timely</b></i> and <i><b>forewarning</b></i> knowledge of the effects of +alcohol and other popular poisons upon the human +body, and therefore upon life and character.</p> + +<p>With every reason in favor of such education, +and the law requiring it, its practical tests in the +school-room will result in failure, unless there shall +be ready for teacher and scholar, a well-arranged,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[vi]</a></span> +simple, and practical book, bringing these truths +down to the capacity of the child.</p> + +<p>A few years hence, when the results of this study +in our Normal Schools shall be realized in the +preparation of the teacher, we can depend upon her +adapting oral lessons from advanced works on this +theme, but now, the average primary teacher brings +to this study no experience, and limited previous +study.</p> + +<p>To meet this need, this work has been prepared. +Technical terms have been avoided, and only such +facts of physiology developed as are necessary to the +treatment of the effects of alcohol, tobacco, opium, +and other truths of hygiene.</p> + +<p>To the children in the Primary Schools of this +country, for whom it was prepared, this work is +dedicated.</p> + + + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[vii]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/img007.png" width="400" height="125" alt="CONTENTS" title="CONTENTS" /> +</div> + + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Contents"> +<tr><td align='left' colspan='2'><small>CHAPTER</small></td><td align='right'><small>PAGE</small></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'> </td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Frontispiece</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_2">2</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'> </td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Title-page</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'> </td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Preface</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'> </td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Contents</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>I.</td><td align='left'>—<span class="smcap">Joints and Bones</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>II.</td><td align='left'>—<span class="smcap">Muscles</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>III.</td><td align='left'>—<span class="smcap">Nerves</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>IV.</td><td align='left'>—<span class="smcap">What is Alcohol?</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_37">37</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>V.</td><td align='left'>—<span class="smcap">Beer</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>VI.</td><td align='left'>—<span class="smcap">Distilling</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>VII.</td><td align='left'>—<span class="smcap">Alcohol</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>VIII.</td><td align='left'>—<span class="smcap">Tobacco</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>IX.</td><td align='left'>—<span class="smcap">Opium</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>X.</td><td align='left'><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[viii]</a></span>—<span class="smcap">What are Organs?</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_61">61</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>XI.</td><td align='left'>—<span class="smcap">What does the Body Need for Food?</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>XII.</td><td align='left'>—<span class="smcap">How Food Becomes Part of the Body</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>XIII.</td><td align='left'>—<span class="smcap">Strength</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>XIV.</td><td align='left'>—<span class="smcap">The Heart</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>XV.</td><td align='left'>—<span class="smcap">The Lungs</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>XVI.</td><td align='left'>—<span class="smcap">The Skin</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_103">103</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>XVII.</td><td align='left'>—<span class="smcap">The Senses</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>XVIII.</td><td align='left'>—<span class="smcap">Heat and Cold</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_115">115</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>XIX.</td><td align='left'>—<span class="smcap">Wasted Money</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td></tr> +</table></div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER I.</h2> + +<h3>JOINTS AND BONES.</h3> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 53px;"> +<img src="images/img009l.png" width="53" height="75" alt="L" title="L" /> +</div><div class='unindent'><br /><br />ITTLE girls like a jointed doll to play +with, because they can bend such a doll +in eight or ten places, make it stand or sit, +or can even play that it is walking.</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/img009.png" width="400" height="317" alt="Jointed dolls." title="Jointed dolls." /> +<span class="caption">Jointed dolls.</span> +</div> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span></p> + +<p>As you study your own bodies to-day, you +will find that you each have better joints +than any dolls that can be bought at a toy +shop.</p> + + +<h3><br />HINGE-JOINTS.</h3> + +<p>Some of your joints work like the hinges +of a door, and these are called hinge-joints.</p> + +<p>You can find them in your elbows, knees, +fingers, and toes.</p> + +<p>How many hinge-joints can you find?</p> + +<p>Think how many hinges must be used +by the boy who takes off his hat and makes +a polite bow to his teacher, when she meets +him on the street.</p> + +<p>How many hinges do you use in running +up-stairs, opening the door, buttoning your +coat or your boots, playing ball or digging +in your garden?</p> + +<p>You see that we use these hinges nearly +all the time. We could not do without +them.</p> + + +<h3><br />BALL AND SOCKET JOINTS.</h3> + +<p>All our joints are not hinge-joints.</p> + +<p>Your shoulder has a joint that lets your<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span> +arm swing round and round, as well as move +up and down.</p> + +<p>Your hip has another that lets your leg +move in much the same way.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/img011.png" width="400" height="278" alt="The hip-joint." title="The hip-joint." /> +<span class="caption">The hip-joint.</span> +</div> + +<p>This kind of joint is the round end or ball +of a long bone, which moves in a hole, called +a socket.</p> + +<p>Your joints do not creak or get out of order, +as those of doors and gates sometimes +do. A soft, smooth fluid, much like the white +of an egg, keeps them moist and makes them +work easily.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span></p> + + +<h3><br />BONES.</h3> + +<p>What parts of our bodies are jointed together +so nicely? Our bones.</p> + +<p>How many bones have we?</p> + +<p>If you should count all your bones, you +would find that each of you has about two +hundred.</p> + +<p>Some are large; and some, very small.</p> + +<p>There are long-hones in your legs and +arms, and many short ones in your fingers +and toes. The backbone is called the spine.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/img012.png" width="400" height="87" alt="Backbone of a fish." title="Backbone of a fish." /> +<span class="caption">Backbone of a fish.</span> +</div> + +<p>If you look at the backbone of a fish, you +can see that it is made up-of many little +bones. Your own spine is formed in much +the same way, of twenty-four small bones. +An elastic cushion of gristle (grĭs´l) fits nicely +in between each little bone and the next.</p> + +<p>When you bend, these cushions are pressed +together on one side and stretched on the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span> +other. They settle back into their first shape, +as soon as you stand straight again.</p> + +<p>If you ever rode in a wheelbarrow, or a +cart without springs, you know what a jolting +it gave you. These little spring cushions +keep you from being shaken even more severely +every time you move.</p> + +<p>Twenty-four ribs, twelve on each side, +curve around from the spine to the front, or +breast, bone. (<i><a href="#Page_38">See page 38.</a></i>)</p> + +<p>They are so covered with flesh that perhaps +you can not feel and count them; but +they are there.</p> + +<p>Then you have two flat shoulder-blades, +and two collar-bones that almost meet in +front, just where your collar fastens.</p> + +<p>Of what are the bones made?</p> + +<p>Take two little bones, such as those from +the legs or wings of a chicken, put one of +them into the fire, when it is not very hot, +and leave it there two or three hours. Soak +the other bone in some weak muriatic +(mū rĭ ăt´ĭk) acid. This acid can be bought of +any druggist.</p> + +<p>You will have to be careful in taking the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span> +bone out of the fire, for it is all ready to +break. If you strike it a quick blow, it will +crumble to dust. This dust we call lime, and +it is very much like the lime from which the +mason makes mortar.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/img014.png" width="400" height="242" alt="Bone tied to a knot." title="Bone tied to a knot." /> +<span class="caption">Bone tied to a knot.</span> +</div> + +<p>The acid has taken the lime from the +other bone, so only the part which is not +lime is left. You will be surprised to see +how easily it will bend. You can twist it +and tie it into a knot; but it will not easily +break.</p> + +<p>You have seen gristle in meat. This soft +part of the bone is gristle.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span></p> + +<p>Children's bones have more gristle than +those of older people; so children's bones bend +easily.</p> + +<p>I know a lady who has one leg shorter +than the other. This makes her lame, and +she has to wear a boot with iron supports +three or four inches high, in order to walk +at all.</p> + +<p>One day she told me how she became lame.</p> + +<p>"I remember," she said, "when I was between +three and four years old, sitting one +day in my high chair at the table, and twisting +one foot under the little step of the chair. +The next morning I felt lame; but nobody +could tell what was the matter. At last, the +doctors found out that the trouble all came +from that twist. It had gone too far to be +cured. Before I had this boot, I could only +walk with a crutch."</p> + + +<h3><br />CARE OF THE SPINE.</h3> + +<p>Because the spine is made of little bones +with cushions between them, it bends easily, +and children sometimes bend it more than +they ought.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span></p> + +<p>If you lean over your book or your writing +or any other work, the elastic cushions +may get so pressed on the inner edge that +they do not easily spring back into shape. +In this way, you may grow round-shouldered +or hump-backed.</p> + +<p>This bending over, also cramps the lungs, +so that they do not have all the room they +need for breathing. While you are young, +your bones are easily bent. One shoulder or +one hip gets higher than the other, if you +stand unevenly. This is more serious, because +you are growing, and you may grow crooked +before you know it.</p> + +<p>Now that you know how soft your bones +are, and how easily they bend, you will +surely be careful to sit and stand erect. Do +not twist your legs, or arms, or shoulders; +for you want to grow into straight and graceful +men and women, instead of being round-shouldered, +or hump-backed, or lame, all your +lives.</p> + +<p>When people are old, their bones contain +more lime, and, therefore, break more easily.</p> + +<p>You should be kindly helpful to old people,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span> +so that they may not fall, and possibly +break their bones.</p> + + +<h3><br />CARE OF THE FEET.</h3> + +<p>Healthy children are always out-growing +their shoes, and sometimes faster than they +wear them out. Tight shoes cause corns and +in-growing nails and other sore places on the +feet. All of these are very hard to get rid of. +No one should wear a shoe that pinches or +hurts the foot.</p> + + +<h3><br />OUGHT A BOY TO USE TOBACCO?</h3> + +<p>Perhaps some boy will say: "Grown people +are always telling us, 'this will do for +men, but it is not good for boys.'"</p> + +<p>Tobacco is not good for men; but there +is a very good reason why it is worse for +boys.</p> + +<p>If you were going to build a house, would +it be wise for you to put into the stone-work +of the cellar something that would make it +less strong?</p> + +<p>Something into the brick-work or the +mortar, the wood-work or the nails, the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span> +walls or the chimneys, that would make +them weak and tottering, instead of strong +and steady?</p> + +<p>It would he had enough if you should +repair your house with poor materials; but +surely it must be built in the first place +with the best you can get.</p> + +<p>You will soon learn that boys and girls +are building their bodies, day after day, until +at last they reach full size.</p> + +<p>Afterward, they must be repaired as fast +as they wear out.</p> + +<p>It would be foolish to build any part in +a way to make it weaker than need be.</p> + +<p>Wise doctors have said that the boy who +uses tobacco while he is growing, makes +every part of his body less strong than it +otherwise would be. Even his bones will +not grow so well.</p> + +<p>Boys who smoke can not become such +large, fine-looking men as they would if +they did not smoke.</p> + +<p>Cigarettes are small, but they are very +poisonous. Chewing tobacco is a worse and +more filthy habit even than smoking. The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span> +frequent spitting it causes is disgusting to +others and hurts the health of the chewer. +Tobacco in any form is a great enemy to +youth. It stunts the growth, hurts the +mind, and cripples in every way the boy or +girl who uses it.</p> + +<p>Not that it does all this to every youth +who smokes, but it is always true that no +boy of seven to fourteen can begin to smoke +or chew and have so fine a body and mind +when he is twenty-one years old as he would +have had if he had never used tobacco. If +you want to be strong and well men and +women, do not use tobacco in any form.</p> + + +<h3><br />REVIEW QUESTIONS.</h3> + +<div class="hang1">1. What two kinds of joints have you?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>2. Describe each kind.</div> + +<div class='hang1'>3. Find as many of each kind as you can.</div> + +<div class='hang1'>4. How are the joints kept moist?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>5. How many bones are there in your whole body?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>6. Count the bones in your hand.</div> + +<div class='hang1'>7. Of how many bones is your spine made?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>8. Why could you not use it so well if it were all in one piece?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>9. What is the use of the little cushions between the bones of the spine?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>10. How many ribs have you?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>11. Where are they?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>12. Where are the shoulder-blades?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>13. Where are the collar-bones?<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span></div> + +<div class='hang1'>14. What are bones made of?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>15. How can we show this?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>16. What is the difference between the bones of children and the bones of old people?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>17. Why do children's bones bend easily?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>18. Tell the story of the lame lady.</div> + +<div class='hang1'>19. What does this story teach you?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>20. What happens if you lean over your desk or work?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>21. How will this position injure your lungs?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>22. What other bones may be injured by wrong positions?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>23. Why do old people's bones break easily?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>24. How should the feet be cared for?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>25. How does tobacco affect the bones?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>26. What do doctors say of its use?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>27. What is said about cigarettes?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>28. What about chewing tobacco?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>29. To whom is tobacco a great enemy? Why?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>30. What is always true of its use by youth?</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER II.</h2> + +<h3>MUSCLES.</h3> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 83px;"> +<img src="images/img021w.png" width="83" height="75" alt="W" title="W" /> +</div><div class='unindent'><br /><br />HAT makes the limbs move?</div> + +<p>You have to take hold of the door +to move it back and forth; but you need not +take hold of your arm to move that.</p> + +<p>What makes it move?</p> + +<p>Sometimes a door or gate is made to shut +itself, if you leave it open.</p> + +<p>This can be done by means of a wide +rubber strap, one end of which is fastened +to the frame of the door near the hinge, and +the other end to the door, out near its edge.</p> + +<p>When we push open the door, the rubber +strap is stretched; but as soon as we have +passed through, the strap tightens, draws +the door back, and shuts it.</p> + +<p>If you stretch out your right arm, and +clasp the upper part tightly with your left<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span> +hand, then work the elbow joint strongly +back and forth, you can feel something under +your hand draw up, and then lengthen out +again, each time you bend the joint.</p> + +<p>What you feel, is a muscle (mŭs´sl), and it +works your joints very much as the rubber +strap works the hinge of the door.</p> + +<p>One end of the muscle is fastened to the +bone just below the elbow joint; and the +other end, higher up above the joint.</p> + +<p>When it tightens, or contracts, as we say, +it bends the joint. When the arm is straightened, +the muscle returns to its first shape.</p> + +<p>There is another muscle on the outside +of the arm which stretches when this one +shortens, and so helps the working of the +joint.</p> + +<p>Every joint has two or more muscles of +its own to work it.</p> + +<p>Think how many there must be in our +fingers!</p> + +<p>If we should undertake to count all the +muscles that move our whole bodies, it would +need more counting than some of you could +do.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span></p> + + +<h3><br />TENDONS.</h3> +<div class="figleft" style="width: 154px;"> +<img src="images/img023.png" width="154" height="400" alt="Tendons of the hand." title="Tendons of the hand." /> +<span class="caption">Tendons of the hand.</span> +</div> + +<p>You can see muscles on the dinner table; +for they are only lean meat.</p> + + +<p>They are fastened to the +bones by strong cords, called +tendons (tĕn´dŏnz). These +tendons can be seen in the +leg of a chicken or turkey. +They sometimes hold the +meat so firmly that it is +hard for you to get it off. +When you next try to pick +a "drum-stick," remember +that you are eating the +strong muscles by which the +chicken or turkey moved +his legs as he walked about +the yard. The parts that +have the most work to do, +need the strongest muscles.</p> + +<p>Did you ever see the +swallows flying about the +eaves of a barn?</p> + +<p>Do they have very stout legs? No! They<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span> +have very small legs and feet, because they +do not need to walk. They need to fly.</p> + +<p>The muscles that move the wings are +fastened to the breast. These breast muscles +of the swallow must be large and strong.</p> + + +<h3><br />EXERCISE OF THE MUSCLES.</h3> + +<p>People who work hard with any part of +the body make the muscles of that part very +strong.</p> + +<p>The blacksmith has big, strong muscles +in his arms because he uses them so much.</p> + +<p>You are using your muscles every day, +and this helps them to grow.</p> + +<p>Once I saw a little girl who had been +very sick. She had to lie in bed for many +weeks. Before her sickness she had plenty +of stout muscles in her arms and legs and +was running about the house from morning +till night, carrying her big doll in her arms.</p> + +<p>After her sickness, she could hardly walk +ten steps, and would rather sit and look at +her playthings than try to lift them. She +had to make new muscles as fast as possible.</p> + +<p>Running, coasting, games of ball, and all<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span> +brisk play and work, help to make strong +muscles.</p> + +<p>Idle habits make weak muscles. So idleness +is an enemy to the muscles.</p> + +<p>There is another enemy to the muscles +about which I must tell you.</p> + + +<h3><br />WHAT ALCOHOL WILL DO TO THE MUSCLES.</h3> + +<p>Muscles are lean meat. Fat meat could +not work your joints for you as the muscles +do. Alcohol often changes a part of the +muscles to fat, and so takes away a part of +their strength. In this way, people often +grow very fleshy from drinking beer, because +it contains alcohol, as you will soon learn. +But they can not work any better on account +of having this fat. They are not really +any stronger for it.</p> + + +<h3><br />REVIEW QUESTIONS.</h3> + +<div class="hang1">1. How are the joints moved?</div> + +<div class="hang1">2. Where are the muscles in your arms, which help you to move your elbows?</div> + +<div class="hang1">3. Show why joints must have muscles.</div> + +<div class="hang1">4. What do we call the muscles of the lower animals?</div> + +<div class="hang1">5. What fasten the muscles to the bones?<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span></div> + +<div class="hang1">6. Why do chickens and turkeys need strong muscles in their legs?</div> + +<div class="hang1">7. Why do swallows need strong breast muscles?</div> + +<div class="hang1">8. What makes the muscles of the blacksmith's arm so strong?</div> + +<div class="hang1">9. What will make your muscles strong?</div> + +<div class="hang1">10. What will make them weak?</div> + +<div class="hang1">11. What does alcohol often do to the muscles?</div> + +<div class="hang1">12. Can fatty muscles work well?</div> + +<div class="hang1">13. Why does not drinking beer make one stronger?</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER III.</h2> + +<h3>NERVES.</h3> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 63px;"> +<img src="images/img027h.png" width="63" height="75" alt="H" title="H" /> +</div><div class='unindent'><br /><br />OW do the muscles know when to move?</div> + +<p>You have all seen the telegraph +wires, by which messages are sent from one +town to another, all over the country.</p> + +<p>You are too young to understand how +this is done, but you each have something +inside of you, by which you are sending +messages almost every minute while you are +awake.</p> + +<p>We will try to learn a little about its +wonderful way of working.</p> + +<p>In your head is your brain. It is the +part of you which thinks.</p> + +<p>As you would be very badly off if you +could not think, the brain is your most +precious part, and you have a strong box +made of bone to keep it in.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 272px;"> +<img src="images/img028.png" width="272" height="500" alt="Diagram of the nervous system." title="Diagram of the nervous system." /> +<span class="caption">Diagram of the nervous system.</span> +</div> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span></p> + +<p>We will call the brain the central telegraph +office. Little white cords, called nerves, +connect the brain with the rest of the body.</p> + +<p>A large cord called the spinal cord, lies +safely in a bony case made by the spine, and +many nerves branch off from this.</p> + +<p>If you put your finger on a hot stove, in +an instant a message goes on the nerve telegraph +to the brain. It tells that wise thinking +part that your finger will burn, if it +stays on the stove.</p> + +<p>In another instant, the brain sends back +a message to the muscles that move that +finger, saying: "Contract quickly, bend the +joint, and take that poor finger away so +that it will not be burned."</p> + +<p>You can hardly believe that there was +time for all this sending of messages; for as +soon as you felt the hot stove, you pulled +your finger away. But you really could not +have pulled it away, unless the brain had +sent word to the muscles to do it.</p> + +<p>Now, you know what we mean when we +say, "As quick as thought." Surely nothing +could be quicker.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span></p> + +<p>You see that the brain has a great deal +of work to do, for it has to send so many orders.</p> + +<p>There are some muscles which are moving +quietly and steadily all the time, though +we take no notice of the motion.</p> + +<p>You do not have to think about breathing, +and yet the muscles work all the time, +moving your chest.</p> + +<p>If we had to think about it every time +we breathed, we should have no time to +think of any thing else.</p> + +<p>There is one part of the brain that takes +care of such work for us. It sends the messages +about breathing, and keeps the breathing +muscles and many other muscles faithfully +at work. It does all this without our +needing to know or think about it at all.</p> + +<p>Do you begin to see that your body is a +busy work-shop, where many kinds of work +are being done all day and all night?</p> + +<p>Although we lie still and sleep in the +night, the breathing must go on, and so must +the work of those other organs that never +stop until we die.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span></p> + + +<h3><br />OTHER WORK OF THE NERVES.</h3> + +<p>The little white nerve-threads lie smoothly +side by side, making small white cords. Each +kind of message goes on its own thread, so +that the messages need never get mixed or +confused.</p> + +<p>These nerves are very delicate little messengers. +They do all the feeling for the whole +body, and by means of them we have many +pains and many pleasures.</p> + +<p>If there was no nerve in your tooth it +could not ache. But if there were no nerves +in your mouth and tongue, you could not +taste your food.</p> + +<p>If there were no nerves in your hands, +you might cut them and feel no pain. But +you could not feel your mother's soft, warm +hand, as she laid it on yours.</p> + +<p>One of your first duties is the care of yourselves.</p> + +<p>Children may say: "My father and mother +take care of me." But even while you are +young, there are some ways in which no one +can take care of you but yourselves. The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span> +older you grow, the more this care will belong +to you, and to no one else.</p> + +<p>Think of the work all the parts of the +body do for us, and how they help us to be +well and happy. Certainly the least we can +do is to take care of them and keep them in +good order.</p> + + +<h3><br />CARE OF THE BRAIN AND NERVES.</h3> + +<p>As one part of the brain has to take care of +all the rest of the body, and keep every organ +at work, of course it can never go to sleep +itself. If it did, the heart would stop pumping, +the lungs would leave off breathing, all +other work would stop, and the body would +be dead.</p> + +<p>But there is another part of the brain +which does the thinking, and this part needs +rest.</p> + +<p>When you are asleep, you are not thinking, +but you are breathing and other work of +the body is going on.</p> + +<p>If the thinking part of the brain does not +have good quiet sleep, it will soon wear out. +A worn-out brain is not easy to repair.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span></p> + +<p>If well cared for, your brain will do the +best of work for you for seventy or eighty +years without complaining.</p> + +<p>The nerves are easily tired out, and they +need much rest. They get tired if we do one +thing too long at a time; they are rested by +a change of work.</p> + + +<h3><br />IS ALCOHOL GOOD FOR THE NERVES AND THE BRAIN?</h3> + +<p>Think of the wonderful work the brain is +all the time doing for you!</p> + +<p>You ought to give it the best of food to +keep it in good working order. Any drink +that contains alcohol is not a food to make +one strong; but is a poison to hurt, and at +last to kill.</p> + +<p>It injures the brain and nerves so that +they can not work well, and send their messages +properly. That is why the drunkard +does not know what he is about.</p> + +<p>Newspapers often tell us about people setting +houses on fire; about men who forgot to +turn the switch, and so wrecked a railroad +train; about men who lay down on the railroad +track and were run over by the cars.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span></p> + +<p>Often these stories end with: "The person +had been drinking." When the nerves are +put to sleep by alcohol, people become careless +and do not do their work faithfully; sometimes, +they can not even tell the difference +between a railroad track and a place of +safety. The brain receives no message, or the +wrong one, and the person does not know +what he is doing.</p> + +<p>You may say that all men who drink +liquor do not do such terrible things.</p> + +<p>That is true. A little alcohol is not so +bad as a great deal. But even a little makes +the head ache, and hurts the brain and +nerves.</p> + +<p>A body kept pure and strong is of great +service to its owner. There are people who +are not drunkards, but who often drink a +little liquor. By this means, they slowly +poison their bodies.</p> + +<p>When sickness comes upon them, they +are less able to bear it, and less likely to get +well again, than those who have never injured +their bodies with alcohol.</p> + +<p>When a sick or wounded man is brought<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span> +into the hospital, one of the first questions +asked him by the doctor is: "Do you drink?"</p> + +<p>If he answers "Yes!" the next questions +are, "What do you drink?" and "How +much?"</p> + +<p>The answers he gives to these questions, +show the doctor what chance the man has +of getting well.</p> + +<p>A man who never drinks liquor will get +well, where a drinking man would surely +die.</p> + + +<h3><br />TOBACCO AND THE NERVES.</h3> + +<p>Why does any one wish to use tobacco?</p> + +<p>Because many men say that it helps them, +and makes them feel better.</p> + +<p>Shall I tell you how it makes them feel +better?</p> + +<p>If a man is cold, the tobacco deadens +his nerves so that he does not feel the +cold and does not take pains to make himself +warmer.</p> + +<p>If a man is tired, or in trouble, tobacco +will not really rest him or help him out of +his trouble.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span></p> + +<p>It only puts his nerves to sleep and helps +him think that he is not tired, and that +he does not need to overcome his troubles.</p> + +<p>It puts his nerves to sleep very much as +alcohol does, and helps him to be contented +with what ought not to content him.</p> + +<p>A boy who smokes or chews tobacco, is +not so good a scholar as if he did not use +the poison. He can not remember his lessons +so well.</p> + +<p>Usually, too, he is not so polite, nor so +good a boy as he otherwise would be.</p> + + +<h3><br />REVIEW QUESTIONS.</h3> + +<div class="hang1">1. How do the muscles know when to move?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>2. What part of you is it that thinks?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>3. What are the nerves?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>4. Where is the spinal cord?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>5. What message goes to the brain when you put your finger on +a hot stove?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>6. What message comes back from the brain to the finger?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>7. What is meant by "As quick as thought"?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>8. Name some of the muscles which work without needing our +thought.</div> + +<div class='hang1'>9. What keeps them at work?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>10. Why do not the nerve messages get mixed and confused?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>11. Why could you not feel, if you had no nerves?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>12. State some ways in which the nerves give us pain.</div> + +<div class='hang1'>13. State some ways in which they give us pleasure.</div> + +<div class='hang1'>14. What part of us has the most work to do?<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span></div> + +<div class='hang1'>15. How must we keep the brain strong and well?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>16. What does alcohol do to the nerves and brain?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>17. Why does not a drunken man know what he is about?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>18. What causes most of the accidents we read of?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>19. Why could not the man who had been drinking tell the difference +between a railroad track and a place of safety?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>20. How does the frequent drinking of a little liquor affect the +body?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>21. How does sickness affect people who often drink these liquors?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>22. When a man is taken to the hospital, what questions does the +doctor ask?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>23. What depends upon his answers?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>24. Why do many men use tobacco?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>25. How does it make them feel better?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>26. Does it really help a person who uses it?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>27. Does tobacco help a boy to be a good scholar?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>28. How does it affect his manners?</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 245px;"> +<img src="images/img038.png" width="245" height="500" alt="Bones of the human body." title="Bones of the human body." /> +<span class="caption">Bones of the human body.</span> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER IV.</h2> + +<h3>WHAT IS ALCOHOL?</h3> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 60px;"> +<img src="images/img039r.png" width="60" height="75" alt="R" title="R" /> +</div><div class='unindent'><br /><br />IPE grapes are full of juice.</div> + +<p>This juice is mostly water, sweetened +with a sugar of its own. It is flavored +with something which makes us know, the +moment we taste it, that it is grape-juice, +and not cherry-juice or plum-juice.</p> + +<p>Apples also contain water, sugar, and apple +flavor; and cherries contain water, sugar, and +cherry flavor. The same is true of other +fruits. They all, when ripe, have the water +and the sugar; and each has a flavor of its +own.</p> + +<p>Ripe grapes are sometimes gathered and +put into great tubs called vats. In these the +juice is squeezed out.</p> + +<p>In some countries, this squeezing is done +by bare-footed men who jump into the vats +and press the grapes with their feet.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span></p> + +<p>The grape-juice is then drawn off from the +skins and seeds and left standing in a warm +place.</p> + +<p>Bubbles soon begin to rise and cover the +top of it with froth. The juice is all in motion.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/img040.png" width="400" height="322" alt="Picking grapes and making wine." title="Picking grapes and making wine." /> +<span class="caption">Picking grapes and making wine.</span> +</div> + +<p>If the cook had wished to use this grape-juice +to make jelly, she would say: "Now, I +can not make my grape-jelly, for the grape-juice +is spoiled."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span></p> + + +<h3><br />WHAT IS THIS CHANGE IN THE GRAPE-JUICE?</h3> + +<p>The sugar in the grape-juice is changing +into something else. It is turning into +alcohol and a gas<a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> that moves about in little +bubbles in the liquid, and rising to the top, +goes off into the air. The alcohol is a thin +liquid which, mixed with the water, remains +in the grape-juice.</p> + +<p>The sugar is gone; alcohol and the bubbles +of gas are left in its place.</p> + +<p>This alcohol is a liquid poison. A little of +it will harm any one who drinks it; much +of it would kill the drinker.</p> + +<p>Ripe grapes are good food; but grape-juice, +when its sugar has turned to alcohol, is not a +safe drink for any one. It is poisoned by the +alcohol.</p> + + +<h3><br />WINE.</h3> + +<p>This changed grape-juice is called wine. +It is partly water, partly alcohol, and it still +has the grape flavor in it.</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span></p> +<p>Wine +is also +made +from currants, +elderberries, and +other fruits, in very +much the same way as +from grapes.</p> +<div class='center'> <table class="grapes" summary="grapes"> +<tr><td align='left'><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> +<div class='grape1'>People sometimes make +it at home from the fruits +that grow in their own gardens, +and think there is no +alcohol in it, because they do +not put any in.</div> + +<div class='grape2'>But you know that the alcohol +is made in the fruit-juice itself +by the change of the sugar into +alcohol and the gas.</div> + + + +<div class='grape2'>It is the nature of alcohol to +make the person who takes a little of +it, in wine, or any other drink, want more +and more alcohol. When one goes on, thus +taking more and more of the drinks that +contain alcohol, he is called a drunkard.</div> + +<div class='grape3'>In this way wine has made many drunkards.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span> +Alcohol hurts both the body and mind. +It changes the person who drinks it. It will +make a good and kind person cruel and bad; +and will make a bad person worse.</div> + +<div class='grape3'>Every one who takes wine does not become +a drunkard, but you are not sure that +you will not, if you drink it.</div> + +<p>You should not drink wine, because there +is alcohol in it.</p> +<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></td> +</tr></table></div> + + + +<h3>CIDER.</h3> + +<p>Cider is made from apples. In a few hours +after the juice is pressed out of the apples, +if it is left open to the air the sugar begins +to change.</p> + +<p>Like the sugar in the grape, it changes +into alcohol and bubbles of gas.</p> + +<p>At first, there is but little alcohol in +cider, but a little of this poison is dangerous.</p> + +<p>More alcohol is all the time forming until +in ten cups of cider there may be one cup +of alcohol. Cider often makes its drinkers +ill-tempered and cross.</p> + +<p>Cider and wine will turn into vinegar if +left in a warm place long enough.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span></p> + + +<h3><br />REVIEW QUESTIONS.</h3> + +<div class="hang1">1. What two things are in all fruit-juices?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>2. How can we tell the juice of grapes from that of plums?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>3. How can we tell the juice of apples from that of cherries?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>4. What is often done with ripe grapes?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>5. What happens after the grape-juice has stood a short time?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>6. Why would the changed grape-juice not be good to use in making +jelly?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>7. Into what is the sugar in the juice changed?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>8. What becomes of the gas?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>9. What becomes of the alcohol?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>10. What is gone and what left?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>11. What is alcohol?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>12. What does alcohol do to those who drink it?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>13. When are grapes good food?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>14. When is grape-juice not a safe drink?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>15. Why?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>16. What is this changed grape-juice called?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>17. What is wine?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>18. From what is wine made?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>19. What do people sometimes think of home-made wines?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>20. How can alcohol be there when none has been put into it?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>21. What does alcohol make the person who takes it want?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>22. What is such a one called?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>23. What has wine done to many persons?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>24. What does alcohol hurt?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>25. How does it change a person?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>26. Are you sure you will not become a drunkard if you drink +wine?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>27. Why should you not drink it?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>28. What is cider made from?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>29. What soon happens to apple-juice?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>30. How may vinegar be made?</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span></p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTE:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> This gas is called car bon´ic acid gas.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>CHAPTER V.</h2> + +<h3>BEER.</h3> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 58px;"> +<img src="images/img045a.png" width="58" height="75" alt="A" title="A" /> +</div><div class='unindent'><br /><br />LCOHOL is often made from grains as +well as from fruit. The grain has +starch instead of sugar.</div> + +<p>If the starch in your mother's starch-box +at home should be changed into sugar, you +would think it a very strange thing.</p> + +<p>Every year, in the spring-time, many +thousand pounds of starch are changed into +sugar in a hidden, quiet way, so that most +of us think nothing about it.</p> + + +<h3><br />STARCH AND SUGAR.</h3> + +<p>All kinds of grain are full of starch.</p> + +<p>If you plant them in the ground, where +they are kept moist and warm, they begin +to sprout and grow, to send little roots down +into the earth, and little stems up into the +sunshine.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span></p> + +<p>These little roots and stems must be fed +with sugar; thus, in a wise way, which is too +wonderful for you to understand, as soon +as the seed begins to sprout, +its starch begins to turn into +sugar.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 191px;"> +<img src="images/img046.png" width="191" height="400" alt="Roots" title="Roots" /> +</div> + +<p>If you should chew two +grains of wheat, one before +sprouting and one after, you +could tell by the taste that +this is true.</p> + +<p>Barley is a kind of grain +from which the brewer +makes beer.</p> + +<p>He must first turn +its starch into sugar, so +he begins by sprouting +his grain.</p> + +<p>Of course he does not +plant it in the ground, +because it would need +to be quickly dug up again.</p> + +<p>He keeps it warm and moist in a place +where he can watch it, and stop the sprouting +just in time to save the sugar, before it<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span> +is used to feed the root and stem. This +sprouted grain is called malt.</p> + +<p>The brewer soaks it in plenty of water, +because the grain has not water in itself, as +the grape has.</p> + +<p>He puts in some yeast to help start the +work of changing the sugar into gas<a name="FNanchor_B_2" id="FNanchor_B_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_B_2" class="fnanchor">[B]</a> and +alcohol.</p> + +<p>Sometimes hops are also put in, to give +it a bitter taste.</p> + +<p>The brewer watches to see the bubbles +of gas that tell, as plainly as words could, +that sugar is going and alcohol is coming.</p> + +<p>When the work is finished, the barley has +been made into beer.</p> + +<p>It might have been ground and made into +barley-cakes, or into pearl barley to thicken +our soups, and then it would have been good +food. Now, it is a drink containing alcohol, +and alcohol is a poison.</p> + +<p>You should not drink beer, because there +is alcohol in it.</p> + +<p>Two boys of the same age begin school<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span> +together. One of them drinks wine, cider, +and beer. The other never allows these +drinks to pass his lips. These boys soon become +very different from each other, because +one is poisoning his body and mind with +alcohol, and the other is not.</p> + +<p>A man wants a good, steady boy to work +for him. Which of these two do you think +he will select? A few years later, a young +man is wanted who can be trusted with the +care of an engine or a bank. It is a good +chance. Which of these young men will be +more likely to get it?</p> + + +<h3><br />REVIEW QUESTIONS.</h3> + +<div class='hang1'>1. Is there sugar in grain?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>2. What is in the grain that can be turned into sugar?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>3. What can you do to a seed that will make its starch turn into +sugar?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>4. What does the brewer do to the barley to make its starch turn +into sugar?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>5. What is malt?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>6. What does the brewer put into the malt to start the working?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>7. What gives the bitter taste to beer?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>8. How does the brewer know when sugar begins to go and alcohol +to come?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>9. Why does he want the starch turned to sugar?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>10. Is barley good for food?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>11. Why is beer not good for food?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>12. Why should you not drink it?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>13. Why did the two boys of the same age, at the same school, become +so unlike?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>14. Which will have the best chance in life?</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span></p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTE:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_B_2" id="Footnote_B_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_B_2"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> Car bon´ic acid gas.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>CHAPTER VI.</h2> + +<h3>DISTILLING.</h3> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 61px;"> +<img src="images/img049d.png" width="61" height="75" alt="D" title="D" /> +</div><div class='unindent'><br /><br />ISTILLING (dĭs tĭlł´ing) may be a new word +to you, but you can easily learn its +meaning.</div> + +<p>You have all seen distilling going on in +the kitchen at home, many a time. When +the water in the tea-kettle is boiling, what +comes out at the nose? Steam.</p> + +<p>What is steam?</p> + +<p>You can find out what it is by catching +some of it on a cold plate, or tin cover. As +soon as it touches any thing cold, it turns +into drops of water.</p> + +<p>When we boil water and turn it into +steam, and then turn the steam back into +water, we have distilled the water. We say +vapor instead of steam, when we talk about +the boiling of alcohol.</p> + +<p>It takes less heat to turn alcohol to vapor<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span> +than to turn water to steam; so, if we put +over the fire some liquid that contains alcohol, +and begin to collect the vapor as it rises, +we shall get alcohol first, and then water.</p> + +<p>But the alcohol will not be pure alcohol; +it will be part water, because it is so ready +to mix with water that it has to be distilled +many times to be pure.</p> + +<p>But each time it is distilled, it will become +stronger, because there is a little more +alcohol and a little less water.</p> + +<p>In this way, brandy, rum, whiskey, and +gin are distilled, from wine, cider, and the +liquors which have been made from corn, +rye, or barley.</p> + +<p>The cider, wine, and beer had but little +alcohol in them. The brandy, rum, whiskey, +and gin are nearly one-half alcohol.</p> + +<p>A glass of strong liquor which has been +made by distilling, will injure any one more, +and quicker, than a glass of cider, rum, or +beer.</p> + +<p>But a cider, wine, or beer-drinker often +drinks so much more of the weaker liquor, +that he gets a great deal of alcohol. People<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span> +are often made drunkards by drinking cider +or beer. The more poison, the more danger.</p> + + +<h3><br />REVIEW QUESTIONS.</h3> + +<div class="hang1">1. Where have you ever seen distilling going on?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>2. How can you distill water?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>3. How can men separate alcohol from wine or from any other +liquor that contains it?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>4. Why will not this be pure alcohol?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>5. How is a liquor made stronger?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>6. Name some of the distilled liquors.</div> + +<div class='hang1'>7. How are they made?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>8. How much of them is alcohol?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>9. Which is the most harmful—the distilled liquor, or beer, wine, or +cider?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>10. Why does the wine, cider, or beer-drinker often get as much +alcohol?</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER VII.</h2> + +<h3>ALCOHOL.</h3> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 58px;"> +<img src="images/img045a.png" width="58" height="75" alt="A" title="A" /> +</div><div class='unindent'><br /><br />LCOHOL looks like water, but it is not +at all like water.</div> + +<p>Alcohol will take fire, and burn if a lighted +match is held near it; but you know that +water will not burn.</p> + +<p>When alcohol burns, the color of the flame +is blue. It does not give much light: it makes +no smoke or soot; but it does give a great +deal of heat.</p> + +<p>A little dead tree-toad was once put into +a bottle of alcohol. It was years ago, but +the tree-toad is there still, looking just as it +did the first day it was put in. What has +kept it so?</p> + +<p>It is the alcohol. The tree-toad would +have soon decayed if it had been put into +water. So you see that alcohol keeps dead +bodies from decaying.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span></p> + +<p>Pure alcohol is not often used as a drink. +People who take beer, wine, and cider get +a little alcohol with each drink. Those who +drink brandy, rum, whiskey, or gin, get more +alcohol, because those liquors are nearly one +half alcohol.</p> + +<p>You may wonder that people wish to use +such poisonous drinks at all. But alcohol is +a deceiver. It often cheats the man who +takes a little, into thinking it will be good +for him to take more.</p> + +<p>Sometimes the appetite which begs so +hard for the poison, is formed in childhood. +If you eat wine-jelly, or wine-sauce, you may +learn to like the taste of alcohol and thus +easily begin to drink some weak liquor.</p> + +<p>The more the drinker takes, the more he +often wants, and thus he goes on from drinking +cider, wine, or beer, to drinking whiskey, +brandy, or rum. Thus drunkards are made.</p> + +<p>People who are in the habit of taking +drinks which contain alcohol, often care more +for them than for any thing else, even when +they know they are being ruined by them.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span></p> + + +<h3><br />REVIEW QUESTIONS.</h3> + +<div class="hang1">1. How does alcohol look?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>2. How does alcohol burn?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>3. What will alcohol do to a dead body?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>4. What drinks contain a little alcohol?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>5. What drinks are about one half alcohol?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>6. How does alcohol cheat people?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>7. When is the appetite sometimes formed?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>8. Why should you not eat wine-sauce or wine-jelly?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>9. How are drunkards made?</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER VIII.</h2> + +<h3>TOBACCO.</h3> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 58px;"> +<img src="images/img045a.png" width="58" height="75" alt="A" title="A" /> +</div><div class='unindent'><br /><br /> FARMER who had been in the habit of +planting his fields with corn, wheat, +and potatoes, once made up his mind to plant +tobacco instead.</div> + +<p>Let us see whether he did any good to the +world by the change.</p> + +<p>The tobacco plants grew up as tall as a +little boy or girl, and spread out broad, green +leaves.</p> + +<p>By and by he pulled the stalks, and dried +the leaves. Some of them he pressed into +cakes of tobacco; some he rolled into cigars; +and some he ground into snuff.</p> + +<p>If you ask what tobacco is good for, the +best answer will be, to tell you what it will +do to a man or boy who uses it, and then let +you answer the question for yourselves.</p> + +<p>Tobacco contains something called nicotine (nĭk´o tĭn).<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span> +This is a strong poison. One +drop of it is enough to kill a dog. In one +cigar there is enough, if taken pure, to kill +two men.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/img056.png" width="400" height="437" alt="Mill" title="Mill" /> +</div> + +<p>Even to work upon +tobacco, makes people +pale and sickly. Once +I went into a snuff mill, and the man who +had the care of it showed me how the work +was done.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span></p> + +<p>The mill stood in a pretty place, beside a +little stream which turned the mill-wheel. +Tall trees bent over it, and a fresh breeze was +blowing through the open windows. Yet the +smell of the tobacco was so strong that I had +to go to the door many times, for a breath of +pure air.</p> + +<p>I asked the man if it did not make him +sick to work there.</p> + +<p>He said: "It made me very sick for the +first few weeks. Then I began to get used +to it, and now I don't mind it."</p> + +<p>He was like the boys who try to learn to +smoke. It almost always makes them sick at +first; but they think it will be manly to keep +on. At last, they get used to it.</p> + +<p>The sickness is really the way in which +the boy's body is trying to say to him: +"There is danger here; you are playing with +poison. Let me stop you before great harm +is done."</p> + +<p>Perhaps you will say: "I have seen men +smoke cigars, even four or five in a day, and +it didn't kill them."</p> + +<p>It did not kill them, because they did<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span> +not swallow the nicotine. They only drew +in a little with the breath. But taking a +little poison in this way, day after day, can +not be safe, or really helpful to any one.</p> + + +<h3><br />REVIEW QUESTIONS.</h3> + +<div class="hang1">1. What did the farmer plant instead of corn, wheat, and potatoes?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>2. What was done with the tobacco leaves?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>3. What is the name of the poison which is in tobacco?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>4. How much of it is needed to kill a dog?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>5. What harm can the nicotine in one cigar do, if taken pure?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>6. Tell the story of the visit to the snuff mill.</div> + +<div class='hang1'>7. Why are boys made sick by their first use of tobacco?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>8. Why does not smoking a cigar kill a man?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>9. What is said about a little poison?</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER IX.</h2> + +<h3>OPIUM.</h3> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 58px;"> +<img src="images/img045a.png" width="58" height="75" alt="A" title="A" /> +</div><div class='unindent'><br /><br />LCOHOL and tobacco are called narcotics +(nar kŏt´iks). This means that they have +the power of putting the nerves to sleep. +Opium (ō´pĭ ŭm) is another narcotic.</div> + +<p>It is a poison made from the juice of poppies, +and is used in medicines.</p> + +<p>Opium is put into soothing-syrups (sĭr´ŭps), +and these are sometimes given to babies to +keep them from crying. They do this by +injuring the tender nerves and poisoning the +little body.</p> + +<p>How can any one give a baby opium to +save taking patient care of it?</p> + +<p>Surely the mothers would not do it, if +they knew that this soothing-syrup that appears +like a friend, coming to quiet and comfort +the baby, is really an enemy.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/img060.png" width="400" height="311" alt="Don't give soothing-syrup to children." title="Don't give soothing-syrup to children." /> +<span class="caption">Don't give soothing-syrup to children.</span> +</div> + +<p>Sometimes, a child no older than some of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span> +you are, is left at home with the care of a +baby brother or sister; so it is best that you +should know about this dangerous enemy, +and never be tempted to quiet the baby by +giving him a poison, instead of taking your +best and kindest care of him.</p> + + +<h3><br />REVIEW QUESTIONS.</h3> + +<div class="hang1">1. What is a narcotic?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>2. Name three narcotics?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>3. From what is opium made?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>4. For what is it used?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>5. Why is soothing-syrup dangerous?</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER X.</h2> + +<h3>WHAT ARE ORGANS?</h3> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 58px;"> +<img src="images/img045a.png" width="58" height="75" alt="A" title="A" /> +</div><div class='unindent'><br /><br />N organ is a part of the body which has +some special work to do. The eye is the +organ of sight. The stomach (stŭm´ăk) is an +organ which takes care of the food we eat.</div> + + +<h3><br />THE TEETH.</h3> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/img061.png" width="400" height="283" alt="Different kinds of teeth." title="Different kinds of teeth." /> +<span class="caption">Different kinds of teeth.</span> +</div> + +<p>Your teeth do not look alike, since they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span> +must do different kinds of work. The front +ones cut, the back ones grind.</p> + +<p>They are made of a kind of bone covered +with a hard smooth enamel (ĕn ăm´el). If the +enamel is broken, the teeth soon decay and +ache, for each tooth is furnished with a nerve +that very quickly feels pain.</p> + + +<h3><br />CARE OF THE TEETH.</h3> + +<p>Cracking nuts with the teeth, or even +biting thread, is apt to break the enamel; and +when once broken, you will wish in vain to +have it mended. The dentist can fill a hole +in the tooth; but he can not cover the tooth +with new enamel.</p> + +<p>Bits of food should be carefully picked +from between the teeth with a tooth-pick of +quill or wood, never with a pin or other hard +and sharp thing which might break the +enamel.</p> + +<p>The teeth must also be well brushed. +Nothing but perfect cleanliness will keep +them in good order. Always brush them +before breakfast. Your breakfast will taste +all the better for it. Brush them at night<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span> +before you go to bed, lest some food should +be decaying in your mouth during the night.</p> + +<p>Take care of these cutters and grinders, +that they may not decay, and so be unable +to do their work well.</p> + + +<h3><br />THE CHEST AND ABDOMEN.</h3> + +<p>You have learned about the twenty-four +little bones in the spine, and the ribs that +curve around from the spine to the front, or +breast-bone.</p> + +<p>These bones, with the shoulder-blades +and the collar-bones, form a bony case or +box.</p> + +<p>In it are some of the most useful organs +of the body.</p> + +<p>This box is divided across the middle by +a strong muscle, so that we may say it is +two stories high.</p> + +<p>The upper room is called the chest; the +lower one, the abdomen (ăb dō´mĕn).</p> + +<p>In the chest, are the heart and the lungs.</p> + +<p>In the abdomen, are the stomach, the +liver, and some other organs.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span></p> + + +<h3><br />THE STOMACH.</h3> + +<p>The stomach is a strong bag, as wonderful +a bag as could be made, you will say, when +I tell you what it can do.</p> + +<p>The outside is made of muscles; the lining +prepares a juice called gastric (găs´trĭk) juice, +and keeps it always ready for use.</p> + +<p>Now, what would you think if a man +could put into a bag, beef, and apples, and +potatoes, and bread and milk, and sugar, and +salt, tie up the bag and lay it away on a +shelf for a few hours, and then show you that +the beef had disappeared, so had the apples, +so had the potatoes, the bread and milk, sugar, +and salt, and the bag was filled only +with a thin, grayish fluid? Would you not +call it a magical bag?</p> + +<p>Now, your stomach and mine are just such +magical bags.</p> + +<p>We put in our breakfasts, dinners, and +suppers; and, after a few hours, they are +changed. The gastric juice has been mixed +with them. The strong muscles that form +the outside of the stomach have been squeezing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span> +the food, rolling it about, and mixing it +together, until it has all been changed to a +thin, grayish fluid.</p> + + +<h3><br />HOW DOES ANYBODY KNOW THIS?</h3> + +<p>A soldier was once shot in the side in such +a way that when the wound healed, it left +an opening with a piece of loose skin over it, +like a little door leading into his stomach.</p> + +<p>A doctor who wished to learn about the +stomach, hired him for a servant and used +to study him every day.</p> + +<p>He would push aside the little flap of skin +and put into the stomach any kind of food +that he pleased, and then watch to see what +happened to it.</p> + +<p>In this way, he learned a great deal and +wrote it down, so that other people might +know, too. In other ways, also, which it +would take too long to tell you here, doctors +have learned how these magical food-bags +take care of our food.</p> + + +<h3><br />WHY DOES THE FOOD NEED TO BE CHANGED?</h3> + +<p>Your mamma tells you sometimes at +breakfast that you must eat oat-meal and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span> +milk to make you grow into a big man or +woman.</p> + +<p>Did you ever wonder what part of you is +made of oat-meal, or what part of milk?</p> + +<p>That stout little arm does not look like +oat-meal; those rosy cheeks do not look like +milk.</p> + +<p>If our food is to make stout arms and +rosy cheeks, strong bodies and busy brains, +it must first be changed into a form in +which it can get to each part and feed it.</p> + +<p>When the food in the stomach is mixed +and prepared, it is ready to be sent through +the body; some is carried to the bones, some +to the muscles, some to the nerves and brain, +some to the skin, and some even to the finger +nails, the hair, and the eyes. Each part needs +to be fed in order to grow.</p> + + +<h3><br />WHY DO PEOPLE WHO ARE NOT GROWING NEED FOOD?</h3> + +<p>Children need each day to make larger +and larger bones, larger muscles, and a larger +skin to cover the larger body.</p> + +<p>Every day, each part is also wearing out<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span> +a little, and needing to be mended by some +new food. People who have grown up, need +their food for this work of mending.</p> + + +<h3><br />CARE OF THE STOMACH.</h3> + +<p>One way to take care of the stomach is +to give it only its own work to do. The +teeth must first do their work faithfully.</p> + +<p>The stomach must have rest, too. I have +seen some children who want to make their +poor stomachs work all the time. They are +always eating apples, or candy, or something, +so that their stomachs have no chance to +rest. If the stomach does not rest, it will +wear out the same as a machine would.</p> + +<p>The stomach can not work well, unless +it is quite warm. If a person pours ice-water +into his stomach as he eats, just as the food +is beginning to change into the gray fluid +of which you have learned, the work stops +until the stomach gets warm again.</p> + + +<h3><br />ALCOHOL AND THE STOMACH.</h3> + +<p>You remember about the man who had +the little door to his stomach. Sometimes,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span> +the doctor put in wine, cider, brandy, or +some drink that contained alcohol, to see +what it would do. It was carried away very +quickly; but during the little time it stayed, +it did nothing but harm.</p> + +<p>It injured the gastric juice, so that it +could not mix with the food.</p> + +<p>If the doctor had put in more alcohol, +day after day, as one does who drinks liquor, +sores would perhaps have come on the delicate +lining of the stomach. Sometimes the +stomach is so hurt by alcohol, that the +drinker dies. If the stomach can not do its +work well, the whole body must suffer from +want of the good food it needs.<a name="FNanchor_C_3" id="FNanchor_C_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_C_3" class="fnanchor">[C]</a></p> + + +<h3><br />TOBACCO AND THE MOUTH.</h3> + +<p>The saliva in the mouth helps to prepare +the food, before it goes into the stomach. Tobacco +makes the mouth very dry, and more +saliva has to flow out to moisten it.</p> + +<p>But tobacco juice is mixed with the saliva, +and that must not be swallowed. It<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span> +must be spit out, and with it is sent the +saliva that was needed to help prepare the +food.</p> + +<p>Tobacco discolors the teeth, makes bad +sores in the mouth, and often causes a disease +of the throat.</p> + +<p>You can tell where some people have +been, by the neatness and comfort they leave +after them.</p> + +<p>You can tell where the tobacco-user has +been, by the dirty floor, and street, and the +air made unfit to breathe, because of the +smoke and strong, bad smell of old tobacco +from his pipe and cigar and from his breath +and clothes.</p> + + +<h3><br />REVIEW QUESTIONS.</h3> + +<div class="hang1">1. What are organs?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>2. What work do the front teeth do? the back teeth?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>3. What are the teeth made of?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>4. What causes the toothache?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>5. How is the enamel often broken?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>6. Why should a tooth-pick be used?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>7. Why should the teeth be well brushed?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>8. When should they be brushed?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>9. What bones form a case or box?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>10. What is the upper room of this box called? the lower room?<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span></div> + +<div class='hang1'>11. What organs are in the chest? the abdomen?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>12. What is the stomach?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>13. What does its lining do?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>14. What do the stomach and the gastric juice do to the food we +have eaten?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>15. How did anybody find out what the stomach could do?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>16. Why must all the food we eat be changed?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>17. Why do you need food?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>18. Why do people who are not growing need food?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>19. What does alcohol do to the gastric juice? to the stomach?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>20. What is the use of the saliva?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>21. How does the habit of spitting injure a person?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>22. How does tobacco affect the teeth? the mouth?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>23. How does the tobacco-user annoy other people?</div> + + + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTE:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_C_3" id="Footnote_C_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_C_3"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> The food is partly prepared by the liver and some other +organs.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER XI.</h2> + +<h3>WHAT DOES THE BODY NEED FOR FOOD?</h3> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 59px;"> +<img src="images/img071n.png" width="59" height="75" alt="N" title="N" /> +</div><div class='unindent'><br /><br />OW that you know how the body is fed, +you must next learn what to feed it +with; and what each part needs to make it +grow and to keep it strong and well.</div> + + +<h3>WATER.</h3> + +<p>A large part of your body is made of +water. So you need, of course, to drink +water, and to have it used in preparing +your food.</p> + +<p>Water comes from the clouds, and is +stored up in cisterns or in springs in the +ground. From these pipes are laid to lead +the water to our houses.</p> + +<p>Sometimes, men dig down until they reach +a spring, and so make a well from which +they can pump the water, or dip it out with +a bucket.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span></p> + +<p>Water that has been standing in lead pipes, +may have some of the lead mixed with it. +Such water would be very likely to poison +you, if you drank it.</p> + +<p>Impurities are almost sure to soak into a +well if it is near a drain or a stable.</p> + +<p>If you drink the water from such a well, +you may be made very sick by it. It is better +to go thirsty, until you can get good +water.</p> + +<p>A sufficient quantity of pure water to +drink is just as important for us, as good +food to eat.</p> + +<p>We could not drink all the water that our +bodies need. We take a large part of it in our +food, in fruits and vegetables, and even in +beefsteak and bread.</p> + + +<h3><br />LIME.</h3> + +<p>Bones need lime. You remember the bone +that was nothing but crumbling lime after +it had been in the fire.</p> + +<p>Where shall we get lime for our bones?</p> + +<p>We can not eat lime; but the grass and +the grains take it out of the earth. Then<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span> +the cows eat the grass and turn it into milk, +and in the milk we drink, we get some of the +lime to feed our bones.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/img073.png" width="500" height="392" alt="Lime being prepared for our use." title="Lime being prepared for our use." /> +</div> + +<p>In the same way, the grain growing in +the field takes up lime and other things that +we need, but could not eat for ourselves. The +lime that thus becomes a part of the grain, +we get in our bread, oat-meal porridge, and +other foods.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span></p> + + +<h3><br />SALT.</h3> + +<p>Animals need salt, as children who live +in the country know very well. They have +seen how eagerly the cows and the sheep lick +up the salt that the farmer gives them.</p> + +<p>Even wild cattle and buffaloes seek out +places where there are salt springs, and go in +great herds to get the salt.</p> + +<p>We, too, need some salt mixed with our +food. If we did not put it in, either when +cooking, or afterward, we should still get a +little in the food itself.</p> + + +<h3><br />FLESH-MAKING FOODS.</h3> + +<p>Muscles are lean meat, that is flesh; so +muscles need flesh-making foods. These are +milk, and grains like wheat, corn and oats; +also, meat and eggs. Most of these foods +really come to us out of the ground. Meat +and eggs are made from the grain, grass, and +other vegetables that the cattle and hens eat.</p> + + +<h3><br />FAT-MAKING FOODS.</h3> + +<p>We need cushions and wrappings of fat, +here and there in our bodies, to keep us<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span> +warm and make us comfortable. So we must +have certain kinds of food that will make +fat.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/img075.png" width="500" height="418" alt="Esquimaux catching walrus." title="Esquimaux catching walrus." /> +<span class="caption">Esquimaux catching walrus.</span> +</div> + +<p>There are right places and wrong places +for fat, as well as for other things in this +world. When alcohol puts fat into the muscles, +that is fat badly made, and in the wrong +place.</p> + +<p>The good fat made for the parts of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span> +body which need it, comes from fat-making +foods.</p> + +<p>In cold weather, we need more fatty food +than we do in summer, just as in cold countries +people need such food all the time.</p> + +<p>The Esquimaux, who live in the lands of +snow and ice, catch a great many walrus and +seal, and eat a great deal of fat meat. You +would not be well unless you ate some fat or +butter or oil.</p> + + +<h3><br />WHAT WILL MAKE FAT?</h3> + +<p>Sugar will make fat, and so will starch, +cream, rice, butter, and fat meat. As milk +will make muscle and fat and bones, it is +the best kind of food. Here, again, it is the +earth that sends us our food. Fat meat comes +from animals well fed on grain and grass; +sugar, from sugar-cane, maple-trees, or beets; +oil, from olive-trees; butter, from cream; and +starch, from potatoes, and from corn, rice, and +other grains.</p> + +<p>Green apples and other unripe fruits are +not yet ready to be eaten. The starch which +we take for food has to be changed into sugar,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span> +before it can mix with the blood and help +feed the body. As the sun ripens fruit, it +changes its starch to sugar. You can tell +this by the difference in the taste of ripe and +unripe apples.</p> + + +<h3><br />CANDY.</h3> + +<p>Most children like candy so well, that they +are in danger of eating more sugar than is +good for them. You would starve if fed only +on sugar.</p> + +<p>We would not need to be quite so much +afraid of a little candy if it were not for the +poison with which it is often colored.</p> + +<p>Even what is called pure, white candy is +sometimes not really such. There is a simple +way by which you can find this out for +yourselves.</p> + +<p>If you put a spoonful of sugar into a +tumbler of water, it will all dissolve and +disappear. Put a piece of white candy into a +tumbler of water; and, if it is made of pure +sugar only, it will dissolve and disappear.</p> + +<p>If it is not, you will find at the bottom +of the tumbler some white earth. This is not<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span> +good food for anybody. Candy-makers often +put it into candy in place of sugar, because +it is cheaper than sugar.</p> + + +<h3><br />REVIEW QUESTIONS.</h3> + +<div class="hang1">1. Why do we need food?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>2. How do people get water to drink?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>3. Why is it not safe to drink water that has been standing in lead +pipes?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>4. Why is the water of a well that is near a drain or a stable, not +fit to drink?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>5. What food do the bones need?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>6. How do we get lime for our bones?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>7. What is said about salt?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>8. What food do the muscles need?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>9. Name some flesh-making foods.</div> + +<div class='hang1'>10. Why do we need fat in our bodies?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>11. What is said of the fat made by alcohol?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>12. What kinds of food will make good fat?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>13. What do the Esquimaux eat?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>14. How does the sun change unripe fruits?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>15. Why is colored candy often poisonous?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>16. What is sometimes put into white candy? Why?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>17. How could you show this?</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER XII.</h2> + +<h3>HOW FOOD BECOMES PART OF THE +BODY.</h3> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 63px;"> +<img src="images/img027h.png" width="63" height="75" alt="H" title="H" /> +</div><div class='unindent'><br /><br />ERE, at last, is the bill of fare for our +dinner:</div> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="A balanced dinner"> +<tr><td align='left'>Roast beef, </td><td align='left'>Bread,</td><td align='left'>Peaches,</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Potatoes,</td><td align='left'>Butter, </td><td align='left'>Bananas,</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tomatoes,</td><td align='left'>Salt,</td><td align='left'>Oranges,</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Squash,</td><td align='left'>Water,</td><td align='left'>Grapes.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>What must be done first, with the different +kinds of food that are to make up this +dinner?</p> + +<p>The meat, vegetables, and bread must be +cooked. Cooking prepares them to be easily +worked upon by the mouth and stomach. If +they were not cooked, this work would be +very hard. Instead of going on quietly and +without letting us know any thing about it, +there would be pains and aches in the overworked +stomach.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span></p> + +<p>The fruit is not cooked by a fire; but we +might almost say the sun had cooked it, for +the sun has ripened and sweetened it.</p> + +<p>When you are older, some of you may +have charge of the cooking in your homes. +You must then remember that food well +cooked is worth twice as much as food poorly +cooked.</p> + +<p>"A good cook has more to do with the +health of the family, than a good doctor."</p> + + +<h3><br />THE SALIVA.</h3> + +<p>Next to the cooking comes the eating.</p> + +<p>As soon as we begin to chew our food, a +juice in the mouth, called saliva (sa lī´vá), +moistens and mixes with it.</p> + +<p>Saliva has the wonderful power of turning +starch into sugar; and the starch in our +food needs to be turned into sugar, before it +can be taken into the blood.</p> + +<p>You can prove for yourselves that saliva +can turn starch into sugar. Chew slowly a +piece of dry cracker. The cracker is made +mostly of starch, because wheat is full of +starch. At first, the cracker is dry and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span> +tasteless. Soon, however, you find it tastes +sweet; the saliva is changing the starch into +sugar.</p> + +<p>All your food should be eaten slowly and +chewed well, so that the saliva may be able +to mix with it. Otherwise, the starch may +not be changed; and if one part of your body +neglects its work, another part will have +more than its share to do. That is hardly +fair.</p> + +<p>If you swallow your food in a hurry and +do not let the saliva do its work, the stomach +will have extra work. But it will find it +hard to do more than its own part, and, +perhaps, will complain.</p> + +<p>It can not speak in words; but will +by aching, and that is almost as plain as +words.</p> + + +<h3><br />SWALLOWING.</h3> + +<p>Next to the chewing, comes the swallowing. +Is there any thing wonderful about +that?</p> + +<p>We have two passages leading down our +throats. One is to the lungs, for breathing;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span> +the other, to the stomach, for swallowing.</p> + +<p>Do you wonder why the food does not +sometimes go down the wrong way?</p> + +<p>The windpipe leading to the lungs is in +front of the other tube. It has at its top a +little trap-door. This opens when we breathe +and shuts when we swallow, so that the food +slips over it safely into the passage behind, +which leads to the stomach.</p> + +<p>If you try to speak while you have food +in your mouth, this little door has to open, +and some bit of food may slip in. The +windpipe will not pass it to the lungs, +but tries to force it back. Then we say the +food chokes us. If the windpipe can not +succeed in forcing back the food, the person +will die.</p> + + +<h3><br />HOW THE FOOD IS CARRIED THROUGH THE BODY.</h3> + +<p>But we will suppose that the food of our +dinner has gone safely down into the stomach. +There the stomach works it over, and mixes +in gastric juice, until it is all a gray fluid.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span></p> + +<p>Now it is ready to go into the intestines,—a +long, coiled tube which leads out of the +stomach,—from which the prepared food is +taken into the blood.</p> + +<p>The blood carries it to the heart. The +heart pumps it out with the blood into the +lungs, and then all through the body, to +make bone, and muscle, and skin, and hair, +and eyes, and brain.</p> + +<p>Besides feeding all these parts, this dinner +can help to mend any parts that may be +broken.</p> + +<p>Suppose a boy should break one of the +bones of his arm, how could it be mended?</p> + +<p>If you should bind together the two parts +of a broken stick and leave them a while, do +you think they would grow together?</p> + +<p>No, indeed!</p> + +<p>But the doctor could carefully bind together +the ends of the broken bone in the +boy's arm and leave it for awhile, and the +blood would bring it bone food every day, +until it had grown together again.</p> + +<p>So a dinner can both make and mend the +different parts of the body.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span></p> + + +<h3><br />REVIEW QUESTIONS.</h3> + +<div class="hang1">1. What shall we have for dinner?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>2. What is the first thing to do to our food?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>3. Why do we cook meat and vegetables?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>4. Why do not ripe fruits need cooking?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>5. What is said about a good cook?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>6. What is the first thing to do after taking the food into your +mouth?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>7. Why must you chew it?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>8. What does the saliva do to the food?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>9. How can you prove that saliva turns starch into sugar?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>10. What happens if the food is not chewed and mixed with the +saliva?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>11. What comes next to the chewing?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>12. What is there wonderful about swallowing?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>13. What must you be careful about, when you are swallowing?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>14. What happens to the food after it is swallowed?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>15. How is it changed in the stomach?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>16. What carries the food to every part of the body?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>17. How can food mend a bone?</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER XIII.</h2> + +<h3>STRENGTH.</h3> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 63px;"> +<img src="images/img027h.png" width="63" height="75" alt="H" title="H" /> +</div><div class='unindent'><br /><br />ERE are the names of some of the different +kinds of food. If you write them +on the blackboard or on your slates, it will +help you to remember them.</div> + +<div class='center'> +<i>Water.</i> <i>Salt.</i> <i>Lime.</i><br /> +</div> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Water, salt, and lime"> +<tr><td align='left'>Meat,</td><td align='left' rowspan='6' style="white-space: nowrap; font-size: 82pt">}</td><td align='left' rowspan='6'><br />for muscles. </td><td align='left'>Sugar,</td><td align='left' rowspan='5' style="font-size: 75pt" valign='top'>}</td><td align='left' rowspan='6'>for fat and heat.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Milk,</td><td align='left'>Starch,</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Eggs,</td><td align='left'>Fat,</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wheat,</td><td align='left'>Cream,</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Corn,</td><td align='left'>Oil,</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Oats,</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>Perhaps some of you noticed that we had +no wine, beer, nor any drink that had alcohol +in it, on our bill of fare for dinner. We had +no cigars, either, to be smoked after dinner. +If these are good things, we ought to have +had them. Why did we leave them out?</p> + +<div class="center"><i>We should eat in order to grow strong and keep +strong.</i></div> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span></p> + + +<h3><br />STRENGTH OF BODY.</h3> + +<p>If you wanted to measure your strength, +one way of doing so would be to fasten a +heavy weight to one end of a rope and pass +the rope over a pulley. Then you might take +hold at the other end of the rope and pull as +hard and steadily as you could, marking the +place to which you raised the weight. By +trying this once a week, or once a month, +you could tell by the marks, whether you +were gaining strength.</p> + +<p>But how can we gain strength?</p> + +<p>We must exercise in the open air, and +take pure air into our lungs to help purify +our blood, and plenty of exercise to make +our muscles grow.</p> + +<p>We must eat good and simple food, that +the blood may have supplies to take to every +part of the body.</p> + + +<h3><br />ALCOHOL AND STRENGTH.</h3> + +<p>People used to think that alcohol made +them strong.</p> + +<p>Can alcohol make good muscles, or bone, +or nerve, or brain?<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span></p> + +<p>You have already answered "No!" to each +of these questions.</p> + +<p>If it can not make muscles, nor bone nor +nerve, nor brain, it can not give you any +strength.</p> + + +<h3><br />BEER.</h3> + +<p>Some people may tell you that drinking +beer will make you strong.</p> + +<p>The grain from which the beer is made, +would have given you strength. If you +should measure your strength before and +after drinking beer, you would find that you +had not gained any. Most of the food part of +the grain has been turned into alcohol.</p> + + +<h3><br />CIDER.</h3> + +<p>The juice of crushed apples, you know, is +called cider. As soon as the cider begins to +turn sour, or "hard," as people say, alcohol +begins to form in it.</p> + +<p>Pure water is good, and apples are good. +But the apple-juice begins to be a poison as +soon as there is the least drop of alcohol in it. +In cider-making, the alcohol forms in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span> +juice, you know, in a few hours after it is +pressed out of the apples.</p> + +<p>None of the drinks in which there is alcohol, +can give you real strength.</p> + +<p>Then why do people think they can?</p> + +<p>Because alcohol puts the nerves to sleep, +they can not, truly, tell the brain how hard +the work is, or how heavy the weight to be +lifted.</p> + +<p>The alcohol has in this way cheated men +into thinking they can do more than they +really can. This false feeling of strength lasts +only a little while. When it has passed, men +feel weaker than before.</p> +<div class="figleft" style="width: 347px;"> +<img src="images/img089.png" width="347" height="500" alt="Ship" title="Ship" /> +</div> +<p>A story which shows that alcohol does not +give strength, was told me by the captain of +a ship, who sailed to China and other distant +places.</p> + +<p>Many years ago, when people thought a +little alcohol was good, it was the custom to +carry in every ship, a great deal of rum. This +liquor is distilled from molasses and contains +about one half alcohol. This rum was given +to the sailors every day to drink; and, if +there was a great storm, and they had very<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span> +hard work to do, it was the custom to give +them twice as much rum as usual.</p> + + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span>The captain watched his men and saw +that they were really made no stronger by +drinking the rum; but that, after a little +while, they felt weaker. So he determined to +go to sea with no rum in his ship. Once +out on the ocean, of course the men could +not get any.</p> + +<p>At first, they did not like it; but the +captain was very careful to have their food +good and plentiful; and, when a storm came, +and they were wet and cold and tired, he +gave them hot coffee to drink. By the time +they had crossed the ocean, the men said: +"The captain is right. We have worked better, +and we feel stronger, for going without +the rum."</p> + + +<h3><br />STRENGTH OF MIND.</h3> + +<p>We have been talking about the strength +of muscles; but the very best kind of strength +we have is brain strength, or strength of +mind.</p> + +<p>Alcohol makes the head ache and deadens<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span> +the nerves, so that they can not carry their +messages correctly. Then the brain can not +think well. Alcohol does not strengthen the +mind.</p> + +<p>Some people have little or no money, and +no houses or lands; but every person ought +to own a body and a mind that can work for +him, and make him useful and happy.</p> + +<p>Suppose you have a strong, healthy body, +hands that are well-trained to work, and a +clear, thinking brain to be master of the whole. +Would you be willing to change places with a +man whose body and mind had been poisoned +by alcohol, tobacco, and opium, even though +he lived in a palace, and had a million of +dollars?</p> + +<p>If you want a mind that can study, understand, +and think well, do not let alcohol and +tobacco have a chance to reach it.</p> + + +<h3><br />REVIEW QUESTIONS.</h3> + +<div class="hang1">1. What things were left out of our bill of fare?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>2. How could you measure your strength?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>3. How can you gain strength?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>4. Why does drinking beer not make you strong?<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span></div> + +<div class='hang1'>5. Show why drinking wine or any other alcoholic drink will not +make you strong.</div> + +<div class='hang1'>6. Why do people imagine that they feel strong after taking these +drinks?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>7. Tell the story which shows that alcohol does not help sailors +do their work.</div> + +<div class='hang1'>8. What is the best kind of strength to have?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>9. How does alcohol affect the strength of the mind?</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER XIV.</h2> + +<h3>THE HEART.</h3> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 45px;"> +<img src="images/img093t.png" width="45" height="75" alt="T" title="T" /> +</div><div class='unindent'><br /><br />HE heart is in the chest, the upper part +of the strong box which the ribs, spine, +shoulder-blades, and collar-bones make for +each of us.</div> + +<p>It is made of very thick, strong muscles, +as you can see by looking at a beef's heart, +which is much like a man's, but larger.</p> + + +<h3><br />HOW THE HEART WORKS.</h3> + +<p>Probably some of you have seen a fire-engine +throwing a stream of water through +a hose upon a burning building.</p> + +<p>As the engine forces the water through +the hose, so the heart, by the working of its +strong muscles, pumps the blood through +tubes, shaped like hose, which lead by thousands +of little branches all through the body. +These tubes are called arteries (är´tĕr iz).<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span></p> + +<p>Those tubes which bring the blood back +again to the heart, are called veins (vānz). You +can see some of the smaller veins in your +wrist.</p> + +<p>If you press your finger upon an artery in +your wrist, you can feel the steady beating of +the pulse. This tells just how fast the heart +is pumping and the blood flowing.</p> + +<p>The doctor feels your pulse when you are +sick, to find out whether the heart is working +too fast, or too slowly, or just right.</p> + +<p>Some way is needed to send the gray fluid +that is made from the food we eat and +drink, to every part of the body.</p> + +<p>To send the food with the blood is a sure +way of making it reach every part.</p> + +<p>So, when the stomach has prepared the +food, the blood takes it up and carries it to +every part of the body. It then leaves with +each part, just what it needs.</p> + + +<h3><br />THE BLOOD AND THE BRAIN.</h3> + +<p>As the brain has so much work to attend +to, it must have very pure, good blood sent +to it, to keep it strong. Good blood is made<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span> +from good food. It can not be good if it has +been poisoned with alcohol or tobacco.</p> + +<p>We must also remember that the brain +needs a great deal of blood. If we take alcohol +into our blood, much of it goes to the +brain. There it affects the nerves, and makes +a man lose control over his actions.</p> + + +<h3><br />EXERCISE.</h3> + +<p>When you run, you can feel your heart +beating. It gets an instant of rest between +the beats.</p> + +<p>Good exercise in the fresh air makes the +heart work well and warms the body better +than a fire could do.</p> + + +<h3><br />DOES ALCOHOL DO ANY HARM TO THE HEART?</h3> + +<p>Your heart is made of muscle. You know +what harm alcohol does to the muscles.</p> + +<p>Could a fatty heart work as well as a muscular +heart? No more than a fatty arm could +do the work of a muscular arm. Besides, alcohol +makes the heart beat too fast, and so it +gets too tired.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span></p> + + +<h3><br />REVIEW QUESTIONS.</h3> + +<div class="hang1">1. Where is the heart placed?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>2. Of what is it made?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>3. What work does it do?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>4. What are arteries and veins?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>5. What does the pulse tell us?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>6. How does the food we eat reach all parts of the body?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>7. How does alcohol in the blood affect the brain?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>8. When does the heart rest?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>9. How does exercise in the fresh air help the heart?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>10. What harm does alcohol do to the heart?</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER XV.</h2> + +<h3>THE LUNGS.</h3> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 45px;"> +<img src="images/img093t.png" width="45" height="75" alt="T" title="T" /> +</div><div class='unindent'><br /><br />HE blood flows all through the body, carrying +good food to every part. It also +gathers up from every part the worn-out +matter that can no longer be used. By the +time it is ready to be sent back by the veins, +the blood is no longer pure and red. It is +dull and bluish in color, because it is full of +impurities.</div> + +<p>If you look at the veins in your wrist, you +will see that they look blue.</p> + +<p>If all this bad blood goes back to the +heart, will the heart have to pump out bad +blood next time? No, for the heart has neighbors +very near at hand, ready to change the +bad blood to pure, red blood again.</p> + + +<h3><br />THE LUNGS.</h3> + +<p>These neighbors are the lungs. They are<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span> +in the chest on each side of the heart. When +you breathe, their little air-cells swell out, or +expand, to take in the air. Then they contract +again, and the air passes out through +your mouth or nose. The lungs must have +plenty of fresh air, and plenty of room to +work in.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 300px;"> +<img src="images/img098.png" width="300" height="293" alt="The lungs, heart, and air-passages." title="The lungs, heart, and air-passages." /> +<span class="caption">The lungs, heart, and air-passages.</span> +</div> + +<p>If your clothes are too tight and the lungs +do not have room to expand, they can not +take in so much air as they should. Then<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span> +the blood can not be made pure, and the +whole body will suffer.</p> + +<p>For every good breath of fresh air, the +lungs take in, they send out one of impure +air.</p> + +<p>In this way, by taking out what is bad, +they prepare the blood to go back to the heart +pure and red, and to be pumped out through +the body again.</p> + +<p>How the lungs can use the fresh air for +doing this good work, you can not yet understand. +By and by, when you are older, you +will learn more about it.</p> + + +<h3><br />CARE OF THE LUNGS.</h3> + +<p>Do the lungs ever rest?</p> + +<p>You never stop breathing, not even in the +night. But if you watch your own breathing +you will notice a little pause between +the breaths. Each pause is a rest. But the +lungs are very steady workers, both by night +and by day. The least we can do for them, +is to give them fresh air and plenty of room +to work in.</p> + +<p>You may say: "We can't give them more<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span> +room than they have. They are shut up in +our chests."</p> + +<p>I have seen people who wore such tight +clothes that their lungs did not have room +to take a full breath. If any part of the +lungs can not expand, it will become useless. +If your lungs can not take in air enough to +purify the blood, you can not be so well +and strong as God intended, and your life +will be shortened.</p> + +<p>If some one was sewing for you, you would +not think of shutting her up in a little place +where she could not move her hands freely. +The lungs are breathing for you, and need +room enough to do their work.</p> + + +<h3><br />THE AIR.</h3> + +<p>The lungs breathe out the waste matter +that they have taken from the blood. This +waste matter poisons the air. If we should +close all the doors and windows, and the fireplace +or opening into the chimney, and leave +not even a crack by which the fresh air could +come in, we would die simply from staying in +such a room. The lungs could not do their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span> +work for the blood, and the blood could not +do its work for the body.</p> + +<p>Impure air-will poison you. You should +not breathe it. If your head aches, and you +feel dull and sleepy from being in a close +room, a run in the fresh air will make you +feel better.</p> + +<p>The good, pure air makes your blood pure; +and the blood then flows quickly through +your whole body and refreshes every part.</p> + +<p>We must be careful not to stay in close +rooms in the day-time, nor sleep in close +rooms at night. We must not keep out the +fresh air that our bodies so much need.</p> + +<p>It is better to breathe through the nose +than through the mouth. You can soon +learn to do so, if you try to keep your mouth +shut when walking or running.</p> + +<p>If you keep the mouth shut and breathe +through the nose, the little hairs on the inside +of the nose will catch the dust or other +impurities that are floating in the air, and so +save their going to the lungs. You will get +out of breath less quickly when running if +you keep your mouth shut.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span></p> + + +<h3><br />DOES ALCOHOL DO ANY HARM TO THE LUNGS?</h3> + +<p>The little air-cells of the lungs have very +delicate muscular (mŭs´ku lar) walls. Every +time we breathe, these walls have to move. +The muscles of the chest must also move, as +you can all notice in yourselves, as you breathe.</p> + +<p>All this muscular work, as well as that of +the stomach and heart, is directed by the +nerves.</p> + +<p>You have learned already what alcohol +will do to muscles and nerves, so you are +ready to answer for stomach, for heart, and +for lungs. Is alcohol a help to them?</p> + + +<h3><br />REVIEW QUESTIONS.</h3> + +<div class="hang1">1. Besides carrying food all over the body, what other work does +the blood do?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>2. Why does the blood in the veins look blue?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>3. Where is the blood made pure and red again?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>4. Where is it sent, from the lungs?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>5. What must the lungs have in order to do this work?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>6. When do the lungs rest?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>7. Why should we not wear tight clothes?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>8. How does the air in a room become spoiled?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>9. How can we keep it fresh and pure?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>10. How should we breathe?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>11. Why is it better to breathe through the nose than through the +mouth?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>12. Why is alcohol not good for the lungs?</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER XVI.</h2> + +<h3>THE SKIN.</h3> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 45px;"> +<img src="images/img093t.png" width="45" height="75" alt="T" title="T" /> +</div><div class='unindent'><br /><br />HERE is another part of your body carrying +away waste matter all the time—it +is the skin.</div> +<div class="figleft" style="width: 183px;"> +<img src="images/img104.png" width="183" height="400" alt="Perspiratory tube." title="Perspiratory tube." /> +<span class="caption"><ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'Pe spiratory'">Perspiratory</ins> tube.</span> +</div> +<p>The body is covered with skin. It is also +lined with a more delicate kind of skin. You +can see where the outside skin and the lining +skin meet at your lips.</p> + +<p>There is a thin outside layer of skin +which we can pull off without hurting +ourselves; but I advise you not to do so. +Because under the outside skin is the true +skin, which is so full of little nerves that it +will feel the least touch as pain. When the +outer skin, which protects it, is torn away, +we must cover the true skin to keep it from +harm.</p> + +<p>In hot weather, or when any one has been +working or playing hard, the face, and sometimes<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span> +the whole body, is covered with little +drops of water. We call these drops perspiration +(pẽr spĭ rā´shŭn).</p> + + + +<p>Where does it come +from? It comes through +many tiny holes in the +skin, called pores (pōrz). +Every pore is the mouth +of a tiny tube which is carrying +off waste matter and +water from your body. If +you could piece together +all these little perspiration +tubes that are in the skin +of one person, they would +make a line more than +three miles long.</p> + +<p>Sometimes, you can not +see the perspiration, because +there is not enough +of it to form drops. But it is always coming +out through your skin, both in winter and +summer. Your body is kept healthy by having +its worn-out matter carried off in this +way, as well as in other ways.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span></p> + + +<h3><br />THE NAILS.</h3> + +<p>The nails grow from the skin.</p> + +<p>The finger nails are little shields to protect +the ends of your fingers from getting +hurt. These finger ends are full of tiny +nerves, and would be badly off without such +shields. No one likes to see nails that have +been bitten.</p> + + +<h3><br />CARE OF THE SKIN.</h3> + +<p>Waste matter is all the time passing out +through the perspiration tubes in the skin. +This waste matter must not be left to clog up +the little openings of the tubes. It should be +washed off with soap and water.</p> + +<p>When children have been playing out-of-doors, +they often have very dirty hands and +faces. Any one can see, then, that they need +to be washed. But even if they had been in +the cleanest place all day and had not +touched any thing dirty, they would still +need the washing; for the waste matter that +comes from the inside of the body is just as +hurtful as the mud or dust of the street. You<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span> +do not see it so plainly, because it comes out +very little at a time. Wash it off well, and +your skin will be fresh and healthy, and able +to do its work. If the skin could not do its +work, you would die.</p> + +<p>Do not keep on your rubber boots or +shoes all through school-time. Rubber will +not let the perspiration pass off, so the little +pores get clogged and your feet begin to feel +uncomfortable, or your head may ache. No +part can fail to do its work without causing +trouble to the rest of the body. But you +should always wear rubbers out-of-doors +when the ground is wet. Certainly, they +are very useful then.</p> + +<p>When you are out in the fresh air, you are +giving the other parts of your body such a +good chance to perspire, that your feet can +bear a little shutting up. But as soon as you +come into the house, take the rubbers off.</p> + +<p>Now that you know what the skin is doing +all the time, you will understand that +the clothes worn next to your skin are full +of little worn-out particles, brought out by +the perspiration. When these clothes are<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span> +taken off at night, they should be so spread +out, that they will air well before morning. +Never wear any of the clothes through +the night, that you have worn during the +day.</p> + +<p>Do not roll up your night-dress in the +morning and put it under your pillow. Give +it first a good airing at the window and then +hang it where the air can reach it all day. +By so doing, you will have sweeter sleep at +night.</p> + +<p>You are old enough to throw the bed-clothes +off from the bed, before leaving your +rooms in the morning. In this way, the bed +and bed-clothes may have a good airing. Be +sure to give them time enough for this.</p> + + +<h3><br />WORK OF THE BODY.</h3> + +<p>You have now learned about four important +kinds of work:—</p> + +<p>1st. The stomach prepares the food for the +blood to take.</p> + +<p>2d. The blood is pumped out of the heart +to carry food to every part of the body, and +to take away worn-out matter.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span></p> + +<p>3d. The lungs use fresh air in making the +dark, impure blood, bright and pure again.</p> + +<p>4th. The skin carries away waste matter +through the little perspiration tubes.</p> + +<p>All this work goes on, day and night, +without our needing to think about it at all; +for messages are sent to the muscles by the +nerves which keep them faithfully at work, +whether we know it or not.</p> + + +<h3><br />REVIEW QUESTIONS.</h3> + +<div class="hang1">1. What covers the body?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>2. What lines the body?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>3. Where are the nerves of the skin?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>4. What is perspiration? What is the common name for it?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>5. What are the pores of the skin?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>6. How does the perspiration help to keep you well?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>7. Of what use are the nails?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>8. How should they be kept?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>9. What care should be taken of the skin?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>10. Why should you not wear rubber boots or overshoes in the +house?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>11. Why should you change under-clothing night and morning?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>12. Where should the night-dress be placed in the morning?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>13. What should be done with the bed-clothes? Why?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>14. Name the four kinds of work about which you have learned.</div> + +<div class='hang1'>15. How are the organs of the body kept at work?</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER XVII.</h2> + +<h3>THE SENSES.</h3> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 83px;"> +<img src="images/img021w.png" width="83" height="75" alt="W" title="W" /> +</div><div class='unindent'><br /><br />E have five ways of learning about all +things around us. We can see them, +touch them, taste them, smell them, or hear +them. Sight, touch, taste, smell, and hearing, +are called the five senses.</div> + +<p>You already know something about them, +for you are using them all the time.</p> + +<p>In this lesson, you will learn a little more +about seeing and hearing.</p> + + +<h3><br />THE EYES.</h3> +<div class="figleft" style="width: 300px;"> +<img src="images/img110.png" width="300" height="270" alt="The eyelashes and the tear-glands." title="The eyelashes and the tear-glands." /> +<span class="caption">The eyelashes and the tear-glands.</span> +</div> +<p>In the middle of your eye is a round, +black spot, called the pupil. This pupil is +only a hole with a muscle around it. When +you are in the light, the muscle draws up, +and makes the pupil small, because you can +get all the light you need through a small +opening. When you are in the dark, the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[110]</a></span> +muscle stretches, and opens the pupil wide to +let in more light.</p> + +<p>The pupils of the cat's eyes are very large +in the dark. They +want all the light +they can get, to see +if there are any mice +about.</p> + + + +<p>The pupil of the +eye opens into a +little, round room +where the nerve of +sight is. This is a +safe place for this delicate nerve, which can +not bear too much light. It carries to the +brain an account of every thing we see.</p> + +<p>We might say the eye is taking pictures +for us all day long, and that the nerve of +sight is describing these pictures to the brain.</p> + + +<h3><br />CARE OF THE EYES.</h3> + +<p>The nerves of sight need great care, for +they are very delicate.</p> + +<p>Do not face a bright light when you are +reading or studying. While writing, you<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span> +should sit so that the light will come from +the left side; then the shadow of your hand +will not fall upon your work.</p> + +<p>One or two true stories may help you to +remember that you must take good care of +your eyes.</p> + +<p>The nerve of sight can not bear too bright +a light. It asks to have the pupil made +small, and even the eyelid curtains put down, +when the light is too strong.</p> + +<p>Once, there was a boy who said boastfully +to his playmates: "Let us see which of us +can look straight at the sun for the longest +time."</p> + +<p>Then they foolishly began to look at the +sun. The delicate nerves of sight felt a sharp +pain, and begged to have the pupils made as +small as possible and the eyelid curtains put +down.</p> + +<p>But the foolish boys said "No." They were +trying to see which would bear it the longest. +Great harm was done to the brains as well +as eyes of both these boys. The one who +looked longest at the sun died in consequence +of his foolish act.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span></p> + +<p>The second story is about a little boy who +tried to turn his eyes to imitate a schoolmate +who was cross-eyed. He turned them; +but he could not turn them back again. +Although he is now a gentleman more than +fifty years old and has had much painful +work done upon his eyes, the doctors have +never been able to set them quite right.</p> + +<p>You see from the first story, that you +must be careful not to give your eyes too +much light. But you must also be sure to +give them light enough.</p> + +<p>When one tries to read in the twilight, +the little nerve of sight says: "Give me more +light; I am hurt, by trying to see in the +dark."</p> + +<p>If you should kill these delicate nerves, no +others would ever grow in place of them, and +you would never be able to see again.</p> + + +<h3><br />THE EARS.</h3> + +<p>What you call your ears are only pieces of +gristle, so curved as to catch the sounds and +pass them along to the true ears. These are +deeper in the head, where the nerve of hearing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[113]</a></span> +is waiting to send an account of each +sound to the brain.</p> + + +<h3><br />CARE OF THE EARS.</h3> + +<p>The ear nerve is in less danger than that +of the eye. Careless children sometimes put +pins into their ears and so break the "drum." +That is a very bad thing to do. Use only a +soft towel in washing your ears. You should +never put any thing hard or sharp into them.</p> + +<p>I must tell you a short ear story, about +my father, when he was a small boy.</p> + +<p>One day, when playing on the floor, he +laid his ear to the crack of the door, to feel +the wind blow into it. He was so young that +he did not know it was wrong; but the next +day he had the earache severely. Although +he lived to be an old man, he often had +the earache. He thought it began from the +time when the wind blew into his ear from +under that door.</p> + + +<h3><br />ALCOHOL AND THE SENSES.</h3> + +<p>All this fine work of touching, tasting, seeing, +smelling, and hearing, is nerve work.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[114]</a></span></p> + +<p>The man who is in the habit of using alcoholic +drinks can not touch, taste, see, smell, +or hear so well as he ought. His hands +tremble, his speech is sometimes thick, and +often he can not walk straight. Sometimes, +he thinks he sees things when he does not, +because his poor nerves are so confused by +alcohol that they can not do their work.</p> + +<p>Answer now for your taste, smell, and +touch, and also for your sight and hearing; +should their beautiful work be spoiled by +alcohol?</p> + + +<h3><br />REVIEW QUESTIONS.</h3> + +<div class="hang1">1. Name the five senses.</div> + +<div class='hang1'>2. What is the pupil of the eye?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>3. How is it made larger or smaller?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>4. Why does it change in size?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>5. What can a cat's eyes do?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>6. Where is the nerve of the eye?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>7. What work does it do?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>8. Why must one be careful of his eyes?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>9. Where should the light be for reading or studying?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>10. Tell the story of the boys who looked at the sun.</div> + +<div class='hang1'>11. Tell the story of the boy who made himself cross-eyed.</div> + +<div class='hang1'>12. Why should you not read in the twilight?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>13. What would be the result, if you should kill the nerves of sight?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>14. Where are the true ears?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>15. How may the nerves of hearing be injured?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>16. Tell the story of the boy who injured his ear.</div> + +<div class='hang1'>17. How is the work of the senses affected by drinking liquor?</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER XVIII.</h2> + +<h3>HEAT AND COLD.</h3> + + +<h3><br />WHAT MAKES US WARM?</h3> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 68px;"> +<img src="images/img115m.png" width="68" height="75" alt="M" title="M" /> +</div><div class='unindent'><br /><br />Y thick, warm clothes make me warm," +says some child.</div> + +<p>No! Your thick, warm clothes keep you +warm. They do not make you warm.</p> + +<p>Take a brisk run, and your blood will flow +faster and you will be warm very quickly.</p> + +<p>On a cold day, the teamster claps his +hands and swings his arms to make his blood +flow quickly and warm him.</p> + +<p>Every child knows that he is warm inside; +for if his fingers are cold, he puts them into +his mouth to warm them.</p> + +<p>If you should put a little thermometer +into your mouth, or under your tongue, the +mercury (mẽr´ku r<ins title="Transcriber's Note: This symbol not supported in all browsers: y with a breve">y̆</ins>) + would rise as high as it +does out of doors on a hot, summer day.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></span></p> + +<p>This would be the same in summer or +winter, in a warm country or a cold one, if +you were well and the work of your body was +going on steadily.</p> + + +<h3><br />WHERE DOES THIS HEAT COME FROM?</h3> + +<p>Some of the work which is all the time +going on inside your body, makes this heat.</p> + +<p>The blood is thus warmed, and then it +carries the heat to every part of the body. +The faster the blood flows, the more heat it +brings, and the warmer we feel.</p> + +<p>In children, the heart pumps from eighty +to ninety times a minute.</p> + +<p>This is faster than it works in old people, +and this is one reason why children are generally +much warmer than old people.</p> + +<p>But we are losing heat all the time.</p> + +<p>You may breathe in cold air; but that +which you breathe out is warm. A great deal +of heat from your warm body is all the time +passing off through your skin, into the cooler +air about you. For this reason, a room full +of people is much warmer than the same +room when empty.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[117]</a></span></p> + + +<h3><br />CLOTHING.</h3> + +<p>We put on clothes to keep in the heat +which we already have, and to prevent the +cold air from reaching our skins and carrying +off too much heat in that way.</p> + +<p>Most of you children are too young to +choose what clothes you will wear. Others +decide for you. You know, however, that +woolen under-garments keep you warm in +winter, and that thick boots and stockings +should be worn in cold weather. Thin dresses +or boots may look pretty; but they are not +safe for winter wear, even at a party.</p> + +<p>A healthy, happy child, dressed in clothes +which are suitable for the season, is pleasanter +to look at than one whose dress, though +rich and handsome, is not warm enough for +health or comfort.</p> + +<p>When you feel cold, take exercise, if possible. +This will make the hot blood flow all +through your body and warm it. If you can +not, you should put on more clothes, go to +a warm room, in some way get warm and +keep warm, or the cold will make you sick.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></span></p> + + +<h3><br />TAKING COLD.</h3> + +<p>If your skin is chilled, the tiny mouths +of the perspiration tubes are sometimes closed +and can not throw out the waste matter. +Then, if one part fails to do its work, other +parts must suffer. Perhaps the inside skin +becomes inflamed, or the throat and lungs, +and you have a cold, or a cough.</p> + + +<h3><br />ALCOHOL AND COLD.</h3> + +<p>People used to think that nothing would +warm one so well on a cold day, as a glass +of whiskey, or other alcoholic drink.</p> + +<p>It is true that, if a person drinks a little +alcohol, he will feel a burning in the throat, +and presently a glowing heat on the skin.</p> + +<p>The alcohol has made the hot blood rush +into the tiny tubes near the skin, and he +thinks it has warmed him.</p> + +<p>But if all this heat comes to the skin, the +cold air has a chance to carry away more +than usual. In a very little time, the +drinker will be colder than before. Perhaps +he will not know it; for the cheating alcohol<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[119]</a></span> +will have deadened his nerves so that they +send no message to the brain. Then he may +not have sense enough to put on more clothing +and may freeze. He may even, if it is +very cold, freeze to death.</p> + +<p>People, who have not been drinking alcohol +are sometimes frozen; but they would +have frozen much quicker if they had drunk it.</p> + +<p>Horse-car drivers and omnibus drivers +have a hard time on a cold winter day. They +are often cheated into thinking that alcohol +will keep them warm; but doctors have +learned that it is the water-drinkers who +hold out best against the cold. Alcohol can +not really keep a person warm.</p> + +<p>All children are interested in stories about +Arctic explorers, whose ships get frozen into +great ice-fields, who travel on sledges drawn +by dogs, and sometimes live in Esquimau +huts, and drink oil, and eat walrus meat.</p> + +<p>These men tell us that alcohol will not +keep them warm, and you know why.</p> + +<p>The hunters and trappers in the snowy +regions of the Rocky Mountains say the same +thing. Alcohol not only can not keep them<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span> +warm; but it lessens their power to resist +cold.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/img120.jpg" width="500" height="493" alt="Scene in the Arctic regions." title="Scene in the Arctic regions." /> +<span class="caption">Scene in the Arctic regions.</span> +</div> + +<p>Many of you have heard about the Greely +party who were brought home from the Arctic +seas, after they had been starving and freezing +for many months.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[121]</a></span></p> + +<p>There were twenty-six men in all. Of +these, nineteen died. Seven were found alive +by their rescuers; one of these died soon +afterward. The first man who died, was the +only one of the party who had ever been a +drunkard.</p> + +<p>Of the nineteen who died, all but one used +tobacco. Of the six now living,—four never +used tobacco at all; and the other two, very +seldom.</p> + +<p>The tobacco was no real help to them in +time of trouble. It had probably weakened +their stomachs, so that they could not make +the best use of such poor food as they had.</p> + + +<h3><br />REVIEW QUESTIONS.</h3> + +<div class="hang1">1. Why do you wear thick clothes in cold weather?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>2. How can you prove that you are warm inside?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>3. What makes this heat?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>4. What carries this heat through your body?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>5. How rapidly does your heart beat?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>6. How are you losing heat all the time?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>7. How can you warm yourself without going to the fire?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>8. Will alcohol make you warmer, or colder?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>9. How does it cheat you into thinking that you will be warmer +for drinking it?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>10. What do the people who travel in very cold countries, tell us +about the use of alcohol?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>11. How did tobacco affect the men who went to the Arctic seas +with Lieutenant Greely?</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[122]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER XIX.</h2> + +<h3>WASTED MONEY.</h3> + + +<h3><br />COST OF ALCOHOL.</h3> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 59px;"> +<img src="images/img071n.png" width="59" height="75" alt="N" title="N" /> +</div><div class='unindent'><br /><br />OW that you have learned about your +bodies, and what alcohol will do to +them, you ought also to know that alcohol +costs a great deal of money. Money spent for +that which will do no good, but only harm, +is certainly wasted, and worse than wasted.</div> + +<p>If a boy or a girl save ten cents a week, +it will take ten weeks to save a dollar.</p> + +<p>You can all think of many good and pleasant +ways to spend a dollar. What would the +beer-drinker do with it? If he takes two +mugs of beer a day, the dollar will be used +up in ten days. But we ought not to say +used, because that word will make us think +it was spent usefully. We will say, instead, +the dollar will be wasted, in ten days.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[123]</a></span></p> + +<p>If he spends it for wine or whiskey, it will +go sooner, as these cost more. If no money +was spent for liquor in this country, people +would not so often be sick, or poor, or bad, +or wretched. We should not need so many +policemen, and jails, and prisons, as we have +now. If no liquor was drunk, men, women, +and children would be better and happier.</p> + + +<h3><br />COST OF TOBACCO.</h3> + +<p>Most of you have a little money of your +own. Perhaps you earned a part, or the +whole of it, yourselves. You are planning +what to do with it, and that is a very pleasant +kind of planning.</p> + +<p>Do you think it would be wise to make +a dollar bill into a tight little roll, light one +end of it with a match, and then let it +slowly burn up? That would be wasting it, +you say! (<a href="#front"><i>See Frontispiece.</i></a>)</p> + +<p>Yes! it would be wasted, if thus burned. +It would be worse than wasted, if, while burning, +it should also hurt the person who held +it. If you should buy cigars or tobacco with +your dollar, and smoke them, you could soon<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span> +burn up the dollar and hurt yourselves +besides.</p> + +<p>Can you count a million? Can you count +a hundred millions? Try some day to do this +counting. Then, when you begin to have +some idea how much six hundred millions is, +remember that six hundred million dollars +are spent in this country every year for tobacco—burned +up—wasted—worse than wasted.</p> + +<p>Do you think the farmer who planted tobacco +instead of corn, did any good to the +world by the change?</p> + + +<h3><br />REVIEW QUESTIONS.</h3> + +<div class="hang1">1. How may one waste money?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>2. Name some good ways for spending money.</div> + +<div class='hang1'>3. How does the liquor-drinker spend his money?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>4. What could we do, if no money was spent for liquor?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>5. Tell two ways in which you could burn up a dollar bill.</div> + +<div class='hang1'>6. Which would be the safer way?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>7. How much money is spent for tobacco, yearly, in this country?</div> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<div class='tnote'><h3>Transcriber's Notes:</h3> +<p>Obvious punctuation errors repaired.</p> + +<p>The remaining corrections made are indicated by dotted lines under the corrections. Scroll the mouse over the word and the original text will <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'apprear'">appear</ins>.</p></div> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Child's Health Primer For Primary +Classes, by Jane Andrews + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HEALTH PRIMER *** + +***** This file should be named 25646-h.htm or 25646-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/5/6/4/25646/ + +Produced by Stephen Hope, Joseph Cooper, Emmy and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +http://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at http://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit http://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. +To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + http://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + + +</pre> + +</body> +</html> diff --git a/25646-h/images/img002.png b/25646-h/images/img002.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..8d5601c --- /dev/null +++ b/25646-h/images/img002.png diff --git a/25646-h/images/img005.png b/25646-h/images/img005.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..782bc50 --- /dev/null +++ b/25646-h/images/img005.png diff --git a/25646-h/images/img007.png b/25646-h/images/img007.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..0e71aa2 --- /dev/null +++ b/25646-h/images/img007.png diff --git a/25646-h/images/img009.png b/25646-h/images/img009.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..f8dba43 --- /dev/null +++ b/25646-h/images/img009.png diff --git a/25646-h/images/img009l.png b/25646-h/images/img009l.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..7a00958 --- /dev/null +++ b/25646-h/images/img009l.png diff --git a/25646-h/images/img011.png b/25646-h/images/img011.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..f59e3d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/25646-h/images/img011.png diff --git a/25646-h/images/img012.png b/25646-h/images/img012.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..7d0a191 --- /dev/null +++ b/25646-h/images/img012.png diff --git a/25646-h/images/img014.png b/25646-h/images/img014.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..929d498 --- /dev/null +++ b/25646-h/images/img014.png diff --git a/25646-h/images/img021w.png b/25646-h/images/img021w.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..d3c642e --- /dev/null +++ b/25646-h/images/img021w.png diff --git a/25646-h/images/img023.png b/25646-h/images/img023.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..87e1c8e --- /dev/null +++ b/25646-h/images/img023.png diff --git a/25646-h/images/img027h.png b/25646-h/images/img027h.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..0cfe9c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/25646-h/images/img027h.png diff --git a/25646-h/images/img028.png b/25646-h/images/img028.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..1811f70 --- /dev/null +++ b/25646-h/images/img028.png diff --git a/25646-h/images/img038.png b/25646-h/images/img038.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..6458f72 --- /dev/null +++ b/25646-h/images/img038.png diff --git a/25646-h/images/img039r.png b/25646-h/images/img039r.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..5f5a4a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/25646-h/images/img039r.png diff --git a/25646-h/images/img040.png b/25646-h/images/img040.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..d335970 --- /dev/null +++ b/25646-h/images/img040.png diff --git a/25646-h/images/img042.png b/25646-h/images/img042.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..9baca07 --- /dev/null +++ b/25646-h/images/img042.png diff --git a/25646-h/images/img045a.png b/25646-h/images/img045a.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b66b45b --- /dev/null +++ b/25646-h/images/img045a.png diff --git a/25646-h/images/img046.png b/25646-h/images/img046.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..719dd3a --- /dev/null +++ b/25646-h/images/img046.png diff --git a/25646-h/images/img049d.png b/25646-h/images/img049d.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..e7b427b --- /dev/null +++ b/25646-h/images/img049d.png diff --git a/25646-h/images/img056.png b/25646-h/images/img056.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b6918e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/25646-h/images/img056.png diff --git a/25646-h/images/img060.png b/25646-h/images/img060.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..67b5aaf --- /dev/null +++ b/25646-h/images/img060.png diff --git a/25646-h/images/img061.png b/25646-h/images/img061.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..4ed8b49 --- /dev/null +++ b/25646-h/images/img061.png diff --git a/25646-h/images/img071n.png b/25646-h/images/img071n.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..2f87368 --- /dev/null +++ b/25646-h/images/img071n.png diff --git a/25646-h/images/img073.png b/25646-h/images/img073.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..c38069d --- /dev/null +++ b/25646-h/images/img073.png diff --git a/25646-h/images/img075.png b/25646-h/images/img075.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..d3183ff --- /dev/null +++ b/25646-h/images/img075.png diff --git a/25646-h/images/img089.png b/25646-h/images/img089.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..0bb8740 --- /dev/null +++ b/25646-h/images/img089.png diff --git a/25646-h/images/img093t.png b/25646-h/images/img093t.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..a01e2c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/25646-h/images/img093t.png diff --git a/25646-h/images/img098.png b/25646-h/images/img098.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..7279637 --- /dev/null +++ b/25646-h/images/img098.png diff --git a/25646-h/images/img104.png b/25646-h/images/img104.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..9aad177 --- /dev/null +++ b/25646-h/images/img104.png diff --git a/25646-h/images/img110.png b/25646-h/images/img110.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..8d9bdf3 --- /dev/null +++ b/25646-h/images/img110.png diff --git a/25646-h/images/img115m.png b/25646-h/images/img115m.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..7c11504 --- /dev/null +++ b/25646-h/images/img115m.png diff --git a/25646-h/images/img120.jpg b/25646-h/images/img120.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..a3edf71 --- /dev/null +++ b/25646-h/images/img120.jpg |
