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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/26074-h.zip b/26074-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..607df2f --- /dev/null +++ b/26074-h.zip diff --git a/26074-h/26074-h.htm b/26074-h/26074-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5bb27d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/26074-h/26074-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,1890 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html + PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=US-ASCII" /> +<title>Great Testimony</title> + <style type="text/css"> +/*<![CDATA[ XML blockout */ +<!-- + P { margin-top: .75em; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + P.headingsummary { margin-left: 5%;} + H1, H2 { + text-align: center; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + } + H3, H4, H5 { + text-align: left; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-bottom: 1em; + } + BODY{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + table { border-collapse: collapse; } +table {margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;} + td { vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid black;} + td p { margin: 0.2em; } + .blkquot {margin-left: 4em; margin-right: 4em;} /* block indent */ + + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + + .pagenum {position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; + color: gray;} + + .citation {vertical-align: super; + font-size: .8em; + text-decoration: none;} + // --> + /* XML end ]]>*/ + </style> +</head> +<body> +<h2> +<a href="#startoftext">Great Testimony, by Stephen Coleridge</a> +</h2> +<pre> +The Project Gutenberg eBook, Great Testimony, by Stephen Coleridge + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + + + + +Title: Great Testimony + against scientific cruelty + + +Author: Stephen Coleridge + + + +Release Date: July 16, 2008 [eBook #26074] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII) + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GREAT TESTIMONY*** +</pre> +<p><a name="startoftext"></a></p> +<p>Transcribed from the 1918 John Lane edition by David Price, +email ccx074@pglaf.org</p> +<p style="text-align: center"> +<a href="images/p0a.jpg"> +<img alt="Presentation slip from the edition transcribed" +src="images/p0a.jpg" /> +</a></p> +<h1>GREAT TESTIMONY<br /> +AGAINST SCIENTIFIC CRUELTY<br /> +:: COLLECTED AND EDUCED BY ::<br /> +THE HONBLE. STEPHEN COLERIDGE<br /> +WITH EIGHT ILLUSTRATIONS</h1> +<p style="text-align: center">LONDON: JOHN LANE THE BODLEY +HEAD<br /> +NEW YORK: JOHN LANE COMPANY MCMXVIII</p> +<p style="text-align: center"> +<a href="images/p0bb.jpg"> +<img alt="Thomas Carlyle. From a drawing by Samuel Laurence in +the collection of John Lane" src="images/p0bs.jpg" /> +</a></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><!-- page iv--><a +name="pageiv"></a><span class="pagenum">p. iv</span><span +class="smcap">printed by william brendon and son</span>, <span +class="smcap">ltd.</span>, <span +class="smcap">plymouth</span>,<span class="smcap"> +england</span></p> +<h2><!-- page v--><a name="pagev"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +v</span>PREFACE</h2> +<p>If the support of great and good men, famous throughout +Christendom, will avail to justify a cause, then indeed we who +would utterly abolish the torture of animals by vivisection can +never be put out of countenance.</p> +<p>Difficult would it be indeed to bring together the authority +of so many resounding reputations against any other act of man, +since slavery was abolished.</p> +<p>The poets, philosophers, saints and seers of England have +united to anathematise it as an abomination, and as a deed only +possible to a craven.</p> +<p>It seems strange that in the face of such authentic +condemnation the horrid practice has not disappeared off the face +of the civilised earth, until it is observed that it has received +the shameless support of science, which for two generations has +usurped <!-- page vi--><a name="pagevi"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. vi</span>an authority over conduct for which +it possesses no credentials. The modern prostration of +mankind before science is a vile idolatry. In the realm of +ethics science is not constructive but destructive. It +exalts the Tree of Knowledge and depresses the Tree of Life.</p> +<p>How is the character of man elevated or purified by all the +maddening inventions of science? How indeed! Are we +made better men by being whirled about the globe by machinery, by +the increased opportunities for limitless volubility, or by the +ingenious devices for mutual destruction? And how are we +morally advantaged by the knowledge of the infinite depths of +space, the composition of the stars and the motions of the +planets?</p> +<p>The old Persian, when his far-travelled offspring returned +with these wonders to tell, replied: “My son, thou sayest +that one star spinneth about another star; let it +spin!”</p> +<p>And Ruskin once remarked: “Newton explained why an apple +fell, but he never <!-- page vii--><a name="pagevii"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. vii</span>thought of explaining the exactly +correlative, but infinitely more difficult question, how the +apple got up there.”</p> +<p>The dead and dreary law of gravitation made it fall, but the +glorious law of life, known only to God, drew it up out of the +earth and hung it in all its inexplicable wonder high in the +air.</p> +<p>And I think herein is a very good parable applicable to +ourselves and our age.</p> +<p>Science has found out that everything in the Universe is +falling towards everything else, or trying to do so, and we are +so absorbed in this deciduous discovery that we have forgotten to +look up and observe the lovely things about us that by +God’s mercy have still escaped the withering touch of +scientific knowledge.</p> +<p>But Science has now moved beyond the comparatively innocuous +accumulation of mechanical discoveries, and advancing into the +domain of morals, has emerged in the sinister aspect of the +defender of cruelty.</p> +<p>This may yet prove an usurpation that will lead to its +ultimate deposition and <!-- page viii--><a +name="pageviii"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +viii</span>ignominy. A time is coming when mankind will +have no ear for the advocates of what all the great and good and +wise have denounced as wicked.</p> +<p>If Science comes before the world declaring that cruelty is +necessary for its advance, the world will one day tell Science +that it can stop where it is.</p> +<p>In the meanwhile that there can be no doubt in the mind of any +man as to how the greatest leaders of thought and loftiest +teachers of conduct have united in their condemnation of +vivisection, I have thought it timely to bring them together, a +noble array, in this book.</p> +<h2><!-- page 1--><a name="page1"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +1</span>CHAPTER I: THE SEVENTH EARL OF SHAFTESBURY, K.G.<br /> +FIRST PRESIDENT OF THE NATIONAL ANTI-VIVISECTION SOCIETY</h2> +<p style="text-align: center"> +<a href="images/p1b.jpg"> +<img alt="The seventh Earl of Shaftesbury, K.G. From an +engraving by W. J. Edwards after Frederick Sandys" +src="images/p1s.jpg" /> +</a></p> +<p>The seventh Earl of Shaftesbury consecrated a long life, and +dedicated a great position to the service of the poor, the weak +and the lost. His life and work were one of the chief +glories of the nineteenth century. From early youth to +venerable age his hand was outstretched to assuage the miseries +of the helpless and to deal a blow at cruelty and selfishness +wherever he discerned it.</p> +<p>By his efforts women were brought up out of coal mines where +they dragged trucks on all fours like brute beasts, by his +protests <!-- page 2--><a name="page2"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 2</span>little boys were saved from being +forced to climb up inside chimneys risking their young lives and +limbs that others might profit thereby.</p> +<p>He placed himself at the head of the fight against all cruelty +to children and became the first President of the Society to put +it down, which has now become great and powerful with officers in +every town to guard child life and protect the helpless little +things from all manner of nameless sufferings.</p> +<p>He championed the animal world and raised his voice against +the unspeakable doings of the vivisectors, and the whole +anti-vivisection movement was started and built up under his wise +and benign guidance, as first President of the Anti-Vivisection +Society.</p> +<p>He belonged to the period when those who worked in the field +of philanthropy were almost exclusively concerned in curing, if +they could, the evils they perceived around them; but he himself +was a pioneer of the later school who aim also at preventing <!-- +page 3--><a name="page3"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +3</span>those evils. Those who went before him sought to +assist the poor and helpless, but while he endeavoured to do this +with all his heart, he also strove to destroy the causes of +pauperism. He perceived that physical squalor inevitably +produces spiritual squalor, and that if we are to make men think +and live cleanly we must enable them to possess decent and clean +homes.</p> +<p>Others of his family in the past had served the State with +credit in the great public offices that satisfy men’s +reputable pride and honourable ambition, but none before him had +served his fellow creatures during a long life with no other +motive than to bind up their wounds and aggravate the mercies of +God.</p> +<p>His appearance when I had the happiness to know him intimately +was noble and memorable, and he won his way less by commanding +abilities than by weight of character. His large benignity +repressed the expression of any small or mean thought in his +presence; and his arrival was sufficient without his saying a +word to elevate <!-- page 4--><a name="page4"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 4</span>the tone and manner of any discussion +in which he was expected to participate. He was incapable +of asperity.</p> +<p>In the House of Lords there was conceded to him by universal +courtesy a special seat which he occupied independently of the +change of parties, a tribute of respect to his unique and +distinguished position which as far as I am aware has at any rate +in recent years been paid to no one else.</p> +<p>He was a survival of the times when rank more recognised its +duties and received more homage than in the present day; for when +I was young it was still possible for the public to believe that +peerages were only conferred on men for serious and meritorious +services to the country, and that those who succeeded to them by +inheritance were trained to recognise the large obligations of +their station.</p> +<p>He lived in a great house on the west side of Grosvenor +Square, tempering his august surroundings with a personal +austerity. There he was easily accessible to anyone who +came to him for good <!-- page 5--><a name="page5"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 5</span>counsel and not to waste his own or +his host’s time.</p> +<p>Every cabman and costermonger in London knew him by sight and +would take off his cap to him if he saw him in the streets, and +the poor in the East End knew his tall figure and distinguished +countenance better than did the men in the club windows in the +West.</p> +<p>The beautiful monument to his memory in Regent Circus records +that he was “an example to his order,” and yet better +than this stately panegyric is the happy accident, if it be one, +that the poor flower girls of London have pitched their camp upon +the steps, and have successfully defied all the efforts of Mr. +Bumble to remove them.</p> +<h2><!-- page 6--><a name="page6"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +6</span>CHAPTER II: MISS FRANCES POWER COBBE</h2> +<p>Miss Frances Power Cobbe was the original organiser and +founder in December, 1875, of the National Anti-Vivisection +Society which until 1898 bore the Title of the Victoria Street +Society for the protection of animals from vivisection.</p> +<p>Many years before, in 1863, there lived at Florence a man who +trafficked in torture named Schiff; “among the inferior +professors of medical knowledge,” says Dr. Johnson, +“is a race of wretches, whose lives are only varied by +varieties of cruelty,” and such an one was this +miscreant.</p> +<p>Miss Cobbe was then resident at Florence and was the +correspondent of the <i>Daily News</i>, and in that paper she +denounced the tortures inflicted on animals by this dreadful man, +which so affected her generous <!-- page 7--><a +name="page7"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 7</span>heart that for +the rest of her life her chief preoccupation became the desire to +put an end to such abominations.</p> +<p>In 1874 Miss Cobbe drew up a memorial to the Council of the +Royal Society for the prevention of cruelty to animals urging +upon them “the immediate adoption of such measures as may +approve themselves to their judgment as most suitable to promote +the end in view, namely, the <i>restriction of +vivisection</i>.” And with indefatigable zeal she +collected the signatures to it of a very large number of the most +distinguished men in England; among them were such names as those +of Thomas Carlyle, Alfred Tennyson, Robert Browning, John Morley, +John Bright, Leslie Stephen, W. Lecky, B. Jowett, John Ruskin, +Dean Stanley, and Canon Liddon.</p> +<p>In view of the fierce advocacy of vivisection to which the +present Lord Knutsford has committed himself it is interesting to +record that his father Sir Henry Holland’s name appears +among the signatories of this memorial.</p> +<p><!-- page 8--><a name="page8"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +8</span>The Council of the R.S.P.C.A. in 1875 displayed all the +familiar characteristics of the Council of to-day. On +receiving this notable memorial they adopted the device of +promising to appoint a sub-committee to consider the whole +question of vivisection. Unlike the sub-committee appointed +in 1907 “to consider the whole question of sport” +which never sat, it seems that this sub-committee on vivisection +really did sit once, after which no more was heard of it.</p> +<p>Mr. Colam the Secretary was sent to call on the leading +vivisectors to ask them about their own proceedings; and the +Council appear to have imagined that, having asked the persons +whose conduct was impugned what they thought about that conduct, +their function as representing the Society entrusted with the +protection of animals from cruelty was fulfilled.</p> +<p>Miss Cobbe, like many of us to-day, really wanted cruelty to +animals stopped, and she was not likely to be satisfied with such +a farcical evasion, so she set to work and <!-- page 9--><a +name="page9"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 9</span>started the +Victoria Street Society, and to her above all others therefore +belongs the undying fame and glory of first raising aloft the +standard of the imperishable cause for which that Society exists +and strives.</p> +<p>In that memorable year of 1875 the great Society in Jermyn +Street, misrepresented by a collection of somnolent inefficients, +turned their backs on tortured animals and stopped their ears to +their cries of agony; and all the subsequent years are strewn +with opportunities abandoned and duties neglected which one by +one have been undertaken by fresh Societies of earnest souls who +would wait no more while the Council in Jermyn Street slept; and +that the record should be maintained intact we have seen in the +last three years the generous public subscribe an enormous sum of +money for the care and cure of our horses at the war, only to +discover that the Society is ready to acquiesce when those +horses, that are worn out in our service, are sold abroad to the +highest bidders!</p> +<p>Miss Cobbe during her long combat <!-- page 10--><a +name="page10"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 10</span>against +vivisection passed through different phases of opinion as to the +wisest parliamentary policy to pursue. At one time she +advocated restriction, at another total abolition, and I will not +here revive the domestic discussions and differences that were +the consequence of the diverse views entertained by equally +reputable and earnest workers in the cause. It is enough to +recognise and acclaim the fine courage and ability that Miss +Cobbe brought to the service of suffering animals, and the +splendid edifice of the National Anti-Vivisection Society that +was built up from the ground by her capable hands.</p> +<p>She suffered one cruel betrayal when she entrusted to another +too ardent controversialist the translation of some German +account of a severe vivisection, and discovered, after the +publication of the description in English, that her friend had +suppressed in the translation the statement in the original that +anæsthetics had been employed.</p> +<p>The ferocious attacks made upon her on <!-- page 11--><a +name="page11"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 11</span>that occasion +she bore with what philosophy so exasperating a situation +permitted.</p> +<p>Miss Cobbe was a remarkable person both in character and +appearance, her habiliments were quaint and practical, cut +altogether shapelessly with immense buttons symbolising the +entire simplicity of her life and habits, her hair was cut off +short, and her whole aspect suggested cheerfulness, robustness, +and magnanimity. She was masterful in temperament, not +always ready to listen with urbanity to opinions she did not +share, or to admit that her conclusions could even conceivably +have their foundations in doubtful premises. But these very +human characteristics in no way diminished the personal affection +she inspired in those among whom she moved. She lived a +fine courageous life, and when she died, by an appropriate and +beautiful coincidence, a dog was the only witness of her last +breath.</p> +<h2><!-- page 12--><a name="page12"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +12</span>CHAPTER III: CARDINAL MANNING<br /> +VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE NATIONAL ANTI-VIVISECTION SOCIETY</h2> +<p>Cardinal Manning was among the early supporters of the +Anti-Vivisection movement, and was a Vice-President of the +National Anti-Vivisection Society till his death.</p> +<p>He occasionally attended meetings of the committee at my +request to assist the deliberations with his good counsel, and I +remember one occasion when Lord Shaftesbury came and took the +chair, and both the Cardinal and my father and the Bishop of +Oxford were present to assist in an important decision.</p> +<p>I frequently went to the Archbishop’s house at +Westminster to consult him; the sumptuous cathedral and palace +had not <!-- page 13--><a name="page13"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 13</span>then been built, and the house at the +bottom of Carlisle Place had an air of cold austerity; there were +no carpets on the stone staircase, and the large room in which +the Cardinal received his visitors had nothing in it but a bare +table and a few cushionless chairs. He accepted invitations +to dinner from my father, but although he was gracious and +courtly, he ate nothing, and it was understood that no attention +was to be drawn to this abstinence. He cannot have eaten +much anywhere, for he was extremely emaciated.</p> +<p>He did a great service both to the cause of anti-vivisection +and to his Church in 1882. It had been spread abroad, by +whom, and on what authority, I know not, that the Church of Rome +had declined to support those who desired to put down cruel +experiments upon animals, and had declared that animals might +lawfully be treated like stocks and stones; to this shocking +suggestion the Cardinal gave a decisive and authoritative denial +at a meeting at Lord Shaftesbury’s House on the 21st of +June.</p> +<p><!-- page 14--><a name="page14"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +14</span>His words were as follows:—</p> +<blockquote><p>I know that an impression has been made that those +whom I represent look, if not with approbation, at least with +great indulgence, on the practice of vivisection. I grieve +to say that abroad there are a great many (whom I beg leave to +say I do <i>not</i> represent) who do favour the practice; but +this I do protest, that there is not a religious instinct in +nature, nor a religion of nature, nor is there a word in +revelation, either in the Old Testament or the New Testament, nor +is there to be found in the great theology which I do represent, +no, nor in any Act of the Church of which I am a member; no, nor +in the lives and utterances of any one of those great servants of +that Church who stand as examples, nor is there an authoritative +utterance anywhere to be found in favour of vivisection.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>And later in the same speech he said:—</p> +<blockquote><p>I do not believe this to be the way that the +All-wise and All-good Maker of us all has ordained for the +discovery of the Healing Art which is one of His greatest gifts +to man.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Two years later at a Meeting at Prince’s Hall on the +26th of June, 1884, with Lord Shaftesbury in the Chair, the +Cardinal in a single pregnant sentence dissipated the +vivisectors’ <!-- page 15--><a name="page15"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 15</span>constant careless confusion of the +totally different moral acts of killing animals and torturing +them.</p> +<p>“It is clear,” he said, “that the words +‘kill and eat,’ and the dominion which the beneficent +Maker of all things has given to man over the lower creatures, +does not justify the infliction of exquisite torment in the name +of Science.”</p> +<p>At that time Lord Shaftesbury was the greatest representative +of the Church of England and the Cardinal the acknowledged head +of the Church of Rome in this country and as they earnestly +agreed in condemning the practice of vivisection as wicked and +abominable, it becomes impossible for those who support it to +bring to its defence any authorities on conduct at all comparable +with that of these two great and good men.</p> +<blockquote><p>The Cardinal gave the impression of a consciously +eminent ecclesiastic, who was determined to lift his Church into +greatness in England by all lawful means in his power; his +appearance was ascetic, distinguished, and memorable; he was +manifestly a man of direct nobility of life, and <!-- page +16--><a name="page16"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 16</span>most +lofty purpose—a great statesman for his Church, leading an +austere and detached life as an example in every detail for the +faithful in his community—a prince of the Roman Church +fulfilling his august function conspicuously and faultlessly in +full view of a critical public. <a name="citation16"></a><a +href="#footnote16" class="citation">[16]</a></p> +</blockquote> +<p>His care for the poor and the noble simplicity of his life +found its most eloquent evidence at his death in the discovery +that his entire worldly possessions amounted to sixty-eight +pounds.</p> +<p>He had laid up his treasure where no rust and moth doth +corrupt.</p> +<h2><!-- page 17--><a name="page17"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +17</span>CHAPTER IV: ROBERT BROWNING<br /> +VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE NATIONAL ANTI-VIVISECTION SOCIETY<br /> +<span class="smcap">died the 12th of december</span>, 1889</h2> +<p style="text-align: center"> +<a href="images/p17b.jpg"> +<img alt="Robert Browning. From a painting by Samuel Laurence in +the collection of John Lane" src="images/p17s.jpg" /> +</a></p> +<p>Towards the end of 1874, as I have already remarked, Miss +Cobbe prepared a petition to the Royal Society for the Prevention +of Cruelty to Animals of which the chief paragraph ran as +follows:—</p> +<blockquote><p>It is earnestly urged by your memorialists that +the great and influential Royal Society for the Prevention of +Cruelty to Animals may see fit to undertake the task (which +appears strictly to fall within its province) of placing suitable +restrictions on this rapidly increasing evil. The vast +benefit to the cause of humanity which the Society has in the +past half century effected, would, in our humble estimation, +remain altogether one-sided and incomplete, if, while brutal +carters and ignorant costermongers are brought to punishment for +maltreating the animals under their charge, learned <!-- page +18--><a name="page18"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 18</span>and +refined gentlemen should be left unquestioned to inflict far more +exquisite pain upon still more sensitive creatures; as if the +mere allegation of a scientific purpose removed them above all +legal or moral responsibility.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Miss Cobbe, confident of what Browning’s reply would be, +sent him this petition and asked him to return it with his +signature if he approved of it.</p> +<p>His reply, which I believe has never as yet been published, +redounds to his immortal fame as a man of fortitude and +humaneness.</p> +<p>This is what he wrote:</p> +<blockquote><p style="text-align: right">19, <span +class="smcap">Warwick Crescent</span>, W.<br /> +<i>December</i> 28<i>th</i>, ’74.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Dear Miss Cobbe</span>,</p> +<p>I return the petition, unsigned for the one good +reason—that I have just signed its fellow forwarded to me +by Mr. Leslie Stephen.</p> +<p>You have heard “I take an equal interest with yourself +in the effort to suppress vivisection”; I dare not so +honour my mere wishes and prayers as to put them for a moment +beside your noble acts; but, this I know, I would rather submit +to the worst of the deaths, so far as pain goes, than have a +single dog or cat tortured on the pretence <!-- page 19--><a +name="page19"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 19</span>of sparing me +a twinge or two. I return the paper, because I shall be +probably shut up here for the next week or more, and prevented +from seeing my friends: whoever would refuse to sign would +certainly not be of the number.</p> +<p style="text-align: right">Ever truly—and gratefully +yours,<br /> +<span class="smcap">Robert Browning</span>.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Five years later in the volume of Dramatic Idyls issued in +1879, Browning published his poem entitled “Tray” +which extols the noble heroism of the dog and leaves nothing to +be desired in its biting scorn of the vivisectors:</p> +<blockquote><p>“‘Up he comes with the child, see +tight<br /> +In mouth, alive too, clutched from quite<br /> +A depth of ten feet—twelve I bet!<br /> +Good dog! What off again? There’s yet<br /> +Another child to save? All right!</p> +<p>“‘How strange we saw no other fall!<br /> +It’s instinct in the animal.<br /> +Good dog! But he’s a long while under:<br /> +If he got drowned I should not wonder—<br /> +Strong current, that against the wall!</p> +<p>“‘Here he comes, holds in mouth this time<br /> +—What may the thing be? Well, that’s prime!<br +/> +Now did you ever? Reason reigns<br /> +In man alone, since all Tray’s pains<br /> +Have fished—the child’s doll from the +slime!’</p> +<p><!-- page 20--><a name="page20"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +20</span>“And so, amid the laughter gay,<br /> +Trotted my hero off,—old Tray,—<br /> +Till somebody, prerogatived<br /> +With reason, reasoned:—‘Why he dived<br /> +His brain would show us, I should say.</p> +<p>“‘John go and catch—or, if needs be<br /> +Purchase—that animal for me!<br /> +By vivisection, at expense<br /> +Of half an hour and eighteen pence<br /> +How brain secretes dog’s soul, we’ll +see!’”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Here then is enough to show with what earnest conviction this +poet of powerful mind and pure life condemned the practice of +vivisection. He was a man who breasted the world with a +cheerful philosophy which permitted few external matters to +disturb his habitual serenity. But vivisection was one of +them, and I have often heard him speak with fierce detestation of +what he called “the coward Science.”</p> +<p>I do not think he ever addressed a public, or even private, +meeting in his life, and that may have left the unlettered world +unaware of his deep loathing of the cruelties of the +laboratories; but he was one of the earliest Englishmen of +unquestioned distinction to join the anti-vivisection movement +and to <!-- page 21--><a name="page21"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 21</span>accept the office of Vice-President +of our Society.</p> +<p>I venture to think that in aftertimes his sanguine advocacy in +this great cause will not be the least of his claims to the +gratitude of his fellow men.</p> +<h2><!-- page 22--><a name="page22"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +22</span>CHAPTER V: LORD COLERIDGE<br /> +<span class="smcap">chief justice of england</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">vice-president of the national</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">anti-vivisection society</span></h2> +<p style="text-align: center"> +<a href="images/p22b.jpg"> +<img alt="Lord Coleridge, Chief Justice of England" +src="images/p22s.jpg" /> +</a></p> +<p>I hope that my inclusion of my father in these articles on the +first supporters of the anti-vivisection movement will not be +thought unbecoming. I see no reason why I should not +testify in these pages to the unswerving adhesion he brought to +the cause of humaneness both towards men and women as well as +towards animals, and the wise counsel he afforded to the pioneers +of the fight against vivisection.</p> +<p>It is perhaps now long forgotten that he initiated, drafted +and carried through the House of Commons when he sat in that +assembly as member for Exeter a Bill emancipating married women +from the cruel <!-- page 23--><a name="page23"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 23</span>conditions of servitude whereby their +own earnings could legally be taken from them by their +husbands.</p> +<p>This was the first of a series of wide-minded Acts of +Parliament which established the position of women as no longer +the mere chattels of their male relatives.</p> +<p>Cruelty to animals of any kind roused in him a deep and +abiding anger: he never allowed a bearing rein to be inflicted +upon his horses either in London or the country, nor was there +ever a tied-up dog in his stables.</p> +<p>Lord Coleridge assisted in the efforts to get the +Anti-Vivisection Bill of 1876 passed without the wrecking +amendments that were at the last minute added to it; after the +Bill was passed in its mutilated state Miss Cobbe with a not +unnatural impatience wrote to him and others saying that +“the supporters of vivisection having refused to accept a +reasonable compromise or to permit any line to be drawn between +morally justifiable painless experiments and those which are +heinously cruel and <!-- page 24--><a name="page24"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 24</span>involve the torture of the most +sensitive animals” she intended to endeavour to induce the +Society “to condemn the practice altogether as inseparably +bound up with criminal abuses”; and henceforth to adopt +“the principle of uncompromising hostility to +vivisection,” and she asked him to let her know whether he +would give his support to her proposals. His reply was what +might have been expected from one who could not permit his +irritation at the fate of the Bill to influence his parliamentary +attitude.</p> +<blockquote><p>I am afraid [he wrote] my answer must be in a +sense which you will think unfavourable. I could not commit +myself out of Parliament to any view which I am not prepared to +defend <i>in</i> it. And the unreasonableness and what I +think wrongdoing of the Medical Men would not justify me as a +legislator in voting for what <i>I</i> think wrong merely in +opposition to them or because I could not bring them to terms +which I think just and right.</p> +<p>I do not say that this is at all necessarily the rule for a +person out of Parliament, because so long as you do not agitate +for what you think <!-- page 25--><a name="page25"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 25</span><i>wrong</i> it is perfectly fair to +agitate for more than you expect to get as a means of getting +something of what you think right. So that I find no fault +whatever with any one who takes the view you take; but my +position is somewhat a peculiar one and I must be cautious to an +extent that some people may think coldness and weakness. I +am not afraid of your judgment however.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Six years later, in 1882, he wrote an article in the +<i>Fortnightly Review</i> in which he definitely though +reluctantly gave his adhesion to total abolition as the goal to +be aimed at, but of course he never at any time associated +himself with the condemnation of all other measures for the +mitigation of the cruelties of the laboratory or of the world at +large that has since been pronounced by the more extreme +protagonists on the anti-vivisection side of the controversy.</p> +<p>This article dealt in a pungent severity with attacks made +upon him in the <i>Nineteenth Century</i> by Sir James Paget, +Professor Owen and Dr. Wilks. As far as I know none of them +rejoined. They had had enough!</p> +<p><!-- page 26--><a name="page26"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +26</span>But the last passage of the article is of a quality that +I think my readers will regard as fully justifying my reproducing +it here,—I hope it will receive their endorsement—the +hand that wrote it has long been still, but thirty-four years +have not made one word of it less true or less beautiful.</p> +<blockquote><p>There is one authority, conclusive, no doubt, only +to those who admit it, conclusive only to those who believe that +they can read it, to which in conclusion I dare appeal. +When a bishop in the Southern States had been defending slavery, +he was asked what he thought our Lord would have said, what looks +He who turned and looked upon St. Peter would have cast upon a +slave-mart in New Orleans, where husband was torn from wife, +child from parent, and beautiful girls, with scarce a tinge of +colour in them, were sold into prostitution. The answer of +the bishop is not known, but I will venture on a kindred +question. What would our Lord have said, what looks would +He have bent, upon a chamber filled with “the unoffending +creatures which He loves,” dying under torture deliberately +and intentionally inflicted? or kept alive to endure further +torment, in pursuit of knowledge? Men must answer this +question according to their consciences; and for any man <!-- +page 27--><a name="page27"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +27</span>to make himself in such a matter a rule for any other +would be, I know, unspeakable presumption. But to anyone +who recognises the authority of our Lord, and who persuades +himself that he sees which way that authority inclines, the mind +of Christ must be the guide of life. “Shouldest thou +not have had compassion upon these, even as I had pity on +thee?” So He seems to me to say, and I shall act +accordingly.</p> +</blockquote> +<h2><!-- page 28--><a name="page28"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +28</span>CHAPTER VI: JOHN RUSKIN</h2> +<p>No one who has ever read a line of Ruskin could doubt on which +side his mind and heart would be ranged in the controversy over +vivisection.</p> +<p>Here was a lord of language who was also one of the great +moral teachers of the world. To him the torture of a +helpless animal for a scientific purpose was a defiance of +religion and an insult to God. Such pursuits he declared +“were all carried on in defiance of what had hitherto been +held to be compassion and pity, and of the great link which bound +together the whole of creation from its Maker to the lowest +creature.”</p> +<p style="text-align: center"> +<a href="images/p28b.jpg"> +<img alt="John Ruskin. From a drawing by Samuel Laurence in the +collection of John Lane" src="images/p28s.jpg" /> +</a></p> +<p>He occupied the illustrious post of Slade Professor of art at +Oxford when convocation voted to endow vivisection in the +University and install Dr. Burdon Sanderson, the <!-- page +29--><a name="page29"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +29</span>smotherer of dogs, in a laboratory set up for him.</p> +<p>In vain did Ruskin protest against this horrible educational +cancer being grafted on to the happiness, peace, and light of +gracious Oxford. Convocation preferred the blight of the +coward Science to the cultivation of all that was beautiful, +distinguished, humane, and brave; and they reaped as they had +sown, they kept the dog smotherer and lost the radiant spirit and +uplifting eloquence of the inspired seer. Ruskin resigned +and Oxford heard that voice of supreme nobility no more.</p> +<p>The Vice-Chancellor for very shame could not bring himself to +read Ruskin’s letter of resignation to convocation. +The editor of the <i>University Gazette</i> also had the +effrontery to leave a letter from Ruskin, giving the reasons for +his resignation, unpublished; and the <i>Pall Mall Gazette</i> +crowned the edifice of poltroonery by announcing that he had +resigned owing to his “advancing years.”</p> +<p><!-- page 30--><a name="page30"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +30</span>Evil communications corrupt good manners, and +association with vivisection led these dignitaries and editors to +flout and insult a man whose shoe strings they were not worthy to +tie. Time is merciful and their very names are +forgotten.</p> +<p>Ruskin had, a little time before these events, asked the +University for a grant to build a well-lighted room for the +undergraduates apart from the obscure and inconvenient Ruskin +school; his request was instantly refused on the plea that the +University was in debt, yet in the very next year this debt +encumbered seat of learning and courtesy voted £10,000 for +the erection of a laboratory for the vivisector and £2,000 +more towards fitting it up and maintaining it,—for troughs +and gags and cages and the rest of the horrible +paraphernalia.</p> +<p>This must I should imagine be the most squalid page in the +history of modern Oxford.</p> +<p>More than thirty years have passed since that University thus +publicly preferred a <!-- page 31--><a name="page31"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 31</span>dog smootherer to one of the noblest +of teachers and saintliest of men.</p> +<p>Both are now long departed. The one can no more block up +the wind-pipes of living dogs and watch their dying convulsions, +and the other can no longer lead the minds of youths and maidens +to seek and find beauty in the visible world about them and +recognise in it the hand of God—but the world has known +which of these men led the youth of Oxford to look up and which +to look down, and to-day a merciful oblivion covers the names and +doings of this triumphant vivisector and his valiant supporters, +while to the farthest inch of the English-speaking realms the +writings of Ruskin are treasured in a million homes and his name +acclaimed with grateful reverence.</p> +<p><i>NOTE</i>.—This chapter on Ruskin having appeared as +an article in <i>The Animals’ Defender and Zoophilist</i> +in March, 1917, and a copy of it having been sent to the +Vice-Chancellor of the University of Oxford, the following +correspondence ensued:—</p> +<blockquote><p style="text-align: right"><!-- page 32--><a +name="page32"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 32</span><span +class="smcap">Christ Church</span>, <span +class="smcap">Oxford</span>,<br /> +<i>March</i> 3<i>rd</i>, 1917.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>,—I thank you for +sending me the copy of <i>The Zoophilist</i>. May I point +out that it is not customary for the Vice-Chancellor to read to +Convocation the letters of Professors who resign, or to print the +letters in the Gazette?</p> +<p style="text-align: right">Yours very truly,<br /> +<span class="smcap">T. B. Strong</span>.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Hon. Stephen Coleridge</span>.</p> +<p style="text-align: right"><span class="smcap">South Wales +Circuit</span>,<br /> +<span class="smcap">Assize Court</span>, <span +class="smcap">Cardiff</span>,<br /> +<i>March</i> 6<i>th</i>, 1917.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>,—I have received +your letter of the 3rd of March informing me that it is not +customary for the Vice-Chancellor to read to Convocation the +letters of professors who resign or to print such letters in the +University Gazette, but I do not understand from you that the +Vice-Chancellor is precluded by any rule of Convocation from +reading such a letter, or that the editor if there be one of the +University Gazette is unable by any rule of his office to admit +such a letter to his columns—and I therefore feel that I +was quite entitled to make the comments I did in <i>The +Animals’ Defender and Zoophilist</i>. When such a man +as Ruskin desired the reasons for his resignation to be made <!-- +page 33--><a name="page33"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +33</span>clear, I take leave to think that the breach of a custom +that enabled the University to conceal those reasons and even +permit misapprehensions of those reasons to be given a wide +publicity, would have been better than its observance. And +a University Gazette that refuses to publish the letter of a +world-famous professor of that University, must arrogate to +itself a title to which it can justly make no claim.</p> +<p style="text-align: right">Very truly yours,<br /> +<span class="smcap">Stephen Coleridge</span>.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">The Very Rev. the Dean of Christ +Church</span>, <span class="smcap">Vice-Chancellor</span>, <span +class="smcap">Oxford</span>.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>At this distance of time it is probable that the present Dean +of Christ Church may not fully realise the sort of person +Professor Sanderson, whom the University preferred to Ruskin, +was: I therefore think he may like to see a letter I wrote at the +time to the papers which has fortunately been preserved:</p> +<blockquote><p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>,—I hope you +will find room for an answer to the remarkable letter of +Professor Acland in your issue of the 9th, and to +“F.R.S.’s” attack on Miss Cobbe in that of the +10th of March.</p> +<p><!-- page 34--><a name="page34"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +34</span>Professor Acland says:—</p> +<p>“I have to say to English parents that everyone at home +and abroad, who knows anything of biological science in England, +will think them fortunate if their children being students of +medicine, fall under the elevating influence of Professor +Sanderson’s scientific and personal character.”</p> +<p>And “F.R.S.” says:—</p> +<p>“I was a very constant attendant at Dr. +Sanderson’s private laboratory during the last ten years of +his professorship at University College, and during the whole of +that time I never witnessed a single operation involving +pain.”</p> +<p>Now, are we not justified in estimating Professor +Sanderson’s nobility of disposition by his books?</p> +<p>He was joint author and editor of the “Handbook for the +Physiological Laboratory,” the publication in which of the +tortures of animals roused a feeling in the country that led to +the appointment of the Royal Commission to inquire into these +practices. And is he not now one of the editors of the +<i>Journal of Physiology</i>, which continually details to the +world experiments involving terrible torments?</p> +<p><!-- page 35--><a name="page35"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +35</span>In his “Handbook of Physiology” we find such +descriptions as the following:—</p> +<p>Page 319. “(109).—<i>Asphyxia by complete +Occlusion of the Trachea</i>.—For this purpose a cannula +must be fixed air-tight in the trachea, the mouth of which is of +such form that it can be plugged with a cork. . . . The phenomena +as they present themselves in the dog. . . . <i>First +minute</i>. Excessive respiratory movements in which at +first the expansive efforts of the thoracic muscles, afterwards +the expulsive efforts of the abdominal wall, are most +violent. Towards the close of the first minute the animal +becomes convulsed. <i>Second minute</i>. Early in the +second minute the convulsions cease, often suddenly; +simultaneously with the cessation the expiratory efforts become +indistinguishable. The iris is now dilated to a rim; the +eye does not close when the cornea is touched, nor does the pupil +react to light; all reflex reaction to stimuli has ceased. +All the muscles except those of inspiration are flaccid, and the +animal lies in a state of tranquility which contrasts in the most +striking way with the storm which preceded it . . . <i>Third and +fourth minute</i>. As death approaches the thoracic and +abdominal movements which are entirely respiratory become slow +and slower as well as shallower. . . . In the spasms which +accompany the final gasps of an asphyxiated <!-- page 36--><a +name="page36"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 36</span>animal the +head is thrown back, the trunk straightening or arched backwards, +and the limbs are extended while the mouth gapes and the nostrils +dilate. They are called by physiologists stretching +convulsions.”</p> +<p>Page 320. “(110).—<i>Asphyxia by Slow +Suffocation</i>.—When an animal is allowed to breathe the +same quantity of air repeatedly and continuously out of a bag, +the process being of much longer duration, the phenomena can be +studied with greater facility.”</p> +<p>After this, is it “ill-natured or ill-mannered” to +think that parents will <i>not</i> be fortunate if “their +children fall under the elevating influence of Dr. +Sanderson’s scientific and personal character”?</p> +<p>We want to know how medicine is advanced by the agonies of +these suffocated animals?</p> +<p>It may be true that Professor Sanderson at present holds no +certificate, nor does Dr. Michael Foster, who occupies a similar +position at Cambridge, but Dr. Michael Foster has +“assistants” who hold from time to time certificates, +and quite lately, “under his guidance,” a lady, Miss +Emily Nunn, has been poisoning frogs till their skin comes +off. There is nothing to prevent Professor Sanderson from +employing assistants. The mind may be the mind of Professor +Sanderson, but the <!-- page 37--><a name="page37"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 37</span>knife may be the knife of such a man +as Dr. Klein, who was his former assistant at the Brown +Institution, and who has publicly declared that “he has no +regard at all for the sufferings of the animals.”</p> +<p style="text-align: right">Your obedient servant,<br /> +<span class="smcap">Stephen Coleridge</span>.</p> +<p>12 <span class="smcap">Ovington Gardens</span>, <span +class="smcap">London</span>,<br /> + <i>March</i> 13<i>th</i>, +1885.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>On the publication of this letter the Dean of Christ Church of +that day, Dean Liddell, wrote to me a long rambling letter which +I could not then, and cannot now, publish because it concludes +with these words:—</p> +<blockquote><p>I have written this not for publication. I +will not engage in newspaper controversy. I write to you, +out of respect for the name you bear,—not in anger but in +sorrow.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>To this I replied:</p> +<blockquote><p>To my letter in the Press you have no word to +offer. In it I quote verbatim Professor Sanderson’s +own description of one of the many wanton torments that he has +inflicted upon the good creatures of God. I ask how +medicine is advanced by <!-- page 38--><a name="page38"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 38</span>the agonies of the dogs he has slowly +suffocated, and I get no answer (though I have sent the letter to +him and some twenty other vivisectors) but this expression from +you of sorrow that the name I bear should be ranged on the side +of this man’s opponents.</p> +<p>Sir, I am a young man, unskilled in polemics and unpractised +in the art of advocacy, no match for one of mature age, ripe +experience, and stored learning; but if an enthusiasm for mercy, +a belief that human life itself is not fitly bought by the +torturing of the helpless, an amazement that any Christian, nay +that any man should call one of these tormentors +“friend,” be sentiments the holding of which by one +of my name fills you with sorrow if not with anger, it without +doubt is plain that our name is but a name to you, and that your +respect for it should have been withdrawn when it first came into +prominence.</p> +<p>I do not believe you know what things these men have done; it +is a terrible task for any man to read their literature; if you +had done so I do indeed believe that not your sorrow only but +your anger would be deeply roused, but—not against me.</p> +<p style="text-align: right">I remain, Sir,<br /> +Faithfully and Respectfully yours,<br /> +<span class="smcap">Stephen Coleridge</span>.</p> +</blockquote> +<p><!-- page 39--><a name="page39"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +39</span>It gives me peculiar pleasure to bring up this letter +from the now distant past; thirty-two years have not made me wish +to withdraw or change a word of it.</p> +<h2><!-- page 40--><a name="page40"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +40</span>CHAPTER VII: DR. JOHNSON</h2> +<p>Of all the Masters of letters that have adorned and elevated +the speech of our race Dr. Johnson is in many ways the most +lovable. The son of a poor bookseller in Lichfield <a +name="citation40"></a><a href="#footnote40" +class="citation">[40]</a> with an uncouth figure and an +undistinguished countenance, he rose by the massive force of his +character and the tireless persistence of his industry to an +unchallenged supremacy in the literary world of his age, +displaying in his whole life the truth of his own dictum that +“few things are impossible to diligence and +skill.” Disdaining the common habit of the times he +would owe nothing to the patronage of the great. “Is +not a patron,” he wrote to Lord Chesterfield, “one +who looks with unconcern on a man struggling for life in the +water, and when he has reached ground encumbers him with +help?”</p> +<p style="text-align: center"> +<a href="images/p40b.jpg"> +<img alt="Dr. Johnson. From a contemporary etching published +February 10th, 1780" src="images/p40s.jpg" /> +</a></p> +<p><!-- page 41--><a name="page41"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +41</span>He was not very patient with the stupid, or merciful to +the absurd, and vanity never came into his presence without +receiving swift and mortal blows; but the chastisement of his +caustic tongue never fell upon modest worth, and there never +lived a man who was a more faithful and affectionate friend.</p> +<p>The style of his writing is always balanced and sonorous, and +everywhere and always is he “the friend of the wise and +teacher of the good.”</p> +<p>No man was more ready to give forcible expression to his +amusing prejudices, as when he exclaimed that “the noblest +prospect which a Scotchman ever sees is the high road that leads +him to England,” but to be able to assert of any act of man +that Dr. Johnson in solemn seriousness condemned it, is for ever +to arraign that act in the court of human morals; and so the +judicious must concede that when his authority can be cited in +fierce and glowing denunciation of vivisectors they are left in a +demersed condition.</p> +<p><!-- page 42--><a name="page42"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +42</span>I took occasion when giving evidence before the last +Royal Commission on Vivisection to rehearse Dr. Johnson’s +philippic which I now reproduce below, and the dejected and +deflated aspect of the vivisectors on the commission when I had +finished it caused that moment to be one of those I shall always +recall with exhilaration! Not a word had one of them to say +while I waited for any comment they might adventure, and after a +diverting and eloquent silence Lord Selby from the chair +remarked, “That leaves no doubt about Dr. Johnson’s +view in his day.” It most certainly does not!</p> +<blockquote><p>The <i>Idlers</i> that sport only with inanimate +nature may claim some indulgence; if they are useless, they are +still innocent; but there are others, whom I know not how to +mention without more emotion than my love of quiet willingly +admits. Among the inferior professors of medical knowledge +is a race of wretches whose lives are only varied by varieties of +cruelty; whose favourite amusement is to nail dogs to tables and +open them alive; to try how long life may be continued in various +degrees of mutilation, or with the excision or laceration of the +vital parts; to examine <!-- page 43--><a name="page43"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 43</span>whether burning irons are felt more +acutely by the bone or tendon; and whether the more lasting +agonies are produced by poison forced into the mouth, or injected +into the veins, it is not without reluctance that I offend the +sensibility of the tender mind with images like these. If +such cruelties were not practised it were to be desired that they +should not be conceived; but, since they are published every day +with ostentation, let me be allowed once to mention them, since I +mention them with abhorrence. <i>Mead</i> has invidiously +remarked of <i>Woodward</i> that he gathered shells and stones, +and would pass for a philosopher. With pretentions much +less reasonable the anatomical novice tears out the living bowels +of an animal and styles himself physician, prepares himself by +familiar cruelty for that profession which he is to exercise upon +the tender and the helpless, upon feeble bodies and broken minds, +and by which he has opportunities to extend his arts and torture, +and continue those experiments upon infancy and age, which he has +hitherto tried upon cats and dogs. What is alleged in +defence of these hateful practices everyone knows, but the truth +is that by knives, fire, and poisons, knowledge is not always +sought, and is very seldom attained. I know not that by +living dissections any discovery has been made by which a single +malady is more easily cured. And if the knowledge of +physiology has <!-- page 44--><a name="page44"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 44</span>been somewhat increased, he surely +buys knowledge dear who learns the use of the lacteals at the +expense of his own humanity. It is time that a universal +resentment should arise against those horrid operations, which +tend to harden the heart and make the physician more dreadful +than the gout or the stone.</p> +</blockquote> +<h2><!-- page 45--><a name="page45"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +45</span>CHAPTER VIII: THOMAS CARLYLE<br /> +VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE NATIONAL ANTI-VIVISECTION SOCIETY</h2> +<p>The world of letters and of ethics has hardly yet settled +whether much of the teaching of the Sage of Chelsea should be the +subject of praise or blame.</p> +<p>In the advocacy of fine principles of conduct set forth for us +in language of surpassing eloquence and earnest conviction in +many a page of “Sartor Resartus,” and scattered +through innumerable pamphlets, Carlyle commands the fervent +adhesion of the honest, the brave, and the good; while in other +parts of his writings his infatuated admiration of force, however +clothed with brutality, and of strength, however marred with +mendacity, are calculated <!-- page 46--><a +name="page46"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 46</span>as deeply to +alienate the urbane man of the world as the austere +Christian.</p> +<p>And this confusion in the estimate of Carlyle and of his +teaching suffers an aggravation from the manifest malice of the +biography of him perpetrated by his friend James Anthony +Froude. A man who is entrusted with the task of writing the +life of a great man who was also his friend need not adopt the +language of continuous panegyric, but to throw a brilliant +illumination upon the man’s smaller domestic rugosities +which even the weakest charity would conceal and the feeblest +generosity would forget is a singularly spiteful betrayal.</p> +<p>When something was said to Carlyle about the likelihood of the +Dean of Westminster recognising his fame as justifying his +interment in the Abbey, the rugged old man exclaimed, +“Deliver me from that body-snatcher.” It would +have been more to the purpose if he had been delivered from his +intimate friend as his biographer!</p> +<p>That Carlyle detested vivisection, however, <!-- page 47--><a +name="page47"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 47</span>must ever +remain a great tribute both to him and to our cause. Many +circumstances of the man and his teaching might have led the +world to anticipate that he would very likely be found +indifferent on the subject. His earnest adhesion to our +principles leaves those who politely call us old women of both +sexes in a foolish case, for nothing could be more divertingly +absurd than so to classify Carlyle.</p> +<p>I think Froude forgot to mention Carlyle’s stern +condemnation of vivisection in his biography, which is more +remarkable inasmuch as Froude himself was a firm and outspoken +supporter of our cause.</p> +<p>Whether we can faithfully take to heart and follow all the +teaching of this “old Man eloquent” will long remain +a subject of debate, but no one can rise from his works without +recognising a moral grandeur in him that far out-tops the very +human flaws that may even serve to make him more penetrative to +our own imperfect hearts.</p> +<p>There seems to be a law that compels all <!-- page 48--><a +name="page48"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 48</span>the truly +great men of letters, from Shakespeare and Johnson down to our +own day, to abhor the torture of animals for our supposed +benefit, and to that law Thomas Carlyle starkly adhered.</p> +<h2><!-- page 49--><a name="page49"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +49</span>CHAPTER IX: TENNYSON<br /> +VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE NATIONAL ANTI-VIVISECTION SOCIETY</h2> +<p style="text-align: center"> +<a href="images/p48b.jpg"> +<img alt="Tennyson. From an unpublished photograph in the +possession of Charles Bruce Locker Tennyson, C. M. G." +src="images/p48s.jpg" /> +</a></p> +<p>Tennyson, as was inevitable with a man of such nobility of +mind and life, regarded the torture of animals for the sake of +knowledge with “the hate of hate, the scorn of +scorn.”</p> +<p>If authority be cited in great moral questions here is one +that must compel reverence from all but the poor trifler with his +“hollow smile and frozen sneer.”</p> +<p>He looked modern Science in the eye, perceived whither its +aggrandisement of knowledge to a place supreme in human estimate, +above conduct, must inevitably lead mankind, and proclaimed, in +accents which can never die, that it is impossible for man to +acquiesce in a godless world.</p> +<p>He taught us that men’s hearts can never <!-- page +50--><a name="page50"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 50</span>be +satisfied with a world explained and comprised by the cold +“changeless law” of foreordained evolution and +inevitable destiny. “Knowledge comes,” said he, +“but wisdom lingers.”</p> +<p>From the first, then, Tennyson lent the weight of his splendid +name to the cause of mercy, and I find his signature to the +original great petition for the restriction of vivisection +between those of Leslie Stephen and Robert Browning on the same +sheet of paper—a sheet of paper now one of the treasured +possessions of the National Anti-Vivisection Society.</p> +<p>All the world knows the allusions in his works to those who +“carve the living hound,” and to curare, which he +called “the hellish oorali.” And thus this +greatest poet of the Victorian age gave the weight of his +commanding authority for all time to a fierce condemnation of +vivisection as the most awful and monstrous of the offsprings of +modern Science.</p> +<p>Tennyson was religious in the widest and most inspiring +sense.</p> +<p><!-- page 51--><a name="page51"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +51</span>“Almost the finest summing up of religion,” +he wrote, “is ‘to do justice, to love mercy, and to +walk humbly with God.’”</p> +<p>“To love mercy!” That is the true sign of +magnanimity in man. All holy men, all brave men, all great +and knightly men have loved mercy. “It is an +attribute to God Himself.”</p> +<p>Time passes, and succeeding races of mankind, like the leaves +of autumn, are blown away and perish, but countless men of heroic +mould, reaching back into the dim mists of legend and down +through innumerable years while the great world spins “for +ever down the ringing grooves of change,” have one and all +been gloriously crowned with the same shining diadem of +mercy.</p> +<h2><!-- page 52--><a name="page52"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +52</span>CHAPTER X: CARDINAL NEWMAN</h2> +<p style="text-align: center"> +<a href="images/p52b.jpg"> +<img alt="Cardinal Newman. From the portrait by Jane Fortescue, +Lady Coleridge" src="images/p52s.jpg" /> +</a></p> +<p>It is difficult perhaps for students of the younger generation +to realise the immense influence exercised among his +contemporaries by Cardinal Newman, nor will a study of his +writings adequately explain it to them.</p> +<p>He has hardly survived as a standard author, though he wrote a +pure and lucid prose. Those who leave the bulk of their +literary work behind them in the form of sermons are inviting the +world to neglect it.</p> +<p>Moreover, though he was a past master of controversy, the +arena in which he fought with such doughty prowess amid the +excited plaudits and dehortations of vast assemblies is now left +solitary in echoing emptiness, and the crowds of to-day have +passed away to abet the combatants, on one <!-- page 53--><a +name="page53"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 53</span>side or the +other, in very different fields of tourney.</p> +<p>Here and there his writing ascends to a fine note of +eloquence, as in his great exclamatory passage on music that +begins thus:—</p> +<blockquote><p>There are seven notes in the scale; make them +fourteen: yet what a slender outfit for so vast an +enterprise! What science brings so much out of so +little? Out of what poor elements does some great master in +it create his new world!</p> +</blockquote> +<p>But all his writings, religious and controversial, will not +explain the immense and dominating effect Newman produced upon +his contemporaries. That effect was due to the irresistible +magic of his personality. He was manifestly one of the +Saints of God, and his presence brought with it into any company +a sense of mighty power gloved in stainless humility. +Though habitually bearing an aspect of wistful gentleness, his +entry into a room crowded with distinguished people made them all +seem to be something less than they were before his arrival.</p> +<p><!-- page 54--><a name="page54"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +54</span>A man of such a character commands by his visible +presence, and those who have not felt the spell of it do not +comprehend the cause of his authoritative influence among those +who have.</p> +<p>The teaching of Newman on the great question of man’s +relation to the sentient creatures placed in his power in the +world, must come to us with all the weight that is implicit in +the utterance of one of such unquestioned sanctity.</p> +<p>It would be difficult in all his voluminous works to discover +anything more touching and moving than his reference to the +sufferings of animals, who as he says “have done no +harm,” which is embedded in the seventh volume of his +Parochial and Plain Sermons:—</p> +<blockquote><p>First, as to these sufferings, you will observe +that our Lord is called a Lamb in the text; that is, He was as +defenceless and as innocent as a lamb is. Since then +Scripture compares Him to this inoffensive and unprotected +animal, we may, without presumption or irreverence, take the +image as a means of conveying to our minds those feelings which +our Lord’s sufferings should excite in <!-- page 55--><a +name="page55"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 55</span>us. I +mean, consider how very horrible it is to read the accounts which +sometimes meet us of cruelties exercised on brute animals. +Does it not sometimes make us shudder to hear tell of them, or to +read them in some chance publication which we take up? At +one time it is the wanton deed of barbarous and angry owners who +ill-treat their cattle, or beasts of burden; and at another it is +the cold-blooded and calculating act of men of science, who make +experiments on brute animals, perhaps merely from a sort of +curiosity.</p> +<p>I do not like to go into particulars, for many reasons, but +one of those instances which we read of as happening in this day, +and which seems more shocking than the rest, is when the poor +dumb victim is fastened against a wall, pierced, gashed, and so +left to linger out its life. Now, do you not see that I +have a reason for saying this, and am not using these distressing +words for nothing? For what was this but the very cruelty +inflicted upon our Lord? He was gashed with the scourge, +pierced through hands and feet, and so fastened to the Cross, and +there left, and that as a spectacle. Now, what is it moves +our very hearts and sickens us so much as cruelty shown to poor +brutes? I suppose this first, that they have done no harm; +next, that they have no power whatever of resistance; it is the +cowardice and tyranny of which they are the victims which make +<!-- page 56--><a name="page56"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +56</span>their sufferings so especially touching. For +instance, if they were dangerous animals, take the case of wild +beasts at large, able not only to defend themselves, but even to +attack us; much as we might dislike to hear of their wounds and +agony, yet our feelings would be of a very different kind, but +there is something so very dreadful, so satanic in tormenting +those who never have harmed us, and who cannot defend themselves, +who are utterly in our power, who have weapons neither of offence +nor defence, that none but very hardened persons can endure the +thought of it.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Let us listen with all our hearts to this beautiful +appeal. Let us reverence the saintly man who made it, and +who still speaks to us out of the past. Let us remember +that Knowledge and the search for it may often be cruel, but that +Wisdom and those who follow it are always merciful.</p> +<h2><!-- page 57--><a name="page57"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +57</span>CHAPTER XI: THREE GREAT CHURCHMEN</h2> +<p>I have already recorded in these pages the strenuous +opposition to vivisection displayed by the two greatest +representatives of the Church of Rome that arose in England in +the last century; and to all who adhere to that Church the +authority of the two illustrious Cardinals Newman and Manning +must be decisive.</p> +<p>The most famous dignitaries of the English Church in the great +Victorian age were also as firm in their condemnation of +vivisection as were the great Cardinals.</p> +<p>When I was a young man Dean Stanley was the Dean of +Westminster, Dean Vaughan was the Master of the Temple, and +Liddon Canon of St. Paul’s. These were all men of +world-wide distinction. They were men who adorned and made +splendid the offices and dignities they <!-- page 58--><a +name="page58"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 58</span>occupied, +their names were familiar in every corner of the land, they lent +a lustre to the Church of England, and each of them utterly +condemned vivisection.</p> +<p>In these present times only a few people in the metropolis, +and hardly anybody out of it, can tell without consulting some +book of reference who may be the estimable persons who to-day +fill the Deanery of Westminster and the Mastership of the Temple, +nor has Canon Liddon any successor that the world acclaims, and I +can vouch for it that none of them has ever extended to us a +helping hand or publicly condemned the torture of animals for +scientific purposes.</p> +<p>It is always the loftiest names in literature and the most +illustrious authorities on ethics that are found ranged against +the infliction of suffering upon helpless animals for the +enlargement of human knowledge.</p> +<p>Those who support such inflictions are never in the first rank +of literature, art, or moral teaching. Dean Stanley left +behind him a reputation incomparably greater than any occupier of +his Deanery that has succeeded <!-- page 59--><a +name="page59"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 59</span>him. +The same must be conceded to Dean Vaughan at the Temple; and the +eloquence of Canon Liddon compelled the absorbed attention of +such congregations as are not now collected by the Canons that +have followed him. As far as I am aware, none of the +successors of these great men have ever helped our cause at +all.</p> +<p>No doubt whenever there shall arise in the ministry of the +Church of England men of the commanding power, distinguished +character, and potent speech that these great men of the last +generation displayed we shall find them also espousing the cause +of the helpless vivisected animals; in the meanwhile the +occupiers of the most dignified positions in the Established +Church seem to have drifted into the somewhat ignoble attitude of +avoiding the disagreeable subject of vivisection +altogether. When we invite them to help us we receive +either no reply at all, or a reply that is carefully evasive, or +we are damned with faint praise while assured that the writer is +too busy to give the subject the attention it needs before <!-- +page 60--><a name="page60"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +60</span>any public utterance is possible upon it. All of +which methods of dealing with the matter display much wisdom of +the world and a very human desire to avoid controversy and other +uncomfortable mental and epistolary disturbance, but none of the +spirit that led Archbishop Temple when he was Bishop of Exeter to +stand unflinching on a temperance platform while the publicans +pelted him with flour.</p> +<h2><!-- page 61--><a name="page61"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +61</span>CHAPTER XII: QUEEN VICTORIA</h2> +<p>Queen Victoria has given her name to a period which has no +parallel in magnificence since the days of the great +Elizabeth.</p> +<p>The galaxy of great poets, teachers, and philosophers that +flourished in the Victorian age cannot be matched in any similar +series of years in all the history of the modern world.</p> +<p>With her departure exhaustion seems to have come upon the +world of letters for a time, and to the classic glories of the +nineteenth century there has succeeded an usurpation of +journalists without the splendour of genius or even the +distinction of scholarship.</p> +<p>And although we may perhaps recognise in Lord +Beaconsfield’s inclusive use of the <!-- page 62--><a +name="page62"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 62</span>phrase to her +of “we authors, Madam” something of the flattery of +the courtier, yet assuredly in all her public addresses to her +people there is displayed a fine and biblical simplicity, and a +directness of appeal indicative of a noble mind and a great +heart.</p> +<p>The most penetrating criticism will fail to discover a fault +either of taste or diction or intent in any of these +utterances. They combine the dignity appropriate to the +words of the greatest Sovereign of the World, with the intimate +friendliness that proceeds from the wellsprings of a sweet +woman’s heart.</p> +<p>Worthily then did she reign over the most splendid times of +our history.</p> +<p>That she should from the day she ascended the throne to the +day of her death forward and abet all the enlargements of the +spirit of mercy and pity towards the suffering, whether among man +or animals, was inevitable in a nature so benevolent. And +it may very well be that in far distant times the rise of +humaneness to man and beast <!-- page 63--><a +name="page63"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 63</span>will be +regarded as one of the noblest characteristics of her reign.</p> +<p>Her position above controversies precluded her from +participating in them, and made it difficult if not impossible +for her publicly to espouse the cause of the miserable creatures +subjected to nameless sufferings in the laboratories of the +scientific. But her sympathy with those who strove and +still strive to end those sufferings could not always be +concealed, and on a memorable occasion she expressed her +concurrence in the efforts of those who desired to see the laws +sanctioning such suffering totally abolished and repealed.</p> +<p>Very fitting therefore it is that among those who earnestly +condemned vivisection we should include the august name and fame +of Queen Victoria.</p> +<h2><!-- page 64--><a name="page64"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +64</span>CHAPTER XIII: COMPASSED ABOUT WITH SO GREAT A CLOUD OF +WITNESSES</h2> +<p>Among the eminent men and women of England whose names are not +to be regarded as world famous in the sense that applies to those +dealt with in the foregoing chapters, but who nevertheless in +their place and time were recognised by their contemporaries and +are still recognised by those now living as persons of authority +and ability, there can be cited a distinguished array who +consistently condemned vivisection as permitted and as practised +in this country as immoral. Among religious leaders may be +enumerated the following:—</p> +<p>Archbishop McEvilly, of Tuam; Archbishop Crozier, Primate of +Ireland; Archbishop Bagshawe; Bishop Westcott, of Durham; Bishop +Moule, of Durham; <!-- page 65--><a name="page65"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 65</span>Bishop Harold Browne, of Winchester; +Bishop Lord Arthur Hervey, of Bath and Wells; Bishop Ryle, of +Liverpool; Bishop Walsham How, of Wakefield; Bishop Ridding, of +Southwell; Bishop Moorhouse, of Manchester; Bishop Mackarness, of +Oxford; Bishop Chinnery-Haldane, of Argyll and the Isles; Bishop +Barry, Primate of Australia; Dean Kichten. Archdeacon +Wilberforce; Father Ignatius; General Booth, the founder of the +Salvation Army; Spurgeon; Hugh Price Hughes; Newman Hall; James +Martineau; Stopford Brooke.</p> +<p>Among prominent teachers and scholars and philosophers and +writers and artists and lawyers I find the following:—</p> +<p>Alfred Russel Wallace, Freeman, Froude, Leslie Stephen, +Richard Holt Hutton, Sir Henry Taylor, Sir Lewis Morris, George +Macdonald, Blackmore, Wilkie Collins, “Lewis +Carroll,” Robert Buchanan, Justin McCarthy, Sir Arthur +Arnold, Mrs. Somerville, Julia Wedgwood, Sir Edward Burne-Jones, +Walter Crane, Sir Henry Irving, <!-- page 66--><a +name="page66"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 66</span>Lord Brampton +(Mr. Justice Hawkins), and Lord Chief Baron Kelly.</p> +<p>I have made no research for great names in foreign countries, +but some of the most illustrious stand prominently before the +world representing the three greatest continental races:</p> +<p>Victor Hugo, Wagner, Tolstoy, Voltaire, Schopenhauer, +Rousseau.</p> +<p>Here then I have brought together a very glorious company +justifying the title I have affixed to this book.</p> +<h2><!-- page 67--><a name="page67"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +67</span>NOTE</h2> +<p>From this great cloud of witnesses I have omitted all those +leaders of thought and morals, “friends of the wise and +teachers of the good” supporters of this great cause who +are living. I followed a like reserve in my +“Memories,” making in them none but passing allusions +to famous persons still alive. I do not share the modern +journalistic habit of uninvited public intrusion upon living +people who may very well be unwilling at the moment to be dragged +into controversy or exposed to insult; and every one knows that +the vivisectors and their friends have no manners, and flout all +the Hague conventions of debate.</p> +<h2><!-- page 68--><a name="page68"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +68</span>Books by the Hon. Stephen Coleridge</h2> +<h3>VIVISECTION:<br /> +A HEARTLESS SCIENCE</h3> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Crown</i> 8<i>vo</i>, 5<i>s.</i> +<i>net</i>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center">SOME PRESS OPINIONS.</p> +<p><i>Times</i>.—“Mr. Coleridge is a leading champion +of the anti-vivisection cause, and he here presents a reasoned +indictment of the practice. He is a very able advocate, who +generally gets the better of his opponent in a dialectical bout, +and this book is written with great skill and force.”</p> +<p><i>Western Mail</i>.—“One cannot fail to be +interested and impressed by the forensic power and ability in +this book and by the humane spirit which has led to its +compilation. Mr. Coleridge brings all his power of wit, +irony, and sarcasm to the aid of his scientific +knowledge.”</p> +<p><i>Harrogate Times</i>.—“The book is an epitome of +reasons why ‘all humane and thoughtful people’ should +disapprove of vivisection, and the sinister effects of the +existence of this practice in our midst. The statements are +cogent, and will find a response in the heart of a wide +constituency.”</p> +<p style="text-align: center">JOHN LANE, THE BODLEY HEAD.</p> +<h3><!-- page 69--><a name="page69"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +69</span>SONGS TO DESIDERIA</h3> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Crown</i> 8<i>vo.</i> 3<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i> <i>net</i>.</p> +<p><i>Daily News</i>.—“These songs and poems are +intensely and sincerely felt . . . they have the fine, careful, +literary coldness of some of the lyrics of Landor or of the more +serious work of Peacock. It is the poetry of a refined and +knightly nature . . . and it deserves to be studied and +remembered . . . its mood is austere and its temper +noble.”</p> +<p><i>Globe</i>.—“Excellent verses, easy, melodious, +and charming.”</p> +<p><i>Tribune</i>.—“All lovers of poetry will be +grateful for Mr. Stephen Coleridge’s volume. Dainty +and finished in execution, and instinct with a genuine human +sympathy, these lyrics betray the hand of a craftsman in verse. . +. . Verses of this quality should secure for ‘Songs to +Desideria’ a sincere welcome.”</p> +<p><i>Glasgow Herald</i>.—“The Hon. Stephen Coleridge +has already established his position among the more tuneful +writers of true lyric verse, and into all that he writes the poet +puts delicacy and true emotion, the former never becomes mere +phrase, the latter never degenerates into wordy +passion.”</p> +<p><i>South Wales Daily News</i>.—“There is sometimes +a depth of feeling in his passages for which one usually looks +only in the great masters of English literature.”</p> +<p style="text-align: center">JOHN LANE, THE BODLEY HEAD.</p> +<h3><!-- page 70--><a name="page70"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +70</span>MEMORIES</h3> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>With Twelve +Illustrations</i>. <i>Demy</i> 8<i>vo.</i> 7<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i> <i>net</i>.</p> +<p><i>Observer</i>.—“Mr. Coleridge has furnished +‘The Dictionary of National Biography’ (or the +Victorian part of it) with a supplement of wit and +conversation. And one hardly knows at which to marvel most, +the number of celebrities he hauls up in his net, of the number +of laughs he gets out of them. His book is rich in fresh +anecdote and the best light elements of personality.”</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. James Douglas</span> in the +<i>Star</i>.—“The best book of reminiscences I have +read for a long time. It teems with good stories about +famous and familiar names.”</p> +<p><i>Morning Post</i>.—“Genuinely a record of the +doings of others, and full of anecdote and incident. Mr. +Coleridge has written a delightful book, and has told many +interesting things of many famous men.”</p> +<p><i>Daily Chronicle</i>.—“Now this is the right +sort of memories to put into print; memories that are fresh and +bright, piquant, and yet never ill-natured, crowded with personal +lights and anecdotes; in fine, a volume of which one says: +‘I would have liked to meet all those people and write +about them as Mr. Coleridge has done.’”</p> +<p style="text-align: center">JOHN LANE, THE BODLEY HEAD.</p> +<h3><!-- page 71--><a name="page71"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +71</span>AN EVENING IN MY LIBRARY AMONG THE ENGLISH POETS</h3> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Crown</i> 8<i>vo.</i> 3<i>s.</i> +6<i>d.</i> <i>net</i>.</p> +<p><i>Guardian</i>.—“A charmingly desultory set of +essays, generous in appreciation, and not afraid to explore +comparatively unbeaten tracks.”</p> +<p><i>Quarterly Review</i>.—“Every moment is one of +pure literature. He quotes his favourite poets freely, +giving us not a line or two but often a whole poem. . . . +There is many a racy criticism, and the humanitarian peeps out +from not a few of them. It is a volume full of lovely +verse, and one that will not only give unalloyed pleasure, but +will cultivate a taste for the sweetest and purest +poetry.”</p> +<p><i>Daily Mail</i>.—“Mr. Coleridge has written a +very pleasant and readable ramble among the poets. It is an +anthology with a skilled writer leading one on from gem to gem +with delightful comment.”</p> +<p style="text-align: center">JOHN LANE, THE BODLEY HEAD.</p> +<h2>Footnotes:</h2> +<p><a name="footnote16"></a><a href="#citation16" +class="footnote">[16]</a> My “Memories,” p. +63</p> +<p><a name="footnote40"></a><a href="#citation40" +class="footnote">[40]</a> The book had +“Leicester” but this was crossed out and +“Lichfield” hand-printed in the margin.—DP.</p> +<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GREAT TESTIMONY***</p> +<pre> + + +***** This file should be named 26074-h.htm or 26074-h.zip****** + + +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: +http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/6/0/7/26074 + + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + + + + +Title: Great Testimony + against scientific cruelty + + +Author: Stephen Coleridge + + + +Release Date: July 16, 2008 [eBook #26074] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII) + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GREAT TESTIMONY*** + + +Transcribed from the 1918 John Lane edition by David Price, email +ccx074@pglaf.org + + [Picture: Presentation slip from the edition transcribed] + + + + + + GREAT TESTIMONY + AGAINST SCIENTIFIC CRUELTY + :: COLLECTED AND EDUCED BY :: + THE HONBLE. STEPHEN COLERIDGE + WITH EIGHT ILLUSTRATIONS + + + LONDON: JOHN LANE THE BODLEY HEAD + NEW YORK: JOHN LANE COMPANY MCMXVIII + + [Picture: Thomas Carlyle. From a drawing by Samuel Laurence in the + collection of John Lane] + + PRINTED BY WILLIAM BRENDON AND SON, LTD., PLYMOUTH, ENGLAND + + + + +PREFACE + + +If the support of great and good men, famous throughout Christendom, will +avail to justify a cause, then indeed we who would utterly abolish the +torture of animals by vivisection can never be put out of countenance. + +Difficult would it be indeed to bring together the authority of so many +resounding reputations against any other act of man, since slavery was +abolished. + +The poets, philosophers, saints and seers of England have united to +anathematise it as an abomination, and as a deed only possible to a +craven. + +It seems strange that in the face of such authentic condemnation the +horrid practice has not disappeared off the face of the civilised earth, +until it is observed that it has received the shameless support of +science, which for two generations has usurped an authority over conduct +for which it possesses no credentials. The modern prostration of mankind +before science is a vile idolatry. In the realm of ethics science is not +constructive but destructive. It exalts the Tree of Knowledge and +depresses the Tree of Life. + +How is the character of man elevated or purified by all the maddening +inventions of science? How indeed! Are we made better men by being +whirled about the globe by machinery, by the increased opportunities for +limitless volubility, or by the ingenious devices for mutual destruction? +And how are we morally advantaged by the knowledge of the infinite depths +of space, the composition of the stars and the motions of the planets? + +The old Persian, when his far-travelled offspring returned with these +wonders to tell, replied: "My son, thou sayest that one star spinneth +about another star; let it spin!" + +And Ruskin once remarked: "Newton explained why an apple fell, but he +never thought of explaining the exactly correlative, but infinitely more +difficult question, how the apple got up there." + +The dead and dreary law of gravitation made it fall, but the glorious law +of life, known only to God, drew it up out of the earth and hung it in +all its inexplicable wonder high in the air. + +And I think herein is a very good parable applicable to ourselves and our +age. + +Science has found out that everything in the Universe is falling towards +everything else, or trying to do so, and we are so absorbed in this +deciduous discovery that we have forgotten to look up and observe the +lovely things about us that by God's mercy have still escaped the +withering touch of scientific knowledge. + +But Science has now moved beyond the comparatively innocuous accumulation +of mechanical discoveries, and advancing into the domain of morals, has +emerged in the sinister aspect of the defender of cruelty. + +This may yet prove an usurpation that will lead to its ultimate +deposition and ignominy. A time is coming when mankind will have no ear +for the advocates of what all the great and good and wise have denounced +as wicked. + +If Science comes before the world declaring that cruelty is necessary for +its advance, the world will one day tell Science that it can stop where +it is. + +In the meanwhile that there can be no doubt in the mind of any man as to +how the greatest leaders of thought and loftiest teachers of conduct have +united in their condemnation of vivisection, I have thought it timely to +bring them together, a noble array, in this book. + + + + +CHAPTER I: THE SEVENTH EARL OF SHAFTESBURY, K.G. +FIRST PRESIDENT OF THE NATIONAL ANTI-VIVISECTION SOCIETY + + + [Picture: The seventh Earl of Shaftesbury, K.G. From an engraving by W. + J. Edwards after Frederick Sandys] + +The seventh Earl of Shaftesbury consecrated a long life, and dedicated a +great position to the service of the poor, the weak and the lost. His +life and work were one of the chief glories of the nineteenth century. +From early youth to venerable age his hand was outstretched to assuage +the miseries of the helpless and to deal a blow at cruelty and +selfishness wherever he discerned it. + +By his efforts women were brought up out of coal mines where they dragged +trucks on all fours like brute beasts, by his protests little boys were +saved from being forced to climb up inside chimneys risking their young +lives and limbs that others might profit thereby. + +He placed himself at the head of the fight against all cruelty to +children and became the first President of the Society to put it down, +which has now become great and powerful with officers in every town to +guard child life and protect the helpless little things from all manner +of nameless sufferings. + +He championed the animal world and raised his voice against the +unspeakable doings of the vivisectors, and the whole anti-vivisection +movement was started and built up under his wise and benign guidance, as +first President of the Anti-Vivisection Society. + +He belonged to the period when those who worked in the field of +philanthropy were almost exclusively concerned in curing, if they could, +the evils they perceived around them; but he himself was a pioneer of the +later school who aim also at preventing those evils. Those who went +before him sought to assist the poor and helpless, but while he +endeavoured to do this with all his heart, he also strove to destroy the +causes of pauperism. He perceived that physical squalor inevitably +produces spiritual squalor, and that if we are to make men think and live +cleanly we must enable them to possess decent and clean homes. + +Others of his family in the past had served the State with credit in the +great public offices that satisfy men's reputable pride and honourable +ambition, but none before him had served his fellow creatures during a +long life with no other motive than to bind up their wounds and aggravate +the mercies of God. + +His appearance when I had the happiness to know him intimately was noble +and memorable, and he won his way less by commanding abilities than by +weight of character. His large benignity repressed the expression of any +small or mean thought in his presence; and his arrival was sufficient +without his saying a word to elevate the tone and manner of any +discussion in which he was expected to participate. He was incapable of +asperity. + +In the House of Lords there was conceded to him by universal courtesy a +special seat which he occupied independently of the change of parties, a +tribute of respect to his unique and distinguished position which as far +as I am aware has at any rate in recent years been paid to no one else. + +He was a survival of the times when rank more recognised its duties and +received more homage than in the present day; for when I was young it was +still possible for the public to believe that peerages were only +conferred on men for serious and meritorious services to the country, and +that those who succeeded to them by inheritance were trained to recognise +the large obligations of their station. + +He lived in a great house on the west side of Grosvenor Square, tempering +his august surroundings with a personal austerity. There he was easily +accessible to anyone who came to him for good counsel and not to waste +his own or his host's time. + +Every cabman and costermonger in London knew him by sight and would take +off his cap to him if he saw him in the streets, and the poor in the East +End knew his tall figure and distinguished countenance better than did +the men in the club windows in the West. + +The beautiful monument to his memory in Regent Circus records that he was +"an example to his order," and yet better than this stately panegyric is +the happy accident, if it be one, that the poor flower girls of London +have pitched their camp upon the steps, and have successfully defied all +the efforts of Mr. Bumble to remove them. + + + + +CHAPTER II: MISS FRANCES POWER COBBE + + +Miss Frances Power Cobbe was the original organiser and founder in +December, 1875, of the National Anti-Vivisection Society which until 1898 +bore the Title of the Victoria Street Society for the protection of +animals from vivisection. + +Many years before, in 1863, there lived at Florence a man who trafficked +in torture named Schiff; "among the inferior professors of medical +knowledge," says Dr. Johnson, "is a race of wretches, whose lives are +only varied by varieties of cruelty," and such an one was this miscreant. + +Miss Cobbe was then resident at Florence and was the correspondent of the +_Daily News_, and in that paper she denounced the tortures inflicted on +animals by this dreadful man, which so affected her generous heart that +for the rest of her life her chief preoccupation became the desire to put +an end to such abominations. + +In 1874 Miss Cobbe drew up a memorial to the Council of the Royal Society +for the prevention of cruelty to animals urging upon them "the immediate +adoption of such measures as may approve themselves to their judgment as +most suitable to promote the end in view, namely, the _restriction of +vivisection_." And with indefatigable zeal she collected the signatures +to it of a very large number of the most distinguished men in England; +among them were such names as those of Thomas Carlyle, Alfred Tennyson, +Robert Browning, John Morley, John Bright, Leslie Stephen, W. Lecky, B. +Jowett, John Ruskin, Dean Stanley, and Canon Liddon. + +In view of the fierce advocacy of vivisection to which the present Lord +Knutsford has committed himself it is interesting to record that his +father Sir Henry Holland's name appears among the signatories of this +memorial. + +The Council of the R.S.P.C.A. in 1875 displayed all the familiar +characteristics of the Council of to-day. On receiving this notable +memorial they adopted the device of promising to appoint a sub-committee +to consider the whole question of vivisection. Unlike the sub-committee +appointed in 1907 "to consider the whole question of sport" which never +sat, it seems that this sub-committee on vivisection really did sit once, +after which no more was heard of it. + +Mr. Colam the Secretary was sent to call on the leading vivisectors to +ask them about their own proceedings; and the Council appear to have +imagined that, having asked the persons whose conduct was impugned what +they thought about that conduct, their function as representing the +Society entrusted with the protection of animals from cruelty was +fulfilled. + +Miss Cobbe, like many of us to-day, really wanted cruelty to animals +stopped, and she was not likely to be satisfied with such a farcical +evasion, so she set to work and started the Victoria Street Society, and +to her above all others therefore belongs the undying fame and glory of +first raising aloft the standard of the imperishable cause for which that +Society exists and strives. + +In that memorable year of 1875 the great Society in Jermyn Street, +misrepresented by a collection of somnolent inefficients, turned their +backs on tortured animals and stopped their ears to their cries of agony; +and all the subsequent years are strewn with opportunities abandoned and +duties neglected which one by one have been undertaken by fresh Societies +of earnest souls who would wait no more while the Council in Jermyn +Street slept; and that the record should be maintained intact we have +seen in the last three years the generous public subscribe an enormous +sum of money for the care and cure of our horses at the war, only to +discover that the Society is ready to acquiesce when those horses, that +are worn out in our service, are sold abroad to the highest bidders! + +Miss Cobbe during her long combat against vivisection passed through +different phases of opinion as to the wisest parliamentary policy to +pursue. At one time she advocated restriction, at another total +abolition, and I will not here revive the domestic discussions and +differences that were the consequence of the diverse views entertained by +equally reputable and earnest workers in the cause. It is enough to +recognise and acclaim the fine courage and ability that Miss Cobbe +brought to the service of suffering animals, and the splendid edifice of +the National Anti-Vivisection Society that was built up from the ground +by her capable hands. + +She suffered one cruel betrayal when she entrusted to another too ardent +controversialist the translation of some German account of a severe +vivisection, and discovered, after the publication of the description in +English, that her friend had suppressed in the translation the statement +in the original that anaesthetics had been employed. + +The ferocious attacks made upon her on that occasion she bore with what +philosophy so exasperating a situation permitted. + +Miss Cobbe was a remarkable person both in character and appearance, her +habiliments were quaint and practical, cut altogether shapelessly with +immense buttons symbolising the entire simplicity of her life and habits, +her hair was cut off short, and her whole aspect suggested cheerfulness, +robustness, and magnanimity. She was masterful in temperament, not +always ready to listen with urbanity to opinions she did not share, or to +admit that her conclusions could even conceivably have their foundations +in doubtful premises. But these very human characteristics in no way +diminished the personal affection she inspired in those among whom she +moved. She lived a fine courageous life, and when she died, by an +appropriate and beautiful coincidence, a dog was the only witness of her +last breath. + + + + +CHAPTER III: CARDINAL MANNING +VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE NATIONAL ANTI-VIVISECTION SOCIETY + + +Cardinal Manning was among the early supporters of the Anti-Vivisection +movement, and was a Vice-President of the National Anti-Vivisection +Society till his death. + +He occasionally attended meetings of the committee at my request to +assist the deliberations with his good counsel, and I remember one +occasion when Lord Shaftesbury came and took the chair, and both the +Cardinal and my father and the Bishop of Oxford were present to assist in +an important decision. + +I frequently went to the Archbishop's house at Westminster to consult +him; the sumptuous cathedral and palace had not then been built, and the +house at the bottom of Carlisle Place had an air of cold austerity; there +were no carpets on the stone staircase, and the large room in which the +Cardinal received his visitors had nothing in it but a bare table and a +few cushionless chairs. He accepted invitations to dinner from my +father, but although he was gracious and courtly, he ate nothing, and it +was understood that no attention was to be drawn to this abstinence. He +cannot have eaten much anywhere, for he was extremely emaciated. + +He did a great service both to the cause of anti-vivisection and to his +Church in 1882. It had been spread abroad, by whom, and on what +authority, I know not, that the Church of Rome had declined to support +those who desired to put down cruel experiments upon animals, and had +declared that animals might lawfully be treated like stocks and stones; +to this shocking suggestion the Cardinal gave a decisive and +authoritative denial at a meeting at Lord Shaftesbury's House on the 21st +of June. + +His words were as follows:-- + + I know that an impression has been made that those whom I represent + look, if not with approbation, at least with great indulgence, on the + practice of vivisection. I grieve to say that abroad there are a + great many (whom I beg leave to say I do _not_ represent) who do + favour the practice; but this I do protest, that there is not a + religious instinct in nature, nor a religion of nature, nor is there + a word in revelation, either in the Old Testament or the New + Testament, nor is there to be found in the great theology which I do + represent, no, nor in any Act of the Church of which I am a member; + no, nor in the lives and utterances of any one of those great + servants of that Church who stand as examples, nor is there an + authoritative utterance anywhere to be found in favour of + vivisection. + +And later in the same speech he said:-- + + I do not believe this to be the way that the All-wise and All-good + Maker of us all has ordained for the discovery of the Healing Art + which is one of His greatest gifts to man. + +Two years later at a Meeting at Prince's Hall on the 26th of June, 1884, +with Lord Shaftesbury in the Chair, the Cardinal in a single pregnant +sentence dissipated the vivisectors' constant careless confusion of the +totally different moral acts of killing animals and torturing them. + +"It is clear," he said, "that the words 'kill and eat,' and the dominion +which the beneficent Maker of all things has given to man over the lower +creatures, does not justify the infliction of exquisite torment in the +name of Science." + +At that time Lord Shaftesbury was the greatest representative of the +Church of England and the Cardinal the acknowledged head of the Church of +Rome in this country and as they earnestly agreed in condemning the +practice of vivisection as wicked and abominable, it becomes impossible +for those who support it to bring to its defence any authorities on +conduct at all comparable with that of these two great and good men. + + The Cardinal gave the impression of a consciously eminent + ecclesiastic, who was determined to lift his Church into greatness in + England by all lawful means in his power; his appearance was ascetic, + distinguished, and memorable; he was manifestly a man of direct + nobility of life, and most lofty purpose--a great statesman for his + Church, leading an austere and detached life as an example in every + detail for the faithful in his community--a prince of the Roman + Church fulfilling his august function conspicuously and faultlessly + in full view of a critical public. {16} + +His care for the poor and the noble simplicity of his life found its most +eloquent evidence at his death in the discovery that his entire worldly +possessions amounted to sixty-eight pounds. + +He had laid up his treasure where no rust and moth doth corrupt. + + + + +CHAPTER IV: ROBERT BROWNING +VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE NATIONAL ANTI-VIVISECTION SOCIETY +DIED THE 12TH OF DECEMBER, 1889 + + + [Picture: Robert Browning. From a painting by Samuel Laurence in the + collection of John Lane] + +Towards the end of 1874, as I have already remarked, Miss Cobbe prepared +a petition to the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals +of which the chief paragraph ran as follows:-- + + It is earnestly urged by your memorialists that the great and + influential Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals + may see fit to undertake the task (which appears strictly to fall + within its province) of placing suitable restrictions on this rapidly + increasing evil. The vast benefit to the cause of humanity which the + Society has in the past half century effected, would, in our humble + estimation, remain altogether one-sided and incomplete, if, while + brutal carters and ignorant costermongers are brought to punishment + for maltreating the animals under their charge, learned and refined + gentlemen should be left unquestioned to inflict far more exquisite + pain upon still more sensitive creatures; as if the mere allegation + of a scientific purpose removed them above all legal or moral + responsibility. + +Miss Cobbe, confident of what Browning's reply would be, sent him this +petition and asked him to return it with his signature if he approved of +it. + +His reply, which I believe has never as yet been published, redounds to +his immortal fame as a man of fortitude and humaneness. + +This is what he wrote: + + 19, WARWICK CRESCENT, W. + _December_ 28_th_, '74. + + DEAR MISS COBBE, + + I return the petition, unsigned for the one good reason--that I have + just signed its fellow forwarded to me by Mr. Leslie Stephen. + + You have heard "I take an equal interest with yourself in the effort + to suppress vivisection"; I dare not so honour my mere wishes and + prayers as to put them for a moment beside your noble acts; but, this + I know, I would rather submit to the worst of the deaths, so far as + pain goes, than have a single dog or cat tortured on the pretence of + sparing me a twinge or two. I return the paper, because I shall be + probably shut up here for the next week or more, and prevented from + seeing my friends: whoever would refuse to sign would certainly not + be of the number. + + Ever truly--and gratefully yours, + ROBERT BROWNING. + +Five years later in the volume of Dramatic Idyls issued in 1879, Browning +published his poem entitled "Tray" which extols the noble heroism of the +dog and leaves nothing to be desired in its biting scorn of the +vivisectors: + + "'Up he comes with the child, see tight + In mouth, alive too, clutched from quite + A depth of ten feet--twelve I bet! + Good dog! What off again? There's yet + Another child to save? All right! + + "'How strange we saw no other fall! + It's instinct in the animal. + Good dog! But he's a long while under: + If he got drowned I should not wonder-- + Strong current, that against the wall! + + "'Here he comes, holds in mouth this time + --What may the thing be? Well, that's prime! + Now did you ever? Reason reigns + In man alone, since all Tray's pains + Have fished--the child's doll from the slime!' + + "And so, amid the laughter gay, + Trotted my hero off,--old Tray,-- + Till somebody, prerogatived + With reason, reasoned:--'Why he dived + His brain would show us, I should say. + + "'John go and catch--or, if needs be + Purchase--that animal for me! + By vivisection, at expense + Of half an hour and eighteen pence + How brain secretes dog's soul, we'll see!'" + +Here then is enough to show with what earnest conviction this poet of +powerful mind and pure life condemned the practice of vivisection. He +was a man who breasted the world with a cheerful philosophy which +permitted few external matters to disturb his habitual serenity. But +vivisection was one of them, and I have often heard him speak with fierce +detestation of what he called "the coward Science." + +I do not think he ever addressed a public, or even private, meeting in +his life, and that may have left the unlettered world unaware of his deep +loathing of the cruelties of the laboratories; but he was one of the +earliest Englishmen of unquestioned distinction to join the +anti-vivisection movement and to accept the office of Vice-President of +our Society. + +I venture to think that in aftertimes his sanguine advocacy in this great +cause will not be the least of his claims to the gratitude of his fellow +men. + + + + +CHAPTER V: LORD COLERIDGE +CHIEF JUSTICE OF ENGLAND +VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE NATIONAL +ANTI-VIVISECTION SOCIETY + + + [Picture: Lord Coleridge, Chief Justice of England] + +I hope that my inclusion of my father in these articles on the first +supporters of the anti-vivisection movement will not be thought +unbecoming. I see no reason why I should not testify in these pages to +the unswerving adhesion he brought to the cause of humaneness both +towards men and women as well as towards animals, and the wise counsel he +afforded to the pioneers of the fight against vivisection. + +It is perhaps now long forgotten that he initiated, drafted and carried +through the House of Commons when he sat in that assembly as member for +Exeter a Bill emancipating married women from the cruel conditions of +servitude whereby their own earnings could legally be taken from them by +their husbands. + +This was the first of a series of wide-minded Acts of Parliament which +established the position of women as no longer the mere chattels of their +male relatives. + +Cruelty to animals of any kind roused in him a deep and abiding anger: he +never allowed a bearing rein to be inflicted upon his horses either in +London or the country, nor was there ever a tied-up dog in his stables. + +Lord Coleridge assisted in the efforts to get the Anti-Vivisection Bill +of 1876 passed without the wrecking amendments that were at the last +minute added to it; after the Bill was passed in its mutilated state Miss +Cobbe with a not unnatural impatience wrote to him and others saying that +"the supporters of vivisection having refused to accept a reasonable +compromise or to permit any line to be drawn between morally justifiable +painless experiments and those which are heinously cruel and involve the +torture of the most sensitive animals" she intended to endeavour to +induce the Society "to condemn the practice altogether as inseparably +bound up with criminal abuses"; and henceforth to adopt "the principle of +uncompromising hostility to vivisection," and she asked him to let her +know whether he would give his support to her proposals. His reply was +what might have been expected from one who could not permit his +irritation at the fate of the Bill to influence his parliamentary +attitude. + + I am afraid [he wrote] my answer must be in a sense which you will + think unfavourable. I could not commit myself out of Parliament to + any view which I am not prepared to defend _in_ it. And the + unreasonableness and what I think wrongdoing of the Medical Men would + not justify me as a legislator in voting for what _I_ think wrong + merely in opposition to them or because I could not bring them to + terms which I think just and right. + + I do not say that this is at all necessarily the rule for a person + out of Parliament, because so long as you do not agitate for what you + think _wrong_ it is perfectly fair to agitate for more than you + expect to get as a means of getting something of what you think + right. So that I find no fault whatever with any one who takes the + view you take; but my position is somewhat a peculiar one and I must + be cautious to an extent that some people may think coldness and + weakness. I am not afraid of your judgment however. + +Six years later, in 1882, he wrote an article in the _Fortnightly Review_ +in which he definitely though reluctantly gave his adhesion to total +abolition as the goal to be aimed at, but of course he never at any time +associated himself with the condemnation of all other measures for the +mitigation of the cruelties of the laboratory or of the world at large +that has since been pronounced by the more extreme protagonists on the +anti-vivisection side of the controversy. + +This article dealt in a pungent severity with attacks made upon him in +the _Nineteenth Century_ by Sir James Paget, Professor Owen and Dr. +Wilks. As far as I know none of them rejoined. They had had enough! + +But the last passage of the article is of a quality that I think my +readers will regard as fully justifying my reproducing it here,--I hope +it will receive their endorsement--the hand that wrote it has long been +still, but thirty-four years have not made one word of it less true or +less beautiful. + + There is one authority, conclusive, no doubt, only to those who admit + it, conclusive only to those who believe that they can read it, to + which in conclusion I dare appeal. When a bishop in the Southern + States had been defending slavery, he was asked what he thought our + Lord would have said, what looks He who turned and looked upon St. + Peter would have cast upon a slave-mart in New Orleans, where husband + was torn from wife, child from parent, and beautiful girls, with + scarce a tinge of colour in them, were sold into prostitution. The + answer of the bishop is not known, but I will venture on a kindred + question. What would our Lord have said, what looks would He have + bent, upon a chamber filled with "the unoffending creatures which He + loves," dying under torture deliberately and intentionally inflicted? + or kept alive to endure further torment, in pursuit of knowledge? + Men must answer this question according to their consciences; and for + any man to make himself in such a matter a rule for any other would + be, I know, unspeakable presumption. But to anyone who recognises + the authority of our Lord, and who persuades himself that he sees + which way that authority inclines, the mind of Christ must be the + guide of life. "Shouldest thou not have had compassion upon these, + even as I had pity on thee?" So He seems to me to say, and I shall + act accordingly. + + + + +CHAPTER VI: JOHN RUSKIN + + +No one who has ever read a line of Ruskin could doubt on which side his +mind and heart would be ranged in the controversy over vivisection. + +Here was a lord of language who was also one of the great moral teachers +of the world. To him the torture of a helpless animal for a scientific +purpose was a defiance of religion and an insult to God. Such pursuits +he declared "were all carried on in defiance of what had hitherto been +held to be compassion and pity, and of the great link which bound +together the whole of creation from its Maker to the lowest creature." + + [Picture: John Ruskin. From a drawing by Samuel Laurence in the + collection of John Lane] + +He occupied the illustrious post of Slade Professor of art at Oxford when +convocation voted to endow vivisection in the University and install Dr. +Burdon Sanderson, the smotherer of dogs, in a laboratory set up for him. + +In vain did Ruskin protest against this horrible educational cancer being +grafted on to the happiness, peace, and light of gracious Oxford. +Convocation preferred the blight of the coward Science to the cultivation +of all that was beautiful, distinguished, humane, and brave; and they +reaped as they had sown, they kept the dog smotherer and lost the radiant +spirit and uplifting eloquence of the inspired seer. Ruskin resigned and +Oxford heard that voice of supreme nobility no more. + +The Vice-Chancellor for very shame could not bring himself to read +Ruskin's letter of resignation to convocation. The editor of the +_University Gazette_ also had the effrontery to leave a letter from +Ruskin, giving the reasons for his resignation, unpublished; and the +_Pall Mall Gazette_ crowned the edifice of poltroonery by announcing that +he had resigned owing to his "advancing years." + +Evil communications corrupt good manners, and association with +vivisection led these dignitaries and editors to flout and insult a man +whose shoe strings they were not worthy to tie. Time is merciful and +their very names are forgotten. + +Ruskin had, a little time before these events, asked the University for a +grant to build a well-lighted room for the undergraduates apart from the +obscure and inconvenient Ruskin school; his request was instantly refused +on the plea that the University was in debt, yet in the very next year +this debt encumbered seat of learning and courtesy voted 10,000 pounds +for the erection of a laboratory for the vivisector and 2,000 pounds more +towards fitting it up and maintaining it,--for troughs and gags and cages +and the rest of the horrible paraphernalia. + +This must I should imagine be the most squalid page in the history of +modern Oxford. + +More than thirty years have passed since that University thus publicly +preferred a dog smootherer to one of the noblest of teachers and +saintliest of men. + +Both are now long departed. The one can no more block up the wind-pipes +of living dogs and watch their dying convulsions, and the other can no +longer lead the minds of youths and maidens to seek and find beauty in +the visible world about them and recognise in it the hand of God--but the +world has known which of these men led the youth of Oxford to look up and +which to look down, and to-day a merciful oblivion covers the names and +doings of this triumphant vivisector and his valiant supporters, while to +the farthest inch of the English-speaking realms the writings of Ruskin +are treasured in a million homes and his name acclaimed with grateful +reverence. + +_NOTE_.--This chapter on Ruskin having appeared as an article in _The +Animals' Defender and Zoophilist_ in March, 1917, and a copy of it having +been sent to the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Oxford, the +following correspondence ensued:-- + + CHRIST CHURCH, OXFORD, + _March_ 3_rd_, 1917. + + DEAR SIR,--I thank you for sending me the copy of _The Zoophilist_. + May I point out that it is not customary for the Vice-Chancellor to + read to Convocation the letters of Professors who resign, or to print + the letters in the Gazette? + + Yours very truly, + T. B. STRONG. + + HON. STEPHEN COLERIDGE. + + SOUTH WALES CIRCUIT, + ASSIZE COURT, CARDIFF, + _March_ 6_th_, 1917. + + DEAR SIR,--I have received your letter of the 3rd of March informing + me that it is not customary for the Vice-Chancellor to read to + Convocation the letters of professors who resign or to print such + letters in the University Gazette, but I do not understand from you + that the Vice-Chancellor is precluded by any rule of Convocation from + reading such a letter, or that the editor if there be one of the + University Gazette is unable by any rule of his office to admit such + a letter to his columns--and I therefore feel that I was quite + entitled to make the comments I did in _The Animals' Defender and + Zoophilist_. When such a man as Ruskin desired the reasons for his + resignation to be made clear, I take leave to think that the breach + of a custom that enabled the University to conceal those reasons and + even permit misapprehensions of those reasons to be given a wide + publicity, would have been better than its observance. And a + University Gazette that refuses to publish the letter of a + world-famous professor of that University, must arrogate to itself a + title to which it can justly make no claim. + + Very truly yours, + STEPHEN COLERIDGE. + + THE VERY REV. THE DEAN OF CHRIST CHURCH, VICE-CHANCELLOR, OXFORD. + +At this distance of time it is probable that the present Dean of Christ +Church may not fully realise the sort of person Professor Sanderson, whom +the University preferred to Ruskin, was: I therefore think he may like to +see a letter I wrote at the time to the papers which has fortunately been +preserved: + + SIR,--I hope you will find room for an answer to the remarkable + letter of Professor Acland in your issue of the 9th, and to + "F.R.S.'s" attack on Miss Cobbe in that of the 10th of March. + + Professor Acland says:-- + + "I have to say to English parents that everyone at home and abroad, + who knows anything of biological science in England, will think them + fortunate if their children being students of medicine, fall under + the elevating influence of Professor Sanderson's scientific and + personal character." + + And "F.R.S." says:-- + + "I was a very constant attendant at Dr. Sanderson's private + laboratory during the last ten years of his professorship at + University College, and during the whole of that time I never + witnessed a single operation involving pain." + + Now, are we not justified in estimating Professor Sanderson's + nobility of disposition by his books? + + He was joint author and editor of the "Handbook for the Physiological + Laboratory," the publication in which of the tortures of animals + roused a feeling in the country that led to the appointment of the + Royal Commission to inquire into these practices. And is he not now + one of the editors of the _Journal of Physiology_, which continually + details to the world experiments involving terrible torments? + + In his "Handbook of Physiology" we find such descriptions as the + following:-- + + Page 319. "(109).--_Asphyxia by complete Occlusion of the + Trachea_.--For this purpose a cannula must be fixed air-tight in the + trachea, the mouth of which is of such form that it can be plugged + with a cork. . . . The phenomena as they present themselves in the + dog. . . . _First minute_. Excessive respiratory movements in which + at first the expansive efforts of the thoracic muscles, afterwards + the expulsive efforts of the abdominal wall, are most violent. + Towards the close of the first minute the animal becomes convulsed. + _Second minute_. Early in the second minute the convulsions cease, + often suddenly; simultaneously with the cessation the expiratory + efforts become indistinguishable. The iris is now dilated to a rim; + the eye does not close when the cornea is touched, nor does the pupil + react to light; all reflex reaction to stimuli has ceased. All the + muscles except those of inspiration are flaccid, and the animal lies + in a state of tranquility which contrasts in the most striking way + with the storm which preceded it . . . _Third and fourth minute_. As + death approaches the thoracic and abdominal movements which are + entirely respiratory become slow and slower as well as shallower. . . . + In the spasms which accompany the final gasps of an asphyxiated + animal the head is thrown back, the trunk straightening or arched + backwards, and the limbs are extended while the mouth gapes and the + nostrils dilate. They are called by physiologists stretching + convulsions." + + Page 320. "(110).--_Asphyxia by Slow Suffocation_.--When an animal + is allowed to breathe the same quantity of air repeatedly and + continuously out of a bag, the process being of much longer duration, + the phenomena can be studied with greater facility." + + After this, is it "ill-natured or ill-mannered" to think that parents + will _not_ be fortunate if "their children fall under the elevating + influence of Dr. Sanderson's scientific and personal character"? + + We want to know how medicine is advanced by the agonies of these + suffocated animals? + + It may be true that Professor Sanderson at present holds no + certificate, nor does Dr. Michael Foster, who occupies a similar + position at Cambridge, but Dr. Michael Foster has "assistants" who + hold from time to time certificates, and quite lately, "under his + guidance," a lady, Miss Emily Nunn, has been poisoning frogs till + their skin comes off. There is nothing to prevent Professor + Sanderson from employing assistants. The mind may be the mind of + Professor Sanderson, but the knife may be the knife of such a man as + Dr. Klein, who was his former assistant at the Brown Institution, and + who has publicly declared that "he has no regard at all for the + sufferings of the animals." + + Your obedient servant, + STEPHEN COLERIDGE. + + 12 OVINGTON GARDENS, LONDON, + _March_ 13_th_, 1885. + +On the publication of this letter the Dean of Christ Church of that day, +Dean Liddell, wrote to me a long rambling letter which I could not then, +and cannot now, publish because it concludes with these words:-- + + I have written this not for publication. I will not engage in + newspaper controversy. I write to you, out of respect for the name + you bear,--not in anger but in sorrow. + +To this I replied: + + To my letter in the Press you have no word to offer. In it I quote + verbatim Professor Sanderson's own description of one of the many + wanton torments that he has inflicted upon the good creatures of God. + I ask how medicine is advanced by the agonies of the dogs he has + slowly suffocated, and I get no answer (though I have sent the letter + to him and some twenty other vivisectors) but this expression from + you of sorrow that the name I bear should be ranged on the side of + this man's opponents. + + Sir, I am a young man, unskilled in polemics and unpractised in the + art of advocacy, no match for one of mature age, ripe experience, and + stored learning; but if an enthusiasm for mercy, a belief that human + life itself is not fitly bought by the torturing of the helpless, an + amazement that any Christian, nay that any man should call one of + these tormentors "friend," be sentiments the holding of which by one + of my name fills you with sorrow if not with anger, it without doubt + is plain that our name is but a name to you, and that your respect + for it should have been withdrawn when it first came into prominence. + + I do not believe you know what things these men have done; it is a + terrible task for any man to read their literature; if you had done + so I do indeed believe that not your sorrow only but your anger would + be deeply roused, but--not against me. + + I remain, Sir, + Faithfully and Respectfully yours, + STEPHEN COLERIDGE. + +It gives me peculiar pleasure to bring up this letter from the now +distant past; thirty-two years have not made me wish to withdraw or +change a word of it. + + + + +CHAPTER VII: DR. JOHNSON + + +Of all the Masters of letters that have adorned and elevated the speech +of our race Dr. Johnson is in many ways the most lovable. The son of a +poor bookseller in Lichfield {40} with an uncouth figure and an +undistinguished countenance, he rose by the massive force of his +character and the tireless persistence of his industry to an unchallenged +supremacy in the literary world of his age, displaying in his whole life +the truth of his own dictum that "few things are impossible to diligence +and skill." Disdaining the common habit of the times he would owe +nothing to the patronage of the great. "Is not a patron," he wrote to +Lord Chesterfield, "one who looks with unconcern on a man struggling for +life in the water, and when he has reached ground encumbers him with +help?" + + [Picture: Dr. Johnson. From a contemporary etching published February + 10th, 1780] + +He was not very patient with the stupid, or merciful to the absurd, and +vanity never came into his presence without receiving swift and mortal +blows; but the chastisement of his caustic tongue never fell upon modest +worth, and there never lived a man who was a more faithful and +affectionate friend. + +The style of his writing is always balanced and sonorous, and everywhere +and always is he "the friend of the wise and teacher of the good." + +No man was more ready to give forcible expression to his amusing +prejudices, as when he exclaimed that "the noblest prospect which a +Scotchman ever sees is the high road that leads him to England," but to +be able to assert of any act of man that Dr. Johnson in solemn +seriousness condemned it, is for ever to arraign that act in the court of +human morals; and so the judicious must concede that when his authority +can be cited in fierce and glowing denunciation of vivisectors they are +left in a demersed condition. + +I took occasion when giving evidence before the last Royal Commission on +Vivisection to rehearse Dr. Johnson's philippic which I now reproduce +below, and the dejected and deflated aspect of the vivisectors on the +commission when I had finished it caused that moment to be one of those I +shall always recall with exhilaration! Not a word had one of them to say +while I waited for any comment they might adventure, and after a +diverting and eloquent silence Lord Selby from the chair remarked, "That +leaves no doubt about Dr. Johnson's view in his day." It most certainly +does not! + + The _Idlers_ that sport only with inanimate nature may claim some + indulgence; if they are useless, they are still innocent; but there + are others, whom I know not how to mention without more emotion than + my love of quiet willingly admits. Among the inferior professors of + medical knowledge is a race of wretches whose lives are only varied + by varieties of cruelty; whose favourite amusement is to nail dogs to + tables and open them alive; to try how long life may be continued in + various degrees of mutilation, or with the excision or laceration of + the vital parts; to examine whether burning irons are felt more + acutely by the bone or tendon; and whether the more lasting agonies + are produced by poison forced into the mouth, or injected into the + veins, it is not without reluctance that I offend the sensibility of + the tender mind with images like these. If such cruelties were not + practised it were to be desired that they should not be conceived; + but, since they are published every day with ostentation, let me be + allowed once to mention them, since I mention them with abhorrence. + _Mead_ has invidiously remarked of _Woodward_ that he gathered shells + and stones, and would pass for a philosopher. With pretentions much + less reasonable the anatomical novice tears out the living bowels of + an animal and styles himself physician, prepares himself by familiar + cruelty for that profession which he is to exercise upon the tender + and the helpless, upon feeble bodies and broken minds, and by which + he has opportunities to extend his arts and torture, and continue + those experiments upon infancy and age, which he has hitherto tried + upon cats and dogs. What is alleged in defence of these hateful + practices everyone knows, but the truth is that by knives, fire, and + poisons, knowledge is not always sought, and is very seldom attained. + I know not that by living dissections any discovery has been made by + which a single malady is more easily cured. And if the knowledge of + physiology has been somewhat increased, he surely buys knowledge dear + who learns the use of the lacteals at the expense of his own + humanity. It is time that a universal resentment should arise + against those horrid operations, which tend to harden the heart and + make the physician more dreadful than the gout or the stone. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII: THOMAS CARLYLE +VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE NATIONAL ANTI-VIVISECTION SOCIETY + + +The world of letters and of ethics has hardly yet settled whether much of +the teaching of the Sage of Chelsea should be the subject of praise or +blame. + +In the advocacy of fine principles of conduct set forth for us in +language of surpassing eloquence and earnest conviction in many a page of +"Sartor Resartus," and scattered through innumerable pamphlets, Carlyle +commands the fervent adhesion of the honest, the brave, and the good; +while in other parts of his writings his infatuated admiration of force, +however clothed with brutality, and of strength, however marred with +mendacity, are calculated as deeply to alienate the urbane man of the +world as the austere Christian. + +And this confusion in the estimate of Carlyle and of his teaching suffers +an aggravation from the manifest malice of the biography of him +perpetrated by his friend James Anthony Froude. A man who is entrusted +with the task of writing the life of a great man who was also his friend +need not adopt the language of continuous panegyric, but to throw a +brilliant illumination upon the man's smaller domestic rugosities which +even the weakest charity would conceal and the feeblest generosity would +forget is a singularly spiteful betrayal. + +When something was said to Carlyle about the likelihood of the Dean of +Westminster recognising his fame as justifying his interment in the +Abbey, the rugged old man exclaimed, "Deliver me from that +body-snatcher." It would have been more to the purpose if he had been +delivered from his intimate friend as his biographer! + +That Carlyle detested vivisection, however, must ever remain a great +tribute both to him and to our cause. Many circumstances of the man and +his teaching might have led the world to anticipate that he would very +likely be found indifferent on the subject. His earnest adhesion to our +principles leaves those who politely call us old women of both sexes in a +foolish case, for nothing could be more divertingly absurd than so to +classify Carlyle. + +I think Froude forgot to mention Carlyle's stern condemnation of +vivisection in his biography, which is more remarkable inasmuch as Froude +himself was a firm and outspoken supporter of our cause. + +Whether we can faithfully take to heart and follow all the teaching of +this "old Man eloquent" will long remain a subject of debate, but no one +can rise from his works without recognising a moral grandeur in him that +far out-tops the very human flaws that may even serve to make him more +penetrative to our own imperfect hearts. + +There seems to be a law that compels all the truly great men of letters, +from Shakespeare and Johnson down to our own day, to abhor the torture of +animals for our supposed benefit, and to that law Thomas Carlyle starkly +adhered. + + + + +CHAPTER IX: TENNYSON +VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE NATIONAL ANTI-VIVISECTION SOCIETY + + + [Picture: Tennyson. From an unpublished photograph in the possession of + Charles Bruce Locker Tennyson, C. M. G.] + +Tennyson, as was inevitable with a man of such nobility of mind and life, +regarded the torture of animals for the sake of knowledge with "the hate +of hate, the scorn of scorn." + +If authority be cited in great moral questions here is one that must +compel reverence from all but the poor trifler with his "hollow smile and +frozen sneer." + +He looked modern Science in the eye, perceived whither its aggrandisement +of knowledge to a place supreme in human estimate, above conduct, must +inevitably lead mankind, and proclaimed, in accents which can never die, +that it is impossible for man to acquiesce in a godless world. + +He taught us that men's hearts can never be satisfied with a world +explained and comprised by the cold "changeless law" of foreordained +evolution and inevitable destiny. "Knowledge comes," said he, "but +wisdom lingers." + +From the first, then, Tennyson lent the weight of his splendid name to +the cause of mercy, and I find his signature to the original great +petition for the restriction of vivisection between those of Leslie +Stephen and Robert Browning on the same sheet of paper--a sheet of paper +now one of the treasured possessions of the National Anti-Vivisection +Society. + +All the world knows the allusions in his works to those who "carve the +living hound," and to curare, which he called "the hellish oorali." And +thus this greatest poet of the Victorian age gave the weight of his +commanding authority for all time to a fierce condemnation of vivisection +as the most awful and monstrous of the offsprings of modern Science. + +Tennyson was religious in the widest and most inspiring sense. + +"Almost the finest summing up of religion," he wrote, "is 'to do justice, +to love mercy, and to walk humbly with God.'" + +"To love mercy!" That is the true sign of magnanimity in man. All holy +men, all brave men, all great and knightly men have loved mercy. "It is +an attribute to God Himself." + +Time passes, and succeeding races of mankind, like the leaves of autumn, +are blown away and perish, but countless men of heroic mould, reaching +back into the dim mists of legend and down through innumerable years +while the great world spins "for ever down the ringing grooves of +change," have one and all been gloriously crowned with the same shining +diadem of mercy. + + + + +CHAPTER X: CARDINAL NEWMAN + + + [Picture: Cardinal Newman. From the portrait by Jane Fortescue, Lady + Coleridge] + +It is difficult perhaps for students of the younger generation to realise +the immense influence exercised among his contemporaries by Cardinal +Newman, nor will a study of his writings adequately explain it to them. + +He has hardly survived as a standard author, though he wrote a pure and +lucid prose. Those who leave the bulk of their literary work behind them +in the form of sermons are inviting the world to neglect it. + +Moreover, though he was a past master of controversy, the arena in which +he fought with such doughty prowess amid the excited plaudits and +dehortations of vast assemblies is now left solitary in echoing +emptiness, and the crowds of to-day have passed away to abet the +combatants, on one side or the other, in very different fields of +tourney. + +Here and there his writing ascends to a fine note of eloquence, as in his +great exclamatory passage on music that begins thus:-- + + There are seven notes in the scale; make them fourteen: yet what a + slender outfit for so vast an enterprise! What science brings so + much out of so little? Out of what poor elements does some great + master in it create his new world! + +But all his writings, religious and controversial, will not explain the +immense and dominating effect Newman produced upon his contemporaries. +That effect was due to the irresistible magic of his personality. He was +manifestly one of the Saints of God, and his presence brought with it +into any company a sense of mighty power gloved in stainless humility. +Though habitually bearing an aspect of wistful gentleness, his entry into +a room crowded with distinguished people made them all seem to be +something less than they were before his arrival. + +A man of such a character commands by his visible presence, and those who +have not felt the spell of it do not comprehend the cause of his +authoritative influence among those who have. + +The teaching of Newman on the great question of man's relation to the +sentient creatures placed in his power in the world, must come to us with +all the weight that is implicit in the utterance of one of such +unquestioned sanctity. + +It would be difficult in all his voluminous works to discover anything +more touching and moving than his reference to the sufferings of animals, +who as he says "have done no harm," which is embedded in the seventh +volume of his Parochial and Plain Sermons:-- + + First, as to these sufferings, you will observe that our Lord is + called a Lamb in the text; that is, He was as defenceless and as + innocent as a lamb is. Since then Scripture compares Him to this + inoffensive and unprotected animal, we may, without presumption or + irreverence, take the image as a means of conveying to our minds + those feelings which our Lord's sufferings should excite in us. I + mean, consider how very horrible it is to read the accounts which + sometimes meet us of cruelties exercised on brute animals. Does it + not sometimes make us shudder to hear tell of them, or to read them + in some chance publication which we take up? At one time it is the + wanton deed of barbarous and angry owners who ill-treat their cattle, + or beasts of burden; and at another it is the cold-blooded and + calculating act of men of science, who make experiments on brute + animals, perhaps merely from a sort of curiosity. + + I do not like to go into particulars, for many reasons, but one of + those instances which we read of as happening in this day, and which + seems more shocking than the rest, is when the poor dumb victim is + fastened against a wall, pierced, gashed, and so left to linger out + its life. Now, do you not see that I have a reason for saying this, + and am not using these distressing words for nothing? For what was + this but the very cruelty inflicted upon our Lord? He was gashed + with the scourge, pierced through hands and feet, and so fastened to + the Cross, and there left, and that as a spectacle. Now, what is it + moves our very hearts and sickens us so much as cruelty shown to poor + brutes? I suppose this first, that they have done no harm; next, + that they have no power whatever of resistance; it is the cowardice + and tyranny of which they are the victims which make their sufferings + so especially touching. For instance, if they were dangerous + animals, take the case of wild beasts at large, able not only to + defend themselves, but even to attack us; much as we might dislike to + hear of their wounds and agony, yet our feelings would be of a very + different kind, but there is something so very dreadful, so satanic + in tormenting those who never have harmed us, and who cannot defend + themselves, who are utterly in our power, who have weapons neither of + offence nor defence, that none but very hardened persons can endure + the thought of it. + +Let us listen with all our hearts to this beautiful appeal. Let us +reverence the saintly man who made it, and who still speaks to us out of +the past. Let us remember that Knowledge and the search for it may often +be cruel, but that Wisdom and those who follow it are always merciful. + + + + +CHAPTER XI: THREE GREAT CHURCHMEN + + +I have already recorded in these pages the strenuous opposition to +vivisection displayed by the two greatest representatives of the Church +of Rome that arose in England in the last century; and to all who adhere +to that Church the authority of the two illustrious Cardinals Newman and +Manning must be decisive. + +The most famous dignitaries of the English Church in the great Victorian +age were also as firm in their condemnation of vivisection as were the +great Cardinals. + +When I was a young man Dean Stanley was the Dean of Westminster, Dean +Vaughan was the Master of the Temple, and Liddon Canon of St. Paul's. +These were all men of world-wide distinction. They were men who adorned +and made splendid the offices and dignities they occupied, their names +were familiar in every corner of the land, they lent a lustre to the +Church of England, and each of them utterly condemned vivisection. + +In these present times only a few people in the metropolis, and hardly +anybody out of it, can tell without consulting some book of reference who +may be the estimable persons who to-day fill the Deanery of Westminster +and the Mastership of the Temple, nor has Canon Liddon any successor that +the world acclaims, and I can vouch for it that none of them has ever +extended to us a helping hand or publicly condemned the torture of +animals for scientific purposes. + +It is always the loftiest names in literature and the most illustrious +authorities on ethics that are found ranged against the infliction of +suffering upon helpless animals for the enlargement of human knowledge. + +Those who support such inflictions are never in the first rank of +literature, art, or moral teaching. Dean Stanley left behind him a +reputation incomparably greater than any occupier of his Deanery that has +succeeded him. The same must be conceded to Dean Vaughan at the Temple; +and the eloquence of Canon Liddon compelled the absorbed attention of +such congregations as are not now collected by the Canons that have +followed him. As far as I am aware, none of the successors of these +great men have ever helped our cause at all. + +No doubt whenever there shall arise in the ministry of the Church of +England men of the commanding power, distinguished character, and potent +speech that these great men of the last generation displayed we shall +find them also espousing the cause of the helpless vivisected animals; in +the meanwhile the occupiers of the most dignified positions in the +Established Church seem to have drifted into the somewhat ignoble +attitude of avoiding the disagreeable subject of vivisection altogether. +When we invite them to help us we receive either no reply at all, or a +reply that is carefully evasive, or we are damned with faint praise while +assured that the writer is too busy to give the subject the attention it +needs before any public utterance is possible upon it. All of which +methods of dealing with the matter display much wisdom of the world and a +very human desire to avoid controversy and other uncomfortable mental and +epistolary disturbance, but none of the spirit that led Archbishop Temple +when he was Bishop of Exeter to stand unflinching on a temperance +platform while the publicans pelted him with flour. + + + + +CHAPTER XII: QUEEN VICTORIA + + +Queen Victoria has given her name to a period which has no parallel in +magnificence since the days of the great Elizabeth. + +The galaxy of great poets, teachers, and philosophers that flourished in +the Victorian age cannot be matched in any similar series of years in all +the history of the modern world. + +With her departure exhaustion seems to have come upon the world of +letters for a time, and to the classic glories of the nineteenth century +there has succeeded an usurpation of journalists without the splendour of +genius or even the distinction of scholarship. + +And although we may perhaps recognise in Lord Beaconsfield's inclusive +use of the phrase to her of "we authors, Madam" something of the flattery +of the courtier, yet assuredly in all her public addresses to her people +there is displayed a fine and biblical simplicity, and a directness of +appeal indicative of a noble mind and a great heart. + +The most penetrating criticism will fail to discover a fault either of +taste or diction or intent in any of these utterances. They combine the +dignity appropriate to the words of the greatest Sovereign of the World, +with the intimate friendliness that proceeds from the wellsprings of a +sweet woman's heart. + +Worthily then did she reign over the most splendid times of our history. + +That she should from the day she ascended the throne to the day of her +death forward and abet all the enlargements of the spirit of mercy and +pity towards the suffering, whether among man or animals, was inevitable +in a nature so benevolent. And it may very well be that in far distant +times the rise of humaneness to man and beast will be regarded as one of +the noblest characteristics of her reign. + +Her position above controversies precluded her from participating in +them, and made it difficult if not impossible for her publicly to espouse +the cause of the miserable creatures subjected to nameless sufferings in +the laboratories of the scientific. But her sympathy with those who +strove and still strive to end those sufferings could not always be +concealed, and on a memorable occasion she expressed her concurrence in +the efforts of those who desired to see the laws sanctioning such +suffering totally abolished and repealed. + +Very fitting therefore it is that among those who earnestly condemned +vivisection we should include the august name and fame of Queen Victoria. + + + + +CHAPTER XIII: COMPASSED ABOUT WITH SO GREAT A CLOUD OF WITNESSES + + +Among the eminent men and women of England whose names are not to be +regarded as world famous in the sense that applies to those dealt with in +the foregoing chapters, but who nevertheless in their place and time were +recognised by their contemporaries and are still recognised by those now +living as persons of authority and ability, there can be cited a +distinguished array who consistently condemned vivisection as permitted +and as practised in this country as immoral. Among religious leaders may +be enumerated the following:-- + +Archbishop McEvilly, of Tuam; Archbishop Crozier, Primate of Ireland; +Archbishop Bagshawe; Bishop Westcott, of Durham; Bishop Moule, of Durham; +Bishop Harold Browne, of Winchester; Bishop Lord Arthur Hervey, of Bath +and Wells; Bishop Ryle, of Liverpool; Bishop Walsham How, of Wakefield; +Bishop Ridding, of Southwell; Bishop Moorhouse, of Manchester; Bishop +Mackarness, of Oxford; Bishop Chinnery-Haldane, of Argyll and the Isles; +Bishop Barry, Primate of Australia; Dean Kichten. Archdeacon +Wilberforce; Father Ignatius; General Booth, the founder of the Salvation +Army; Spurgeon; Hugh Price Hughes; Newman Hall; James Martineau; Stopford +Brooke. + +Among prominent teachers and scholars and philosophers and writers and +artists and lawyers I find the following:-- + +Alfred Russel Wallace, Freeman, Froude, Leslie Stephen, Richard Holt +Hutton, Sir Henry Taylor, Sir Lewis Morris, George Macdonald, Blackmore, +Wilkie Collins, "Lewis Carroll," Robert Buchanan, Justin McCarthy, Sir +Arthur Arnold, Mrs. Somerville, Julia Wedgwood, Sir Edward Burne-Jones, +Walter Crane, Sir Henry Irving, Lord Brampton (Mr. Justice Hawkins), and +Lord Chief Baron Kelly. + +I have made no research for great names in foreign countries, but some of +the most illustrious stand prominently before the world representing the +three greatest continental races: + +Victor Hugo, Wagner, Tolstoy, Voltaire, Schopenhauer, Rousseau. + +Here then I have brought together a very glorious company justifying the +title I have affixed to this book. + + + + +NOTE + + +From this great cloud of witnesses I have omitted all those leaders of +thought and morals, "friends of the wise and teachers of the good" +supporters of this great cause who are living. I followed a like reserve +in my "Memories," making in them none but passing allusions to famous +persons still alive. I do not share the modern journalistic habit of +uninvited public intrusion upon living people who may very well be +unwilling at the moment to be dragged into controversy or exposed to +insult; and every one knows that the vivisectors and their friends have +no manners, and flout all the Hague conventions of debate. + + + + +Books by the Hon. Stephen Coleridge + + +VIVISECTION: +A HEARTLESS SCIENCE + + + _Crown_ 8_vo_, 5_s._ _net_. + + SOME PRESS OPINIONS. + +_Times_.--"Mr. Coleridge is a leading champion of the anti-vivisection +cause, and he here presents a reasoned indictment of the practice. He is +a very able advocate, who generally gets the better of his opponent in a +dialectical bout, and this book is written with great skill and force." + +_Western Mail_.--"One cannot fail to be interested and impressed by the +forensic power and ability in this book and by the humane spirit which +has led to its compilation. Mr. Coleridge brings all his power of wit, +irony, and sarcasm to the aid of his scientific knowledge." + +_Harrogate Times_.--"The book is an epitome of reasons why 'all humane +and thoughtful people' should disapprove of vivisection, and the sinister +effects of the existence of this practice in our midst. The statements +are cogent, and will find a response in the heart of a wide +constituency." + + JOHN LANE, THE BODLEY HEAD. + + + +SONGS TO DESIDERIA + + + _Crown_ 8_vo._ 3_s._ 6_d._ _net_. + +_Daily News_.--"These songs and poems are intensely and sincerely felt . +. . they have the fine, careful, literary coldness of some of the lyrics +of Landor or of the more serious work of Peacock. It is the poetry of a +refined and knightly nature . . . and it deserves to be studied and +remembered . . . its mood is austere and its temper noble." + +_Globe_.--"Excellent verses, easy, melodious, and charming." + +_Tribune_.--"All lovers of poetry will be grateful for Mr. Stephen +Coleridge's volume. Dainty and finished in execution, and instinct with +a genuine human sympathy, these lyrics betray the hand of a craftsman in +verse. . . . Verses of this quality should secure for 'Songs to +Desideria' a sincere welcome." + +_Glasgow Herald_.--"The Hon. Stephen Coleridge has already established +his position among the more tuneful writers of true lyric verse, and into +all that he writes the poet puts delicacy and true emotion, the former +never becomes mere phrase, the latter never degenerates into wordy +passion." + +_South Wales Daily News_.--"There is sometimes a depth of feeling in his +passages for which one usually looks only in the great masters of English +literature." + + JOHN LANE, THE BODLEY HEAD. + + + +MEMORIES + + + _With Twelve Illustrations_. _Demy_ 8_vo._ 7_s._ 6_d._ _net_. + +_Observer_.--"Mr. Coleridge has furnished 'The Dictionary of National +Biography' (or the Victorian part of it) with a supplement of wit and +conversation. And one hardly knows at which to marvel most, the number +of celebrities he hauls up in his net, of the number of laughs he gets +out of them. His book is rich in fresh anecdote and the best light +elements of personality." + +MR. JAMES DOUGLAS in the _Star_.--"The best book of reminiscences I have +read for a long time. It teems with good stories about famous and +familiar names." + +_Morning Post_.--"Genuinely a record of the doings of others, and full of +anecdote and incident. Mr. Coleridge has written a delightful book, and +has told many interesting things of many famous men." + +_Daily Chronicle_.--"Now this is the right sort of memories to put into +print; memories that are fresh and bright, piquant, and yet never +ill-natured, crowded with personal lights and anecdotes; in fine, a +volume of which one says: 'I would have liked to meet all those people +and write about them as Mr. Coleridge has done.'" + + JOHN LANE, THE BODLEY HEAD. + + + +AN EVENING IN MY LIBRARY AMONG THE ENGLISH POETS + + + _Crown_ 8_vo._ 3_s._ 6_d._ _net_. + +_Guardian_.--"A charmingly desultory set of essays, generous in +appreciation, and not afraid to explore comparatively unbeaten tracks." + +_Quarterly Review_.--"Every moment is one of pure literature. He quotes +his favourite poets freely, giving us not a line or two but often a whole +poem. . . . There is many a racy criticism, and the humanitarian peeps +out from not a few of them. It is a volume full of lovely verse, and one +that will not only give unalloyed pleasure, but will cultivate a taste +for the sweetest and purest poetry." + +_Daily Mail_.--"Mr. Coleridge has written a very pleasant and readable +ramble among the poets. It is an anthology with a skilled writer leading +one on from gem to gem with delightful comment." + + JOHN LANE, THE BODLEY HEAD. + + + + +Footnotes: + + +{16} My "Memories," p. 63 + +{40} The book had "Leicester" but this was crossed out and "Lichfield" +hand-printed in the margin.--DP. + + + +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GREAT TESTIMONY*** + + +******* This file should be named 26074.txt or 26074.zip ******* + + +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: +http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/6/0/7/26074 + + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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