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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/26106-8.txt b/26106-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ee622ac --- /dev/null +++ b/26106-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,621 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of U.S. Patent 4,293,314: Gelled Fuel-Air +Explosive, by Bertram O. Stull + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: U.S. Patent 4,293,314: Gelled Fuel-Air Explosive + October 6, 1981. + +Author: Bertram O. Stull + +Release Date: July 22, 2008 [EBook #26106] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GELLED FUEL-AIR EXPLOSIVE *** + + + + +Produced by Gerard Arthus, David Gutierrez and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + +US Patent 4,293,314: Gelled Fuel-Air Explosive + + + + + United States Patent [19] [11] 4,293,314 + + Stull [45] Oct. 6, 1981 + + + [54] GELLED FUEL-AIR EXPLOSIVE METHOD + + [75] Inventor: Bertram O. Stull, Ridgecrest, Calif. + + [73] Assignee: The United States of America as + represented by the Secretary of the + Navy, Washington, D.C. + + [21] Appl. No.: 111,453 + + [22] Filed: Jan. 11, 1980 + + [51] Int. Cl.^3 ................................ C10L 7/00 + + [52] U.S. Cl. ............................ 44/7 A; 44/7 R; + 44/7 D; 102/90; 102/363 + + [58] Field of Search ................ 102/90; 44/7 R, 7 E, + 44/7 D, 7 A + + [56] References Cited + + U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS + + 3,539,311 11/1970 Cohen et al. ............. 44/7 A + 3,634,157 1/1972 Batson ................... 44/7 E + 3,685,453 8/1972 Hawrick .................. 102/90 + 3,730,093 5/1973 Cummings ................. 102/90 + 3,795,556 3/1974 Sippel et al. ............ 44/7 E + 3,955,509 3/1976 Carlsen .................. 102/90 + 3,994,696 11/1976 Adicoff .................. 44/7 A + 4,157,928 6/1979 Falterman et al. ......... 102/90 + + _Primary Examiner_--Edward A. Miller + + _Attorney, Agent, or Firm_--R. S. Sciascia; W. Thom + Skeer; Lloyd E. K. Pohl + + + [57] ABSTRACT + + 1,2-Butylene oxide as a fuel for a fuel air explosive + weapon. The oxide may be used either as a pure liquid + or gelled with a gelling agent such as silicon dioxide, + particulate carbon or aluminum octoate. + + 3 Claims, No Drawings + + + + + GELLED FUEL-AIR EXPLOSIVE METHOD + + + BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION + + 1. Field of the Invention 5 + + This invention relates to fuels for fuel air explosive + weapons. More particularly, this invention relates to a + method for causing an explosion comprising the steps of + dispersing a cloud of liquid fuel in the air and detonating + the cloud wherein the cloud is composed of particles of 10 + gelled or ungelled 1,2-butylene oxide. + + 1. Description of the Prior Art + + Fuel air explosive weapons are now well known. A + typical example of one is depicted in U.S. Pat. No. + 3,955,509 which was issued to Gary A. Carlson on May 15 + 11, 1976. + + Fuel air explosive weapons may be described as devices + which, upon activation, cause liquid fuel particles + to be dispersed in the form of a detonable cloud in the + air and then detonate the cloud. 20 + + A number of fuels have been used in fuel air explosive + weapons. Among these are ethylene oxide and propylene + oxide. Because of the ease with which is cloud of + ethylene oxide or propylene oxide can be detonated, + these two materials are the most commonly used. However, 25 + these fuels have certain drawbacks. + + One drawback, common to both ethylene oxide and propylene + oxide, is toxicity. Both materials are highly toxic. A + concentration of 50 parts per million of ethylene oxide 30 + in the air may have harmful effects on one breathing the + air for about 8 hours. Propylene oxide is less toxic than + ethylene oxide but is still highly toxic. A concentration + of 100 parts per million of propylene oxide breathed for + about 8 hours may have undesirable effects. Naturally, + when fuel air explosive devices are stored in a confined 35 + area such as aboard a ship, exposure for 8 hours is not + unusual. + + Another drawback common to ethylene oxide and propylene + oxide is the fact that both have relatively low boiling 40 + points, 10.4° C. and 34.2° C. respectively. This makes + the two difficult to handle in loading operations. + High vapor pressures also contribute to difficulty in + handling. + + A drawback particularly associated with ethylene oxide 45 + is its tendency to polymerize during storage. Left + alone in a fuel air explosive weapon or other container, + ethylene oxide tends to self polymerize. The polymerized + material is unsuitable for use as a fuel for a fuel air + explosive device. Unpolymerized ethylene oxide, on the 50 + other hand is highly desirable as a fuel insofar as + detonability is concerned. Clouds containing from as + little as 3 up to as much as 100 percent by volume of + ethylene oxide are detonable. The detonation limits of + propylene oxide, on the other hand, range from about + 3.1 to about 27.5 percent by volume. 55 + + + SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION + + It has now been found that 1,2-butylene oxide, when + used as a fuel for fuel air explosive devices, exhibits + marked superiority over either ethylene oxide or propylene 60 + oxide. The marked superiority stems from the fact that + 1,2-butylene oxide is about 3 times safer than propylene + oxide when long exposure to it is required and about + 3.5 times safer than ethylene oxide. Insofar as ease + of detonation is concerned, 1,2-butylene oxide has about 65 + the same explosive limits as propylene oxide. However, + 1,2-butylene oxide is significantly easier to handle + because its boiling point is nearly twice that of + propylene oxide--63° C. as opposed to 34.2° C.--and over + 6 times that of ethylene oxide. According to this invention + 1,2-butylene oxide may be used in either its natural 5 + liquid state or gelled with a hereinafter named gelling + agent. + + + DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED + EMBODIMENTS 10 + + In one embodiment of this invention, neat 1,2-butylene + oxide liquid is used as the fuel in a fuel air explosive + weapon in lieu of the previously most commonly used + fuels, ethylene oxide and propylene oxide. It has been + found that butylene oxide is significantly less toxic than 15 + either of the two commonly used oxides. Air containing + 400 parts per million of 1,2-butylene oxide may be + breathed safely for up to 8 hours with no undesirable + results as compared to 100 parts per million for propylene + oxide and only 50 parts per million for ethylene 20 + oxide. + + 1,2-butylene oxide offers a second distinct advantage + over ethylene oxide and propylene oxide. Its boiling + point is 63° C. as opposed to 10.4° C. and 34.2° C. 25 + respectively for the other two oxides. Thus, loading + operations are much easier to carry out. No special + equipment is needed for its handling. + + Tests have shown that, insofar as ease of detonation is + concerned, 1,2-butylene oxide is similar to propylene 30 + oxide. Its explosive limits range from about 3.1 to 25.1 + percent by volume as opposed to 3.1 to 27.5 percent by + volume for propylene oxide. Thus, its significantly + lower toxicity can be taken advantage of with very little + loss in explosive efficiency. 35 + + Another factor contributing to the ease of handling of + 1,2-butylene oxide is its vapor pressure. The vapor + pressure of 1,2-butylene oxide is only 207.0 mm Hg at + 25° C. as opposed to 1,292.0 for ethylene oxide and + 569.0 for propylene oxide. 40 + + In a second embodiment of this invention, 1,2-butylene + oxide may be used in a gelled state. It has been + found that, if 1,2-butylene oxide is gelled by adding + about 3 to about 10 weight percent of a gelling agent + such as SiO_2 (Cab-O-Sil), particulate carbon or aluminum 45 + octoate, it will still be dispersed into a detonable + cloud by a typical fuel air explosive weapon. This is + perhaps the best mode of practicing this invention for + several reasons. First, the gel is more easily handled + than the neat liquid. Second, if spilled the gel will not 50 + disperse as a liquid will. + + In storage, no self-polymerization of 1,2-butylene + oxide has been detected. Thus, a warhead loaded with + the material has an indefinite shelf-life. + + I claim: 55 + + 1. In a method for producing an explosion comprising the + steps of dispersing a cloud of liquid particles in the + air and detonating the cloud, the improvement residing + in utilizing 1,2-butylene oxide in gel form as said liquid. + + 2. A method according to claim 1 wherein said gel consist + essentially of 1,2-butylene oxide and a gelling agent + selected from the group consisting of SiO_2, particulate + carbon and aluminum octoate. 60 + + 3. A method according to claim 2 wherein said gelling + agent is present in an amount in the range of from 65 + about 3 to about 10 weight percent. + + * * * * * + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of U.S. Patent 4,293,314: Gelled Fuel-Air +Explosive, by Bertram O. Stull + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GELLED FUEL-AIR EXPLOSIVE *** + +***** This file should be named 26106-8.txt or 26106-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/6/1/0/26106/ + +Produced by Gerard Arthus, David Gutierrez and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. 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Stull + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: U.S. Patent 4,293,314: Gelled Fuel-Air Explosive + October 6, 1981. + +Author: Bertram O. Stull + +Release Date: July 22, 2008 [EBook #26106] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GELLED FUEL-AIR EXPLOSIVE *** + + + + +Produced by Gerard Arthus, David Gutierrez and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<h1 class="mt mb">US Patent <small>4,293,314:</small><br /> +<small>Gelled Fuel-Air Explosive</small></h1> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p class="hang"><big><b>United States Patent</b></big> [19]</p> +<p class="hang"><b>Stull</b></p> + +<p class="hang">[11] <big><b>4,293,314</b></big></p> +<p class="hang">[45] <b>Oct. 6, 1981</b></p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p class="hang">[54] GELLED FUEL-AIR EXPLOSIVE METHOD</p> +<p class="hang">[75] Inventor: Bertram O. Stull, Ridgecrest, Calif.</p> +<p class="hang">[73] Assignee: The United States of America as represented by the +Secretary of the Navy, Washington, D.C. </p> +<p class="hang">[21] Appl. No.: 111,453</p> +<p class="hang">[22] Filed: Jan. 11, 1980</p> + + +<ul> +<li><span class="left">[51] Int. Cl.<sup>3</sup></span> + <span class="right">C10L 7/00</span><br /></li> +</ul> + +<ul> +<li><span class="left">[52] U.S. Cl.</span> + <span class="right">44/7 A; 44/7 R;</span><br /></li> +</ul> + + +<p class="right">44/7 D; 102/90; 102/363</p> + +<ul> +<li><span class="left">[58] Field of Search</span> + <span class="right">102/90; 44/7 R, 7 E, 44/7 D, 7 A</span><br /></li> +</ul> + + +<p class="noi mt">[56] <span class="pd2"><b>References Cited</b></span><br /> +<span class="pd2">U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS</span></p> + +<div class="pd"> +<ul> +<li><span class="left">3,539,311 11/1970 Cohen et al.</span> + <span class="right">44/7 A</span><br /></li> +<li><span class="left">3,634,157 1/1972 Batson</span> + <span class="right">44/7 E</span><br /></li> +<li><span class="left">3,685,453 8/1972 Hawrick</span> + <span class="right">102/90</span><br /></li> +<li><span class="left">3,730,093 5/1973 Cummings</span> + <span class="right">102/90</span><br /></li> +<li><span class="left">3,795,556 3/1974 Sippel et al.</span> + <span class="right">44/7 E</span><br /></li> +<li><span class="left">3,955,509 3/1976 Carlsen</span> + <span class="right">102/90</span><br /></li> +<li><span class="left">3,994,696 11/1976 Adicoff</span> + <span class="right">44/7 A</span><br /></li> +<li><span class="left">4,157,928 6/1979 Falterman et al.</span> + <span class="right">102/90</span><br /></li> +</ul> +</div> + +<p class="hang"><i>Primary Examiner</i>—Edward A. Miller</p> +<p class="hang"><i>Attorney, Agent, or Firm</i>—R. S. Sciascia; W. Thom Skeer; Lloyd E. K. +Pohl </p> + +<p class="noi mt">[57] <span class="pd2"><b>ABSTRACT</b></span></p> + +<p class="noi">1,2-Butylene oxide as a fuel for a fuel air explosive weapon. The oxide +may be used either as a pure liquid or gelled with a gelling agent such as +silicon dioxide, particulate carbon or aluminum octoate. </p> + +<p class="tcen mt"><b>3 Claims, No Drawings</b></p> + +<h3 class="mt">GELLED FUEL-AIR EXPLOSIVE METHOD<br /> +<small>BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION</small></h3> + +<p>1. Field of the Invention <span class="s">5</span> </p> +<p>This invention relates to fuels for fuel air explosive weapons. More +particularly, this invention relates to a method for causing an explosion +comprising the steps of dispersing a cloud of liquid fuel in the air and +detonating the cloud wherein the cloud is composed of particles of <span class="s">10</span> gelled or +ungelled 1,2-butylene oxide. </p> +<p>1. Description of the Prior Art </p> +<p>Fuel air explosive weapons are now well known. A typical example of one is +depicted in U.S. Pat. No. 3,955,509 which was issued to Gary A. Carlson on May +<span class="s">15</span> 11, 1976. </p> +<p>Fuel air explosive weapons may be described as devices which, upon +activation, cause liquid fuel particles to be dispersed in the form of a +detonable cloud in the air and then detonate the cloud. <span class="s">20</span> </p> +<p>A number of fuels have been used in fuel air explosive weapons. Among these +are ethylene oxide and propylene oxide. Because of the ease with which is cloud +of ethylene oxide or propylene oxide can be detonated, these two materials are +the most commonly used. However, <span class="s">25</span> these fuels have certain drawbacks. </p> +<p>One drawback, common to both ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, is toxicity. +Both materials are highly toxic. A concentration of 50 parts per million of +ethylene <span class="s">30</span> oxide in the air may have harmful effects on one breathing the air +for about 8 hours. Propylene oxide is less toxic than ethylene oxide but is +still highly toxic. A concentration of 100 parts per million of propylene oxide +breathed for about 8 hours may have undesirable <span class="s">35</span> effects. Naturally, when fuel +air explosive devices are stored in a confined area such as aboard a ship, +exposure for 8 hours is not unusual. </p> +<p>Another drawback common to ethylene oxide and propylene oxide is the fact +that both have relatively low <span class="s">40</span> boiling points, 10.4° C. and 34.2° C. +respectively. This makes the two difficult to handle in loading operations. High +vapor pressures also contribute to difficulty in handling. </p> +<p>A drawback particularly associated with ethylene <span class="s">45</span> oxide is its tendency to +polymerize during storage. Left alone in a fuel air explosive weapon or other +container, ethylene oxide tends to self polymerize. The polymerized material is +unsuitable for use as a fuel for a fuel air explosive device. Unpolymerized +ethylene oxide, on the <span class="s">50</span> other hand is highly desirable as a fuel insofar as +detonability is concerned. Clouds containing from as little as 3 up to as much +as 100 percent by volume of ethylene oxide are detonable. The detonation limits +of propylene oxide, on the other hand, range from about 3.1 to about <span class="s">55</span> 27.5 +percent by volume. </p> + + +<h3 class="mt">SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION </h3> +<p>It has now been found that 1,2-butylene oxide, when used as a fuel for fuel +air explosive devices, exhibits marked superiority over either ethylene oxide or +propylene <span class="s">60</span> oxide. The marked superiority stems from the fact that 1,2-butylene +oxide is about 3 times safer than propylene oxide when long exposure to it is +required and about 3.5 times safer than ethylene oxide. Insofar as ease of +detonation is concerned, 1,2-butylene oxide has about <span class="s">65</span> the same explosive +limits as propylene oxide. However, 1,2-butylene oxide is significantly easier +to handle because its boiling point is nearly twice that of propylene oxide—63° C. +as opposed to 34.2° C.—and over 6 times that of ethylene oxide. +According to this invention 1,2-butylene oxide may be used in either its natural +<span class="s">5</span> liquid state or gelled with a hereinafter named gelling agent. </p> + +<h3 class="mt">DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS</h3> + +<p> <span class="s">10</span> In one embodiment of this invention, neat 1,2-butylene oxide liquid is used +as the fuel in a fuel air explosive weapon in lieu of the previously most +commonly used fuels, ethylene oxide and propylene oxide. It has been found that +butylene oxide is significantly less toxic than <span class="s">15</span> either of the two commonly +used oxides. Air containing 400 parts per million of 1,2-butylene oxide may be +breathed safely for up to 8 hours with no undesirable results as compared to 100 +parts per million for propylene oxide and only 50 parts per million for ethylene +<span class="s">20</span> oxide. </p> +<p>1,2-butylene oxide offers a second distinct advantage over ethylene oxide and +propylene oxide. Its boiling point is 63° C. as opposed to 10.4° C. and 34.2° C. +respectively <span class="s">25</span> for the other two oxides. Thus, loading operations are much +easier to carry out. No special equipment is needed for its handling. </p> +<p>Tests have shown that, insofar as ease of detonation is concerned, +1,2-butylene oxide is similar to propylene <span class="s">30</span> oxide. Its explosive limits range +from about 3.1 to 25.1 percent by volume as opposed to 3.1 to 27.5 percent by +volume for propylene oxide. Thus, its significantly lower toxicity can be taken +advantage of with very little loss in explosive efficiency. <span class="s">35</span> </p> +<p>Another factor contributing to the ease of handling of 1,2-butylene oxide is +its vapor pressure. The vapor pressure of 1,2-butylene oxide is only 207.0 mm Hg +at 25° C. as opposed to 1,292.0 for ethylene oxide and 569.0 for propylene +oxide. <span class="s">40</span> </p> +<p>In a second embodiment of this invention, 1,2-butylene oxide may be used in a +gelled state. It has been found that, if 1,2-butylene oxide is gelled by adding +about 3 to about 10 weight percent of a gelling agent such as SiO2 (Cab-O-Sil), +particulate carbon or aluminum <span class="s">45</span> octoate, it will still be dispersed into a +detonable cloud by a typical fuel air explosive weapon. This is perhaps the best +mode of practicing this invention for several reasons. First, the gel is more +easily handled than the neat liquid. Second, if spilled the gel will not <span class="s">50</span> +disperse as a liquid will. </p> +<p>In storage, no self-polymerization of 1,2-butylene oxide has been detected. +Thus, a warhead loaded with the material has an indefinite shelf-life. </p> +<p>I claim: <span class="s">55</span> </p> +<p>1. In a method for producing an explosion comprising the steps of dispersing +a cloud of liquid particles in the air and detonating the cloud, the improvement +residing in utilizing 1,2-butylene oxide in gel form as said liquid. </p> +<p>2. A method according to claim 1 wherein said gel <span class="s">60</span> consists essentially of +1,2-butylene oxide and a gelling agent selected from the group consisting of +SiO2, particulate carbon and aluminum octoate. </p> +<p>3. A method according to claim 2 wherein said gelling <span class="s">65</span> agent is present in +an amount in the range of from about 3 to about 10 weight percent. </p> + +<hr /> + +<div style="HEIGHT: 6em"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of U.S. Patent 4,293,314: Gelled Fuel-Air +Explosive, by Bertram O. 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Stull + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: U.S. Patent 4,293,314: Gelled Fuel-Air Explosive + October 6, 1981. + +Author: Bertram O. Stull + +Release Date: July 22, 2008 [EBook #26106] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GELLED FUEL-AIR EXPLOSIVE *** + + + + +Produced by Gerard Arthus, David Gutierrez and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + +US Patent 4,293,314: Gelled Fuel-Air Explosive + + + + + United States Patent [19] [11] 4,293,314 + + Stull [45] Oct. 6, 1981 + + + [54] GELLED FUEL-AIR EXPLOSIVE METHOD + + [75] Inventor: Bertram O. Stull, Ridgecrest, Calif. + + [73] Assignee: The United States of America as + represented by the Secretary of the + Navy, Washington, D.C. + + [21] Appl. No.: 111,453 + + [22] Filed: Jan. 11, 1980 + + [51] Int. Cl.^3 ................................ C10L 7/00 + + [52] U.S. Cl. ............................ 44/7 A; 44/7 R; + 44/7 D; 102/90; 102/363 + + [58] Field of Search ................ 102/90; 44/7 R, 7 E, + 44/7 D, 7 A + + [56] References Cited + + U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS + + 3,539,311 11/1970 Cohen et al. ............. 44/7 A + 3,634,157 1/1972 Batson ................... 44/7 E + 3,685,453 8/1972 Hawrick .................. 102/90 + 3,730,093 5/1973 Cummings ................. 102/90 + 3,795,556 3/1974 Sippel et al. ............ 44/7 E + 3,955,509 3/1976 Carlsen .................. 102/90 + 3,994,696 11/1976 Adicoff .................. 44/7 A + 4,157,928 6/1979 Falterman et al. ......... 102/90 + + _Primary Examiner_--Edward A. Miller + + _Attorney, Agent, or Firm_--R. S. Sciascia; W. Thom + Skeer; Lloyd E. K. Pohl + + + [57] ABSTRACT + + 1,2-Butylene oxide as a fuel for a fuel air explosive + weapon. The oxide may be used either as a pure liquid + or gelled with a gelling agent such as silicon dioxide, + particulate carbon or aluminum octoate. + + 3 Claims, No Drawings + + + + + GELLED FUEL-AIR EXPLOSIVE METHOD + + + BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION + + 1. Field of the Invention 5 + + This invention relates to fuels for fuel air explosive + weapons. More particularly, this invention relates to a + method for causing an explosion comprising the steps of + dispersing a cloud of liquid fuel in the air and detonating + the cloud wherein the cloud is composed of particles of 10 + gelled or ungelled 1,2-butylene oxide. + + 1. Description of the Prior Art + + Fuel air explosive weapons are now well known. A + typical example of one is depicted in U.S. Pat. No. + 3,955,509 which was issued to Gary A. Carlson on May 15 + 11, 1976. + + Fuel air explosive weapons may be described as devices + which, upon activation, cause liquid fuel particles + to be dispersed in the form of a detonable cloud in the + air and then detonate the cloud. 20 + + A number of fuels have been used in fuel air explosive + weapons. Among these are ethylene oxide and propylene + oxide. Because of the ease with which is cloud of + ethylene oxide or propylene oxide can be detonated, + these two materials are the most commonly used. However, 25 + these fuels have certain drawbacks. + + One drawback, common to both ethylene oxide and propylene + oxide, is toxicity. Both materials are highly toxic. A + concentration of 50 parts per million of ethylene oxide 30 + in the air may have harmful effects on one breathing the + air for about 8 hours. Propylene oxide is less toxic than + ethylene oxide but is still highly toxic. A concentration + of 100 parts per million of propylene oxide breathed for + about 8 hours may have undesirable effects. Naturally, + when fuel air explosive devices are stored in a confined 35 + area such as aboard a ship, exposure for 8 hours is not + unusual. + + Another drawback common to ethylene oxide and propylene + oxide is the fact that both have relatively low boiling 40 + points, 10.4 deg. C. and 34.2 deg. C. respectively. This makes + the two difficult to handle in loading operations. + High vapor pressures also contribute to difficulty in + handling. + + A drawback particularly associated with ethylene oxide 45 + is its tendency to polymerize during storage. Left + alone in a fuel air explosive weapon or other container, + ethylene oxide tends to self polymerize. The polymerized + material is unsuitable for use as a fuel for a fuel air + explosive device. Unpolymerized ethylene oxide, on the 50 + other hand is highly desirable as a fuel insofar as + detonability is concerned. Clouds containing from as + little as 3 up to as much as 100 percent by volume of + ethylene oxide are detonable. The detonation limits of + propylene oxide, on the other hand, range from about + 3.1 to about 27.5 percent by volume. 55 + + + SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION + + It has now been found that 1,2-butylene oxide, when + used as a fuel for fuel air explosive devices, exhibits + marked superiority over either ethylene oxide or propylene 60 + oxide. The marked superiority stems from the fact that + 1,2-butylene oxide is about 3 times safer than propylene + oxide when long exposure to it is required and about + 3.5 times safer than ethylene oxide. Insofar as ease + of detonation is concerned, 1,2-butylene oxide has about 65 + the same explosive limits as propylene oxide. However, + 1,2-butylene oxide is significantly easier to handle + because its boiling point is nearly twice that of + propylene oxide--63 deg. C. as opposed to 34.2 deg. C.--and over + 6 times that of ethylene oxide. According to this invention + 1,2-butylene oxide may be used in either its natural 5 + liquid state or gelled with a hereinafter named gelling + agent. + + + DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED + EMBODIMENTS 10 + + In one embodiment of this invention, neat 1,2-butylene + oxide liquid is used as the fuel in a fuel air explosive + weapon in lieu of the previously most commonly used + fuels, ethylene oxide and propylene oxide. It has been + found that butylene oxide is significantly less toxic than 15 + either of the two commonly used oxides. Air containing + 400 parts per million of 1,2-butylene oxide may be + breathed safely for up to 8 hours with no undesirable + results as compared to 100 parts per million for propylene + oxide and only 50 parts per million for ethylene 20 + oxide. + + 1,2-butylene oxide offers a second distinct advantage + over ethylene oxide and propylene oxide. Its boiling + point is 63 deg. C. as opposed to 10.4 deg. C. and 34.2 25 + deg. C. respectively for the other two oxides. Thus, loading + operations are much easier to carry out. No special + equipment is needed for its handling. + + Tests have shown that, insofar as ease of detonation is + concerned, 1,2-butylene oxide is similar to propylene 30 + oxide. Its explosive limits range from about 3.1 to 25.1 + percent by volume as opposed to 3.1 to 27.5 percent by + volume for propylene oxide. Thus, its significantly + lower toxicity can be taken advantage of with very little + loss in explosive efficiency. 35 + + Another factor contributing to the ease of handling of + 1,2-butylene oxide is its vapor pressure. The vapor + pressure of 1,2-butylene oxide is only 207.0 mm Hg at + 25 deg. C. as opposed to 1,292.0 for ethylene oxide and + 569.0 for propylene oxide. 40 + + In a second embodiment of this invention, 1,2-butylene + oxide may be used in a gelled state. It has been + found that, if 1,2-butylene oxide is gelled by adding + about 3 to about 10 weight percent of a gelling agent + such as SiO_2 (Cab-O-Sil), particulate carbon or aluminum 45 + octoate, it will still be dispersed into a detonable + cloud by a typical fuel air explosive weapon. This is + perhaps the best mode of practicing this invention for + several reasons. First, the gel is more easily handled + than the neat liquid. Second, if spilled the gel will not 50 + disperse as a liquid will. + + In storage, no self-polymerization of 1,2-butylene + oxide has been detected. Thus, a warhead loaded with + the material has an indefinite shelf-life. + + I claim: 55 + + 1. In a method for producing an explosion comprising the + steps of dispersing a cloud of liquid particles in the + air and detonating the cloud, the improvement residing + in utilizing 1,2-butylene oxide in gel form as said liquid. + + 2. A method according to claim 1 wherein said gel consist + essentially of 1,2-butylene oxide and a gelling agent + selected from the group consisting of SiO_2, particulate + carbon and aluminum octoate. 60 + + 3. A method according to claim 2 wherein said gelling + agent is present in an amount in the range of from 65 + about 3 to about 10 weight percent. + + * * * * * + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of U.S. Patent 4,293,314: Gelled Fuel-Air +Explosive, by Bertram O. 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