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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/25646-0.txt b/25646-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4306bfa --- /dev/null +++ b/25646-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3451 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Child's Health Primer For Primary Classes, by +Jane Andrews + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Child's Health Primer For Primary Classes + With Special Reference to the Effects of Alcoholic Drinks, + Stimulants, and Narcotics upon The Human System + +Author: Jane Andrews + +Release Date: May 30, 2008 [EBook #25646] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HEALTH PRIMER *** + + + + +Produced by Stephen Hope, Joseph Cooper, Emmy and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + + +CHILD'S HEALTH PRIMER. + +[Illustration: WASTING MONEY. (See p. 123.)] + + +PATHFINDER PHYSIOLOGY No. 1 + + + + +CHILD'S + +HEALTH PRIMER + +FOR PRIMARY CLASSES + + WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOLIC DRINKS, + STIMULANTS, AND NARCOTICS UPON THE HUMAN SYSTEM + + + INDORSED BY THE + SCIENTIFIC DEPARTMENT OF THE + WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNION + OF THE + UNITED STATES + + + COPYRIGHT, 1885 + A. S. BARNES & COMPANY + NEW YORK AND CHICAGO + + + + + PATHFINDER SERIES + OF TEXT BOOKS ON + ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, AND HYGIENE. + + With Special Reference to the Influence of Alcoholic + Drinks and Narcotics on the Human System. + + INDORSED BY THE SCIENTIFIC DEPARTMENT OF THE + WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNION OF THE UNITED + STATES. + + + I. + FOR PRIMARY GRADES. + THE CHILD'S HEALTH PRIMER. + 12mo. Cloth. + + An introduction to the study of the science, suited to + pupils of the ordinary third reader grade. + + Full of lively description and embellished by many apt + illustrations. + + + II. + FOR INTERMEDIATE CLASSES. + HYGIENE FOR YOUNG PEOPLE. + 12mo. Cloth. Beautifully illustrated. + + Suited to pupils able to read any fourth reader. + + An admirable elementary treatise upon the subject. + + The principles of the science more fully announced + and illustrated. + + + III. + FOR HIGH SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES. + HYGIENIC PHYSIOLOGY. + 12mo. Beautifully illustrated. + A MORE ELABORATE TREATISE. + + Prepared for the instruction of youth in the principles which + underlie the preservation of health and the + formation of correct physical habits. + + + + +PREFACE + + +As this little book goes to press, Massachusetts, by an act of its +legislature, is made the fourteenth state in this country that requires +the pupils in the primary, as well as in the higher grades of public +schools, to be taught the effects of alcoholics and other narcotics upon +the human system, in connection with other facts of physiology and +hygiene. + +The object of all this legislation is, not that the future citizen may +know the technical names of bones, nerves, and muscles, but that he may +have a _=timely=_ and _=forewarning=_ knowledge of the effects of +alcohol and other popular poisons upon the human body, and therefore +upon life and character. + +With every reason in favor of such education, and the law requiring it, +its practical tests in the school-room will result in failure, unless +there shall be ready for teacher and scholar, a well-arranged, simple, +and practical book, bringing these truths down to the capacity of the +child. + +A few years hence, when the results of this study in our Normal Schools +shall be realized in the preparation of the teacher, we can depend upon +her adapting oral lessons from advanced works on this theme, but now, +the average primary teacher brings to this study no experience, and +limited previous study. + +To meet this need, this work has been prepared. Technical terms have +been avoided, and only such facts of physiology developed as are +necessary to the treatment of the effects of alcohol, tobacco, opium, +and other truths of hygiene. + +To the children in the Primary Schools of this country, for whom it was +prepared, this work is dedicated. + + + + +[Illustration] + + + + +CONTENTS + + + CHAPTER PAGE + + FRONTISPIECE 2 + + TITLE-PAGE 3 + + PREFACE 5 + + CONTENTS 7 + + I.--JOINTS AND BONES 9 + + II.--MUSCLES 19 + + III.--NERVES 25 + + IV.--WHAT IS ALCOHOL? 37 + + V.--BEER 43 + + VI.--DISTILLING 47 + + VII.--ALCOHOL 50 + + VIII.--TOBACCO 53 + + IX.--OPIUM 59 + + X.--WHAT ARE ORGANS? 61 + + XI.--WHAT DOES THE BODY NEED FOR FOOD? 71 + + XII.--HOW FOOD BECOMES PART OF THE BODY 79 + + XIII.--STRENGTH 85 + + XIV.--THE HEART 93 + + XV.--THE LUNGS 97 + + XVI.--THE SKIN 103 + + XVII.--THE SENSES 109 + + XVIII.--HEAT AND COLD 115 + + XIX.--WASTED MONEY 122 + + + + +CHAPTER I. + +JOINTS AND BONES. + + +[Illustration: L]ITTLE girls like a jointed doll to play with, because +they can bend such a doll in eight or ten places, make it stand or sit, +or can even play that it is walking. + +[Illustration: _Jointed dolls._] + +As you study your own bodies to-day, you will find that you each have +better joints than any dolls that can be bought at a toy shop. + + +HINGE-JOINTS. + +Some of your joints work like the hinges of a door, and these are called +hinge-joints. + +You can find them in your elbows, knees, fingers, and toes. + +How many hinge-joints can you find? + +Think how many hinges must be used by the boy who takes off his hat and +makes a polite bow to his teacher, when she meets him on the street. + +How many hinges do you use in running up-stairs, opening the door, +buttoning your coat or your boots, playing ball or digging in your +garden? + +You see that we use these hinges nearly all the time. We could not do +without them. + + +BALL AND SOCKET JOINTS. + +All our joints are not hinge-joints. + +Your shoulder has a joint that lets your arm swing round and round, as +well as move up and down. + +Your hip has another that lets your leg move in much the same way. + +[Illustration: _The hip-joint._] + +This kind of joint is the round end or ball of a long bone, which moves +in a hole, called a socket. + +Your joints do not creak or get out of order, as those of doors and +gates sometimes do. A soft, smooth fluid, much like the white of an egg, +keeps them moist and makes them work easily. + + +BONES. + +What parts of our bodies are jointed together so nicely? Our bones. + +How many bones have we? + +If you should count all your bones, you would find that each of you has +about two hundred. + +Some are large; and some, very small. + +There are long-hones in your legs and arms, and many short ones in your +fingers and toes. The backbone is called the spine. + +[Illustration: _Backbone of a fish._] + +If you look at the backbone of a fish, you can see that it is made up-of +many little bones. Your own spine is formed in much the same way, of +twenty-four small bones. An elastic cushion of gristle (grĭs´l) fits +nicely in between each little bone and the next. + +When you bend, these cushions are pressed together on one side and +stretched on the other. They settle back into their first shape, as +soon as you stand straight again. + +If you ever rode in a wheelbarrow, or a cart without springs, you know +what a jolting it gave you. These little spring cushions keep you from +being shaken even more severely every time you move. + +Twenty-four ribs, twelve on each side, curve around from the spine to +the front, or breast, bone. (_See page 38._) + +They are so covered with flesh that perhaps you can not feel and count +them; but they are there. + +Then you have two flat shoulder-blades, and two collar-bones that almost +meet in front, just where your collar fastens. + +Of what are the bones made? + +Take two little bones, such as those from the legs or wings of a +chicken, put one of them into the fire, when it is not very hot, and +leave it there two or three hours. Soak the other bone in some weak +muriatic (mū rĭ ăt´ĭk) acid. This acid can be bought of any druggist. + +You will have to be careful in taking the bone out of the fire, for it +is all ready to break. If you strike it a quick blow, it will crumble to +dust. This dust we call lime, and it is very much like the lime from +which the mason makes mortar. + +[Illustration: _Bone tied to a knot._] + +The acid has taken the lime from the other bone, so only the part which +is not lime is left. You will be surprised to see how easily it will +bend. You can twist it and tie it into a knot; but it will not easily +break. + +You have seen gristle in meat. This soft part of the bone is gristle. + +Children's bones have more gristle than those of older people; so +children's bones bend easily. + +I know a lady who has one leg shorter than the other. This makes her +lame, and she has to wear a boot with iron supports three or four inches +high, in order to walk at all. + +One day she told me how she became lame. + +"I remember," she said, "when I was between three and four years old, +sitting one day in my high chair at the table, and twisting one foot +under the little step of the chair. The next morning I felt lame; but +nobody could tell what was the matter. At last, the doctors found out +that the trouble all came from that twist. It had gone too far to be +cured. Before I had this boot, I could only walk with a crutch." + + +CARE OF THE SPINE. + +Because the spine is made of little bones with cushions between them, it +bends easily, and children sometimes bend it more than they ought. + +If you lean over your book or your writing or any other work, the +elastic cushions may get so pressed on the inner edge that they do not +easily spring back into shape. In this way, you may grow +round-shouldered or hump-backed. + +This bending over, also cramps the lungs, so that they do not have all +the room they need for breathing. While you are young, your bones are +easily bent. One shoulder or one hip gets higher than the other, if you +stand unevenly. This is more serious, because you are growing, and you +may grow crooked before you know it. + +Now that you know how soft your bones are, and how easily they bend, you +will surely be careful to sit and stand erect. Do not twist your legs, +or arms, or shoulders; for you want to grow into straight and graceful +men and women, instead of being round-shouldered, or hump-backed, or +lame, all your lives. + +When people are old, their bones contain more lime, and, therefore, +break more easily. + +You should be kindly helpful to old people, so that they may not fall, +and possibly break their bones. + + +CARE OF THE FEET. + +Healthy children are always out-growing their shoes, and sometimes +faster than they wear them out. Tight shoes cause corns and in-growing +nails and other sore places on the feet. All of these are very hard to +get rid of. No one should wear a shoe that pinches or hurts the foot. + + +OUGHT A BOY TO USE TOBACCO? + +Perhaps some boy will say: "Grown people are always telling us, 'this +will do for men, but it is not good for boys.'" + +Tobacco is not good for men; but there is a very good reason why it is +worse for boys. + +If you were going to build a house, would it be wise for you to put into +the stone-work of the cellar something that would make it less strong? + +Something into the brick-work or the mortar, the wood-work or the nails, +the walls or the chimneys, that would make them weak and tottering, +instead of strong and steady? + +It would he had enough if you should repair your house with poor +materials; but surely it must be built in the first place with the best +you can get. + +You will soon learn that boys and girls are building their bodies, day +after day, until at last they reach full size. + +Afterward, they must be repaired as fast as they wear out. + +It would be foolish to build any part in a way to make it weaker than +need be. + +Wise doctors have said that the boy who uses tobacco while he is +growing, makes every part of his body less strong than it otherwise +would be. Even his bones will not grow so well. + +Boys who smoke can not become such large, fine-looking men as they would +if they did not smoke. + +Cigarettes are small, but they are very poisonous. Chewing tobacco is a +worse and more filthy habit even than smoking. The frequent spitting it +causes is disgusting to others and hurts the health of the chewer. +Tobacco in any form is a great enemy to youth. It stunts the growth, +hurts the mind, and cripples in every way the boy or girl who uses it. + +Not that it does all this to every youth who smokes, but it is always +true that no boy of seven to fourteen can begin to smoke or chew and +have so fine a body and mind when he is twenty-one years old as he would +have had if he had never used tobacco. If you want to be strong and well +men and women, do not use tobacco in any form. + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. What two kinds of joints have you? + + 2. Describe each kind. + + 3. Find as many of each kind as you can. + + 4. How are the joints kept moist? + + 5. How many bones are there in your whole body? + + 6. Count the bones in your hand. + + 7. Of how many bones is your spine made? + + 8. Why could you not use it so well if it were all + in one piece? + + 9. What is the use of the little cushions between + the bones of the spine? + + 10. How many ribs have you? + + 11. Where are they? + + 12. Where are the shoulder-blades? + + 13. Where are the collar-bones? + + 14. What are bones made of? + + 15. How can we show this? + + 16. What is the difference between the bones of + children and the bones of old people? + + 17. Why do children's bones bend easily? + + 18. Tell the story of the lame lady. + + 19. What does this story teach you? + + 20. What happens if you lean over your desk or + work? + + 21. How will this position injure your lungs? + + 22. What other bones may be injured by wrong + positions? + + 23. Why do old people's bones break easily? + + 24. How should the feet be cared for? + + 25. How does tobacco affect the bones? + + 26. What do doctors say of its use? + + 27. What is said about cigarettes? + + 28. What about chewing tobacco? + + 29. To whom is tobacco a great enemy? Why? + + 30. What is always true of its use by youth? + + + + +CHAPTER II. + +MUSCLES. + + +[Illustration: W]HAT makes the limbs move? + +You have to take hold of the door to move it back and forth; but you +need not take hold of your arm to move that. + +What makes it move? + +Sometimes a door or gate is made to shut itself, if you leave it open. + +This can be done by means of a wide rubber strap, one end of which is +fastened to the frame of the door near the hinge, and the other end to +the door, out near its edge. + +When we push open the door, the rubber strap is stretched; but as soon +as we have passed through, the strap tightens, draws the door back, and +shuts it. + +If you stretch out your right arm, and clasp the upper part tightly with +your left hand, then work the elbow joint strongly back and forth, you +can feel something under your hand draw up, and then lengthen out again, +each time you bend the joint. + +What you feel, is a muscle (mŭs´sl), and it works your joints very much +as the rubber strap works the hinge of the door. + +One end of the muscle is fastened to the bone just below the elbow +joint; and the other end, higher up above the joint. + +When it tightens, or contracts, as we say, it bends the joint. When the +arm is straightened, the muscle returns to its first shape. + +There is another muscle on the outside of the arm which stretches when +this one shortens, and so helps the working of the joint. + +Every joint has two or more muscles of its own to work it. + +Think how many there must be in our fingers! + +If we should undertake to count all the muscles that move our whole +bodies, it would need more counting than some of you could do. + + +TENDONS. + +You can see muscles on the dinner table; for they are only lean meat. + +[Illustration: _Tendons of the hand._] + +They are fastened to the bones by strong cords, called tendons +(tĕn´dŏnz). These tendons can be seen in the leg of a chicken or turkey. +They sometimes hold the meat so firmly that it is hard for you to get it +off. When you next try to pick a "drum-stick," remember that you are +eating the strong muscles by which the chicken or turkey moved his legs +as he walked about the yard. The parts that have the most work to do, +need the strongest muscles. + +Did you ever see the swallows flying about the eaves of a barn? + +Do they have very stout legs? No! They have very small legs and feet, +because they do not need to walk. They need to fly. + +The muscles that move the wings are fastened to the breast. These breast +muscles of the swallow must be large and strong. + + +EXERCISE OF THE MUSCLES. + +People who work hard with any part of the body make the muscles of that +part very strong. + +The blacksmith has big, strong muscles in his arms because he uses them +so much. + +You are using your muscles every day, and this helps them to grow. + +Once I saw a little girl who had been very sick. She had to lie in bed +for many weeks. Before her sickness she had plenty of stout muscles in +her arms and legs and was running about the house from morning till +night, carrying her big doll in her arms. + +After her sickness, she could hardly walk ten steps, and would rather +sit and look at her playthings than try to lift them. She had to make +new muscles as fast as possible. + +Running, coasting, games of ball, and all brisk play and work, help to +make strong muscles. + +Idle habits make weak muscles. So idleness is an enemy to the muscles. + +There is another enemy to the muscles about which I must tell you. + + +WHAT ALCOHOL WILL DO TO THE MUSCLES. + +Muscles are lean meat. Fat meat could not work your joints for you as +the muscles do. Alcohol often changes a part of the muscles to fat, and +so takes away a part of their strength. In this way, people often grow +very fleshy from drinking beer, because it contains alcohol, as you will +soon learn. But they can not work any better on account of having this +fat. They are not really any stronger for it. + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. How are the joints moved? + + 2. Where are the muscles in your arms, which help + you to move your elbows? + + 3. Show why joints must have muscles. + + 4. What do we call the muscles of the lower + animals? + + 5. What fasten the muscles to the bones? + + 6. Why do chickens and turkeys need strong muscles + in their legs? + + 7. Why do swallows need strong breast muscles? + + 8. What makes the muscles of the blacksmith's arm + so strong? + + 9. What will make your muscles strong? + + 10. What will make them weak? + + 11. What does alcohol often do to the muscles? + + 12. Can fatty muscles work well? + + 13. Why does not drinking beer make one stronger? + + + + +CHAPTER III. + +NERVES. + + +[Illustration: H]OW do the muscles know when to move? + +You have all seen the telegraph wires, by which messages are sent from +one town to another, all over the country. + +You are too young to understand how this is done, but you each have +something inside of you, by which you are sending messages almost every +minute while you are awake. + +We will try to learn a little about its wonderful way of working. + +In your head is your brain. It is the part of you which thinks. + +As you would be very badly off if you could not think, the brain is your +most precious part, and you have a strong box made of bone to keep it +in. + +[Illustration: _Diagram of the nervous system._] + +We will call the brain the central telegraph office. Little white cords, +called nerves, connect the brain with the rest of the body. + +A large cord called the spinal cord, lies safely in a bony case made by +the spine, and many nerves branch off from this. + +If you put your finger on a hot stove, in an instant a message goes on +the nerve telegraph to the brain. It tells that wise thinking part that +your finger will burn, if it stays on the stove. + +In another instant, the brain sends back a message to the muscles that +move that finger, saying: "Contract quickly, bend the joint, and take +that poor finger away so that it will not be burned." + +You can hardly believe that there was time for all this sending of +messages; for as soon as you felt the hot stove, you pulled your finger +away. But you really could not have pulled it away, unless the brain had +sent word to the muscles to do it. + +Now, you know what we mean when we say, "As quick as thought." Surely +nothing could be quicker. + +You see that the brain has a great deal of work to do, for it has to +send so many orders. + +There are some muscles which are moving quietly and steadily all the +time, though we take no notice of the motion. + +You do not have to think about breathing, and yet the muscles work all +the time, moving your chest. + +If we had to think about it every time we breathed, we should have no +time to think of any thing else. + +There is one part of the brain that takes care of such work for us. It +sends the messages about breathing, and keeps the breathing muscles and +many other muscles faithfully at work. It does all this without our +needing to know or think about it at all. + +Do you begin to see that your body is a busy work-shop, where many kinds +of work are being done all day and all night? + +Although we lie still and sleep in the night, the breathing must go on, +and so must the work of those other organs that never stop until we +die. + + +OTHER WORK OF THE NERVES. + +The little white nerve-threads lie smoothly side by side, making small +white cords. Each kind of message goes on its own thread, so that the +messages need never get mixed or confused. + +These nerves are very delicate little messengers. They do all the +feeling for the whole body, and by means of them we have many pains and +many pleasures. + +If there was no nerve in your tooth it could not ache. But if there were +no nerves in your mouth and tongue, you could not taste your food. + +If there were no nerves in your hands, you might cut them and feel no +pain. But you could not feel your mother's soft, warm hand, as she laid +it on yours. + +One of your first duties is the care of yourselves. + +Children may say: "My father and mother take care of me." But even while +you are young, there are some ways in which no one can take care of you +but yourselves. The older you grow, the more this care will belong to +you, and to no one else. + +Think of the work all the parts of the body do for us, and how they help +us to be well and happy. Certainly the least we can do is to take care +of them and keep them in good order. + + +CARE OF THE BRAIN AND NERVES. + +As one part of the brain has to take care of all the rest of the body, +and keep every organ at work, of course it can never go to sleep itself. +If it did, the heart would stop pumping, the lungs would leave off +breathing, all other work would stop, and the body would be dead. + +But there is another part of the brain which does the thinking, and this +part needs rest. + +When you are asleep, you are not thinking, but you are breathing and +other work of the body is going on. + +If the thinking part of the brain does not have good quiet sleep, it +will soon wear out. A worn-out brain is not easy to repair. + +If well cared for, your brain will do the best of work for you for +seventy or eighty years without complaining. + +The nerves are easily tired out, and they need much rest. They get tired +if we do one thing too long at a time; they are rested by a change of +work. + + +IS ALCOHOL GOOD FOR THE NERVES AND THE BRAIN? + +Think of the wonderful work the brain is all the time doing for you! + +You ought to give it the best of food to keep it in good working order. +Any drink that contains alcohol is not a food to make one strong; but is +a poison to hurt, and at last to kill. + +It injures the brain and nerves so that they can not work well, and send +their messages properly. That is why the drunkard does not know what he +is about. + +Newspapers often tell us about people setting houses on fire; about men +who forgot to turn the switch, and so wrecked a railroad train; about +men who lay down on the railroad track and were run over by the cars. + +Often these stories end with: "The person had been drinking." When the +nerves are put to sleep by alcohol, people become careless and do not do +their work faithfully; sometimes, they can not even tell the difference +between a railroad track and a place of safety. The brain receives no +message, or the wrong one, and the person does not know what he is +doing. + +You may say that all men who drink liquor do not do such terrible +things. + +That is true. A little alcohol is not so bad as a great deal. But even a +little makes the head ache, and hurts the brain and nerves. + +A body kept pure and strong is of great service to its owner. There are +people who are not drunkards, but who often drink a little liquor. By +this means, they slowly poison their bodies. + +When sickness comes upon them, they are less able to bear it, and less +likely to get well again, than those who have never injured their bodies +with alcohol. + +When a sick or wounded man is brought into the hospital, one of the +first questions asked him by the doctor is: "Do you drink?" + +If he answers "Yes!" the next questions are, "What do you drink?" and +"How much?" + +The answers he gives to these questions, show the doctor what chance the +man has of getting well. + +A man who never drinks liquor will get well, where a drinking man would +surely die. + + +TOBACCO AND THE NERVES. + +Why does any one wish to use tobacco? + +Because many men say that it helps them, and makes them feel better. + +Shall I tell you how it makes them feel better? + +If a man is cold, the tobacco deadens his nerves so that he does not +feel the cold and does not take pains to make himself warmer. + +If a man is tired, or in trouble, tobacco will not really rest him or +help him out of his trouble. + +It only puts his nerves to sleep and helps him think that he is not +tired, and that he does not need to overcome his troubles. + +It puts his nerves to sleep very much as alcohol does, and helps him to +be contented with what ought not to content him. + +A boy who smokes or chews tobacco, is not so good a scholar as if he did +not use the poison. He can not remember his lessons so well. + +Usually, too, he is not so polite, nor so good a boy as he otherwise +would be. + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. How do the muscles know when to move? + + 2. What part of you is it that thinks? + + 3. What are the nerves? + + 4. Where is the spinal cord? + + 5. What message goes to the brain when you put + your finger on a hot stove? + + 6. What message comes back from the brain to the + finger? + + 7. What is meant by "As quick as thought"? + + 8. Name some of the muscles which work without + needing our thought. + + 9. What keeps them at work? + + 10. Why do not the nerve messages get mixed and + confused? + + 11. Why could you not feel, if you had no nerves? + + 12. State some ways in which the nerves give us + pain. + + 13. State some ways in which they give us + pleasure. + + 14. What part of us has the most work to do? + + 15. How must we keep the brain strong and well? + + 16. What does alcohol do to the nerves and brain? + + 17. Why does not a drunken man know what he is + about? + + 18. What causes most of the accidents we read of? + + 19. Why could not the man who had been drinking + tell the difference between a railroad track + and a place of safety? + + 20. How does the frequent drinking of a little + liquor affect the body? + + 21. How does sickness affect people who often + drink these liquors? + + 22. When a man is taken to the hospital, what + questions does the doctor ask? + + 23. What depends upon his answers? + + 24. Why do many men use tobacco? + + 25. How does it make them feel better? + + 26. Does it really help a person who uses it? + + 27. Does tobacco help a boy to be a good scholar? + + 28. How does it affect his manners? + +[Illustration: _Bones of the human body._] + + + + +CHAPTER IV. + +WHAT IS ALCOHOL? + + +[Illustration: R]IPE grapes are full of juice. + +This juice is mostly water, sweetened with a sugar of its own. It is +flavored with something which makes us know, the moment we taste it, +that it is grape-juice, and not cherry-juice or plum-juice. + +Apples also contain water, sugar, and apple flavor; and cherries contain +water, sugar, and cherry flavor. The same is true of other fruits. They +all, when ripe, have the water and the sugar; and each has a flavor of +its own. + +Ripe grapes are sometimes gathered and put into great tubs called vats. +In these the juice is squeezed out. + +In some countries, this squeezing is done by bare-footed men who jump +into the vats and press the grapes with their feet. + +The grape-juice is then drawn off from the skins and seeds and left +standing in a warm place. + +Bubbles soon begin to rise and cover the top of it with froth. The juice +is all in motion. + +[Illustration: _Picking grapes and making wine._] + +If the cook had wished to use this grape-juice to make jelly, she would +say: "Now, I can not make my grape-jelly, for the grape-juice is +spoiled." + + +WHAT IS THIS CHANGE IN THE GRAPE-JUICE? + +The sugar in the grape-juice is changing into something else. It is +turning into alcohol and a gas[A] that moves about in little bubbles in +the liquid, and rising to the top, goes off into the air. The alcohol is +a thin liquid which, mixed with the water, remains in the grape-juice. + +The sugar is gone; alcohol and the bubbles of gas are left in its place. + +This alcohol is a liquid poison. A little of it will harm any one who +drinks it; much of it would kill the drinker. + +Ripe grapes are good food; but grape-juice, when its sugar has turned to +alcohol, is not a safe drink for any one. It is poisoned by the alcohol. + + +WINE. + +This changed grape-juice is called wine. It is partly water, partly +alcohol, and it still has the grape flavor in it. + +Wine is also made from currants, elderberries, and other fruits, in very +much the same way as from grapes. + +People sometimes make it at home from the fruits that grow in their own +gardens, and think there is no alcohol in it, because they do not put +any in. + +But you know that the alcohol is made in the fruit-juice itself by the +change of the sugar into alcohol and the gas. + +[Illustration] + +It is the nature of alcohol to make the person who takes a little of it, +in wine, or any other drink, want more and more alcohol. When one goes +on, thus taking more and more of the drinks that contain alcohol, he is +called a drunkard. + +In this way wine has made many drunkards. Alcohol hurts both the body +and mind. It changes the person who drinks it. It will make a good and +kind person cruel and bad; and will make a bad person worse. + +Every one who takes wine does not become a drunkard, but you are not +sure that you will not, if you drink it. + +You should not drink wine, because there is alcohol in it. + + +CIDER. + +Cider is made from apples. In a few hours after the juice is pressed out +of the apples, if it is left open to the air the sugar begins to change. + +Like the sugar in the grape, it changes into alcohol and bubbles of gas. + +At first, there is but little alcohol in cider, but a little of this +poison is dangerous. + +More alcohol is all the time forming until in ten cups of cider there +may be one cup of alcohol. Cider often makes its drinkers ill-tempered +and cross. + +Cider and wine will turn into vinegar if left in a warm place long +enough. + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. What two things are in all fruit-juices? + + 2. How can we tell the juice of grapes from that + of plums? + + 3. How can we tell the juice of apples from that + of cherries? + + 4. What is often done with ripe grapes? + + 5. What happens after the grape-juice has stood a + short time? + + 6. Why would the changed grape-juice not be good + to use in making jelly? + + 7. Into what is the sugar in the juice changed? + + 8. What becomes of the gas? + + 9. What becomes of the alcohol? + + 10. What is gone and what left? + + 11. What is alcohol? + + 12. What does alcohol do to those who drink it? + + 13. When are grapes good food? + + 14. When is grape-juice not a safe drink? + + 15. Why? + + 16. What is this changed grape-juice called? + + 17. What is wine? + + 18. From what is wine made? + + 19. What do people sometimes think of home-made + wines? + + 20. How can alcohol be there when none has been + put into it? + + 21. What does alcohol make the person who takes it + want? + + 22. What is such a one called? + + 23. What has wine done to many persons? + + 24. What does alcohol hurt? + + 25. How does it change a person? + + 26. Are you sure you will not become a drunkard if + you drink wine? + + 27. Why should you not drink it? + + 28. What is cider made from? + + 29. What soon happens to apple-juice? + + 30. How may vinegar be made? + +FOOTNOTE: + +[Footnote A: This gas is called car bon´ic acid gas.] + + + + +CHAPTER V. + +BEER. + + +[Illustration: A]LCOHOL is often made from grains as well as from fruit. +The grain has starch instead of sugar. + +If the starch in your mother's starch-box at home should be changed into +sugar, you would think it a very strange thing. + +Every year, in the spring-time, many thousand pounds of starch are +changed into sugar in a hidden, quiet way, so that most of us think +nothing about it. + + +STARCH AND SUGAR. + +All kinds of grain are full of starch. + +If you plant them in the ground, where they are kept moist and warm, +they begin to sprout and grow, to send little roots down into the earth, +and little stems up into the sunshine. + +These little roots and stems must be fed with sugar; thus, in a wise +way, which is too wonderful for you to understand, as soon as the seed +begins to sprout, its starch begins to turn into sugar. + +[Illustration] + +If you should chew two grains of wheat, one before sprouting and one +after, you could tell by the taste that this is true. + +Barley is a kind of grain from which the brewer makes beer. + +He must first turn its starch into sugar, so he begins by sprouting his +grain. + +Of course he does not plant it in the ground, because it would need to +be quickly dug up again. + +He keeps it warm and moist in a place where he can watch it, and stop +the sprouting just in time to save the sugar, before it is used to feed +the root and stem. This sprouted grain is called malt. + +The brewer soaks it in plenty of water, because the grain has not water +in itself, as the grape has. + +He puts in some yeast to help start the work of changing the sugar into +gas[B] and alcohol. + +Sometimes hops are also put in, to give it a bitter taste. + +The brewer watches to see the bubbles of gas that tell, as plainly as +words could, that sugar is going and alcohol is coming. + +When the work is finished, the barley has been made into beer. + +It might have been ground and made into barley-cakes, or into pearl +barley to thicken our soups, and then it would have been good food. Now, +it is a drink containing alcohol, and alcohol is a poison. + +You should not drink beer, because there is alcohol in it. + +Two boys of the same age begin school together. One of them drinks +wine, cider, and beer. The other never allows these drinks to pass his +lips. These boys soon become very different from each other, because one +is poisoning his body and mind with alcohol, and the other is not. + +A man wants a good, steady boy to work for him. Which of these two do +you think he will select? A few years later, a young man is wanted who +can be trusted with the care of an engine or a bank. It is a good +chance. Which of these young men will be more likely to get it? + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. Is there sugar in grain? + + 2. What is in the grain that can be turned into + sugar? + + 3. What can you do to a seed that will make its + starch turn into sugar? + + 4. What does the brewer do to the barley to make + its starch turn into sugar? + + 5. What is malt? + + 6. What does the brewer put into the malt to start + the working? + + 7. What gives the bitter taste to beer? + + 8. How does the brewer know when sugar begins to + go and alcohol to come? + + 9. Why does he want the starch turned to sugar? + + 10. Is barley good for food? + + 11. Why is beer not good for food? + + 12. Why should you not drink it? + + 13. Why did the two boys of the same age, at the + same school, become so unlike? + + 14. Which will have the best chance in life? + +FOOTNOTE: + +[Footnote B: Car bon´ic acid gas.] + + + + +CHAPTER VI. + +DISTILLING. + + +[Illustration: D]ISTILLING (dĭs tĭlł´ing) may be a new word to you, but +you can easily learn its meaning. + +You have all seen distilling going on in the kitchen at home, many a +time. When the water in the tea-kettle is boiling, what comes out at the +nose? Steam. + +What is steam? + +You can find out what it is by catching some of it on a cold plate, or +tin cover. As soon as it touches any thing cold, it turns into drops of +water. + +When we boil water and turn it into steam, and then turn the steam back +into water, we have distilled the water. We say vapor instead of steam, +when we talk about the boiling of alcohol. + +It takes less heat to turn alcohol to vapor than to turn water to +steam; so, if we put over the fire some liquid that contains alcohol, +and begin to collect the vapor as it rises, we shall get alcohol first, +and then water. + +But the alcohol will not be pure alcohol; it will be part water, because +it is so ready to mix with water that it has to be distilled many times +to be pure. + +But each time it is distilled, it will become stronger, because there is +a little more alcohol and a little less water. + +In this way, brandy, rum, whiskey, and gin are distilled, from wine, +cider, and the liquors which have been made from corn, rye, or barley. + +The cider, wine, and beer had but little alcohol in them. The brandy, +rum, whiskey, and gin are nearly one-half alcohol. + +A glass of strong liquor which has been made by distilling, will injure +any one more, and quicker, than a glass of cider, rum, or beer. + +But a cider, wine, or beer-drinker often drinks so much more of the +weaker liquor, that he gets a great deal of alcohol. People are often +made drunkards by drinking cider or beer. The more poison, the more +danger. + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. Where have you ever seen distilling going on? + + 2. How can you distill water? + + 3. How can men separate alcohol from wine or from + any other liquor that contains it? + + 4. Why will not this be pure alcohol? + + 5. How is a liquor made stronger? + + 6. Name some of the distilled liquors. + + 7. How are they made? + + 8. How much of them is alcohol? + + 9. Which is the most harmful--the distilled + liquor, or beer, wine, or cider? + + 10. Why does the wine, cider, or beer-drinker + often get as much alcohol? + + + + +CHAPTER VII. + +ALCOHOL. + + +[Illustration: A]LCOHOL looks like water, but it is not at all like +water. + +Alcohol will take fire, and burn if a lighted match is held near it; but +you know that water will not burn. + +When alcohol burns, the color of the flame is blue. It does not give +much light: it makes no smoke or soot; but it does give a great deal of +heat. + +A little dead tree-toad was once put into a bottle of alcohol. It was +years ago, but the tree-toad is there still, looking just as it did the +first day it was put in. What has kept it so? + +It is the alcohol. The tree-toad would have soon decayed if it had been +put into water. So you see that alcohol keeps dead bodies from +decaying. + +Pure alcohol is not often used as a drink. People who take beer, wine, +and cider get a little alcohol with each drink. Those who drink brandy, +rum, whiskey, or gin, get more alcohol, because those liquors are nearly +one half alcohol. + +You may wonder that people wish to use such poisonous drinks at all. But +alcohol is a deceiver. It often cheats the man who takes a little, into +thinking it will be good for him to take more. + +Sometimes the appetite which begs so hard for the poison, is formed in +childhood. If you eat wine-jelly, or wine-sauce, you may learn to like +the taste of alcohol and thus easily begin to drink some weak liquor. + +The more the drinker takes, the more he often wants, and thus he goes on +from drinking cider, wine, or beer, to drinking whiskey, brandy, or rum. +Thus drunkards are made. + +People who are in the habit of taking drinks which contain alcohol, +often care more for them than for any thing else, even when they know +they are being ruined by them. + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. How does alcohol look? + + 2. How does alcohol burn? + + 3. What will alcohol do to a dead body? + + 4. What drinks contain a little alcohol? + + 5. What drinks are about one half alcohol? + + 6. How does alcohol cheat people? + + 7. When is the appetite sometimes formed? + + 8. Why should you not eat wine-sauce or + wine-jelly? + + 9. How are drunkards made? + + + + +CHAPTER VIII. + +TOBACCO. + + +[Illustration: A] FARMER who had been in the habit of planting his +fields with corn, wheat, and potatoes, once made up his mind to plant +tobacco instead. + +Let us see whether he did any good to the world by the change. + +The tobacco plants grew up as tall as a little boy or girl, and spread +out broad, green leaves. + +By and by he pulled the stalks, and dried the leaves. Some of them he +pressed into cakes of tobacco; some he rolled into cigars; and some he +ground into snuff. + +If you ask what tobacco is good for, the best answer will be, to tell +you what it will do to a man or boy who uses it, and then let you answer +the question for yourselves. + +Tobacco contains something called nicotine (nĭk´o tĭn). This is a +strong poison. One drop of it is enough to kill a dog. In one cigar +there is enough, if taken pure, to kill two men. + +[Illustration] + +Even to work upon tobacco, makes people pale and sickly. Once I went +into a snuff mill, and the man who had the care of it showed me how the +work was done. + +The mill stood in a pretty place, beside a little stream which turned +the mill-wheel. Tall trees bent over it, and a fresh breeze was blowing +through the open windows. Yet the smell of the tobacco was so strong +that I had to go to the door many times, for a breath of pure air. + +I asked the man if it did not make him sick to work there. + +He said: "It made me very sick for the first few weeks. Then I began to +get used to it, and now I don't mind it." + +He was like the boys who try to learn to smoke. It almost always makes +them sick at first; but they think it will be manly to keep on. At last, +they get used to it. + +The sickness is really the way in which the boy's body is trying to say +to him: "There is danger here; you are playing with poison. Let me stop +you before great harm is done." + +Perhaps you will say: "I have seen men smoke cigars, even four or five +in a day, and it didn't kill them." + +It did not kill them, because they did not swallow the nicotine. They +only drew in a little with the breath. But taking a little poison in +this way, day after day, can not be safe, or really helpful to any one. + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. What did the farmer plant instead of corn, + wheat, and potatoes? + + 2. What was done with the tobacco leaves? + + 3. What is the name of the poison which is in + tobacco? + + 4. How much of it is needed to kill a dog? + + 5. What harm can the nicotine in one cigar do, if + taken pure? + + 6. Tell the story of the visit to the snuff mill. + + 7. Why are boys made sick by their first use of + tobacco? + + 8. Why does not smoking a cigar kill a man? + + 9. What is said about a little poison? + + + + +CHAPTER IX. + +OPIUM. + + +[Illustration: A]LCOHOL and tobacco are called narcotics (nar kŏt´iks). +This means that they have the power of putting the nerves to sleep. +Opium (ō´pĭ ŭm) is another narcotic. + +It is a poison made from the juice of poppies, and is used in medicines. + +Opium is put into soothing-syrups (sĭr´ŭps), and these are sometimes +given to babies to keep them from crying. They do this by injuring the +tender nerves and poisoning the little body. + +How can any one give a baby opium to save taking patient care of it? + +Surely the mothers would not do it, if they knew that this +soothing-syrup that appears like a friend, coming to quiet and comfort +the baby, is really an enemy. + +[Illustration: _Don't give soothing-syrup to children._] + +Sometimes, a child no older than some of you are, is left at home with +the care of a baby brother or sister; so it is best that you +should know about this dangerous enemy, and never be tempted to quiet +the baby by giving him a poison, instead of taking your best and kindest +care of him. + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. What is a narcotic? + + 2. Name three narcotics? + + 3. From what is opium made? + + 4. For what is it used? + + 5. Why is soothing-syrup dangerous? + + + + +CHAPTER X. + +WHAT ARE ORGANS? + + +[Illustration: A]N organ is a part of the body which has some special +work to do. The eye is the organ of sight. The stomach (stŭm´ăk) is an +organ which takes care of the food we eat. + + +THE TEETH. + +[Illustration: _Different kinds of teeth._] + +Your teeth do not look alike, since they must do different kinds of +work. The front ones cut, the back ones grind. + +They are made of a kind of bone covered with a hard smooth enamel (ĕn +ăm´el). If the enamel is broken, the teeth soon decay and ache, for each +tooth is furnished with a nerve that very quickly feels pain. + + +CARE OF THE TEETH. + +Cracking nuts with the teeth, or even biting thread, is apt to break the +enamel; and when once broken, you will wish in vain to have it mended. +The dentist can fill a hole in the tooth; but he can not cover the tooth +with new enamel. + +Bits of food should be carefully picked from between the teeth with a +tooth-pick of quill or wood, never with a pin or other hard and sharp +thing which might break the enamel. + +The teeth must also be well brushed. Nothing but perfect cleanliness +will keep them in good order. Always brush them before breakfast. Your +breakfast will taste all the better for it. Brush them at night before +you go to bed, lest some food should be decaying in your mouth during +the night. + +Take care of these cutters and grinders, that they may not decay, and so +be unable to do their work well. + + +THE CHEST AND ABDOMEN. + +You have learned about the twenty-four little bones in the spine, and +the ribs that curve around from the spine to the front, or breast-bone. + +These bones, with the shoulder-blades and the collar-bones, form a bony +case or box. + +In it are some of the most useful organs of the body. + +This box is divided across the middle by a strong muscle, so that we may +say it is two stories high. + +The upper room is called the chest; the lower one, the abdomen (ăb +dō´mĕn). + +In the chest, are the heart and the lungs. + +In the abdomen, are the stomach, the liver, and some other organs. + + +THE STOMACH. + +The stomach is a strong bag, as wonderful a bag as could be made, you +will say, when I tell you what it can do. + +The outside is made of muscles; the lining prepares a juice called +gastric (găs´trĭk) juice, and keeps it always ready for use. + +Now, what would you think if a man could put into a bag, beef, and +apples, and potatoes, and bread and milk, and sugar, and salt, tie up +the bag and lay it away on a shelf for a few hours, and then show you +that the beef had disappeared, so had the apples, so had the potatoes, +the bread and milk, sugar, and salt, and the bag was filled only with a +thin, grayish fluid? Would you not call it a magical bag? + +Now, your stomach and mine are just such magical bags. + +We put in our breakfasts, dinners, and suppers; and, after a few hours, +they are changed. The gastric juice has been mixed with them. The strong +muscles that form the outside of the stomach have been squeezing the +food, rolling it about, and mixing it together, until it has all been +changed to a thin, grayish fluid. + + +HOW DOES ANYBODY KNOW THIS? + +A soldier was once shot in the side in such a way that when the wound +healed, it left an opening with a piece of loose skin over it, like a +little door leading into his stomach. + +A doctor who wished to learn about the stomach, hired him for a servant +and used to study him every day. + +He would push aside the little flap of skin and put into the stomach any +kind of food that he pleased, and then watch to see what happened to it. + +In this way, he learned a great deal and wrote it down, so that other +people might know, too. In other ways, also, which it would take too +long to tell you here, doctors have learned how these magical food-bags +take care of our food. + + +WHY DOES THE FOOD NEED TO BE CHANGED? + +Your mamma tells you sometimes at breakfast that you must eat oat-meal +and milk to make you grow into a big man or woman. + +Did you ever wonder what part of you is made of oat-meal, or what part +of milk? + +That stout little arm does not look like oat-meal; those rosy cheeks do +not look like milk. + +If our food is to make stout arms and rosy cheeks, strong bodies and +busy brains, it must first be changed into a form in which it can get to +each part and feed it. + +When the food in the stomach is mixed and prepared, it is ready to be +sent through the body; some is carried to the bones, some to the +muscles, some to the nerves and brain, some to the skin, and some even +to the finger nails, the hair, and the eyes. Each part needs to be fed +in order to grow. + + +WHY DO PEOPLE WHO ARE NOT GROWING NEED FOOD? + +Children need each day to make larger and larger bones, larger muscles, +and a larger skin to cover the larger body. + +Every day, each part is also wearing out a little, and needing to be +mended by some new food. People who have grown up, need their food for +this work of mending. + + +CARE OF THE STOMACH. + +One way to take care of the stomach is to give it only its own work to +do. The teeth must first do their work faithfully. + +The stomach must have rest, too. I have seen some children who want to +make their poor stomachs work all the time. They are always eating +apples, or candy, or something, so that their stomachs have no chance to +rest. If the stomach does not rest, it will wear out the same as a +machine would. + +The stomach can not work well, unless it is quite warm. If a person +pours ice-water into his stomach as he eats, just as the food is +beginning to change into the gray fluid of which you have learned, the +work stops until the stomach gets warm again. + + +ALCOHOL AND THE STOMACH. + +You remember about the man who had the little door to his stomach. +Sometimes, the doctor put in wine, cider, brandy, or some drink that +contained alcohol, to see what it would do. It was carried away very +quickly; but during the little time it stayed, it did nothing but harm. + +It injured the gastric juice, so that it could not mix with the food. + +If the doctor had put in more alcohol, day after day, as one does who +drinks liquor, sores would perhaps have come on the delicate lining of +the stomach. Sometimes the stomach is so hurt by alcohol, that the +drinker dies. If the stomach can not do its work well, the whole body +must suffer from want of the good food it needs.[C] + + +TOBACCO AND THE MOUTH. + +The saliva in the mouth helps to prepare the food, before it goes into +the stomach. Tobacco makes the mouth very dry, and more saliva has to +flow out to moisten it. + +But tobacco juice is mixed with the saliva, and that must not be +swallowed. It must be spit out, and with it is sent the saliva that was +needed to help prepare the food. + +Tobacco discolors the teeth, makes bad sores in the mouth, and often +causes a disease of the throat. + +You can tell where some people have been, by the neatness and comfort +they leave after them. + +You can tell where the tobacco-user has been, by the dirty floor, and +street, and the air made unfit to breathe, because of the smoke and +strong, bad smell of old tobacco from his pipe and cigar and from his +breath and clothes. + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. What are organs? + + 2. What work do the front teeth do? the back + teeth? + + 3. What are the teeth made of? + + 4. What causes the toothache? + + 5. How is the enamel often broken? + + 6. Why should a tooth-pick be used? + + 7. Why should the teeth be well brushed? + + 8. When should they be brushed? + + 9. What bones form a case or box? + + 10. What is the upper room of this box called? the + lower room? + + 11. What organs are in the chest? the abdomen? + + 12. What is the stomach? + + 13. What does its lining do? + + 14. What do the stomach and the gastric juice do + to the food we have eaten? + + 15. How did anybody find out what the stomach + could do? + + 16. Why must all the food we eat be changed? + + 17. Why do you need food? + + 18. Why do people who are not growing need food? + + 19. What does alcohol do to the gastric juice? to + the stomach? + + 20. What is the use of the saliva? + + 21. How does the habit of spitting injure a + person? + + 22. How does tobacco affect the teeth? the mouth? + + 23. How does the tobacco-user annoy other people? + +FOOTNOTE: + +[Footnote C: The food is partly prepared by the liver and some other +organs.] + + + + +CHAPTER XI. + +WHAT DOES THE BODY NEED FOR FOOD? + + +[Illustration: N]OW that you know how the body is fed, you must next +learn what to feed it with; and what each part needs to make it grow and +to keep it strong and well. + + +WATER. + +A large part of your body is made of water. So you need, of course, to +drink water, and to have it used in preparing your food. + +Water comes from the clouds, and is stored up in cisterns or in springs +in the ground. From these pipes are laid to lead the water to our +houses. + +Sometimes, men dig down until they reach a spring, and so make a well +from which they can pump the water, or dip it out with a bucket. + +Water that has been standing in lead pipes, may have some of the lead +mixed with it. Such water would be very likely to poison you, if you +drank it. + +Impurities are almost sure to soak into a well if it is near a drain or +a stable. + +If you drink the water from such a well, you may be made very sick by +it. It is better to go thirsty, until you can get good water. + +A sufficient quantity of pure water to drink is just as important for +us, as good food to eat. + +We could not drink all the water that our bodies need. We take a large +part of it in our food, in fruits and vegetables, and even in beefsteak +and bread. + + +LIME. + +Bones need lime. You remember the bone that was nothing but crumbling +lime after it had been in the fire. + +Where shall we get lime for our bones? + +We can not eat lime; but the grass and the grains take it out of the +earth. Then the cows eat the grass and turn it into milk, and in the +milk we drink, we get some of the lime to feed our bones. + +[Illustration: _Lime being prepared for our use._] + +In the same way, the grain growing in the field takes up lime and other +things that we need, but could not eat for ourselves. The lime that thus +becomes a part of the grain, we get in our bread, oat-meal porridge, and +other foods. + + +SALT. + +Animals need salt, as children who live in the country know very well. +They have seen how eagerly the cows and the sheep lick up the salt that +the farmer gives them. + +Even wild cattle and buffaloes seek out places where there are salt +springs, and go in great herds to get the salt. + +We, too, need some salt mixed with our food. If we did not put it in, +either when cooking, or afterward, we should still get a little in the +food itself. + + +FLESH-MAKING FOODS. + +Muscles are lean meat, that is flesh; so muscles need flesh-making +foods. These are milk, and grains like wheat, corn and oats; also, meat +and eggs. Most of these foods really come to us out of the ground. Meat +and eggs are made from the grain, grass, and other vegetables that the +cattle and hens eat. + + +FAT-MAKING FOODS. + +We need cushions and wrappings of fat, here and there in our bodies, to +keep us warm and make us comfortable. So we must have certain kinds of +food that will make fat. + +[Illustration: _Esquimaux catching walrus._] + +There are right places and wrong places for fat, as well as for other +things in this world. When alcohol puts fat into the muscles, that is +fat badly made, and in the wrong place. + +The good fat made for the parts of the body which need it, comes from +fat-making foods. + +In cold weather, we need more fatty food than we do in summer, just as +in cold countries people need such food all the time. + +The Esquimaux, who live in the lands of snow and ice, catch a great many +walrus and seal, and eat a great deal of fat meat. You would not be well +unless you ate some fat or butter or oil. + + +WHAT WILL MAKE FAT? + +Sugar will make fat, and so will starch, cream, rice, butter, and fat +meat. As milk will make muscle and fat and bones, it is the best kind of +food. Here, again, it is the earth that sends us our food. Fat meat +comes from animals well fed on grain and grass; sugar, from sugar-cane, +maple-trees, or beets; oil, from olive-trees; butter, from cream; and +starch, from potatoes, and from corn, rice, and other grains. + +Green apples and other unripe fruits are not yet ready to be eaten. The +starch which we take for food has to be changed into sugar, before it +can mix with the blood and help feed the body. As the sun ripens fruit, +it changes its starch to sugar. You can tell this by the difference in +the taste of ripe and unripe apples. + + +CANDY. + +Most children like candy so well, that they are in danger of eating more +sugar than is good for them. You would starve if fed only on sugar. + +We would not need to be quite so much afraid of a little candy if it +were not for the poison with which it is often colored. + +Even what is called pure, white candy is sometimes not really such. +There is a simple way by which you can find this out for yourselves. + +If you put a spoonful of sugar into a tumbler of water, it will all +dissolve and disappear. Put a piece of white candy into a tumbler of +water; and, if it is made of pure sugar only, it will dissolve and +disappear. + +If it is not, you will find at the bottom of the tumbler some white +earth. This is not good food for anybody. Candy-makers often put it +into candy in place of sugar, because it is cheaper than sugar. + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. Why do we need food? + + 2. How do people get water to drink? + + 3. Why is it not safe to drink water that has been + standing in lead pipes? + + 4. Why is the water of a well that is near a drain + or a stable, not fit to drink? + + 5. What food do the bones need? + + 6. How do we get lime for our bones? + + 7. What is said about salt? + + 8. What food do the muscles need? + + 9. Name some flesh-making foods. + + 10. Why do we need fat in our bodies? + + 11. What is said of the fat made by alcohol? + + 12. What kinds of food will make good fat? + + 13. What do the Esquimaux eat? + + 14. How does the sun change unripe fruits? + + 15. Why is colored candy often poisonous? + + 16. What is sometimes put into white candy? Why? + + 17. How could you show this? + + + + +CHAPTER XII. + +HOW FOOD BECOMES PART OF THE BODY. + + +[Illustration: H]ERE, at last, is the bill of fare for our dinner: + + Roast beef, + Potatoes, + Tomatoes, + Squash, + Bread, + Butter, + Salt, + Water, + Peaches, + Bananas, + Oranges, + Grapes. + +What must be done first, with the different kinds of food that are to +make up this dinner? + +The meat, vegetables, and bread must be cooked. Cooking prepares them to +be easily worked upon by the mouth and stomach. If they were not cooked, +this work would be very hard. Instead of going on quietly and without +letting us know any thing about it, there would be pains and aches in +the overworked stomach. + +The fruit is not cooked by a fire; but we might almost say the sun had +cooked it, for the sun has ripened and sweetened it. + +When you are older, some of you may have charge of the cooking in your +homes. You must then remember that food well cooked is worth twice as +much as food poorly cooked. + +"A good cook has more to do with the health of the family, than a good +doctor." + + +THE SALIVA. + +Next to the cooking comes the eating. + +As soon as we begin to chew our food, a juice in the mouth, called +saliva (sa lī´vá), moistens and mixes with it. + +Saliva has the wonderful power of turning starch into sugar; and the +starch in our food needs to be turned into sugar, before it can be taken +into the blood. + +You can prove for yourselves that saliva can turn starch into sugar. +Chew slowly a piece of dry cracker. The cracker is made mostly of +starch, because wheat is full of starch. At first, the cracker is dry +and tasteless. Soon, however, you find it tastes sweet; the saliva is +changing the starch into sugar. + +All your food should be eaten slowly and chewed well, so that the saliva +may be able to mix with it. Otherwise, the starch may not be changed; +and if one part of your body neglects its work, another part will have +more than its share to do. That is hardly fair. + +If you swallow your food in a hurry and do not let the saliva do its +work, the stomach will have extra work. But it will find it hard to do +more than its own part, and, perhaps, will complain. + +It can not speak in words; but will by aching, and that is almost as +plain as words. + + +SWALLOWING. + +Next to the chewing, comes the swallowing. Is there any thing wonderful +about that? + +We have two passages leading down our throats. One is to the lungs, for +breathing; the other, to the stomach, for swallowing. + +Do you wonder why the food does not sometimes go down the wrong way? + +The windpipe leading to the lungs is in front of the other tube. It has +at its top a little trap-door. This opens when we breathe and shuts when +we swallow, so that the food slips over it safely into the passage +behind, which leads to the stomach. + +If you try to speak while you have food in your mouth, this little door +has to open, and some bit of food may slip in. The windpipe will not +pass it to the lungs, but tries to force it back. Then we say the food +chokes us. If the windpipe can not succeed in forcing back the food, the +person will die. + + +HOW THE FOOD IS CARRIED THROUGH THE BODY. + +But we will suppose that the food of our dinner has gone safely down +into the stomach. There the stomach works it over, and mixes in gastric +juice, until it is all a gray fluid. + +Now it is ready to go into the intestines,--a long, coiled tube which +leads out of the stomach,--from which the prepared food is taken into +the blood. + +The blood carries it to the heart. The heart pumps it out with the blood +into the lungs, and then all through the body, to make bone, and muscle, +and skin, and hair, and eyes, and brain. + +Besides feeding all these parts, this dinner can help to mend any parts +that may be broken. + +Suppose a boy should break one of the bones of his arm, how could it be +mended? + +If you should bind together the two parts of a broken stick and leave +them a while, do you think they would grow together? + +No, indeed! + +But the doctor could carefully bind together the ends of the broken bone +in the boy's arm and leave it for awhile, and the blood would bring it +bone food every day, until it had grown together again. + +So a dinner can both make and mend the different parts of the body. + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. What shall we have for dinner? + + 2. What is the first thing to do to our food? + + 3. Why do we cook meat and vegetables? + + 4. Why do not ripe fruits need cooking? + + 5. What is said about a good cook? + + 6. What is the first thing to do after taking the + food into your mouth? + + 7. Why must you chew it? + + 8. What does the saliva do to the food? + + 9. How can you prove that saliva turns starch into + sugar? + + 10. What happens if the food is not chewed and + mixed with the saliva? + + 11. What comes next to the chewing? + + 12. What is there wonderful about swallowing? + + 13. What must you be careful about, when you are + swallowing? + + 14. What happens to the food after it is + swallowed? + + 15. How is it changed in the stomach? + + 16. What carries the food to every part of the + body? + + 17. How can food mend a bone? + + + + +CHAPTER XIII. + +STRENGTH. + + +[Illustration: H]ERE are the names of some of the different kinds of +food. If you write them on the blackboard or on your slates, it will +help you to remember them. + + _Water._ _Salt._ _Lime._ + + Meat, } Sugar, } + Milk, } Starch, } + Eggs, } Fat, } for fat and heat. + Wheat, } for muscles. Cream, } + Corn, } Oil, } + Oats, } + +Perhaps some of you noticed that we had no wine, beer, nor any drink +that had alcohol in it, on our bill of fare for dinner. We had no +cigars, either, to be smoked after dinner. If these are good things, we +ought to have had them. Why did we leave them out? + + _We should eat in order to grow strong and keep strong._ + + +STRENGTH OF BODY. + +If you wanted to measure your strength, one way of doing so would be to +fasten a heavy weight to one end of a rope and pass the rope over a +pulley. Then you might take hold at the other end of the rope and pull +as hard and steadily as you could, marking the place to which you raised +the weight. By trying this once a week, or once a month, you could tell +by the marks, whether you were gaining strength. + +But how can we gain strength? + +We must exercise in the open air, and take pure air into our lungs to +help purify our blood, and plenty of exercise to make our muscles grow. + +We must eat good and simple food, that the blood may have supplies to +take to every part of the body. + + +ALCOHOL AND STRENGTH. + +People used to think that alcohol made them strong. + +Can alcohol make good muscles, or bone, or nerve, or brain? + +You have already answered "No!" to each of these questions. + +If it can not make muscles, nor bone nor nerve, nor brain, it can not +give you any strength. + + +BEER. + +Some people may tell you that drinking beer will make you strong. + +The grain from which the beer is made, would have given you strength. If +you should measure your strength before and after drinking beer, you +would find that you had not gained any. Most of the food part of the +grain has been turned into alcohol. + + +CIDER. + +The juice of crushed apples, you know, is called cider. As soon as the +cider begins to turn sour, or "hard," as people say, alcohol begins to +form in it. + +Pure water is good, and apples are good. But the apple-juice begins to +be a poison as soon as there is the least drop of alcohol in it. In +cider-making, the alcohol forms in the juice, you know, in a few hours +after it is pressed out of the apples. + +None of the drinks in which there is alcohol, can give you real +strength. + +Then why do people think they can? + +Because alcohol puts the nerves to sleep, they can not, truly, tell the +brain how hard the work is, or how heavy the weight to be lifted. + +The alcohol has in this way cheated men into thinking they can do more +than they really can. This false feeling of strength lasts only a little +while. When it has passed, men feel weaker than before. + +A story which shows that alcohol does not give strength, was told me by +the captain of a ship, who sailed to China and other distant places. + +Many years ago, when people thought a little alcohol was good, it was +the custom to carry in every ship, a great deal of rum. This liquor is +distilled from molasses and contains about one half alcohol. This rum +was given to the sailors every day to drink; and, if there was a great +storm, and they had very hard work to do, it was the custom to give +them twice as much rum as usual. + +[Illustration] + +The captain watched his men and saw that they were really made no +stronger by drinking the rum; but that, after a little while, they felt +weaker. So he determined to go to sea with no rum in his ship. Once out +on the ocean, of course the men could not get any. + +At first, they did not like it; but the captain was very careful to have +their food good and plentiful; and, when a storm came, and they were wet +and cold and tired, he gave them hot coffee to drink. By the time they +had crossed the ocean, the men said: "The captain is right. We have +worked better, and we feel stronger, for going without the rum." + + +STRENGTH OF MIND. + +We have been talking about the strength of muscles; but the very best +kind of strength we have is brain strength, or strength of mind. + +Alcohol makes the head ache and deadens the nerves, so that they can +not carry their messages correctly. Then the brain can not think well. +Alcohol does not strengthen the mind. + +Some people have little or no money, and no houses or lands; but every +person ought to own a body and a mind that can work for him, and make +him useful and happy. + +Suppose you have a strong, healthy body, hands that are well-trained to +work, and a clear, thinking brain to be master of the whole. Would you +be willing to change places with a man whose body and mind had been +poisoned by alcohol, tobacco, and opium, even though he lived in a +palace, and had a million of dollars? + +If you want a mind that can study, understand, and think well, do not +let alcohol and tobacco have a chance to reach it. + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. What things were left out of our bill of fare? + + 2. How could you measure your strength? + + 3. How can you gain strength? + + 4. Why does drinking beer not make you strong? + + 5. Show why drinking wine or any other alcoholic + drink will not make you strong. + + 6. Why do people imagine that they feel strong + after taking these drinks? + + 7. Tell the story which shows that alcohol does + not help sailors do their work. + + 8. What is the best kind of strength to have? + + 9. How does alcohol affect the strength of the + mind? + + + + +CHAPTER XIV. + +THE HEART. + + +[Illustration: T]HE heart is in the chest, the upper part of the strong +box which the ribs, spine, shoulder-blades, and collar-bones make for +each of us. + +It is made of very thick, strong muscles, as you can see by looking at a +beef's heart, which is much like a man's, but larger. + + +HOW THE HEART WORKS. + +Probably some of you have seen a fire-engine throwing a stream of water +through a hose upon a burning building. + +As the engine forces the water through the hose, so the heart, by the +working of its strong muscles, pumps the blood through tubes, shaped +like hose, which lead by thousands of little branches all through the +body. These tubes are called arteries (är´tĕr iz). + +Those tubes which bring the blood back again to the heart, are called +veins (vānz). You can see some of the smaller veins in your wrist. + +If you press your finger upon an artery in your wrist, you can feel the +steady beating of the pulse. This tells just how fast the heart is +pumping and the blood flowing. + +The doctor feels your pulse when you are sick, to find out whether the +heart is working too fast, or too slowly, or just right. + +Some way is needed to send the gray fluid that is made from the food we +eat and drink, to every part of the body. + +To send the food with the blood is a sure way of making it reach every +part. + +So, when the stomach has prepared the food, the blood takes it up and +carries it to every part of the body. It then leaves with each part, +just what it needs. + + +THE BLOOD AND THE BRAIN. + +As the brain has so much work to attend to, it must have very pure, good +blood sent to it, to keep it strong. Good blood is made from good food. +It can not be good if it has been poisoned with alcohol or tobacco. + +We must also remember that the brain needs a great deal of blood. If we +take alcohol into our blood, much of it goes to the brain. There it +affects the nerves, and makes a man lose control over his actions. + + +EXERCISE. + +When you run, you can feel your heart beating. It gets an instant of +rest between the beats. + +Good exercise in the fresh air makes the heart work well and warms the +body better than a fire could do. + + +DOES ALCOHOL DO ANY HARM TO THE HEART? + +Your heart is made of muscle. You know what harm alcohol does to the +muscles. + +Could a fatty heart work as well as a muscular heart? No more than a +fatty arm could do the work of a muscular arm. Besides, alcohol makes +the heart beat too fast, and so it gets too tired. + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. Where is the heart placed? + + 2. Of what is it made? + + 3. What work does it do? + + 4. What are arteries and veins? + + 5. What does the pulse tell us? + + 6. How does the food we eat reach all parts of the + body? + + 7. How does alcohol in the blood affect the brain? + + 8. When does the heart rest? + + 9. How does exercise in the fresh air help the + heart? + + 10. What harm does alcohol do to the heart? + + + + +CHAPTER XV. + +THE LUNGS. + + +[Illustration: T]HE blood flows all through the body, carrying good food +to every part. It also gathers up from every part the worn-out matter +that can no longer be used. By the time it is ready to be sent back by +the veins, the blood is no longer pure and red. It is dull and bluish in +color, because it is full of impurities. + +If you look at the veins in your wrist, you will see that they look +blue. + +If all this bad blood goes back to the heart, will the heart have to +pump out bad blood next time? No, for the heart has neighbors very near +at hand, ready to change the bad blood to pure, red blood again. + + +THE LUNGS. + +These neighbors are the lungs. They are in the chest on each side of +the heart. When you breathe, their little air-cells swell out, or +expand, to take in the air. Then they contract again, and the air passes +out through your mouth or nose. The lungs must have plenty of fresh air, +and plenty of room to work in. + +[Illustration: _The lungs, heart, and air-passages._] + +If your clothes are too tight and the lungs do not have room to expand, +they can not take in so much air as they should. Then the blood can not +be made pure, and the whole body will suffer. + +For every good breath of fresh air, the lungs take in, they send out one +of impure air. + +In this way, by taking out what is bad, they prepare the blood to go +back to the heart pure and red, and to be pumped out through the body +again. + +How the lungs can use the fresh air for doing this good work, you can +not yet understand. By and by, when you are older, you will learn more +about it. + + +CARE OF THE LUNGS. + +Do the lungs ever rest? + +You never stop breathing, not even in the night. But if you watch your +own breathing you will notice a little pause between the breaths. Each +pause is a rest. But the lungs are very steady workers, both by night +and by day. The least we can do for them, is to give them fresh air and +plenty of room to work in. + +You may say: "We can't give them more room than they have. They are +shut up in our chests." + +I have seen people who wore such tight clothes that their lungs did not +have room to take a full breath. If any part of the lungs can not +expand, it will become useless. If your lungs can not take in air enough +to purify the blood, you can not be so well and strong as God intended, +and your life will be shortened. + +If some one was sewing for you, you would not think of shutting her up +in a little place where she could not move her hands freely. The lungs +are breathing for you, and need room enough to do their work. + + +THE AIR. + +The lungs breathe out the waste matter that they have taken from the +blood. This waste matter poisons the air. If we should close all the +doors and windows, and the fireplace or opening into the chimney, and +leave not even a crack by which the fresh air could come in, we would +die simply from staying in such a room. The lungs could not do their +work for the blood, and the blood could not do its work for the body. + +Impure air-will poison you. You should not breathe it. If your head +aches, and you feel dull and sleepy from being in a close room, a run in +the fresh air will make you feel better. + +The good, pure air makes your blood pure; and the blood then flows +quickly through your whole body and refreshes every part. + +We must be careful not to stay in close rooms in the day-time, nor sleep +in close rooms at night. We must not keep out the fresh air that our +bodies so much need. + +It is better to breathe through the nose than through the mouth. You can +soon learn to do so, if you try to keep your mouth shut when walking or +running. + +If you keep the mouth shut and breathe through the nose, the little +hairs on the inside of the nose will catch the dust or other impurities +that are floating in the air, and so save their going to the lungs. You +will get out of breath less quickly when running if you keep your mouth +shut. + + +DOES ALCOHOL DO ANY HARM TO THE LUNGS? + +The little air-cells of the lungs have very delicate muscular (mŭs´ku +lar) walls. Every time we breathe, these walls have to move. The muscles +of the chest must also move, as you can all notice in yourselves, as you +breathe. + +All this muscular work, as well as that of the stomach and heart, is +directed by the nerves. + +You have learned already what alcohol will do to muscles and nerves, so +you are ready to answer for stomach, for heart, and for lungs. Is +alcohol a help to them? + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. Besides carrying food all over the body, what + other work does the blood do? + + 2. Why does the blood in the veins look blue? + + 3. Where is the blood made pure and red again? + + 4. Where is it sent, from the lungs? + + 5. What must the lungs have in order to do this + work? + + 6. When do the lungs rest? + + 7. Why should we not wear tight clothes? + + 8. How does the air in a room become spoiled? + + 9. How can we keep it fresh and pure? + + 10. How should we breathe? + + 11. Why is it better to breathe through the nose + than through the mouth? + + 12. Why is alcohol not good for the lungs? + + + + +CHAPTER XVI. + +THE SKIN. + + +[Illustration: T]HERE is another part of your body carrying away waste +matter all the time--it is the skin. + +The body is covered with skin. It is also lined with a more delicate +kind of skin. You can see where the outside skin and the lining skin +meet at your lips. + +There is a thin outside layer of skin which we can pull off without +hurting ourselves; but I advise you not to do so. Because under the +outside skin is the true skin, which is so full of little nerves that it +will feel the least touch as pain. When the outer skin, which protects +it, is torn away, we must cover the true skin to keep it from harm. + +In hot weather, or when any one has been working or playing hard, the +face, and sometimes the whole body, is covered with little drops of +water. We call these drops perspiration (pẽr spĭ rā´shŭn). + +[Illustration: _Perspiratory tube._] + +Where does it come from? It comes through many tiny holes in the skin, +called pores (pōrz). Every pore is the mouth of a tiny tube which is +carrying off waste matter and water from your body. If you could piece +together all these little perspiration tubes that are in the skin of one +person, they would make a line more than three miles long. + +Sometimes, you can not see the perspiration, because there is not enough +of it to form drops. But it is always coming out through your skin, both +in winter and summer. Your body is kept healthy by having its worn-out +matter carried off in this way, as well as in other ways. + + +THE NAILS. + +The nails grow from the skin. + +The finger nails are little shields to protect the ends of your fingers +from getting hurt. These finger ends are full of tiny nerves, and would +be badly off without such shields. No one likes to see nails that have +been bitten. + + +CARE OF THE SKIN. + +Waste matter is all the time passing out through the perspiration tubes +in the skin. This waste matter must not be left to clog up the little +openings of the tubes. It should be washed off with soap and water. + +When children have been playing out-of-doors, they often have very dirty +hands and faces. Any one can see, then, that they need to be washed. But +even if they had been in the cleanest place all day and had not touched +any thing dirty, they would still need the washing; for the waste matter +that comes from the inside of the body is just as hurtful as the mud or +dust of the street. You do not see it so plainly, because it comes out +very little at a time. Wash it off well, and your skin will be fresh and +healthy, and able to do its work. If the skin could not do its work, you +would die. + +Do not keep on your rubber boots or shoes all through school-time. +Rubber will not let the perspiration pass off, so the little pores get +clogged and your feet begin to feel uncomfortable, or your head may +ache. No part can fail to do its work without causing trouble to the +rest of the body. But you should always wear rubbers out-of-doors when +the ground is wet. Certainly, they are very useful then. + +When you are out in the fresh air, you are giving the other parts of +your body such a good chance to perspire, that your feet can bear a +little shutting up. But as soon as you come into the house, take the +rubbers off. + +Now that you know what the skin is doing all the time, you will +understand that the clothes worn next to your skin are full of little +worn-out particles, brought out by the perspiration. When these clothes +are taken off at night, they should be so spread out, that they will +air well before morning. Never wear any of the clothes through the +night, that you have worn during the day. + +Do not roll up your night-dress in the morning and put it under your +pillow. Give it first a good airing at the window and then hang it where +the air can reach it all day. By so doing, you will have sweeter sleep +at night. + +You are old enough to throw the bed-clothes off from the bed, before +leaving your rooms in the morning. In this way, the bed and bed-clothes +may have a good airing. Be sure to give them time enough for this. + + +WORK OF THE BODY. + +You have now learned about four important kinds of work:-- + +1st. The stomach prepares the food for the blood to take. + +2d. The blood is pumped out of the heart to carry food to every part of +the body, and to take away worn-out matter. + +3d. The lungs use fresh air in making the dark, impure blood, bright and +pure again. + +4th. The skin carries away waste matter through the little perspiration +tubes. + +All this work goes on, day and night, without our needing to think about +it at all; for messages are sent to the muscles by the nerves which keep +them faithfully at work, whether we know it or not. + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. What covers the body? + + 2. What lines the body? + + 3. Where are the nerves of the skin? + + 4. What is perspiration? What is the common name + for it? + + 5. What are the pores of the skin? + + 6. How does the perspiration help to keep you + well? + + 7. Of what use are the nails? + + 8. How should they be kept? + + 9. What care should be taken of the skin? + + 10. Why should you not wear rubber boots or + overshoes in the house? + + 11. Why should you change under-clothing night and + morning? + + 12. Where should the night-dress be placed in the + morning? + + 13. What should be done with the bed-clothes? Why? + + 14. Name the four kinds of work about which you + have learned. + + 15. How are the organs of the body kept at work? + + + + +CHAPTER XVII. + +THE SENSES. + + +[Illustration: W]E have five ways of learning about all things around +us. We can see them, touch them, taste them, smell them, or hear them. +Sight, touch, taste, smell, and hearing, are called the five senses. + +You already know something about them, for you are using them all the +time. + +In this lesson, you will learn a little more about seeing and hearing. + + +THE EYES. + +In the middle of your eye is a round, black spot, called the pupil. This +pupil is only a hole with a muscle around it. When you are in the light, +the muscle draws up, and makes the pupil small, because you can get all +the light you need through a small opening. When you are in the dark, +the muscle stretches, and opens the pupil wide to let in more light. + +The pupils of the cat's eyes are very large in the dark. They want all +the light they can get, to see if there are any mice about. + +[Illustration: _The eyelashes and the tear-glands._] + +The pupil of the eye opens into a little, round room where the nerve of +sight is. This is a safe place for this delicate nerve, which can not +bear too much light. It carries to the brain an account of every thing +we see. + +We might say the eye is taking pictures for us all day long, and that +the nerve of sight is describing these pictures to the brain. + + +CARE OF THE EYES. + +The nerves of sight need great care, for they are very delicate. + +Do not face a bright light when you are reading or studying. While +writing, you should sit so that the light will come from the left side; +then the shadow of your hand will not fall upon your work. + +One or two true stories may help you to remember that you must take good +care of your eyes. + +The nerve of sight can not bear too bright a light. It asks to have the +pupil made small, and even the eyelid curtains put down, when the light +is too strong. + +Once, there was a boy who said boastfully to his playmates: "Let us see +which of us can look straight at the sun for the longest time." + +Then they foolishly began to look at the sun. The delicate nerves of +sight felt a sharp pain, and begged to have the pupils made as small as +possible and the eyelid curtains put down. + +But the foolish boys said "No." They were trying to see which would bear +it the longest. Great harm was done to the brains as well as eyes of +both these boys. The one who looked longest at the sun died in +consequence of his foolish act. + +The second story is about a little boy who tried to turn his eyes to +imitate a schoolmate who was cross-eyed. He turned them; but he could +not turn them back again. Although he is now a gentleman more than fifty +years old and has had much painful work done upon his eyes, the doctors +have never been able to set them quite right. + +You see from the first story, that you must be careful not to give your +eyes too much light. But you must also be sure to give them light +enough. + +When one tries to read in the twilight, the little nerve of sight says: +"Give me more light; I am hurt, by trying to see in the dark." + +If you should kill these delicate nerves, no others would ever grow in +place of them, and you would never be able to see again. + + +THE EARS. + +What you call your ears are only pieces of gristle, so curved as to +catch the sounds and pass them along to the true ears. These are deeper +in the head, where the nerve of hearing is waiting to send an account +of each sound to the brain. + + +CARE OF THE EARS. + +The ear nerve is in less danger than that of the eye. Careless children +sometimes put pins into their ears and so break the "drum." That is a +very bad thing to do. Use only a soft towel in washing your ears. You +should never put any thing hard or sharp into them. + +I must tell you a short ear story, about my father, when he was a small +boy. + +One day, when playing on the floor, he laid his ear to the crack of the +door, to feel the wind blow into it. He was so young that he did not +know it was wrong; but the next day he had the earache severely. +Although he lived to be an old man, he often had the earache. He thought +it began from the time when the wind blew into his ear from under that +door. + + +ALCOHOL AND THE SENSES. + +All this fine work of touching, tasting, seeing, smelling, and hearing, +is nerve work. + +The man who is in the habit of using alcoholic drinks can not touch, +taste, see, smell, or hear so well as he ought. His hands tremble, his +speech is sometimes thick, and often he can not walk straight. +Sometimes, he thinks he sees things when he does not, because his poor +nerves are so confused by alcohol that they can not do their work. + +Answer now for your taste, smell, and touch, and also for your sight and +hearing; should their beautiful work be spoiled by alcohol? + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. Name the five senses. + + 2. What is the pupil of the eye? + + 3. How is it made larger or smaller? + + 4. Why does it change in size? + + 5. What can a cat's eyes do? + + 6. Where is the nerve of the eye? + + 7. What work does it do? + + 8. Why must one be careful of his eyes? + + 9. Where should the light be for reading or + studying? + + 10. Tell the story of the boys who looked at the + sun. + + 11. Tell the story of the boy who made himself + cross-eyed. + + 12. Why should you not read in the twilight? + + 13. What would be the result, if you should kill + the nerves of sight? + + 14. Where are the true ears? + + 15. How may the nerves of hearing be injured? + + 16. Tell the story of the boy who injured his ear. + + 17. How is the work of the senses affected by + drinking liquor? + + + + +CHAPTER XVIII. + +HEAT AND COLD. + + +WHAT MAKES US WARM? + +"[Illustration: M]Y thick, warm clothes make me warm," says some child. + +No! Your thick, warm clothes keep you warm. They do not make you warm. + +Take a brisk run, and your blood will flow faster and you will be warm +very quickly. + +On a cold day, the teamster claps his hands and swings his arms to make +his blood flow quickly and warm him. + +Every child knows that he is warm inside; for if his fingers are cold, +he puts them into his mouth to warm them. + +If you should put a little thermometer into your mouth, or under your +tongue, the mercury (mẽr´ku r[)y]) would rise as high as it does out of +doors on a hot, summer day. + +This would be the same in summer or winter, in a warm country or a cold +one, if you were well and the work of your body was going on steadily. + + +WHERE DOES THIS HEAT COME FROM? + +Some of the work which is all the time going on inside your body, makes +this heat. + +The blood is thus warmed, and then it carries the heat to every part of +the body. The faster the blood flows, the more heat it brings, and the +warmer we feel. + +In children, the heart pumps from eighty to ninety times a minute. + +This is faster than it works in old people, and this is one reason why +children are generally much warmer than old people. + +But we are losing heat all the time. + +You may breathe in cold air; but that which you breathe out is warm. A +great deal of heat from your warm body is all the time passing off +through your skin, into the cooler air about you. For this reason, a +room full of people is much warmer than the same room when empty. + + +CLOTHING. + +We put on clothes to keep in the heat which we already have, and to +prevent the cold air from reaching our skins and carrying off too much +heat in that way. + +Most of you children are too young to choose what clothes you will wear. +Others decide for you. You know, however, that woolen under-garments +keep you warm in winter, and that thick boots and stockings should be +worn in cold weather. Thin dresses or boots may look pretty; but they +are not safe for winter wear, even at a party. + +A healthy, happy child, dressed in clothes which are suitable for the +season, is pleasanter to look at than one whose dress, though rich and +handsome, is not warm enough for health or comfort. + +When you feel cold, take exercise, if possible. This will make the hot +blood flow all through your body and warm it. If you can not, you should +put on more clothes, go to a warm room, in some way get warm and keep +warm, or the cold will make you sick. + + +TAKING COLD. + +If your skin is chilled, the tiny mouths of the perspiration tubes are +sometimes closed and can not throw out the waste matter. Then, if one +part fails to do its work, other parts must suffer. Perhaps the inside +skin becomes inflamed, or the throat and lungs, and you have a cold, or +a cough. + + +ALCOHOL AND COLD. + +People used to think that nothing would warm one so well on a cold day, +as a glass of whiskey, or other alcoholic drink. + +It is true that, if a person drinks a little alcohol, he will feel a +burning in the throat, and presently a glowing heat on the skin. + +The alcohol has made the hot blood rush into the tiny tubes near the +skin, and he thinks it has warmed him. + +But if all this heat comes to the skin, the cold air has a chance to +carry away more than usual. In a very little time, the drinker will be +colder than before. Perhaps he will not know it; for the cheating +alcohol will have deadened his nerves so that they send no message to +the brain. Then he may not have sense enough to put on more clothing and +may freeze. He may even, if it is very cold, freeze to death. + +People, who have not been drinking alcohol are sometimes frozen; but +they would have frozen much quicker if they had drunk it. + +Horse-car drivers and omnibus drivers have a hard time on a cold winter +day. They are often cheated into thinking that alcohol will keep them +warm; but doctors have learned that it is the water-drinkers who hold +out best against the cold. Alcohol can not really keep a person warm. + +All children are interested in stories about Arctic explorers, whose +ships get frozen into great ice-fields, who travel on sledges drawn by +dogs, and sometimes live in Esquimau huts, and drink oil, and eat walrus +meat. + +These men tell us that alcohol will not keep them warm, and you know +why. + +The hunters and trappers in the snowy regions of the Rocky Mountains say +the same thing. Alcohol not only can not keep them warm; but it lessens +their power to resist cold. + +[Illustration: _Scene in the Arctic regions._] + +Many of you have heard about the Greely party who were brought home from +the Arctic seas, after they had been starving and freezing for many +months. + +There were twenty-six men in all. Of these, nineteen died. Seven were +found alive by their rescuers; one of these died soon afterward. The +first man who died, was the only one of the party who had ever been a +drunkard. + +Of the nineteen who died, all but one used tobacco. Of the six now +living,--four never used tobacco at all; and the other two, very seldom. + +The tobacco was no real help to them in time of trouble. It had probably +weakened their stomachs, so that they could not make the best use of +such poor food as they had. + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. Why do you wear thick clothes in cold weather? + + 2. How can you prove that you are warm inside? + + 3. What makes this heat? + + 4. What carries this heat through your body? + + 5. How rapidly does your heart beat? + + 6. How are you losing heat all the time? + + 7. How can you warm yourself without going to the + fire? + + 8. Will alcohol make you warmer, or colder? + + 9. How does it cheat you into thinking that you + will be warmer for drinking it? + + 10. What do the people who travel in very cold + countries, tell us about the use of alcohol? + + 11. How did tobacco affect the men who went to the + Arctic seas with Lieutenant Greely? + + + + +CHAPTER XIX. + +WASTED MONEY. + + +COST OF ALCOHOL. + +[Illustration: N]OW that you have learned about your bodies, and what +alcohol will do to them, you ought also to know that alcohol costs a +great deal of money. Money spent for that which will do no good, but +only harm, is certainly wasted, and worse than wasted. + +If a boy or a girl save ten cents a week, it will take ten weeks to save +a dollar. + +You can all think of many good and pleasant ways to spend a dollar. What +would the beer-drinker do with it? If he takes two mugs of beer a day, +the dollar will be used up in ten days. But we ought not to say used, +because that word will make us think it was spent usefully. We will say, +instead, the dollar will be wasted, in ten days. + +If he spends it for wine or whiskey, it will go sooner, as these cost +more. If no money was spent for liquor in this country, people would not +so often be sick, or poor, or bad, or wretched. We should not need so +many policemen, and jails, and prisons, as we have now. If no liquor was +drunk, men, women, and children would be better and happier. + + +COST OF TOBACCO. + +Most of you have a little money of your own. Perhaps you earned a part, +or the whole of it, yourselves. You are planning what to do with it, and +that is a very pleasant kind of planning. + +Do you think it would be wise to make a dollar bill into a tight little +roll, light one end of it with a match, and then let it slowly burn up? +That would be wasting it, you say! (_See Frontispiece._) + +Yes! it would be wasted, if thus burned. It would be worse than wasted, +if, while burning, it should also hurt the person who held it. If you +should buy cigars or tobacco with your dollar, and smoke them, you could +soon burn up the dollar and hurt yourselves besides. + +Can you count a million? Can you count a hundred millions? Try some day +to do this counting. Then, when you begin to have some idea how much six +hundred millions is, remember that six hundred million dollars are spent +in this country every year for tobacco--burned up--wasted--worse than +wasted. + +Do you think the farmer who planted tobacco instead of corn, did any +good to the world by the change? + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. How may one waste money? + + 2. Name some good ways for spending money. + + 3. How does the liquor-drinker spend his money? + + 4. What could we do, if no money was spent for + liquor? + + 5. Tell two ways in which you could burn up a + dollar bill. + + 6. Which would be the safer way? + + 7. How much money is spent for tobacco, yearly, in + this country? + + * * * * * + +Transcriber's Notes: + +To denote the breve over the y the following notation was used [)y]. + +Obvious punctuation errors repaired. + +Page 104, Illustration, "Pe spiratory" changed to "Perspiratory" +(Perspiratory tube) + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Child's Health Primer For Primary +Classes, by Jane Andrews + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HEALTH PRIMER *** + +***** This file should be named 25646-0.txt or 25646-0.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/5/6/4/25646/ + +Produced by Stephen Hope, Joseph Cooper, Emmy and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + http://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/25646-0.zip b/25646-0.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..88dd7e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/25646-0.zip diff --git a/25646-8.txt b/25646-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..99678a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/25646-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3456 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Child's Health Primer For Primary Classes, by +Jane Andrews + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Child's Health Primer For Primary Classes + With Special Reference to the Effects of Alcoholic Drinks, + Stimulants, and Narcotics upon The Human System + +Author: Jane Andrews + +Release Date: May 30, 2008 [EBook #25646] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HEALTH PRIMER *** + + + + +Produced by Stephen Hope, Joseph Cooper, Emmy and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + + +CHILD'S HEALTH PRIMER. + +[Illustration: WASTING MONEY. (See p. 123.)] + + +PATHFINDER PHYSIOLOGY No. 1 + + + + +CHILD'S + +HEALTH PRIMER + +FOR PRIMARY CLASSES + + WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOLIC DRINKS, + STIMULANTS, AND NARCOTICS UPON THE HUMAN SYSTEM + + + INDORSED BY THE + SCIENTIFIC DEPARTMENT OF THE + WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNION + OF THE + UNITED STATES + + + COPYRIGHT, 1885 + A. S. BARNES & COMPANY + NEW YORK AND CHICAGO + + + + + PATHFINDER SERIES + OF TEXT BOOKS ON + ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, AND HYGIENE. + + With Special Reference to the Influence of Alcoholic + Drinks and Narcotics on the Human System. + + INDORSED BY THE SCIENTIFIC DEPARTMENT OF THE + WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNION OF THE UNITED + STATES. + + + I. + FOR PRIMARY GRADES. + THE CHILD'S HEALTH PRIMER. + 12mo. Cloth. + + An introduction to the study of the science, suited to + pupils of the ordinary third reader grade. + + Full of lively description and embellished by many apt + illustrations. + + + II. + FOR INTERMEDIATE CLASSES. + HYGIENE FOR YOUNG PEOPLE. + 12mo. Cloth. Beautifully illustrated. + + Suited to pupils able to read any fourth reader. + + An admirable elementary treatise upon the subject. + + The principles of the science more fully announced + and illustrated. + + + III. + FOR HIGH SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES. + HYGIENIC PHYSIOLOGY. + 12mo. Beautifully illustrated. + A MORE ELABORATE TREATISE. + + Prepared for the instruction of youth in the principles which + underlie the preservation of health and the + formation of correct physical habits. + + + + +PREFACE + + +As this little book goes to press, Massachusetts, by an act of its +legislature, is made the fourteenth state in this country that requires +the pupils in the primary, as well as in the higher grades of public +schools, to be taught the effects of alcoholics and other narcotics upon +the human system, in connection with other facts of physiology and +hygiene. + +The object of all this legislation is, not that the future citizen may +know the technical names of bones, nerves, and muscles, but that he may +have a _=timely=_ and _=forewarning=_ knowledge of the effects of +alcohol and other popular poisons upon the human body, and therefore +upon life and character. + +With every reason in favor of such education, and the law requiring it, +its practical tests in the school-room will result in failure, unless +there shall be ready for teacher and scholar, a well-arranged, simple, +and practical book, bringing these truths down to the capacity of the +child. + +A few years hence, when the results of this study in our Normal Schools +shall be realized in the preparation of the teacher, we can depend upon +her adapting oral lessons from advanced works on this theme, but now, +the average primary teacher brings to this study no experience, and +limited previous study. + +To meet this need, this work has been prepared. Technical terms have +been avoided, and only such facts of physiology developed as are +necessary to the treatment of the effects of alcohol, tobacco, opium, +and other truths of hygiene. + +To the children in the Primary Schools of this country, for whom it was +prepared, this work is dedicated. + + + + +[Illustration] + + + + +CONTENTS + + + CHAPTER PAGE + + FRONTISPIECE 2 + + TITLE-PAGE 3 + + PREFACE 5 + + CONTENTS 7 + + I.--JOINTS AND BONES 9 + + II.--MUSCLES 19 + + III.--NERVES 25 + + IV.--WHAT IS ALCOHOL? 37 + + V.--BEER 43 + + VI.--DISTILLING 47 + + VII.--ALCOHOL 50 + + VIII.--TOBACCO 53 + + IX.--OPIUM 59 + + X.--WHAT ARE ORGANS? 61 + + XI.--WHAT DOES THE BODY NEED FOR FOOD? 71 + + XII.--HOW FOOD BECOMES PART OF THE BODY 79 + + XIII.--STRENGTH 85 + + XIV.--THE HEART 93 + + XV.--THE LUNGS 97 + + XVI.--THE SKIN 103 + + XVII.--THE SENSES 109 + + XVIII.--HEAT AND COLD 115 + + XIX.--WASTED MONEY 122 + + + + +CHAPTER I. + +JOINTS AND BONES. + + +[Illustration: L]ITTLE girls like a jointed doll to play with, because +they can bend such a doll in eight or ten places, make it stand or sit, +or can even play that it is walking. + +[Illustration: _Jointed dolls._] + +As you study your own bodies to-day, you will find that you each have +better joints than any dolls that can be bought at a toy shop. + + +HINGE-JOINTS. + +Some of your joints work like the hinges of a door, and these are called +hinge-joints. + +You can find them in your elbows, knees, fingers, and toes. + +How many hinge-joints can you find? + +Think how many hinges must be used by the boy who takes off his hat and +makes a polite bow to his teacher, when she meets him on the street. + +How many hinges do you use in running up-stairs, opening the door, +buttoning your coat or your boots, playing ball or digging in your +garden? + +You see that we use these hinges nearly all the time. We could not do +without them. + + +BALL AND SOCKET JOINTS. + +All our joints are not hinge-joints. + +Your shoulder has a joint that lets your arm swing round and round, as +well as move up and down. + +Your hip has another that lets your leg move in much the same way. + +[Illustration: _The hip-joint._] + +This kind of joint is the round end or ball of a long bone, which moves +in a hole, called a socket. + +Your joints do not creak or get out of order, as those of doors and +gates sometimes do. A soft, smooth fluid, much like the white of an egg, +keeps them moist and makes them work easily. + + +BONES. + +What parts of our bodies are jointed together so nicely? Our bones. + +How many bones have we? + +If you should count all your bones, you would find that each of you has +about two hundred. + +Some are large; and some, very small. + +There are long-hones in your legs and arms, and many short ones in your +fingers and toes. The backbone is called the spine. + +[Illustration: _Backbone of a fish._] + +If you look at the backbone of a fish, you can see that it is made up-of +many little bones. Your own spine is formed in much the same way, of +twenty-four small bones. An elastic cushion of gristle (gr[)i]sl) fits +nicely in between each little bone and the next. + +When you bend, these cushions are pressed together on one side and +stretched on the other. They settle back into their first shape, as +soon as you stand straight again. + +If you ever rode in a wheelbarrow, or a cart without springs, you know +what a jolting it gave you. These little spring cushions keep you from +being shaken even more severely every time you move. + +Twenty-four ribs, twelve on each side, curve around from the spine to +the front, or breast, bone. (_See page 38._) + +They are so covered with flesh that perhaps you can not feel and count +them; but they are there. + +Then you have two flat shoulder-blades, and two collar-bones that almost +meet in front, just where your collar fastens. + +Of what are the bones made? + +Take two little bones, such as those from the legs or wings of a +chicken, put one of them into the fire, when it is not very hot, and +leave it there two or three hours. Soak the other bone in some weak +muriatic (m[=u] r[)i] [)a]t[)i]k) acid. This acid can be bought of any +druggist. + +You will have to be careful in taking the bone out of the fire, for it +is all ready to break. If you strike it a quick blow, it will crumble to +dust. This dust we call lime, and it is very much like the lime from +which the mason makes mortar. + +[Illustration: _Bone tied to a knot._] + +The acid has taken the lime from the other bone, so only the part which +is not lime is left. You will be surprised to see how easily it will +bend. You can twist it and tie it into a knot; but it will not easily +break. + +You have seen gristle in meat. This soft part of the bone is gristle. + +Children's bones have more gristle than those of older people; so +children's bones bend easily. + +I know a lady who has one leg shorter than the other. This makes her +lame, and she has to wear a boot with iron supports three or four inches +high, in order to walk at all. + +One day she told me how she became lame. + +"I remember," she said, "when I was between three and four years old, +sitting one day in my high chair at the table, and twisting one foot +under the little step of the chair. The next morning I felt lame; but +nobody could tell what was the matter. At last, the doctors found out +that the trouble all came from that twist. It had gone too far to be +cured. Before I had this boot, I could only walk with a crutch." + + +CARE OF THE SPINE. + +Because the spine is made of little bones with cushions between them, it +bends easily, and children sometimes bend it more than they ought. + +If you lean over your book or your writing or any other work, the +elastic cushions may get so pressed on the inner edge that they do not +easily spring back into shape. In this way, you may grow +round-shouldered or hump-backed. + +This bending over, also cramps the lungs, so that they do not have all +the room they need for breathing. While you are young, your bones are +easily bent. One shoulder or one hip gets higher than the other, if you +stand unevenly. This is more serious, because you are growing, and you +may grow crooked before you know it. + +Now that you know how soft your bones are, and how easily they bend, you +will surely be careful to sit and stand erect. Do not twist your legs, +or arms, or shoulders; for you want to grow into straight and graceful +men and women, instead of being round-shouldered, or hump-backed, or +lame, all your lives. + +When people are old, their bones contain more lime, and, therefore, +break more easily. + +You should be kindly helpful to old people, so that they may not fall, +and possibly break their bones. + + +CARE OF THE FEET. + +Healthy children are always out-growing their shoes, and sometimes +faster than they wear them out. Tight shoes cause corns and in-growing +nails and other sore places on the feet. All of these are very hard to +get rid of. No one should wear a shoe that pinches or hurts the foot. + + +OUGHT A BOY TO USE TOBACCO? + +Perhaps some boy will say: "Grown people are always telling us, 'this +will do for men, but it is not good for boys.'" + +Tobacco is not good for men; but there is a very good reason why it is +worse for boys. + +If you were going to build a house, would it be wise for you to put into +the stone-work of the cellar something that would make it less strong? + +Something into the brick-work or the mortar, the wood-work or the nails, +the walls or the chimneys, that would make them weak and tottering, +instead of strong and steady? + +It would he had enough if you should repair your house with poor +materials; but surely it must be built in the first place with the best +you can get. + +You will soon learn that boys and girls are building their bodies, day +after day, until at last they reach full size. + +Afterward, they must be repaired as fast as they wear out. + +It would be foolish to build any part in a way to make it weaker than +need be. + +Wise doctors have said that the boy who uses tobacco while he is +growing, makes every part of his body less strong than it otherwise +would be. Even his bones will not grow so well. + +Boys who smoke can not become such large, fine-looking men as they would +if they did not smoke. + +Cigarettes are small, but they are very poisonous. Chewing tobacco is a +worse and more filthy habit even than smoking. The frequent spitting it +causes is disgusting to others and hurts the health of the chewer. +Tobacco in any form is a great enemy to youth. It stunts the growth, +hurts the mind, and cripples in every way the boy or girl who uses it. + +Not that it does all this to every youth who smokes, but it is always +true that no boy of seven to fourteen can begin to smoke or chew and +have so fine a body and mind when he is twenty-one years old as he would +have had if he had never used tobacco. If you want to be strong and well +men and women, do not use tobacco in any form. + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. What two kinds of joints have you? + + 2. Describe each kind. + + 3. Find as many of each kind as you can. + + 4. How are the joints kept moist? + + 5. How many bones are there in your whole body? + + 6. Count the bones in your hand. + + 7. Of how many bones is your spine made? + + 8. Why could you not use it so well if it were all + in one piece? + + 9. What is the use of the little cushions between + the bones of the spine? + + 10. How many ribs have you? + + 11. Where are they? + + 12. Where are the shoulder-blades? + + 13. Where are the collar-bones? + + 14. What are bones made of? + + 15. How can we show this? + + 16. What is the difference between the bones of + children and the bones of old people? + + 17. Why do children's bones bend easily? + + 18. Tell the story of the lame lady. + + 19. What does this story teach you? + + 20. What happens if you lean over your desk or + work? + + 21. How will this position injure your lungs? + + 22. What other bones may be injured by wrong + positions? + + 23. Why do old people's bones break easily? + + 24. How should the feet be cared for? + + 25. How does tobacco affect the bones? + + 26. What do doctors say of its use? + + 27. What is said about cigarettes? + + 28. What about chewing tobacco? + + 29. To whom is tobacco a great enemy? Why? + + 30. What is always true of its use by youth? + + + + +CHAPTER II. + +MUSCLES. + + +[Illustration: W]HAT makes the limbs move? + +You have to take hold of the door to move it back and forth; but you +need not take hold of your arm to move that. + +What makes it move? + +Sometimes a door or gate is made to shut itself, if you leave it open. + +This can be done by means of a wide rubber strap, one end of which is +fastened to the frame of the door near the hinge, and the other end to +the door, out near its edge. + +When we push open the door, the rubber strap is stretched; but as soon +as we have passed through, the strap tightens, draws the door back, and +shuts it. + +If you stretch out your right arm, and clasp the upper part tightly with +your left hand, then work the elbow joint strongly back and forth, you +can feel something under your hand draw up, and then lengthen out again, +each time you bend the joint. + +What you feel, is a muscle (m[)u]ssl), and it works your joints very +much as the rubber strap works the hinge of the door. + +One end of the muscle is fastened to the bone just below the elbow +joint; and the other end, higher up above the joint. + +When it tightens, or contracts, as we say, it bends the joint. When the +arm is straightened, the muscle returns to its first shape. + +There is another muscle on the outside of the arm which stretches when +this one shortens, and so helps the working of the joint. + +Every joint has two or more muscles of its own to work it. + +Think how many there must be in our fingers! + +If we should undertake to count all the muscles that move our whole +bodies, it would need more counting than some of you could do. + + +TENDONS. + +You can see muscles on the dinner table; for they are only lean meat. + +[Illustration: _Tendons of the hand._] + +They are fastened to the bones by strong cords, called tendons +(t[)e]nd[)o]nz). These tendons can be seen in the leg of a chicken or +turkey. They sometimes hold the meat so firmly that it is hard for you +to get it off. When you next try to pick a "drum-stick," remember that +you are eating the strong muscles by which the chicken or turkey moved +his legs as he walked about the yard. The parts that have the most work +to do, need the strongest muscles. + +Did you ever see the swallows flying about the eaves of a barn? + +Do they have very stout legs? No! They have very small legs and feet, +because they do not need to walk. They need to fly. + +The muscles that move the wings are fastened to the breast. These breast +muscles of the swallow must be large and strong. + + +EXERCISE OF THE MUSCLES. + +People who work hard with any part of the body make the muscles of that +part very strong. + +The blacksmith has big, strong muscles in his arms because he uses them +so much. + +You are using your muscles every day, and this helps them to grow. + +Once I saw a little girl who had been very sick. She had to lie in bed +for many weeks. Before her sickness she had plenty of stout muscles in +her arms and legs and was running about the house from morning till +night, carrying her big doll in her arms. + +After her sickness, she could hardly walk ten steps, and would rather +sit and look at her playthings than try to lift them. She had to make +new muscles as fast as possible. + +Running, coasting, games of ball, and all brisk play and work, help to +make strong muscles. + +Idle habits make weak muscles. So idleness is an enemy to the muscles. + +There is another enemy to the muscles about which I must tell you. + + +WHAT ALCOHOL WILL DO TO THE MUSCLES. + +Muscles are lean meat. Fat meat could not work your joints for you as +the muscles do. Alcohol often changes a part of the muscles to fat, and +so takes away a part of their strength. In this way, people often grow +very fleshy from drinking beer, because it contains alcohol, as you will +soon learn. But they can not work any better on account of having this +fat. They are not really any stronger for it. + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. How are the joints moved? + + 2. Where are the muscles in your arms, which help + you to move your elbows? + + 3. Show why joints must have muscles. + + 4. What do we call the muscles of the lower + animals? + + 5. What fasten the muscles to the bones? + + 6. Why do chickens and turkeys need strong muscles + in their legs? + + 7. Why do swallows need strong breast muscles? + + 8. What makes the muscles of the blacksmith's arm + so strong? + + 9. What will make your muscles strong? + + 10. What will make them weak? + + 11. What does alcohol often do to the muscles? + + 12. Can fatty muscles work well? + + 13. Why does not drinking beer make one stronger? + + + + +CHAPTER III. + +NERVES. + + +[Illustration: H]OW do the muscles know when to move? + +You have all seen the telegraph wires, by which messages are sent from +one town to another, all over the country. + +You are too young to understand how this is done, but you each have +something inside of you, by which you are sending messages almost every +minute while you are awake. + +We will try to learn a little about its wonderful way of working. + +In your head is your brain. It is the part of you which thinks. + +As you would be very badly off if you could not think, the brain is your +most precious part, and you have a strong box made of bone to keep it +in. + +[Illustration: _Diagram of the nervous system._] + +We will call the brain the central telegraph office. Little white cords, +called nerves, connect the brain with the rest of the body. + +A large cord called the spinal cord, lies safely in a bony case made by +the spine, and many nerves branch off from this. + +If you put your finger on a hot stove, in an instant a message goes on +the nerve telegraph to the brain. It tells that wise thinking part that +your finger will burn, if it stays on the stove. + +In another instant, the brain sends back a message to the muscles that +move that finger, saying: "Contract quickly, bend the joint, and take +that poor finger away so that it will not be burned." + +You can hardly believe that there was time for all this sending of +messages; for as soon as you felt the hot stove, you pulled your finger +away. But you really could not have pulled it away, unless the brain had +sent word to the muscles to do it. + +Now, you know what we mean when we say, "As quick as thought." Surely +nothing could be quicker. + +You see that the brain has a great deal of work to do, for it has to +send so many orders. + +There are some muscles which are moving quietly and steadily all the +time, though we take no notice of the motion. + +You do not have to think about breathing, and yet the muscles work all +the time, moving your chest. + +If we had to think about it every time we breathed, we should have no +time to think of any thing else. + +There is one part of the brain that takes care of such work for us. It +sends the messages about breathing, and keeps the breathing muscles and +many other muscles faithfully at work. It does all this without our +needing to know or think about it at all. + +Do you begin to see that your body is a busy work-shop, where many kinds +of work are being done all day and all night? + +Although we lie still and sleep in the night, the breathing must go on, +and so must the work of those other organs that never stop until we +die. + + +OTHER WORK OF THE NERVES. + +The little white nerve-threads lie smoothly side by side, making small +white cords. Each kind of message goes on its own thread, so that the +messages need never get mixed or confused. + +These nerves are very delicate little messengers. They do all the +feeling for the whole body, and by means of them we have many pains and +many pleasures. + +If there was no nerve in your tooth it could not ache. But if there were +no nerves in your mouth and tongue, you could not taste your food. + +If there were no nerves in your hands, you might cut them and feel no +pain. But you could not feel your mother's soft, warm hand, as she laid +it on yours. + +One of your first duties is the care of yourselves. + +Children may say: "My father and mother take care of me." But even while +you are young, there are some ways in which no one can take care of you +but yourselves. The older you grow, the more this care will belong to +you, and to no one else. + +Think of the work all the parts of the body do for us, and how they help +us to be well and happy. Certainly the least we can do is to take care +of them and keep them in good order. + + +CARE OF THE BRAIN AND NERVES. + +As one part of the brain has to take care of all the rest of the body, +and keep every organ at work, of course it can never go to sleep itself. +If it did, the heart would stop pumping, the lungs would leave off +breathing, all other work would stop, and the body would be dead. + +But there is another part of the brain which does the thinking, and this +part needs rest. + +When you are asleep, you are not thinking, but you are breathing and +other work of the body is going on. + +If the thinking part of the brain does not have good quiet sleep, it +will soon wear out. A worn-out brain is not easy to repair. + +If well cared for, your brain will do the best of work for you for +seventy or eighty years without complaining. + +The nerves are easily tired out, and they need much rest. They get tired +if we do one thing too long at a time; they are rested by a change of +work. + + +IS ALCOHOL GOOD FOR THE NERVES AND THE BRAIN? + +Think of the wonderful work the brain is all the time doing for you! + +You ought to give it the best of food to keep it in good working order. +Any drink that contains alcohol is not a food to make one strong; but is +a poison to hurt, and at last to kill. + +It injures the brain and nerves so that they can not work well, and send +their messages properly. That is why the drunkard does not know what he +is about. + +Newspapers often tell us about people setting houses on fire; about men +who forgot to turn the switch, and so wrecked a railroad train; about +men who lay down on the railroad track and were run over by the cars. + +Often these stories end with: "The person had been drinking." When the +nerves are put to sleep by alcohol, people become careless and do not do +their work faithfully; sometimes, they can not even tell the difference +between a railroad track and a place of safety. The brain receives no +message, or the wrong one, and the person does not know what he is +doing. + +You may say that all men who drink liquor do not do such terrible +things. + +That is true. A little alcohol is not so bad as a great deal. But even a +little makes the head ache, and hurts the brain and nerves. + +A body kept pure and strong is of great service to its owner. There are +people who are not drunkards, but who often drink a little liquor. By +this means, they slowly poison their bodies. + +When sickness comes upon them, they are less able to bear it, and less +likely to get well again, than those who have never injured their bodies +with alcohol. + +When a sick or wounded man is brought into the hospital, one of the +first questions asked him by the doctor is: "Do you drink?" + +If he answers "Yes!" the next questions are, "What do you drink?" and +"How much?" + +The answers he gives to these questions, show the doctor what chance the +man has of getting well. + +A man who never drinks liquor will get well, where a drinking man would +surely die. + + +TOBACCO AND THE NERVES. + +Why does any one wish to use tobacco? + +Because many men say that it helps them, and makes them feel better. + +Shall I tell you how it makes them feel better? + +If a man is cold, the tobacco deadens his nerves so that he does not +feel the cold and does not take pains to make himself warmer. + +If a man is tired, or in trouble, tobacco will not really rest him or +help him out of his trouble. + +It only puts his nerves to sleep and helps him think that he is not +tired, and that he does not need to overcome his troubles. + +It puts his nerves to sleep very much as alcohol does, and helps him to +be contented with what ought not to content him. + +A boy who smokes or chews tobacco, is not so good a scholar as if he did +not use the poison. He can not remember his lessons so well. + +Usually, too, he is not so polite, nor so good a boy as he otherwise +would be. + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. How do the muscles know when to move? + + 2. What part of you is it that thinks? + + 3. What are the nerves? + + 4. Where is the spinal cord? + + 5. What message goes to the brain when you put + your finger on a hot stove? + + 6. What message comes back from the brain to the + finger? + + 7. What is meant by "As quick as thought"? + + 8. Name some of the muscles which work without + needing our thought. + + 9. What keeps them at work? + + 10. Why do not the nerve messages get mixed and + confused? + + 11. Why could you not feel, if you had no nerves? + + 12. State some ways in which the nerves give us + pain. + + 13. State some ways in which they give us + pleasure. + + 14. What part of us has the most work to do? + + 15. How must we keep the brain strong and well? + + 16. What does alcohol do to the nerves and brain? + + 17. Why does not a drunken man know what he is + about? + + 18. What causes most of the accidents we read of? + + 19. Why could not the man who had been drinking + tell the difference between a railroad track and a + place of safety? + + 20. How does the frequent drinking of a little + liquor affect the body? + + 21. How does sickness affect people who often + drink these liquors? + + 22. When a man is taken to the hospital, what + questions does the doctor ask? + + 23. What depends upon his answers? + + 24. Why do many men use tobacco? + + 25. How does it make them feel better? + + 26. Does it really help a person who uses it? + + 27. Does tobacco help a boy to be a good scholar? + + 28. How does it affect his manners? + +[Illustration: _Bones of the human body._] + + + + +CHAPTER IV. + +WHAT IS ALCOHOL? + + +[Illustration: R]IPE grapes are full of juice. + +This juice is mostly water, sweetened with a sugar of its own. It is +flavored with something which makes us know, the moment we taste it, +that it is grape-juice, and not cherry-juice or plum-juice. + +Apples also contain water, sugar, and apple flavor; and cherries contain +water, sugar, and cherry flavor. The same is true of other fruits. They +all, when ripe, have the water and the sugar; and each has a flavor of +its own. + +Ripe grapes are sometimes gathered and put into great tubs called vats. +In these the juice is squeezed out. + +In some countries, this squeezing is done by bare-footed men who jump +into the vats and press the grapes with their feet. + +The grape-juice is then drawn off from the skins and seeds and left +standing in a warm place. + +Bubbles soon begin to rise and cover the top of it with froth. The juice +is all in motion. + +[Illustration: _Picking grapes and making wine._] + +If the cook had wished to use this grape-juice to make jelly, she would +say: "Now, I can not make my grape-jelly, for the grape-juice is +spoiled." + + +WHAT IS THIS CHANGE IN THE GRAPE-JUICE? + +The sugar in the grape-juice is changing into something else. It is +turning into alcohol and a gas[A] that moves about in little bubbles in +the liquid, and rising to the top, goes off into the air. The alcohol is +a thin liquid which, mixed with the water, remains in the grape-juice. + +The sugar is gone; alcohol and the bubbles of gas are left in its place. + +This alcohol is a liquid poison. A little of it will harm any one who +drinks it; much of it would kill the drinker. + +Ripe grapes are good food; but grape-juice, when its sugar has turned to +alcohol, is not a safe drink for any one. It is poisoned by the alcohol. + + +WINE. + +This changed grape-juice is called wine. It is partly water, partly +alcohol, and it still has the grape flavor in it. + +Wine is also made from currants, elderberries, and other fruits, in very +much the same way as from grapes. + +People sometimes make it at home from the fruits that grow in their own +gardens, and think there is no alcohol in it, because they do not put +any in. + +But you know that the alcohol is made in the fruit-juice itself by the +change of the sugar into alcohol and the gas. + +[Illustration] + +It is the nature of alcohol to make the person who takes a little of it, +in wine, or any other drink, want more and more alcohol. When one goes +on, thus taking more and more of the drinks that contain alcohol, he is +called a drunkard. + +In this way wine has made many drunkards. Alcohol hurts both the body +and mind. It changes the person who drinks it. It will make a good and +kind person cruel and bad; and will make a bad person worse. + +Every one who takes wine does not become a drunkard, but you are not +sure that you will not, if you drink it. + +You should not drink wine, because there is alcohol in it. + + +CIDER. + +Cider is made from apples. In a few hours after the juice is pressed out +of the apples, if it is left open to the air the sugar begins to change. + +Like the sugar in the grape, it changes into alcohol and bubbles of gas. + +At first, there is but little alcohol in cider, but a little of this +poison is dangerous. + +More alcohol is all the time forming until in ten cups of cider there +may be one cup of alcohol. Cider often makes its drinkers ill-tempered +and cross. + +Cider and wine will turn into vinegar if left in a warm place long +enough. + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. What two things are in all fruit-juices? + + 2. How can we tell the juice of grapes from that + of plums? + + 3. How can we tell the juice of apples from that + of cherries? + + 4. What is often done with ripe grapes? + + 5. What happens after the grape-juice has stood a + short time? + + 6. Why would the changed grape-juice not be good + to use in making jelly? + + 7. Into what is the sugar in the juice changed? + + 8. What becomes of the gas? + + 9. What becomes of the alcohol? + + 10. What is gone and what left? + + 11. What is alcohol? + + 12. What does alcohol do to those who drink it? + + 13. When are grapes good food? + + 14. When is grape-juice not a safe drink? + + 15. Why? + + 16. What is this changed grape-juice called? + + 17. What is wine? + + 18. From what is wine made? + + 19. What do people sometimes think of home-made + wines? + + 20. How can alcohol be there when none has been + put into it? + + 21. What does alcohol make the person who takes it + want? + + 22. What is such a one called? + + 23. What has wine done to many persons? + + 24. What does alcohol hurt? + + 25. How does it change a person? + + 26. Are you sure you will not become a drunkard if + you drink wine? + + 27. Why should you not drink it? + + 28. What is cider made from? + + 29. What soon happens to apple-juice? + + 30. How may vinegar be made? + +FOOTNOTE: + +[Footnote A: This gas is called car bonic acid gas.] + + + + +CHAPTER V. + +BEER. + + +[Illustration: A]LCOHOL is often made from grains as well as from fruit. +The grain has starch instead of sugar. + +If the starch in your mother's starch-box at home should be changed into +sugar, you would think it a very strange thing. + +Every year, in the spring-time, many thousand pounds of starch are +changed into sugar in a hidden, quiet way, so that most of us think +nothing about it. + + +STARCH AND SUGAR. + +All kinds of grain are full of starch. + +If you plant them in the ground, where they are kept moist and warm, +they begin to sprout and grow, to send little roots down into the earth, +and little stems up into the sunshine. + +These little roots and stems must be fed with sugar; thus, in a wise +way, which is too wonderful for you to understand, as soon as the seed +begins to sprout, its starch begins to turn into sugar. + +[Illustration] + +If you should chew two grains of wheat, one before sprouting and one +after, you could tell by the taste that this is true. + +Barley is a kind of grain from which the brewer makes beer. + +He must first turn its starch into sugar, so he begins by sprouting his +grain. + +Of course he does not plant it in the ground, because it would need to +be quickly dug up again. + +He keeps it warm and moist in a place where he can watch it, and stop +the sprouting just in time to save the sugar, before it is used to feed +the root and stem. This sprouted grain is called malt. + +The brewer soaks it in plenty of water, because the grain has not water +in itself, as the grape has. + +He puts in some yeast to help start the work of changing the sugar into +gas[B] and alcohol. + +Sometimes hops are also put in, to give it a bitter taste. + +The brewer watches to see the bubbles of gas that tell, as plainly as +words could, that sugar is going and alcohol is coming. + +When the work is finished, the barley has been made into beer. + +It might have been ground and made into barley-cakes, or into pearl +barley to thicken our soups, and then it would have been good food. Now, +it is a drink containing alcohol, and alcohol is a poison. + +You should not drink beer, because there is alcohol in it. + +Two boys of the same age begin school together. One of them drinks +wine, cider, and beer. The other never allows these drinks to pass his +lips. These boys soon become very different from each other, because one +is poisoning his body and mind with alcohol, and the other is not. + +A man wants a good, steady boy to work for him. Which of these two do +you think he will select? A few years later, a young man is wanted who +can be trusted with the care of an engine or a bank. It is a good +chance. Which of these young men will be more likely to get it? + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. Is there sugar in grain? + + 2. What is in the grain that can be turned into + sugar? + + 3. What can you do to a seed that will make its + starch turn into sugar? + + 4. What does the brewer do to the barley to make + its starch turn into sugar? + + 5. What is malt? + + 6. What does the brewer put into the malt to start + the working? + + 7. What gives the bitter taste to beer? + + 8. How does the brewer know when sugar begins to + go and alcohol to come? + + 9. Why does he want the starch turned to sugar? + + 10. Is barley good for food? + + 11. Why is beer not good for food? + + 12. Why should you not drink it? + + 13. Why did the two boys of the same age, at the + same school, become so unlike? + + 14. Which will have the best chance in life? + +FOOTNOTE: + +[Footnote B: Car bonic acid gas.] + + + + +CHAPTER VI. + +DISTILLING. + + +[Illustration: D]ISTILLING (d[)i]s t[)i]l[\l]ing) may be a new word to +you, but you can easily learn its meaning. + +You have all seen distilling going on in the kitchen at home, many a +time. When the water in the tea-kettle is boiling, what comes out at the +nose? Steam. + +What is steam? + +You can find out what it is by catching some of it on a cold plate, or +tin cover. As soon as it touches any thing cold, it turns into drops of +water. + +When we boil water and turn it into steam, and then turn the steam back +into water, we have distilled the water. We say vapor instead of steam, +when we talk about the boiling of alcohol. + +It takes less heat to turn alcohol to vapor than to turn water to +steam; so, if we put over the fire some liquid that contains alcohol, +and begin to collect the vapor as it rises, we shall get alcohol first, +and then water. + +But the alcohol will not be pure alcohol; it will be part water, because +it is so ready to mix with water that it has to be distilled many times +to be pure. + +But each time it is distilled, it will become stronger, because there is +a little more alcohol and a little less water. + +In this way, brandy, rum, whiskey, and gin are distilled, from wine, +cider, and the liquors which have been made from corn, rye, or barley. + +The cider, wine, and beer had but little alcohol in them. The brandy, +rum, whiskey, and gin are nearly one-half alcohol. + +A glass of strong liquor which has been made by distilling, will injure +any one more, and quicker, than a glass of cider, rum, or beer. + +But a cider, wine, or beer-drinker often drinks so much more of the +weaker liquor, that he gets a great deal of alcohol. People are often +made drunkards by drinking cider or beer. The more poison, the more +danger. + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. Where have you ever seen distilling going on? + + 2. How can you distill water? + + 3. How can men separate alcohol from wine or from + any other liquor that contains it? + + 4. Why will not this be pure alcohol? + + 5. How is a liquor made stronger? + + 6. Name some of the distilled liquors. + + 7. How are they made? + + 8. How much of them is alcohol? + + 9. Which is the most harmful--the distilled + liquor, or beer, wine, or cider? + + 10. Why does the wine, cider, or beer-drinker + often get as much alcohol? + + + + +CHAPTER VII. + +ALCOHOL. + + +[Illustration: A]LCOHOL looks like water, but it is not at all like +water. + +Alcohol will take fire, and burn if a lighted match is held near it; but +you know that water will not burn. + +When alcohol burns, the color of the flame is blue. It does not give +much light: it makes no smoke or soot; but it does give a great deal of +heat. + +A little dead tree-toad was once put into a bottle of alcohol. It was +years ago, but the tree-toad is there still, looking just as it did the +first day it was put in. What has kept it so? + +It is the alcohol. The tree-toad would have soon decayed if it had been +put into water. So you see that alcohol keeps dead bodies from +decaying. + +Pure alcohol is not often used as a drink. People who take beer, wine, +and cider get a little alcohol with each drink. Those who drink brandy, +rum, whiskey, or gin, get more alcohol, because those liquors are nearly +one half alcohol. + +You may wonder that people wish to use such poisonous drinks at all. But +alcohol is a deceiver. It often cheats the man who takes a little, into +thinking it will be good for him to take more. + +Sometimes the appetite which begs so hard for the poison, is formed in +childhood. If you eat wine-jelly, or wine-sauce, you may learn to like +the taste of alcohol and thus easily begin to drink some weak liquor. + +The more the drinker takes, the more he often wants, and thus he goes on +from drinking cider, wine, or beer, to drinking whiskey, brandy, or rum. +Thus drunkards are made. + +People who are in the habit of taking drinks which contain alcohol, +often care more for them than for any thing else, even when they know +they are being ruined by them. + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. How does alcohol look? + + 2. How does alcohol burn? + + 3. What will alcohol do to a dead body? + + 4. What drinks contain a little alcohol? + + 5. What drinks are about one half alcohol? + + 6. How does alcohol cheat people? + + 7. When is the appetite sometimes formed? + + 8. Why should you not eat wine-sauce or + wine-jelly? + + 9. How are drunkards made? + + + + +CHAPTER VIII. + +TOBACCO. + + +[Illustration: A] FARMER who had been in the habit of planting his +fields with corn, wheat, and potatoes, once made up his mind to plant +tobacco instead. + +Let us see whether he did any good to the world by the change. + +The tobacco plants grew up as tall as a little boy or girl, and spread +out broad, green leaves. + +By and by he pulled the stalks, and dried the leaves. Some of them he +pressed into cakes of tobacco; some he rolled into cigars; and some he +ground into snuff. + +If you ask what tobacco is good for, the best answer will be, to tell +you what it will do to a man or boy who uses it, and then let you answer +the question for yourselves. + +Tobacco contains something called nicotine (n[)i]ko t[)i]n). This is a +strong poison. One drop of it is enough to kill a dog. In one cigar +there is enough, if taken pure, to kill two men. + +[Illustration] + +Even to work upon tobacco, makes people pale and sickly. Once I went +into a snuff mill, and the man who had the care of it showed me how the +work was done. + +The mill stood in a pretty place, beside a little stream which turned +the mill-wheel. Tall trees bent over it, and a fresh breeze was blowing +through the open windows. Yet the smell of the tobacco was so strong +that I had to go to the door many times, for a breath of pure air. + +I asked the man if it did not make him sick to work there. + +He said: "It made me very sick for the first few weeks. Then I began to +get used to it, and now I don't mind it." + +He was like the boys who try to learn to smoke. It almost always makes +them sick at first; but they think it will be manly to keep on. At last, +they get used to it. + +The sickness is really the way in which the boy's body is trying to say +to him: "There is danger here; you are playing with poison. Let me stop +you before great harm is done." + +Perhaps you will say: "I have seen men smoke cigars, even four or five +in a day, and it didn't kill them." + +It did not kill them, because they did not swallow the nicotine. They +only drew in a little with the breath. But taking a little poison in +this way, day after day, can not be safe, or really helpful to any one. + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. What did the farmer plant instead of corn, + wheat, and potatoes? + + 2. What was done with the tobacco leaves? + + 3. What is the name of the poison which is in + tobacco? + + 4. How much of it is needed to kill a dog? + + 5. What harm can the nicotine in one cigar do, if + taken pure? + + 6. Tell the story of the visit to the snuff mill. + + 7. Why are boys made sick by their first use of + tobacco? + + 8. Why does not smoking a cigar kill a man? + + 9. What is said about a little poison? + + + + +CHAPTER IX. + +OPIUM. + + +[Illustration: A]LCOHOL and tobacco are called narcotics (nar +k[)o]tiks). This means that they have the power of putting the nerves +to sleep. Opium ([=o]p[)i] [)u]m) is another narcotic. + +It is a poison made from the juice of poppies, and is used in medicines. + +Opium is put into soothing-syrups (s[)i]r[)u]ps), and these are +sometimes given to babies to keep them from crying. They do this by +injuring the tender nerves and poisoning the little body. + +How can any one give a baby opium to save taking patient care of it? + +Surely the mothers would not do it, if they knew that this +soothing-syrup that appears like a friend, coming to quiet and comfort +the baby, is really an enemy. + +[Illustration: _Don't give soothing-syrup to children._] + +Sometimes, a child no older than some of you are, is left at home with +the care of a baby brother or sister; so it is best that you should know +about this dangerous enemy, and never be tempted to quiet the baby by +giving him a poison, instead of taking your best and kindest care of +him. + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. What is a narcotic? + + 2. Name three narcotics? + + 3. From what is opium made? + + 4. For what is it used? + + 5. Why is soothing-syrup dangerous? + + + + +CHAPTER X. + +WHAT ARE ORGANS? + + +[Illustration: A]N organ is a part of the body which has some special +work to do. The eye is the organ of sight. The stomach (st[)u]m[)a]k) +is an organ which takes care of the food we eat. + + +THE TEETH. + +[Illustration: _Different kinds of teeth._] + +Your teeth do not look alike, since they must do different kinds of +work. The front ones cut, the back ones grind. + +They are made of a kind of bone covered with a hard smooth enamel ([)e]n +[)a]mel). If the enamel is broken, the teeth soon decay and ache, for +each tooth is furnished with a nerve that very quickly feels pain. + + +CARE OF THE TEETH. + +Cracking nuts with the teeth, or even biting thread, is apt to break the +enamel; and when once broken, you will wish in vain to have it mended. +The dentist can fill a hole in the tooth; but he can not cover the tooth +with new enamel. + +Bits of food should be carefully picked from between the teeth with a +tooth-pick of quill or wood, never with a pin or other hard and sharp +thing which might break the enamel. + +The teeth must also be well brushed. Nothing but perfect cleanliness +will keep them in good order. Always brush them before breakfast. Your +breakfast will taste all the better for it. Brush them at night before +you go to bed, lest some food should be decaying in your mouth during +the night. + +Take care of these cutters and grinders, that they may not decay, and so +be unable to do their work well. + + +THE CHEST AND ABDOMEN. + +You have learned about the twenty-four little bones in the spine, and +the ribs that curve around from the spine to the front, or breast-bone. + +These bones, with the shoulder-blades and the collar-bones, form a bony +case or box. + +In it are some of the most useful organs of the body. + +This box is divided across the middle by a strong muscle, so that we may +say it is two stories high. + +The upper room is called the chest; the lower one, the abdomen ([)a]b +d[=o]m[)e]n). + +In the chest, are the heart and the lungs. + +In the abdomen, are the stomach, the liver, and some other organs. + + +THE STOMACH. + +The stomach is a strong bag, as wonderful a bag as could be made, you +will say, when I tell you what it can do. + +The outside is made of muscles; the lining prepares a juice called +gastric (g[)a]str[)i]k) juice, and keeps it always ready for use. + +Now, what would you think if a man could put into a bag, beef, and +apples, and potatoes, and bread and milk, and sugar, and salt, tie up +the bag and lay it away on a shelf for a few hours, and then show you +that the beef had disappeared, so had the apples, so had the potatoes, +the bread and milk, sugar, and salt, and the bag was filled only with a +thin, grayish fluid? Would you not call it a magical bag? + +Now, your stomach and mine are just such magical bags. + +We put in our breakfasts, dinners, and suppers; and, after a few hours, +they are changed. The gastric juice has been mixed with them. The strong +muscles that form the outside of the stomach have been squeezing the +food, rolling it about, and mixing it together, until it has all been +changed to a thin, grayish fluid. + + +HOW DOES ANYBODY KNOW THIS? + +A soldier was once shot in the side in such a way that when the wound +healed, it left an opening with a piece of loose skin over it, like a +little door leading into his stomach. + +A doctor who wished to learn about the stomach, hired him for a servant +and used to study him every day. + +He would push aside the little flap of skin and put into the stomach any +kind of food that he pleased, and then watch to see what happened to it. + +In this way, he learned a great deal and wrote it down, so that other +people might know, too. In other ways, also, which it would take too +long to tell you here, doctors have learned how these magical food-bags +take care of our food. + + +WHY DOES THE FOOD NEED TO BE CHANGED? + +Your mamma tells you sometimes at breakfast that you must eat oat-meal +and milk to make you grow into a big man or woman. + +Did you ever wonder what part of you is made of oat-meal, or what part +of milk? + +That stout little arm does not look like oat-meal; those rosy cheeks do +not look like milk. + +If our food is to make stout arms and rosy cheeks, strong bodies and +busy brains, it must first be changed into a form in which it can get to +each part and feed it. + +When the food in the stomach is mixed and prepared, it is ready to be +sent through the body; some is carried to the bones, some to the +muscles, some to the nerves and brain, some to the skin, and some even +to the finger nails, the hair, and the eyes. Each part needs to be fed +in order to grow. + + +WHY DO PEOPLE WHO ARE NOT GROWING NEED FOOD? + +Children need each day to make larger and larger bones, larger muscles, +and a larger skin to cover the larger body. + +Every day, each part is also wearing out a little, and needing to be +mended by some new food. People who have grown up, need their food for +this work of mending. + + +CARE OF THE STOMACH. + +One way to take care of the stomach is to give it only its own work to +do. The teeth must first do their work faithfully. + +The stomach must have rest, too. I have seen some children who want to +make their poor stomachs work all the time. They are always eating +apples, or candy, or something, so that their stomachs have no chance to +rest. If the stomach does not rest, it will wear out the same as a +machine would. + +The stomach can not work well, unless it is quite warm. If a person +pours ice-water into his stomach as he eats, just as the food is +beginning to change into the gray fluid of which you have learned, the +work stops until the stomach gets warm again. + + +ALCOHOL AND THE STOMACH. + +You remember about the man who had the little door to his stomach. +Sometimes, the doctor put in wine, cider, brandy, or some drink that +contained alcohol, to see what it would do. It was carried away very +quickly; but during the little time it stayed, it did nothing but harm. + +It injured the gastric juice, so that it could not mix with the food. + +If the doctor had put in more alcohol, day after day, as one does who +drinks liquor, sores would perhaps have come on the delicate lining of +the stomach. Sometimes the stomach is so hurt by alcohol, that the +drinker dies. If the stomach can not do its work well, the whole body +must suffer from want of the good food it needs.[C] + + +TOBACCO AND THE MOUTH. + +The saliva in the mouth helps to prepare the food, before it goes into +the stomach. Tobacco makes the mouth very dry, and more saliva has to +flow out to moisten it. + +But tobacco juice is mixed with the saliva, and that must not be +swallowed. It must be spit out, and with it is sent the saliva that was +needed to help prepare the food. + +Tobacco discolors the teeth, makes bad sores in the mouth, and often +causes a disease of the throat. + +You can tell where some people have been, by the neatness and comfort +they leave after them. + +You can tell where the tobacco-user has been, by the dirty floor, and +street, and the air made unfit to breathe, because of the smoke and +strong, bad smell of old tobacco from his pipe and cigar and from his +breath and clothes. + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. What are organs? + + 2. What work do the front teeth do? the back + teeth? + + 3. What are the teeth made of? + + 4. What causes the toothache? + + 5. How is the enamel often broken? + + 6. Why should a tooth-pick be used? + + 7. Why should the teeth be well brushed? + + 8. When should they be brushed? + + 9. What bones form a case or box? + + 10. What is the upper room of this box called? the + lower room? + + 11. What organs are in the chest? the abdomen? + + 12. What is the stomach? + + 13. What does its lining do? + + 14. What do the stomach and the gastric juice do + to the food we have eaten? + + 15. How did anybody find out what the stomach + could do? + + 16. Why must all the food we eat be changed? + + 17. Why do you need food? + + 18. Why do people who are not growing need food? + + 19. What does alcohol do to the gastric juice? to + the stomach? + + 20. What is the use of the saliva? + + 21. How does the habit of spitting injure a + person? + + 22. How does tobacco affect the teeth? the mouth? + + 23. How does the tobacco-user annoy other people? + +FOOTNOTE: + +[Footnote C: The food is partly prepared by the liver and some other +organs.] + + + + +CHAPTER XI. + +WHAT DOES THE BODY NEED FOR FOOD? + + +[Illustration: N]OW that you know how the body is fed, you must next +learn what to feed it with; and what each part needs to make it grow and +to keep it strong and well. + + +WATER. + +A large part of your body is made of water. So you need, of course, to +drink water, and to have it used in preparing your food. + +Water comes from the clouds, and is stored up in cisterns or in springs +in the ground. From these pipes are laid to lead the water to our +houses. + +Sometimes, men dig down until they reach a spring, and so make a well +from which they can pump the water, or dip it out with a bucket. + +Water that has been standing in lead pipes, may have some of the lead +mixed with it. Such water would be very likely to poison you, if you +drank it. + +Impurities are almost sure to soak into a well if it is near a drain or +a stable. + +If you drink the water from such a well, you may be made very sick by +it. It is better to go thirsty, until you can get good water. + +A sufficient quantity of pure water to drink is just as important for +us, as good food to eat. + +We could not drink all the water that our bodies need. We take a large +part of it in our food, in fruits and vegetables, and even in beefsteak +and bread. + + +LIME. + +Bones need lime. You remember the bone that was nothing but crumbling +lime after it had been in the fire. + +Where shall we get lime for our bones? + +We can not eat lime; but the grass and the grains take it out of the +earth. Then the cows eat the grass and turn it into milk, and in the +milk we drink, we get some of the lime to feed our bones. + +[Illustration: _Lime being prepared for our use._] + +In the same way, the grain growing in the field takes up lime and other +things that we need, but could not eat for ourselves. The lime that thus +becomes a part of the grain, we get in our bread, oat-meal porridge, and +other foods. + + +SALT. + +Animals need salt, as children who live in the country know very well. +They have seen how eagerly the cows and the sheep lick up the salt that +the farmer gives them. + +Even wild cattle and buffaloes seek out places where there are salt +springs, and go in great herds to get the salt. + +We, too, need some salt mixed with our food. If we did not put it in, +either when cooking, or afterward, we should still get a little in the +food itself. + + +FLESH-MAKING FOODS. + +Muscles are lean meat, that is flesh; so muscles need flesh-making +foods. These are milk, and grains like wheat, corn and oats; also, meat +and eggs. Most of these foods really come to us out of the ground. Meat +and eggs are made from the grain, grass, and other vegetables that the +cattle and hens eat. + + +FAT-MAKING FOODS. + +We need cushions and wrappings of fat, here and there in our bodies, to +keep us warm and make us comfortable. So we must have certain kinds of +food that will make fat. + +[Illustration: _Esquimaux catching walrus._] + +There are right places and wrong places for fat, as well as for other +things in this world. When alcohol puts fat into the muscles, that is +fat badly made, and in the wrong place. + +The good fat made for the parts of the body which need it, comes from +fat-making foods. + +In cold weather, we need more fatty food than we do in summer, just as +in cold countries people need such food all the time. + +The Esquimaux, who live in the lands of snow and ice, catch a great many +walrus and seal, and eat a great deal of fat meat. You would not be well +unless you ate some fat or butter or oil. + + +WHAT WILL MAKE FAT? + +Sugar will make fat, and so will starch, cream, rice, butter, and fat +meat. As milk will make muscle and fat and bones, it is the best kind of +food. Here, again, it is the earth that sends us our food. Fat meat +comes from animals well fed on grain and grass; sugar, from sugar-cane, +maple-trees, or beets; oil, from olive-trees; butter, from cream; and +starch, from potatoes, and from corn, rice, and other grains. + +Green apples and other unripe fruits are not yet ready to be eaten. The +starch which we take for food has to be changed into sugar, before it +can mix with the blood and help feed the body. As the sun ripens fruit, +it changes its starch to sugar. You can tell this by the difference in +the taste of ripe and unripe apples. + + +CANDY. + +Most children like candy so well, that they are in danger of eating more +sugar than is good for them. You would starve if fed only on sugar. + +We would not need to be quite so much afraid of a little candy if it +were not for the poison with which it is often colored. + +Even what is called pure, white candy is sometimes not really such. +There is a simple way by which you can find this out for yourselves. + +If you put a spoonful of sugar into a tumbler of water, it will all +dissolve and disappear. Put a piece of white candy into a tumbler of +water; and, if it is made of pure sugar only, it will dissolve and +disappear. + +If it is not, you will find at the bottom of the tumbler some white +earth. This is not good food for anybody. Candy-makers often put it +into candy in place of sugar, because it is cheaper than sugar. + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. Why do we need food? + + 2. How do people get water to drink? + + 3. Why is it not safe to drink water that has been + standing in lead pipes? + + 4. Why is the water of a well that is near a drain + or a stable, not fit to drink? + + 5. What food do the bones need? + + 6. How do we get lime for our bones? + + 7. What is said about salt? + + 8. What food do the muscles need? + + 9. Name some flesh-making foods. + + 10. Why do we need fat in our bodies? + + 11. What is said of the fat made by alcohol? + + 12. What kinds of food will make good fat? + + 13. What do the Esquimaux eat? + + 14. How does the sun change unripe fruits? + + 15. Why is colored candy often poisonous? + + 16. What is sometimes put into white candy? Why? + + 17. How could you show this? + + + + +CHAPTER XII. + +HOW FOOD BECOMES PART OF THE BODY. + + +[Illustration: H]ERE, at last, is the bill of fare for our dinner: + + Roast beef, + Potatoes, + Tomatoes, + Squash, + Bread, + Butter, + Salt, + Water, + Peaches, + Bananas, + Oranges, + Grapes. + +What must be done first, with the different kinds of food that are to +make up this dinner? + +The meat, vegetables, and bread must be cooked. Cooking prepares them to +be easily worked upon by the mouth and stomach. If they were not cooked, +this work would be very hard. Instead of going on quietly and without +letting us know any thing about it, there would be pains and aches in +the overworked stomach. + +The fruit is not cooked by a fire; but we might almost say the sun had +cooked it, for the sun has ripened and sweetened it. + +When you are older, some of you may have charge of the cooking in your +homes. You must then remember that food well cooked is worth twice as +much as food poorly cooked. + +"A good cook has more to do with the health of the family, than a good +doctor." + + +THE SALIVA. + +Next to the cooking comes the eating. + +As soon as we begin to chew our food, a juice in the mouth, called +saliva (sa l[=i]v), moistens and mixes with it. + +Saliva has the wonderful power of turning starch into sugar; and the +starch in our food needs to be turned into sugar, before it can be taken +into the blood. + +You can prove for yourselves that saliva can turn starch into sugar. +Chew slowly a piece of dry cracker. The cracker is made mostly of +starch, because wheat is full of starch. At first, the cracker is dry +and tasteless. Soon, however, you find it tastes sweet; the saliva is +changing the starch into sugar. + +All your food should be eaten slowly and chewed well, so that the saliva +may be able to mix with it. Otherwise, the starch may not be changed; +and if one part of your body neglects its work, another part will have +more than its share to do. That is hardly fair. + +If you swallow your food in a hurry and do not let the saliva do its +work, the stomach will have extra work. But it will find it hard to do +more than its own part, and, perhaps, will complain. + +It can not speak in words; but will by aching, and that is almost as +plain as words. + + +SWALLOWING. + +Next to the chewing, comes the swallowing. Is there any thing wonderful +about that? + +We have two passages leading down our throats. One is to the lungs, for +breathing; the other, to the stomach, for swallowing. + +Do you wonder why the food does not sometimes go down the wrong way? + +The windpipe leading to the lungs is in front of the other tube. It has +at its top a little trap-door. This opens when we breathe and shuts when +we swallow, so that the food slips over it safely into the passage +behind, which leads to the stomach. + +If you try to speak while you have food in your mouth, this little door +has to open, and some bit of food may slip in. The windpipe will not +pass it to the lungs, but tries to force it back. Then we say the food +chokes us. If the windpipe can not succeed in forcing back the food, the +person will die. + + +HOW THE FOOD IS CARRIED THROUGH THE BODY. + +But we will suppose that the food of our dinner has gone safely down +into the stomach. There the stomach works it over, and mixes in gastric +juice, until it is all a gray fluid. + +Now it is ready to go into the intestines,--a long, coiled tube which +leads out of the stomach,--from which the prepared food is taken into +the blood. + +The blood carries it to the heart. The heart pumps it out with the blood +into the lungs, and then all through the body, to make bone, and muscle, +and skin, and hair, and eyes, and brain. + +Besides feeding all these parts, this dinner can help to mend any parts +that may be broken. + +Suppose a boy should break one of the bones of his arm, how could it be +mended? + +If you should bind together the two parts of a broken stick and leave +them a while, do you think they would grow together? + +No, indeed! + +But the doctor could carefully bind together the ends of the broken bone +in the boy's arm and leave it for awhile, and the blood would bring it +bone food every day, until it had grown together again. + +So a dinner can both make and mend the different parts of the body. + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. What shall we have for dinner? + + 2. What is the first thing to do to our food? + + 3. Why do we cook meat and vegetables? + + 4. Why do not ripe fruits need cooking? + + 5. What is said about a good cook? + + 6. What is the first thing to do after taking the + food into your mouth? + + 7. Why must you chew it? + + 8. What does the saliva do to the food? + + 9. How can you prove that saliva turns starch into + sugar? + + 10. What happens if the food is not chewed and + mixed with the saliva? + + 11. What comes next to the chewing? + + 12. What is there wonderful about swallowing? + + 13. What must you be careful about, when you are + swallowing? + + 14. What happens to the food after it is + swallowed? + + 15. How is it changed in the stomach? + + 16. What carries the food to every part of the + body? + + 17. How can food mend a bone? + + + + +CHAPTER XIII. + +STRENGTH. + + +[Illustration: H]ERE are the names of some of the different kinds of +food. If you write them on the blackboard or on your slates, it will +help you to remember them. + + _Water._ _Salt._ _Lime._ + + Meat, } Sugar, } + Milk, } Starch, } + Eggs, } Fat, } for fat and heat. + Wheat, } for muscles. Cream, } + Corn, } Oil, } + Oats, } + +Perhaps some of you noticed that we had no wine, beer, nor any drink +that had alcohol in it, on our bill of fare for dinner. We had no +cigars, either, to be smoked after dinner. If these are good things, we +ought to have had them. Why did we leave them out? + + _We should eat in order to grow strong and keep + strong._ + + +STRENGTH OF BODY. + +If you wanted to measure your strength, one way of doing so would be to +fasten a heavy weight to one end of a rope and pass the rope over a +pulley. Then you might take hold at the other end of the rope and pull +as hard and steadily as you could, marking the place to which you raised +the weight. By trying this once a week, or once a month, you could tell +by the marks, whether you were gaining strength. + +But how can we gain strength? + +We must exercise in the open air, and take pure air into our lungs to +help purify our blood, and plenty of exercise to make our muscles grow. + +We must eat good and simple food, that the blood may have supplies to +take to every part of the body. + + +ALCOHOL AND STRENGTH. + +People used to think that alcohol made them strong. + +Can alcohol make good muscles, or bone, or nerve, or brain? + +You have already answered "No!" to each of these questions. + +If it can not make muscles, nor bone nor nerve, nor brain, it can not +give you any strength. + + +BEER. + +Some people may tell you that drinking beer will make you strong. + +The grain from which the beer is made, would have given you strength. If +you should measure your strength before and after drinking beer, you +would find that you had not gained any. Most of the food part of the +grain has been turned into alcohol. + + +CIDER. + +The juice of crushed apples, you know, is called cider. As soon as the +cider begins to turn sour, or "hard," as people say, alcohol begins to +form in it. + +Pure water is good, and apples are good. But the apple-juice begins to +be a poison as soon as there is the least drop of alcohol in it. In +cider-making, the alcohol forms in the juice, you know, in a few hours +after it is pressed out of the apples. + +None of the drinks in which there is alcohol, can give you real +strength. + +Then why do people think they can? + +Because alcohol puts the nerves to sleep, they can not, truly, tell the +brain how hard the work is, or how heavy the weight to be lifted. + +The alcohol has in this way cheated men into thinking they can do more +than they really can. This false feeling of strength lasts only a little +while. When it has passed, men feel weaker than before. + +A story which shows that alcohol does not give strength, was told me by +the captain of a ship, who sailed to China and other distant places. + +Many years ago, when people thought a little alcohol was good, it was +the custom to carry in every ship, a great deal of rum. This liquor is +distilled from molasses and contains about one half alcohol. This rum +was given to the sailors every day to drink; and, if there was a great +storm, and they had very hard work to do, it was the custom to give +them twice as much rum as usual. + +[Illustration] + +The captain watched his men and saw that they were really made no +stronger by drinking the rum; but that, after a little while, they felt +weaker. So he determined to go to sea with no rum in his ship. Once out +on the ocean, of course the men could not get any. + +At first, they did not like it; but the captain was very careful to have +their food good and plentiful; and, when a storm came, and they were wet +and cold and tired, he gave them hot coffee to drink. By the time they +had crossed the ocean, the men said: "The captain is right. We have +worked better, and we feel stronger, for going without the rum." + + +STRENGTH OF MIND. + +We have been talking about the strength of muscles; but the very best +kind of strength we have is brain strength, or strength of mind. + +Alcohol makes the head ache and deadens the nerves, so that they can +not carry their messages correctly. Then the brain can not think well. +Alcohol does not strengthen the mind. + +Some people have little or no money, and no houses or lands; but every +person ought to own a body and a mind that can work for him, and make +him useful and happy. + +Suppose you have a strong, healthy body, hands that are well-trained to +work, and a clear, thinking brain to be master of the whole. Would you +be willing to change places with a man whose body and mind had been +poisoned by alcohol, tobacco, and opium, even though he lived in a +palace, and had a million of dollars? + +If you want a mind that can study, understand, and think well, do not +let alcohol and tobacco have a chance to reach it. + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. What things were left out of our bill of fare? + + 2. How could you measure your strength? + + 3. How can you gain strength? + + 4. Why does drinking beer not make you strong? + + 5. Show why drinking wine or any other alcoholic + drink will not make you strong. + + 6. Why do people imagine that they feel strong + after taking these drinks? + + 7. Tell the story which shows that alcohol does + not help sailors do their work. + + 8. What is the best kind of strength to have? + + 9. How does alcohol affect the strength of the + mind? + + + + +CHAPTER XIV. + +THE HEART. + + +[Illustration: T]HE heart is in the chest, the upper part of the strong +box which the ribs, spine, shoulder-blades, and collar-bones make for +each of us. + +It is made of very thick, strong muscles, as you can see by looking at a +beef's heart, which is much like a man's, but larger. + + +HOW THE HEART WORKS. + +Probably some of you have seen a fire-engine throwing a stream of water +through a hose upon a burning building. + +As the engine forces the water through the hose, so the heart, by the +working of its strong muscles, pumps the blood through tubes, shaped +like hose, which lead by thousands of little branches all through the +body. These tubes are called arteries (rt[)e]r iz). + +Those tubes which bring the blood back again to the heart, are called +veins (v[=a]nz). You can see some of the smaller veins in your wrist. + +If you press your finger upon an artery in your wrist, you can feel the +steady beating of the pulse. This tells just how fast the heart is +pumping and the blood flowing. + +The doctor feels your pulse when you are sick, to find out whether the +heart is working too fast, or too slowly, or just right. + +Some way is needed to send the gray fluid that is made from the food we +eat and drink, to every part of the body. + +To send the food with the blood is a sure way of making it reach every +part. + +So, when the stomach has prepared the food, the blood takes it up and +carries it to every part of the body. It then leaves with each part, +just what it needs. + + +THE BLOOD AND THE BRAIN. + +As the brain has so much work to attend to, it must have very pure, good +blood sent to it, to keep it strong. Good blood is made from good food. +It can not be good if it has been poisoned with alcohol or tobacco. + +We must also remember that the brain needs a great deal of blood. If we +take alcohol into our blood, much of it goes to the brain. There it +affects the nerves, and makes a man lose control over his actions. + + +EXERCISE. + +When you run, you can feel your heart beating. It gets an instant of +rest between the beats. + +Good exercise in the fresh air makes the heart work well and warms the +body better than a fire could do. + + +DOES ALCOHOL DO ANY HARM TO THE HEART? + +Your heart is made of muscle. You know what harm alcohol does to the +muscles. + +Could a fatty heart work as well as a muscular heart? No more than a +fatty arm could do the work of a muscular arm. Besides, alcohol makes +the heart beat too fast, and so it gets too tired. + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. Where is the heart placed? + + 2. Of what is it made? + + 3. What work does it do? + + 4. What are arteries and veins? + + 5. What does the pulse tell us? + + 6. How does the food we eat reach all parts of the + body? + + 7. How does alcohol in the blood affect the brain? + + 8. When does the heart rest? + + 9. How does exercise in the fresh air help the + heart? + + 10. What harm does alcohol do to the heart? + + + + +CHAPTER XV. + +THE LUNGS. + + +[Illustration: T]HE blood flows all through the body, carrying good food +to every part. It also gathers up from every part the worn-out matter +that can no longer be used. By the time it is ready to be sent back by +the veins, the blood is no longer pure and red. It is dull and bluish in +color, because it is full of impurities. + +If you look at the veins in your wrist, you will see that they look +blue. + +If all this bad blood goes back to the heart, will the heart have to +pump out bad blood next time? No, for the heart has neighbors very near +at hand, ready to change the bad blood to pure, red blood again. + + +THE LUNGS. + +These neighbors are the lungs. They are in the chest on each side of +the heart. When you breathe, their little air-cells swell out, or +expand, to take in the air. Then they contract again, and the air passes +out through your mouth or nose. The lungs must have plenty of fresh air, +and plenty of room to work in. + +[Illustration: _The lungs, heart, and air-passages._] + +If your clothes are too tight and the lungs do not have room to expand, +they can not take in so much air as they should. Then the blood can not +be made pure, and the whole body will suffer. + +For every good breath of fresh air, the lungs take in, they send out one +of impure air. + +In this way, by taking out what is bad, they prepare the blood to go +back to the heart pure and red, and to be pumped out through the body +again. + +How the lungs can use the fresh air for doing this good work, you can +not yet understand. By and by, when you are older, you will learn more +about it. + + +CARE OF THE LUNGS. + +Do the lungs ever rest? + +You never stop breathing, not even in the night. But if you watch your +own breathing you will notice a little pause between the breaths. Each +pause is a rest. But the lungs are very steady workers, both by night +and by day. The least we can do for them, is to give them fresh air and +plenty of room to work in. + +You may say: "We can't give them more room than they have. They are +shut up in our chests." + +I have seen people who wore such tight clothes that their lungs did not +have room to take a full breath. If any part of the lungs can not +expand, it will become useless. If your lungs can not take in air enough +to purify the blood, you can not be so well and strong as God intended, +and your life will be shortened. + +If some one was sewing for you, you would not think of shutting her up +in a little place where she could not move her hands freely. The lungs +are breathing for you, and need room enough to do their work. + + +THE AIR. + +The lungs breathe out the waste matter that they have taken from the +blood. This waste matter poisons the air. If we should close all the +doors and windows, and the fireplace or opening into the chimney, and +leave not even a crack by which the fresh air could come in, we would +die simply from staying in such a room. The lungs could not do their +work for the blood, and the blood could not do its work for the body. + +Impure air-will poison you. You should not breathe it. If your head +aches, and you feel dull and sleepy from being in a close room, a run in +the fresh air will make you feel better. + +The good, pure air makes your blood pure; and the blood then flows +quickly through your whole body and refreshes every part. + +We must be careful not to stay in close rooms in the day-time, nor sleep +in close rooms at night. We must not keep out the fresh air that our +bodies so much need. + +It is better to breathe through the nose than through the mouth. You can +soon learn to do so, if you try to keep your mouth shut when walking or +running. + +If you keep the mouth shut and breathe through the nose, the little +hairs on the inside of the nose will catch the dust or other impurities +that are floating in the air, and so save their going to the lungs. You +will get out of breath less quickly when running if you keep your mouth +shut. + + +DOES ALCOHOL DO ANY HARM TO THE LUNGS? + +The little air-cells of the lungs have very delicate muscular (m[)u]sku +lar) walls. Every time we breathe, these walls have to move. The muscles +of the chest must also move, as you can all notice in yourselves, as you +breathe. + +All this muscular work, as well as that of the stomach and heart, is +directed by the nerves. + +You have learned already what alcohol will do to muscles and nerves, so +you are ready to answer for stomach, for heart, and for lungs. Is +alcohol a help to them? + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. Besides carrying food all over the body, what + other work does the blood do? + + 2. Why does the blood in the veins look blue? + + 3. Where is the blood made pure and red again? + + 4. Where is it sent, from the lungs? + + 5. What must the lungs have in order to do this + work? + + 6. When do the lungs rest? + + 7. Why should we not wear tight clothes? + + 8. How does the air in a room become spoiled? + + 9. How can we keep it fresh and pure? + + 10. How should we breathe? + + 11. Why is it better to breathe through the nose + than through the mouth? + + 12. Why is alcohol not good for the lungs? + + + + +CHAPTER XVI. + +THE SKIN. + + +[Illustration: T]HERE is another part of your body carrying away waste +matter all the time--it is the skin. + +The body is covered with skin. It is also lined with a more delicate +kind of skin. You can see where the outside skin and the lining skin +meet at your lips. + +There is a thin outside layer of skin which we can pull off without +hurting ourselves; but I advise you not to do so. Because under the +outside skin is the true skin, which is so full of little nerves that it +will feel the least touch as pain. When the outer skin, which protects +it, is torn away, we must cover the true skin to keep it from harm. + +In hot weather, or when any one has been working or playing hard, the +face, and sometimes the whole body, is covered with little drops of +water. We call these drops perspiration (p[~e]r sp[)i] r[=a]sh[)u]n). + +[Illustration: _Perspiratory tube._] + +Where does it come from? It comes through many tiny holes in the skin, +called pores (p[=o]rz). Every pore is the mouth of a tiny tube which is +carrying off waste matter and water from your body. If you could piece +together all these little perspiration tubes that are in the skin of one +person, they would make a line more than three miles long. + +Sometimes, you can not see the perspiration, because there is not enough +of it to form drops. But it is always coming out through your skin, both +in winter and summer. Your body is kept healthy by having its worn-out +matter carried off in this way, as well as in other ways. + + +THE NAILS. + +The nails grow from the skin. + +The finger nails are little shields to protect the ends of your fingers +from getting hurt. These finger ends are full of tiny nerves, and would +be badly off without such shields. No one likes to see nails that have +been bitten. + + +CARE OF THE SKIN. + +Waste matter is all the time passing out through the perspiration tubes +in the skin. This waste matter must not be left to clog up the little +openings of the tubes. It should be washed off with soap and water. + +When children have been playing out-of-doors, they often have very dirty +hands and faces. Any one can see, then, that they need to be washed. But +even if they had been in the cleanest place all day and had not touched +any thing dirty, they would still need the washing; for the waste matter +that comes from the inside of the body is just as hurtful as the mud or +dust of the street. You do not see it so plainly, because it comes out +very little at a time. Wash it off well, and your skin will be fresh and +healthy, and able to do its work. If the skin could not do its work, you +would die. + +Do not keep on your rubber boots or shoes all through school-time. +Rubber will not let the perspiration pass off, so the little pores get +clogged and your feet begin to feel uncomfortable, or your head may +ache. No part can fail to do its work without causing trouble to the +rest of the body. But you should always wear rubbers out-of-doors when +the ground is wet. Certainly, they are very useful then. + +When you are out in the fresh air, you are giving the other parts of +your body such a good chance to perspire, that your feet can bear a +little shutting up. But as soon as you come into the house, take the +rubbers off. + +Now that you know what the skin is doing all the time, you will +understand that the clothes worn next to your skin are full of little +worn-out particles, brought out by the perspiration. When these clothes +are taken off at night, they should be so spread out, that they will +air well before morning. Never wear any of the clothes through the +night, that you have worn during the day. + +Do not roll up your night-dress in the morning and put it under your +pillow. Give it first a good airing at the window and then hang it where +the air can reach it all day. By so doing, you will have sweeter sleep +at night. + +You are old enough to throw the bed-clothes off from the bed, before +leaving your rooms in the morning. In this way, the bed and bed-clothes +may have a good airing. Be sure to give them time enough for this. + + +WORK OF THE BODY. + +You have now learned about four important kinds of work:-- + +1st. The stomach prepares the food for the blood to take. + +2d. The blood is pumped out of the heart to carry food to every part of +the body, and to take away worn-out matter. + +3d. The lungs use fresh air in making the dark, impure blood, bright and +pure again. + +4th. The skin carries away waste matter through the little perspiration +tubes. + +All this work goes on, day and night, without our needing to think about +it at all; for messages are sent to the muscles by the nerves which keep +them faithfully at work, whether we know it or not. + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. What covers the body? + + 2. What lines the body? + + 3. Where are the nerves of the skin? + + 4. What is perspiration? What is the common name + for it? + + 5. What are the pores of the skin? + + 6. How does the perspiration help to keep you + well? + + 7. Of what use are the nails? + + 8. How should they be kept? + + 9. What care should be taken of the skin? + + 10. Why should you not wear rubber boots or + overshoes in the house? + + 11. Why should you change under-clothing night and + morning? + + 12. Where should the night-dress be placed in the + morning? + + 13. What should be done with the bed-clothes? Why? + + 14. Name the four kinds of work about which you + have learned. + + 15. How are the organs of the body kept at work? + + + + +CHAPTER XVII. + +THE SENSES. + + +[Illustration: W]E have five ways of learning about all things around +us. We can see them, touch them, taste them, smell them, or hear them. +Sight, touch, taste, smell, and hearing, are called the five senses. + +You already know something about them, for you are using them all the +time. + +In this lesson, you will learn a little more about seeing and hearing. + + +THE EYES. + +In the middle of your eye is a round, black spot, called the pupil. This +pupil is only a hole with a muscle around it. When you are in the light, +the muscle draws up, and makes the pupil small, because you can get all +the light you need through a small opening. When you are in the dark, +the muscle stretches, and opens the pupil wide to let in more light. + +The pupils of the cat's eyes are very large in the dark. They want all +the light they can get, to see if there are any mice about. + +[Illustration: _The eyelashes and the tear-glands._] + +The pupil of the eye opens into a little, round room where the nerve of +sight is. This is a safe place for this delicate nerve, which can not +bear too much light. It carries to the brain an account of every thing +we see. + +We might say the eye is taking pictures for us all day long, and that +the nerve of sight is describing these pictures to the brain. + + +CARE OF THE EYES. + +The nerves of sight need great care, for they are very delicate. + +Do not face a bright light when you are reading or studying. While +writing, you should sit so that the light will come from the left side; +then the shadow of your hand will not fall upon your work. + +One or two true stories may help you to remember that you must take good +care of your eyes. + +The nerve of sight can not bear too bright a light. It asks to have the +pupil made small, and even the eyelid curtains put down, when the light +is too strong. + +Once, there was a boy who said boastfully to his playmates: "Let us see +which of us can look straight at the sun for the longest time." + +Then they foolishly began to look at the sun. The delicate nerves of +sight felt a sharp pain, and begged to have the pupils made as small as +possible and the eyelid curtains put down. + +But the foolish boys said "No." They were trying to see which would bear +it the longest. Great harm was done to the brains as well as eyes of +both these boys. The one who looked longest at the sun died in +consequence of his foolish act. + +The second story is about a little boy who tried to turn his eyes to +imitate a schoolmate who was cross-eyed. He turned them; but he could +not turn them back again. Although he is now a gentleman more than fifty +years old and has had much painful work done upon his eyes, the doctors +have never been able to set them quite right. + +You see from the first story, that you must be careful not to give your +eyes too much light. But you must also be sure to give them light +enough. + +When one tries to read in the twilight, the little nerve of sight says: +"Give me more light; I am hurt, by trying to see in the dark." + +If you should kill these delicate nerves, no others would ever grow in +place of them, and you would never be able to see again. + + +THE EARS. + +What you call your ears are only pieces of gristle, so curved as to +catch the sounds and pass them along to the true ears. These are deeper +in the head, where the nerve of hearing is waiting to send an account +of each sound to the brain. + + +CARE OF THE EARS. + +The ear nerve is in less danger than that of the eye. Careless children +sometimes put pins into their ears and so break the "drum." That is a +very bad thing to do. Use only a soft towel in washing your ears. You +should never put any thing hard or sharp into them. + +I must tell you a short ear story, about my father, when he was a small +boy. + +One day, when playing on the floor, he laid his ear to the crack of the +door, to feel the wind blow into it. He was so young that he did not +know it was wrong; but the next day he had the earache severely. +Although he lived to be an old man, he often had the earache. He thought +it began from the time when the wind blew into his ear from under that +door. + + +ALCOHOL AND THE SENSES. + +All this fine work of touching, tasting, seeing, smelling, and hearing, +is nerve work. + +The man who is in the habit of using alcoholic drinks can not touch, +taste, see, smell, or hear so well as he ought. His hands tremble, his +speech is sometimes thick, and often he can not walk straight. +Sometimes, he thinks he sees things when he does not, because his poor +nerves are so confused by alcohol that they can not do their work. + +Answer now for your taste, smell, and touch, and also for your sight and +hearing; should their beautiful work be spoiled by alcohol? + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. Name the five senses. + + 2. What is the pupil of the eye? + + 3. How is it made larger or smaller? + + 4. Why does it change in size? + + 5. What can a cat's eyes do? + + 6. Where is the nerve of the eye? + + 7. What work does it do? + + 8. Why must one be careful of his eyes? + + 9. Where should the light be for reading or + studying? + + 10. Tell the story of the boys who looked at the + sun. + + 11. Tell the story of the boy who made himself + cross-eyed. + + 12. Why should you not read in the twilight? + + 13. What would be the result, if you should kill + the nerves of sight? + + 14. Where are the true ears? + + 15. How may the nerves of hearing be injured? + + 16. Tell the story of the boy who injured his ear. + + 17. How is the work of the senses affected by + drinking liquor? + + + + +CHAPTER XVIII. + +HEAT AND COLD. + + +WHAT MAKES US WARM? + +"[Illustration: M]Y thick, warm clothes make me warm," says some child. + +No! Your thick, warm clothes keep you warm. They do not make you warm. + +Take a brisk run, and your blood will flow faster and you will be warm +very quickly. + +On a cold day, the teamster claps his hands and swings his arms to make +his blood flow quickly and warm him. + +Every child knows that he is warm inside; for if his fingers are cold, +he puts them into his mouth to warm them. + +If you should put a little thermometer into your mouth, or under your +tongue, the mercury (m[~e]rku r[)y]) would rise as high as it does out +of doors on a hot, summer day. + +This would be the same in summer or winter, in a warm country or a cold +one, if you were well and the work of your body was going on steadily. + + +WHERE DOES THIS HEAT COME FROM? + +Some of the work which is all the time going on inside your body, makes +this heat. + +The blood is thus warmed, and then it carries the heat to every part of +the body. The faster the blood flows, the more heat it brings, and the +warmer we feel. + +In children, the heart pumps from eighty to ninety times a minute. + +This is faster than it works in old people, and this is one reason why +children are generally much warmer than old people. + +But we are losing heat all the time. + +You may breathe in cold air; but that which you breathe out is warm. A +great deal of heat from your warm body is all the time passing off +through your skin, into the cooler air about you. For this reason, a +room full of people is much warmer than the same room when empty. + + +CLOTHING. + +We put on clothes to keep in the heat which we already have, and to +prevent the cold air from reaching our skins and carrying off too much +heat in that way. + +Most of you children are too young to choose what clothes you will wear. +Others decide for you. You know, however, that woolen under-garments +keep you warm in winter, and that thick boots and stockings should be +worn in cold weather. Thin dresses or boots may look pretty; but they +are not safe for winter wear, even at a party. + +A healthy, happy child, dressed in clothes which are suitable for the +season, is pleasanter to look at than one whose dress, though rich and +handsome, is not warm enough for health or comfort. + +When you feel cold, take exercise, if possible. This will make the hot +blood flow all through your body and warm it. If you can not, you should +put on more clothes, go to a warm room, in some way get warm and keep +warm, or the cold will make you sick. + + +TAKING COLD. + +If your skin is chilled, the tiny mouths of the perspiration tubes are +sometimes closed and can not throw out the waste matter. Then, if one +part fails to do its work, other parts must suffer. Perhaps the inside +skin becomes inflamed, or the throat and lungs, and you have a cold, or +a cough. + + +ALCOHOL AND COLD. + +People used to think that nothing would warm one so well on a cold day, +as a glass of whiskey, or other alcoholic drink. + +It is true that, if a person drinks a little alcohol, he will feel a +burning in the throat, and presently a glowing heat on the skin. + +The alcohol has made the hot blood rush into the tiny tubes near the +skin, and he thinks it has warmed him. + +But if all this heat comes to the skin, the cold air has a chance to +carry away more than usual. In a very little time, the drinker will be +colder than before. Perhaps he will not know it; for the cheating +alcohol will have deadened his nerves so that they send no message to +the brain. Then he may not have sense enough to put on more clothing and +may freeze. He may even, if it is very cold, freeze to death. + +People, who have not been drinking alcohol are sometimes frozen; but +they would have frozen much quicker if they had drunk it. + +Horse-car drivers and omnibus drivers have a hard time on a cold winter +day. They are often cheated into thinking that alcohol will keep them +warm; but doctors have learned that it is the water-drinkers who hold +out best against the cold. Alcohol can not really keep a person warm. + +All children are interested in stories about Arctic explorers, whose +ships get frozen into great ice-fields, who travel on sledges drawn by +dogs, and sometimes live in Esquimau huts, and drink oil, and eat walrus +meat. + +These men tell us that alcohol will not keep them warm, and you know +why. + +The hunters and trappers in the snowy regions of the Rocky Mountains say +the same thing. Alcohol not only can not keep them warm; but it lessens +their power to resist cold. + +[Illustration: _Scene in the Arctic regions._] + +Many of you have heard about the Greely party who were brought home from +the Arctic seas, after they had been starving and freezing for many +months. + +There were twenty-six men in all. Of these, nineteen died. Seven were +found alive by their rescuers; one of these died soon afterward. The +first man who died, was the only one of the party who had ever been a +drunkard. + +Of the nineteen who died, all but one used tobacco. Of the six now +living,--four never used tobacco at all; and the other two, very seldom. + +The tobacco was no real help to them in time of trouble. It had probably +weakened their stomachs, so that they could not make the best use of +such poor food as they had. + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. Why do you wear thick clothes in cold weather? + + 2. How can you prove that you are warm inside? + + 3. What makes this heat? + + 4. What carries this heat through your body? + + 5. How rapidly does your heart beat? + + 6. How are you losing heat all the time? + + 7. How can you warm yourself without going to the + fire? + + 8. Will alcohol make you warmer, or colder? + + 9. How does it cheat you into thinking that you + will be warmer for drinking it? + + 10. What do the people who travel in very cold + countries, tell us about the use of alcohol? + + 11. How did tobacco affect the men who went to the + Arctic seas with Lieutenant Greely? + + + + +CHAPTER XIX. + +WASTED MONEY. + + +COST OF ALCOHOL. + +[Illustration: N]OW that you have learned about your bodies, and what +alcohol will do to them, you ought also to know that alcohol costs a +great deal of money. Money spent for that which will do no good, but +only harm, is certainly wasted, and worse than wasted. + +If a boy or a girl save ten cents a week, it will take ten weeks to save +a dollar. + +You can all think of many good and pleasant ways to spend a dollar. What +would the beer-drinker do with it? If he takes two mugs of beer a day, +the dollar will be used up in ten days. But we ought not to say used, +because that word will make us think it was spent usefully. We will say, +instead, the dollar will be wasted, in ten days. + +If he spends it for wine or whiskey, it will go sooner, as these cost +more. If no money was spent for liquor in this country, people would not +so often be sick, or poor, or bad, or wretched. We should not need so +many policemen, and jails, and prisons, as we have now. If no liquor was +drunk, men, women, and children would be better and happier. + + +COST OF TOBACCO. + +Most of you have a little money of your own. Perhaps you earned a part, +or the whole of it, yourselves. You are planning what to do with it, and +that is a very pleasant kind of planning. + +Do you think it would be wise to make a dollar bill into a tight little +roll, light one end of it with a match, and then let it slowly burn up? +That would be wasting it, you say! (_See Frontispiece._) + +Yes! it would be wasted, if thus burned. It would be worse than wasted, +if, while burning, it should also hurt the person who held it. If you +should buy cigars or tobacco with your dollar, and smoke them, you could +soon burn up the dollar and hurt yourselves besides. + +Can you count a million? Can you count a hundred millions? Try some day +to do this counting. Then, when you begin to have some idea how much six +hundred millions is, remember that six hundred million dollars are spent +in this country every year for tobacco--burned up--wasted--worse than +wasted. + +Do you think the farmer who planted tobacco instead of corn, did any +good to the world by the change? + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. How may one waste money? + + 2. Name some good ways for spending money. + + 3. How does the liquor-drinker spend his money? + + 4. What could we do, if no money was spent for + liquor? + + 5. Tell two ways in which you could burn up a + dollar bill. + + 6. Which would be the safer way? + + 7. How much money is spent for tobacco, yearly, in + this country? + + * * * * * + +Transcriber's Notes: + +This book contains pronunciation codes. These are indicated in the text +by the following + + breve: [)i] + macron: [=i] + tilde: [~i] + slash through the letter: [\l] + +Obvious punctuation errors repaired. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Child's Health Primer For Primary +Classes, by Jane Andrews + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HEALTH PRIMER *** + +***** This file should be named 25646-8.txt or 25646-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/5/6/4/25646/ + +Produced by Stephen Hope, Joseph Cooper, Emmy and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Child's Health Primer For Primary Classes + With Special Reference to the Effects of Alcoholic Drinks, + Stimulants, and Narcotics upon The Human System + +Author: Jane Andrews + +Release Date: May 30, 2008 [EBook #25646] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HEALTH PRIMER *** + + + + +Produced by Stephen Hope, Joseph Cooper, Emmy and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_i" id="Page_i">[i]</a></span><br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[ii]</a></span></p> +<h1>CHILD'S HEALTH PRIMER.</h1> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[iii]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 277px;"><a name="front" id="front"></a> +<img src="images/img002.png" width="277" height="400" alt="WASTING MONEY." title="WASTING MONEY." /> +<span class="caption">WASTING MONEY. (<a href="#Page_123">See p. 123.</a>)</span> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<div class='center'><span class="u">PATHFINDER PHYSIOLOGY No. 1</span></div> + + + + +<h1>CHILD'S<br /> + +HEALTH PRIMER</h1> + +<h3>FOR PRIMARY CLASSES</h3> + +<div class='center'> +WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOLIC DRINKS,<br /> +STIMULANTS, AND NARCOTICS UPON THE HUMAN SYSTEM<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<small>INDORSED BY THE</small><br /> +SCIENTIFIC DEPARTMENT OF THE<br /> +WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNION<br /> +OF THE<br /> +UNITED STATES<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<small><span class="smcap">Copyright</span>, 1885</small><br /> +<big>A. S. BARNES & COMPANY</big><br /> +NEW YORK AND CHICAGO<br /></div> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv">[iv]</a></span></p> + + + +<div class='center'> +PATHFINDER SERIES<br /> +OF TEXT BOOKS ON<br /> +<big>ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, AND HYGIENE.</big><br /> +<br /> +With Special Reference to the Influence of Alcoholic<br /> +Drinks and Narcotics on the Human System.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Indorsed by the Scientific Department of the Women's Christian Temperance<br /> +Union of the United States.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +I.<br /> +FOR PRIMARY GRADES.<br /> +<big>THE CHILD'S HEALTH PRIMER.</big><br /> +12mo. Cloth.<br /> +<br /> +An introduction to the study of the science, suited to<br /> +pupils of the ordinary third reader grade.<br /> +<br /> +Full of lively description and embellished by many apt<br /> +illustrations.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +II.<br /> +FOR INTERMEDIATE CLASSES.<br /> +<big>HYGIENE FOR YOUNG PEOPLE.</big><br /> +12mo. Cloth. Beautifully illustrated.<br /> +<br /> +Suited to pupils able to read any fourth reader.<br /> +<br /> +An admirable elementary treatise upon the subject.<br /> +<br /> +The principles of the science more fully announced<br /> +and illustrated.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +III.<br /> +FOR HIGH SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES.<br /> +<big>HYGIENIC PHYSIOLOGY.</big><br /> +12mo. Beautifully illustrated.<br /> +A MORE ELABORATE TREATISE.<br /> +<br /> +Prepared for the instruction of youth in the principles which<br /> +underlie the preservation of health and the<br /> +formation of correct physical habits.<br /></div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[v]</a></span></p> + + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/img005.png" width="400" height="124" alt="Preface" title="Preface" /> +</div> + + +<p>As this little book goes to press, Massachusetts, by +an act of its legislature, is made the fourteenth state +in this country that requires the pupils in the primary, +as well as in the higher grades of public schools, to +be taught the effects of alcoholics and other narcotics +upon the human system, in connection with other +facts of physiology and hygiene.</p> + +<p>The object of all this legislation is, not that the +future citizen may know the technical names of +bones, nerves, and muscles, but that he may have a +<i><b>timely</b></i> and <i><b>forewarning</b></i> knowledge of the effects of +alcohol and other popular poisons upon the human +body, and therefore upon life and character.</p> + +<p>With every reason in favor of such education, +and the law requiring it, its practical tests in the +school-room will result in failure, unless there shall +be ready for teacher and scholar, a well-arranged,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[vi]</a></span> +simple, and practical book, bringing these truths +down to the capacity of the child.</p> + +<p>A few years hence, when the results of this study +in our Normal Schools shall be realized in the +preparation of the teacher, we can depend upon her +adapting oral lessons from advanced works on this +theme, but now, the average primary teacher brings +to this study no experience, and limited previous +study.</p> + +<p>To meet this need, this work has been prepared. +Technical terms have been avoided, and only such +facts of physiology developed as are necessary to the +treatment of the effects of alcohol, tobacco, opium, +and other truths of hygiene.</p> + +<p>To the children in the Primary Schools of this +country, for whom it was prepared, this work is +dedicated.</p> + + + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[vii]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/img007.png" width="400" height="125" alt="CONTENTS" title="CONTENTS" /> +</div> + + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Contents"> +<tr><td align='left' colspan='2'><small>CHAPTER</small></td><td align='right'><small>PAGE</small></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'> </td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Frontispiece</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_2">2</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'> </td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Title-page</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'> </td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Preface</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'> </td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Contents</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>I.</td><td align='left'>—<span class="smcap">Joints and Bones</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>II.</td><td align='left'>—<span class="smcap">Muscles</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>III.</td><td align='left'>—<span class="smcap">Nerves</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>IV.</td><td align='left'>—<span class="smcap">What is Alcohol?</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_37">37</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>V.</td><td align='left'>—<span class="smcap">Beer</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>VI.</td><td align='left'>—<span class="smcap">Distilling</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>VII.</td><td align='left'>—<span class="smcap">Alcohol</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>VIII.</td><td align='left'>—<span class="smcap">Tobacco</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>IX.</td><td align='left'>—<span class="smcap">Opium</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>X.</td><td align='left'><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[viii]</a></span>—<span class="smcap">What are Organs?</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_61">61</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>XI.</td><td align='left'>—<span class="smcap">What does the Body Need for Food?</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>XII.</td><td align='left'>—<span class="smcap">How Food Becomes Part of the Body</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>XIII.</td><td align='left'>—<span class="smcap">Strength</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>XIV.</td><td align='left'>—<span class="smcap">The Heart</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>XV.</td><td align='left'>—<span class="smcap">The Lungs</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>XVI.</td><td align='left'>—<span class="smcap">The Skin</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_103">103</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>XVII.</td><td align='left'>—<span class="smcap">The Senses</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>XVIII.</td><td align='left'>—<span class="smcap">Heat and Cold</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_115">115</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>XIX.</td><td align='left'>—<span class="smcap">Wasted Money</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td></tr> +</table></div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER I.</h2> + +<h3>JOINTS AND BONES.</h3> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 53px;"> +<img src="images/img009l.png" width="53" height="75" alt="L" title="L" /> +</div><div class='unindent'><br /><br />ITTLE girls like a jointed doll to play +with, because they can bend such a doll +in eight or ten places, make it stand or sit, +or can even play that it is walking.</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/img009.png" width="400" height="317" alt="Jointed dolls." title="Jointed dolls." /> +<span class="caption">Jointed dolls.</span> +</div> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span></p> + +<p>As you study your own bodies to-day, you +will find that you each have better joints +than any dolls that can be bought at a toy +shop.</p> + + +<h3><br />HINGE-JOINTS.</h3> + +<p>Some of your joints work like the hinges +of a door, and these are called hinge-joints.</p> + +<p>You can find them in your elbows, knees, +fingers, and toes.</p> + +<p>How many hinge-joints can you find?</p> + +<p>Think how many hinges must be used +by the boy who takes off his hat and makes +a polite bow to his teacher, when she meets +him on the street.</p> + +<p>How many hinges do you use in running +up-stairs, opening the door, buttoning your +coat or your boots, playing ball or digging +in your garden?</p> + +<p>You see that we use these hinges nearly +all the time. We could not do without +them.</p> + + +<h3><br />BALL AND SOCKET JOINTS.</h3> + +<p>All our joints are not hinge-joints.</p> + +<p>Your shoulder has a joint that lets your<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span> +arm swing round and round, as well as move +up and down.</p> + +<p>Your hip has another that lets your leg +move in much the same way.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/img011.png" width="400" height="278" alt="The hip-joint." title="The hip-joint." /> +<span class="caption">The hip-joint.</span> +</div> + +<p>This kind of joint is the round end or ball +of a long bone, which moves in a hole, called +a socket.</p> + +<p>Your joints do not creak or get out of order, +as those of doors and gates sometimes +do. A soft, smooth fluid, much like the white +of an egg, keeps them moist and makes them +work easily.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span></p> + + +<h3><br />BONES.</h3> + +<p>What parts of our bodies are jointed together +so nicely? Our bones.</p> + +<p>How many bones have we?</p> + +<p>If you should count all your bones, you +would find that each of you has about two +hundred.</p> + +<p>Some are large; and some, very small.</p> + +<p>There are long-hones in your legs and +arms, and many short ones in your fingers +and toes. The backbone is called the spine.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/img012.png" width="400" height="87" alt="Backbone of a fish." title="Backbone of a fish." /> +<span class="caption">Backbone of a fish.</span> +</div> + +<p>If you look at the backbone of a fish, you +can see that it is made up-of many little +bones. Your own spine is formed in much +the same way, of twenty-four small bones. +An elastic cushion of gristle (grĭs´l) fits nicely +in between each little bone and the next.</p> + +<p>When you bend, these cushions are pressed +together on one side and stretched on the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span> +other. They settle back into their first shape, +as soon as you stand straight again.</p> + +<p>If you ever rode in a wheelbarrow, or a +cart without springs, you know what a jolting +it gave you. These little spring cushions +keep you from being shaken even more severely +every time you move.</p> + +<p>Twenty-four ribs, twelve on each side, +curve around from the spine to the front, or +breast, bone. (<i><a href="#Page_38">See page 38.</a></i>)</p> + +<p>They are so covered with flesh that perhaps +you can not feel and count them; but +they are there.</p> + +<p>Then you have two flat shoulder-blades, +and two collar-bones that almost meet in +front, just where your collar fastens.</p> + +<p>Of what are the bones made?</p> + +<p>Take two little bones, such as those from +the legs or wings of a chicken, put one of +them into the fire, when it is not very hot, +and leave it there two or three hours. Soak +the other bone in some weak muriatic +(mū rĭ ăt´ĭk) acid. This acid can be bought of +any druggist.</p> + +<p>You will have to be careful in taking the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span> +bone out of the fire, for it is all ready to +break. If you strike it a quick blow, it will +crumble to dust. This dust we call lime, and +it is very much like the lime from which the +mason makes mortar.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/img014.png" width="400" height="242" alt="Bone tied to a knot." title="Bone tied to a knot." /> +<span class="caption">Bone tied to a knot.</span> +</div> + +<p>The acid has taken the lime from the +other bone, so only the part which is not +lime is left. You will be surprised to see +how easily it will bend. You can twist it +and tie it into a knot; but it will not easily +break.</p> + +<p>You have seen gristle in meat. This soft +part of the bone is gristle.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span></p> + +<p>Children's bones have more gristle than +those of older people; so children's bones bend +easily.</p> + +<p>I know a lady who has one leg shorter +than the other. This makes her lame, and +she has to wear a boot with iron supports +three or four inches high, in order to walk +at all.</p> + +<p>One day she told me how she became lame.</p> + +<p>"I remember," she said, "when I was between +three and four years old, sitting one +day in my high chair at the table, and twisting +one foot under the little step of the chair. +The next morning I felt lame; but nobody +could tell what was the matter. At last, the +doctors found out that the trouble all came +from that twist. It had gone too far to be +cured. Before I had this boot, I could only +walk with a crutch."</p> + + +<h3><br />CARE OF THE SPINE.</h3> + +<p>Because the spine is made of little bones +with cushions between them, it bends easily, +and children sometimes bend it more than +they ought.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span></p> + +<p>If you lean over your book or your writing +or any other work, the elastic cushions +may get so pressed on the inner edge that +they do not easily spring back into shape. +In this way, you may grow round-shouldered +or hump-backed.</p> + +<p>This bending over, also cramps the lungs, +so that they do not have all the room they +need for breathing. While you are young, +your bones are easily bent. One shoulder or +one hip gets higher than the other, if you +stand unevenly. This is more serious, because +you are growing, and you may grow crooked +before you know it.</p> + +<p>Now that you know how soft your bones +are, and how easily they bend, you will +surely be careful to sit and stand erect. Do +not twist your legs, or arms, or shoulders; +for you want to grow into straight and graceful +men and women, instead of being round-shouldered, +or hump-backed, or lame, all your +lives.</p> + +<p>When people are old, their bones contain +more lime, and, therefore, break more easily.</p> + +<p>You should be kindly helpful to old people,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span> +so that they may not fall, and possibly +break their bones.</p> + + +<h3><br />CARE OF THE FEET.</h3> + +<p>Healthy children are always out-growing +their shoes, and sometimes faster than they +wear them out. Tight shoes cause corns and +in-growing nails and other sore places on the +feet. All of these are very hard to get rid of. +No one should wear a shoe that pinches or +hurts the foot.</p> + + +<h3><br />OUGHT A BOY TO USE TOBACCO?</h3> + +<p>Perhaps some boy will say: "Grown people +are always telling us, 'this will do for +men, but it is not good for boys.'"</p> + +<p>Tobacco is not good for men; but there +is a very good reason why it is worse for +boys.</p> + +<p>If you were going to build a house, would +it be wise for you to put into the stone-work +of the cellar something that would make it +less strong?</p> + +<p>Something into the brick-work or the +mortar, the wood-work or the nails, the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span> +walls or the chimneys, that would make +them weak and tottering, instead of strong +and steady?</p> + +<p>It would he had enough if you should +repair your house with poor materials; but +surely it must be built in the first place +with the best you can get.</p> + +<p>You will soon learn that boys and girls +are building their bodies, day after day, until +at last they reach full size.</p> + +<p>Afterward, they must be repaired as fast +as they wear out.</p> + +<p>It would be foolish to build any part in +a way to make it weaker than need be.</p> + +<p>Wise doctors have said that the boy who +uses tobacco while he is growing, makes +every part of his body less strong than it +otherwise would be. Even his bones will +not grow so well.</p> + +<p>Boys who smoke can not become such +large, fine-looking men as they would if +they did not smoke.</p> + +<p>Cigarettes are small, but they are very +poisonous. Chewing tobacco is a worse and +more filthy habit even than smoking. The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span> +frequent spitting it causes is disgusting to +others and hurts the health of the chewer. +Tobacco in any form is a great enemy to +youth. It stunts the growth, hurts the +mind, and cripples in every way the boy or +girl who uses it.</p> + +<p>Not that it does all this to every youth +who smokes, but it is always true that no +boy of seven to fourteen can begin to smoke +or chew and have so fine a body and mind +when he is twenty-one years old as he would +have had if he had never used tobacco. If +you want to be strong and well men and +women, do not use tobacco in any form.</p> + + +<h3><br />REVIEW QUESTIONS.</h3> + +<div class="hang1">1. What two kinds of joints have you?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>2. Describe each kind.</div> + +<div class='hang1'>3. Find as many of each kind as you can.</div> + +<div class='hang1'>4. How are the joints kept moist?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>5. How many bones are there in your whole body?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>6. Count the bones in your hand.</div> + +<div class='hang1'>7. Of how many bones is your spine made?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>8. Why could you not use it so well if it were all in one piece?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>9. What is the use of the little cushions between the bones of the spine?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>10. How many ribs have you?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>11. Where are they?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>12. Where are the shoulder-blades?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>13. Where are the collar-bones?<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span></div> + +<div class='hang1'>14. What are bones made of?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>15. How can we show this?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>16. What is the difference between the bones of children and the bones of old people?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>17. Why do children's bones bend easily?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>18. Tell the story of the lame lady.</div> + +<div class='hang1'>19. What does this story teach you?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>20. What happens if you lean over your desk or work?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>21. How will this position injure your lungs?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>22. What other bones may be injured by wrong positions?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>23. Why do old people's bones break easily?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>24. How should the feet be cared for?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>25. How does tobacco affect the bones?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>26. What do doctors say of its use?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>27. What is said about cigarettes?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>28. What about chewing tobacco?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>29. To whom is tobacco a great enemy? Why?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>30. What is always true of its use by youth?</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER II.</h2> + +<h3>MUSCLES.</h3> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 83px;"> +<img src="images/img021w.png" width="83" height="75" alt="W" title="W" /> +</div><div class='unindent'><br /><br />HAT makes the limbs move?</div> + +<p>You have to take hold of the door +to move it back and forth; but you need not +take hold of your arm to move that.</p> + +<p>What makes it move?</p> + +<p>Sometimes a door or gate is made to shut +itself, if you leave it open.</p> + +<p>This can be done by means of a wide +rubber strap, one end of which is fastened +to the frame of the door near the hinge, and +the other end to the door, out near its edge.</p> + +<p>When we push open the door, the rubber +strap is stretched; but as soon as we have +passed through, the strap tightens, draws +the door back, and shuts it.</p> + +<p>If you stretch out your right arm, and +clasp the upper part tightly with your left<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span> +hand, then work the elbow joint strongly +back and forth, you can feel something under +your hand draw up, and then lengthen out +again, each time you bend the joint.</p> + +<p>What you feel, is a muscle (mŭs´sl), and it +works your joints very much as the rubber +strap works the hinge of the door.</p> + +<p>One end of the muscle is fastened to the +bone just below the elbow joint; and the +other end, higher up above the joint.</p> + +<p>When it tightens, or contracts, as we say, +it bends the joint. When the arm is straightened, +the muscle returns to its first shape.</p> + +<p>There is another muscle on the outside +of the arm which stretches when this one +shortens, and so helps the working of the +joint.</p> + +<p>Every joint has two or more muscles of +its own to work it.</p> + +<p>Think how many there must be in our +fingers!</p> + +<p>If we should undertake to count all the +muscles that move our whole bodies, it would +need more counting than some of you could +do.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span></p> + + +<h3><br />TENDONS.</h3> +<div class="figleft" style="width: 154px;"> +<img src="images/img023.png" width="154" height="400" alt="Tendons of the hand." title="Tendons of the hand." /> +<span class="caption">Tendons of the hand.</span> +</div> + +<p>You can see muscles on the dinner table; +for they are only lean meat.</p> + + +<p>They are fastened to the +bones by strong cords, called +tendons (tĕn´dŏnz). These +tendons can be seen in the +leg of a chicken or turkey. +They sometimes hold the +meat so firmly that it is +hard for you to get it off. +When you next try to pick +a "drum-stick," remember +that you are eating the +strong muscles by which the +chicken or turkey moved +his legs as he walked about +the yard. The parts that +have the most work to do, +need the strongest muscles.</p> + +<p>Did you ever see the +swallows flying about the +eaves of a barn?</p> + +<p>Do they have very stout legs? No! They<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span> +have very small legs and feet, because they +do not need to walk. They need to fly.</p> + +<p>The muscles that move the wings are +fastened to the breast. These breast muscles +of the swallow must be large and strong.</p> + + +<h3><br />EXERCISE OF THE MUSCLES.</h3> + +<p>People who work hard with any part of +the body make the muscles of that part very +strong.</p> + +<p>The blacksmith has big, strong muscles +in his arms because he uses them so much.</p> + +<p>You are using your muscles every day, +and this helps them to grow.</p> + +<p>Once I saw a little girl who had been +very sick. She had to lie in bed for many +weeks. Before her sickness she had plenty +of stout muscles in her arms and legs and +was running about the house from morning +till night, carrying her big doll in her arms.</p> + +<p>After her sickness, she could hardly walk +ten steps, and would rather sit and look at +her playthings than try to lift them. She +had to make new muscles as fast as possible.</p> + +<p>Running, coasting, games of ball, and all<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span> +brisk play and work, help to make strong +muscles.</p> + +<p>Idle habits make weak muscles. So idleness +is an enemy to the muscles.</p> + +<p>There is another enemy to the muscles +about which I must tell you.</p> + + +<h3><br />WHAT ALCOHOL WILL DO TO THE MUSCLES.</h3> + +<p>Muscles are lean meat. Fat meat could +not work your joints for you as the muscles +do. Alcohol often changes a part of the +muscles to fat, and so takes away a part of +their strength. In this way, people often +grow very fleshy from drinking beer, because +it contains alcohol, as you will soon learn. +But they can not work any better on account +of having this fat. They are not really +any stronger for it.</p> + + +<h3><br />REVIEW QUESTIONS.</h3> + +<div class="hang1">1. How are the joints moved?</div> + +<div class="hang1">2. Where are the muscles in your arms, which help you to move your elbows?</div> + +<div class="hang1">3. Show why joints must have muscles.</div> + +<div class="hang1">4. What do we call the muscles of the lower animals?</div> + +<div class="hang1">5. What fasten the muscles to the bones?<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span></div> + +<div class="hang1">6. Why do chickens and turkeys need strong muscles in their legs?</div> + +<div class="hang1">7. Why do swallows need strong breast muscles?</div> + +<div class="hang1">8. What makes the muscles of the blacksmith's arm so strong?</div> + +<div class="hang1">9. What will make your muscles strong?</div> + +<div class="hang1">10. What will make them weak?</div> + +<div class="hang1">11. What does alcohol often do to the muscles?</div> + +<div class="hang1">12. Can fatty muscles work well?</div> + +<div class="hang1">13. Why does not drinking beer make one stronger?</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER III.</h2> + +<h3>NERVES.</h3> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 63px;"> +<img src="images/img027h.png" width="63" height="75" alt="H" title="H" /> +</div><div class='unindent'><br /><br />OW do the muscles know when to move?</div> + +<p>You have all seen the telegraph +wires, by which messages are sent from one +town to another, all over the country.</p> + +<p>You are too young to understand how +this is done, but you each have something +inside of you, by which you are sending +messages almost every minute while you are +awake.</p> + +<p>We will try to learn a little about its +wonderful way of working.</p> + +<p>In your head is your brain. It is the +part of you which thinks.</p> + +<p>As you would be very badly off if you +could not think, the brain is your most +precious part, and you have a strong box +made of bone to keep it in.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 272px;"> +<img src="images/img028.png" width="272" height="500" alt="Diagram of the nervous system." title="Diagram of the nervous system." /> +<span class="caption">Diagram of the nervous system.</span> +</div> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span></p> + +<p>We will call the brain the central telegraph +office. Little white cords, called nerves, +connect the brain with the rest of the body.</p> + +<p>A large cord called the spinal cord, lies +safely in a bony case made by the spine, and +many nerves branch off from this.</p> + +<p>If you put your finger on a hot stove, in +an instant a message goes on the nerve telegraph +to the brain. It tells that wise thinking +part that your finger will burn, if it +stays on the stove.</p> + +<p>In another instant, the brain sends back +a message to the muscles that move that +finger, saying: "Contract quickly, bend the +joint, and take that poor finger away so +that it will not be burned."</p> + +<p>You can hardly believe that there was +time for all this sending of messages; for as +soon as you felt the hot stove, you pulled +your finger away. But you really could not +have pulled it away, unless the brain had +sent word to the muscles to do it.</p> + +<p>Now, you know what we mean when we +say, "As quick as thought." Surely nothing +could be quicker.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span></p> + +<p>You see that the brain has a great deal +of work to do, for it has to send so many orders.</p> + +<p>There are some muscles which are moving +quietly and steadily all the time, though +we take no notice of the motion.</p> + +<p>You do not have to think about breathing, +and yet the muscles work all the time, +moving your chest.</p> + +<p>If we had to think about it every time +we breathed, we should have no time to +think of any thing else.</p> + +<p>There is one part of the brain that takes +care of such work for us. It sends the messages +about breathing, and keeps the breathing +muscles and many other muscles faithfully +at work. It does all this without our +needing to know or think about it at all.</p> + +<p>Do you begin to see that your body is a +busy work-shop, where many kinds of work +are being done all day and all night?</p> + +<p>Although we lie still and sleep in the +night, the breathing must go on, and so must +the work of those other organs that never +stop until we die.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span></p> + + +<h3><br />OTHER WORK OF THE NERVES.</h3> + +<p>The little white nerve-threads lie smoothly +side by side, making small white cords. Each +kind of message goes on its own thread, so +that the messages need never get mixed or +confused.</p> + +<p>These nerves are very delicate little messengers. +They do all the feeling for the whole +body, and by means of them we have many +pains and many pleasures.</p> + +<p>If there was no nerve in your tooth it +could not ache. But if there were no nerves +in your mouth and tongue, you could not +taste your food.</p> + +<p>If there were no nerves in your hands, +you might cut them and feel no pain. But +you could not feel your mother's soft, warm +hand, as she laid it on yours.</p> + +<p>One of your first duties is the care of yourselves.</p> + +<p>Children may say: "My father and mother +take care of me." But even while you are +young, there are some ways in which no one +can take care of you but yourselves. The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span> +older you grow, the more this care will belong +to you, and to no one else.</p> + +<p>Think of the work all the parts of the +body do for us, and how they help us to be +well and happy. Certainly the least we can +do is to take care of them and keep them in +good order.</p> + + +<h3><br />CARE OF THE BRAIN AND NERVES.</h3> + +<p>As one part of the brain has to take care of +all the rest of the body, and keep every organ +at work, of course it can never go to sleep +itself. If it did, the heart would stop pumping, +the lungs would leave off breathing, all +other work would stop, and the body would +be dead.</p> + +<p>But there is another part of the brain +which does the thinking, and this part needs +rest.</p> + +<p>When you are asleep, you are not thinking, +but you are breathing and other work of +the body is going on.</p> + +<p>If the thinking part of the brain does not +have good quiet sleep, it will soon wear out. +A worn-out brain is not easy to repair.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span></p> + +<p>If well cared for, your brain will do the +best of work for you for seventy or eighty +years without complaining.</p> + +<p>The nerves are easily tired out, and they +need much rest. They get tired if we do one +thing too long at a time; they are rested by +a change of work.</p> + + +<h3><br />IS ALCOHOL GOOD FOR THE NERVES AND THE BRAIN?</h3> + +<p>Think of the wonderful work the brain is +all the time doing for you!</p> + +<p>You ought to give it the best of food to +keep it in good working order. Any drink +that contains alcohol is not a food to make +one strong; but is a poison to hurt, and at +last to kill.</p> + +<p>It injures the brain and nerves so that +they can not work well, and send their messages +properly. That is why the drunkard +does not know what he is about.</p> + +<p>Newspapers often tell us about people setting +houses on fire; about men who forgot to +turn the switch, and so wrecked a railroad +train; about men who lay down on the railroad +track and were run over by the cars.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span></p> + +<p>Often these stories end with: "The person +had been drinking." When the nerves are +put to sleep by alcohol, people become careless +and do not do their work faithfully; sometimes, +they can not even tell the difference +between a railroad track and a place of +safety. The brain receives no message, or the +wrong one, and the person does not know +what he is doing.</p> + +<p>You may say that all men who drink +liquor do not do such terrible things.</p> + +<p>That is true. A little alcohol is not so +bad as a great deal. But even a little makes +the head ache, and hurts the brain and +nerves.</p> + +<p>A body kept pure and strong is of great +service to its owner. There are people who +are not drunkards, but who often drink a +little liquor. By this means, they slowly +poison their bodies.</p> + +<p>When sickness comes upon them, they +are less able to bear it, and less likely to get +well again, than those who have never injured +their bodies with alcohol.</p> + +<p>When a sick or wounded man is brought<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span> +into the hospital, one of the first questions +asked him by the doctor is: "Do you drink?"</p> + +<p>If he answers "Yes!" the next questions +are, "What do you drink?" and "How +much?"</p> + +<p>The answers he gives to these questions, +show the doctor what chance the man has +of getting well.</p> + +<p>A man who never drinks liquor will get +well, where a drinking man would surely +die.</p> + + +<h3><br />TOBACCO AND THE NERVES.</h3> + +<p>Why does any one wish to use tobacco?</p> + +<p>Because many men say that it helps them, +and makes them feel better.</p> + +<p>Shall I tell you how it makes them feel +better?</p> + +<p>If a man is cold, the tobacco deadens +his nerves so that he does not feel the +cold and does not take pains to make himself +warmer.</p> + +<p>If a man is tired, or in trouble, tobacco +will not really rest him or help him out of +his trouble.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span></p> + +<p>It only puts his nerves to sleep and helps +him think that he is not tired, and that +he does not need to overcome his troubles.</p> + +<p>It puts his nerves to sleep very much as +alcohol does, and helps him to be contented +with what ought not to content him.</p> + +<p>A boy who smokes or chews tobacco, is +not so good a scholar as if he did not use +the poison. He can not remember his lessons +so well.</p> + +<p>Usually, too, he is not so polite, nor so +good a boy as he otherwise would be.</p> + + +<h3><br />REVIEW QUESTIONS.</h3> + +<div class="hang1">1. How do the muscles know when to move?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>2. What part of you is it that thinks?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>3. What are the nerves?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>4. Where is the spinal cord?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>5. What message goes to the brain when you put your finger on +a hot stove?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>6. What message comes back from the brain to the finger?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>7. What is meant by "As quick as thought"?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>8. Name some of the muscles which work without needing our +thought.</div> + +<div class='hang1'>9. What keeps them at work?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>10. Why do not the nerve messages get mixed and confused?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>11. Why could you not feel, if you had no nerves?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>12. State some ways in which the nerves give us pain.</div> + +<div class='hang1'>13. State some ways in which they give us pleasure.</div> + +<div class='hang1'>14. What part of us has the most work to do?<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span></div> + +<div class='hang1'>15. How must we keep the brain strong and well?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>16. What does alcohol do to the nerves and brain?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>17. Why does not a drunken man know what he is about?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>18. What causes most of the accidents we read of?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>19. Why could not the man who had been drinking tell the difference +between a railroad track and a place of safety?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>20. How does the frequent drinking of a little liquor affect the +body?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>21. How does sickness affect people who often drink these liquors?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>22. When a man is taken to the hospital, what questions does the +doctor ask?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>23. What depends upon his answers?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>24. Why do many men use tobacco?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>25. How does it make them feel better?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>26. Does it really help a person who uses it?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>27. Does tobacco help a boy to be a good scholar?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>28. How does it affect his manners?</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 245px;"> +<img src="images/img038.png" width="245" height="500" alt="Bones of the human body." title="Bones of the human body." /> +<span class="caption">Bones of the human body.</span> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER IV.</h2> + +<h3>WHAT IS ALCOHOL?</h3> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 60px;"> +<img src="images/img039r.png" width="60" height="75" alt="R" title="R" /> +</div><div class='unindent'><br /><br />IPE grapes are full of juice.</div> + +<p>This juice is mostly water, sweetened +with a sugar of its own. It is flavored +with something which makes us know, the +moment we taste it, that it is grape-juice, +and not cherry-juice or plum-juice.</p> + +<p>Apples also contain water, sugar, and apple +flavor; and cherries contain water, sugar, and +cherry flavor. The same is true of other +fruits. They all, when ripe, have the water +and the sugar; and each has a flavor of its +own.</p> + +<p>Ripe grapes are sometimes gathered and +put into great tubs called vats. In these the +juice is squeezed out.</p> + +<p>In some countries, this squeezing is done +by bare-footed men who jump into the vats +and press the grapes with their feet.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span></p> + +<p>The grape-juice is then drawn off from the +skins and seeds and left standing in a warm +place.</p> + +<p>Bubbles soon begin to rise and cover the +top of it with froth. The juice is all in motion.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/img040.png" width="400" height="322" alt="Picking grapes and making wine." title="Picking grapes and making wine." /> +<span class="caption">Picking grapes and making wine.</span> +</div> + +<p>If the cook had wished to use this grape-juice +to make jelly, she would say: "Now, I +can not make my grape-jelly, for the grape-juice +is spoiled."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span></p> + + +<h3><br />WHAT IS THIS CHANGE IN THE GRAPE-JUICE?</h3> + +<p>The sugar in the grape-juice is changing +into something else. It is turning into +alcohol and a gas<a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> that moves about in little +bubbles in the liquid, and rising to the top, +goes off into the air. The alcohol is a thin +liquid which, mixed with the water, remains +in the grape-juice.</p> + +<p>The sugar is gone; alcohol and the bubbles +of gas are left in its place.</p> + +<p>This alcohol is a liquid poison. A little of +it will harm any one who drinks it; much +of it would kill the drinker.</p> + +<p>Ripe grapes are good food; but grape-juice, +when its sugar has turned to alcohol, is not a +safe drink for any one. It is poisoned by the +alcohol.</p> + + +<h3><br />WINE.</h3> + +<p>This changed grape-juice is called wine. +It is partly water, partly alcohol, and it still +has the grape flavor in it.</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span></p> +<p>Wine +is also +made +from currants, +elderberries, and +other fruits, in very +much the same way as +from grapes.</p> +<div class='center'> <table class="grapes" summary="grapes"> +<tr><td align='left'><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> +<div class='grape1'>People sometimes make +it at home from the fruits +that grow in their own gardens, +and think there is no +alcohol in it, because they do +not put any in.</div> + +<div class='grape2'>But you know that the alcohol +is made in the fruit-juice itself +by the change of the sugar into +alcohol and the gas.</div> + + + +<div class='grape2'>It is the nature of alcohol to +make the person who takes a little of +it, in wine, or any other drink, want more +and more alcohol. When one goes on, thus +taking more and more of the drinks that +contain alcohol, he is called a drunkard.</div> + +<div class='grape3'>In this way wine has made many drunkards.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span> +Alcohol hurts both the body and mind. +It changes the person who drinks it. It will +make a good and kind person cruel and bad; +and will make a bad person worse.</div> + +<div class='grape3'>Every one who takes wine does not become +a drunkard, but you are not sure that +you will not, if you drink it.</div> + +<p>You should not drink wine, because there +is alcohol in it.</p> +<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></td> +</tr></table></div> + + + +<h3>CIDER.</h3> + +<p>Cider is made from apples. In a few hours +after the juice is pressed out of the apples, +if it is left open to the air the sugar begins +to change.</p> + +<p>Like the sugar in the grape, it changes +into alcohol and bubbles of gas.</p> + +<p>At first, there is but little alcohol in +cider, but a little of this poison is dangerous.</p> + +<p>More alcohol is all the time forming until +in ten cups of cider there may be one cup +of alcohol. Cider often makes its drinkers +ill-tempered and cross.</p> + +<p>Cider and wine will turn into vinegar if +left in a warm place long enough.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span></p> + + +<h3><br />REVIEW QUESTIONS.</h3> + +<div class="hang1">1. What two things are in all fruit-juices?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>2. How can we tell the juice of grapes from that of plums?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>3. How can we tell the juice of apples from that of cherries?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>4. What is often done with ripe grapes?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>5. What happens after the grape-juice has stood a short time?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>6. Why would the changed grape-juice not be good to use in making +jelly?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>7. Into what is the sugar in the juice changed?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>8. What becomes of the gas?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>9. What becomes of the alcohol?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>10. What is gone and what left?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>11. What is alcohol?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>12. What does alcohol do to those who drink it?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>13. When are grapes good food?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>14. When is grape-juice not a safe drink?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>15. Why?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>16. What is this changed grape-juice called?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>17. What is wine?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>18. From what is wine made?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>19. What do people sometimes think of home-made wines?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>20. How can alcohol be there when none has been put into it?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>21. What does alcohol make the person who takes it want?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>22. What is such a one called?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>23. What has wine done to many persons?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>24. What does alcohol hurt?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>25. How does it change a person?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>26. Are you sure you will not become a drunkard if you drink +wine?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>27. Why should you not drink it?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>28. What is cider made from?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>29. What soon happens to apple-juice?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>30. How may vinegar be made?</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span></p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTE:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> This gas is called car bon´ic acid gas.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>CHAPTER V.</h2> + +<h3>BEER.</h3> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 58px;"> +<img src="images/img045a.png" width="58" height="75" alt="A" title="A" /> +</div><div class='unindent'><br /><br />LCOHOL is often made from grains as +well as from fruit. The grain has +starch instead of sugar.</div> + +<p>If the starch in your mother's starch-box +at home should be changed into sugar, you +would think it a very strange thing.</p> + +<p>Every year, in the spring-time, many +thousand pounds of starch are changed into +sugar in a hidden, quiet way, so that most +of us think nothing about it.</p> + + +<h3><br />STARCH AND SUGAR.</h3> + +<p>All kinds of grain are full of starch.</p> + +<p>If you plant them in the ground, where +they are kept moist and warm, they begin +to sprout and grow, to send little roots down +into the earth, and little stems up into the +sunshine.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span></p> + +<p>These little roots and stems must be fed +with sugar; thus, in a wise way, which is too +wonderful for you to understand, as soon +as the seed begins to sprout, +its starch begins to turn into +sugar.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 191px;"> +<img src="images/img046.png" width="191" height="400" alt="Roots" title="Roots" /> +</div> + +<p>If you should chew two +grains of wheat, one before +sprouting and one after, you +could tell by the taste that +this is true.</p> + +<p>Barley is a kind of grain +from which the brewer +makes beer.</p> + +<p>He must first turn +its starch into sugar, so +he begins by sprouting +his grain.</p> + +<p>Of course he does not +plant it in the ground, +because it would need +to be quickly dug up again.</p> + +<p>He keeps it warm and moist in a place +where he can watch it, and stop the sprouting +just in time to save the sugar, before it<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span> +is used to feed the root and stem. This +sprouted grain is called malt.</p> + +<p>The brewer soaks it in plenty of water, +because the grain has not water in itself, as +the grape has.</p> + +<p>He puts in some yeast to help start the +work of changing the sugar into gas<a name="FNanchor_B_2" id="FNanchor_B_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_B_2" class="fnanchor">[B]</a> and +alcohol.</p> + +<p>Sometimes hops are also put in, to give +it a bitter taste.</p> + +<p>The brewer watches to see the bubbles +of gas that tell, as plainly as words could, +that sugar is going and alcohol is coming.</p> + +<p>When the work is finished, the barley has +been made into beer.</p> + +<p>It might have been ground and made into +barley-cakes, or into pearl barley to thicken +our soups, and then it would have been good +food. Now, it is a drink containing alcohol, +and alcohol is a poison.</p> + +<p>You should not drink beer, because there +is alcohol in it.</p> + +<p>Two boys of the same age begin school<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span> +together. One of them drinks wine, cider, +and beer. The other never allows these +drinks to pass his lips. These boys soon become +very different from each other, because +one is poisoning his body and mind with +alcohol, and the other is not.</p> + +<p>A man wants a good, steady boy to work +for him. Which of these two do you think +he will select? A few years later, a young +man is wanted who can be trusted with the +care of an engine or a bank. It is a good +chance. Which of these young men will be +more likely to get it?</p> + + +<h3><br />REVIEW QUESTIONS.</h3> + +<div class='hang1'>1. Is there sugar in grain?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>2. What is in the grain that can be turned into sugar?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>3. What can you do to a seed that will make its starch turn into +sugar?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>4. What does the brewer do to the barley to make its starch turn +into sugar?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>5. What is malt?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>6. What does the brewer put into the malt to start the working?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>7. What gives the bitter taste to beer?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>8. How does the brewer know when sugar begins to go and alcohol +to come?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>9. Why does he want the starch turned to sugar?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>10. Is barley good for food?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>11. Why is beer not good for food?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>12. Why should you not drink it?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>13. Why did the two boys of the same age, at the same school, become +so unlike?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>14. Which will have the best chance in life?</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span></p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTE:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_B_2" id="Footnote_B_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_B_2"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> Car bon´ic acid gas.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>CHAPTER VI.</h2> + +<h3>DISTILLING.</h3> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 61px;"> +<img src="images/img049d.png" width="61" height="75" alt="D" title="D" /> +</div><div class='unindent'><br /><br />ISTILLING (dĭs tĭlł´ing) may be a new word +to you, but you can easily learn its +meaning.</div> + +<p>You have all seen distilling going on in +the kitchen at home, many a time. When +the water in the tea-kettle is boiling, what +comes out at the nose? Steam.</p> + +<p>What is steam?</p> + +<p>You can find out what it is by catching +some of it on a cold plate, or tin cover. As +soon as it touches any thing cold, it turns +into drops of water.</p> + +<p>When we boil water and turn it into +steam, and then turn the steam back into +water, we have distilled the water. We say +vapor instead of steam, when we talk about +the boiling of alcohol.</p> + +<p>It takes less heat to turn alcohol to vapor<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span> +than to turn water to steam; so, if we put +over the fire some liquid that contains alcohol, +and begin to collect the vapor as it rises, +we shall get alcohol first, and then water.</p> + +<p>But the alcohol will not be pure alcohol; +it will be part water, because it is so ready +to mix with water that it has to be distilled +many times to be pure.</p> + +<p>But each time it is distilled, it will become +stronger, because there is a little more +alcohol and a little less water.</p> + +<p>In this way, brandy, rum, whiskey, and +gin are distilled, from wine, cider, and the +liquors which have been made from corn, +rye, or barley.</p> + +<p>The cider, wine, and beer had but little +alcohol in them. The brandy, rum, whiskey, +and gin are nearly one-half alcohol.</p> + +<p>A glass of strong liquor which has been +made by distilling, will injure any one more, +and quicker, than a glass of cider, rum, or +beer.</p> + +<p>But a cider, wine, or beer-drinker often +drinks so much more of the weaker liquor, +that he gets a great deal of alcohol. People<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span> +are often made drunkards by drinking cider +or beer. The more poison, the more danger.</p> + + +<h3><br />REVIEW QUESTIONS.</h3> + +<div class="hang1">1. Where have you ever seen distilling going on?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>2. How can you distill water?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>3. How can men separate alcohol from wine or from any other +liquor that contains it?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>4. Why will not this be pure alcohol?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>5. How is a liquor made stronger?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>6. Name some of the distilled liquors.</div> + +<div class='hang1'>7. How are they made?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>8. How much of them is alcohol?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>9. Which is the most harmful—the distilled liquor, or beer, wine, or +cider?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>10. Why does the wine, cider, or beer-drinker often get as much +alcohol?</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER VII.</h2> + +<h3>ALCOHOL.</h3> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 58px;"> +<img src="images/img045a.png" width="58" height="75" alt="A" title="A" /> +</div><div class='unindent'><br /><br />LCOHOL looks like water, but it is not +at all like water.</div> + +<p>Alcohol will take fire, and burn if a lighted +match is held near it; but you know that +water will not burn.</p> + +<p>When alcohol burns, the color of the flame +is blue. It does not give much light: it makes +no smoke or soot; but it does give a great +deal of heat.</p> + +<p>A little dead tree-toad was once put into +a bottle of alcohol. It was years ago, but +the tree-toad is there still, looking just as it +did the first day it was put in. What has +kept it so?</p> + +<p>It is the alcohol. The tree-toad would +have soon decayed if it had been put into +water. So you see that alcohol keeps dead +bodies from decaying.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span></p> + +<p>Pure alcohol is not often used as a drink. +People who take beer, wine, and cider get +a little alcohol with each drink. Those who +drink brandy, rum, whiskey, or gin, get more +alcohol, because those liquors are nearly one +half alcohol.</p> + +<p>You may wonder that people wish to use +such poisonous drinks at all. But alcohol is +a deceiver. It often cheats the man who +takes a little, into thinking it will be good +for him to take more.</p> + +<p>Sometimes the appetite which begs so +hard for the poison, is formed in childhood. +If you eat wine-jelly, or wine-sauce, you may +learn to like the taste of alcohol and thus +easily begin to drink some weak liquor.</p> + +<p>The more the drinker takes, the more he +often wants, and thus he goes on from drinking +cider, wine, or beer, to drinking whiskey, +brandy, or rum. Thus drunkards are made.</p> + +<p>People who are in the habit of taking +drinks which contain alcohol, often care more +for them than for any thing else, even when +they know they are being ruined by them.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span></p> + + +<h3><br />REVIEW QUESTIONS.</h3> + +<div class="hang1">1. How does alcohol look?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>2. How does alcohol burn?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>3. What will alcohol do to a dead body?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>4. What drinks contain a little alcohol?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>5. What drinks are about one half alcohol?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>6. How does alcohol cheat people?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>7. When is the appetite sometimes formed?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>8. Why should you not eat wine-sauce or wine-jelly?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>9. How are drunkards made?</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER VIII.</h2> + +<h3>TOBACCO.</h3> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 58px;"> +<img src="images/img045a.png" width="58" height="75" alt="A" title="A" /> +</div><div class='unindent'><br /><br /> FARMER who had been in the habit of +planting his fields with corn, wheat, +and potatoes, once made up his mind to plant +tobacco instead.</div> + +<p>Let us see whether he did any good to the +world by the change.</p> + +<p>The tobacco plants grew up as tall as a +little boy or girl, and spread out broad, green +leaves.</p> + +<p>By and by he pulled the stalks, and dried +the leaves. Some of them he pressed into +cakes of tobacco; some he rolled into cigars; +and some he ground into snuff.</p> + +<p>If you ask what tobacco is good for, the +best answer will be, to tell you what it will +do to a man or boy who uses it, and then let +you answer the question for yourselves.</p> + +<p>Tobacco contains something called nicotine (nĭk´o tĭn).<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span> +This is a strong poison. One +drop of it is enough to kill a dog. In one +cigar there is enough, if taken pure, to kill +two men.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/img056.png" width="400" height="437" alt="Mill" title="Mill" /> +</div> + +<p>Even to work upon +tobacco, makes people +pale and sickly. Once +I went into a snuff mill, and the man who +had the care of it showed me how the work +was done.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span></p> + +<p>The mill stood in a pretty place, beside a +little stream which turned the mill-wheel. +Tall trees bent over it, and a fresh breeze was +blowing through the open windows. Yet the +smell of the tobacco was so strong that I had +to go to the door many times, for a breath of +pure air.</p> + +<p>I asked the man if it did not make him +sick to work there.</p> + +<p>He said: "It made me very sick for the +first few weeks. Then I began to get used +to it, and now I don't mind it."</p> + +<p>He was like the boys who try to learn to +smoke. It almost always makes them sick at +first; but they think it will be manly to keep +on. At last, they get used to it.</p> + +<p>The sickness is really the way in which +the boy's body is trying to say to him: +"There is danger here; you are playing with +poison. Let me stop you before great harm +is done."</p> + +<p>Perhaps you will say: "I have seen men +smoke cigars, even four or five in a day, and +it didn't kill them."</p> + +<p>It did not kill them, because they did<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span> +not swallow the nicotine. They only drew +in a little with the breath. But taking a +little poison in this way, day after day, can +not be safe, or really helpful to any one.</p> + + +<h3><br />REVIEW QUESTIONS.</h3> + +<div class="hang1">1. What did the farmer plant instead of corn, wheat, and potatoes?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>2. What was done with the tobacco leaves?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>3. What is the name of the poison which is in tobacco?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>4. How much of it is needed to kill a dog?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>5. What harm can the nicotine in one cigar do, if taken pure?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>6. Tell the story of the visit to the snuff mill.</div> + +<div class='hang1'>7. Why are boys made sick by their first use of tobacco?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>8. Why does not smoking a cigar kill a man?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>9. What is said about a little poison?</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER IX.</h2> + +<h3>OPIUM.</h3> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 58px;"> +<img src="images/img045a.png" width="58" height="75" alt="A" title="A" /> +</div><div class='unindent'><br /><br />LCOHOL and tobacco are called narcotics +(nar kŏt´iks). This means that they have +the power of putting the nerves to sleep. +Opium (ō´pĭ ŭm) is another narcotic.</div> + +<p>It is a poison made from the juice of poppies, +and is used in medicines.</p> + +<p>Opium is put into soothing-syrups (sĭr´ŭps), +and these are sometimes given to babies to +keep them from crying. They do this by +injuring the tender nerves and poisoning the +little body.</p> + +<p>How can any one give a baby opium to +save taking patient care of it?</p> + +<p>Surely the mothers would not do it, if +they knew that this soothing-syrup that appears +like a friend, coming to quiet and comfort +the baby, is really an enemy.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/img060.png" width="400" height="311" alt="Don't give soothing-syrup to children." title="Don't give soothing-syrup to children." /> +<span class="caption">Don't give soothing-syrup to children.</span> +</div> + +<p>Sometimes, a child no older than some of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span> +you are, is left at home with the care of a +baby brother or sister; so it is best that you +should know about this dangerous enemy, +and never be tempted to quiet the baby by +giving him a poison, instead of taking your +best and kindest care of him.</p> + + +<h3><br />REVIEW QUESTIONS.</h3> + +<div class="hang1">1. What is a narcotic?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>2. Name three narcotics?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>3. From what is opium made?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>4. For what is it used?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>5. Why is soothing-syrup dangerous?</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER X.</h2> + +<h3>WHAT ARE ORGANS?</h3> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 58px;"> +<img src="images/img045a.png" width="58" height="75" alt="A" title="A" /> +</div><div class='unindent'><br /><br />N organ is a part of the body which has +some special work to do. The eye is the +organ of sight. The stomach (stŭm´ăk) is an +organ which takes care of the food we eat.</div> + + +<h3><br />THE TEETH.</h3> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/img061.png" width="400" height="283" alt="Different kinds of teeth." title="Different kinds of teeth." /> +<span class="caption">Different kinds of teeth.</span> +</div> + +<p>Your teeth do not look alike, since they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span> +must do different kinds of work. The front +ones cut, the back ones grind.</p> + +<p>They are made of a kind of bone covered +with a hard smooth enamel (ĕn ăm´el). If the +enamel is broken, the teeth soon decay and +ache, for each tooth is furnished with a nerve +that very quickly feels pain.</p> + + +<h3><br />CARE OF THE TEETH.</h3> + +<p>Cracking nuts with the teeth, or even +biting thread, is apt to break the enamel; and +when once broken, you will wish in vain to +have it mended. The dentist can fill a hole +in the tooth; but he can not cover the tooth +with new enamel.</p> + +<p>Bits of food should be carefully picked +from between the teeth with a tooth-pick of +quill or wood, never with a pin or other hard +and sharp thing which might break the +enamel.</p> + +<p>The teeth must also be well brushed. +Nothing but perfect cleanliness will keep +them in good order. Always brush them +before breakfast. Your breakfast will taste +all the better for it. Brush them at night<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span> +before you go to bed, lest some food should +be decaying in your mouth during the night.</p> + +<p>Take care of these cutters and grinders, +that they may not decay, and so be unable +to do their work well.</p> + + +<h3><br />THE CHEST AND ABDOMEN.</h3> + +<p>You have learned about the twenty-four +little bones in the spine, and the ribs that +curve around from the spine to the front, or +breast-bone.</p> + +<p>These bones, with the shoulder-blades +and the collar-bones, form a bony case or +box.</p> + +<p>In it are some of the most useful organs +of the body.</p> + +<p>This box is divided across the middle by +a strong muscle, so that we may say it is +two stories high.</p> + +<p>The upper room is called the chest; the +lower one, the abdomen (ăb dō´mĕn).</p> + +<p>In the chest, are the heart and the lungs.</p> + +<p>In the abdomen, are the stomach, the +liver, and some other organs.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span></p> + + +<h3><br />THE STOMACH.</h3> + +<p>The stomach is a strong bag, as wonderful +a bag as could be made, you will say, when +I tell you what it can do.</p> + +<p>The outside is made of muscles; the lining +prepares a juice called gastric (găs´trĭk) juice, +and keeps it always ready for use.</p> + +<p>Now, what would you think if a man +could put into a bag, beef, and apples, and +potatoes, and bread and milk, and sugar, and +salt, tie up the bag and lay it away on a +shelf for a few hours, and then show you that +the beef had disappeared, so had the apples, +so had the potatoes, the bread and milk, sugar, +and salt, and the bag was filled only +with a thin, grayish fluid? Would you not +call it a magical bag?</p> + +<p>Now, your stomach and mine are just such +magical bags.</p> + +<p>We put in our breakfasts, dinners, and +suppers; and, after a few hours, they are +changed. The gastric juice has been mixed +with them. The strong muscles that form +the outside of the stomach have been squeezing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span> +the food, rolling it about, and mixing it +together, until it has all been changed to a +thin, grayish fluid.</p> + + +<h3><br />HOW DOES ANYBODY KNOW THIS?</h3> + +<p>A soldier was once shot in the side in such +a way that when the wound healed, it left +an opening with a piece of loose skin over it, +like a little door leading into his stomach.</p> + +<p>A doctor who wished to learn about the +stomach, hired him for a servant and used +to study him every day.</p> + +<p>He would push aside the little flap of skin +and put into the stomach any kind of food +that he pleased, and then watch to see what +happened to it.</p> + +<p>In this way, he learned a great deal and +wrote it down, so that other people might +know, too. In other ways, also, which it +would take too long to tell you here, doctors +have learned how these magical food-bags +take care of our food.</p> + + +<h3><br />WHY DOES THE FOOD NEED TO BE CHANGED?</h3> + +<p>Your mamma tells you sometimes at +breakfast that you must eat oat-meal and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span> +milk to make you grow into a big man or +woman.</p> + +<p>Did you ever wonder what part of you is +made of oat-meal, or what part of milk?</p> + +<p>That stout little arm does not look like +oat-meal; those rosy cheeks do not look like +milk.</p> + +<p>If our food is to make stout arms and +rosy cheeks, strong bodies and busy brains, +it must first be changed into a form in +which it can get to each part and feed it.</p> + +<p>When the food in the stomach is mixed +and prepared, it is ready to be sent through +the body; some is carried to the bones, some +to the muscles, some to the nerves and brain, +some to the skin, and some even to the finger +nails, the hair, and the eyes. Each part needs +to be fed in order to grow.</p> + + +<h3><br />WHY DO PEOPLE WHO ARE NOT GROWING NEED FOOD?</h3> + +<p>Children need each day to make larger +and larger bones, larger muscles, and a larger +skin to cover the larger body.</p> + +<p>Every day, each part is also wearing out<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span> +a little, and needing to be mended by some +new food. People who have grown up, need +their food for this work of mending.</p> + + +<h3><br />CARE OF THE STOMACH.</h3> + +<p>One way to take care of the stomach is +to give it only its own work to do. The +teeth must first do their work faithfully.</p> + +<p>The stomach must have rest, too. I have +seen some children who want to make their +poor stomachs work all the time. They are +always eating apples, or candy, or something, +so that their stomachs have no chance to +rest. If the stomach does not rest, it will +wear out the same as a machine would.</p> + +<p>The stomach can not work well, unless +it is quite warm. If a person pours ice-water +into his stomach as he eats, just as the food +is beginning to change into the gray fluid +of which you have learned, the work stops +until the stomach gets warm again.</p> + + +<h3><br />ALCOHOL AND THE STOMACH.</h3> + +<p>You remember about the man who had +the little door to his stomach. Sometimes,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span> +the doctor put in wine, cider, brandy, or +some drink that contained alcohol, to see +what it would do. It was carried away very +quickly; but during the little time it stayed, +it did nothing but harm.</p> + +<p>It injured the gastric juice, so that it +could not mix with the food.</p> + +<p>If the doctor had put in more alcohol, +day after day, as one does who drinks liquor, +sores would perhaps have come on the delicate +lining of the stomach. Sometimes the +stomach is so hurt by alcohol, that the +drinker dies. If the stomach can not do its +work well, the whole body must suffer from +want of the good food it needs.<a name="FNanchor_C_3" id="FNanchor_C_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_C_3" class="fnanchor">[C]</a></p> + + +<h3><br />TOBACCO AND THE MOUTH.</h3> + +<p>The saliva in the mouth helps to prepare +the food, before it goes into the stomach. Tobacco +makes the mouth very dry, and more +saliva has to flow out to moisten it.</p> + +<p>But tobacco juice is mixed with the saliva, +and that must not be swallowed. It<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span> +must be spit out, and with it is sent the +saliva that was needed to help prepare the +food.</p> + +<p>Tobacco discolors the teeth, makes bad +sores in the mouth, and often causes a disease +of the throat.</p> + +<p>You can tell where some people have +been, by the neatness and comfort they leave +after them.</p> + +<p>You can tell where the tobacco-user has +been, by the dirty floor, and street, and the +air made unfit to breathe, because of the +smoke and strong, bad smell of old tobacco +from his pipe and cigar and from his breath +and clothes.</p> + + +<h3><br />REVIEW QUESTIONS.</h3> + +<div class="hang1">1. What are organs?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>2. What work do the front teeth do? the back teeth?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>3. What are the teeth made of?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>4. What causes the toothache?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>5. How is the enamel often broken?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>6. Why should a tooth-pick be used?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>7. Why should the teeth be well brushed?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>8. When should they be brushed?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>9. What bones form a case or box?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>10. What is the upper room of this box called? the lower room?<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span></div> + +<div class='hang1'>11. What organs are in the chest? the abdomen?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>12. What is the stomach?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>13. What does its lining do?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>14. What do the stomach and the gastric juice do to the food we +have eaten?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>15. How did anybody find out what the stomach could do?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>16. Why must all the food we eat be changed?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>17. Why do you need food?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>18. Why do people who are not growing need food?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>19. What does alcohol do to the gastric juice? to the stomach?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>20. What is the use of the saliva?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>21. How does the habit of spitting injure a person?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>22. How does tobacco affect the teeth? the mouth?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>23. How does the tobacco-user annoy other people?</div> + + + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTE:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_C_3" id="Footnote_C_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_C_3"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> The food is partly prepared by the liver and some other +organs.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span></p> + +<h2>CHAPTER XI.</h2> + +<h3>WHAT DOES THE BODY NEED FOR FOOD?</h3> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 59px;"> +<img src="images/img071n.png" width="59" height="75" alt="N" title="N" /> +</div><div class='unindent'><br /><br />OW that you know how the body is fed, +you must next learn what to feed it +with; and what each part needs to make it +grow and to keep it strong and well.</div> + + +<h3>WATER.</h3> + +<p>A large part of your body is made of +water. So you need, of course, to drink +water, and to have it used in preparing +your food.</p> + +<p>Water comes from the clouds, and is +stored up in cisterns or in springs in the +ground. From these pipes are laid to lead +the water to our houses.</p> + +<p>Sometimes, men dig down until they reach +a spring, and so make a well from which +they can pump the water, or dip it out with +a bucket.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span></p> + +<p>Water that has been standing in lead pipes, +may have some of the lead mixed with it. +Such water would be very likely to poison +you, if you drank it.</p> + +<p>Impurities are almost sure to soak into a +well if it is near a drain or a stable.</p> + +<p>If you drink the water from such a well, +you may be made very sick by it. It is better +to go thirsty, until you can get good +water.</p> + +<p>A sufficient quantity of pure water to +drink is just as important for us, as good +food to eat.</p> + +<p>We could not drink all the water that our +bodies need. We take a large part of it in our +food, in fruits and vegetables, and even in +beefsteak and bread.</p> + + +<h3><br />LIME.</h3> + +<p>Bones need lime. You remember the bone +that was nothing but crumbling lime after +it had been in the fire.</p> + +<p>Where shall we get lime for our bones?</p> + +<p>We can not eat lime; but the grass and +the grains take it out of the earth. Then<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span> +the cows eat the grass and turn it into milk, +and in the milk we drink, we get some of the +lime to feed our bones.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/img073.png" width="500" height="392" alt="Lime being prepared for our use." title="Lime being prepared for our use." /> +</div> + +<p>In the same way, the grain growing in +the field takes up lime and other things that +we need, but could not eat for ourselves. The +lime that thus becomes a part of the grain, +we get in our bread, oat-meal porridge, and +other foods.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span></p> + + +<h3><br />SALT.</h3> + +<p>Animals need salt, as children who live +in the country know very well. They have +seen how eagerly the cows and the sheep lick +up the salt that the farmer gives them.</p> + +<p>Even wild cattle and buffaloes seek out +places where there are salt springs, and go in +great herds to get the salt.</p> + +<p>We, too, need some salt mixed with our +food. If we did not put it in, either when +cooking, or afterward, we should still get a +little in the food itself.</p> + + +<h3><br />FLESH-MAKING FOODS.</h3> + +<p>Muscles are lean meat, that is flesh; so +muscles need flesh-making foods. These are +milk, and grains like wheat, corn and oats; +also, meat and eggs. Most of these foods +really come to us out of the ground. Meat +and eggs are made from the grain, grass, and +other vegetables that the cattle and hens eat.</p> + + +<h3><br />FAT-MAKING FOODS.</h3> + +<p>We need cushions and wrappings of fat, +here and there in our bodies, to keep us<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span> +warm and make us comfortable. So we must +have certain kinds of food that will make +fat.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/img075.png" width="500" height="418" alt="Esquimaux catching walrus." title="Esquimaux catching walrus." /> +<span class="caption">Esquimaux catching walrus.</span> +</div> + +<p>There are right places and wrong places +for fat, as well as for other things in this +world. When alcohol puts fat into the muscles, +that is fat badly made, and in the wrong +place.</p> + +<p>The good fat made for the parts of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span> +body which need it, comes from fat-making +foods.</p> + +<p>In cold weather, we need more fatty food +than we do in summer, just as in cold countries +people need such food all the time.</p> + +<p>The Esquimaux, who live in the lands of +snow and ice, catch a great many walrus and +seal, and eat a great deal of fat meat. You +would not be well unless you ate some fat or +butter or oil.</p> + + +<h3><br />WHAT WILL MAKE FAT?</h3> + +<p>Sugar will make fat, and so will starch, +cream, rice, butter, and fat meat. As milk +will make muscle and fat and bones, it is +the best kind of food. Here, again, it is the +earth that sends us our food. Fat meat comes +from animals well fed on grain and grass; +sugar, from sugar-cane, maple-trees, or beets; +oil, from olive-trees; butter, from cream; and +starch, from potatoes, and from corn, rice, and +other grains.</p> + +<p>Green apples and other unripe fruits are +not yet ready to be eaten. The starch which +we take for food has to be changed into sugar,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span> +before it can mix with the blood and help +feed the body. As the sun ripens fruit, it +changes its starch to sugar. You can tell +this by the difference in the taste of ripe and +unripe apples.</p> + + +<h3><br />CANDY.</h3> + +<p>Most children like candy so well, that they +are in danger of eating more sugar than is +good for them. You would starve if fed only +on sugar.</p> + +<p>We would not need to be quite so much +afraid of a little candy if it were not for the +poison with which it is often colored.</p> + +<p>Even what is called pure, white candy is +sometimes not really such. There is a simple +way by which you can find this out for +yourselves.</p> + +<p>If you put a spoonful of sugar into a +tumbler of water, it will all dissolve and +disappear. Put a piece of white candy into a +tumbler of water; and, if it is made of pure +sugar only, it will dissolve and disappear.</p> + +<p>If it is not, you will find at the bottom +of the tumbler some white earth. This is not<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span> +good food for anybody. Candy-makers often +put it into candy in place of sugar, because +it is cheaper than sugar.</p> + + +<h3><br />REVIEW QUESTIONS.</h3> + +<div class="hang1">1. Why do we need food?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>2. How do people get water to drink?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>3. Why is it not safe to drink water that has been standing in lead +pipes?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>4. Why is the water of a well that is near a drain or a stable, not +fit to drink?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>5. What food do the bones need?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>6. How do we get lime for our bones?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>7. What is said about salt?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>8. What food do the muscles need?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>9. Name some flesh-making foods.</div> + +<div class='hang1'>10. Why do we need fat in our bodies?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>11. What is said of the fat made by alcohol?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>12. What kinds of food will make good fat?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>13. What do the Esquimaux eat?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>14. How does the sun change unripe fruits?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>15. Why is colored candy often poisonous?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>16. What is sometimes put into white candy? Why?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>17. How could you show this?</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER XII.</h2> + +<h3>HOW FOOD BECOMES PART OF THE +BODY.</h3> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 63px;"> +<img src="images/img027h.png" width="63" height="75" alt="H" title="H" /> +</div><div class='unindent'><br /><br />ERE, at last, is the bill of fare for our +dinner:</div> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="A balanced dinner"> +<tr><td align='left'>Roast beef, </td><td align='left'>Bread,</td><td align='left'>Peaches,</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Potatoes,</td><td align='left'>Butter, </td><td align='left'>Bananas,</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tomatoes,</td><td align='left'>Salt,</td><td align='left'>Oranges,</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Squash,</td><td align='left'>Water,</td><td align='left'>Grapes.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>What must be done first, with the different +kinds of food that are to make up this +dinner?</p> + +<p>The meat, vegetables, and bread must be +cooked. Cooking prepares them to be easily +worked upon by the mouth and stomach. If +they were not cooked, this work would be +very hard. Instead of going on quietly and +without letting us know any thing about it, +there would be pains and aches in the overworked +stomach.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span></p> + +<p>The fruit is not cooked by a fire; but we +might almost say the sun had cooked it, for +the sun has ripened and sweetened it.</p> + +<p>When you are older, some of you may +have charge of the cooking in your homes. +You must then remember that food well +cooked is worth twice as much as food poorly +cooked.</p> + +<p>"A good cook has more to do with the +health of the family, than a good doctor."</p> + + +<h3><br />THE SALIVA.</h3> + +<p>Next to the cooking comes the eating.</p> + +<p>As soon as we begin to chew our food, a +juice in the mouth, called saliva (sa lī´vá), +moistens and mixes with it.</p> + +<p>Saliva has the wonderful power of turning +starch into sugar; and the starch in our +food needs to be turned into sugar, before it +can be taken into the blood.</p> + +<p>You can prove for yourselves that saliva +can turn starch into sugar. Chew slowly a +piece of dry cracker. The cracker is made +mostly of starch, because wheat is full of +starch. At first, the cracker is dry and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span> +tasteless. Soon, however, you find it tastes +sweet; the saliva is changing the starch into +sugar.</p> + +<p>All your food should be eaten slowly and +chewed well, so that the saliva may be able +to mix with it. Otherwise, the starch may +not be changed; and if one part of your body +neglects its work, another part will have +more than its share to do. That is hardly +fair.</p> + +<p>If you swallow your food in a hurry and +do not let the saliva do its work, the stomach +will have extra work. But it will find it +hard to do more than its own part, and, +perhaps, will complain.</p> + +<p>It can not speak in words; but will +by aching, and that is almost as plain as +words.</p> + + +<h3><br />SWALLOWING.</h3> + +<p>Next to the chewing, comes the swallowing. +Is there any thing wonderful about +that?</p> + +<p>We have two passages leading down our +throats. One is to the lungs, for breathing;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span> +the other, to the stomach, for swallowing.</p> + +<p>Do you wonder why the food does not +sometimes go down the wrong way?</p> + +<p>The windpipe leading to the lungs is in +front of the other tube. It has at its top a +little trap-door. This opens when we breathe +and shuts when we swallow, so that the food +slips over it safely into the passage behind, +which leads to the stomach.</p> + +<p>If you try to speak while you have food +in your mouth, this little door has to open, +and some bit of food may slip in. The +windpipe will not pass it to the lungs, +but tries to force it back. Then we say the +food chokes us. If the windpipe can not +succeed in forcing back the food, the person +will die.</p> + + +<h3><br />HOW THE FOOD IS CARRIED THROUGH THE BODY.</h3> + +<p>But we will suppose that the food of our +dinner has gone safely down into the stomach. +There the stomach works it over, and mixes +in gastric juice, until it is all a gray fluid.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span></p> + +<p>Now it is ready to go into the intestines,—a +long, coiled tube which leads out of the +stomach,—from which the prepared food is +taken into the blood.</p> + +<p>The blood carries it to the heart. The +heart pumps it out with the blood into the +lungs, and then all through the body, to +make bone, and muscle, and skin, and hair, +and eyes, and brain.</p> + +<p>Besides feeding all these parts, this dinner +can help to mend any parts that may be +broken.</p> + +<p>Suppose a boy should break one of the +bones of his arm, how could it be mended?</p> + +<p>If you should bind together the two parts +of a broken stick and leave them a while, do +you think they would grow together?</p> + +<p>No, indeed!</p> + +<p>But the doctor could carefully bind together +the ends of the broken bone in the +boy's arm and leave it for awhile, and the +blood would bring it bone food every day, +until it had grown together again.</p> + +<p>So a dinner can both make and mend the +different parts of the body.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span></p> + + +<h3><br />REVIEW QUESTIONS.</h3> + +<div class="hang1">1. What shall we have for dinner?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>2. What is the first thing to do to our food?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>3. Why do we cook meat and vegetables?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>4. Why do not ripe fruits need cooking?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>5. What is said about a good cook?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>6. What is the first thing to do after taking the food into your +mouth?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>7. Why must you chew it?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>8. What does the saliva do to the food?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>9. How can you prove that saliva turns starch into sugar?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>10. What happens if the food is not chewed and mixed with the +saliva?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>11. What comes next to the chewing?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>12. What is there wonderful about swallowing?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>13. What must you be careful about, when you are swallowing?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>14. What happens to the food after it is swallowed?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>15. How is it changed in the stomach?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>16. What carries the food to every part of the body?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>17. How can food mend a bone?</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER XIII.</h2> + +<h3>STRENGTH.</h3> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 63px;"> +<img src="images/img027h.png" width="63" height="75" alt="H" title="H" /> +</div><div class='unindent'><br /><br />ERE are the names of some of the different +kinds of food. If you write them +on the blackboard or on your slates, it will +help you to remember them.</div> + +<div class='center'> +<i>Water.</i> <i>Salt.</i> <i>Lime.</i><br /> +</div> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Water, salt, and lime"> +<tr><td align='left'>Meat,</td><td align='left' rowspan='6' style="white-space: nowrap; font-size: 82pt">}</td><td align='left' rowspan='6'><br />for muscles. </td><td align='left'>Sugar,</td><td align='left' rowspan='5' style="font-size: 75pt" valign='top'>}</td><td align='left' rowspan='6'>for fat and heat.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Milk,</td><td align='left'>Starch,</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Eggs,</td><td align='left'>Fat,</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wheat,</td><td align='left'>Cream,</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Corn,</td><td align='left'>Oil,</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Oats,</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>Perhaps some of you noticed that we had +no wine, beer, nor any drink that had alcohol +in it, on our bill of fare for dinner. We had +no cigars, either, to be smoked after dinner. +If these are good things, we ought to have +had them. Why did we leave them out?</p> + +<div class="center"><i>We should eat in order to grow strong and keep +strong.</i></div> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span></p> + + +<h3><br />STRENGTH OF BODY.</h3> + +<p>If you wanted to measure your strength, +one way of doing so would be to fasten a +heavy weight to one end of a rope and pass +the rope over a pulley. Then you might take +hold at the other end of the rope and pull as +hard and steadily as you could, marking the +place to which you raised the weight. By +trying this once a week, or once a month, +you could tell by the marks, whether you +were gaining strength.</p> + +<p>But how can we gain strength?</p> + +<p>We must exercise in the open air, and +take pure air into our lungs to help purify +our blood, and plenty of exercise to make +our muscles grow.</p> + +<p>We must eat good and simple food, that +the blood may have supplies to take to every +part of the body.</p> + + +<h3><br />ALCOHOL AND STRENGTH.</h3> + +<p>People used to think that alcohol made +them strong.</p> + +<p>Can alcohol make good muscles, or bone, +or nerve, or brain?<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span></p> + +<p>You have already answered "No!" to each +of these questions.</p> + +<p>If it can not make muscles, nor bone nor +nerve, nor brain, it can not give you any +strength.</p> + + +<h3><br />BEER.</h3> + +<p>Some people may tell you that drinking +beer will make you strong.</p> + +<p>The grain from which the beer is made, +would have given you strength. If you +should measure your strength before and +after drinking beer, you would find that you +had not gained any. Most of the food part of +the grain has been turned into alcohol.</p> + + +<h3><br />CIDER.</h3> + +<p>The juice of crushed apples, you know, is +called cider. As soon as the cider begins to +turn sour, or "hard," as people say, alcohol +begins to form in it.</p> + +<p>Pure water is good, and apples are good. +But the apple-juice begins to be a poison as +soon as there is the least drop of alcohol in it. +In cider-making, the alcohol forms in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span> +juice, you know, in a few hours after it is +pressed out of the apples.</p> + +<p>None of the drinks in which there is alcohol, +can give you real strength.</p> + +<p>Then why do people think they can?</p> + +<p>Because alcohol puts the nerves to sleep, +they can not, truly, tell the brain how hard +the work is, or how heavy the weight to be +lifted.</p> + +<p>The alcohol has in this way cheated men +into thinking they can do more than they +really can. This false feeling of strength lasts +only a little while. When it has passed, men +feel weaker than before.</p> +<div class="figleft" style="width: 347px;"> +<img src="images/img089.png" width="347" height="500" alt="Ship" title="Ship" /> +</div> +<p>A story which shows that alcohol does not +give strength, was told me by the captain of +a ship, who sailed to China and other distant +places.</p> + +<p>Many years ago, when people thought a +little alcohol was good, it was the custom to +carry in every ship, a great deal of rum. This +liquor is distilled from molasses and contains +about one half alcohol. This rum was given +to the sailors every day to drink; and, if +there was a great storm, and they had very<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span> +hard work to do, it was the custom to give +them twice as much rum as usual.</p> + + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span>The captain watched his men and saw +that they were really made no stronger by +drinking the rum; but that, after a little +while, they felt weaker. So he determined to +go to sea with no rum in his ship. Once +out on the ocean, of course the men could +not get any.</p> + +<p>At first, they did not like it; but the +captain was very careful to have their food +good and plentiful; and, when a storm came, +and they were wet and cold and tired, he +gave them hot coffee to drink. By the time +they had crossed the ocean, the men said: +"The captain is right. We have worked better, +and we feel stronger, for going without +the rum."</p> + + +<h3><br />STRENGTH OF MIND.</h3> + +<p>We have been talking about the strength +of muscles; but the very best kind of strength +we have is brain strength, or strength of +mind.</p> + +<p>Alcohol makes the head ache and deadens<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span> +the nerves, so that they can not carry their +messages correctly. Then the brain can not +think well. Alcohol does not strengthen the +mind.</p> + +<p>Some people have little or no money, and +no houses or lands; but every person ought +to own a body and a mind that can work for +him, and make him useful and happy.</p> + +<p>Suppose you have a strong, healthy body, +hands that are well-trained to work, and a +clear, thinking brain to be master of the whole. +Would you be willing to change places with a +man whose body and mind had been poisoned +by alcohol, tobacco, and opium, even though +he lived in a palace, and had a million of +dollars?</p> + +<p>If you want a mind that can study, understand, +and think well, do not let alcohol and +tobacco have a chance to reach it.</p> + + +<h3><br />REVIEW QUESTIONS.</h3> + +<div class="hang1">1. What things were left out of our bill of fare?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>2. How could you measure your strength?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>3. How can you gain strength?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>4. Why does drinking beer not make you strong?<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span></div> + +<div class='hang1'>5. Show why drinking wine or any other alcoholic drink will not +make you strong.</div> + +<div class='hang1'>6. Why do people imagine that they feel strong after taking these +drinks?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>7. Tell the story which shows that alcohol does not help sailors +do their work.</div> + +<div class='hang1'>8. What is the best kind of strength to have?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>9. How does alcohol affect the strength of the mind?</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER XIV.</h2> + +<h3>THE HEART.</h3> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 45px;"> +<img src="images/img093t.png" width="45" height="75" alt="T" title="T" /> +</div><div class='unindent'><br /><br />HE heart is in the chest, the upper part +of the strong box which the ribs, spine, +shoulder-blades, and collar-bones make for +each of us.</div> + +<p>It is made of very thick, strong muscles, +as you can see by looking at a beef's heart, +which is much like a man's, but larger.</p> + + +<h3><br />HOW THE HEART WORKS.</h3> + +<p>Probably some of you have seen a fire-engine +throwing a stream of water through +a hose upon a burning building.</p> + +<p>As the engine forces the water through +the hose, so the heart, by the working of its +strong muscles, pumps the blood through +tubes, shaped like hose, which lead by thousands +of little branches all through the body. +These tubes are called arteries (är´tĕr iz).<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span></p> + +<p>Those tubes which bring the blood back +again to the heart, are called veins (vānz). You +can see some of the smaller veins in your +wrist.</p> + +<p>If you press your finger upon an artery in +your wrist, you can feel the steady beating of +the pulse. This tells just how fast the heart +is pumping and the blood flowing.</p> + +<p>The doctor feels your pulse when you are +sick, to find out whether the heart is working +too fast, or too slowly, or just right.</p> + +<p>Some way is needed to send the gray fluid +that is made from the food we eat and +drink, to every part of the body.</p> + +<p>To send the food with the blood is a sure +way of making it reach every part.</p> + +<p>So, when the stomach has prepared the +food, the blood takes it up and carries it to +every part of the body. It then leaves with +each part, just what it needs.</p> + + +<h3><br />THE BLOOD AND THE BRAIN.</h3> + +<p>As the brain has so much work to attend +to, it must have very pure, good blood sent +to it, to keep it strong. Good blood is made<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span> +from good food. It can not be good if it has +been poisoned with alcohol or tobacco.</p> + +<p>We must also remember that the brain +needs a great deal of blood. If we take alcohol +into our blood, much of it goes to the +brain. There it affects the nerves, and makes +a man lose control over his actions.</p> + + +<h3><br />EXERCISE.</h3> + +<p>When you run, you can feel your heart +beating. It gets an instant of rest between +the beats.</p> + +<p>Good exercise in the fresh air makes the +heart work well and warms the body better +than a fire could do.</p> + + +<h3><br />DOES ALCOHOL DO ANY HARM TO THE HEART?</h3> + +<p>Your heart is made of muscle. You know +what harm alcohol does to the muscles.</p> + +<p>Could a fatty heart work as well as a muscular +heart? No more than a fatty arm could +do the work of a muscular arm. Besides, alcohol +makes the heart beat too fast, and so it +gets too tired.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span></p> + + +<h3><br />REVIEW QUESTIONS.</h3> + +<div class="hang1">1. Where is the heart placed?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>2. Of what is it made?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>3. What work does it do?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>4. What are arteries and veins?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>5. What does the pulse tell us?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>6. How does the food we eat reach all parts of the body?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>7. How does alcohol in the blood affect the brain?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>8. When does the heart rest?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>9. How does exercise in the fresh air help the heart?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>10. What harm does alcohol do to the heart?</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER XV.</h2> + +<h3>THE LUNGS.</h3> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 45px;"> +<img src="images/img093t.png" width="45" height="75" alt="T" title="T" /> +</div><div class='unindent'><br /><br />HE blood flows all through the body, carrying +good food to every part. It also +gathers up from every part the worn-out +matter that can no longer be used. By the +time it is ready to be sent back by the veins, +the blood is no longer pure and red. It is +dull and bluish in color, because it is full of +impurities.</div> + +<p>If you look at the veins in your wrist, you +will see that they look blue.</p> + +<p>If all this bad blood goes back to the +heart, will the heart have to pump out bad +blood next time? No, for the heart has neighbors +very near at hand, ready to change the +bad blood to pure, red blood again.</p> + + +<h3><br />THE LUNGS.</h3> + +<p>These neighbors are the lungs. They are<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span> +in the chest on each side of the heart. When +you breathe, their little air-cells swell out, or +expand, to take in the air. Then they contract +again, and the air passes out through +your mouth or nose. The lungs must have +plenty of fresh air, and plenty of room to +work in.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 300px;"> +<img src="images/img098.png" width="300" height="293" alt="The lungs, heart, and air-passages." title="The lungs, heart, and air-passages." /> +<span class="caption">The lungs, heart, and air-passages.</span> +</div> + +<p>If your clothes are too tight and the lungs +do not have room to expand, they can not +take in so much air as they should. Then<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span> +the blood can not be made pure, and the +whole body will suffer.</p> + +<p>For every good breath of fresh air, the +lungs take in, they send out one of impure +air.</p> + +<p>In this way, by taking out what is bad, +they prepare the blood to go back to the heart +pure and red, and to be pumped out through +the body again.</p> + +<p>How the lungs can use the fresh air for +doing this good work, you can not yet understand. +By and by, when you are older, you +will learn more about it.</p> + + +<h3><br />CARE OF THE LUNGS.</h3> + +<p>Do the lungs ever rest?</p> + +<p>You never stop breathing, not even in the +night. But if you watch your own breathing +you will notice a little pause between +the breaths. Each pause is a rest. But the +lungs are very steady workers, both by night +and by day. The least we can do for them, +is to give them fresh air and plenty of room +to work in.</p> + +<p>You may say: "We can't give them more<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span> +room than they have. They are shut up in +our chests."</p> + +<p>I have seen people who wore such tight +clothes that their lungs did not have room +to take a full breath. If any part of the +lungs can not expand, it will become useless. +If your lungs can not take in air enough to +purify the blood, you can not be so well +and strong as God intended, and your life +will be shortened.</p> + +<p>If some one was sewing for you, you would +not think of shutting her up in a little place +where she could not move her hands freely. +The lungs are breathing for you, and need +room enough to do their work.</p> + + +<h3><br />THE AIR.</h3> + +<p>The lungs breathe out the waste matter +that they have taken from the blood. This +waste matter poisons the air. If we should +close all the doors and windows, and the fireplace +or opening into the chimney, and leave +not even a crack by which the fresh air could +come in, we would die simply from staying in +such a room. The lungs could not do their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span> +work for the blood, and the blood could not +do its work for the body.</p> + +<p>Impure air-will poison you. You should +not breathe it. If your head aches, and you +feel dull and sleepy from being in a close +room, a run in the fresh air will make you +feel better.</p> + +<p>The good, pure air makes your blood pure; +and the blood then flows quickly through +your whole body and refreshes every part.</p> + +<p>We must be careful not to stay in close +rooms in the day-time, nor sleep in close +rooms at night. We must not keep out the +fresh air that our bodies so much need.</p> + +<p>It is better to breathe through the nose +than through the mouth. You can soon +learn to do so, if you try to keep your mouth +shut when walking or running.</p> + +<p>If you keep the mouth shut and breathe +through the nose, the little hairs on the inside +of the nose will catch the dust or other +impurities that are floating in the air, and so +save their going to the lungs. You will get +out of breath less quickly when running if +you keep your mouth shut.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span></p> + + +<h3><br />DOES ALCOHOL DO ANY HARM TO THE LUNGS?</h3> + +<p>The little air-cells of the lungs have very +delicate muscular (mŭs´ku lar) walls. Every +time we breathe, these walls have to move. +The muscles of the chest must also move, as +you can all notice in yourselves, as you breathe.</p> + +<p>All this muscular work, as well as that of +the stomach and heart, is directed by the +nerves.</p> + +<p>You have learned already what alcohol +will do to muscles and nerves, so you are +ready to answer for stomach, for heart, and +for lungs. Is alcohol a help to them?</p> + + +<h3><br />REVIEW QUESTIONS.</h3> + +<div class="hang1">1. Besides carrying food all over the body, what other work does +the blood do?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>2. Why does the blood in the veins look blue?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>3. Where is the blood made pure and red again?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>4. Where is it sent, from the lungs?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>5. What must the lungs have in order to do this work?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>6. When do the lungs rest?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>7. Why should we not wear tight clothes?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>8. How does the air in a room become spoiled?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>9. How can we keep it fresh and pure?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>10. How should we breathe?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>11. Why is it better to breathe through the nose than through the +mouth?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>12. Why is alcohol not good for the lungs?</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER XVI.</h2> + +<h3>THE SKIN.</h3> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 45px;"> +<img src="images/img093t.png" width="45" height="75" alt="T" title="T" /> +</div><div class='unindent'><br /><br />HERE is another part of your body carrying +away waste matter all the time—it +is the skin.</div> +<div class="figleft" style="width: 183px;"> +<img src="images/img104.png" width="183" height="400" alt="Perspiratory tube." title="Perspiratory tube." /> +<span class="caption"><ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'Pe spiratory'">Perspiratory</ins> tube.</span> +</div> +<p>The body is covered with skin. It is also +lined with a more delicate kind of skin. You +can see where the outside skin and the lining +skin meet at your lips.</p> + +<p>There is a thin outside layer of skin +which we can pull off without hurting +ourselves; but I advise you not to do so. +Because under the outside skin is the true +skin, which is so full of little nerves that it +will feel the least touch as pain. When the +outer skin, which protects it, is torn away, +we must cover the true skin to keep it from +harm.</p> + +<p>In hot weather, or when any one has been +working or playing hard, the face, and sometimes<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span> +the whole body, is covered with little +drops of water. We call these drops perspiration +(pẽr spĭ rā´shŭn).</p> + + + +<p>Where does it come +from? It comes through +many tiny holes in the +skin, called pores (pōrz). +Every pore is the mouth +of a tiny tube which is carrying +off waste matter and +water from your body. If +you could piece together +all these little perspiration +tubes that are in the skin +of one person, they would +make a line more than +three miles long.</p> + +<p>Sometimes, you can not +see the perspiration, because +there is not enough +of it to form drops. But it is always coming +out through your skin, both in winter and +summer. Your body is kept healthy by having +its worn-out matter carried off in this +way, as well as in other ways.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span></p> + + +<h3><br />THE NAILS.</h3> + +<p>The nails grow from the skin.</p> + +<p>The finger nails are little shields to protect +the ends of your fingers from getting +hurt. These finger ends are full of tiny +nerves, and would be badly off without such +shields. No one likes to see nails that have +been bitten.</p> + + +<h3><br />CARE OF THE SKIN.</h3> + +<p>Waste matter is all the time passing out +through the perspiration tubes in the skin. +This waste matter must not be left to clog up +the little openings of the tubes. It should be +washed off with soap and water.</p> + +<p>When children have been playing out-of-doors, +they often have very dirty hands and +faces. Any one can see, then, that they need +to be washed. But even if they had been in +the cleanest place all day and had not +touched any thing dirty, they would still +need the washing; for the waste matter that +comes from the inside of the body is just as +hurtful as the mud or dust of the street. You<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span> +do not see it so plainly, because it comes out +very little at a time. Wash it off well, and +your skin will be fresh and healthy, and able +to do its work. If the skin could not do its +work, you would die.</p> + +<p>Do not keep on your rubber boots or +shoes all through school-time. Rubber will +not let the perspiration pass off, so the little +pores get clogged and your feet begin to feel +uncomfortable, or your head may ache. No +part can fail to do its work without causing +trouble to the rest of the body. But you +should always wear rubbers out-of-doors +when the ground is wet. Certainly, they +are very useful then.</p> + +<p>When you are out in the fresh air, you are +giving the other parts of your body such a +good chance to perspire, that your feet can +bear a little shutting up. But as soon as you +come into the house, take the rubbers off.</p> + +<p>Now that you know what the skin is doing +all the time, you will understand that +the clothes worn next to your skin are full +of little worn-out particles, brought out by +the perspiration. When these clothes are<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span> +taken off at night, they should be so spread +out, that they will air well before morning. +Never wear any of the clothes through +the night, that you have worn during the +day.</p> + +<p>Do not roll up your night-dress in the +morning and put it under your pillow. Give +it first a good airing at the window and then +hang it where the air can reach it all day. +By so doing, you will have sweeter sleep at +night.</p> + +<p>You are old enough to throw the bed-clothes +off from the bed, before leaving your +rooms in the morning. In this way, the bed +and bed-clothes may have a good airing. Be +sure to give them time enough for this.</p> + + +<h3><br />WORK OF THE BODY.</h3> + +<p>You have now learned about four important +kinds of work:—</p> + +<p>1st. The stomach prepares the food for the +blood to take.</p> + +<p>2d. The blood is pumped out of the heart +to carry food to every part of the body, and +to take away worn-out matter.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span></p> + +<p>3d. The lungs use fresh air in making the +dark, impure blood, bright and pure again.</p> + +<p>4th. The skin carries away waste matter +through the little perspiration tubes.</p> + +<p>All this work goes on, day and night, +without our needing to think about it at all; +for messages are sent to the muscles by the +nerves which keep them faithfully at work, +whether we know it or not.</p> + + +<h3><br />REVIEW QUESTIONS.</h3> + +<div class="hang1">1. What covers the body?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>2. What lines the body?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>3. Where are the nerves of the skin?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>4. What is perspiration? What is the common name for it?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>5. What are the pores of the skin?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>6. How does the perspiration help to keep you well?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>7. Of what use are the nails?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>8. How should they be kept?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>9. What care should be taken of the skin?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>10. Why should you not wear rubber boots or overshoes in the +house?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>11. Why should you change under-clothing night and morning?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>12. Where should the night-dress be placed in the morning?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>13. What should be done with the bed-clothes? Why?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>14. Name the four kinds of work about which you have learned.</div> + +<div class='hang1'>15. How are the organs of the body kept at work?</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER XVII.</h2> + +<h3>THE SENSES.</h3> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 83px;"> +<img src="images/img021w.png" width="83" height="75" alt="W" title="W" /> +</div><div class='unindent'><br /><br />E have five ways of learning about all +things around us. We can see them, +touch them, taste them, smell them, or hear +them. Sight, touch, taste, smell, and hearing, +are called the five senses.</div> + +<p>You already know something about them, +for you are using them all the time.</p> + +<p>In this lesson, you will learn a little more +about seeing and hearing.</p> + + +<h3><br />THE EYES.</h3> +<div class="figleft" style="width: 300px;"> +<img src="images/img110.png" width="300" height="270" alt="The eyelashes and the tear-glands." title="The eyelashes and the tear-glands." /> +<span class="caption">The eyelashes and the tear-glands.</span> +</div> +<p>In the middle of your eye is a round, +black spot, called the pupil. This pupil is +only a hole with a muscle around it. When +you are in the light, the muscle draws up, +and makes the pupil small, because you can +get all the light you need through a small +opening. When you are in the dark, the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[110]</a></span> +muscle stretches, and opens the pupil wide to +let in more light.</p> + +<p>The pupils of the cat's eyes are very large +in the dark. They +want all the light +they can get, to see +if there are any mice +about.</p> + + + +<p>The pupil of the +eye opens into a +little, round room +where the nerve of +sight is. This is a +safe place for this delicate nerve, which can +not bear too much light. It carries to the +brain an account of every thing we see.</p> + +<p>We might say the eye is taking pictures +for us all day long, and that the nerve of +sight is describing these pictures to the brain.</p> + + +<h3><br />CARE OF THE EYES.</h3> + +<p>The nerves of sight need great care, for +they are very delicate.</p> + +<p>Do not face a bright light when you are +reading or studying. While writing, you<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span> +should sit so that the light will come from +the left side; then the shadow of your hand +will not fall upon your work.</p> + +<p>One or two true stories may help you to +remember that you must take good care of +your eyes.</p> + +<p>The nerve of sight can not bear too bright +a light. It asks to have the pupil made +small, and even the eyelid curtains put down, +when the light is too strong.</p> + +<p>Once, there was a boy who said boastfully +to his playmates: "Let us see which of us +can look straight at the sun for the longest +time."</p> + +<p>Then they foolishly began to look at the +sun. The delicate nerves of sight felt a sharp +pain, and begged to have the pupils made as +small as possible and the eyelid curtains put +down.</p> + +<p>But the foolish boys said "No." They were +trying to see which would bear it the longest. +Great harm was done to the brains as well +as eyes of both these boys. The one who +looked longest at the sun died in consequence +of his foolish act.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span></p> + +<p>The second story is about a little boy who +tried to turn his eyes to imitate a schoolmate +who was cross-eyed. He turned them; +but he could not turn them back again. +Although he is now a gentleman more than +fifty years old and has had much painful +work done upon his eyes, the doctors have +never been able to set them quite right.</p> + +<p>You see from the first story, that you +must be careful not to give your eyes too +much light. But you must also be sure to +give them light enough.</p> + +<p>When one tries to read in the twilight, +the little nerve of sight says: "Give me more +light; I am hurt, by trying to see in the +dark."</p> + +<p>If you should kill these delicate nerves, no +others would ever grow in place of them, and +you would never be able to see again.</p> + + +<h3><br />THE EARS.</h3> + +<p>What you call your ears are only pieces of +gristle, so curved as to catch the sounds and +pass them along to the true ears. These are +deeper in the head, where the nerve of hearing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[113]</a></span> +is waiting to send an account of each +sound to the brain.</p> + + +<h3><br />CARE OF THE EARS.</h3> + +<p>The ear nerve is in less danger than that +of the eye. Careless children sometimes put +pins into their ears and so break the "drum." +That is a very bad thing to do. Use only a +soft towel in washing your ears. You should +never put any thing hard or sharp into them.</p> + +<p>I must tell you a short ear story, about +my father, when he was a small boy.</p> + +<p>One day, when playing on the floor, he +laid his ear to the crack of the door, to feel +the wind blow into it. He was so young that +he did not know it was wrong; but the next +day he had the earache severely. Although +he lived to be an old man, he often had +the earache. He thought it began from the +time when the wind blew into his ear from +under that door.</p> + + +<h3><br />ALCOHOL AND THE SENSES.</h3> + +<p>All this fine work of touching, tasting, seeing, +smelling, and hearing, is nerve work.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[114]</a></span></p> + +<p>The man who is in the habit of using alcoholic +drinks can not touch, taste, see, smell, +or hear so well as he ought. His hands +tremble, his speech is sometimes thick, and +often he can not walk straight. Sometimes, +he thinks he sees things when he does not, +because his poor nerves are so confused by +alcohol that they can not do their work.</p> + +<p>Answer now for your taste, smell, and +touch, and also for your sight and hearing; +should their beautiful work be spoiled by +alcohol?</p> + + +<h3><br />REVIEW QUESTIONS.</h3> + +<div class="hang1">1. Name the five senses.</div> + +<div class='hang1'>2. What is the pupil of the eye?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>3. How is it made larger or smaller?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>4. Why does it change in size?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>5. What can a cat's eyes do?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>6. Where is the nerve of the eye?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>7. What work does it do?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>8. Why must one be careful of his eyes?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>9. Where should the light be for reading or studying?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>10. Tell the story of the boys who looked at the sun.</div> + +<div class='hang1'>11. Tell the story of the boy who made himself cross-eyed.</div> + +<div class='hang1'>12. Why should you not read in the twilight?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>13. What would be the result, if you should kill the nerves of sight?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>14. Where are the true ears?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>15. How may the nerves of hearing be injured?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>16. Tell the story of the boy who injured his ear.</div> + +<div class='hang1'>17. How is the work of the senses affected by drinking liquor?</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER XVIII.</h2> + +<h3>HEAT AND COLD.</h3> + + +<h3><br />WHAT MAKES US WARM?</h3> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 68px;"> +<img src="images/img115m.png" width="68" height="75" alt="M" title="M" /> +</div><div class='unindent'><br /><br />Y thick, warm clothes make me warm," +says some child.</div> + +<p>No! Your thick, warm clothes keep you +warm. They do not make you warm.</p> + +<p>Take a brisk run, and your blood will flow +faster and you will be warm very quickly.</p> + +<p>On a cold day, the teamster claps his +hands and swings his arms to make his blood +flow quickly and warm him.</p> + +<p>Every child knows that he is warm inside; +for if his fingers are cold, he puts them into +his mouth to warm them.</p> + +<p>If you should put a little thermometer +into your mouth, or under your tongue, the +mercury (mẽr´ku r<ins title="Transcriber's Note: This symbol not supported in all browsers: y with a breve">y̆</ins>) + would rise as high as it +does out of doors on a hot, summer day.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></span></p> + +<p>This would be the same in summer or +winter, in a warm country or a cold one, if +you were well and the work of your body was +going on steadily.</p> + + +<h3><br />WHERE DOES THIS HEAT COME FROM?</h3> + +<p>Some of the work which is all the time +going on inside your body, makes this heat.</p> + +<p>The blood is thus warmed, and then it +carries the heat to every part of the body. +The faster the blood flows, the more heat it +brings, and the warmer we feel.</p> + +<p>In children, the heart pumps from eighty +to ninety times a minute.</p> + +<p>This is faster than it works in old people, +and this is one reason why children are generally +much warmer than old people.</p> + +<p>But we are losing heat all the time.</p> + +<p>You may breathe in cold air; but that +which you breathe out is warm. A great deal +of heat from your warm body is all the time +passing off through your skin, into the cooler +air about you. For this reason, a room full +of people is much warmer than the same +room when empty.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[117]</a></span></p> + + +<h3><br />CLOTHING.</h3> + +<p>We put on clothes to keep in the heat +which we already have, and to prevent the +cold air from reaching our skins and carrying +off too much heat in that way.</p> + +<p>Most of you children are too young to +choose what clothes you will wear. Others +decide for you. You know, however, that +woolen under-garments keep you warm in +winter, and that thick boots and stockings +should be worn in cold weather. Thin dresses +or boots may look pretty; but they are not +safe for winter wear, even at a party.</p> + +<p>A healthy, happy child, dressed in clothes +which are suitable for the season, is pleasanter +to look at than one whose dress, though +rich and handsome, is not warm enough for +health or comfort.</p> + +<p>When you feel cold, take exercise, if possible. +This will make the hot blood flow all +through your body and warm it. If you can +not, you should put on more clothes, go to +a warm room, in some way get warm and +keep warm, or the cold will make you sick.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></span></p> + + +<h3><br />TAKING COLD.</h3> + +<p>If your skin is chilled, the tiny mouths +of the perspiration tubes are sometimes closed +and can not throw out the waste matter. +Then, if one part fails to do its work, other +parts must suffer. Perhaps the inside skin +becomes inflamed, or the throat and lungs, +and you have a cold, or a cough.</p> + + +<h3><br />ALCOHOL AND COLD.</h3> + +<p>People used to think that nothing would +warm one so well on a cold day, as a glass +of whiskey, or other alcoholic drink.</p> + +<p>It is true that, if a person drinks a little +alcohol, he will feel a burning in the throat, +and presently a glowing heat on the skin.</p> + +<p>The alcohol has made the hot blood rush +into the tiny tubes near the skin, and he +thinks it has warmed him.</p> + +<p>But if all this heat comes to the skin, the +cold air has a chance to carry away more +than usual. In a very little time, the +drinker will be colder than before. Perhaps +he will not know it; for the cheating alcohol<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[119]</a></span> +will have deadened his nerves so that they +send no message to the brain. Then he may +not have sense enough to put on more clothing +and may freeze. He may even, if it is +very cold, freeze to death.</p> + +<p>People, who have not been drinking alcohol +are sometimes frozen; but they would +have frozen much quicker if they had drunk it.</p> + +<p>Horse-car drivers and omnibus drivers +have a hard time on a cold winter day. They +are often cheated into thinking that alcohol +will keep them warm; but doctors have +learned that it is the water-drinkers who +hold out best against the cold. Alcohol can +not really keep a person warm.</p> + +<p>All children are interested in stories about +Arctic explorers, whose ships get frozen into +great ice-fields, who travel on sledges drawn +by dogs, and sometimes live in Esquimau +huts, and drink oil, and eat walrus meat.</p> + +<p>These men tell us that alcohol will not +keep them warm, and you know why.</p> + +<p>The hunters and trappers in the snowy +regions of the Rocky Mountains say the same +thing. Alcohol not only can not keep them<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span> +warm; but it lessens their power to resist +cold.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/img120.jpg" width="500" height="493" alt="Scene in the Arctic regions." title="Scene in the Arctic regions." /> +<span class="caption">Scene in the Arctic regions.</span> +</div> + +<p>Many of you have heard about the Greely +party who were brought home from the Arctic +seas, after they had been starving and freezing +for many months.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[121]</a></span></p> + +<p>There were twenty-six men in all. Of +these, nineteen died. Seven were found alive +by their rescuers; one of these died soon +afterward. The first man who died, was the +only one of the party who had ever been a +drunkard.</p> + +<p>Of the nineteen who died, all but one used +tobacco. Of the six now living,—four never +used tobacco at all; and the other two, very +seldom.</p> + +<p>The tobacco was no real help to them in +time of trouble. It had probably weakened +their stomachs, so that they could not make +the best use of such poor food as they had.</p> + + +<h3><br />REVIEW QUESTIONS.</h3> + +<div class="hang1">1. Why do you wear thick clothes in cold weather?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>2. How can you prove that you are warm inside?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>3. What makes this heat?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>4. What carries this heat through your body?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>5. How rapidly does your heart beat?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>6. How are you losing heat all the time?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>7. How can you warm yourself without going to the fire?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>8. Will alcohol make you warmer, or colder?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>9. How does it cheat you into thinking that you will be warmer +for drinking it?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>10. What do the people who travel in very cold countries, tell us +about the use of alcohol?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>11. How did tobacco affect the men who went to the Arctic seas +with Lieutenant Greely?</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[122]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER XIX.</h2> + +<h3>WASTED MONEY.</h3> + + +<h3><br />COST OF ALCOHOL.</h3> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 59px;"> +<img src="images/img071n.png" width="59" height="75" alt="N" title="N" /> +</div><div class='unindent'><br /><br />OW that you have learned about your +bodies, and what alcohol will do to +them, you ought also to know that alcohol +costs a great deal of money. Money spent for +that which will do no good, but only harm, +is certainly wasted, and worse than wasted.</div> + +<p>If a boy or a girl save ten cents a week, +it will take ten weeks to save a dollar.</p> + +<p>You can all think of many good and pleasant +ways to spend a dollar. What would the +beer-drinker do with it? If he takes two +mugs of beer a day, the dollar will be used +up in ten days. But we ought not to say +used, because that word will make us think +it was spent usefully. We will say, instead, +the dollar will be wasted, in ten days.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[123]</a></span></p> + +<p>If he spends it for wine or whiskey, it will +go sooner, as these cost more. If no money +was spent for liquor in this country, people +would not so often be sick, or poor, or bad, +or wretched. We should not need so many +policemen, and jails, and prisons, as we have +now. If no liquor was drunk, men, women, +and children would be better and happier.</p> + + +<h3><br />COST OF TOBACCO.</h3> + +<p>Most of you have a little money of your +own. Perhaps you earned a part, or the +whole of it, yourselves. You are planning +what to do with it, and that is a very pleasant +kind of planning.</p> + +<p>Do you think it would be wise to make +a dollar bill into a tight little roll, light one +end of it with a match, and then let it +slowly burn up? That would be wasting it, +you say! (<a href="#front"><i>See Frontispiece.</i></a>)</p> + +<p>Yes! it would be wasted, if thus burned. +It would be worse than wasted, if, while burning, +it should also hurt the person who held +it. If you should buy cigars or tobacco with +your dollar, and smoke them, you could soon<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span> +burn up the dollar and hurt yourselves +besides.</p> + +<p>Can you count a million? Can you count +a hundred millions? Try some day to do this +counting. Then, when you begin to have +some idea how much six hundred millions is, +remember that six hundred million dollars +are spent in this country every year for tobacco—burned +up—wasted—worse than wasted.</p> + +<p>Do you think the farmer who planted tobacco +instead of corn, did any good to the +world by the change?</p> + + +<h3><br />REVIEW QUESTIONS.</h3> + +<div class="hang1">1. How may one waste money?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>2. Name some good ways for spending money.</div> + +<div class='hang1'>3. How does the liquor-drinker spend his money?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>4. What could we do, if no money was spent for liquor?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>5. Tell two ways in which you could burn up a dollar bill.</div> + +<div class='hang1'>6. Which would be the safer way?</div> + +<div class='hang1'>7. How much money is spent for tobacco, yearly, in this country?</div> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<div class='tnote'><h3>Transcriber's Notes:</h3> +<p>Obvious punctuation errors repaired.</p> + +<p>The remaining corrections made are indicated by dotted lines under the corrections. Scroll the mouse over the word and the original text will <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'apprear'">appear</ins>.</p></div> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Child's Health Primer For Primary +Classes, by Jane Andrews + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HEALTH PRIMER *** + +***** This file should be named 25646-h.htm or 25646-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/5/6/4/25646/ + +Produced by Stephen Hope, Joseph Cooper, Emmy and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Child's Health Primer For Primary Classes + With Special Reference to the Effects of Alcoholic Drinks, + Stimulants, and Narcotics upon The Human System + +Author: Jane Andrews + +Release Date: May 30, 2008 [EBook #25646] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HEALTH PRIMER *** + + + + +Produced by Stephen Hope, Joseph Cooper, Emmy and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + + +CHILD'S HEALTH PRIMER. + +[Illustration: WASTING MONEY. (See p. 123.)] + + +PATHFINDER PHYSIOLOGY No. 1 + + + + +CHILD'S + +HEALTH PRIMER + +FOR PRIMARY CLASSES + + WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOLIC DRINKS, + STIMULANTS, AND NARCOTICS UPON THE HUMAN SYSTEM + + + INDORSED BY THE + SCIENTIFIC DEPARTMENT OF THE + WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNION + OF THE + UNITED STATES + + + COPYRIGHT, 1885 + A. S. BARNES & COMPANY + NEW YORK AND CHICAGO + + + + + PATHFINDER SERIES + OF TEXT BOOKS ON + ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, AND HYGIENE. + + With Special Reference to the Influence of Alcoholic + Drinks and Narcotics on the Human System. + + INDORSED BY THE SCIENTIFIC DEPARTMENT OF THE + WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNION OF THE UNITED + STATES. + + + I. + FOR PRIMARY GRADES. + THE CHILD'S HEALTH PRIMER. + 12mo. Cloth. + + An introduction to the study of the science, suited to + pupils of the ordinary third reader grade. + + Full of lively description and embellished by many apt + illustrations. + + + II. + FOR INTERMEDIATE CLASSES. + HYGIENE FOR YOUNG PEOPLE. + 12mo. Cloth. Beautifully illustrated. + + Suited to pupils able to read any fourth reader. + + An admirable elementary treatise upon the subject. + + The principles of the science more fully announced + and illustrated. + + + III. + FOR HIGH SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES. + HYGIENIC PHYSIOLOGY. + 12mo. Beautifully illustrated. + A MORE ELABORATE TREATISE. + + Prepared for the instruction of youth in the principles which + underlie the preservation of health and the + formation of correct physical habits. + + + + +PREFACE + + +As this little book goes to press, Massachusetts, by an act of its +legislature, is made the fourteenth state in this country that requires +the pupils in the primary, as well as in the higher grades of public +schools, to be taught the effects of alcoholics and other narcotics upon +the human system, in connection with other facts of physiology and +hygiene. + +The object of all this legislation is, not that the future citizen may +know the technical names of bones, nerves, and muscles, but that he may +have a _=timely=_ and _=forewarning=_ knowledge of the effects of +alcohol and other popular poisons upon the human body, and therefore +upon life and character. + +With every reason in favor of such education, and the law requiring it, +its practical tests in the school-room will result in failure, unless +there shall be ready for teacher and scholar, a well-arranged, simple, +and practical book, bringing these truths down to the capacity of the +child. + +A few years hence, when the results of this study in our Normal Schools +shall be realized in the preparation of the teacher, we can depend upon +her adapting oral lessons from advanced works on this theme, but now, +the average primary teacher brings to this study no experience, and +limited previous study. + +To meet this need, this work has been prepared. Technical terms have +been avoided, and only such facts of physiology developed as are +necessary to the treatment of the effects of alcohol, tobacco, opium, +and other truths of hygiene. + +To the children in the Primary Schools of this country, for whom it was +prepared, this work is dedicated. + + + + +[Illustration] + + + + +CONTENTS + + + CHAPTER PAGE + + FRONTISPIECE 2 + + TITLE-PAGE 3 + + PREFACE 5 + + CONTENTS 7 + + I.--JOINTS AND BONES 9 + + II.--MUSCLES 19 + + III.--NERVES 25 + + IV.--WHAT IS ALCOHOL? 37 + + V.--BEER 43 + + VI.--DISTILLING 47 + + VII.--ALCOHOL 50 + + VIII.--TOBACCO 53 + + IX.--OPIUM 59 + + X.--WHAT ARE ORGANS? 61 + + XI.--WHAT DOES THE BODY NEED FOR FOOD? 71 + + XII.--HOW FOOD BECOMES PART OF THE BODY 79 + + XIII.--STRENGTH 85 + + XIV.--THE HEART 93 + + XV.--THE LUNGS 97 + + XVI.--THE SKIN 103 + + XVII.--THE SENSES 109 + + XVIII.--HEAT AND COLD 115 + + XIX.--WASTED MONEY 122 + + + + +CHAPTER I. + +JOINTS AND BONES. + + +[Illustration: L]ITTLE girls like a jointed doll to play with, because +they can bend such a doll in eight or ten places, make it stand or sit, +or can even play that it is walking. + +[Illustration: _Jointed dolls._] + +As you study your own bodies to-day, you will find that you each have +better joints than any dolls that can be bought at a toy shop. + + +HINGE-JOINTS. + +Some of your joints work like the hinges of a door, and these are called +hinge-joints. + +You can find them in your elbows, knees, fingers, and toes. + +How many hinge-joints can you find? + +Think how many hinges must be used by the boy who takes off his hat and +makes a polite bow to his teacher, when she meets him on the street. + +How many hinges do you use in running up-stairs, opening the door, +buttoning your coat or your boots, playing ball or digging in your +garden? + +You see that we use these hinges nearly all the time. We could not do +without them. + + +BALL AND SOCKET JOINTS. + +All our joints are not hinge-joints. + +Your shoulder has a joint that lets your arm swing round and round, as +well as move up and down. + +Your hip has another that lets your leg move in much the same way. + +[Illustration: _The hip-joint._] + +This kind of joint is the round end or ball of a long bone, which moves +in a hole, called a socket. + +Your joints do not creak or get out of order, as those of doors and +gates sometimes do. A soft, smooth fluid, much like the white of an egg, +keeps them moist and makes them work easily. + + +BONES. + +What parts of our bodies are jointed together so nicely? Our bones. + +How many bones have we? + +If you should count all your bones, you would find that each of you has +about two hundred. + +Some are large; and some, very small. + +There are long-hones in your legs and arms, and many short ones in your +fingers and toes. The backbone is called the spine. + +[Illustration: _Backbone of a fish._] + +If you look at the backbone of a fish, you can see that it is made up-of +many little bones. Your own spine is formed in much the same way, of +twenty-four small bones. An elastic cushion of gristle (gr[)i]s'l) fits +nicely in between each little bone and the next. + +When you bend, these cushions are pressed together on one side and +stretched on the other. They settle back into their first shape, as +soon as you stand straight again. + +If you ever rode in a wheelbarrow, or a cart without springs, you know +what a jolting it gave you. These little spring cushions keep you from +being shaken even more severely every time you move. + +Twenty-four ribs, twelve on each side, curve around from the spine to +the front, or breast, bone. (_See page 38._) + +They are so covered with flesh that perhaps you can not feel and count +them; but they are there. + +Then you have two flat shoulder-blades, and two collar-bones that almost +meet in front, just where your collar fastens. + +Of what are the bones made? + +Take two little bones, such as those from the legs or wings of a +chicken, put one of them into the fire, when it is not very hot, and +leave it there two or three hours. Soak the other bone in some weak +muriatic (m[=u] r[)i] [)a]t'[)i]k) acid. This acid can be bought of any +druggist. + +You will have to be careful in taking the bone out of the fire, for it +is all ready to break. If you strike it a quick blow, it will crumble to +dust. This dust we call lime, and it is very much like the lime from +which the mason makes mortar. + +[Illustration: _Bone tied to a knot._] + +The acid has taken the lime from the other bone, so only the part which +is not lime is left. You will be surprised to see how easily it will +bend. You can twist it and tie it into a knot; but it will not easily +break. + +You have seen gristle in meat. This soft part of the bone is gristle. + +Children's bones have more gristle than those of older people; so +children's bones bend easily. + +I know a lady who has one leg shorter than the other. This makes her +lame, and she has to wear a boot with iron supports three or four inches +high, in order to walk at all. + +One day she told me how she became lame. + +"I remember," she said, "when I was between three and four years old, +sitting one day in my high chair at the table, and twisting one foot +under the little step of the chair. The next morning I felt lame; but +nobody could tell what was the matter. At last, the doctors found out +that the trouble all came from that twist. It had gone too far to be +cured. Before I had this boot, I could only walk with a crutch." + + +CARE OF THE SPINE. + +Because the spine is made of little bones with cushions between them, it +bends easily, and children sometimes bend it more than they ought. + +If you lean over your book or your writing or any other work, the +elastic cushions may get so pressed on the inner edge that they do not +easily spring back into shape. In this way, you may grow +round-shouldered or hump-backed. + +This bending over, also cramps the lungs, so that they do not have all +the room they need for breathing. While you are young, your bones are +easily bent. One shoulder or one hip gets higher than the other, if you +stand unevenly. This is more serious, because you are growing, and you +may grow crooked before you know it. + +Now that you know how soft your bones are, and how easily they bend, you +will surely be careful to sit and stand erect. Do not twist your legs, +or arms, or shoulders; for you want to grow into straight and graceful +men and women, instead of being round-shouldered, or hump-backed, or +lame, all your lives. + +When people are old, their bones contain more lime, and, therefore, +break more easily. + +You should be kindly helpful to old people, so that they may not fall, +and possibly break their bones. + + +CARE OF THE FEET. + +Healthy children are always out-growing their shoes, and sometimes +faster than they wear them out. Tight shoes cause corns and in-growing +nails and other sore places on the feet. All of these are very hard to +get rid of. No one should wear a shoe that pinches or hurts the foot. + + +OUGHT A BOY TO USE TOBACCO? + +Perhaps some boy will say: "Grown people are always telling us, 'this +will do for men, but it is not good for boys.'" + +Tobacco is not good for men; but there is a very good reason why it is +worse for boys. + +If you were going to build a house, would it be wise for you to put into +the stone-work of the cellar something that would make it less strong? + +Something into the brick-work or the mortar, the wood-work or the nails, +the walls or the chimneys, that would make them weak and tottering, +instead of strong and steady? + +It would he had enough if you should repair your house with poor +materials; but surely it must be built in the first place with the best +you can get. + +You will soon learn that boys and girls are building their bodies, day +after day, until at last they reach full size. + +Afterward, they must be repaired as fast as they wear out. + +It would be foolish to build any part in a way to make it weaker than +need be. + +Wise doctors have said that the boy who uses tobacco while he is +growing, makes every part of his body less strong than it otherwise +would be. Even his bones will not grow so well. + +Boys who smoke can not become such large, fine-looking men as they would +if they did not smoke. + +Cigarettes are small, but they are very poisonous. Chewing tobacco is a +worse and more filthy habit even than smoking. The frequent spitting it +causes is disgusting to others and hurts the health of the chewer. +Tobacco in any form is a great enemy to youth. It stunts the growth, +hurts the mind, and cripples in every way the boy or girl who uses it. + +Not that it does all this to every youth who smokes, but it is always +true that no boy of seven to fourteen can begin to smoke or chew and +have so fine a body and mind when he is twenty-one years old as he would +have had if he had never used tobacco. If you want to be strong and well +men and women, do not use tobacco in any form. + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. What two kinds of joints have you? + + 2. Describe each kind. + + 3. Find as many of each kind as you can. + + 4. How are the joints kept moist? + + 5. How many bones are there in your whole body? + + 6. Count the bones in your hand. + + 7. Of how many bones is your spine made? + + 8. Why could you not use it so well if it were all + in one piece? + + 9. What is the use of the little cushions between + the bones of the spine? + + 10. How many ribs have you? + + 11. Where are they? + + 12. Where are the shoulder-blades? + + 13. Where are the collar-bones? + + 14. What are bones made of? + + 15. How can we show this? + + 16. What is the difference between the bones of + children and the bones of old people? + + 17. Why do children's bones bend easily? + + 18. Tell the story of the lame lady. + + 19. What does this story teach you? + + 20. What happens if you lean over your desk or + work? + + 21. How will this position injure your lungs? + + 22. What other bones may be injured by wrong + positions? + + 23. Why do old people's bones break easily? + + 24. How should the feet be cared for? + + 25. How does tobacco affect the bones? + + 26. What do doctors say of its use? + + 27. What is said about cigarettes? + + 28. What about chewing tobacco? + + 29. To whom is tobacco a great enemy? Why? + + 30. What is always true of its use by youth? + + + + +CHAPTER II. + +MUSCLES. + + +[Illustration: W]HAT makes the limbs move? + +You have to take hold of the door to move it back and forth; but you +need not take hold of your arm to move that. + +What makes it move? + +Sometimes a door or gate is made to shut itself, if you leave it open. + +This can be done by means of a wide rubber strap, one end of which is +fastened to the frame of the door near the hinge, and the other end to +the door, out near its edge. + +When we push open the door, the rubber strap is stretched; but as soon +as we have passed through, the strap tightens, draws the door back, and +shuts it. + +If you stretch out your right arm, and clasp the upper part tightly with +your left hand, then work the elbow joint strongly back and forth, you +can feel something under your hand draw up, and then lengthen out again, +each time you bend the joint. + +What you feel, is a muscle (m[)u]s'sl), and it works your joints very +much as the rubber strap works the hinge of the door. + +One end of the muscle is fastened to the bone just below the elbow +joint; and the other end, higher up above the joint. + +When it tightens, or contracts, as we say, it bends the joint. When the +arm is straightened, the muscle returns to its first shape. + +There is another muscle on the outside of the arm which stretches when +this one shortens, and so helps the working of the joint. + +Every joint has two or more muscles of its own to work it. + +Think how many there must be in our fingers! + +If we should undertake to count all the muscles that move our whole +bodies, it would need more counting than some of you could do. + + +TENDONS. + +You can see muscles on the dinner table; for they are only lean meat. + +[Illustration: _Tendons of the hand._] + +They are fastened to the bones by strong cords, called tendons +(t[)e]n'd[)o]nz). These tendons can be seen in the leg of a chicken or +turkey. They sometimes hold the meat so firmly that it is hard for you +to get it off. When you next try to pick a "drum-stick," remember that +you are eating the strong muscles by which the chicken or turkey moved +his legs as he walked about the yard. The parts that have the most work +to do, need the strongest muscles. + +Did you ever see the swallows flying about the eaves of a barn? + +Do they have very stout legs? No! They have very small legs and feet, +because they do not need to walk. They need to fly. + +The muscles that move the wings are fastened to the breast. These breast +muscles of the swallow must be large and strong. + + +EXERCISE OF THE MUSCLES. + +People who work hard with any part of the body make the muscles of that +part very strong. + +The blacksmith has big, strong muscles in his arms because he uses them +so much. + +You are using your muscles every day, and this helps them to grow. + +Once I saw a little girl who had been very sick. She had to lie in bed +for many weeks. Before her sickness she had plenty of stout muscles in +her arms and legs and was running about the house from morning till +night, carrying her big doll in her arms. + +After her sickness, she could hardly walk ten steps, and would rather +sit and look at her playthings than try to lift them. She had to make +new muscles as fast as possible. + +Running, coasting, games of ball, and all brisk play and work, help to +make strong muscles. + +Idle habits make weak muscles. So idleness is an enemy to the muscles. + +There is another enemy to the muscles about which I must tell you. + + +WHAT ALCOHOL WILL DO TO THE MUSCLES. + +Muscles are lean meat. Fat meat could not work your joints for you as +the muscles do. Alcohol often changes a part of the muscles to fat, and +so takes away a part of their strength. In this way, people often grow +very fleshy from drinking beer, because it contains alcohol, as you will +soon learn. But they can not work any better on account of having this +fat. They are not really any stronger for it. + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. How are the joints moved? + + 2. Where are the muscles in your arms, which help + you to move your elbows? + + 3. Show why joints must have muscles. + + 4. What do we call the muscles of the lower + animals? + + 5. What fasten the muscles to the bones? + + 6. Why do chickens and turkeys need strong muscles + in their legs? + + 7. Why do swallows need strong breast muscles? + + 8. What makes the muscles of the blacksmith's arm + so strong? + + 9. What will make your muscles strong? + + 10. What will make them weak? + + 11. What does alcohol often do to the muscles? + + 12. Can fatty muscles work well? + + 13. Why does not drinking beer make one stronger? + + + + +CHAPTER III. + +NERVES. + + +[Illustration: H]OW do the muscles know when to move? + +You have all seen the telegraph wires, by which messages are sent from +one town to another, all over the country. + +You are too young to understand how this is done, but you each have +something inside of you, by which you are sending messages almost every +minute while you are awake. + +We will try to learn a little about its wonderful way of working. + +In your head is your brain. It is the part of you which thinks. + +As you would be very badly off if you could not think, the brain is your +most precious part, and you have a strong box made of bone to keep it +in. + +[Illustration: _Diagram of the nervous system._] + +We will call the brain the central telegraph office. Little white cords, +called nerves, connect the brain with the rest of the body. + +A large cord called the spinal cord, lies safely in a bony case made by +the spine, and many nerves branch off from this. + +If you put your finger on a hot stove, in an instant a message goes on +the nerve telegraph to the brain. It tells that wise thinking part that +your finger will burn, if it stays on the stove. + +In another instant, the brain sends back a message to the muscles that +move that finger, saying: "Contract quickly, bend the joint, and take +that poor finger away so that it will not be burned." + +You can hardly believe that there was time for all this sending of +messages; for as soon as you felt the hot stove, you pulled your finger +away. But you really could not have pulled it away, unless the brain had +sent word to the muscles to do it. + +Now, you know what we mean when we say, "As quick as thought." Surely +nothing could be quicker. + +You see that the brain has a great deal of work to do, for it has to +send so many orders. + +There are some muscles which are moving quietly and steadily all the +time, though we take no notice of the motion. + +You do not have to think about breathing, and yet the muscles work all +the time, moving your chest. + +If we had to think about it every time we breathed, we should have no +time to think of any thing else. + +There is one part of the brain that takes care of such work for us. It +sends the messages about breathing, and keeps the breathing muscles and +many other muscles faithfully at work. It does all this without our +needing to know or think about it at all. + +Do you begin to see that your body is a busy work-shop, where many kinds +of work are being done all day and all night? + +Although we lie still and sleep in the night, the breathing must go on, +and so must the work of those other organs that never stop until we +die. + + +OTHER WORK OF THE NERVES. + +The little white nerve-threads lie smoothly side by side, making small +white cords. Each kind of message goes on its own thread, so that the +messages need never get mixed or confused. + +These nerves are very delicate little messengers. They do all the +feeling for the whole body, and by means of them we have many pains and +many pleasures. + +If there was no nerve in your tooth it could not ache. But if there were +no nerves in your mouth and tongue, you could not taste your food. + +If there were no nerves in your hands, you might cut them and feel no +pain. But you could not feel your mother's soft, warm hand, as she laid +it on yours. + +One of your first duties is the care of yourselves. + +Children may say: "My father and mother take care of me." But even while +you are young, there are some ways in which no one can take care of you +but yourselves. The older you grow, the more this care will belong to +you, and to no one else. + +Think of the work all the parts of the body do for us, and how they help +us to be well and happy. Certainly the least we can do is to take care +of them and keep them in good order. + + +CARE OF THE BRAIN AND NERVES. + +As one part of the brain has to take care of all the rest of the body, +and keep every organ at work, of course it can never go to sleep itself. +If it did, the heart would stop pumping, the lungs would leave off +breathing, all other work would stop, and the body would be dead. + +But there is another part of the brain which does the thinking, and this +part needs rest. + +When you are asleep, you are not thinking, but you are breathing and +other work of the body is going on. + +If the thinking part of the brain does not have good quiet sleep, it +will soon wear out. A worn-out brain is not easy to repair. + +If well cared for, your brain will do the best of work for you for +seventy or eighty years without complaining. + +The nerves are easily tired out, and they need much rest. They get tired +if we do one thing too long at a time; they are rested by a change of +work. + + +IS ALCOHOL GOOD FOR THE NERVES AND THE BRAIN? + +Think of the wonderful work the brain is all the time doing for you! + +You ought to give it the best of food to keep it in good working order. +Any drink that contains alcohol is not a food to make one strong; but is +a poison to hurt, and at last to kill. + +It injures the brain and nerves so that they can not work well, and send +their messages properly. That is why the drunkard does not know what he +is about. + +Newspapers often tell us about people setting houses on fire; about men +who forgot to turn the switch, and so wrecked a railroad train; about +men who lay down on the railroad track and were run over by the cars. + +Often these stories end with: "The person had been drinking." When the +nerves are put to sleep by alcohol, people become careless and do not do +their work faithfully; sometimes, they can not even tell the difference +between a railroad track and a place of safety. The brain receives no +message, or the wrong one, and the person does not know what he is +doing. + +You may say that all men who drink liquor do not do such terrible +things. + +That is true. A little alcohol is not so bad as a great deal. But even a +little makes the head ache, and hurts the brain and nerves. + +A body kept pure and strong is of great service to its owner. There are +people who are not drunkards, but who often drink a little liquor. By +this means, they slowly poison their bodies. + +When sickness comes upon them, they are less able to bear it, and less +likely to get well again, than those who have never injured their bodies +with alcohol. + +When a sick or wounded man is brought into the hospital, one of the +first questions asked him by the doctor is: "Do you drink?" + +If he answers "Yes!" the next questions are, "What do you drink?" and +"How much?" + +The answers he gives to these questions, show the doctor what chance the +man has of getting well. + +A man who never drinks liquor will get well, where a drinking man would +surely die. + + +TOBACCO AND THE NERVES. + +Why does any one wish to use tobacco? + +Because many men say that it helps them, and makes them feel better. + +Shall I tell you how it makes them feel better? + +If a man is cold, the tobacco deadens his nerves so that he does not +feel the cold and does not take pains to make himself warmer. + +If a man is tired, or in trouble, tobacco will not really rest him or +help him out of his trouble. + +It only puts his nerves to sleep and helps him think that he is not +tired, and that he does not need to overcome his troubles. + +It puts his nerves to sleep very much as alcohol does, and helps him to +be contented with what ought not to content him. + +A boy who smokes or chews tobacco, is not so good a scholar as if he did +not use the poison. He can not remember his lessons so well. + +Usually, too, he is not so polite, nor so good a boy as he otherwise +would be. + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. How do the muscles know when to move? + + 2. What part of you is it that thinks? + + 3. What are the nerves? + + 4. Where is the spinal cord? + + 5. What message goes to the brain when you put + your finger on a hot stove? + + 6. What message comes back from the brain to the + finger? + + 7. What is meant by "As quick as thought"? + + 8. Name some of the muscles which work without + needing our thought. + + 9. What keeps them at work? + + 10. Why do not the nerve messages get mixed and + confused? + + 11. Why could you not feel, if you had no nerves? + + 12. State some ways in which the nerves give us + pain. + + 13. State some ways in which they give us + pleasure. + + 14. What part of us has the most work to do? + + 15. How must we keep the brain strong and well? + + 16. What does alcohol do to the nerves and brain? + + 17. Why does not a drunken man know what he is + about? + + 18. What causes most of the accidents we read of? + + 19. Why could not the man who had been drinking + tell the difference between a railroad track and a + place of safety? + + 20. How does the frequent drinking of a little + liquor affect the body? + + 21. How does sickness affect people who often + drink these liquors? + + 22. When a man is taken to the hospital, what + questions does the doctor ask? + + 23. What depends upon his answers? + + 24. Why do many men use tobacco? + + 25. How does it make them feel better? + + 26. Does it really help a person who uses it? + + 27. Does tobacco help a boy to be a good scholar? + + 28. How does it affect his manners? + +[Illustration: _Bones of the human body._] + + + + +CHAPTER IV. + +WHAT IS ALCOHOL? + + +[Illustration: R]IPE grapes are full of juice. + +This juice is mostly water, sweetened with a sugar of its own. It is +flavored with something which makes us know, the moment we taste it, +that it is grape-juice, and not cherry-juice or plum-juice. + +Apples also contain water, sugar, and apple flavor; and cherries contain +water, sugar, and cherry flavor. The same is true of other fruits. They +all, when ripe, have the water and the sugar; and each has a flavor of +its own. + +Ripe grapes are sometimes gathered and put into great tubs called vats. +In these the juice is squeezed out. + +In some countries, this squeezing is done by bare-footed men who jump +into the vats and press the grapes with their feet. + +The grape-juice is then drawn off from the skins and seeds and left +standing in a warm place. + +Bubbles soon begin to rise and cover the top of it with froth. The juice +is all in motion. + +[Illustration: _Picking grapes and making wine._] + +If the cook had wished to use this grape-juice to make jelly, she would +say: "Now, I can not make my grape-jelly, for the grape-juice is +spoiled." + + +WHAT IS THIS CHANGE IN THE GRAPE-JUICE? + +The sugar in the grape-juice is changing into something else. It is +turning into alcohol and a gas[A] that moves about in little bubbles in +the liquid, and rising to the top, goes off into the air. The alcohol is +a thin liquid which, mixed with the water, remains in the grape-juice. + +The sugar is gone; alcohol and the bubbles of gas are left in its place. + +This alcohol is a liquid poison. A little of it will harm any one who +drinks it; much of it would kill the drinker. + +Ripe grapes are good food; but grape-juice, when its sugar has turned to +alcohol, is not a safe drink for any one. It is poisoned by the alcohol. + + +WINE. + +This changed grape-juice is called wine. It is partly water, partly +alcohol, and it still has the grape flavor in it. + +Wine is also made from currants, elderberries, and other fruits, in very +much the same way as from grapes. + +People sometimes make it at home from the fruits that grow in their own +gardens, and think there is no alcohol in it, because they do not put +any in. + +But you know that the alcohol is made in the fruit-juice itself by the +change of the sugar into alcohol and the gas. + +[Illustration] + +It is the nature of alcohol to make the person who takes a little of it, +in wine, or any other drink, want more and more alcohol. When one goes +on, thus taking more and more of the drinks that contain alcohol, he is +called a drunkard. + +In this way wine has made many drunkards. Alcohol hurts both the body +and mind. It changes the person who drinks it. It will make a good and +kind person cruel and bad; and will make a bad person worse. + +Every one who takes wine does not become a drunkard, but you are not +sure that you will not, if you drink it. + +You should not drink wine, because there is alcohol in it. + + +CIDER. + +Cider is made from apples. In a few hours after the juice is pressed out +of the apples, if it is left open to the air the sugar begins to change. + +Like the sugar in the grape, it changes into alcohol and bubbles of gas. + +At first, there is but little alcohol in cider, but a little of this +poison is dangerous. + +More alcohol is all the time forming until in ten cups of cider there +may be one cup of alcohol. Cider often makes its drinkers ill-tempered +and cross. + +Cider and wine will turn into vinegar if left in a warm place long +enough. + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. What two things are in all fruit-juices? + + 2. How can we tell the juice of grapes from that + of plums? + + 3. How can we tell the juice of apples from that + of cherries? + + 4. What is often done with ripe grapes? + + 5. What happens after the grape-juice has stood a + short time? + + 6. Why would the changed grape-juice not be good + to use in making jelly? + + 7. Into what is the sugar in the juice changed? + + 8. What becomes of the gas? + + 9. What becomes of the alcohol? + + 10. What is gone and what left? + + 11. What is alcohol? + + 12. What does alcohol do to those who drink it? + + 13. When are grapes good food? + + 14. When is grape-juice not a safe drink? + + 15. Why? + + 16. What is this changed grape-juice called? + + 17. What is wine? + + 18. From what is wine made? + + 19. What do people sometimes think of home-made + wines? + + 20. How can alcohol be there when none has been + put into it? + + 21. What does alcohol make the person who takes it + want? + + 22. What is such a one called? + + 23. What has wine done to many persons? + + 24. What does alcohol hurt? + + 25. How does it change a person? + + 26. Are you sure you will not become a drunkard if + you drink wine? + + 27. Why should you not drink it? + + 28. What is cider made from? + + 29. What soon happens to apple-juice? + + 30. How may vinegar be made? + +FOOTNOTE: + +[Footnote A: This gas is called car bon'ic acid gas.] + + + + +CHAPTER V. + +BEER. + + +[Illustration: A]LCOHOL is often made from grains as well as from fruit. +The grain has starch instead of sugar. + +If the starch in your mother's starch-box at home should be changed into +sugar, you would think it a very strange thing. + +Every year, in the spring-time, many thousand pounds of starch are +changed into sugar in a hidden, quiet way, so that most of us think +nothing about it. + + +STARCH AND SUGAR. + +All kinds of grain are full of starch. + +If you plant them in the ground, where they are kept moist and warm, +they begin to sprout and grow, to send little roots down into the earth, +and little stems up into the sunshine. + +These little roots and stems must be fed with sugar; thus, in a wise +way, which is too wonderful for you to understand, as soon as the seed +begins to sprout, its starch begins to turn into sugar. + +[Illustration] + +If you should chew two grains of wheat, one before sprouting and one +after, you could tell by the taste that this is true. + +Barley is a kind of grain from which the brewer makes beer. + +He must first turn its starch into sugar, so he begins by sprouting his +grain. + +Of course he does not plant it in the ground, because it would need to +be quickly dug up again. + +He keeps it warm and moist in a place where he can watch it, and stop +the sprouting just in time to save the sugar, before it is used to feed +the root and stem. This sprouted grain is called malt. + +The brewer soaks it in plenty of water, because the grain has not water +in itself, as the grape has. + +He puts in some yeast to help start the work of changing the sugar into +gas[B] and alcohol. + +Sometimes hops are also put in, to give it a bitter taste. + +The brewer watches to see the bubbles of gas that tell, as plainly as +words could, that sugar is going and alcohol is coming. + +When the work is finished, the barley has been made into beer. + +It might have been ground and made into barley-cakes, or into pearl +barley to thicken our soups, and then it would have been good food. Now, +it is a drink containing alcohol, and alcohol is a poison. + +You should not drink beer, because there is alcohol in it. + +Two boys of the same age begin school together. One of them drinks +wine, cider, and beer. The other never allows these drinks to pass his +lips. These boys soon become very different from each other, because one +is poisoning his body and mind with alcohol, and the other is not. + +A man wants a good, steady boy to work for him. Which of these two do +you think he will select? A few years later, a young man is wanted who +can be trusted with the care of an engine or a bank. It is a good +chance. Which of these young men will be more likely to get it? + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. Is there sugar in grain? + + 2. What is in the grain that can be turned into + sugar? + + 3. What can you do to a seed that will make its + starch turn into sugar? + + 4. What does the brewer do to the barley to make + its starch turn into sugar? + + 5. What is malt? + + 6. What does the brewer put into the malt to start + the working? + + 7. What gives the bitter taste to beer? + + 8. How does the brewer know when sugar begins to + go and alcohol to come? + + 9. Why does he want the starch turned to sugar? + + 10. Is barley good for food? + + 11. Why is beer not good for food? + + 12. Why should you not drink it? + + 13. Why did the two boys of the same age, at the + same school, become so unlike? + + 14. Which will have the best chance in life? + +FOOTNOTE: + +[Footnote B: Car bon'ic acid gas.] + + + + +CHAPTER VI. + +DISTILLING. + + +[Illustration: D]ISTILLING (d[)i]s t[)i]l[\l]'ing) may be a new word to +you, but you can easily learn its meaning. + +You have all seen distilling going on in the kitchen at home, many a +time. When the water in the tea-kettle is boiling, what comes out at the +nose? Steam. + +What is steam? + +You can find out what it is by catching some of it on a cold plate, or +tin cover. As soon as it touches any thing cold, it turns into drops of +water. + +When we boil water and turn it into steam, and then turn the steam back +into water, we have distilled the water. We say vapor instead of steam, +when we talk about the boiling of alcohol. + +It takes less heat to turn alcohol to vapor than to turn water to +steam; so, if we put over the fire some liquid that contains alcohol, +and begin to collect the vapor as it rises, we shall get alcohol first, +and then water. + +But the alcohol will not be pure alcohol; it will be part water, because +it is so ready to mix with water that it has to be distilled many times +to be pure. + +But each time it is distilled, it will become stronger, because there is +a little more alcohol and a little less water. + +In this way, brandy, rum, whiskey, and gin are distilled, from wine, +cider, and the liquors which have been made from corn, rye, or barley. + +The cider, wine, and beer had but little alcohol in them. The brandy, +rum, whiskey, and gin are nearly one-half alcohol. + +A glass of strong liquor which has been made by distilling, will injure +any one more, and quicker, than a glass of cider, rum, or beer. + +But a cider, wine, or beer-drinker often drinks so much more of the +weaker liquor, that he gets a great deal of alcohol. People are often +made drunkards by drinking cider or beer. The more poison, the more +danger. + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. Where have you ever seen distilling going on? + + 2. How can you distill water? + + 3. How can men separate alcohol from wine or from + any other liquor that contains it? + + 4. Why will not this be pure alcohol? + + 5. How is a liquor made stronger? + + 6. Name some of the distilled liquors. + + 7. How are they made? + + 8. How much of them is alcohol? + + 9. Which is the most harmful--the distilled + liquor, or beer, wine, or cider? + + 10. Why does the wine, cider, or beer-drinker + often get as much alcohol? + + + + +CHAPTER VII. + +ALCOHOL. + + +[Illustration: A]LCOHOL looks like water, but it is not at all like +water. + +Alcohol will take fire, and burn if a lighted match is held near it; but +you know that water will not burn. + +When alcohol burns, the color of the flame is blue. It does not give +much light: it makes no smoke or soot; but it does give a great deal of +heat. + +A little dead tree-toad was once put into a bottle of alcohol. It was +years ago, but the tree-toad is there still, looking just as it did the +first day it was put in. What has kept it so? + +It is the alcohol. The tree-toad would have soon decayed if it had been +put into water. So you see that alcohol keeps dead bodies from +decaying. + +Pure alcohol is not often used as a drink. People who take beer, wine, +and cider get a little alcohol with each drink. Those who drink brandy, +rum, whiskey, or gin, get more alcohol, because those liquors are nearly +one half alcohol. + +You may wonder that people wish to use such poisonous drinks at all. But +alcohol is a deceiver. It often cheats the man who takes a little, into +thinking it will be good for him to take more. + +Sometimes the appetite which begs so hard for the poison, is formed in +childhood. If you eat wine-jelly, or wine-sauce, you may learn to like +the taste of alcohol and thus easily begin to drink some weak liquor. + +The more the drinker takes, the more he often wants, and thus he goes on +from drinking cider, wine, or beer, to drinking whiskey, brandy, or rum. +Thus drunkards are made. + +People who are in the habit of taking drinks which contain alcohol, +often care more for them than for any thing else, even when they know +they are being ruined by them. + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. How does alcohol look? + + 2. How does alcohol burn? + + 3. What will alcohol do to a dead body? + + 4. What drinks contain a little alcohol? + + 5. What drinks are about one half alcohol? + + 6. How does alcohol cheat people? + + 7. When is the appetite sometimes formed? + + 8. Why should you not eat wine-sauce or + wine-jelly? + + 9. How are drunkards made? + + + + +CHAPTER VIII. + +TOBACCO. + + +[Illustration: A] FARMER who had been in the habit of planting his +fields with corn, wheat, and potatoes, once made up his mind to plant +tobacco instead. + +Let us see whether he did any good to the world by the change. + +The tobacco plants grew up as tall as a little boy or girl, and spread +out broad, green leaves. + +By and by he pulled the stalks, and dried the leaves. Some of them he +pressed into cakes of tobacco; some he rolled into cigars; and some he +ground into snuff. + +If you ask what tobacco is good for, the best answer will be, to tell +you what it will do to a man or boy who uses it, and then let you answer +the question for yourselves. + +Tobacco contains something called nicotine (n[)i]k'o t[)i]n). This is a +strong poison. One drop of it is enough to kill a dog. In one cigar +there is enough, if taken pure, to kill two men. + +[Illustration] + +Even to work upon tobacco, makes people pale and sickly. Once I went +into a snuff mill, and the man who had the care of it showed me how the +work was done. + +The mill stood in a pretty place, beside a little stream which turned +the mill-wheel. Tall trees bent over it, and a fresh breeze was blowing +through the open windows. Yet the smell of the tobacco was so strong +that I had to go to the door many times, for a breath of pure air. + +I asked the man if it did not make him sick to work there. + +He said: "It made me very sick for the first few weeks. Then I began to +get used to it, and now I don't mind it." + +He was like the boys who try to learn to smoke. It almost always makes +them sick at first; but they think it will be manly to keep on. At last, +they get used to it. + +The sickness is really the way in which the boy's body is trying to say +to him: "There is danger here; you are playing with poison. Let me stop +you before great harm is done." + +Perhaps you will say: "I have seen men smoke cigars, even four or five +in a day, and it didn't kill them." + +It did not kill them, because they did not swallow the nicotine. They +only drew in a little with the breath. But taking a little poison in +this way, day after day, can not be safe, or really helpful to any one. + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. What did the farmer plant instead of corn, + wheat, and potatoes? + + 2. What was done with the tobacco leaves? + + 3. What is the name of the poison which is in + tobacco? + + 4. How much of it is needed to kill a dog? + + 5. What harm can the nicotine in one cigar do, if + taken pure? + + 6. Tell the story of the visit to the snuff mill. + + 7. Why are boys made sick by their first use of + tobacco? + + 8. Why does not smoking a cigar kill a man? + + 9. What is said about a little poison? + + + + +CHAPTER IX. + +OPIUM. + + +[Illustration: A]LCOHOL and tobacco are called narcotics (nar +k[)o]t'iks). This means that they have the power of putting the nerves +to sleep. Opium ([=o]'p[)i] [)u]m) is another narcotic. + +It is a poison made from the juice of poppies, and is used in medicines. + +Opium is put into soothing-syrups (s[)i]r'[)u]ps), and these are +sometimes given to babies to keep them from crying. They do this by +injuring the tender nerves and poisoning the little body. + +How can any one give a baby opium to save taking patient care of it? + +Surely the mothers would not do it, if they knew that this +soothing-syrup that appears like a friend, coming to quiet and comfort +the baby, is really an enemy. + +[Illustration: _Don't give soothing-syrup to children._] + +Sometimes, a child no older than some of you are, is left at home with +the care of a baby brother or sister; so it is best that you should know +about this dangerous enemy, and never be tempted to quiet the baby by +giving him a poison, instead of taking your best and kindest care of +him. + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. What is a narcotic? + + 2. Name three narcotics? + + 3. From what is opium made? + + 4. For what is it used? + + 5. Why is soothing-syrup dangerous? + + + + +CHAPTER X. + +WHAT ARE ORGANS? + + +[Illustration: A]N organ is a part of the body which has some special +work to do. The eye is the organ of sight. The stomach (st[)u]m'[)a]k) +is an organ which takes care of the food we eat. + + +THE TEETH. + +[Illustration: _Different kinds of teeth._] + +Your teeth do not look alike, since they must do different kinds of +work. The front ones cut, the back ones grind. + +They are made of a kind of bone covered with a hard smooth enamel ([)e]n +[)a]m'el). If the enamel is broken, the teeth soon decay and ache, for +each tooth is furnished with a nerve that very quickly feels pain. + + +CARE OF THE TEETH. + +Cracking nuts with the teeth, or even biting thread, is apt to break the +enamel; and when once broken, you will wish in vain to have it mended. +The dentist can fill a hole in the tooth; but he can not cover the tooth +with new enamel. + +Bits of food should be carefully picked from between the teeth with a +tooth-pick of quill or wood, never with a pin or other hard and sharp +thing which might break the enamel. + +The teeth must also be well brushed. Nothing but perfect cleanliness +will keep them in good order. Always brush them before breakfast. Your +breakfast will taste all the better for it. Brush them at night before +you go to bed, lest some food should be decaying in your mouth during +the night. + +Take care of these cutters and grinders, that they may not decay, and so +be unable to do their work well. + + +THE CHEST AND ABDOMEN. + +You have learned about the twenty-four little bones in the spine, and +the ribs that curve around from the spine to the front, or breast-bone. + +These bones, with the shoulder-blades and the collar-bones, form a bony +case or box. + +In it are some of the most useful organs of the body. + +This box is divided across the middle by a strong muscle, so that we may +say it is two stories high. + +The upper room is called the chest; the lower one, the abdomen ([)a]b +d[=o]'m[)e]n). + +In the chest, are the heart and the lungs. + +In the abdomen, are the stomach, the liver, and some other organs. + + +THE STOMACH. + +The stomach is a strong bag, as wonderful a bag as could be made, you +will say, when I tell you what it can do. + +The outside is made of muscles; the lining prepares a juice called +gastric (g[)a]s'tr[)i]k) juice, and keeps it always ready for use. + +Now, what would you think if a man could put into a bag, beef, and +apples, and potatoes, and bread and milk, and sugar, and salt, tie up +the bag and lay it away on a shelf for a few hours, and then show you +that the beef had disappeared, so had the apples, so had the potatoes, +the bread and milk, sugar, and salt, and the bag was filled only with a +thin, grayish fluid? Would you not call it a magical bag? + +Now, your stomach and mine are just such magical bags. + +We put in our breakfasts, dinners, and suppers; and, after a few hours, +they are changed. The gastric juice has been mixed with them. The strong +muscles that form the outside of the stomach have been squeezing the +food, rolling it about, and mixing it together, until it has all been +changed to a thin, grayish fluid. + + +HOW DOES ANYBODY KNOW THIS? + +A soldier was once shot in the side in such a way that when the wound +healed, it left an opening with a piece of loose skin over it, like a +little door leading into his stomach. + +A doctor who wished to learn about the stomach, hired him for a servant +and used to study him every day. + +He would push aside the little flap of skin and put into the stomach any +kind of food that he pleased, and then watch to see what happened to it. + +In this way, he learned a great deal and wrote it down, so that other +people might know, too. In other ways, also, which it would take too +long to tell you here, doctors have learned how these magical food-bags +take care of our food. + + +WHY DOES THE FOOD NEED TO BE CHANGED? + +Your mamma tells you sometimes at breakfast that you must eat oat-meal +and milk to make you grow into a big man or woman. + +Did you ever wonder what part of you is made of oat-meal, or what part +of milk? + +That stout little arm does not look like oat-meal; those rosy cheeks do +not look like milk. + +If our food is to make stout arms and rosy cheeks, strong bodies and +busy brains, it must first be changed into a form in which it can get to +each part and feed it. + +When the food in the stomach is mixed and prepared, it is ready to be +sent through the body; some is carried to the bones, some to the +muscles, some to the nerves and brain, some to the skin, and some even +to the finger nails, the hair, and the eyes. Each part needs to be fed +in order to grow. + + +WHY DO PEOPLE WHO ARE NOT GROWING NEED FOOD? + +Children need each day to make larger and larger bones, larger muscles, +and a larger skin to cover the larger body. + +Every day, each part is also wearing out a little, and needing to be +mended by some new food. People who have grown up, need their food for +this work of mending. + + +CARE OF THE STOMACH. + +One way to take care of the stomach is to give it only its own work to +do. The teeth must first do their work faithfully. + +The stomach must have rest, too. I have seen some children who want to +make their poor stomachs work all the time. They are always eating +apples, or candy, or something, so that their stomachs have no chance to +rest. If the stomach does not rest, it will wear out the same as a +machine would. + +The stomach can not work well, unless it is quite warm. If a person +pours ice-water into his stomach as he eats, just as the food is +beginning to change into the gray fluid of which you have learned, the +work stops until the stomach gets warm again. + + +ALCOHOL AND THE STOMACH. + +You remember about the man who had the little door to his stomach. +Sometimes, the doctor put in wine, cider, brandy, or some drink that +contained alcohol, to see what it would do. It was carried away very +quickly; but during the little time it stayed, it did nothing but harm. + +It injured the gastric juice, so that it could not mix with the food. + +If the doctor had put in more alcohol, day after day, as one does who +drinks liquor, sores would perhaps have come on the delicate lining of +the stomach. Sometimes the stomach is so hurt by alcohol, that the +drinker dies. If the stomach can not do its work well, the whole body +must suffer from want of the good food it needs.[C] + + +TOBACCO AND THE MOUTH. + +The saliva in the mouth helps to prepare the food, before it goes into +the stomach. Tobacco makes the mouth very dry, and more saliva has to +flow out to moisten it. + +But tobacco juice is mixed with the saliva, and that must not be +swallowed. It must be spit out, and with it is sent the saliva that was +needed to help prepare the food. + +Tobacco discolors the teeth, makes bad sores in the mouth, and often +causes a disease of the throat. + +You can tell where some people have been, by the neatness and comfort +they leave after them. + +You can tell where the tobacco-user has been, by the dirty floor, and +street, and the air made unfit to breathe, because of the smoke and +strong, bad smell of old tobacco from his pipe and cigar and from his +breath and clothes. + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. What are organs? + + 2. What work do the front teeth do? the back + teeth? + + 3. What are the teeth made of? + + 4. What causes the toothache? + + 5. How is the enamel often broken? + + 6. Why should a tooth-pick be used? + + 7. Why should the teeth be well brushed? + + 8. When should they be brushed? + + 9. What bones form a case or box? + + 10. What is the upper room of this box called? the + lower room? + + 11. What organs are in the chest? the abdomen? + + 12. What is the stomach? + + 13. What does its lining do? + + 14. What do the stomach and the gastric juice do + to the food we have eaten? + + 15. How did anybody find out what the stomach + could do? + + 16. Why must all the food we eat be changed? + + 17. Why do you need food? + + 18. Why do people who are not growing need food? + + 19. What does alcohol do to the gastric juice? to + the stomach? + + 20. What is the use of the saliva? + + 21. How does the habit of spitting injure a + person? + + 22. How does tobacco affect the teeth? the mouth? + + 23. How does the tobacco-user annoy other people? + +FOOTNOTE: + +[Footnote C: The food is partly prepared by the liver and some other +organs.] + + + + +CHAPTER XI. + +WHAT DOES THE BODY NEED FOR FOOD? + + +[Illustration: N]OW that you know how the body is fed, you must next +learn what to feed it with; and what each part needs to make it grow and +to keep it strong and well. + + +WATER. + +A large part of your body is made of water. So you need, of course, to +drink water, and to have it used in preparing your food. + +Water comes from the clouds, and is stored up in cisterns or in springs +in the ground. From these pipes are laid to lead the water to our +houses. + +Sometimes, men dig down until they reach a spring, and so make a well +from which they can pump the water, or dip it out with a bucket. + +Water that has been standing in lead pipes, may have some of the lead +mixed with it. Such water would be very likely to poison you, if you +drank it. + +Impurities are almost sure to soak into a well if it is near a drain or +a stable. + +If you drink the water from such a well, you may be made very sick by +it. It is better to go thirsty, until you can get good water. + +A sufficient quantity of pure water to drink is just as important for +us, as good food to eat. + +We could not drink all the water that our bodies need. We take a large +part of it in our food, in fruits and vegetables, and even in beefsteak +and bread. + + +LIME. + +Bones need lime. You remember the bone that was nothing but crumbling +lime after it had been in the fire. + +Where shall we get lime for our bones? + +We can not eat lime; but the grass and the grains take it out of the +earth. Then the cows eat the grass and turn it into milk, and in the +milk we drink, we get some of the lime to feed our bones. + +[Illustration: _Lime being prepared for our use._] + +In the same way, the grain growing in the field takes up lime and other +things that we need, but could not eat for ourselves. The lime that thus +becomes a part of the grain, we get in our bread, oat-meal porridge, and +other foods. + + +SALT. + +Animals need salt, as children who live in the country know very well. +They have seen how eagerly the cows and the sheep lick up the salt that +the farmer gives them. + +Even wild cattle and buffaloes seek out places where there are salt +springs, and go in great herds to get the salt. + +We, too, need some salt mixed with our food. If we did not put it in, +either when cooking, or afterward, we should still get a little in the +food itself. + + +FLESH-MAKING FOODS. + +Muscles are lean meat, that is flesh; so muscles need flesh-making +foods. These are milk, and grains like wheat, corn and oats; also, meat +and eggs. Most of these foods really come to us out of the ground. Meat +and eggs are made from the grain, grass, and other vegetables that the +cattle and hens eat. + + +FAT-MAKING FOODS. + +We need cushions and wrappings of fat, here and there in our bodies, to +keep us warm and make us comfortable. So we must have certain kinds of +food that will make fat. + +[Illustration: _Esquimaux catching walrus._] + +There are right places and wrong places for fat, as well as for other +things in this world. When alcohol puts fat into the muscles, that is +fat badly made, and in the wrong place. + +The good fat made for the parts of the body which need it, comes from +fat-making foods. + +In cold weather, we need more fatty food than we do in summer, just as +in cold countries people need such food all the time. + +The Esquimaux, who live in the lands of snow and ice, catch a great many +walrus and seal, and eat a great deal of fat meat. You would not be well +unless you ate some fat or butter or oil. + + +WHAT WILL MAKE FAT? + +Sugar will make fat, and so will starch, cream, rice, butter, and fat +meat. As milk will make muscle and fat and bones, it is the best kind of +food. Here, again, it is the earth that sends us our food. Fat meat +comes from animals well fed on grain and grass; sugar, from sugar-cane, +maple-trees, or beets; oil, from olive-trees; butter, from cream; and +starch, from potatoes, and from corn, rice, and other grains. + +Green apples and other unripe fruits are not yet ready to be eaten. The +starch which we take for food has to be changed into sugar, before it +can mix with the blood and help feed the body. As the sun ripens fruit, +it changes its starch to sugar. You can tell this by the difference in +the taste of ripe and unripe apples. + + +CANDY. + +Most children like candy so well, that they are in danger of eating more +sugar than is good for them. You would starve if fed only on sugar. + +We would not need to be quite so much afraid of a little candy if it +were not for the poison with which it is often colored. + +Even what is called pure, white candy is sometimes not really such. +There is a simple way by which you can find this out for yourselves. + +If you put a spoonful of sugar into a tumbler of water, it will all +dissolve and disappear. Put a piece of white candy into a tumbler of +water; and, if it is made of pure sugar only, it will dissolve and +disappear. + +If it is not, you will find at the bottom of the tumbler some white +earth. This is not good food for anybody. Candy-makers often put it +into candy in place of sugar, because it is cheaper than sugar. + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. Why do we need food? + + 2. How do people get water to drink? + + 3. Why is it not safe to drink water that has been + standing in lead pipes? + + 4. Why is the water of a well that is near a drain + or a stable, not fit to drink? + + 5. What food do the bones need? + + 6. How do we get lime for our bones? + + 7. What is said about salt? + + 8. What food do the muscles need? + + 9. Name some flesh-making foods. + + 10. Why do we need fat in our bodies? + + 11. What is said of the fat made by alcohol? + + 12. What kinds of food will make good fat? + + 13. What do the Esquimaux eat? + + 14. How does the sun change unripe fruits? + + 15. Why is colored candy often poisonous? + + 16. What is sometimes put into white candy? Why? + + 17. How could you show this? + + + + +CHAPTER XII. + +HOW FOOD BECOMES PART OF THE BODY. + + +[Illustration: H]ERE, at last, is the bill of fare for our dinner: + + Roast beef, + Potatoes, + Tomatoes, + Squash, + Bread, + Butter, + Salt, + Water, + Peaches, + Bananas, + Oranges, + Grapes. + +What must be done first, with the different kinds of food that are to +make up this dinner? + +The meat, vegetables, and bread must be cooked. Cooking prepares them to +be easily worked upon by the mouth and stomach. If they were not cooked, +this work would be very hard. Instead of going on quietly and without +letting us know any thing about it, there would be pains and aches in +the overworked stomach. + +The fruit is not cooked by a fire; but we might almost say the sun had +cooked it, for the sun has ripened and sweetened it. + +When you are older, some of you may have charge of the cooking in your +homes. You must then remember that food well cooked is worth twice as +much as food poorly cooked. + +"A good cook has more to do with the health of the family, than a good +doctor." + + +THE SALIVA. + +Next to the cooking comes the eating. + +As soon as we begin to chew our food, a juice in the mouth, called +saliva (sa l[=i]'va), moistens and mixes with it. + +Saliva has the wonderful power of turning starch into sugar; and the +starch in our food needs to be turned into sugar, before it can be taken +into the blood. + +You can prove for yourselves that saliva can turn starch into sugar. +Chew slowly a piece of dry cracker. The cracker is made mostly of +starch, because wheat is full of starch. At first, the cracker is dry +and tasteless. Soon, however, you find it tastes sweet; the saliva is +changing the starch into sugar. + +All your food should be eaten slowly and chewed well, so that the saliva +may be able to mix with it. Otherwise, the starch may not be changed; +and if one part of your body neglects its work, another part will have +more than its share to do. That is hardly fair. + +If you swallow your food in a hurry and do not let the saliva do its +work, the stomach will have extra work. But it will find it hard to do +more than its own part, and, perhaps, will complain. + +It can not speak in words; but will by aching, and that is almost as +plain as words. + + +SWALLOWING. + +Next to the chewing, comes the swallowing. Is there any thing wonderful +about that? + +We have two passages leading down our throats. One is to the lungs, for +breathing; the other, to the stomach, for swallowing. + +Do you wonder why the food does not sometimes go down the wrong way? + +The windpipe leading to the lungs is in front of the other tube. It has +at its top a little trap-door. This opens when we breathe and shuts when +we swallow, so that the food slips over it safely into the passage +behind, which leads to the stomach. + +If you try to speak while you have food in your mouth, this little door +has to open, and some bit of food may slip in. The windpipe will not +pass it to the lungs, but tries to force it back. Then we say the food +chokes us. If the windpipe can not succeed in forcing back the food, the +person will die. + + +HOW THE FOOD IS CARRIED THROUGH THE BODY. + +But we will suppose that the food of our dinner has gone safely down +into the stomach. There the stomach works it over, and mixes in gastric +juice, until it is all a gray fluid. + +Now it is ready to go into the intestines,--a long, coiled tube which +leads out of the stomach,--from which the prepared food is taken into +the blood. + +The blood carries it to the heart. The heart pumps it out with the blood +into the lungs, and then all through the body, to make bone, and muscle, +and skin, and hair, and eyes, and brain. + +Besides feeding all these parts, this dinner can help to mend any parts +that may be broken. + +Suppose a boy should break one of the bones of his arm, how could it be +mended? + +If you should bind together the two parts of a broken stick and leave +them a while, do you think they would grow together? + +No, indeed! + +But the doctor could carefully bind together the ends of the broken bone +in the boy's arm and leave it for awhile, and the blood would bring it +bone food every day, until it had grown together again. + +So a dinner can both make and mend the different parts of the body. + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. What shall we have for dinner? + + 2. What is the first thing to do to our food? + + 3. Why do we cook meat and vegetables? + + 4. Why do not ripe fruits need cooking? + + 5. What is said about a good cook? + + 6. What is the first thing to do after taking the + food into your mouth? + + 7. Why must you chew it? + + 8. What does the saliva do to the food? + + 9. How can you prove that saliva turns starch into + sugar? + + 10. What happens if the food is not chewed and + mixed with the saliva? + + 11. What comes next to the chewing? + + 12. What is there wonderful about swallowing? + + 13. What must you be careful about, when you are + swallowing? + + 14. What happens to the food after it is + swallowed? + + 15. How is it changed in the stomach? + + 16. What carries the food to every part of the + body? + + 17. How can food mend a bone? + + + + +CHAPTER XIII. + +STRENGTH. + + +[Illustration: H]ERE are the names of some of the different kinds of +food. If you write them on the blackboard or on your slates, it will +help you to remember them. + + _Water._ _Salt._ _Lime._ + + Meat, } Sugar, } + Milk, } Starch, } + Eggs, } Fat, } for fat and heat. + Wheat, } for muscles. Cream, } + Corn, } Oil, } + Oats, } + +Perhaps some of you noticed that we had no wine, beer, nor any drink +that had alcohol in it, on our bill of fare for dinner. We had no +cigars, either, to be smoked after dinner. If these are good things, we +ought to have had them. Why did we leave them out? + + _We should eat in order to grow strong and keep + strong._ + + +STRENGTH OF BODY. + +If you wanted to measure your strength, one way of doing so would be to +fasten a heavy weight to one end of a rope and pass the rope over a +pulley. Then you might take hold at the other end of the rope and pull +as hard and steadily as you could, marking the place to which you raised +the weight. By trying this once a week, or once a month, you could tell +by the marks, whether you were gaining strength. + +But how can we gain strength? + +We must exercise in the open air, and take pure air into our lungs to +help purify our blood, and plenty of exercise to make our muscles grow. + +We must eat good and simple food, that the blood may have supplies to +take to every part of the body. + + +ALCOHOL AND STRENGTH. + +People used to think that alcohol made them strong. + +Can alcohol make good muscles, or bone, or nerve, or brain? + +You have already answered "No!" to each of these questions. + +If it can not make muscles, nor bone nor nerve, nor brain, it can not +give you any strength. + + +BEER. + +Some people may tell you that drinking beer will make you strong. + +The grain from which the beer is made, would have given you strength. If +you should measure your strength before and after drinking beer, you +would find that you had not gained any. Most of the food part of the +grain has been turned into alcohol. + + +CIDER. + +The juice of crushed apples, you know, is called cider. As soon as the +cider begins to turn sour, or "hard," as people say, alcohol begins to +form in it. + +Pure water is good, and apples are good. But the apple-juice begins to +be a poison as soon as there is the least drop of alcohol in it. In +cider-making, the alcohol forms in the juice, you know, in a few hours +after it is pressed out of the apples. + +None of the drinks in which there is alcohol, can give you real +strength. + +Then why do people think they can? + +Because alcohol puts the nerves to sleep, they can not, truly, tell the +brain how hard the work is, or how heavy the weight to be lifted. + +The alcohol has in this way cheated men into thinking they can do more +than they really can. This false feeling of strength lasts only a little +while. When it has passed, men feel weaker than before. + +A story which shows that alcohol does not give strength, was told me by +the captain of a ship, who sailed to China and other distant places. + +Many years ago, when people thought a little alcohol was good, it was +the custom to carry in every ship, a great deal of rum. This liquor is +distilled from molasses and contains about one half alcohol. This rum +was given to the sailors every day to drink; and, if there was a great +storm, and they had very hard work to do, it was the custom to give +them twice as much rum as usual. + +[Illustration] + +The captain watched his men and saw that they were really made no +stronger by drinking the rum; but that, after a little while, they felt +weaker. So he determined to go to sea with no rum in his ship. Once out +on the ocean, of course the men could not get any. + +At first, they did not like it; but the captain was very careful to have +their food good and plentiful; and, when a storm came, and they were wet +and cold and tired, he gave them hot coffee to drink. By the time they +had crossed the ocean, the men said: "The captain is right. We have +worked better, and we feel stronger, for going without the rum." + + +STRENGTH OF MIND. + +We have been talking about the strength of muscles; but the very best +kind of strength we have is brain strength, or strength of mind. + +Alcohol makes the head ache and deadens the nerves, so that they can +not carry their messages correctly. Then the brain can not think well. +Alcohol does not strengthen the mind. + +Some people have little or no money, and no houses or lands; but every +person ought to own a body and a mind that can work for him, and make +him useful and happy. + +Suppose you have a strong, healthy body, hands that are well-trained to +work, and a clear, thinking brain to be master of the whole. Would you +be willing to change places with a man whose body and mind had been +poisoned by alcohol, tobacco, and opium, even though he lived in a +palace, and had a million of dollars? + +If you want a mind that can study, understand, and think well, do not +let alcohol and tobacco have a chance to reach it. + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. What things were left out of our bill of fare? + + 2. How could you measure your strength? + + 3. How can you gain strength? + + 4. Why does drinking beer not make you strong? + + 5. Show why drinking wine or any other alcoholic + drink will not make you strong. + + 6. Why do people imagine that they feel strong + after taking these drinks? + + 7. Tell the story which shows that alcohol does + not help sailors do their work. + + 8. What is the best kind of strength to have? + + 9. How does alcohol affect the strength of the + mind? + + + + +CHAPTER XIV. + +THE HEART. + + +[Illustration: T]HE heart is in the chest, the upper part of the strong +box which the ribs, spine, shoulder-blades, and collar-bones make for +each of us. + +It is made of very thick, strong muscles, as you can see by looking at a +beef's heart, which is much like a man's, but larger. + + +HOW THE HEART WORKS. + +Probably some of you have seen a fire-engine throwing a stream of water +through a hose upon a burning building. + +As the engine forces the water through the hose, so the heart, by the +working of its strong muscles, pumps the blood through tubes, shaped +like hose, which lead by thousands of little branches all through the +body. These tubes are called arteries (aer't[)e]r iz). + +Those tubes which bring the blood back again to the heart, are called +veins (v[=a]nz). You can see some of the smaller veins in your wrist. + +If you press your finger upon an artery in your wrist, you can feel the +steady beating of the pulse. This tells just how fast the heart is +pumping and the blood flowing. + +The doctor feels your pulse when you are sick, to find out whether the +heart is working too fast, or too slowly, or just right. + +Some way is needed to send the gray fluid that is made from the food we +eat and drink, to every part of the body. + +To send the food with the blood is a sure way of making it reach every +part. + +So, when the stomach has prepared the food, the blood takes it up and +carries it to every part of the body. It then leaves with each part, +just what it needs. + + +THE BLOOD AND THE BRAIN. + +As the brain has so much work to attend to, it must have very pure, good +blood sent to it, to keep it strong. Good blood is made from good food. +It can not be good if it has been poisoned with alcohol or tobacco. + +We must also remember that the brain needs a great deal of blood. If we +take alcohol into our blood, much of it goes to the brain. There it +affects the nerves, and makes a man lose control over his actions. + + +EXERCISE. + +When you run, you can feel your heart beating. It gets an instant of +rest between the beats. + +Good exercise in the fresh air makes the heart work well and warms the +body better than a fire could do. + + +DOES ALCOHOL DO ANY HARM TO THE HEART? + +Your heart is made of muscle. You know what harm alcohol does to the +muscles. + +Could a fatty heart work as well as a muscular heart? No more than a +fatty arm could do the work of a muscular arm. Besides, alcohol makes +the heart beat too fast, and so it gets too tired. + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. Where is the heart placed? + + 2. Of what is it made? + + 3. What work does it do? + + 4. What are arteries and veins? + + 5. What does the pulse tell us? + + 6. How does the food we eat reach all parts of the + body? + + 7. How does alcohol in the blood affect the brain? + + 8. When does the heart rest? + + 9. How does exercise in the fresh air help the + heart? + + 10. What harm does alcohol do to the heart? + + + + +CHAPTER XV. + +THE LUNGS. + + +[Illustration: T]HE blood flows all through the body, carrying good food +to every part. It also gathers up from every part the worn-out matter +that can no longer be used. By the time it is ready to be sent back by +the veins, the blood is no longer pure and red. It is dull and bluish in +color, because it is full of impurities. + +If you look at the veins in your wrist, you will see that they look +blue. + +If all this bad blood goes back to the heart, will the heart have to +pump out bad blood next time? No, for the heart has neighbors very near +at hand, ready to change the bad blood to pure, red blood again. + + +THE LUNGS. + +These neighbors are the lungs. They are in the chest on each side of +the heart. When you breathe, their little air-cells swell out, or +expand, to take in the air. Then they contract again, and the air passes +out through your mouth or nose. The lungs must have plenty of fresh air, +and plenty of room to work in. + +[Illustration: _The lungs, heart, and air-passages._] + +If your clothes are too tight and the lungs do not have room to expand, +they can not take in so much air as they should. Then the blood can not +be made pure, and the whole body will suffer. + +For every good breath of fresh air, the lungs take in, they send out one +of impure air. + +In this way, by taking out what is bad, they prepare the blood to go +back to the heart pure and red, and to be pumped out through the body +again. + +How the lungs can use the fresh air for doing this good work, you can +not yet understand. By and by, when you are older, you will learn more +about it. + + +CARE OF THE LUNGS. + +Do the lungs ever rest? + +You never stop breathing, not even in the night. But if you watch your +own breathing you will notice a little pause between the breaths. Each +pause is a rest. But the lungs are very steady workers, both by night +and by day. The least we can do for them, is to give them fresh air and +plenty of room to work in. + +You may say: "We can't give them more room than they have. They are +shut up in our chests." + +I have seen people who wore such tight clothes that their lungs did not +have room to take a full breath. If any part of the lungs can not +expand, it will become useless. If your lungs can not take in air enough +to purify the blood, you can not be so well and strong as God intended, +and your life will be shortened. + +If some one was sewing for you, you would not think of shutting her up +in a little place where she could not move her hands freely. The lungs +are breathing for you, and need room enough to do their work. + + +THE AIR. + +The lungs breathe out the waste matter that they have taken from the +blood. This waste matter poisons the air. If we should close all the +doors and windows, and the fireplace or opening into the chimney, and +leave not even a crack by which the fresh air could come in, we would +die simply from staying in such a room. The lungs could not do their +work for the blood, and the blood could not do its work for the body. + +Impure air-will poison you. You should not breathe it. If your head +aches, and you feel dull and sleepy from being in a close room, a run in +the fresh air will make you feel better. + +The good, pure air makes your blood pure; and the blood then flows +quickly through your whole body and refreshes every part. + +We must be careful not to stay in close rooms in the day-time, nor sleep +in close rooms at night. We must not keep out the fresh air that our +bodies so much need. + +It is better to breathe through the nose than through the mouth. You can +soon learn to do so, if you try to keep your mouth shut when walking or +running. + +If you keep the mouth shut and breathe through the nose, the little +hairs on the inside of the nose will catch the dust or other impurities +that are floating in the air, and so save their going to the lungs. You +will get out of breath less quickly when running if you keep your mouth +shut. + + +DOES ALCOHOL DO ANY HARM TO THE LUNGS? + +The little air-cells of the lungs have very delicate muscular (m[)u]s'ku +lar) walls. Every time we breathe, these walls have to move. The muscles +of the chest must also move, as you can all notice in yourselves, as you +breathe. + +All this muscular work, as well as that of the stomach and heart, is +directed by the nerves. + +You have learned already what alcohol will do to muscles and nerves, so +you are ready to answer for stomach, for heart, and for lungs. Is +alcohol a help to them? + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. Besides carrying food all over the body, what + other work does the blood do? + + 2. Why does the blood in the veins look blue? + + 3. Where is the blood made pure and red again? + + 4. Where is it sent, from the lungs? + + 5. What must the lungs have in order to do this + work? + + 6. When do the lungs rest? + + 7. Why should we not wear tight clothes? + + 8. How does the air in a room become spoiled? + + 9. How can we keep it fresh and pure? + + 10. How should we breathe? + + 11. Why is it better to breathe through the nose + than through the mouth? + + 12. Why is alcohol not good for the lungs? + + + + +CHAPTER XVI. + +THE SKIN. + + +[Illustration: T]HERE is another part of your body carrying away waste +matter all the time--it is the skin. + +The body is covered with skin. It is also lined with a more delicate +kind of skin. You can see where the outside skin and the lining skin +meet at your lips. + +There is a thin outside layer of skin which we can pull off without +hurting ourselves; but I advise you not to do so. Because under the +outside skin is the true skin, which is so full of little nerves that it +will feel the least touch as pain. When the outer skin, which protects +it, is torn away, we must cover the true skin to keep it from harm. + +In hot weather, or when any one has been working or playing hard, the +face, and sometimes the whole body, is covered with little drops of +water. We call these drops perspiration (p[~e]r sp[)i] r[=a]'sh[)u]n). + +[Illustration: _Perspiratory tube._] + +Where does it come from? It comes through many tiny holes in the skin, +called pores (p[=o]rz). Every pore is the mouth of a tiny tube which is +carrying off waste matter and water from your body. If you could piece +together all these little perspiration tubes that are in the skin of one +person, they would make a line more than three miles long. + +Sometimes, you can not see the perspiration, because there is not enough +of it to form drops. But it is always coming out through your skin, both +in winter and summer. Your body is kept healthy by having its worn-out +matter carried off in this way, as well as in other ways. + + +THE NAILS. + +The nails grow from the skin. + +The finger nails are little shields to protect the ends of your fingers +from getting hurt. These finger ends are full of tiny nerves, and would +be badly off without such shields. No one likes to see nails that have +been bitten. + + +CARE OF THE SKIN. + +Waste matter is all the time passing out through the perspiration tubes +in the skin. This waste matter must not be left to clog up the little +openings of the tubes. It should be washed off with soap and water. + +When children have been playing out-of-doors, they often have very dirty +hands and faces. Any one can see, then, that they need to be washed. But +even if they had been in the cleanest place all day and had not touched +any thing dirty, they would still need the washing; for the waste matter +that comes from the inside of the body is just as hurtful as the mud or +dust of the street. You do not see it so plainly, because it comes out +very little at a time. Wash it off well, and your skin will be fresh and +healthy, and able to do its work. If the skin could not do its work, you +would die. + +Do not keep on your rubber boots or shoes all through school-time. +Rubber will not let the perspiration pass off, so the little pores get +clogged and your feet begin to feel uncomfortable, or your head may +ache. No part can fail to do its work without causing trouble to the +rest of the body. But you should always wear rubbers out-of-doors when +the ground is wet. Certainly, they are very useful then. + +When you are out in the fresh air, you are giving the other parts of +your body such a good chance to perspire, that your feet can bear a +little shutting up. But as soon as you come into the house, take the +rubbers off. + +Now that you know what the skin is doing all the time, you will +understand that the clothes worn next to your skin are full of little +worn-out particles, brought out by the perspiration. When these clothes +are taken off at night, they should be so spread out, that they will +air well before morning. Never wear any of the clothes through the +night, that you have worn during the day. + +Do not roll up your night-dress in the morning and put it under your +pillow. Give it first a good airing at the window and then hang it where +the air can reach it all day. By so doing, you will have sweeter sleep +at night. + +You are old enough to throw the bed-clothes off from the bed, before +leaving your rooms in the morning. In this way, the bed and bed-clothes +may have a good airing. Be sure to give them time enough for this. + + +WORK OF THE BODY. + +You have now learned about four important kinds of work:-- + +1st. The stomach prepares the food for the blood to take. + +2d. The blood is pumped out of the heart to carry food to every part of +the body, and to take away worn-out matter. + +3d. The lungs use fresh air in making the dark, impure blood, bright and +pure again. + +4th. The skin carries away waste matter through the little perspiration +tubes. + +All this work goes on, day and night, without our needing to think about +it at all; for messages are sent to the muscles by the nerves which keep +them faithfully at work, whether we know it or not. + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. What covers the body? + + 2. What lines the body? + + 3. Where are the nerves of the skin? + + 4. What is perspiration? What is the common name + for it? + + 5. What are the pores of the skin? + + 6. How does the perspiration help to keep you + well? + + 7. Of what use are the nails? + + 8. How should they be kept? + + 9. What care should be taken of the skin? + + 10. Why should you not wear rubber boots or + overshoes in the house? + + 11. Why should you change under-clothing night and + morning? + + 12. Where should the night-dress be placed in the + morning? + + 13. What should be done with the bed-clothes? Why? + + 14. Name the four kinds of work about which you + have learned. + + 15. How are the organs of the body kept at work? + + + + +CHAPTER XVII. + +THE SENSES. + + +[Illustration: W]E have five ways of learning about all things around +us. We can see them, touch them, taste them, smell them, or hear them. +Sight, touch, taste, smell, and hearing, are called the five senses. + +You already know something about them, for you are using them all the +time. + +In this lesson, you will learn a little more about seeing and hearing. + + +THE EYES. + +In the middle of your eye is a round, black spot, called the pupil. This +pupil is only a hole with a muscle around it. When you are in the light, +the muscle draws up, and makes the pupil small, because you can get all +the light you need through a small opening. When you are in the dark, +the muscle stretches, and opens the pupil wide to let in more light. + +The pupils of the cat's eyes are very large in the dark. They want all +the light they can get, to see if there are any mice about. + +[Illustration: _The eyelashes and the tear-glands._] + +The pupil of the eye opens into a little, round room where the nerve of +sight is. This is a safe place for this delicate nerve, which can not +bear too much light. It carries to the brain an account of every thing +we see. + +We might say the eye is taking pictures for us all day long, and that +the nerve of sight is describing these pictures to the brain. + + +CARE OF THE EYES. + +The nerves of sight need great care, for they are very delicate. + +Do not face a bright light when you are reading or studying. While +writing, you should sit so that the light will come from the left side; +then the shadow of your hand will not fall upon your work. + +One or two true stories may help you to remember that you must take good +care of your eyes. + +The nerve of sight can not bear too bright a light. It asks to have the +pupil made small, and even the eyelid curtains put down, when the light +is too strong. + +Once, there was a boy who said boastfully to his playmates: "Let us see +which of us can look straight at the sun for the longest time." + +Then they foolishly began to look at the sun. The delicate nerves of +sight felt a sharp pain, and begged to have the pupils made as small as +possible and the eyelid curtains put down. + +But the foolish boys said "No." They were trying to see which would bear +it the longest. Great harm was done to the brains as well as eyes of +both these boys. The one who looked longest at the sun died in +consequence of his foolish act. + +The second story is about a little boy who tried to turn his eyes to +imitate a schoolmate who was cross-eyed. He turned them; but he could +not turn them back again. Although he is now a gentleman more than fifty +years old and has had much painful work done upon his eyes, the doctors +have never been able to set them quite right. + +You see from the first story, that you must be careful not to give your +eyes too much light. But you must also be sure to give them light +enough. + +When one tries to read in the twilight, the little nerve of sight says: +"Give me more light; I am hurt, by trying to see in the dark." + +If you should kill these delicate nerves, no others would ever grow in +place of them, and you would never be able to see again. + + +THE EARS. + +What you call your ears are only pieces of gristle, so curved as to +catch the sounds and pass them along to the true ears. These are deeper +in the head, where the nerve of hearing is waiting to send an account +of each sound to the brain. + + +CARE OF THE EARS. + +The ear nerve is in less danger than that of the eye. Careless children +sometimes put pins into their ears and so break the "drum." That is a +very bad thing to do. Use only a soft towel in washing your ears. You +should never put any thing hard or sharp into them. + +I must tell you a short ear story, about my father, when he was a small +boy. + +One day, when playing on the floor, he laid his ear to the crack of the +door, to feel the wind blow into it. He was so young that he did not +know it was wrong; but the next day he had the earache severely. +Although he lived to be an old man, he often had the earache. He thought +it began from the time when the wind blew into his ear from under that +door. + + +ALCOHOL AND THE SENSES. + +All this fine work of touching, tasting, seeing, smelling, and hearing, +is nerve work. + +The man who is in the habit of using alcoholic drinks can not touch, +taste, see, smell, or hear so well as he ought. His hands tremble, his +speech is sometimes thick, and often he can not walk straight. +Sometimes, he thinks he sees things when he does not, because his poor +nerves are so confused by alcohol that they can not do their work. + +Answer now for your taste, smell, and touch, and also for your sight and +hearing; should their beautiful work be spoiled by alcohol? + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. Name the five senses. + + 2. What is the pupil of the eye? + + 3. How is it made larger or smaller? + + 4. Why does it change in size? + + 5. What can a cat's eyes do? + + 6. Where is the nerve of the eye? + + 7. What work does it do? + + 8. Why must one be careful of his eyes? + + 9. Where should the light be for reading or + studying? + + 10. Tell the story of the boys who looked at the + sun. + + 11. Tell the story of the boy who made himself + cross-eyed. + + 12. Why should you not read in the twilight? + + 13. What would be the result, if you should kill + the nerves of sight? + + 14. Where are the true ears? + + 15. How may the nerves of hearing be injured? + + 16. Tell the story of the boy who injured his ear. + + 17. How is the work of the senses affected by + drinking liquor? + + + + +CHAPTER XVIII. + +HEAT AND COLD. + + +WHAT MAKES US WARM? + +"[Illustration: M]Y thick, warm clothes make me warm," says some child. + +No! Your thick, warm clothes keep you warm. They do not make you warm. + +Take a brisk run, and your blood will flow faster and you will be warm +very quickly. + +On a cold day, the teamster claps his hands and swings his arms to make +his blood flow quickly and warm him. + +Every child knows that he is warm inside; for if his fingers are cold, +he puts them into his mouth to warm them. + +If you should put a little thermometer into your mouth, or under your +tongue, the mercury (m[~e]r'ku r[)y]) would rise as high as it does out +of doors on a hot, summer day. + +This would be the same in summer or winter, in a warm country or a cold +one, if you were well and the work of your body was going on steadily. + + +WHERE DOES THIS HEAT COME FROM? + +Some of the work which is all the time going on inside your body, makes +this heat. + +The blood is thus warmed, and then it carries the heat to every part of +the body. The faster the blood flows, the more heat it brings, and the +warmer we feel. + +In children, the heart pumps from eighty to ninety times a minute. + +This is faster than it works in old people, and this is one reason why +children are generally much warmer than old people. + +But we are losing heat all the time. + +You may breathe in cold air; but that which you breathe out is warm. A +great deal of heat from your warm body is all the time passing off +through your skin, into the cooler air about you. For this reason, a +room full of people is much warmer than the same room when empty. + + +CLOTHING. + +We put on clothes to keep in the heat which we already have, and to +prevent the cold air from reaching our skins and carrying off too much +heat in that way. + +Most of you children are too young to choose what clothes you will wear. +Others decide for you. You know, however, that woolen under-garments +keep you warm in winter, and that thick boots and stockings should be +worn in cold weather. Thin dresses or boots may look pretty; but they +are not safe for winter wear, even at a party. + +A healthy, happy child, dressed in clothes which are suitable for the +season, is pleasanter to look at than one whose dress, though rich and +handsome, is not warm enough for health or comfort. + +When you feel cold, take exercise, if possible. This will make the hot +blood flow all through your body and warm it. If you can not, you should +put on more clothes, go to a warm room, in some way get warm and keep +warm, or the cold will make you sick. + + +TAKING COLD. + +If your skin is chilled, the tiny mouths of the perspiration tubes are +sometimes closed and can not throw out the waste matter. Then, if one +part fails to do its work, other parts must suffer. Perhaps the inside +skin becomes inflamed, or the throat and lungs, and you have a cold, or +a cough. + + +ALCOHOL AND COLD. + +People used to think that nothing would warm one so well on a cold day, +as a glass of whiskey, or other alcoholic drink. + +It is true that, if a person drinks a little alcohol, he will feel a +burning in the throat, and presently a glowing heat on the skin. + +The alcohol has made the hot blood rush into the tiny tubes near the +skin, and he thinks it has warmed him. + +But if all this heat comes to the skin, the cold air has a chance to +carry away more than usual. In a very little time, the drinker will be +colder than before. Perhaps he will not know it; for the cheating +alcohol will have deadened his nerves so that they send no message to +the brain. Then he may not have sense enough to put on more clothing and +may freeze. He may even, if it is very cold, freeze to death. + +People, who have not been drinking alcohol are sometimes frozen; but +they would have frozen much quicker if they had drunk it. + +Horse-car drivers and omnibus drivers have a hard time on a cold winter +day. They are often cheated into thinking that alcohol will keep them +warm; but doctors have learned that it is the water-drinkers who hold +out best against the cold. Alcohol can not really keep a person warm. + +All children are interested in stories about Arctic explorers, whose +ships get frozen into great ice-fields, who travel on sledges drawn by +dogs, and sometimes live in Esquimau huts, and drink oil, and eat walrus +meat. + +These men tell us that alcohol will not keep them warm, and you know +why. + +The hunters and trappers in the snowy regions of the Rocky Mountains say +the same thing. Alcohol not only can not keep them warm; but it lessens +their power to resist cold. + +[Illustration: _Scene in the Arctic regions._] + +Many of you have heard about the Greely party who were brought home from +the Arctic seas, after they had been starving and freezing for many +months. + +There were twenty-six men in all. Of these, nineteen died. Seven were +found alive by their rescuers; one of these died soon afterward. The +first man who died, was the only one of the party who had ever been a +drunkard. + +Of the nineteen who died, all but one used tobacco. Of the six now +living,--four never used tobacco at all; and the other two, very seldom. + +The tobacco was no real help to them in time of trouble. It had probably +weakened their stomachs, so that they could not make the best use of +such poor food as they had. + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. Why do you wear thick clothes in cold weather? + + 2. How can you prove that you are warm inside? + + 3. What makes this heat? + + 4. What carries this heat through your body? + + 5. How rapidly does your heart beat? + + 6. How are you losing heat all the time? + + 7. How can you warm yourself without going to the + fire? + + 8. Will alcohol make you warmer, or colder? + + 9. How does it cheat you into thinking that you + will be warmer for drinking it? + + 10. What do the people who travel in very cold + countries, tell us about the use of alcohol? + + 11. How did tobacco affect the men who went to the + Arctic seas with Lieutenant Greely? + + + + +CHAPTER XIX. + +WASTED MONEY. + + +COST OF ALCOHOL. + +[Illustration: N]OW that you have learned about your bodies, and what +alcohol will do to them, you ought also to know that alcohol costs a +great deal of money. Money spent for that which will do no good, but +only harm, is certainly wasted, and worse than wasted. + +If a boy or a girl save ten cents a week, it will take ten weeks to save +a dollar. + +You can all think of many good and pleasant ways to spend a dollar. What +would the beer-drinker do with it? If he takes two mugs of beer a day, +the dollar will be used up in ten days. But we ought not to say used, +because that word will make us think it was spent usefully. We will say, +instead, the dollar will be wasted, in ten days. + +If he spends it for wine or whiskey, it will go sooner, as these cost +more. If no money was spent for liquor in this country, people would not +so often be sick, or poor, or bad, or wretched. We should not need so +many policemen, and jails, and prisons, as we have now. If no liquor was +drunk, men, women, and children would be better and happier. + + +COST OF TOBACCO. + +Most of you have a little money of your own. Perhaps you earned a part, +or the whole of it, yourselves. You are planning what to do with it, and +that is a very pleasant kind of planning. + +Do you think it would be wise to make a dollar bill into a tight little +roll, light one end of it with a match, and then let it slowly burn up? +That would be wasting it, you say! (_See Frontispiece._) + +Yes! it would be wasted, if thus burned. It would be worse than wasted, +if, while burning, it should also hurt the person who held it. If you +should buy cigars or tobacco with your dollar, and smoke them, you could +soon burn up the dollar and hurt yourselves besides. + +Can you count a million? Can you count a hundred millions? Try some day +to do this counting. Then, when you begin to have some idea how much six +hundred millions is, remember that six hundred million dollars are spent +in this country every year for tobacco--burned up--wasted--worse than +wasted. + +Do you think the farmer who planted tobacco instead of corn, did any +good to the world by the change? + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. How may one waste money? + + 2. Name some good ways for spending money. + + 3. How does the liquor-drinker spend his money? + + 4. What could we do, if no money was spent for + liquor? + + 5. Tell two ways in which you could burn up a + dollar bill. + + 6. Which would be the safer way? + + 7. How much money is spent for tobacco, yearly, in + this country? + + * * * * * + +Transcriber's Notes: + +This book contains pronunciation codes. These are indicated in the text +by the following + + breve: [)i] + macron: [=i] + tilde: [~i] + slash through the letter: [\l] + +Obvious punctuation errors repaired. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Child's Health Primer For Primary +Classes, by Jane Andrews + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HEALTH PRIMER *** + +***** This file should be named 25646.txt or 25646.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/5/6/4/25646/ + +Produced by Stephen Hope, Joseph Cooper, Emmy and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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