diff options
Diffstat (limited to '25646.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | 25646.txt | 3456 |
1 files changed, 3456 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/25646.txt b/25646.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dba4456 --- /dev/null +++ b/25646.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3456 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Child's Health Primer For Primary Classes, by +Jane Andrews + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Child's Health Primer For Primary Classes + With Special Reference to the Effects of Alcoholic Drinks, + Stimulants, and Narcotics upon The Human System + +Author: Jane Andrews + +Release Date: May 30, 2008 [EBook #25646] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HEALTH PRIMER *** + + + + +Produced by Stephen Hope, Joseph Cooper, Emmy and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + + +CHILD'S HEALTH PRIMER. + +[Illustration: WASTING MONEY. (See p. 123.)] + + +PATHFINDER PHYSIOLOGY No. 1 + + + + +CHILD'S + +HEALTH PRIMER + +FOR PRIMARY CLASSES + + WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOLIC DRINKS, + STIMULANTS, AND NARCOTICS UPON THE HUMAN SYSTEM + + + INDORSED BY THE + SCIENTIFIC DEPARTMENT OF THE + WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNION + OF THE + UNITED STATES + + + COPYRIGHT, 1885 + A. S. BARNES & COMPANY + NEW YORK AND CHICAGO + + + + + PATHFINDER SERIES + OF TEXT BOOKS ON + ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, AND HYGIENE. + + With Special Reference to the Influence of Alcoholic + Drinks and Narcotics on the Human System. + + INDORSED BY THE SCIENTIFIC DEPARTMENT OF THE + WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNION OF THE UNITED + STATES. + + + I. + FOR PRIMARY GRADES. + THE CHILD'S HEALTH PRIMER. + 12mo. Cloth. + + An introduction to the study of the science, suited to + pupils of the ordinary third reader grade. + + Full of lively description and embellished by many apt + illustrations. + + + II. + FOR INTERMEDIATE CLASSES. + HYGIENE FOR YOUNG PEOPLE. + 12mo. Cloth. Beautifully illustrated. + + Suited to pupils able to read any fourth reader. + + An admirable elementary treatise upon the subject. + + The principles of the science more fully announced + and illustrated. + + + III. + FOR HIGH SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES. + HYGIENIC PHYSIOLOGY. + 12mo. Beautifully illustrated. + A MORE ELABORATE TREATISE. + + Prepared for the instruction of youth in the principles which + underlie the preservation of health and the + formation of correct physical habits. + + + + +PREFACE + + +As this little book goes to press, Massachusetts, by an act of its +legislature, is made the fourteenth state in this country that requires +the pupils in the primary, as well as in the higher grades of public +schools, to be taught the effects of alcoholics and other narcotics upon +the human system, in connection with other facts of physiology and +hygiene. + +The object of all this legislation is, not that the future citizen may +know the technical names of bones, nerves, and muscles, but that he may +have a _=timely=_ and _=forewarning=_ knowledge of the effects of +alcohol and other popular poisons upon the human body, and therefore +upon life and character. + +With every reason in favor of such education, and the law requiring it, +its practical tests in the school-room will result in failure, unless +there shall be ready for teacher and scholar, a well-arranged, simple, +and practical book, bringing these truths down to the capacity of the +child. + +A few years hence, when the results of this study in our Normal Schools +shall be realized in the preparation of the teacher, we can depend upon +her adapting oral lessons from advanced works on this theme, but now, +the average primary teacher brings to this study no experience, and +limited previous study. + +To meet this need, this work has been prepared. Technical terms have +been avoided, and only such facts of physiology developed as are +necessary to the treatment of the effects of alcohol, tobacco, opium, +and other truths of hygiene. + +To the children in the Primary Schools of this country, for whom it was +prepared, this work is dedicated. + + + + +[Illustration] + + + + +CONTENTS + + + CHAPTER PAGE + + FRONTISPIECE 2 + + TITLE-PAGE 3 + + PREFACE 5 + + CONTENTS 7 + + I.--JOINTS AND BONES 9 + + II.--MUSCLES 19 + + III.--NERVES 25 + + IV.--WHAT IS ALCOHOL? 37 + + V.--BEER 43 + + VI.--DISTILLING 47 + + VII.--ALCOHOL 50 + + VIII.--TOBACCO 53 + + IX.--OPIUM 59 + + X.--WHAT ARE ORGANS? 61 + + XI.--WHAT DOES THE BODY NEED FOR FOOD? 71 + + XII.--HOW FOOD BECOMES PART OF THE BODY 79 + + XIII.--STRENGTH 85 + + XIV.--THE HEART 93 + + XV.--THE LUNGS 97 + + XVI.--THE SKIN 103 + + XVII.--THE SENSES 109 + + XVIII.--HEAT AND COLD 115 + + XIX.--WASTED MONEY 122 + + + + +CHAPTER I. + +JOINTS AND BONES. + + +[Illustration: L]ITTLE girls like a jointed doll to play with, because +they can bend such a doll in eight or ten places, make it stand or sit, +or can even play that it is walking. + +[Illustration: _Jointed dolls._] + +As you study your own bodies to-day, you will find that you each have +better joints than any dolls that can be bought at a toy shop. + + +HINGE-JOINTS. + +Some of your joints work like the hinges of a door, and these are called +hinge-joints. + +You can find them in your elbows, knees, fingers, and toes. + +How many hinge-joints can you find? + +Think how many hinges must be used by the boy who takes off his hat and +makes a polite bow to his teacher, when she meets him on the street. + +How many hinges do you use in running up-stairs, opening the door, +buttoning your coat or your boots, playing ball or digging in your +garden? + +You see that we use these hinges nearly all the time. We could not do +without them. + + +BALL AND SOCKET JOINTS. + +All our joints are not hinge-joints. + +Your shoulder has a joint that lets your arm swing round and round, as +well as move up and down. + +Your hip has another that lets your leg move in much the same way. + +[Illustration: _The hip-joint._] + +This kind of joint is the round end or ball of a long bone, which moves +in a hole, called a socket. + +Your joints do not creak or get out of order, as those of doors and +gates sometimes do. A soft, smooth fluid, much like the white of an egg, +keeps them moist and makes them work easily. + + +BONES. + +What parts of our bodies are jointed together so nicely? Our bones. + +How many bones have we? + +If you should count all your bones, you would find that each of you has +about two hundred. + +Some are large; and some, very small. + +There are long-hones in your legs and arms, and many short ones in your +fingers and toes. The backbone is called the spine. + +[Illustration: _Backbone of a fish._] + +If you look at the backbone of a fish, you can see that it is made up-of +many little bones. Your own spine is formed in much the same way, of +twenty-four small bones. An elastic cushion of gristle (gr[)i]s'l) fits +nicely in between each little bone and the next. + +When you bend, these cushions are pressed together on one side and +stretched on the other. They settle back into their first shape, as +soon as you stand straight again. + +If you ever rode in a wheelbarrow, or a cart without springs, you know +what a jolting it gave you. These little spring cushions keep you from +being shaken even more severely every time you move. + +Twenty-four ribs, twelve on each side, curve around from the spine to +the front, or breast, bone. (_See page 38._) + +They are so covered with flesh that perhaps you can not feel and count +them; but they are there. + +Then you have two flat shoulder-blades, and two collar-bones that almost +meet in front, just where your collar fastens. + +Of what are the bones made? + +Take two little bones, such as those from the legs or wings of a +chicken, put one of them into the fire, when it is not very hot, and +leave it there two or three hours. Soak the other bone in some weak +muriatic (m[=u] r[)i] [)a]t'[)i]k) acid. This acid can be bought of any +druggist. + +You will have to be careful in taking the bone out of the fire, for it +is all ready to break. If you strike it a quick blow, it will crumble to +dust. This dust we call lime, and it is very much like the lime from +which the mason makes mortar. + +[Illustration: _Bone tied to a knot._] + +The acid has taken the lime from the other bone, so only the part which +is not lime is left. You will be surprised to see how easily it will +bend. You can twist it and tie it into a knot; but it will not easily +break. + +You have seen gristle in meat. This soft part of the bone is gristle. + +Children's bones have more gristle than those of older people; so +children's bones bend easily. + +I know a lady who has one leg shorter than the other. This makes her +lame, and she has to wear a boot with iron supports three or four inches +high, in order to walk at all. + +One day she told me how she became lame. + +"I remember," she said, "when I was between three and four years old, +sitting one day in my high chair at the table, and twisting one foot +under the little step of the chair. The next morning I felt lame; but +nobody could tell what was the matter. At last, the doctors found out +that the trouble all came from that twist. It had gone too far to be +cured. Before I had this boot, I could only walk with a crutch." + + +CARE OF THE SPINE. + +Because the spine is made of little bones with cushions between them, it +bends easily, and children sometimes bend it more than they ought. + +If you lean over your book or your writing or any other work, the +elastic cushions may get so pressed on the inner edge that they do not +easily spring back into shape. In this way, you may grow +round-shouldered or hump-backed. + +This bending over, also cramps the lungs, so that they do not have all +the room they need for breathing. While you are young, your bones are +easily bent. One shoulder or one hip gets higher than the other, if you +stand unevenly. This is more serious, because you are growing, and you +may grow crooked before you know it. + +Now that you know how soft your bones are, and how easily they bend, you +will surely be careful to sit and stand erect. Do not twist your legs, +or arms, or shoulders; for you want to grow into straight and graceful +men and women, instead of being round-shouldered, or hump-backed, or +lame, all your lives. + +When people are old, their bones contain more lime, and, therefore, +break more easily. + +You should be kindly helpful to old people, so that they may not fall, +and possibly break their bones. + + +CARE OF THE FEET. + +Healthy children are always out-growing their shoes, and sometimes +faster than they wear them out. Tight shoes cause corns and in-growing +nails and other sore places on the feet. All of these are very hard to +get rid of. No one should wear a shoe that pinches or hurts the foot. + + +OUGHT A BOY TO USE TOBACCO? + +Perhaps some boy will say: "Grown people are always telling us, 'this +will do for men, but it is not good for boys.'" + +Tobacco is not good for men; but there is a very good reason why it is +worse for boys. + +If you were going to build a house, would it be wise for you to put into +the stone-work of the cellar something that would make it less strong? + +Something into the brick-work or the mortar, the wood-work or the nails, +the walls or the chimneys, that would make them weak and tottering, +instead of strong and steady? + +It would he had enough if you should repair your house with poor +materials; but surely it must be built in the first place with the best +you can get. + +You will soon learn that boys and girls are building their bodies, day +after day, until at last they reach full size. + +Afterward, they must be repaired as fast as they wear out. + +It would be foolish to build any part in a way to make it weaker than +need be. + +Wise doctors have said that the boy who uses tobacco while he is +growing, makes every part of his body less strong than it otherwise +would be. Even his bones will not grow so well. + +Boys who smoke can not become such large, fine-looking men as they would +if they did not smoke. + +Cigarettes are small, but they are very poisonous. Chewing tobacco is a +worse and more filthy habit even than smoking. The frequent spitting it +causes is disgusting to others and hurts the health of the chewer. +Tobacco in any form is a great enemy to youth. It stunts the growth, +hurts the mind, and cripples in every way the boy or girl who uses it. + +Not that it does all this to every youth who smokes, but it is always +true that no boy of seven to fourteen can begin to smoke or chew and +have so fine a body and mind when he is twenty-one years old as he would +have had if he had never used tobacco. If you want to be strong and well +men and women, do not use tobacco in any form. + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. What two kinds of joints have you? + + 2. Describe each kind. + + 3. Find as many of each kind as you can. + + 4. How are the joints kept moist? + + 5. How many bones are there in your whole body? + + 6. Count the bones in your hand. + + 7. Of how many bones is your spine made? + + 8. Why could you not use it so well if it were all + in one piece? + + 9. What is the use of the little cushions between + the bones of the spine? + + 10. How many ribs have you? + + 11. Where are they? + + 12. Where are the shoulder-blades? + + 13. Where are the collar-bones? + + 14. What are bones made of? + + 15. How can we show this? + + 16. What is the difference between the bones of + children and the bones of old people? + + 17. Why do children's bones bend easily? + + 18. Tell the story of the lame lady. + + 19. What does this story teach you? + + 20. What happens if you lean over your desk or + work? + + 21. How will this position injure your lungs? + + 22. What other bones may be injured by wrong + positions? + + 23. Why do old people's bones break easily? + + 24. How should the feet be cared for? + + 25. How does tobacco affect the bones? + + 26. What do doctors say of its use? + + 27. What is said about cigarettes? + + 28. What about chewing tobacco? + + 29. To whom is tobacco a great enemy? Why? + + 30. What is always true of its use by youth? + + + + +CHAPTER II. + +MUSCLES. + + +[Illustration: W]HAT makes the limbs move? + +You have to take hold of the door to move it back and forth; but you +need not take hold of your arm to move that. + +What makes it move? + +Sometimes a door or gate is made to shut itself, if you leave it open. + +This can be done by means of a wide rubber strap, one end of which is +fastened to the frame of the door near the hinge, and the other end to +the door, out near its edge. + +When we push open the door, the rubber strap is stretched; but as soon +as we have passed through, the strap tightens, draws the door back, and +shuts it. + +If you stretch out your right arm, and clasp the upper part tightly with +your left hand, then work the elbow joint strongly back and forth, you +can feel something under your hand draw up, and then lengthen out again, +each time you bend the joint. + +What you feel, is a muscle (m[)u]s'sl), and it works your joints very +much as the rubber strap works the hinge of the door. + +One end of the muscle is fastened to the bone just below the elbow +joint; and the other end, higher up above the joint. + +When it tightens, or contracts, as we say, it bends the joint. When the +arm is straightened, the muscle returns to its first shape. + +There is another muscle on the outside of the arm which stretches when +this one shortens, and so helps the working of the joint. + +Every joint has two or more muscles of its own to work it. + +Think how many there must be in our fingers! + +If we should undertake to count all the muscles that move our whole +bodies, it would need more counting than some of you could do. + + +TENDONS. + +You can see muscles on the dinner table; for they are only lean meat. + +[Illustration: _Tendons of the hand._] + +They are fastened to the bones by strong cords, called tendons +(t[)e]n'd[)o]nz). These tendons can be seen in the leg of a chicken or +turkey. They sometimes hold the meat so firmly that it is hard for you +to get it off. When you next try to pick a "drum-stick," remember that +you are eating the strong muscles by which the chicken or turkey moved +his legs as he walked about the yard. The parts that have the most work +to do, need the strongest muscles. + +Did you ever see the swallows flying about the eaves of a barn? + +Do they have very stout legs? No! They have very small legs and feet, +because they do not need to walk. They need to fly. + +The muscles that move the wings are fastened to the breast. These breast +muscles of the swallow must be large and strong. + + +EXERCISE OF THE MUSCLES. + +People who work hard with any part of the body make the muscles of that +part very strong. + +The blacksmith has big, strong muscles in his arms because he uses them +so much. + +You are using your muscles every day, and this helps them to grow. + +Once I saw a little girl who had been very sick. She had to lie in bed +for many weeks. Before her sickness she had plenty of stout muscles in +her arms and legs and was running about the house from morning till +night, carrying her big doll in her arms. + +After her sickness, she could hardly walk ten steps, and would rather +sit and look at her playthings than try to lift them. She had to make +new muscles as fast as possible. + +Running, coasting, games of ball, and all brisk play and work, help to +make strong muscles. + +Idle habits make weak muscles. So idleness is an enemy to the muscles. + +There is another enemy to the muscles about which I must tell you. + + +WHAT ALCOHOL WILL DO TO THE MUSCLES. + +Muscles are lean meat. Fat meat could not work your joints for you as +the muscles do. Alcohol often changes a part of the muscles to fat, and +so takes away a part of their strength. In this way, people often grow +very fleshy from drinking beer, because it contains alcohol, as you will +soon learn. But they can not work any better on account of having this +fat. They are not really any stronger for it. + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. How are the joints moved? + + 2. Where are the muscles in your arms, which help + you to move your elbows? + + 3. Show why joints must have muscles. + + 4. What do we call the muscles of the lower + animals? + + 5. What fasten the muscles to the bones? + + 6. Why do chickens and turkeys need strong muscles + in their legs? + + 7. Why do swallows need strong breast muscles? + + 8. What makes the muscles of the blacksmith's arm + so strong? + + 9. What will make your muscles strong? + + 10. What will make them weak? + + 11. What does alcohol often do to the muscles? + + 12. Can fatty muscles work well? + + 13. Why does not drinking beer make one stronger? + + + + +CHAPTER III. + +NERVES. + + +[Illustration: H]OW do the muscles know when to move? + +You have all seen the telegraph wires, by which messages are sent from +one town to another, all over the country. + +You are too young to understand how this is done, but you each have +something inside of you, by which you are sending messages almost every +minute while you are awake. + +We will try to learn a little about its wonderful way of working. + +In your head is your brain. It is the part of you which thinks. + +As you would be very badly off if you could not think, the brain is your +most precious part, and you have a strong box made of bone to keep it +in. + +[Illustration: _Diagram of the nervous system._] + +We will call the brain the central telegraph office. Little white cords, +called nerves, connect the brain with the rest of the body. + +A large cord called the spinal cord, lies safely in a bony case made by +the spine, and many nerves branch off from this. + +If you put your finger on a hot stove, in an instant a message goes on +the nerve telegraph to the brain. It tells that wise thinking part that +your finger will burn, if it stays on the stove. + +In another instant, the brain sends back a message to the muscles that +move that finger, saying: "Contract quickly, bend the joint, and take +that poor finger away so that it will not be burned." + +You can hardly believe that there was time for all this sending of +messages; for as soon as you felt the hot stove, you pulled your finger +away. But you really could not have pulled it away, unless the brain had +sent word to the muscles to do it. + +Now, you know what we mean when we say, "As quick as thought." Surely +nothing could be quicker. + +You see that the brain has a great deal of work to do, for it has to +send so many orders. + +There are some muscles which are moving quietly and steadily all the +time, though we take no notice of the motion. + +You do not have to think about breathing, and yet the muscles work all +the time, moving your chest. + +If we had to think about it every time we breathed, we should have no +time to think of any thing else. + +There is one part of the brain that takes care of such work for us. It +sends the messages about breathing, and keeps the breathing muscles and +many other muscles faithfully at work. It does all this without our +needing to know or think about it at all. + +Do you begin to see that your body is a busy work-shop, where many kinds +of work are being done all day and all night? + +Although we lie still and sleep in the night, the breathing must go on, +and so must the work of those other organs that never stop until we +die. + + +OTHER WORK OF THE NERVES. + +The little white nerve-threads lie smoothly side by side, making small +white cords. Each kind of message goes on its own thread, so that the +messages need never get mixed or confused. + +These nerves are very delicate little messengers. They do all the +feeling for the whole body, and by means of them we have many pains and +many pleasures. + +If there was no nerve in your tooth it could not ache. But if there were +no nerves in your mouth and tongue, you could not taste your food. + +If there were no nerves in your hands, you might cut them and feel no +pain. But you could not feel your mother's soft, warm hand, as she laid +it on yours. + +One of your first duties is the care of yourselves. + +Children may say: "My father and mother take care of me." But even while +you are young, there are some ways in which no one can take care of you +but yourselves. The older you grow, the more this care will belong to +you, and to no one else. + +Think of the work all the parts of the body do for us, and how they help +us to be well and happy. Certainly the least we can do is to take care +of them and keep them in good order. + + +CARE OF THE BRAIN AND NERVES. + +As one part of the brain has to take care of all the rest of the body, +and keep every organ at work, of course it can never go to sleep itself. +If it did, the heart would stop pumping, the lungs would leave off +breathing, all other work would stop, and the body would be dead. + +But there is another part of the brain which does the thinking, and this +part needs rest. + +When you are asleep, you are not thinking, but you are breathing and +other work of the body is going on. + +If the thinking part of the brain does not have good quiet sleep, it +will soon wear out. A worn-out brain is not easy to repair. + +If well cared for, your brain will do the best of work for you for +seventy or eighty years without complaining. + +The nerves are easily tired out, and they need much rest. They get tired +if we do one thing too long at a time; they are rested by a change of +work. + + +IS ALCOHOL GOOD FOR THE NERVES AND THE BRAIN? + +Think of the wonderful work the brain is all the time doing for you! + +You ought to give it the best of food to keep it in good working order. +Any drink that contains alcohol is not a food to make one strong; but is +a poison to hurt, and at last to kill. + +It injures the brain and nerves so that they can not work well, and send +their messages properly. That is why the drunkard does not know what he +is about. + +Newspapers often tell us about people setting houses on fire; about men +who forgot to turn the switch, and so wrecked a railroad train; about +men who lay down on the railroad track and were run over by the cars. + +Often these stories end with: "The person had been drinking." When the +nerves are put to sleep by alcohol, people become careless and do not do +their work faithfully; sometimes, they can not even tell the difference +between a railroad track and a place of safety. The brain receives no +message, or the wrong one, and the person does not know what he is +doing. + +You may say that all men who drink liquor do not do such terrible +things. + +That is true. A little alcohol is not so bad as a great deal. But even a +little makes the head ache, and hurts the brain and nerves. + +A body kept pure and strong is of great service to its owner. There are +people who are not drunkards, but who often drink a little liquor. By +this means, they slowly poison their bodies. + +When sickness comes upon them, they are less able to bear it, and less +likely to get well again, than those who have never injured their bodies +with alcohol. + +When a sick or wounded man is brought into the hospital, one of the +first questions asked him by the doctor is: "Do you drink?" + +If he answers "Yes!" the next questions are, "What do you drink?" and +"How much?" + +The answers he gives to these questions, show the doctor what chance the +man has of getting well. + +A man who never drinks liquor will get well, where a drinking man would +surely die. + + +TOBACCO AND THE NERVES. + +Why does any one wish to use tobacco? + +Because many men say that it helps them, and makes them feel better. + +Shall I tell you how it makes them feel better? + +If a man is cold, the tobacco deadens his nerves so that he does not +feel the cold and does not take pains to make himself warmer. + +If a man is tired, or in trouble, tobacco will not really rest him or +help him out of his trouble. + +It only puts his nerves to sleep and helps him think that he is not +tired, and that he does not need to overcome his troubles. + +It puts his nerves to sleep very much as alcohol does, and helps him to +be contented with what ought not to content him. + +A boy who smokes or chews tobacco, is not so good a scholar as if he did +not use the poison. He can not remember his lessons so well. + +Usually, too, he is not so polite, nor so good a boy as he otherwise +would be. + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. How do the muscles know when to move? + + 2. What part of you is it that thinks? + + 3. What are the nerves? + + 4. Where is the spinal cord? + + 5. What message goes to the brain when you put + your finger on a hot stove? + + 6. What message comes back from the brain to the + finger? + + 7. What is meant by "As quick as thought"? + + 8. Name some of the muscles which work without + needing our thought. + + 9. What keeps them at work? + + 10. Why do not the nerve messages get mixed and + confused? + + 11. Why could you not feel, if you had no nerves? + + 12. State some ways in which the nerves give us + pain. + + 13. State some ways in which they give us + pleasure. + + 14. What part of us has the most work to do? + + 15. How must we keep the brain strong and well? + + 16. What does alcohol do to the nerves and brain? + + 17. Why does not a drunken man know what he is + about? + + 18. What causes most of the accidents we read of? + + 19. Why could not the man who had been drinking + tell the difference between a railroad track and a + place of safety? + + 20. How does the frequent drinking of a little + liquor affect the body? + + 21. How does sickness affect people who often + drink these liquors? + + 22. When a man is taken to the hospital, what + questions does the doctor ask? + + 23. What depends upon his answers? + + 24. Why do many men use tobacco? + + 25. How does it make them feel better? + + 26. Does it really help a person who uses it? + + 27. Does tobacco help a boy to be a good scholar? + + 28. How does it affect his manners? + +[Illustration: _Bones of the human body._] + + + + +CHAPTER IV. + +WHAT IS ALCOHOL? + + +[Illustration: R]IPE grapes are full of juice. + +This juice is mostly water, sweetened with a sugar of its own. It is +flavored with something which makes us know, the moment we taste it, +that it is grape-juice, and not cherry-juice or plum-juice. + +Apples also contain water, sugar, and apple flavor; and cherries contain +water, sugar, and cherry flavor. The same is true of other fruits. They +all, when ripe, have the water and the sugar; and each has a flavor of +its own. + +Ripe grapes are sometimes gathered and put into great tubs called vats. +In these the juice is squeezed out. + +In some countries, this squeezing is done by bare-footed men who jump +into the vats and press the grapes with their feet. + +The grape-juice is then drawn off from the skins and seeds and left +standing in a warm place. + +Bubbles soon begin to rise and cover the top of it with froth. The juice +is all in motion. + +[Illustration: _Picking grapes and making wine._] + +If the cook had wished to use this grape-juice to make jelly, she would +say: "Now, I can not make my grape-jelly, for the grape-juice is +spoiled." + + +WHAT IS THIS CHANGE IN THE GRAPE-JUICE? + +The sugar in the grape-juice is changing into something else. It is +turning into alcohol and a gas[A] that moves about in little bubbles in +the liquid, and rising to the top, goes off into the air. The alcohol is +a thin liquid which, mixed with the water, remains in the grape-juice. + +The sugar is gone; alcohol and the bubbles of gas are left in its place. + +This alcohol is a liquid poison. A little of it will harm any one who +drinks it; much of it would kill the drinker. + +Ripe grapes are good food; but grape-juice, when its sugar has turned to +alcohol, is not a safe drink for any one. It is poisoned by the alcohol. + + +WINE. + +This changed grape-juice is called wine. It is partly water, partly +alcohol, and it still has the grape flavor in it. + +Wine is also made from currants, elderberries, and other fruits, in very +much the same way as from grapes. + +People sometimes make it at home from the fruits that grow in their own +gardens, and think there is no alcohol in it, because they do not put +any in. + +But you know that the alcohol is made in the fruit-juice itself by the +change of the sugar into alcohol and the gas. + +[Illustration] + +It is the nature of alcohol to make the person who takes a little of it, +in wine, or any other drink, want more and more alcohol. When one goes +on, thus taking more and more of the drinks that contain alcohol, he is +called a drunkard. + +In this way wine has made many drunkards. Alcohol hurts both the body +and mind. It changes the person who drinks it. It will make a good and +kind person cruel and bad; and will make a bad person worse. + +Every one who takes wine does not become a drunkard, but you are not +sure that you will not, if you drink it. + +You should not drink wine, because there is alcohol in it. + + +CIDER. + +Cider is made from apples. In a few hours after the juice is pressed out +of the apples, if it is left open to the air the sugar begins to change. + +Like the sugar in the grape, it changes into alcohol and bubbles of gas. + +At first, there is but little alcohol in cider, but a little of this +poison is dangerous. + +More alcohol is all the time forming until in ten cups of cider there +may be one cup of alcohol. Cider often makes its drinkers ill-tempered +and cross. + +Cider and wine will turn into vinegar if left in a warm place long +enough. + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. What two things are in all fruit-juices? + + 2. How can we tell the juice of grapes from that + of plums? + + 3. How can we tell the juice of apples from that + of cherries? + + 4. What is often done with ripe grapes? + + 5. What happens after the grape-juice has stood a + short time? + + 6. Why would the changed grape-juice not be good + to use in making jelly? + + 7. Into what is the sugar in the juice changed? + + 8. What becomes of the gas? + + 9. What becomes of the alcohol? + + 10. What is gone and what left? + + 11. What is alcohol? + + 12. What does alcohol do to those who drink it? + + 13. When are grapes good food? + + 14. When is grape-juice not a safe drink? + + 15. Why? + + 16. What is this changed grape-juice called? + + 17. What is wine? + + 18. From what is wine made? + + 19. What do people sometimes think of home-made + wines? + + 20. How can alcohol be there when none has been + put into it? + + 21. What does alcohol make the person who takes it + want? + + 22. What is such a one called? + + 23. What has wine done to many persons? + + 24. What does alcohol hurt? + + 25. How does it change a person? + + 26. Are you sure you will not become a drunkard if + you drink wine? + + 27. Why should you not drink it? + + 28. What is cider made from? + + 29. What soon happens to apple-juice? + + 30. How may vinegar be made? + +FOOTNOTE: + +[Footnote A: This gas is called car bon'ic acid gas.] + + + + +CHAPTER V. + +BEER. + + +[Illustration: A]LCOHOL is often made from grains as well as from fruit. +The grain has starch instead of sugar. + +If the starch in your mother's starch-box at home should be changed into +sugar, you would think it a very strange thing. + +Every year, in the spring-time, many thousand pounds of starch are +changed into sugar in a hidden, quiet way, so that most of us think +nothing about it. + + +STARCH AND SUGAR. + +All kinds of grain are full of starch. + +If you plant them in the ground, where they are kept moist and warm, +they begin to sprout and grow, to send little roots down into the earth, +and little stems up into the sunshine. + +These little roots and stems must be fed with sugar; thus, in a wise +way, which is too wonderful for you to understand, as soon as the seed +begins to sprout, its starch begins to turn into sugar. + +[Illustration] + +If you should chew two grains of wheat, one before sprouting and one +after, you could tell by the taste that this is true. + +Barley is a kind of grain from which the brewer makes beer. + +He must first turn its starch into sugar, so he begins by sprouting his +grain. + +Of course he does not plant it in the ground, because it would need to +be quickly dug up again. + +He keeps it warm and moist in a place where he can watch it, and stop +the sprouting just in time to save the sugar, before it is used to feed +the root and stem. This sprouted grain is called malt. + +The brewer soaks it in plenty of water, because the grain has not water +in itself, as the grape has. + +He puts in some yeast to help start the work of changing the sugar into +gas[B] and alcohol. + +Sometimes hops are also put in, to give it a bitter taste. + +The brewer watches to see the bubbles of gas that tell, as plainly as +words could, that sugar is going and alcohol is coming. + +When the work is finished, the barley has been made into beer. + +It might have been ground and made into barley-cakes, or into pearl +barley to thicken our soups, and then it would have been good food. Now, +it is a drink containing alcohol, and alcohol is a poison. + +You should not drink beer, because there is alcohol in it. + +Two boys of the same age begin school together. One of them drinks +wine, cider, and beer. The other never allows these drinks to pass his +lips. These boys soon become very different from each other, because one +is poisoning his body and mind with alcohol, and the other is not. + +A man wants a good, steady boy to work for him. Which of these two do +you think he will select? A few years later, a young man is wanted who +can be trusted with the care of an engine or a bank. It is a good +chance. Which of these young men will be more likely to get it? + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. Is there sugar in grain? + + 2. What is in the grain that can be turned into + sugar? + + 3. What can you do to a seed that will make its + starch turn into sugar? + + 4. What does the brewer do to the barley to make + its starch turn into sugar? + + 5. What is malt? + + 6. What does the brewer put into the malt to start + the working? + + 7. What gives the bitter taste to beer? + + 8. How does the brewer know when sugar begins to + go and alcohol to come? + + 9. Why does he want the starch turned to sugar? + + 10. Is barley good for food? + + 11. Why is beer not good for food? + + 12. Why should you not drink it? + + 13. Why did the two boys of the same age, at the + same school, become so unlike? + + 14. Which will have the best chance in life? + +FOOTNOTE: + +[Footnote B: Car bon'ic acid gas.] + + + + +CHAPTER VI. + +DISTILLING. + + +[Illustration: D]ISTILLING (d[)i]s t[)i]l[\l]'ing) may be a new word to +you, but you can easily learn its meaning. + +You have all seen distilling going on in the kitchen at home, many a +time. When the water in the tea-kettle is boiling, what comes out at the +nose? Steam. + +What is steam? + +You can find out what it is by catching some of it on a cold plate, or +tin cover. As soon as it touches any thing cold, it turns into drops of +water. + +When we boil water and turn it into steam, and then turn the steam back +into water, we have distilled the water. We say vapor instead of steam, +when we talk about the boiling of alcohol. + +It takes less heat to turn alcohol to vapor than to turn water to +steam; so, if we put over the fire some liquid that contains alcohol, +and begin to collect the vapor as it rises, we shall get alcohol first, +and then water. + +But the alcohol will not be pure alcohol; it will be part water, because +it is so ready to mix with water that it has to be distilled many times +to be pure. + +But each time it is distilled, it will become stronger, because there is +a little more alcohol and a little less water. + +In this way, brandy, rum, whiskey, and gin are distilled, from wine, +cider, and the liquors which have been made from corn, rye, or barley. + +The cider, wine, and beer had but little alcohol in them. The brandy, +rum, whiskey, and gin are nearly one-half alcohol. + +A glass of strong liquor which has been made by distilling, will injure +any one more, and quicker, than a glass of cider, rum, or beer. + +But a cider, wine, or beer-drinker often drinks so much more of the +weaker liquor, that he gets a great deal of alcohol. People are often +made drunkards by drinking cider or beer. The more poison, the more +danger. + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. Where have you ever seen distilling going on? + + 2. How can you distill water? + + 3. How can men separate alcohol from wine or from + any other liquor that contains it? + + 4. Why will not this be pure alcohol? + + 5. How is a liquor made stronger? + + 6. Name some of the distilled liquors. + + 7. How are they made? + + 8. How much of them is alcohol? + + 9. Which is the most harmful--the distilled + liquor, or beer, wine, or cider? + + 10. Why does the wine, cider, or beer-drinker + often get as much alcohol? + + + + +CHAPTER VII. + +ALCOHOL. + + +[Illustration: A]LCOHOL looks like water, but it is not at all like +water. + +Alcohol will take fire, and burn if a lighted match is held near it; but +you know that water will not burn. + +When alcohol burns, the color of the flame is blue. It does not give +much light: it makes no smoke or soot; but it does give a great deal of +heat. + +A little dead tree-toad was once put into a bottle of alcohol. It was +years ago, but the tree-toad is there still, looking just as it did the +first day it was put in. What has kept it so? + +It is the alcohol. The tree-toad would have soon decayed if it had been +put into water. So you see that alcohol keeps dead bodies from +decaying. + +Pure alcohol is not often used as a drink. People who take beer, wine, +and cider get a little alcohol with each drink. Those who drink brandy, +rum, whiskey, or gin, get more alcohol, because those liquors are nearly +one half alcohol. + +You may wonder that people wish to use such poisonous drinks at all. But +alcohol is a deceiver. It often cheats the man who takes a little, into +thinking it will be good for him to take more. + +Sometimes the appetite which begs so hard for the poison, is formed in +childhood. If you eat wine-jelly, or wine-sauce, you may learn to like +the taste of alcohol and thus easily begin to drink some weak liquor. + +The more the drinker takes, the more he often wants, and thus he goes on +from drinking cider, wine, or beer, to drinking whiskey, brandy, or rum. +Thus drunkards are made. + +People who are in the habit of taking drinks which contain alcohol, +often care more for them than for any thing else, even when they know +they are being ruined by them. + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. How does alcohol look? + + 2. How does alcohol burn? + + 3. What will alcohol do to a dead body? + + 4. What drinks contain a little alcohol? + + 5. What drinks are about one half alcohol? + + 6. How does alcohol cheat people? + + 7. When is the appetite sometimes formed? + + 8. Why should you not eat wine-sauce or + wine-jelly? + + 9. How are drunkards made? + + + + +CHAPTER VIII. + +TOBACCO. + + +[Illustration: A] FARMER who had been in the habit of planting his +fields with corn, wheat, and potatoes, once made up his mind to plant +tobacco instead. + +Let us see whether he did any good to the world by the change. + +The tobacco plants grew up as tall as a little boy or girl, and spread +out broad, green leaves. + +By and by he pulled the stalks, and dried the leaves. Some of them he +pressed into cakes of tobacco; some he rolled into cigars; and some he +ground into snuff. + +If you ask what tobacco is good for, the best answer will be, to tell +you what it will do to a man or boy who uses it, and then let you answer +the question for yourselves. + +Tobacco contains something called nicotine (n[)i]k'o t[)i]n). This is a +strong poison. One drop of it is enough to kill a dog. In one cigar +there is enough, if taken pure, to kill two men. + +[Illustration] + +Even to work upon tobacco, makes people pale and sickly. Once I went +into a snuff mill, and the man who had the care of it showed me how the +work was done. + +The mill stood in a pretty place, beside a little stream which turned +the mill-wheel. Tall trees bent over it, and a fresh breeze was blowing +through the open windows. Yet the smell of the tobacco was so strong +that I had to go to the door many times, for a breath of pure air. + +I asked the man if it did not make him sick to work there. + +He said: "It made me very sick for the first few weeks. Then I began to +get used to it, and now I don't mind it." + +He was like the boys who try to learn to smoke. It almost always makes +them sick at first; but they think it will be manly to keep on. At last, +they get used to it. + +The sickness is really the way in which the boy's body is trying to say +to him: "There is danger here; you are playing with poison. Let me stop +you before great harm is done." + +Perhaps you will say: "I have seen men smoke cigars, even four or five +in a day, and it didn't kill them." + +It did not kill them, because they did not swallow the nicotine. They +only drew in a little with the breath. But taking a little poison in +this way, day after day, can not be safe, or really helpful to any one. + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. What did the farmer plant instead of corn, + wheat, and potatoes? + + 2. What was done with the tobacco leaves? + + 3. What is the name of the poison which is in + tobacco? + + 4. How much of it is needed to kill a dog? + + 5. What harm can the nicotine in one cigar do, if + taken pure? + + 6. Tell the story of the visit to the snuff mill. + + 7. Why are boys made sick by their first use of + tobacco? + + 8. Why does not smoking a cigar kill a man? + + 9. What is said about a little poison? + + + + +CHAPTER IX. + +OPIUM. + + +[Illustration: A]LCOHOL and tobacco are called narcotics (nar +k[)o]t'iks). This means that they have the power of putting the nerves +to sleep. Opium ([=o]'p[)i] [)u]m) is another narcotic. + +It is a poison made from the juice of poppies, and is used in medicines. + +Opium is put into soothing-syrups (s[)i]r'[)u]ps), and these are +sometimes given to babies to keep them from crying. They do this by +injuring the tender nerves and poisoning the little body. + +How can any one give a baby opium to save taking patient care of it? + +Surely the mothers would not do it, if they knew that this +soothing-syrup that appears like a friend, coming to quiet and comfort +the baby, is really an enemy. + +[Illustration: _Don't give soothing-syrup to children._] + +Sometimes, a child no older than some of you are, is left at home with +the care of a baby brother or sister; so it is best that you should know +about this dangerous enemy, and never be tempted to quiet the baby by +giving him a poison, instead of taking your best and kindest care of +him. + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. What is a narcotic? + + 2. Name three narcotics? + + 3. From what is opium made? + + 4. For what is it used? + + 5. Why is soothing-syrup dangerous? + + + + +CHAPTER X. + +WHAT ARE ORGANS? + + +[Illustration: A]N organ is a part of the body which has some special +work to do. The eye is the organ of sight. The stomach (st[)u]m'[)a]k) +is an organ which takes care of the food we eat. + + +THE TEETH. + +[Illustration: _Different kinds of teeth._] + +Your teeth do not look alike, since they must do different kinds of +work. The front ones cut, the back ones grind. + +They are made of a kind of bone covered with a hard smooth enamel ([)e]n +[)a]m'el). If the enamel is broken, the teeth soon decay and ache, for +each tooth is furnished with a nerve that very quickly feels pain. + + +CARE OF THE TEETH. + +Cracking nuts with the teeth, or even biting thread, is apt to break the +enamel; and when once broken, you will wish in vain to have it mended. +The dentist can fill a hole in the tooth; but he can not cover the tooth +with new enamel. + +Bits of food should be carefully picked from between the teeth with a +tooth-pick of quill or wood, never with a pin or other hard and sharp +thing which might break the enamel. + +The teeth must also be well brushed. Nothing but perfect cleanliness +will keep them in good order. Always brush them before breakfast. Your +breakfast will taste all the better for it. Brush them at night before +you go to bed, lest some food should be decaying in your mouth during +the night. + +Take care of these cutters and grinders, that they may not decay, and so +be unable to do their work well. + + +THE CHEST AND ABDOMEN. + +You have learned about the twenty-four little bones in the spine, and +the ribs that curve around from the spine to the front, or breast-bone. + +These bones, with the shoulder-blades and the collar-bones, form a bony +case or box. + +In it are some of the most useful organs of the body. + +This box is divided across the middle by a strong muscle, so that we may +say it is two stories high. + +The upper room is called the chest; the lower one, the abdomen ([)a]b +d[=o]'m[)e]n). + +In the chest, are the heart and the lungs. + +In the abdomen, are the stomach, the liver, and some other organs. + + +THE STOMACH. + +The stomach is a strong bag, as wonderful a bag as could be made, you +will say, when I tell you what it can do. + +The outside is made of muscles; the lining prepares a juice called +gastric (g[)a]s'tr[)i]k) juice, and keeps it always ready for use. + +Now, what would you think if a man could put into a bag, beef, and +apples, and potatoes, and bread and milk, and sugar, and salt, tie up +the bag and lay it away on a shelf for a few hours, and then show you +that the beef had disappeared, so had the apples, so had the potatoes, +the bread and milk, sugar, and salt, and the bag was filled only with a +thin, grayish fluid? Would you not call it a magical bag? + +Now, your stomach and mine are just such magical bags. + +We put in our breakfasts, dinners, and suppers; and, after a few hours, +they are changed. The gastric juice has been mixed with them. The strong +muscles that form the outside of the stomach have been squeezing the +food, rolling it about, and mixing it together, until it has all been +changed to a thin, grayish fluid. + + +HOW DOES ANYBODY KNOW THIS? + +A soldier was once shot in the side in such a way that when the wound +healed, it left an opening with a piece of loose skin over it, like a +little door leading into his stomach. + +A doctor who wished to learn about the stomach, hired him for a servant +and used to study him every day. + +He would push aside the little flap of skin and put into the stomach any +kind of food that he pleased, and then watch to see what happened to it. + +In this way, he learned a great deal and wrote it down, so that other +people might know, too. In other ways, also, which it would take too +long to tell you here, doctors have learned how these magical food-bags +take care of our food. + + +WHY DOES THE FOOD NEED TO BE CHANGED? + +Your mamma tells you sometimes at breakfast that you must eat oat-meal +and milk to make you grow into a big man or woman. + +Did you ever wonder what part of you is made of oat-meal, or what part +of milk? + +That stout little arm does not look like oat-meal; those rosy cheeks do +not look like milk. + +If our food is to make stout arms and rosy cheeks, strong bodies and +busy brains, it must first be changed into a form in which it can get to +each part and feed it. + +When the food in the stomach is mixed and prepared, it is ready to be +sent through the body; some is carried to the bones, some to the +muscles, some to the nerves and brain, some to the skin, and some even +to the finger nails, the hair, and the eyes. Each part needs to be fed +in order to grow. + + +WHY DO PEOPLE WHO ARE NOT GROWING NEED FOOD? + +Children need each day to make larger and larger bones, larger muscles, +and a larger skin to cover the larger body. + +Every day, each part is also wearing out a little, and needing to be +mended by some new food. People who have grown up, need their food for +this work of mending. + + +CARE OF THE STOMACH. + +One way to take care of the stomach is to give it only its own work to +do. The teeth must first do their work faithfully. + +The stomach must have rest, too. I have seen some children who want to +make their poor stomachs work all the time. They are always eating +apples, or candy, or something, so that their stomachs have no chance to +rest. If the stomach does not rest, it will wear out the same as a +machine would. + +The stomach can not work well, unless it is quite warm. If a person +pours ice-water into his stomach as he eats, just as the food is +beginning to change into the gray fluid of which you have learned, the +work stops until the stomach gets warm again. + + +ALCOHOL AND THE STOMACH. + +You remember about the man who had the little door to his stomach. +Sometimes, the doctor put in wine, cider, brandy, or some drink that +contained alcohol, to see what it would do. It was carried away very +quickly; but during the little time it stayed, it did nothing but harm. + +It injured the gastric juice, so that it could not mix with the food. + +If the doctor had put in more alcohol, day after day, as one does who +drinks liquor, sores would perhaps have come on the delicate lining of +the stomach. Sometimes the stomach is so hurt by alcohol, that the +drinker dies. If the stomach can not do its work well, the whole body +must suffer from want of the good food it needs.[C] + + +TOBACCO AND THE MOUTH. + +The saliva in the mouth helps to prepare the food, before it goes into +the stomach. Tobacco makes the mouth very dry, and more saliva has to +flow out to moisten it. + +But tobacco juice is mixed with the saliva, and that must not be +swallowed. It must be spit out, and with it is sent the saliva that was +needed to help prepare the food. + +Tobacco discolors the teeth, makes bad sores in the mouth, and often +causes a disease of the throat. + +You can tell where some people have been, by the neatness and comfort +they leave after them. + +You can tell where the tobacco-user has been, by the dirty floor, and +street, and the air made unfit to breathe, because of the smoke and +strong, bad smell of old tobacco from his pipe and cigar and from his +breath and clothes. + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. What are organs? + + 2. What work do the front teeth do? the back + teeth? + + 3. What are the teeth made of? + + 4. What causes the toothache? + + 5. How is the enamel often broken? + + 6. Why should a tooth-pick be used? + + 7. Why should the teeth be well brushed? + + 8. When should they be brushed? + + 9. What bones form a case or box? + + 10. What is the upper room of this box called? the + lower room? + + 11. What organs are in the chest? the abdomen? + + 12. What is the stomach? + + 13. What does its lining do? + + 14. What do the stomach and the gastric juice do + to the food we have eaten? + + 15. How did anybody find out what the stomach + could do? + + 16. Why must all the food we eat be changed? + + 17. Why do you need food? + + 18. Why do people who are not growing need food? + + 19. What does alcohol do to the gastric juice? to + the stomach? + + 20. What is the use of the saliva? + + 21. How does the habit of spitting injure a + person? + + 22. How does tobacco affect the teeth? the mouth? + + 23. How does the tobacco-user annoy other people? + +FOOTNOTE: + +[Footnote C: The food is partly prepared by the liver and some other +organs.] + + + + +CHAPTER XI. + +WHAT DOES THE BODY NEED FOR FOOD? + + +[Illustration: N]OW that you know how the body is fed, you must next +learn what to feed it with; and what each part needs to make it grow and +to keep it strong and well. + + +WATER. + +A large part of your body is made of water. So you need, of course, to +drink water, and to have it used in preparing your food. + +Water comes from the clouds, and is stored up in cisterns or in springs +in the ground. From these pipes are laid to lead the water to our +houses. + +Sometimes, men dig down until they reach a spring, and so make a well +from which they can pump the water, or dip it out with a bucket. + +Water that has been standing in lead pipes, may have some of the lead +mixed with it. Such water would be very likely to poison you, if you +drank it. + +Impurities are almost sure to soak into a well if it is near a drain or +a stable. + +If you drink the water from such a well, you may be made very sick by +it. It is better to go thirsty, until you can get good water. + +A sufficient quantity of pure water to drink is just as important for +us, as good food to eat. + +We could not drink all the water that our bodies need. We take a large +part of it in our food, in fruits and vegetables, and even in beefsteak +and bread. + + +LIME. + +Bones need lime. You remember the bone that was nothing but crumbling +lime after it had been in the fire. + +Where shall we get lime for our bones? + +We can not eat lime; but the grass and the grains take it out of the +earth. Then the cows eat the grass and turn it into milk, and in the +milk we drink, we get some of the lime to feed our bones. + +[Illustration: _Lime being prepared for our use._] + +In the same way, the grain growing in the field takes up lime and other +things that we need, but could not eat for ourselves. The lime that thus +becomes a part of the grain, we get in our bread, oat-meal porridge, and +other foods. + + +SALT. + +Animals need salt, as children who live in the country know very well. +They have seen how eagerly the cows and the sheep lick up the salt that +the farmer gives them. + +Even wild cattle and buffaloes seek out places where there are salt +springs, and go in great herds to get the salt. + +We, too, need some salt mixed with our food. If we did not put it in, +either when cooking, or afterward, we should still get a little in the +food itself. + + +FLESH-MAKING FOODS. + +Muscles are lean meat, that is flesh; so muscles need flesh-making +foods. These are milk, and grains like wheat, corn and oats; also, meat +and eggs. Most of these foods really come to us out of the ground. Meat +and eggs are made from the grain, grass, and other vegetables that the +cattle and hens eat. + + +FAT-MAKING FOODS. + +We need cushions and wrappings of fat, here and there in our bodies, to +keep us warm and make us comfortable. So we must have certain kinds of +food that will make fat. + +[Illustration: _Esquimaux catching walrus._] + +There are right places and wrong places for fat, as well as for other +things in this world. When alcohol puts fat into the muscles, that is +fat badly made, and in the wrong place. + +The good fat made for the parts of the body which need it, comes from +fat-making foods. + +In cold weather, we need more fatty food than we do in summer, just as +in cold countries people need such food all the time. + +The Esquimaux, who live in the lands of snow and ice, catch a great many +walrus and seal, and eat a great deal of fat meat. You would not be well +unless you ate some fat or butter or oil. + + +WHAT WILL MAKE FAT? + +Sugar will make fat, and so will starch, cream, rice, butter, and fat +meat. As milk will make muscle and fat and bones, it is the best kind of +food. Here, again, it is the earth that sends us our food. Fat meat +comes from animals well fed on grain and grass; sugar, from sugar-cane, +maple-trees, or beets; oil, from olive-trees; butter, from cream; and +starch, from potatoes, and from corn, rice, and other grains. + +Green apples and other unripe fruits are not yet ready to be eaten. The +starch which we take for food has to be changed into sugar, before it +can mix with the blood and help feed the body. As the sun ripens fruit, +it changes its starch to sugar. You can tell this by the difference in +the taste of ripe and unripe apples. + + +CANDY. + +Most children like candy so well, that they are in danger of eating more +sugar than is good for them. You would starve if fed only on sugar. + +We would not need to be quite so much afraid of a little candy if it +were not for the poison with which it is often colored. + +Even what is called pure, white candy is sometimes not really such. +There is a simple way by which you can find this out for yourselves. + +If you put a spoonful of sugar into a tumbler of water, it will all +dissolve and disappear. Put a piece of white candy into a tumbler of +water; and, if it is made of pure sugar only, it will dissolve and +disappear. + +If it is not, you will find at the bottom of the tumbler some white +earth. This is not good food for anybody. Candy-makers often put it +into candy in place of sugar, because it is cheaper than sugar. + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. Why do we need food? + + 2. How do people get water to drink? + + 3. Why is it not safe to drink water that has been + standing in lead pipes? + + 4. Why is the water of a well that is near a drain + or a stable, not fit to drink? + + 5. What food do the bones need? + + 6. How do we get lime for our bones? + + 7. What is said about salt? + + 8. What food do the muscles need? + + 9. Name some flesh-making foods. + + 10. Why do we need fat in our bodies? + + 11. What is said of the fat made by alcohol? + + 12. What kinds of food will make good fat? + + 13. What do the Esquimaux eat? + + 14. How does the sun change unripe fruits? + + 15. Why is colored candy often poisonous? + + 16. What is sometimes put into white candy? Why? + + 17. How could you show this? + + + + +CHAPTER XII. + +HOW FOOD BECOMES PART OF THE BODY. + + +[Illustration: H]ERE, at last, is the bill of fare for our dinner: + + Roast beef, + Potatoes, + Tomatoes, + Squash, + Bread, + Butter, + Salt, + Water, + Peaches, + Bananas, + Oranges, + Grapes. + +What must be done first, with the different kinds of food that are to +make up this dinner? + +The meat, vegetables, and bread must be cooked. Cooking prepares them to +be easily worked upon by the mouth and stomach. If they were not cooked, +this work would be very hard. Instead of going on quietly and without +letting us know any thing about it, there would be pains and aches in +the overworked stomach. + +The fruit is not cooked by a fire; but we might almost say the sun had +cooked it, for the sun has ripened and sweetened it. + +When you are older, some of you may have charge of the cooking in your +homes. You must then remember that food well cooked is worth twice as +much as food poorly cooked. + +"A good cook has more to do with the health of the family, than a good +doctor." + + +THE SALIVA. + +Next to the cooking comes the eating. + +As soon as we begin to chew our food, a juice in the mouth, called +saliva (sa l[=i]'va), moistens and mixes with it. + +Saliva has the wonderful power of turning starch into sugar; and the +starch in our food needs to be turned into sugar, before it can be taken +into the blood. + +You can prove for yourselves that saliva can turn starch into sugar. +Chew slowly a piece of dry cracker. The cracker is made mostly of +starch, because wheat is full of starch. At first, the cracker is dry +and tasteless. Soon, however, you find it tastes sweet; the saliva is +changing the starch into sugar. + +All your food should be eaten slowly and chewed well, so that the saliva +may be able to mix with it. Otherwise, the starch may not be changed; +and if one part of your body neglects its work, another part will have +more than its share to do. That is hardly fair. + +If you swallow your food in a hurry and do not let the saliva do its +work, the stomach will have extra work. But it will find it hard to do +more than its own part, and, perhaps, will complain. + +It can not speak in words; but will by aching, and that is almost as +plain as words. + + +SWALLOWING. + +Next to the chewing, comes the swallowing. Is there any thing wonderful +about that? + +We have two passages leading down our throats. One is to the lungs, for +breathing; the other, to the stomach, for swallowing. + +Do you wonder why the food does not sometimes go down the wrong way? + +The windpipe leading to the lungs is in front of the other tube. It has +at its top a little trap-door. This opens when we breathe and shuts when +we swallow, so that the food slips over it safely into the passage +behind, which leads to the stomach. + +If you try to speak while you have food in your mouth, this little door +has to open, and some bit of food may slip in. The windpipe will not +pass it to the lungs, but tries to force it back. Then we say the food +chokes us. If the windpipe can not succeed in forcing back the food, the +person will die. + + +HOW THE FOOD IS CARRIED THROUGH THE BODY. + +But we will suppose that the food of our dinner has gone safely down +into the stomach. There the stomach works it over, and mixes in gastric +juice, until it is all a gray fluid. + +Now it is ready to go into the intestines,--a long, coiled tube which +leads out of the stomach,--from which the prepared food is taken into +the blood. + +The blood carries it to the heart. The heart pumps it out with the blood +into the lungs, and then all through the body, to make bone, and muscle, +and skin, and hair, and eyes, and brain. + +Besides feeding all these parts, this dinner can help to mend any parts +that may be broken. + +Suppose a boy should break one of the bones of his arm, how could it be +mended? + +If you should bind together the two parts of a broken stick and leave +them a while, do you think they would grow together? + +No, indeed! + +But the doctor could carefully bind together the ends of the broken bone +in the boy's arm and leave it for awhile, and the blood would bring it +bone food every day, until it had grown together again. + +So a dinner can both make and mend the different parts of the body. + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. What shall we have for dinner? + + 2. What is the first thing to do to our food? + + 3. Why do we cook meat and vegetables? + + 4. Why do not ripe fruits need cooking? + + 5. What is said about a good cook? + + 6. What is the first thing to do after taking the + food into your mouth? + + 7. Why must you chew it? + + 8. What does the saliva do to the food? + + 9. How can you prove that saliva turns starch into + sugar? + + 10. What happens if the food is not chewed and + mixed with the saliva? + + 11. What comes next to the chewing? + + 12. What is there wonderful about swallowing? + + 13. What must you be careful about, when you are + swallowing? + + 14. What happens to the food after it is + swallowed? + + 15. How is it changed in the stomach? + + 16. What carries the food to every part of the + body? + + 17. How can food mend a bone? + + + + +CHAPTER XIII. + +STRENGTH. + + +[Illustration: H]ERE are the names of some of the different kinds of +food. If you write them on the blackboard or on your slates, it will +help you to remember them. + + _Water._ _Salt._ _Lime._ + + Meat, } Sugar, } + Milk, } Starch, } + Eggs, } Fat, } for fat and heat. + Wheat, } for muscles. Cream, } + Corn, } Oil, } + Oats, } + +Perhaps some of you noticed that we had no wine, beer, nor any drink +that had alcohol in it, on our bill of fare for dinner. We had no +cigars, either, to be smoked after dinner. If these are good things, we +ought to have had them. Why did we leave them out? + + _We should eat in order to grow strong and keep + strong._ + + +STRENGTH OF BODY. + +If you wanted to measure your strength, one way of doing so would be to +fasten a heavy weight to one end of a rope and pass the rope over a +pulley. Then you might take hold at the other end of the rope and pull +as hard and steadily as you could, marking the place to which you raised +the weight. By trying this once a week, or once a month, you could tell +by the marks, whether you were gaining strength. + +But how can we gain strength? + +We must exercise in the open air, and take pure air into our lungs to +help purify our blood, and plenty of exercise to make our muscles grow. + +We must eat good and simple food, that the blood may have supplies to +take to every part of the body. + + +ALCOHOL AND STRENGTH. + +People used to think that alcohol made them strong. + +Can alcohol make good muscles, or bone, or nerve, or brain? + +You have already answered "No!" to each of these questions. + +If it can not make muscles, nor bone nor nerve, nor brain, it can not +give you any strength. + + +BEER. + +Some people may tell you that drinking beer will make you strong. + +The grain from which the beer is made, would have given you strength. If +you should measure your strength before and after drinking beer, you +would find that you had not gained any. Most of the food part of the +grain has been turned into alcohol. + + +CIDER. + +The juice of crushed apples, you know, is called cider. As soon as the +cider begins to turn sour, or "hard," as people say, alcohol begins to +form in it. + +Pure water is good, and apples are good. But the apple-juice begins to +be a poison as soon as there is the least drop of alcohol in it. In +cider-making, the alcohol forms in the juice, you know, in a few hours +after it is pressed out of the apples. + +None of the drinks in which there is alcohol, can give you real +strength. + +Then why do people think they can? + +Because alcohol puts the nerves to sleep, they can not, truly, tell the +brain how hard the work is, or how heavy the weight to be lifted. + +The alcohol has in this way cheated men into thinking they can do more +than they really can. This false feeling of strength lasts only a little +while. When it has passed, men feel weaker than before. + +A story which shows that alcohol does not give strength, was told me by +the captain of a ship, who sailed to China and other distant places. + +Many years ago, when people thought a little alcohol was good, it was +the custom to carry in every ship, a great deal of rum. This liquor is +distilled from molasses and contains about one half alcohol. This rum +was given to the sailors every day to drink; and, if there was a great +storm, and they had very hard work to do, it was the custom to give +them twice as much rum as usual. + +[Illustration] + +The captain watched his men and saw that they were really made no +stronger by drinking the rum; but that, after a little while, they felt +weaker. So he determined to go to sea with no rum in his ship. Once out +on the ocean, of course the men could not get any. + +At first, they did not like it; but the captain was very careful to have +their food good and plentiful; and, when a storm came, and they were wet +and cold and tired, he gave them hot coffee to drink. By the time they +had crossed the ocean, the men said: "The captain is right. We have +worked better, and we feel stronger, for going without the rum." + + +STRENGTH OF MIND. + +We have been talking about the strength of muscles; but the very best +kind of strength we have is brain strength, or strength of mind. + +Alcohol makes the head ache and deadens the nerves, so that they can +not carry their messages correctly. Then the brain can not think well. +Alcohol does not strengthen the mind. + +Some people have little or no money, and no houses or lands; but every +person ought to own a body and a mind that can work for him, and make +him useful and happy. + +Suppose you have a strong, healthy body, hands that are well-trained to +work, and a clear, thinking brain to be master of the whole. Would you +be willing to change places with a man whose body and mind had been +poisoned by alcohol, tobacco, and opium, even though he lived in a +palace, and had a million of dollars? + +If you want a mind that can study, understand, and think well, do not +let alcohol and tobacco have a chance to reach it. + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. What things were left out of our bill of fare? + + 2. How could you measure your strength? + + 3. How can you gain strength? + + 4. Why does drinking beer not make you strong? + + 5. Show why drinking wine or any other alcoholic + drink will not make you strong. + + 6. Why do people imagine that they feel strong + after taking these drinks? + + 7. Tell the story which shows that alcohol does + not help sailors do their work. + + 8. What is the best kind of strength to have? + + 9. How does alcohol affect the strength of the + mind? + + + + +CHAPTER XIV. + +THE HEART. + + +[Illustration: T]HE heart is in the chest, the upper part of the strong +box which the ribs, spine, shoulder-blades, and collar-bones make for +each of us. + +It is made of very thick, strong muscles, as you can see by looking at a +beef's heart, which is much like a man's, but larger. + + +HOW THE HEART WORKS. + +Probably some of you have seen a fire-engine throwing a stream of water +through a hose upon a burning building. + +As the engine forces the water through the hose, so the heart, by the +working of its strong muscles, pumps the blood through tubes, shaped +like hose, which lead by thousands of little branches all through the +body. These tubes are called arteries (aer't[)e]r iz). + +Those tubes which bring the blood back again to the heart, are called +veins (v[=a]nz). You can see some of the smaller veins in your wrist. + +If you press your finger upon an artery in your wrist, you can feel the +steady beating of the pulse. This tells just how fast the heart is +pumping and the blood flowing. + +The doctor feels your pulse when you are sick, to find out whether the +heart is working too fast, or too slowly, or just right. + +Some way is needed to send the gray fluid that is made from the food we +eat and drink, to every part of the body. + +To send the food with the blood is a sure way of making it reach every +part. + +So, when the stomach has prepared the food, the blood takes it up and +carries it to every part of the body. It then leaves with each part, +just what it needs. + + +THE BLOOD AND THE BRAIN. + +As the brain has so much work to attend to, it must have very pure, good +blood sent to it, to keep it strong. Good blood is made from good food. +It can not be good if it has been poisoned with alcohol or tobacco. + +We must also remember that the brain needs a great deal of blood. If we +take alcohol into our blood, much of it goes to the brain. There it +affects the nerves, and makes a man lose control over his actions. + + +EXERCISE. + +When you run, you can feel your heart beating. It gets an instant of +rest between the beats. + +Good exercise in the fresh air makes the heart work well and warms the +body better than a fire could do. + + +DOES ALCOHOL DO ANY HARM TO THE HEART? + +Your heart is made of muscle. You know what harm alcohol does to the +muscles. + +Could a fatty heart work as well as a muscular heart? No more than a +fatty arm could do the work of a muscular arm. Besides, alcohol makes +the heart beat too fast, and so it gets too tired. + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. Where is the heart placed? + + 2. Of what is it made? + + 3. What work does it do? + + 4. What are arteries and veins? + + 5. What does the pulse tell us? + + 6. How does the food we eat reach all parts of the + body? + + 7. How does alcohol in the blood affect the brain? + + 8. When does the heart rest? + + 9. How does exercise in the fresh air help the + heart? + + 10. What harm does alcohol do to the heart? + + + + +CHAPTER XV. + +THE LUNGS. + + +[Illustration: T]HE blood flows all through the body, carrying good food +to every part. It also gathers up from every part the worn-out matter +that can no longer be used. By the time it is ready to be sent back by +the veins, the blood is no longer pure and red. It is dull and bluish in +color, because it is full of impurities. + +If you look at the veins in your wrist, you will see that they look +blue. + +If all this bad blood goes back to the heart, will the heart have to +pump out bad blood next time? No, for the heart has neighbors very near +at hand, ready to change the bad blood to pure, red blood again. + + +THE LUNGS. + +These neighbors are the lungs. They are in the chest on each side of +the heart. When you breathe, their little air-cells swell out, or +expand, to take in the air. Then they contract again, and the air passes +out through your mouth or nose. The lungs must have plenty of fresh air, +and plenty of room to work in. + +[Illustration: _The lungs, heart, and air-passages._] + +If your clothes are too tight and the lungs do not have room to expand, +they can not take in so much air as they should. Then the blood can not +be made pure, and the whole body will suffer. + +For every good breath of fresh air, the lungs take in, they send out one +of impure air. + +In this way, by taking out what is bad, they prepare the blood to go +back to the heart pure and red, and to be pumped out through the body +again. + +How the lungs can use the fresh air for doing this good work, you can +not yet understand. By and by, when you are older, you will learn more +about it. + + +CARE OF THE LUNGS. + +Do the lungs ever rest? + +You never stop breathing, not even in the night. But if you watch your +own breathing you will notice a little pause between the breaths. Each +pause is a rest. But the lungs are very steady workers, both by night +and by day. The least we can do for them, is to give them fresh air and +plenty of room to work in. + +You may say: "We can't give them more room than they have. They are +shut up in our chests." + +I have seen people who wore such tight clothes that their lungs did not +have room to take a full breath. If any part of the lungs can not +expand, it will become useless. If your lungs can not take in air enough +to purify the blood, you can not be so well and strong as God intended, +and your life will be shortened. + +If some one was sewing for you, you would not think of shutting her up +in a little place where she could not move her hands freely. The lungs +are breathing for you, and need room enough to do their work. + + +THE AIR. + +The lungs breathe out the waste matter that they have taken from the +blood. This waste matter poisons the air. If we should close all the +doors and windows, and the fireplace or opening into the chimney, and +leave not even a crack by which the fresh air could come in, we would +die simply from staying in such a room. The lungs could not do their +work for the blood, and the blood could not do its work for the body. + +Impure air-will poison you. You should not breathe it. If your head +aches, and you feel dull and sleepy from being in a close room, a run in +the fresh air will make you feel better. + +The good, pure air makes your blood pure; and the blood then flows +quickly through your whole body and refreshes every part. + +We must be careful not to stay in close rooms in the day-time, nor sleep +in close rooms at night. We must not keep out the fresh air that our +bodies so much need. + +It is better to breathe through the nose than through the mouth. You can +soon learn to do so, if you try to keep your mouth shut when walking or +running. + +If you keep the mouth shut and breathe through the nose, the little +hairs on the inside of the nose will catch the dust or other impurities +that are floating in the air, and so save their going to the lungs. You +will get out of breath less quickly when running if you keep your mouth +shut. + + +DOES ALCOHOL DO ANY HARM TO THE LUNGS? + +The little air-cells of the lungs have very delicate muscular (m[)u]s'ku +lar) walls. Every time we breathe, these walls have to move. The muscles +of the chest must also move, as you can all notice in yourselves, as you +breathe. + +All this muscular work, as well as that of the stomach and heart, is +directed by the nerves. + +You have learned already what alcohol will do to muscles and nerves, so +you are ready to answer for stomach, for heart, and for lungs. Is +alcohol a help to them? + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. Besides carrying food all over the body, what + other work does the blood do? + + 2. Why does the blood in the veins look blue? + + 3. Where is the blood made pure and red again? + + 4. Where is it sent, from the lungs? + + 5. What must the lungs have in order to do this + work? + + 6. When do the lungs rest? + + 7. Why should we not wear tight clothes? + + 8. How does the air in a room become spoiled? + + 9. How can we keep it fresh and pure? + + 10. How should we breathe? + + 11. Why is it better to breathe through the nose + than through the mouth? + + 12. Why is alcohol not good for the lungs? + + + + +CHAPTER XVI. + +THE SKIN. + + +[Illustration: T]HERE is another part of your body carrying away waste +matter all the time--it is the skin. + +The body is covered with skin. It is also lined with a more delicate +kind of skin. You can see where the outside skin and the lining skin +meet at your lips. + +There is a thin outside layer of skin which we can pull off without +hurting ourselves; but I advise you not to do so. Because under the +outside skin is the true skin, which is so full of little nerves that it +will feel the least touch as pain. When the outer skin, which protects +it, is torn away, we must cover the true skin to keep it from harm. + +In hot weather, or when any one has been working or playing hard, the +face, and sometimes the whole body, is covered with little drops of +water. We call these drops perspiration (p[~e]r sp[)i] r[=a]'sh[)u]n). + +[Illustration: _Perspiratory tube._] + +Where does it come from? It comes through many tiny holes in the skin, +called pores (p[=o]rz). Every pore is the mouth of a tiny tube which is +carrying off waste matter and water from your body. If you could piece +together all these little perspiration tubes that are in the skin of one +person, they would make a line more than three miles long. + +Sometimes, you can not see the perspiration, because there is not enough +of it to form drops. But it is always coming out through your skin, both +in winter and summer. Your body is kept healthy by having its worn-out +matter carried off in this way, as well as in other ways. + + +THE NAILS. + +The nails grow from the skin. + +The finger nails are little shields to protect the ends of your fingers +from getting hurt. These finger ends are full of tiny nerves, and would +be badly off without such shields. No one likes to see nails that have +been bitten. + + +CARE OF THE SKIN. + +Waste matter is all the time passing out through the perspiration tubes +in the skin. This waste matter must not be left to clog up the little +openings of the tubes. It should be washed off with soap and water. + +When children have been playing out-of-doors, they often have very dirty +hands and faces. Any one can see, then, that they need to be washed. But +even if they had been in the cleanest place all day and had not touched +any thing dirty, they would still need the washing; for the waste matter +that comes from the inside of the body is just as hurtful as the mud or +dust of the street. You do not see it so plainly, because it comes out +very little at a time. Wash it off well, and your skin will be fresh and +healthy, and able to do its work. If the skin could not do its work, you +would die. + +Do not keep on your rubber boots or shoes all through school-time. +Rubber will not let the perspiration pass off, so the little pores get +clogged and your feet begin to feel uncomfortable, or your head may +ache. No part can fail to do its work without causing trouble to the +rest of the body. But you should always wear rubbers out-of-doors when +the ground is wet. Certainly, they are very useful then. + +When you are out in the fresh air, you are giving the other parts of +your body such a good chance to perspire, that your feet can bear a +little shutting up. But as soon as you come into the house, take the +rubbers off. + +Now that you know what the skin is doing all the time, you will +understand that the clothes worn next to your skin are full of little +worn-out particles, brought out by the perspiration. When these clothes +are taken off at night, they should be so spread out, that they will +air well before morning. Never wear any of the clothes through the +night, that you have worn during the day. + +Do not roll up your night-dress in the morning and put it under your +pillow. Give it first a good airing at the window and then hang it where +the air can reach it all day. By so doing, you will have sweeter sleep +at night. + +You are old enough to throw the bed-clothes off from the bed, before +leaving your rooms in the morning. In this way, the bed and bed-clothes +may have a good airing. Be sure to give them time enough for this. + + +WORK OF THE BODY. + +You have now learned about four important kinds of work:-- + +1st. The stomach prepares the food for the blood to take. + +2d. The blood is pumped out of the heart to carry food to every part of +the body, and to take away worn-out matter. + +3d. The lungs use fresh air in making the dark, impure blood, bright and +pure again. + +4th. The skin carries away waste matter through the little perspiration +tubes. + +All this work goes on, day and night, without our needing to think about +it at all; for messages are sent to the muscles by the nerves which keep +them faithfully at work, whether we know it or not. + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. What covers the body? + + 2. What lines the body? + + 3. Where are the nerves of the skin? + + 4. What is perspiration? What is the common name + for it? + + 5. What are the pores of the skin? + + 6. How does the perspiration help to keep you + well? + + 7. Of what use are the nails? + + 8. How should they be kept? + + 9. What care should be taken of the skin? + + 10. Why should you not wear rubber boots or + overshoes in the house? + + 11. Why should you change under-clothing night and + morning? + + 12. Where should the night-dress be placed in the + morning? + + 13. What should be done with the bed-clothes? Why? + + 14. Name the four kinds of work about which you + have learned. + + 15. How are the organs of the body kept at work? + + + + +CHAPTER XVII. + +THE SENSES. + + +[Illustration: W]E have five ways of learning about all things around +us. We can see them, touch them, taste them, smell them, or hear them. +Sight, touch, taste, smell, and hearing, are called the five senses. + +You already know something about them, for you are using them all the +time. + +In this lesson, you will learn a little more about seeing and hearing. + + +THE EYES. + +In the middle of your eye is a round, black spot, called the pupil. This +pupil is only a hole with a muscle around it. When you are in the light, +the muscle draws up, and makes the pupil small, because you can get all +the light you need through a small opening. When you are in the dark, +the muscle stretches, and opens the pupil wide to let in more light. + +The pupils of the cat's eyes are very large in the dark. They want all +the light they can get, to see if there are any mice about. + +[Illustration: _The eyelashes and the tear-glands._] + +The pupil of the eye opens into a little, round room where the nerve of +sight is. This is a safe place for this delicate nerve, which can not +bear too much light. It carries to the brain an account of every thing +we see. + +We might say the eye is taking pictures for us all day long, and that +the nerve of sight is describing these pictures to the brain. + + +CARE OF THE EYES. + +The nerves of sight need great care, for they are very delicate. + +Do not face a bright light when you are reading or studying. While +writing, you should sit so that the light will come from the left side; +then the shadow of your hand will not fall upon your work. + +One or two true stories may help you to remember that you must take good +care of your eyes. + +The nerve of sight can not bear too bright a light. It asks to have the +pupil made small, and even the eyelid curtains put down, when the light +is too strong. + +Once, there was a boy who said boastfully to his playmates: "Let us see +which of us can look straight at the sun for the longest time." + +Then they foolishly began to look at the sun. The delicate nerves of +sight felt a sharp pain, and begged to have the pupils made as small as +possible and the eyelid curtains put down. + +But the foolish boys said "No." They were trying to see which would bear +it the longest. Great harm was done to the brains as well as eyes of +both these boys. The one who looked longest at the sun died in +consequence of his foolish act. + +The second story is about a little boy who tried to turn his eyes to +imitate a schoolmate who was cross-eyed. He turned them; but he could +not turn them back again. Although he is now a gentleman more than fifty +years old and has had much painful work done upon his eyes, the doctors +have never been able to set them quite right. + +You see from the first story, that you must be careful not to give your +eyes too much light. But you must also be sure to give them light +enough. + +When one tries to read in the twilight, the little nerve of sight says: +"Give me more light; I am hurt, by trying to see in the dark." + +If you should kill these delicate nerves, no others would ever grow in +place of them, and you would never be able to see again. + + +THE EARS. + +What you call your ears are only pieces of gristle, so curved as to +catch the sounds and pass them along to the true ears. These are deeper +in the head, where the nerve of hearing is waiting to send an account +of each sound to the brain. + + +CARE OF THE EARS. + +The ear nerve is in less danger than that of the eye. Careless children +sometimes put pins into their ears and so break the "drum." That is a +very bad thing to do. Use only a soft towel in washing your ears. You +should never put any thing hard or sharp into them. + +I must tell you a short ear story, about my father, when he was a small +boy. + +One day, when playing on the floor, he laid his ear to the crack of the +door, to feel the wind blow into it. He was so young that he did not +know it was wrong; but the next day he had the earache severely. +Although he lived to be an old man, he often had the earache. He thought +it began from the time when the wind blew into his ear from under that +door. + + +ALCOHOL AND THE SENSES. + +All this fine work of touching, tasting, seeing, smelling, and hearing, +is nerve work. + +The man who is in the habit of using alcoholic drinks can not touch, +taste, see, smell, or hear so well as he ought. His hands tremble, his +speech is sometimes thick, and often he can not walk straight. +Sometimes, he thinks he sees things when he does not, because his poor +nerves are so confused by alcohol that they can not do their work. + +Answer now for your taste, smell, and touch, and also for your sight and +hearing; should their beautiful work be spoiled by alcohol? + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. Name the five senses. + + 2. What is the pupil of the eye? + + 3. How is it made larger or smaller? + + 4. Why does it change in size? + + 5. What can a cat's eyes do? + + 6. Where is the nerve of the eye? + + 7. What work does it do? + + 8. Why must one be careful of his eyes? + + 9. Where should the light be for reading or + studying? + + 10. Tell the story of the boys who looked at the + sun. + + 11. Tell the story of the boy who made himself + cross-eyed. + + 12. Why should you not read in the twilight? + + 13. What would be the result, if you should kill + the nerves of sight? + + 14. Where are the true ears? + + 15. How may the nerves of hearing be injured? + + 16. Tell the story of the boy who injured his ear. + + 17. How is the work of the senses affected by + drinking liquor? + + + + +CHAPTER XVIII. + +HEAT AND COLD. + + +WHAT MAKES US WARM? + +"[Illustration: M]Y thick, warm clothes make me warm," says some child. + +No! Your thick, warm clothes keep you warm. They do not make you warm. + +Take a brisk run, and your blood will flow faster and you will be warm +very quickly. + +On a cold day, the teamster claps his hands and swings his arms to make +his blood flow quickly and warm him. + +Every child knows that he is warm inside; for if his fingers are cold, +he puts them into his mouth to warm them. + +If you should put a little thermometer into your mouth, or under your +tongue, the mercury (m[~e]r'ku r[)y]) would rise as high as it does out +of doors on a hot, summer day. + +This would be the same in summer or winter, in a warm country or a cold +one, if you were well and the work of your body was going on steadily. + + +WHERE DOES THIS HEAT COME FROM? + +Some of the work which is all the time going on inside your body, makes +this heat. + +The blood is thus warmed, and then it carries the heat to every part of +the body. The faster the blood flows, the more heat it brings, and the +warmer we feel. + +In children, the heart pumps from eighty to ninety times a minute. + +This is faster than it works in old people, and this is one reason why +children are generally much warmer than old people. + +But we are losing heat all the time. + +You may breathe in cold air; but that which you breathe out is warm. A +great deal of heat from your warm body is all the time passing off +through your skin, into the cooler air about you. For this reason, a +room full of people is much warmer than the same room when empty. + + +CLOTHING. + +We put on clothes to keep in the heat which we already have, and to +prevent the cold air from reaching our skins and carrying off too much +heat in that way. + +Most of you children are too young to choose what clothes you will wear. +Others decide for you. You know, however, that woolen under-garments +keep you warm in winter, and that thick boots and stockings should be +worn in cold weather. Thin dresses or boots may look pretty; but they +are not safe for winter wear, even at a party. + +A healthy, happy child, dressed in clothes which are suitable for the +season, is pleasanter to look at than one whose dress, though rich and +handsome, is not warm enough for health or comfort. + +When you feel cold, take exercise, if possible. This will make the hot +blood flow all through your body and warm it. If you can not, you should +put on more clothes, go to a warm room, in some way get warm and keep +warm, or the cold will make you sick. + + +TAKING COLD. + +If your skin is chilled, the tiny mouths of the perspiration tubes are +sometimes closed and can not throw out the waste matter. Then, if one +part fails to do its work, other parts must suffer. Perhaps the inside +skin becomes inflamed, or the throat and lungs, and you have a cold, or +a cough. + + +ALCOHOL AND COLD. + +People used to think that nothing would warm one so well on a cold day, +as a glass of whiskey, or other alcoholic drink. + +It is true that, if a person drinks a little alcohol, he will feel a +burning in the throat, and presently a glowing heat on the skin. + +The alcohol has made the hot blood rush into the tiny tubes near the +skin, and he thinks it has warmed him. + +But if all this heat comes to the skin, the cold air has a chance to +carry away more than usual. In a very little time, the drinker will be +colder than before. Perhaps he will not know it; for the cheating +alcohol will have deadened his nerves so that they send no message to +the brain. Then he may not have sense enough to put on more clothing and +may freeze. He may even, if it is very cold, freeze to death. + +People, who have not been drinking alcohol are sometimes frozen; but +they would have frozen much quicker if they had drunk it. + +Horse-car drivers and omnibus drivers have a hard time on a cold winter +day. They are often cheated into thinking that alcohol will keep them +warm; but doctors have learned that it is the water-drinkers who hold +out best against the cold. Alcohol can not really keep a person warm. + +All children are interested in stories about Arctic explorers, whose +ships get frozen into great ice-fields, who travel on sledges drawn by +dogs, and sometimes live in Esquimau huts, and drink oil, and eat walrus +meat. + +These men tell us that alcohol will not keep them warm, and you know +why. + +The hunters and trappers in the snowy regions of the Rocky Mountains say +the same thing. Alcohol not only can not keep them warm; but it lessens +their power to resist cold. + +[Illustration: _Scene in the Arctic regions._] + +Many of you have heard about the Greely party who were brought home from +the Arctic seas, after they had been starving and freezing for many +months. + +There were twenty-six men in all. Of these, nineteen died. Seven were +found alive by their rescuers; one of these died soon afterward. The +first man who died, was the only one of the party who had ever been a +drunkard. + +Of the nineteen who died, all but one used tobacco. Of the six now +living,--four never used tobacco at all; and the other two, very seldom. + +The tobacco was no real help to them in time of trouble. It had probably +weakened their stomachs, so that they could not make the best use of +such poor food as they had. + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. Why do you wear thick clothes in cold weather? + + 2. How can you prove that you are warm inside? + + 3. What makes this heat? + + 4. What carries this heat through your body? + + 5. How rapidly does your heart beat? + + 6. How are you losing heat all the time? + + 7. How can you warm yourself without going to the + fire? + + 8. Will alcohol make you warmer, or colder? + + 9. How does it cheat you into thinking that you + will be warmer for drinking it? + + 10. What do the people who travel in very cold + countries, tell us about the use of alcohol? + + 11. How did tobacco affect the men who went to the + Arctic seas with Lieutenant Greely? + + + + +CHAPTER XIX. + +WASTED MONEY. + + +COST OF ALCOHOL. + +[Illustration: N]OW that you have learned about your bodies, and what +alcohol will do to them, you ought also to know that alcohol costs a +great deal of money. Money spent for that which will do no good, but +only harm, is certainly wasted, and worse than wasted. + +If a boy or a girl save ten cents a week, it will take ten weeks to save +a dollar. + +You can all think of many good and pleasant ways to spend a dollar. What +would the beer-drinker do with it? If he takes two mugs of beer a day, +the dollar will be used up in ten days. But we ought not to say used, +because that word will make us think it was spent usefully. We will say, +instead, the dollar will be wasted, in ten days. + +If he spends it for wine or whiskey, it will go sooner, as these cost +more. If no money was spent for liquor in this country, people would not +so often be sick, or poor, or bad, or wretched. We should not need so +many policemen, and jails, and prisons, as we have now. If no liquor was +drunk, men, women, and children would be better and happier. + + +COST OF TOBACCO. + +Most of you have a little money of your own. Perhaps you earned a part, +or the whole of it, yourselves. You are planning what to do with it, and +that is a very pleasant kind of planning. + +Do you think it would be wise to make a dollar bill into a tight little +roll, light one end of it with a match, and then let it slowly burn up? +That would be wasting it, you say! (_See Frontispiece._) + +Yes! it would be wasted, if thus burned. It would be worse than wasted, +if, while burning, it should also hurt the person who held it. If you +should buy cigars or tobacco with your dollar, and smoke them, you could +soon burn up the dollar and hurt yourselves besides. + +Can you count a million? Can you count a hundred millions? Try some day +to do this counting. Then, when you begin to have some idea how much six +hundred millions is, remember that six hundred million dollars are spent +in this country every year for tobacco--burned up--wasted--worse than +wasted. + +Do you think the farmer who planted tobacco instead of corn, did any +good to the world by the change? + + +REVIEW QUESTIONS. + + 1. How may one waste money? + + 2. Name some good ways for spending money. + + 3. How does the liquor-drinker spend his money? + + 4. What could we do, if no money was spent for + liquor? + + 5. Tell two ways in which you could burn up a + dollar bill. + + 6. Which would be the safer way? + + 7. How much money is spent for tobacco, yearly, in + this country? + + * * * * * + +Transcriber's Notes: + +This book contains pronunciation codes. These are indicated in the text +by the following + + breve: [)i] + macron: [=i] + tilde: [~i] + slash through the letter: [\l] + +Obvious punctuation errors repaired. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Child's Health Primer For Primary +Classes, by Jane Andrews + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HEALTH PRIMER *** + +***** This file should be named 25646.txt or 25646.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/5/6/4/25646/ + +Produced by Stephen Hope, Joseph Cooper, Emmy and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +http://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at http://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit http://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. +To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + http://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. |