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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Medicinal Plants of the Philippines, by 
+T. H. Pardo de Tavera
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Medicinal Plants of the Philippines
+
+Author: T. H. Pardo de Tavera
+
+Translator: Jerome Beers Thomas
+
+Release Date: August 22, 2008 [EBook #26393]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEDICINAL PLANTS OF PHILIPPINES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness, Jeroen Hellingman, and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
+book was produced from scanned images of public domain
+material from the Google Print project.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++---------------------------------------------------------------------+
+|                             NOTICE                                  |
+|                                                                     |
+| The medical knowledge  represented in  this book  is over a century |
+| old. The publication of this  book is for historical interest only, |
+| and is not to be construed as  medical advice  by Project Gutenberg |
+| or its  volunteers.  Medicinal plants  should  not be used  without |
+| consulting a trained medical professional. Medical science has made |
+| considerable progress since this book was written.  Recommendations |
+| or prescriptions  may have been superseded  by better alternatives, |
+| or invalidated altogether.                                          |
++---------------------------------------------------------------------+
+
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+
+
+
+
+                            Medicinal Plants
+
+                                 of the
+
+                         Philippine Archipelago
+
+
+
+
+                The Medicinal Plants of the Philippines
+
+
+                                   By
+
+
+                         T. H. Pardo De Tavera
+
+
+   Doctor en Medicina de la Facultad de Paris, Comisionado Cientifico
+    de S. M. en las Islas Filipinas y Delegado General en las Mismas
+  de la Société Académique Indo-Chinoise de Francia, Miembro Fundador
+        Correspondiente de la Sociedad Española de Higiene, Etc.
+
+
+                       Translated and Revised by
+
+
+                   Jerome B. Thomas, Jr., A.B., M.D.
+
+                Captain and Assistant Surgeon, U. S. V.
+
+
+                             Philadelphia:
+
+                        P. Blakiston's Son & Co.
+
+                          1012 Walnut Street.
+
+                                  1901
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                          Copyright, 1901, by
+
+                        P. Blakiston's Son & Co.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE.
+
+
+This translation was undertaken with the especial object of
+facilitating the study of the native medicinal plants by the
+numerous medical officers stationed at small posts throughout the
+Philippines. In order to aid in the recognition of these plants,
+the botanical descriptions have been revised to the extent of adding,
+where possible, the size and shape of the plant, English name, length
+of leaves, color of flowers, etc., in many instances supplying the
+entire botanical description where it had been omitted on account of
+general familiarity with the plant. Comparing the few analyses that I
+have had an opportunity to make with corresponding ones in the native
+works from which Dr. Tavera has taken his botanical descriptions,
+I am impressed with the necessity for a revision of the Botany of the
+Philippines. However, as the therapeutic properties of the flora are
+of foremost interest to the medical profession I have not hesitated
+to publish the book in its present form as an entering wedge, leaving
+to those better fitted the great work of classifying the flora of
+these islands in accordance with modern botanical science.
+
+Dr. Tavera has faithfully described the Malay and Hindu therapeutics
+of the present day, enriching his description by observations founded
+on a long practice in Paris and in his own native Luzon. From this
+potpourri of scientific therapeutics and ignorant, superstitious
+drugging the interested physician will elicit not a few useful data
+concerning the treatment of disease in the tropics, and at the same
+time gain a more intimate knowledge of both the people and plants of
+our new Asiatic possessions.
+
+I take this occasion to gratefully acknowledge my obligations to
+Mr. A. P. Tonielli, stenographer and translator of the Supreme Court
+of the Philippines, for typewriting the manuscript of this translation.
+
+
+Jerome B. Thomas, Jr.
+
+Manila, P. I.
+
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+Commissioned by His Majesty's Government to study the medicinal
+plants of my native country, I returned there and spent two years in
+collecting data regarding the use that the Filipinos make of their
+plants in the treatment of disease. At the same time I collected and
+carefully preserved some with the purpose of taking them to Europe, to
+study their chemical composition in the laboratories of Paris under the
+direction of the eminent men who had been my instructors in medicine.
+
+The work I did in the Philippines was preliminary, a preparation
+for the more extended study of the subject which I wished to make
+in Paris, where I went with my notes and collection. Unfortunately,
+upon leaving Manila, I confided the mounting and pressing of my
+plants to an inexperienced person who stupidly placed in the midst
+of them several succulent tubers which decomposed during the voyage
+and spoiled the other plants. At the same time I received in Paris
+an important collection of the vegetable drugs of the Philippines,
+sent by my friend the pharmacist, M. Rosedo Garcia, and destined for
+the World's Fair of 1889. I opened with great pleasure the wood and
+zinc box in which the collection came, anticipating that I should be
+able to carry out my plan of study and at the same time win for my
+friend, Garcia, a well-deserved premium. Imagine my disappointment
+upon finding that, by an unfortunate coincidence, his plants had
+arrived in the same condition as mine, having also been packed with
+tubers of ubi, gabi, etc., and several cocoanuts which had decomposed.
+
+Many times since then I have tried to obtain from Manila, through
+exchange or payment of money, a similar collection, but have been
+unable to secure a single leaf of the plants I so desired. If in the
+future I have the good fortune to procure any, I shall make a study
+of those at hand and publish the results.
+
+I herewith publish the results of my investigations and experiments
+in Manila, where, especially in the neighboring towns of San Mateo
+and San Miguel, I often had opportunities for using, with good
+results, the plants of which this volume treats. I may add that in
+spite of the limited means at my disposal in Manila and the short
+time left me by my regular occupations I was able to conduct a few
+laboratory experiments owing to which this work contains some personal
+observations reinforcing those quoted from medical literature.
+
+The flora of the Archipelago is known to-day through the works of
+Fathers Blanco, Llanos, Fernandez del Villar and Naves, and of the
+engineers Jordano, the brothers Vidal and Soler and others who have
+brought such honor to Spanish science, preparing the way for the study
+of the therapeutic and industrial applications of that wonderfully rich
+plant life with which our islands have been endowed. Their works help
+us to recognize the plants whose medicinal virtues are herein described
+and it is to them I owe the botanical descriptions in this treatise.
+
+Father Blanco, in describing certain plants, mentions their medicinal
+uses in the Philippines, but his descriptions are few and very
+deficient as one would expect in a work of the scope of his Flora. A
+Jesuit of some reputation, Father Clain, published in Manila in 1712
+a book entitled "Remedios fáciles para diferentes enfermedades?" in
+which he speaks of the medicinal virtues of some of the indigenous
+plants, almost the same ones that appear in another work, a frank
+and pleasing little treatise written by Father Santa Maria. Father
+Mercado is the only one who has written a special treatise on the
+subject and his manuscript remained unedited until the Augustinian
+Fathers of Manila published it in the last edition of Father Blanco's
+"Flora"; but neither this work nor those of Clain or Santa Maria are
+useful to a physician, nor are they as accurately written as works
+of a scientific character should be. From time to time superficial
+articles have appeared in the Manila papers regarding the virtues of
+some plant or other and these books and articles comprise the whole
+literature on the subject up to this time.
+
+Some physicians regard with small favor the therapeutic application of
+plants by the Filipino "herb-doctors" (curanderos) as being entirely
+empirical. This disparagement is unjustified because in all the
+most rational and scientific remedies that we make use of, the first
+step towards the final development of their relative position among
+remedies is due to empiricism which is founded on daily experience,
+on observation of results obtained in specific cases, facts that
+are handed down from father to son for generations. The scientific
+explanation is lacking, but those first ideas frequently owing their
+origin to chance, or, perhaps, to superstition, have often been based
+upon the observation of facts which, although fortuitous, are none
+the less positive.
+
+Many of the plants mentioned in this book are official in the
+Pharmacopoeia of India and we see no reason why their use should be
+proscribed in the Philippines. Filipino physicians not only can but
+should employ many indigenous plants in their therapeutics; in many
+instances they would find them more useful than the exotics, which
+are not always fresh and are commonly reduced in strength by long
+keeping or damaged by some circumstance of voyage or climate. The
+price is another argument in favor of the use of native drugs. If
+the pharmacists would prepare extracts and keep on hand the crude
+drugs most in demand the public would gain a great advantage and the
+druggists be well repaid for their labor. Physicians and pharmacists
+will surely understand these advantages and when finally one considers
+that the patients generally prefer to be treated with native plants,
+I feel justified in the hope that their use will spread rapidly in
+the Philippines.
+
+To employ therapeutically the drugs described in this work is not
+to experiment "in anima vilis," as some would have us believe. To
+experiment is to employ unknown remedies of unknown virtues and
+properties.
+
+In this treatise I am not attempting to fix the indications for this
+or that product, but simply make known the diseases in which the
+Filipinos and the natives of other countries employ the products. Any
+physician has a perfect right to prescribe these drugs, as have also
+the "curanderos" and even the laity, with this difference, however,
+that the physician is capable of observing results and guiding
+himself by the physiologic action of the drugs. His knowledge of
+the physiologic and anatomo-pathologic problems of the human body,
+will enable the physician to make scientific inferences that would
+be hidden from the common "curandero."
+
+As neither the Manila nor the provincial physicians keep these
+medicinal plants in stock, with the exception of those that are
+official in the European and American pharmacopoeias, it will be
+necessary for the physician who wishes to use them, to busy himself
+with seeking them and laying in a sufficient stock to serve him when
+the opportunity presents itself. It is necessary to preserve them by
+drying and this is best done by exposing them several days to the fresh
+air in a dry place--for example, the corridors of the house--being
+careful not to expose them to the rays of the sun, in which latter
+event the fleshy and juicy plants which do not desiccate rapidly,
+putrefy or ferment.
+
+A convenient way to get them is to visit the Binondo Square where there
+has been market for native drugs from time immemorial. The gardeners
+from the neighboring towns, especially those from Pasay and Singalon,
+regularly offer the plants for sale and will undertake to supply you
+with any that may not be on hand. Inasmuch as the common names of the
+plants lead to many mistakes and much confusion, it is indispensable to
+acquaint one's self with the description of the plant and be sure that
+the actual product conforms in all respects to the description. For
+this purpose it is well to obtain flowering specimens, and bearing
+this fact in mind I have been careful to indicate the flowering
+season of each plant. By making excursions to the towns of San Mateo
+and Angono I have obtained an abundance of whatever I sought and
+at the same time have learned by talking with the mountaineers and
+"curanderos," what uses they make of their plants. The "curanderos"
+know a great deal concerning these uses, but become very reticent
+as soon as they are questioned about them. Whether it is dread of
+ridicule or selfishness or fear that silences them, the fact remains
+that it is no easy matter to glean any useful facts from them. And
+yet by tact and friendliness one may elicit much more information
+from them than first impressions would lead one to hope.
+
+Leaves should be gathered when fully developed, rejecting the old,
+dried and worm-eaten ones.
+
+The best time to gather bark is one month before the period of
+inflorescence, when it is rich in sap. The flowers are best gathered
+when about half expanded. The fruit is gathered green or ripe according
+to the active principle sought. The seeds should always be mature.
+
+Not all parts of the plant are equally provided with the active
+principle which may be localized in the root or the flower; or distinct
+principles may exist in different parts of the same plant. Therefore
+the part indicated, and only that part, should be employed.
+
+In the root the active substance usually resides in the bark, sometimes
+in the parenchyma that envelopes the woody tissue and rarely in the
+woody tissue itself, as, for example, in "rhubarb" and "pareira brava."
+
+The stem bark is also a frequent seat of the active principle, of
+which the outer portion contains the greater amount, according to
+the valuable experiments of Howard.
+
+Some plants owe their therapeutic importance to their wood, others to
+their leaves or flowers, and regarding the localization of the active
+principle in these parts we have nothing especial to indicate. The
+fruit, however, may have a pericarp consisting of mucilage, starch,
+sugar and gum, etc., while the seeds contain fatty matter, fixed or
+essential oils or alkaloids, as is the case with coffee and cacao. In
+view of these facts, we repeat that it is indispensable to use that
+part of each plant which I have indicated as applicable to a determined
+case or condition.
+
+I earnestly hope that the physicians and pharmacists practising in
+the Philippines may undertake investigations and experiments regarding
+the therapeutic properties of the plants of my native land, and that
+my endeavors may have acted as a stimulus or inspiration to the loyal
+and earnest study of the subjects that are now awakening such interest,
+not only in Europe and America, but in India and Japan.
+
+I should be pleased to receive notes, plants or reports of researches
+from any one interested in the subject matter of this book, and I
+shall consider it a pleasure, as well as a duty, to devote my forces,
+small as they may be, to aiding any one who may do me the honor to
+claim my assistance.
+
+
+T. H. P. de Tavera.
+
+Paris, April, 1892.
+
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+Dicotyledonous, Polypetalous.
+
+    Dilleniaceæ--Tetracera macrophylla  17-18
+    Magnoliaceæ--Illicium anisatum, Michelia Champaca
+    18-20
+    Anonaceæ--Artabotrys odoratissimus, Anona squamosa,
+    A. reticulata, A. muricata  20-22
+    Menispermaceæ--Tinospora crispa, Anamirta Cocculus,
+    Cissampelos Pareira  22-27
+    Nymphæaceæ--Nymphæa Lotus, Nelumbium nucifera
+    27-28
+    Papaveraceæ--Argemone Mexicana      29-30
+    Cruciferæ--Brassica juncea, Raphanus sativus      30-31
+    Capparidaceæ--Cleome viscosa, Cratæva religiosa
+    31-32
+    Bixineæ--Bixa Orellana, Pangium edule      32-34
+    Portulacaceæ--Portulaca oleracea      34
+    Guttiferæ--Garcinia mangostana, G. venulosa,
+    G. Cambogia, G. morella, Ochrocarpus pentapetalus,
+    Calophyllum Inophyllum, Mesua ferrea      35-40
+    Dipterocarpeæ--Dipterocarpus turbinatus      40-42
+    Malvaceæ--Sida carpinifolia, Abutilon Indicum,
+    Urena sinuata, Hibiscus Abelmoschus, H. tiliaceus,
+    H. Rosa-Sinensis, Thespesia populnea, Gossypium
+    herbaceum, Bombax malabaricum, Eriodendron anfractuosum
+    42-51
+    Sterculiaceæ--Sterculia foetida, S. urens, Kleinhovia
+    hospitata, Helicteres Isora, Abroma fastuosa, Theobroma
+    Cacao      51-57
+    Geraniaceæ--Oxalis corniculata, Biophytum sensitivum,
+    Averrhoa Bilimbi, A. Carambola      58-61
+    Rutaceæ--Ruta graveolens, Xanthoxylum oxyphyllum,
+    Murraya exotica, M. Koenigi, Citrus acida, Bigaradia
+    decumana, Ægle decandra, Feronia elephantum  61-70
+    Simarubaceæ--Samadera Indica      71-72
+    Burseraceæ--Garuga pinnata, Canarium commune      72-75
+    Meliaceæ--Melia Azedarach, Dysoxylum Blancoi,
+    Sandoricum Indicum, Carapa Moluccensis, Cedrela
+    Toona      75-80
+    Celastraceæ--Celastrus paniculata      80-81
+    Rhamnaceæ--Zizyphus Jujuba, Rhamnus Wightii  81-82
+    Anacardiaceæ--Mangifera Indica, Anacardium occidentale,
+    Odina Wodier      82-86
+    Moringeæ--Moringa pterygosperma      86-88
+    Leguminosæ (Papilionaceæ)--Agati grandiflora, Abrus
+    precatorius, Mucuna pruriens, Erythrina Indica,
+    Clitoria ternatea, Pterocarpus santalinus, P. Indicus,
+    P. erinaceus, Pongamia glabra      88-95
+    Leguminosæ (Cæsalpineæ)--Cæsalpinia Bonducella,
+    C. Sappan, C. pulcherrima, Cassia fistula,
+    C. occidentalis, C. alata, Tamarindus Indica, Bauhinia
+    malabarica  96-106
+    Leguminosæ (Mimoseæ)--Entada scandens, Parkia
+    Roxburghii, Acacia Farnesiana      106-109
+    Crassulaceæ--Kalanchoe laciniata      109-110
+    Combretaceæ--Terminalia Catappa, T. Chebula, Quisqualis
+    Indica      110-113
+    Myrtaceæ--Psidium pomiferum, Eugenia Jambolana
+    113-116
+    Melastomaceæ--Melastoma malabatrichum      116-117
+    Lythraceæ--Ammannia vesicatoria, Lawsonia alba,
+    Punica Granatum      117-122
+    Onagraceæ--Jussiæa suffruticosa      122-123
+    Passifloraceæ--Carica Papaya      123-127
+    Cucurbitaceæ--Trichosanthes palmata, T. anguina,
+    T. cucumerina, Lagenaria vulgaris, var. Gourda,
+    var. courgourda, var. clavata, Luffa Ægyptiaca,
+    Momordica balsamina, M. charanta, Citrullus Colocynthis
+    127-134
+    Ficoideæ--Trianthema monogyna      134
+    Umbelliferæ--Hydrocotyle Asiatica, Carum copticum,
+    Foeniculum vulgare, Coriandrum sativum      134-138
+    Cornaceæ--Alangium Lamarkii  138-139
+
+Dicotyledonous, Gamopetalous.
+
+    Rubiaceæ--Hymenodictyon excelsum, Oldenlandia
+    corymbosa, Randia dumetorum, Ixora coccinea, Coffea
+    Arabica, Morinda citrifolia bracteata, M. tinctoria,
+    Pæderia foetida.     140-149
+    Compositæ--Eupatorium Ayapana, Blumea balsamifera,
+    Sphoeranthus Indicus, Spilanthes Acmella, Artemisia
+    vulgaris, Carthamus tinctorius      149-155
+    Plumbagineæ--Plumbago Zeylanica      155-156
+    Sapotaceæ--Achras Sapota, Mimusops Elengi      156-158
+    Oleaceæ--Jasminum Sambac      158-159
+    Apocynaceæ--Allamanda cathartica, Thevetia nerifolia,
+    Cerbera Odallam, Plumeria acutifolia, Alstonia
+    scholaris, Nerium odorum      159-167
+    Asclepiadaceæ--Calotrops gigantea, Tylophora asthmatica
+    167-170
+    Loganiaceæ--Strychnos Ignatii      171-173
+    Boraginaceæ--Ehretia buxifolia      173
+    Convolvulaceæ--Ipomoea hederacea, I. pes-capræ,
+    I. Turpethum      174-176
+    Solanaceæ--Solanum nigrum, Capsicum fastigiatum,
+    Datura alba, Nicotiana Tabacum      176-182
+    Scrophulariaceæ--Limnophila menthastrum      182-183
+    Bignoniaceæ--Oroxylum Indicum      183-184
+    Pedaliaceæ--Sesamum Indicum  184-185
+    Acanthaceæ--Acanthus ilicifolius, Barleria Prionitis,
+    Justicia Gendarussa, Adhatoda vasica, Rhinacanthus
+    communis      185-190
+    Verbenaceæ--Lippia nodiflora, Tectona grandis, Vitex
+    trifolia, V. Negundo, Clerodendron infortunatum
+    190-194
+    Labiatæ--Ocimum basilicum, O. gratissimum, O. sanctum,
+    Coleus aromaticus, Rosmarinus officinalis, Anisomeles
+    ovata, Leucas aspera      195-199
+    Plantaginaceæ--Plantago erosa       199
+    Nyctaginaceæ--Mirabilis Jalapa      199-200
+    Amaranthaceæ--Amaranthus spinosus, Achyranthes
+    obtusifolia  200-202
+    Chenopodiaceæ--Chenopodium ambrosioides      202-203
+    Aristolochiaceæ--Aristolochia Indica      203-204
+    Piperaceæ--Piper Betle, P. nigrum      204-207
+    Chloranthaceæ--Chloranthus officinalis      207-208
+    Lauraceæ--Cinnamomum pauciflorum, C. tamala, Cassytha
+    filiformis  208-210
+    Euphorbiaceæ--Euphorbia pilulifera, E. neriifolia,
+    E. Tirucalli, Phyllanthus reticulatus, P. Niruri,
+    P. urinaria, Jatropha Curcas, Aleurites Moluccana,
+    Croton Tiglium, Acalypha Indica, Echinus Philippensis,
+    Ricinus communis      210-223
+    Urticaceæ--Artocarpus integrifolia, Laportea
+    gaudichaudiana      223-225
+    Casuarineæ--Casuarina Sumatrana      225-226
+
+Monocotyledons.
+
+    Musaceæ--Musa paradisiaca, M. sapientum      227-228
+    Zingiberaceæ--Zingiber officinale, Curcuma longa,
+    Elettaria Cardamomum      228-231
+    Amaryllidaceæ--Crinum Asiaticum      231-232
+    Liliaceæ--Aloes Barbadensis, Allium sativum, A. Cepa
+    232-234
+    Palmæ--Areca Catechu, Cocos nucifera, Nipa fruticans
+    234-238
+    Cyperaceæ--Cyperus rotundus   239
+    Gramineæ--Zea Mays, Andropogon Schoenanthes, Saccharum
+    officinarum, Oriza  240-243
+    Bambuseæ      243-244
+
+
+
+
+
+EXPLANATION.
+
+
+For the common words of the different Filipino dialects I have adopted
+the orthography which in my various treatises on those dialects I have
+demonstrated to be the easiest, most rational and convenient. I should
+be inconsistent as to my own theories and convictions if I continued
+to follow the old form of spelling. For the benefit of those who are
+not familiar with the matter I will state that the consonants are
+pronounced as follows:
+
+
+            g always as in get.
+            h gutturalized aspirate.
+            k as in English.
+            w always as initial w in English, win, wan.
+            ng as ng in sing, hung, etc.
+
+
+
+
+
+ABBREVIATIONS.
+
+
+            Bic.--Bicol.
+            Eng.--English.
+            Iloc.--Ilocan.
+            Indo-Eng.--Indo-English.
+            Pam.--Pampango.
+            Pan.--Pangasinan.
+            Sp.--Spanish.
+            Sp.-Fil.--Spanish-Filipino.
+            Tag.--Tagalog.
+            Vis.--Viscayan.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES
+
+
+DICOTYLEDONOUS, POLYPETALOUS.
+
+
+
+
+DILLENIACEÆ.
+
+
+
+_Tetracera macrophylla, Vall._ (_T. monocarpa_, _T. sarmentosa_,
+Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Malakatmón_, Tag.
+
+Uses.--The wood of _malakatmón_ is one of the best known and popular
+drugs of the Binondo [1] market place. It is used as an infusion
+internally in the hæmoptysis of consumptives, and externally in the
+treatment of sore throat, its action being due to the large amount
+of tannin it contains. It is also employed in Malabar in the form of
+an infusion of the leaves of the species, _T. Rheedi_, to treat sore
+throat, mixing it with a decoction of rice called _cange_.
+
+The Filipinos do not distinguish this species from the _T. Assa_.
+
+Both are called _malakatmón_, and are employed indiscriminately to
+accomplish the same results. The silicious concretion obtained from
+the leaves is used as a polish in the form of polish paper.
+
+Dose.--In infusion for internal use, 4 grams of wood to 1 liter of
+water; as a gargle, 10 to 15 grams to the liter.
+
+Botanical Description.--A shrub with leaves alternate, oval, serrate,
+finely dentate with very short and stiff hairs. Flowers of a strong,
+rather agreeable odor, axillary, in panicles. Calyx, 4 sepals. Corolla,
+4 petals. Stamens indefinite, expanding at the upper end and bearing
+2 anthers. Carpels 3, with ovules indefinite in two series. Seeds
+with red arils.
+
+Habitat.--In the vicinity of Manila. Blooms in July.
+
+
+
+
+MAGNOLIACEÆ
+
+Magnolia Family.
+
+
+
+_Illicium anisatum, L._
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Anis estrellado_, _Badiana_, Sp.; _Sangki_, Tag.; _Star
+Anise_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--Although this plant does not grow in the Philippines, the
+use of its fruit is so common there that it demands a place in this
+work. It is employed chiefly as a condiment in the preparation of food,
+and its essential oil is used to prepare the native "anise cordial"
+by mixing it with alcohol obtained from the palm or from sugar cane.
+
+The decoction of the fruit is given after meals as a tea-like beverage,
+to aid digestion or for its carminative effect in flatulent colic.
+
+Star anise has an aromatic taste, slightly bitter and acrid, and
+a very marked perfume of anise which with its star-like form gives
+the plant one of its names. It is a very useful stimulant, tonic,
+stomachic and carminative.
+
+It is official in all Pharmacopoeias and the pericarp is the part
+employed.
+
+The dose is from 1 to 2 grams to 100 of water in infusion, to be
+taken in one draught.
+
+According to Schlegel it contains the following substances: An
+essential oil 4.675; a green waxy material which melts at 51°, a resin,
+a gum and saponin. The essential oil is (almost) identical with that
+of anise from which it is impossible to distinguish it chemically. The
+only difference is that the former has a blander odor and solidifies
+at 1°.25 instead of 10°, as does the oil of anise.
+
+Botanical Description.--The plant grows in the mountains of Yunnan,
+China, and in Tonquin. The part used in the Philippines is the fruit,
+being indeed the only part known here. This is composed of 8 woody
+follicles arranged about a central column in the form of a star. These
+follicles open at maturity and reveal the seeds, which are shining,
+smooth, ovoid, hard, of a pretty chestnut-red color. In the Philippines
+they are sold even in the smallest food-vending shops.
+
+
+
+_Michelia Champaca, L._
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Tsampaka_, _Sampaka_, Tag.; _Champaca_, Fil.-Span.
+
+Uses.--The bark of the trunk is well known as a febrifuge
+and emmenagogue in India. It is slightly bitter and
+aromatic. Dr. H. Folliat has used it with success in the Island
+of Mauritius in the treatment of the common intermittent fevers;
+he administered the infusion (bark 30 grams, water 600 cc.)--or the
+decoction (bark 30 grams, water 1,200 cc.); boil till reduced to
+600 cc.--giving a wine-glassful every hour just before and after
+the paroxysm.
+
+An astringent decoction made from the leaves is used as a gargle in
+sore throat. The root is emmenagogue and the seeds are used in the
+treatment of anal fissure.
+
+Dr. Hooper has found the following substances in the bark of the
+_Champana_: a volatile oil with a pine-like odor; a fixed oil,
+insoluble in alcohol, melting at 15° and forming soap with soda;
+a resin extremely bitter, acrid, brown in color; tannin; sugar;
+a bitter principle, albuminoids, coloring matters, mucilage and starch.
+
+Botanical Description.--A tree 15-18° high; leaves alternate, 6 × 2',
+stipulate, simple. Flowers fragrant, saffron-colored, hermaphrodite,
+solitary and axillary. The receptacle, conical at its base, becomes
+narrow, lengthens and then enlarges, forming a column which is bare
+at its narrow part. At its base is inserted the perianth composed of
+6 overlapping leaflets arranged in two series. Stamens indefinite,
+fixed in the base of the column of the receptacle on the superior
+portion of which are inserted the ovaries which contain many ovules
+arranged in two vertical series.
+
+Habitat.--Common in all parts (of the islands).
+
+
+
+
+ANONACEÆ.
+
+Custard-Apple Family.
+
+
+
+_Artabotrys odoratissimus_, R. Br. (_A. hamatus_, Bl.; _Uvaria
+Sinensis_ and _Unona uncinata_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Ilang-ilang de China_, Sp.-Fil.; _Alang-ilang Son-son_,
+Tag.
+
+Uses.--A decoction of the leaves of this species is used to treat
+cholera in some of the islands of the Malay group; in the island of
+Java they use for the same purpose a decoction of the leaves of the
+species _A. suaveolens_, Bl., which is commonly called _Susong Damulog_
+in the Pampanga dialect. The active principles of these plants are so
+powerful that one must beware of giving a large dose, as hemorrhages,
+nervous phenomena and abortion may follow.
+
+Botanical Description.--A tree 15-18° high with leaves alternate,
+lanceolate, glabrous, and petioles very short. Flowers very sweet,
+axillary, solitary. Petals 6, fleshy, concave at the base. Stamens
+indefinite, closely packed, overlapping. Peduncle curved like a crook.
+
+Habitat.--Cultivated in gardens.
+
+
+
+_Anona squamosa_, L. (_A. tuberosa_, Rumph.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Ates_, Tag.; _Custard Apple_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--The fruit of the mature ates is edible and is one of the most
+delicious that grows in the Philippines; its white and delicately
+perfumed pulp has a delicious flavor. The unripe fruit is exceedingly
+astringent. The fermented juice of the ripe pulp is used in certain
+parts of America to prepare a popular drink. The powdered seeds make
+a useful parasiticide especially when used on the scalp, but it is
+necessary to avoid getting any of the drug in the eyes on account of
+its irritant effect.
+
+Botanical Description.--Tree 8 or 9° high with leaves alternate,
+oblong, the edges pubescent. Flowers greenish-yellow, axillary,
+solitary; peduncle not curved. Petals 6, convergent. Stamens crowded,
+indefinite. Fruit fleshy, covered with scales or rather rounded
+tubercles; beneath is the white and fragment pulp, covering the
+long-oval seeds.
+
+
+
+_A. reticulate, L._
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Anonas_, Sp.-Fil.
+
+Uses.--The fruit of this species is neither as much prized nor as
+abundant in the Philippines as that of the ates. When unripe it
+possesses the same properties as the latter. The large proportion of
+tannin which both species contain in their unripe state, makes them
+very useful in treating diarrhoea and dysentery. They are administered
+in the form of a decoction, by enema. The sap of the trunk is very
+irritating. The roots are used by the American Indians to treat
+epilepsy. Lemon juice is the antidote for the sap of this species.
+
+I wish to call attention to the similarity of the common name of this
+plant to another entirely distinct species commonly used in the Tagalo
+therapeutics; namely, the _anonang_ (Cordia), with which it must not
+be confused.
+
+Botanical Description.--Tree 10° high with leaves lanceolate,
+pubescent. Flowers in a sort of umbel. Corolla like that of
+_A. squamosa_. Fruit without the plainly visible tubercles of the
+foregoing species, their presence being merely suggested by a sort
+of net traced on the surface.
+
+
+
+_A. muricata_, L.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Guanábano_, _Goyabano_, Sp.-Fil.
+
+Uses.--The ripe fruit possesses antiscorbutic properties; the unripe
+fruit is used in treating dysentery. It is said that the ripe fruit
+is used in diseases of the liver.
+
+Botanical Description.--Tree with leaves oval, alternate and
+glabrous. Flower solitary, terminal, whitish. The fruit is much larger
+than that of the other species, is covered with scales that end in
+a soft point or thorn and has a very pronounced acid taste.
+
+Habitat.--All three species are common in all parts of the Archipelago.
+
+
+
+
+MENISPERMACEÆ.
+
+Moonseed Family.
+
+
+
+_Tinospora crispa_, Miers. (_Menispermum crispum_, L.; _M. rimosum_,
+Blanco; _Cocculus crispus_, DC.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Makabuhay_, Tag.
+
+Uses.--Makabuhay is one of the most widely known and used plants in the
+Philippines; a sort of panacea applied to all bodily afflictions. Its
+Tagalo name means literally "you may live." A shoot deprived of roots
+and dropped in some moist place is soon covered with bright green
+leaves and adventitious roots. This peculiarity of the plant made
+it possible for me to take a large number of sprouts from Manila to
+Paris where they arrived perfectly fresh after a voyage of forty days,
+during which they lay almost forgotten in the ship and the cars.
+
+The stem is the part employed in medicine. A decoction is
+given internally in the various forms of malarial fever and of
+dyspepsia. Externally it is most useful as a wash for ulcers of all
+kinds, rapidly improving their appearance.
+
+In India the species _T. cordifolia_ is used; it differs but little
+from _T. crispa_. It is official in the Pharmacopoeia and has been
+introduced into Europe. _T. cordifolia_ has given excellent results in
+the mild forms of intermittent fever; in general debility following
+long and severe cases of illness; in chronic rheumatism, and in the
+second stage of syphilis. As the two species are so much alike we
+shall add the preparations and dose of _T. cordifolia_ which we have
+used on several occasions with good results.
+
+Tincture of T. cordifolia.--Stems of the dried plant, 100
+grams. Alcohol 21° (Cartier), 500 cc. Macerate seven days in a closed
+vessel stirring from time to time. After decanting add enough alcohol
+(21°) to bring the quantity up to 500 cc., and filter.
+
+Dose.--4-8 grams.
+
+Maceration.--Fresh stems cut in small pieces, 30 grams, water 300
+grams. Macerate for two hours and filter.
+
+Dose.--30-90 cc. a day.
+
+Extract.--Dry makabuhay in small pieces 500 grams. Water 2 1/2
+liters. Macerate for twelve hours, filter the liquid and express the
+macerated drug which is then macerated a second time in 2 1/2 liters
+of water. Express again, unite the two liquids and filter. Evaporate
+in a water-bath to the consistency of a pill mass.
+
+Dose.--1/2-1 1/2 grams a day in fractional doses.
+
+Botanical Description.--A vine whose runners entwine themselves among
+the tops of the highest trees, giving off many adventitious roots which
+seek the earth. The stem is covered with projecting tubercles. Leaves
+heart-shaped, pointed, entire with five well-marked nerves. Flowers
+yellowish-green, dioecious, growing in axillary racemes. The male
+flowers have a corolla of six petals, the three smaller ones arranged
+alternately. In the female flower the stamens are represented by three
+glands situated at the base of the petals. Fruit, an elliptical drupe.
+
+
+
+_Anamirta Cocculus_, Wight & Arn. (_Menispermum Cocculus_, (L.) Blanco;
+_M. lacunosum_, Famk; _Cocculus lacunosus_, _C. suberosus_, DC.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Laktang_, _Liktang_, _Suma_, _Lanta_, _Lintang bagin_,
+_Tuba_, _Balasin_, _Bayati_, Tag., Vis., Pam.
+
+Uses.--One of the uses to which the India berries (_Cocas de Levante_)
+are put in the Philippines, is to throw them into small sluggish
+streams or into lakes with the object of intoxicating the fish which
+soon come to the surface and float there as if dead. This custom
+is very extensive in Malaysia, in India and even in Europe, where,
+in order to avoid the cases of poisoning which this practice has
+occasioned in the consumers of fish taken in this way, it has been
+found necessary to forbid the sale of the berries except in the
+pharmacies. These restrictions are practiced in France.
+
+In the Binondo market in Manila the root of this plant may be found in
+abundance; it is yellow and very bitter. The natives use the infusion
+(5-10 grams to 300 cc. of water) in fevers, dyspepsia and menstrual
+derangements. In India also the root is used in the same complaints.
+
+The fruit contains the highly toxic principle _picrotoxin_, and others
+as follows:
+
+_Menispermin_ (C_18_H_24_N_2_O_2_) is an alkaloid which crystallizes
+in pyramidal prisms, is soluble in alcohol and ether and insoluble
+in water. Hot nitric acid converts it into oxalic acid and a yellow
+substance of a resinous appearance.
+
+_Picrotoxin_ (C_30_H_24_O_13_) is not an alkaloid as may be seen from
+its formula. Its properties are not well known at the present time. It
+crystallizes in small quadrilateral prisms, white and transparent,
+or in needles grouped in stars. No odor, taste bitter, insoluble
+in water, partly soluble in alcohol and in ether, freely soluble in
+acids and alkalies. A solution in concentrated sulphuric acid has a
+saffron-yellow color. Nitric acid transforms it into oxalic acid.
+
+_Picrotoxinin_ exists in picrotoxin in the proportion of 32 to 100,
+and may be separated by boiling in benzine. It is bitter, poisonous,
+reduced by Fehling's solution and nitrate of silver. Sixty-six
+per cent. of _picrotoxin_ consists of another bitter substance,
+non-poisonous--_picrotin_, which is insoluble in benzine and is reduced
+by Fehling's solution and nitrate of silver. Lastly, _anamirtin_
+is found in the mother water of picrotoxin; it is not bitter, not
+poisonous, and not reducible by the aforementioned reagents.
+
+The fruit of the _anamirta_, the "coca de Levante" is an acrid,
+narcotic poison, which may not be employed internally; its uses are
+limited to external medication. In the Pharmacopoeia of India is
+given the formula for a parasiticide ointment, highly recommended in
+the treatment of pediculi:
+
+
+_Unguentum anamirtæ_:
+
+               4 grams Cocculus berries, powdered,
+              30 grams Vaseline.
+            M.  Fiat unguentum.
+
+
+In applying this ointment it is necessary to make sure that there
+is no wound or abrasion of the skin through which absorption might
+take place.
+
+Botanical Description.--A vine with leaves alternate, entire, glabrous,
+broadly oval, pointed, with 5 nerves which unite at the base, long
+petioles. Flowers dioecious, in compound racemes. Male flowers consist
+of a perianth without corolla, the sepals arranged by threes in two or
+three whorls. The end of the receptacle expanded like a bead, bears
+a large number of stamens in 6 vertical series, with anthers sessile
+and 4-lobed. Female flowers analogous as regards the perianth, with
+6-9 sterile stamens. Carpels formed of 5 ovaries, free, unilocular,
+containing one ovule each. Fruit, a drupe of a purple color, the size
+of a filbert, kidney-shaped, the albumen horny.
+
+
+
+_Cissampelos Pareira_, L.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Sansawsansawan_, Tag.; _Chinchaochinchauan_, Sp.-Fil.
+
+Uses.--Although this plant formerly bore the Portuguese name of
+_Pareira brava_, the U. S. P. and B. P. recognize now under this
+title only the root of _Chondrodendron tomentosum_. It is diuretic
+and tonic and apparently exercises an astringent and sedative action
+upon the mucous membrane of the genito-urinary organs. The root is
+used in acute and chronic cystitis.
+
+In Brazil it is used as a diaphoretic and as such is employed in cases
+of venomous snake bites. It is also used there as an emmenagogue and
+diuretic, in intermittent fevers, dropsy and suppression of the lochia
+in women recently confined.
+
+It is official in the Pharmacopoeia of India.
+
+Decoction.--Root of cissampelos, small pieces,   50 grams.
+            Water                               600 grams.
+
+Dose.--30-100 grams.
+
+Boil 15 minutes; filter and add enough water to bring the total bulk
+up to 600 cc.
+
+Extract.--Root of cissampelos in powder     500 grams.
+          Water                               5 liters.
+
+Dose.--.5-1 gram.
+
+Digest the powder for 24 hours in 500 cc. water, pour the mixture
+into a filter and add water gradually until the percolate amounts to
+5 liters. Evaporate the percolate in a water-bath to the consistency
+of a pill mass.
+
+Fluid Extract.--This is prepared in the same manner as the extract
+and is allowed to remain in the bath until reduced in bulk to 400
+grams. It is then removed and 100 grams of alcohol (36°) are added.
+
+Dose.--1.75-7 cc.
+
+Chemical Composition.--Flückiger has isolated a bitter principle
+analogous to berberin; also _buxine_ and _paracine_, which latter
+received the name _pelosine_ from Wiggers in 1839. The former chemist
+proposed the name buxine for all these analogous principles. Pelosine
+or buxine is precipitated by a concentrated solution of HCl, by
+sal ammoniac, by potassium nitrate and potassium iodide. He also
+discovered a neutral substance, _deyamitin_, which crystallizes in
+microscopic tablets; sulphuric acid added to these gives a pretty
+dark blue color which changes to green.
+
+Botanical Description.--A climbing shrub with cylindrical woody
+stem, with leaves simple, alternate, entire, petiolate, ovoid,
+broad at the base. The inferior surface of the leaf is pubescent,
+especially in the intervals between the ribs. Flowers dioecious, small,
+racemose. Calyx of 12 sepals arranged in 3 whorls, the inner ones
+broad and petaloid. Corolla of 6 petals arranged in 2 whorls. Stamens
+sterile or rudimentary in the pistillate flower, the staminate flower
+bearing 6; anthers innate, 2-celled. Drupes oval, 2 or 3 cm. long,
+black, closely resembling a grape seed.
+
+
+
+
+NYMPHÆACEÆ.
+
+Water-Lily Family.
+
+
+
+_Nymphæa Lotus_, L.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Lawas_, _Talaylo_, _Tunas_, _Gaway-gaway_, Tag., Vis.,
+Pam.; _Water Lily_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--The anaphrodisiac virtues attributed to this plant and to
+all the water-lily family are purely imaginary. Its juice being
+slightly bitter and astringent is used in decoction as an injection
+in gonorrhoea. It possesses mild narcotic properties, for which some
+use the juice of the whole plant, rubbing the forehead and temples
+with it to produce sleep.
+
+Botanical Description.--An aquatic plant, with leaves solitary,
+terminal, floating on the water, dentate, glabrous, broad, deeply cleft
+at the base, with a very long petiole. Flowers solitary, persistent in
+the ripe fruit, oval. Stamens indefinite in fine whorls or verticils.
+
+Habitat.--Common on the shores of the Laguna de Bay.
+
+
+
+_Nelumbium nucifera_, Gaertn. (_N. speciosum_, Willd.; _N. Asiaticum_,
+Rich.; _Cyamus Nelumbo_, Sm.; _C. mysticus_, Salis.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Bayno_, Tag.; _Sukaw_, Iloc.; _Sacred Lotus_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--An infusion of the flowers is used internally in dysentery. In
+India they use, for diarrhoea and vomiting, the viscid juice obtained
+from the petioles and the peduncles of the flowers. The rootstock
+contains a large quantity of starch which has been utilized for food
+in the periods of famine which have desolated India and Egypt. This
+flower was the Sacred Lotus of the Egyptians and the people of India
+have dedicated it to Lakshmi, the goddess of health and prosperity.
+
+Infusion.--Petals, dried        5 grams.
+           Water              250 grams.
+
+Sig. To be taken during 24 hours.
+
+Botanical Description.--An aquatic plant with fleshy rootstock which
+creeps along the muddy bottoms; from its nodes spring the stalks of
+the leaves and flowers. Its leaves are alternate, polymorphous, some
+above and some below the surface of the water, concave in the center
+whence ribs separate, shield-shaped. Petioles very long, bearing soft,
+short spines. The flowers white or pink, solitary; peduncle long
+and, like the petioles, covered with soft, short spines. Calyx of
+4-5 unequal sepals, imbricated. Corolla with an indefinite number of
+unequal petals, the inner ones shorter. Stamens indefinite, inserted in
+the base of the receptacle. Receptacle expanded above the androecium,
+in the form of an inverted cone, containing a large number of alveoli
+with circular openings.
+
+
+
+
+PAPAVERACEÆ.
+
+Poppy Family.
+
+
+
+_Argemone Mexicana_, L.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Kasubhang-aso_, Iloc.
+
+Uses.--Padre Blanco says that the yellow juice of this plant "is
+used by the natives (Filipinos) to treat fissures of the corners of
+the eyes."
+
+The negros of Senegal use the decoction of the root to cure
+gonorrhoea. The milky juice to which Blanco refers is used in
+different countries to treat various skin diseases, including the
+cutaneous manifestations of syphilis and leprosy; to remove warts,
+and as an eye wash in catarrhal conjunctivitis.
+
+The English physicians of India state that it is dangerous to use
+the milky juice as an application to the eye, although Dymock claims
+the contrary.
+
+The flowers are narcotic by virtue of a principle resembling morphine,
+perhaps identical with that alkaloid.
+
+The seeds yield a fixed oil on expression, which is laxative and
+relieves the pains of colic, probably by virtue of its narcotic
+properties. Physicians in India praise this oil highly; not only is
+it a sure and painless purgative, but it is free from the viscidity
+and disgusting taste of castor-oil; besides it has the advantage of
+operating in small doses, 2-4 grams. Its activity is proportionate to
+its freshness. Dr. W. O'Shaughnessy does not value this oil highly,
+but the experience of many distinguished physicians of India has
+proved the purgative and other properties that have just been
+mentioned. Possibly the differences of opinion may arise from the
+fact that oils from different plants were used in the trials.
+
+The seeds yield a fixed oil, yellow, clear, of sweet taste, density
+0.919 at 15°; it remains liquid at -5°; is soluble in an equal volume
+of alcohol at 90°; characterized by an orange-red color on adding
+nitric acid. From its soap Frolicher has obtained acetic, valerianic,
+butyric and benzoic acids. Charbonnier claims to have found morphine
+in its leaves and capsules. Dragendorf has isolated from the seeds
+an alkaloid which presents the principal characters of morphine. It
+is, then, probable that morphine is the narcotic principle possessed
+by this plant, which is not hard to believe when one considers the
+family to which it belongs.
+
+Botanical Description.--A plant of American origin nowadays
+acclimated in almost all warm countries. Its stem is green,
+pubescent, 30-40 centimeters high. Leaves alternate, thin, sessile,
+lanceolate, covered with rigid green thorns. Flowers hermaphrodite,
+terminal, yellow. Calyx, 3 sepals with conical points. Corolla, 6
+rounded petals. Stamens indefinite, free, hypogynous. Ovary free,
+triangular. Capsule expanded, oblong, angular, thickly set with
+prickles: it opens inferiorly by 5 valves.
+
+
+
+
+CRUCIFERÆ.
+
+Mustard Family.
+
+
+
+_Brassica juncea_, Hook. & Thom. (_Sinapis juncea_, L.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Mostaza_, Sp.; _Mustard_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--The seeds are used in the same way as those of white or black
+mustard (_Sinapis alba_ and _S. nigra_, L.).
+
+Botanical Description.--Plant with a glabrous stem, leaves sessile,
+glabrous, lanceolate, the upper ones serrate, the lower ones almost
+entire. Flowers in racemes. Calyx, 4 sepals. Corolla, 4 rounded,
+unguiculate petals. Stamens 6, two of them short and the other four
+longer and united in pairs. Ovary flattened. Seed vessel quadrangular,
+nodular, glabrous, containing many oval seeds.
+
+
+
+_Raphanus sativus, L._
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Rábano_, Sp.; _Radish_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--Used principally as food; it possesses the antiscorbutic
+properties common to the greater part of the Cruciferæ.
+
+It is an herbaceous plant, the root of which is so commonly known
+that its description would be useless.
+
+
+
+
+CAPPARIDACEÆ.
+
+Caper Family.
+
+
+
+_Cleome viscosa_, L. (_C. icosandra_, L.; _Polanisia viscosa_, DC.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Balabalanoyan_, _Apoyapoyan_, Tag.; _Wild Mustard_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--The seeds possess the same properties as those of mustard and
+are used in place of the latter in Manila. In America the leaves are
+used as a poultice in otitis, their action being rubefacient. In India
+the seeds are given internally for their anthelmintic and carminative
+effect; the dose is one teaspoonful twice a day. The juice of the
+leaves mixed with cocoanut oil is used in the form of eardrops in
+suppurative otitis.
+
+The natives give the same common name to the _Gynandropsis
+pentaphylla_, DC. (_Cleome pentaphylla_, L.; _C. altiacea_ or
+_C. alliodora_, Blanco), which is distinguished from the former
+by its six stamens inserted on the pistil and its violet-colored
+stem. Its therapeutic properties are identical with those of
+the _Cleome viscosa_. Dr. Sir W. Jones believes that the plant
+possesses antispasmodic properties, basing his belief on its odor,
+which resembles _asafetida_, though not so disagreeable. In India the
+juice of the leaves is a popular remedy for earache. It is also used
+there as a rubefacient.
+
+Botanical Description.--An annual, the stem channeled and bearing
+glandular hairs. Leaves compound, alternate; leaflets lanceolate with
+glandular hairs. Calyx, 4 sepals. Corolla, 4 petals, yellow. Stamens
+14-16, encircling the pistil. Seed vessels cylindrical, with channels
+and glandular hairs. The whole plant is sticky and emits a garlicky
+odor.
+
+
+_Cratæva religiosa_, Forst.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Salingbobog_, Tag.; _Balay-namuk_, Iloc.
+
+Uses.--It is in common use in India as a tonic and stomachic. It
+seems also to possess laxative and diuretic properties. In Concan
+the juice of the leaves mixed with cocoanut oil is used as a liniment
+in rheumatism.
+
+Infusion.--Leaves, fresh            50 grams.
+           Water                   500 grams.
+
+Dose.--50-100 grams a day as a tonic or stomachic.
+
+Botanical Description.--A shrub 15-20° high with compound trifoliate
+leaves with long petioles; leaflets lanceolate, acuminate, smooth,
+dark green. Calyx of 4 imbricated sepals. Corolla of 4 unguiculate
+petals, between white and straw color, 1' long. Stamens indefinite,
+violet-colored. Ovary unilocular, many-ovuled. Berry spherical with
+many seeds buried in pulp.
+
+Habitat.--Blanco has seen the plant growing in Ilocos and Imus.
+
+
+
+
+BIXINEÆ.
+
+
+
+_Bixa Orellana_, L.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Atsuiti_, _Achuiti_, Tag.; _Achiote_, _Achuete_, Sp.-Fil.;
+_Annatto_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--The principal use of the seeds is in cookery and everybody
+knows the yellow color which Filipino cooks impart to almost all
+their dishes. In medicine the fine powder that covers the seeds is
+used as a hæmostatic and internally as a stomachic. On account of
+the astringent qualities of the coloring matter it is used in some
+countries to treat dysentery, a fact which suggests its possible
+therapeutic or rather hygienic usefulness as a condiment. It seems
+to effect a cure in dysentery in the same manner as ipecac.
+
+In India, Brazil and the Antilles the natives make a sort of paste
+of achuete known under the name of _rocu_. There is a hard, odorless
+form of rocu and another soft, unctuous, of a delicate red color and
+an odor rendered highly disagreeable by the urine added to it to keep
+it soft. Rocu is the preparation of achuete that has been subjected
+to chemical analysis. Its composition is as follows: Two coloring
+matters, _bixin_ (C_28_H_34_O_5_), of a red color, resinous, soluble
+in alcohol, ether, alkaline solutions and benzine, crystallizing in
+microscopic laminæ, quadrangular, red, of a metallic violet lustre;
+_orellin_, yellow in color, soluble in alcohol and in water.
+
+Botanical Description.--A well-known tree growing to a height
+of 5-7 meters, with leaves alternate, simple, oval, heart-shaped
+at the base, sharply pointed, glabrous, short petioles. Flowers in
+panicles. Calyx, 5 rounded sepals, tuberculate at the base, imbricated,
+caducous. Corolla of 5 rose-colored petals. Stamens very numerous,
+free, inserted on the receptacle. Capsule round, dark red, bristling
+with stout hairs of the same color. The seeds are covered with a fine,
+yellowish-red powder.
+
+
+
+_Pangium edule_, Reinw. (_Hydonocarpus polyandra_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Pangi_, Tag.
+
+Uses.--All parts of this tree are anthelmintic. The seeds, fruit,
+leaves and bark all possess narcotic properties dangerous to man and
+the symptoms following an excessive dose are sleepiness, headache,
+a sort of intoxication or an attack of delirium that may end in
+death. These narcotic properties have been utilized in Java to
+stupefy the fish in the rivers by throwing the bark in the pools
+and quiet portions of the stream. The juice of the leaves is used in
+the treatment of chronic skin diseases. In Amboina the natives eat
+the seeds, the toxic quality of which is removed by brushing and
+macerating in pure water for a certain time. After such treatment
+they may be eaten with impunity and an oil may be extracted from them
+which is useful as a food.
+
+Botanical Description.--A tree with leaves 5' long, alternate,
+ovate, broad, entire, glabrous, palmately nerved. Petiole long with
+2 persistent lateral stipules. Flowers dioecious, the male ones in
+panicles, the female solitary. Calyx gamosepalous, dividing unequally
+when the flower opens. The male flower has a corolla of 5-7 petals,
+violet-colored, concave, half oval, with pubescent borders; at its
+base a flat scale. Stamens free, numerous, thick filaments, anthers
+bilocular. In the female flower the perianth is the same as in the
+former, the stamens sterile. Ovary unilocular, with 2-4 parietal
+placentæ with many ovules. Fruit as large as a man's head, with thin
+woody pericarp and many seeds embedded within its pulp.
+
+
+
+
+PORTULACACEÆ.
+
+Purslane Family.
+
+
+
+_Portulaca oleracea_, L.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Verdolagas_, Sp.; _Olasiman_, _Kolasiman_, Tag.;
+_Purslane_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--The entire plant is edible, in the form of a salad or as
+a condiment with meat or fish. The leaves are succulent and acid,
+and the juice expressed from them is used as an eyewash to remove
+corneal opacities; it is also used in superficial erysipelas and
+other skin affections. The bruised leaves are used as a poultice for
+abscesses, contusions and on the temples for headache. The juice is
+given internally to check hæmoptysis and in diseases of the lungs
+and bladder; the seeds also are used in these complaints.
+
+Botanical Description.--A plant with prostrate stem. Leaves fleshy,
+wedge-shaped. Flowers small, sessile, terminal, pale yellow. Calyx
+of 2 large teeth, deciduous. Corolla, 4-5 petals with a notch at the
+end. Stamens 9-14. Style of equal length with the stamens. Stigma in
+4-6 divisions. The seed vessel, which dehisces horizontally, contains
+many small, heart-shaped seeds.
+
+Habitat.--It grows in all parts of the islands.
+
+
+
+
+GUTTIFERÆ.
+
+Gamboge Family.
+
+
+
+_Garcinia mangostana_, L.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Mangostán_, Sp.; _Mangosteen_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--The seed of the fruit is astringent and is given internally
+as an infusion in dysentery and chronic diarrhoea. The decoction is
+very useful as an injection in leucorrhoea.
+
+The following potion has given excellent results to Dr. Ed. J. Waring
+in chronic dysentery and the diarrhoeas of tropical countries:
+
+
+        Dried peel of mangosteen       60 grams.
+        Cumin seed                      5 grams.
+        Coriander                       5 grams.
+        Water                       1,200 grams.
+
+
+Boil till reduced to 600 grams. Take 120 grams twice a day. Tincture
+of opium may be added.
+
+An analysis of mangosteen peel by W. Schmidt demonstrated a large
+quantity of tannin, a resin and a crystallizable principle named
+_mangostin_ (C_20_H_23_O_5_) which exists in the form of fine,
+golden yellow laminæ, tasteless, soluble in alcohol, ether and the
+alkalies, insoluble in water. With the perchloride of iron it gives
+a blackish-green color, and sulphuric acid colors it red.
+
+Botanical Description.--The mangosteen grows only in the southern
+islands of the Archipelago and its delicious fruit is the part of
+the plant known in Manila. The peel is at the present time almost
+universally employed in medicine. The fruit is about the size of
+a small Manila orange, the pericarp a dark red or chocolate color,
+tough and thick, crowned with the remains of the calyx. On breaking
+it open the edible portion of the fruit is seen, consisting of 6-18
+seeds covered by a white, sweet pulp, cottony in appearance, of a
+delicious slightly acrid flavor.
+
+
+
+1. _Garcinia venulosa_, Choisy. (_Cambogia venulosa_, Blanco.)
+2. _G. Cambogia_, Desrouss. (_Cambogia binucao_, Blanco.)
+
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Binukaw_, Tag., applied to both trees, though the first
+is also called _Gatasan pulá_ in Tagalo and _Taklang-anak_ in Pampango.
+
+Uses.--The fruit of the second species, the true name of which is
+_binucaw_, is acid and edible. The fruit and the trunk of both species,
+when cut, exude a gum-resin very much like gamboge which is obtained
+from the _G. morella_ or _G. pedicellata_, Desr. These gum-resins,
+however, seem to be much inferior to gamboge; they contain an essential
+oil which does not exist in the latter and their color is paler.
+
+Botanical Description.--The _G. venulosa_ is a tree with leaves
+opposite, lanceolate, acute, entire and glabrous, the inferior surface
+covered with nervelets which converge at the apex. Petioles short and
+flattened. Flowers tetramerous. Calyx, 4 persistent sepals. Corolla,
+4 petals, overlapping, fleshy, ovate, of the same color as the
+calyx. Stamens numerous; no filaments; anthers round and very
+small. Style very short and thick, stigma peltate, divided into 10
+parts. Fruit globose, depressed, no well-marked ridges when ripe.
+
+_G. Cambogia_ differs from the foregoing in the leaves which present
+no nervelets on the lower surface and the fruit which presents 8
+angles or rounded ridges.
+
+Habitat.--Very common throughout the islands, abounding in the
+mountains of San Mateo and Morong. Blooms in August.
+
+
+
+_Garcinia morella_, Desr.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--I do not know the name given by the Filipinos to this
+tree, which Vidal and Soler have seen in Montalván, Tiwi (Albay)
+and San Mateo (Province of Manila); but it is highly important in
+medicine as the true gamboge is obtained from it. _Gamboge Tree_, Eng.
+
+The Gamboge of the U. S. P. and B. P. is obtained from _G. Hanburii_
+which differs somewhat botanically from _G. morella_.
+
+Uses.--All parts of the plant contain a thick, yellow, milky juice
+which constitutes the gamboge. In Malabar, Ceylon, Canara and Singapore
+the following method of extraction is followed: At the beginning of the
+rainy season a spiral incision is made around the bark of about half
+the tree trunk, and a piece of bamboo is fixed in place to collect
+the juice which slowly exudes from the cut for several months, soon
+becoming viscid and then solid after contact with the air. One tree,
+as a rule, yields enough sap to fill three internodal segments of
+bamboo, each 50 cm. long by 3-5 cm. in diameter.
+
+Gamboge is a laxative in doses of 10-15 cgm., produces abundant
+evacuations with violent colicky pains in doses of 30-50 cgm., and
+is an irritant poison in large doses. In other words it is a highly
+energetic hydragogue cathartic, especially indicated when we wish
+to drain off the fluid element of the blood, as in dropsy, asthma,
+pulmonary and cerebral congestion. It is also used as a vermifuge.
+
+It is rarely given alone, but is combined with calomel, aloes, jalap,
+rhubarb, etc.
+
+It is official in all pharmacopoeias.
+
+Botanical Description.--A tree 10-20 meters high, with leaves opposite,
+elliptical, lanceolate, narrowed at both extremities, acuminate,
+entire, coriaceous, glabrous, 10-12 cm. long by 3-4 cm. broad, with
+short petioles. Flowers dioecious. Male flower axillary, solitary or in
+groups of 3-6, pedunculate with small bracts. Calyx, 4 sepals. Corolla,
+4 petals, orbicular, thick, fleshy. Stamens 30-40, sessile, adherent
+at the base. Anthers unilocular. Female flower sessile, solitary,
+axillary, larger than the male; calyx and corolla equal; staminodia
+20-30, jointed at the base, forming a membranous corolla from the
+upper edge of which spring a few short filaments which support each
+a suboval sterile anther. The ovary is superior and almost spherical,
+with 4 cells each containing 1 ovule. The fruit, almost spherical, is
+2 1/2 cm. in diameter, corticate, bearing at its base the persistent
+calyx; each of its 4 cells contains a seed.
+
+
+
+_Ochrocarpus pentapetalous_, Blanco. (_Tovomita pentapetala_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Namakpakan_, _Tagudin_, Iloc. (?).
+
+Uses.--An oil expressed from the fruit is used in Ilocos for
+illuminating purposes. The flowers are astringent and are used in
+infusion in cases of diarrhoea. The oil of the fruit is also used
+locally in rheumatism, tumefactions and other painful conditions. In
+some countries of Malaysia the oil is used in the same way especially
+in beriberi and the periarticular inflammations incident to puerperium.
+
+Botanical Description.--Straight trunk about 8' in diameter, with
+milky sap. Leaves 1 1/2' long, sessile, opposite, ovate, expanded,
+minutely notched and glabrous, with a small downy swelling at
+the base, superior and glued to the branch. Flowers terminal,
+in racemes, with opposite pedicels. Calyx white, of 2 rounded
+leaflets bent downwards. Corolla white, 5 petals (not 4), oval,
+concave, twice as long as the calyx. Stamens numerous, joined to the
+receptacle. Filaments slightly longer than the corolla. Anthers oval,
+2-celled. Ovary superior, oval. Style longer than the stamens. Stigma
+peltate, sometimes bilobed, sometimes 4-lobed. Fruit about the size
+of an acorn, oval, fleshy, containing a milky juice; it is 2-celled
+and each cell contains a solitary, hard seed; of these one aborts.
+
+Habitat.--It grows near the sea. Blooms in December.
+
+
+
+_Calophyllum Inophyllum_, L.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Palo Maria_, Sp.-Fil.; _Bitanhol_, _Tamawian_, _Dankalan_,
+_Dinkalin_, Tag.; _Dankalan Bitaog_, Vis., Pam., Bik.
+
+Uses.--From the seeds of the fruit there exudes a yellowish-green oil,
+bitter and aromatic. It is used in some districts for illuminating
+purposes. Its density is 0.942 and its point of solidification 5°
+above zero. In India it is used by inunction in rheumatism and in the
+Philippines locally over the stomach in indigestion and colic. The
+bark of the tree when incised exudes a green resin of a very agreeable
+odor, which is used as an application to wounds and old sores. In
+India it is used in the same way. This resin is fusible and dissolves
+completely in alcohol. It has been mistaken for the _tacamahaca_
+of India, which, however, is a product of the _C. calaba_, L. Mixed
+with equal parts of pitch and wax it is applied to the chest as a
+plaster in bronchitis. A decoction of the leaves is used for purulent
+ophthalmia in some parts of India and Mauritius. The pounded bark is
+applied locally in orchitis and epididymitis. We have had occasion to
+use a mixture of equal parts of the resin with white vaseline spread
+on linen and applied between the shoulder blades; in the persistent
+cough of senile bronchitis the relief was marked.
+
+Botanical Description.--A large tree with beautiful, dark green
+leaves 4-5' long, opposite, entire, large, oval with nerves numerous,
+fine and perpendicular to the midrib. Petioles very short. Flowers
+large, white, sweet-scented, axillary, in racemes of 7-9. Calyx
+white, of 4 sepals. Corolla white, of 4 petals. Stamens numerous,
+polyadelphous. Ovary rudimentary in the male flower; unilocular and
+uniovulate in the female. Style single and large. Drupe superior,
+with a hard, bony pit, containing a thicker, softer substance which
+envelopes a seed of like consistency.
+
+Habitat.--It is found in central Luzon and in the Provinces of Tayabas,
+La Union and Ilocos. Blooms in November.
+
+
+
+_Mesua ferrea_, L. (_Calophyllum apetalum_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Malabukbuk_ (?), Tag.
+
+Uses.--We do not know to what use the Filipinos put this plant, but
+in India the sweet flowers are dried and sold in the bazars under the
+name of _Nag-Kasar_ or _Nagesur_, which is used as a mild stimulant,
+but especially as a perfume.
+
+A dark oil is expressed from the seeds, its density 0.954 and its
+solidifying point 5° above zero. In northern Canara it is used locally
+in rheumatism. The incised root bark exudes a resinous sap which is
+a good bitter tonic. The infusion of the wood is equally good. The
+dried flowers, finely powdered and mixed with oil or lard make a useful
+ointment for acute hemorrhoids. The fruit is acrid and purgative.
+
+Botanical Description.--A tree with leaves long-petioled, oblong,
+lanceolate, acuminate, rounded at the base, thick, coriaceous,
+upper surface lustrous, lower surface greenish or covered with a
+waxy, ash-colored powder. Flowers terminal or axillary, solitary,
+yellowish. Calyx 4 imbricated sepals, orbiculate, slightly
+pubescent. Corolla 4 persistent petals, wedge-shaped, short, with
+rounded points. Stamens indefinite, free, in 5-6 series. Ovary free,
+2-celled, each cell containing 2 ovules. Style bilobed. Fruit nearly
+unilocular, ovate, acuminate, encompassed at its base by the sepals,
+the lower part of the petals, and crowned by the style. Pericarp
+woody, dehiscent at the tip by 2-4 valves; contains 1-4 seeds,
+slightly orbiculate, coriaceous.
+
+Habitat.--Common in the forests.
+
+
+
+
+DIPTEROCARPEÆ.
+
+
+
+_Dipterocarpus turbinatus_, Gaertn. (_D. Indicus_, Bedd.; _D. Mayapis_,
+Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Mayapis_, Tag.; _Gurjun_, _Kanyin_, Indo-Eng.
+
+Uses.--This tree yields an oleo resin, used in medicine and known
+under the name of _bálsamo de gurjun_. Other species of _Dipterocarpus_
+(_D. alatus_, Roxb.; _D. incanus_, Roxb.; _D. trinervis_, Bl., etc.,
+etc.) produce the same substance. Balsam of Gurjun is a stimulant
+of the mucous membranes, especially those of the genito-urinary
+tract, and is diuretic. It is also indicated in bronchial catarrh
+and as a local application in ulcer. The first to recommend the use
+of gurjun as a substitute for copaiba was Sir W. O'Shaughnessy in
+1838, and in 1852 this property was confirmed by Waring with highly
+satisfactory results. Dr. Enderson of Glasgow employed it in cases
+that received no benefit from copaiba, giving a teaspoonful t. i. d. in
+emulsion. Dr. Rean also classed it as equal to copaiba in efficiency.
+
+The daily dose ranges from 5-20 grams, in liquid or pill.
+
+The following is an excellent formula for an emulsion:
+
+
+        Cinnamon water                  125 grams.
+        Sodium carbonate, crystals        2 grams.
+        Balsam of gurjun                 25 grams.
+        Syrup of gum                     25 grams.
+        Sulphuric ether                   2 grams.
+
+        Mix and shake.
+
+
+Dose.--6-12 large spoonfuls each day, for the declining stage of
+gonorrhoea.
+
+In Burmah they extract the balsam by the following method: A large
+hole is cut in the trunk of the tree and a fire is built in this
+cavity and kept up till the wood of the trunk begins to burn, by
+which time the oleo resin has collected in abundance in the segments
+of bamboo placed to receive it. When the exudate diminishes, fire is
+again placed in the cavity and one tree may tolerate 2, 3 or even 4
+of these cavities. The exudate on standing separates into 2 parts;
+a solid called "guad" which forms the lower layer, and a supernatant
+liquid which is the balsam. It is dense, viscid and very fluorescent;
+opaque and gray-green by reflected light. It has an odor similar to
+that of copaiba, is bitter and aromatic. Its density is 0.964. It
+is soluble in benzine, in bisulphuret of carbon, chloroform, the
+essential oils and less so in ether and acetic acid. It becomes turbid
+and coagulates if it be kept at 100° for some time and it solidifies
+at 200°, while copaiba remains liquid at this temperature.
+
+A specimen of the balsam examined by Flückiger consisted of 54.44
+parts semifluid resin and 45.56 volatile material. Upon distillation
+it yields an essential oil, of slight odor, straw-colored; formula
+C_20_H_32_ (Werner). If purified its density is 0.915. It is soluble
+in amylic alcohol, scarcely so in absolute alcohol. Hydrochloric acid
+colors it a beautiful blue. The resin remaining after distillation,
+dissolved in alcohol 0.838 with the addition of ammonia, yields as a
+precipitate a crystalline acid (gurjunic acid), C_44_H_64_O_8_, soluble
+in alcohol 0.838, in ether, in benzol and bisulphide of carbon. It
+melts at 220° (Werner), solidifies at 180° and is decomposed at 260°.
+
+Botanical Description.--A very large, handsome tree with leaves
+about 5' in length, alternate, ovate, broad and lanceolate, entire,
+glabrous and membranaceous. Petioles very short. Flowers terminal,
+paniculate, handsome, fragrant. Calyx free, 5 lanceolate sepals, of
+which 2 are slightly longer than the others. Corolla, 5 yellow oblong
+petals longer than the sepals. Stamens numerous, attached to the
+receptacle. Filaments very short. Anthers of 2 divisions each ending
+in a long beard. Ovary half buried in the receptacle. A single thick
+style. Three simple stigmas. Seed vessel of 3 cells, seeds in pairs.
+
+Habitat.--In Luzon in the mountains of Tala, Angat and San Mateo;
+in Mindanao, Paragua, Balabac and Negros. Blooms in June.
+
+
+
+
+MALVACEÆ.
+
+Mallow Family.
+
+
+
+_Sida carpinifolia_, L. (_S. acuta_, Burm.; _S. stipulata_, Cav.;
+_S. frutescens_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Wawalisan_, _Eskobanghaba_, _Pamalis_, _Higot-balato_,
+_Mamalis_, Tag., Vis., Pam.
+
+Uses.--The root is emollient and bitter. The decoction is
+used as a lotion for ulcers, and internally as a sudorific and
+tonic-astringent. The physicians of India prescribe the powdered root
+with milk for fevers and for nervous and urinary diseases. The leaves
+are used locally in ophthalmia.
+
+The juice of the root is employed as a wash for all kinds of
+sores and ulcers and the juice of the entire plant is given for
+spermatorrhoea. After experimenting with the root, the compilers of
+the Bengal Dispensatory announced their uncertainty as to whether
+or not it possessed antipyretic properties; however, they pronounce
+it diaphoretic, an exciter of the appetite and an excellent bitter
+tonic. In Goa the Portuguese consider it diuretic and use it especially
+in rheumatic affections.
+
+The root of _S. carpinifolia_ gives a blue color with the salts of
+iron. It does not precipitate gelatin and contains asparagin.
+
+Botanical Description.--A plant 2-4° high with woody, branching stem,
+leaves alternate, oblong, pointed, serrate, under surface neither
+hoary nor tomentose as in some other species of _Sida_. Petioles
+very short, curved near the leaf, 2 stipules near the base. Flowers
+axillary, solitary. Calyx simple, in 5 parts. Corolla, 5 petals notched
+obliquely. Stamens numerous, inserted on the end of a column. Anthers
+globose. Styles 5, mingled with the stamens. Stigmas globose. Cells
+of the same number as the styles, verticillate, with solitary seeds.
+
+Habitat.--Common in Luzon, Panay, Mindanao, Paragua, Cebú and Balabac.
+
+
+
+_Abutilon Indicum_, Don. (_Sida Indica_, L.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Kuakuakohan_, _Giling-gilingan_, Tag.; _Tabing_, _Malis_,
+_Dulupag_, _Pilis_, Vis.; _Malvas de Castilla_, Sp.-Fil.
+
+Uses.--The trunk bark is slightly bitter, and in decoction is used
+as a diuretic. An infusion of the leaves and flowers is used as an
+emollient in place of mallows. The infusion of the root is used for
+the same effect, as a lotion or injection. I have often had occasion
+to employ this plant and would never use the _Philippine mallow_
+in place of it.
+
+Botanical Description.--A plant 3-4° high, all its parts covered with
+hairs, simple and tomentose. Leaves heart-shaped, angular, obtuse,
+unequally serrate, smooth, soft, the lower surface hoary and bearing
+9 well-marked nerves. Petioles longer than the leaves, with 2 stipules
+at the base. Flowers yellow, axillary, solitary. Peduncles long, with
+a node near the end. Calyx, 5 sepals, as in all the Malvaceæ. Corolla,
+5 petals with a small notch at the end. Stamens very numerous as well
+as the styles. Both arise from the summit of a very short column and
+twist in all directions forming a tassel or tuft. Fruit much higher
+than the calyx, of 10-20 cells or carpels which are broad, compressed,
+hairy, the walls united toward the center, each containing 2-3 seeds.
+
+Habitat.--Common in Luzon, Panay, Mindanao and other islands. Blooms
+in September.
+
+
+
+_Urena sinuata_, L. (_U. morifolia_ and _muricata_, DC.;
+_U. multifida_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Kulutan_, _Kulutkulutan_, _Molopolo_, Tag., Vis., Pam.
+
+Uses.--The infusion of the root is used internally as an emollient
+and refrigerant; externally in skin diseases accompanied by smarting
+and inflammation. The boiled and pounded leaves are used as a poultice
+in inflammation of the intestines and bladder.
+
+Botanical Description.--A spreading plant 4-6° high, with straight
+stem, leaves cleft at the base, serrate and hairy; the larger ones
+have 5-6 lobules which subdivide into smaller ones and bear a small
+gland in the inferior surface of the midrib. Petioles short. Flowers
+terminal and racemose. Calyx double, composed of 5 narrow sepals
+externally, and 5 colored sepals internally alternating with the
+outer ones. Corolla, 5 petals. Stamens numerous, inserted about a
+small column. Styles 10, on the end of the column. Stigmas thick,
+covered with little spheres. Five united carpels, kidney-shaped,
+bristling with short stiff hairs, containing solitary seeds.
+
+Habitat.--Common in all parts of the Archipelago.
+
+
+
+_Hibiscus Abelmoschus, L._
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Kastuli_, _Kastio_, _Kastiogan_, _Dalupan_, Tag.;
+_Marikum_, _Dukum_, _Marukum_, _Marapoto_, Vis.; [2] _Marsh Mallow_,
+Eng.
+
+Uses.--The bruised seeds emit an odor of musk, and for this reason
+the plant has received the name _Kastuli_, signifying musk in
+Sanscrit. They possess antispasmodic and stimulant properties, and the
+infusion is diuretic. Bonastre [3] analyzed Kastuli seeds as follows:
+
+
+        Water and parenchyma                    52.00
+        Gum                                     36.00
+        Albumin                                  5.60
+        Fixed oil, resin, crystals and
+        odorous principles                       6.40
+                                               ------
+            Total                              100.00
+
+
+The fixed oil is greenish-yellow, fluid, but gradually solidifying
+in the air. The crystalline material is white, of an agreeable odor,
+soluble in ether, where it crystallizes in rays, fusible at 35°. The
+odorous principle is a bright green, non-volatile liquid of the odor
+of musk.
+
+Botanical Description.--A plant 5-6° high, the stem hairy and with
+few branches. Leaves heart-shaped, cleft at the base, with 5 large
+pointed lobes, serrate, pubescent. Petioles long with two awl-shaped
+stipules at the base, and a large violet spot in the axil. Calyx
+double; the outer sepals 8-9 in number, awl-shaped; the inner ones
+are larger and separate unequally when the flower expands. Both sets
+are deciduous. Corolla very large, yellow. Stamens very numerous,
+inserted around a column. One pistil. Five stigmas. Ovary very large,
+downy, ovoid, 5-angled, with 5 compartments, each containing many
+kidney-shaped seeds with numerous grooves concentric at the hilum.
+
+Habitat.--Common in all parts of the islands.
+
+
+
+_Hibiscus tiliaceus, L._
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Balibago_, Tag., Pam.; _Malabago_, Vis.
+
+Uses.--An infusion of the leaves is used as a wash for ulcers and
+indolent sores. The flowers boiled in milk are used to relieve the
+pain of earache (Blanco), the warm milk being dropped into the external
+canal. The powdered bark in dose of 3 grams is emetic(?) (Blanco).
+
+Botanical Description.--A small tree 6-12° high with leaves 4-6' long,
+alternate, 7-nerved, cleft at the base, abruptly acute, scalloped,
+pubescent. Petioles long. Flowers axillary, in panicles of very small
+flowerets. Calyx double, the outer portion divided into 8-9 teeth,
+the inner into 5 longer parts. Stamens numerous, inserted about a
+column. Style 1. Stigmas 5. Ovary of 5 cells, each containing 2 seeds.
+
+Habitat.--Abounds in all parts of the islands.
+
+
+
+_Hibiscus Rosa-Sinensis, L._
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Takurangan_, _Aronganan_, _Kayanga_, _Tapulanga_,
+_Gumamila_, Tag., Vis., Pam.; _Rose of China_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--The flowers are emollient and are widely used by the Filipinos
+as a domestic remedy; they are bruised and applied to boils, tumors
+and all sorts of inflammations. The decoction is much used internally
+in bronchial catarrh for its sudorific effect.
+
+The Chinese use the trunk bark as an emmenagogue, calling it
+Fu-yong-pi.
+
+Botanical Description.--A small tree about 7° high commonly called
+_Gumamela_ in Manila; the leaves are ovate, acute, with about 5 nerves,
+serrate from the middle to the apex, hairs growing sparsely on both
+surfaces, with a small group of dark-colored, deciduous hairs growing
+on the lower part of the midrib. Petioles short with 2 stipules at
+the base. Calyx double, the outer part divided almost to the base
+into 6-8 parts; the inner cylindrical, divided in 5. Corolla large,
+splendid scarlet-red, often double, on slender peduncles. Styles
+numerous. Fruit identical with that of the _Hibiscus tiliaceus_.
+
+Habitat.--Universally common in the Philippines.
+
+
+
+_Thespesia populnea_, Corr.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Babuy_ or _Bobuy gubat_, Tag.; _Bulakan_, Vis.
+
+Uses.--The fruit yields a yellow juice which is used locally in
+the itch and other cutaneous troubles, after first washing the
+affected part with a decoction of the roots and leaves. The bark is
+astringent and is used as a decoction in the treatment of dysentery
+and hemorrhoids.
+
+Botanical Description.--A tree of the second order with leaves 4-5'
+long, sparse, 5-nerved, heart-shaped, broad, acute, entire, glabrous,
+6 small glands on the lower face of the base. Petioles of equal length
+with the leaves. Flowers large, axillary, solitary. Calyx double,
+the outer portion deciduous, consisting of 3 small, acute leaflets
+inserted on the base of the inner calyx; the inner is bell-shaped,
+larger than the outer, with 5 inconspicuous, persistent teeth. Corolla
+four times longer than the calyx, of 5 fleshy, fluted petals, their
+borders overlapping, much broader above. Stamens very numerous,
+arranged around and along a column. Filaments long. Anthers of
+half-moon shape. Style 1, very thick. Stigma cleft in 5 parts, which
+are twisted in spiral form. Seed vessels about the size of a filbert,
+5-sided, with 5 apartments each containing 5 ovoid seeds attached
+by separate seed stalks to the central axis of the ovary. Seeds
+not woolly.
+
+Habitat.--Mandaloya Tayabas, Iloilo.
+
+
+
+_Gossypium herbaceum_, L. (_G. Indicum_, Lam.; _G. Capas_, Rumph.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Algodón_, Sp.; _Bulak_, Tag.; _Cotton_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--The root bark is antiasthmatic, emmenagogue, and according
+to Daruty [4] is a substitute for ergot in uterine hemorrhage. The
+leaves are used in bronchial troubles and the seeds are sudorific. The
+negroes in the United States use the root bark in large doses as an
+abortifacient; but a dose of 60 grams to 1,200 of water in decoction
+is proper and useful in treating dysmenorrhoea.
+
+For a long time the seeds went to waste but industry has learned to
+obtain from them a brownish-red oil which is used as a substitute for
+olive oil, from which it is hard to distinguish it, if the latter
+is adulterated by mixing the two; for both have the same density
+and a very similar odor and taste. For this reason the production
+of cottonseed oil is very considerable nowadays. It is cheap and
+excellent for domestic, industrial and pharmaceutic use.
+
+The seeds are used in North America in dysentery and as a galactagogue,
+and the juice of the leaves as an emollient in diarrhoea and mild
+dysentery. The pulp of the seeds, after the oil is extracted, yields
+a sweet material called _gossypose_, which is dextrogyrous and has
+the formula C_18_H_32_O_16_ + 5H_2_O.
+
+The cotton itself, the part used in commerce as a textile, is also the
+portion of the plant most widely employed in therapeutics; not only
+the fiber from this species is used, but also that of others that grow
+in the Philippines, the _G. Barbadense_, L. (nom. vulg. _Pernambuko_,
+Tag.), and the _G. arboreum_, L. (_Bulak na bundok_, _Bulak na totoo_,
+Tag.).
+
+Cotton is used extensively in bacteriological laboratories as a
+filter of liquids and gases. This property possessed by cotton,
+of retaining in its fibers the germs of the air was utilized by
+the famous French surgeon Guérin in the treatment that bears his
+name. The denuded surfaces exposed to infection by airborne bacteria
+are completely protected against them when, according to the Guérin
+treatment, they are enveloped in large masses of fresh, raw cotton,
+presumably free from microörganisms. To avoid the possibility of
+infection by the cotton itself, it is now the practice to sterilize
+it either by means of chemicals such as carbolic acid, iodoform,
+etc., or by physical means such as high temperatures.
+
+Raw cotton is used in compounding gun cotton or explosive cotton, also
+named _pyroxylin_, and this is used to make collodion, so extensively
+employed in medicine.
+
+Pyroxylin is made by treating cotton with equal parts of nitric and
+sulphuric acids, then washing with water till the latter ceases to
+give a precipitate with chloride of baryta; then dry in the air.
+
+Collodion is made by dissolving 5 grams of pyroxylin in the following
+mixture:
+
+
+        Sulphuric ether, rectified          75 grams.
+        Alcohol at 95°                      20 grams.
+
+Filter.
+
+Elastic collodion:
+
+
+        Canada Balsam                    1.50 grams.
+        Castor oil                        .50 grams.
+        Collodion                       30.00 grams.
+
+Mix.
+
+
+Botanical Description.--A plant 2-3° high, of herbaceous stem, branches
+sparsely covered with small, black points; leaves cleft at their base,
+with 5 lobules and a small gland on the midrib. Petiole long with
+2 stipules at the base. Flowers axillary, solitary. Calyx double;
+the outer portion divided in 3 parts, heart-shaped, and each with
+5-9 long, acute teeth. Corolla bell-shaped, of 5 petals, pale yellow
+or turning rose color, purple at the base. Stamens many, inserted
+on a column. Stigma in 4-5 parts. Ovary of 3-5 compartments. Seeds
+enveloped in the fiber.
+
+Habitat.--Batangas, Ilocos.
+
+
+
+_Bombax malabaricum_, DC. (_B. Ceiba_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Taglinaw_, _Bobuy gubat_, Tag.; _Talutu_, Vis.
+
+Uses.--In India the roots are used to obtain an astringent and
+alterative effect and form part of a well-known aphrodisiac mixture
+called _Musla-Samul_. If the trunk is incised, an astringent gum exudes
+and this they use in diarrhoea, dysentery and menorrhagia. Dose of
+the gum 2 1/2-3 grams.
+
+Botanical Description.--A large tree covered with sharp, conical
+and tough spines. Leaves alternate, compound, digitate, caducous;
+leaflets 5-7 with long common petiole. Flowers solitary or in axillary
+cymes, hermaphrodite, regular. Calyx gamosepalous, cup-shaped, with
+5 acute lobules. Corolla violet, with 5 deep clefts; æstivation
+convolute. Stamens numerous, united at the base in 5 bundles,
+free above, bearing unilocular anthers. Ovary of 5 many-ovulate
+compartments, with a style ending in 5 short branches. Capsule woody,
+ovoid, loculicidal, with 5 valves. Seeds numerous, black, covered
+with cottony fibers.
+
+Habitat.--Angat, Iloilo. Blooms in February.
+
+
+
+_Eriodendron anfractuosum_, DC. (_Bombax pentandrum_, L.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Boboy_, Tag.; _Doldol_, Vis.; _Bulak kastila_, Pam.
+
+Uses.--The principal use made of this plant in the Philippines is to
+stuff the pillows with the cotton that it yields. The leaves, pounded
+with a little water, yield a mucilaginous juice highly prized by the
+natives as a wash for the hair, mixing it with _gogo_. The root bark
+is emetic in dose of 1.25 grm. The cotton yielded by this tree should
+be used for the same therapeutic purposes as that of gossypium, and
+being of an exceedingly fine fiber it would give better results. The
+Filipinos use it to treat burns and sores. I have often used it,
+being careful always to impregnate it thoroughly with some antiseptic
+solution. In the treatment of burns it has been my custom to envelope
+the part in a thick layer of this cotton, after bathing it with a
+tepid 1-2,000 solution of corrosive sublimate and dusting with a very
+fine powder of boracic acid.
+
+Botanical Description.--A tree 40-50° high. Trunk somewhat thorny, the
+branches horizontal, arranged in stars of 3-4. Leaves compound with
+7 leaflets, lanceolate, entire, glabrous. Flowers in umbels of 8 or
+more flowerets. No common peduncle, the individual ones long. Calyx,
+5 obtuse sepals, slightly notched. Corolla, 5 fleshy petals, obtusely
+lanceolate and bent downwards. Stamens 5. Anthers of irregular shape,
+peltate, with the borders deeply undulate. Stigma in 5 parts. Pod 4-6'
+long, spindle-shaped. Seeds enveloped in very fine cotton fiber.
+
+Habitat.--Exceedingly common in all parts of the islands. Blooms
+in December.
+
+
+
+
+STERCULIACEÆ.
+
+Sterculia Family.
+
+
+
+_Sterculia foetida_, L. (_S. polyphilla_, R. Br.; _Clompanus major_,
+Rumph.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Kalumpang_, Tag.; _Bangar_, Iloc.
+
+Uses.--A decoction of the leaves is used as a wash in suppurative
+cutaneous eruptions. The fruit is astringent and is used in Java as
+an injection for gonorrhoea. In western India and in the Philippines
+it is an article of diet. The seeds yield an oil that is used for
+illumination and as a comestible.
+
+Botanical Description.--A large tree of the first order with digitate
+leaves of 6-8 leaflets, broad, oval, very acute, tough, glabrous,
+growing on a long common petiole. No petiole proper. Flowers of a
+foetid or feculent odor, hermaphrodite, in compound racemes. Calyx
+fleshy, soft pubescent internally, bell-shaped, in 5 parts. Corolla
+none. Nectary 5-toothed, on the end of a small column. Stamens
+15, inserted on the border of the nectary by threes, forming a
+triangle. Filament almost entirely wanting. In the midst of the stamens
+is visible a small, hairy body of 5 lobules which are the rudiments of
+the ovaries. The style protrudes and twists downwards. Stigma thick,
+compressed, of 5 lobules. Fruit, five woody pods, semicircular,
+joined to a common center, each enclosing many oval seeds inserted
+in the superior suture.
+
+Habitat.--Luzon, Mindanao, Cebú, Iloilo. Blooms in March.
+
+
+
+_Sterculia urens_, Roxb. (_S. cordifolia_, Blanco; _Cavallium urens_,
+Schott. & Endl.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Banilad_, Tag.
+
+Uses.--The root bark is pounded up and applied locally in orchitis
+and in severe contusions with supposed fracture of the bones; native
+charlatans pretend to cure the latter condition by this treatment.
+
+The trunk exudes a sort of gum, which with water forms a sort of
+colorless, odorless gelatin which dissolves at the boiling point. I
+do not know to what use this gum is applied in therapeutics, but it
+is often found mixed with the Senegambian gum acacia.
+
+Botanical Description.--A tree with leaves bunched, 7-9-veined,
+heart-shaped, ovate, broad and entire, glabrous upper surface,
+short white down on lower surface. Petioles of same length as the
+leaves. Flowers small, yellow, numerous, polygamous, growing in
+large, terminal panicles covered with a fine, sticky down. Calyx
+bell-shaped, 5 acute papyraceous divisions, each bearing a small
+gland near its base. No corolla. Stamens 10, united in a column, the
+upper ends free. Five pods joined at one point, half-moon shaped,
+with woody shell, glabrous within and with a short down on the
+outer surface. Three or four kidney-shaped seeds, the testa thin
+and crustaceous.
+
+Habitat.--Cebú, Iloilo.
+
+
+
+_Kleinhovia hospitata_, L.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Tanag_, Tag., Vis.; _Hamitanago_, Vis.; _Panampat_,
+Pam.; _Bitnong_, Iloc.
+
+Uses.--The decoction of the leaves is used, according to P. Blanco,
+to cure the itch. It is also used locally in all forms of dermatitis,
+and the tender leaves and sprouts are cooked and eaten.
+
+Botanical Description.--Tree 25° high or more, with leaves alternate,
+heart-shaped, pubescent, almost entire. Petioles long with 2 stipules
+at the base. Flowers red, axillary, in large panicles. Calyx, 5 sepals,
+almost linear. Corolla the same size as the calyx, 5 linear petals,
+the lower shorter and curved. Nectary bell-shaped, of 5 parts, each
+3-toothed; set on a column; at its base a wavy fringe with dentate
+edge. Stamens 15. No filaments. Anthers seated on the 15 teeth of
+the nectary. Ovary within the nectary, 5-angled, 5 apartments each
+containing an almost spherical seed.
+
+Habitat.--Luzon, Mindanao, Panay, Cebú, Joló. Flowers in March and
+September.
+
+
+
+_Helicteres Isora_, L. (_H. chrysocalyx_, Miq.; _H. Roxburghii_,
+G. Don.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--(?); _Indian Screw Tree_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--I am ignorant of the use that the Filipinos make of this
+plant, though it is very possible that they do not employ it at all
+in medicine, which is usually the case with those plants to which they
+have given no name. In India the peculiar spiral form of the fruit has
+suggested its application, according to the theories of the doctrine
+of symbolism. Ainslie says that the Hindoos use it to treat diseases
+of the external auditory canal. On account of its emollient properties
+and probably on account of its twisted form, it is used internally as
+a decoction, in flatulence and the intestinal colic of children. It
+is indispensable in the marriage ceremonies of the caste of Vaisya,
+among whom it is customary for the groom to wear on his wrists in
+the form of bracelets, strings of this fruit combined with that of
+_Randia dumetorum_.
+
+The root yields a juice which is employed in skin diseases, in abscess,
+acid in cardialgia. In Jamaica the juice of the leaves is sometimes
+used for constipation.
+
+Botanical Description.--A small tree with leaves alternate, simple,
+entire, irregularly nerved or veined at the base, petiolate. Flowers
+of a handsome red color, hermaphrodite, regular, axillary. Calyx
+gamosepalous, tubular, of 5 parts. Corolla, 5 free petals slightly
+dentate at the point. Stamens numerous, united on a free column on the
+cusp. Compound nectary of 5 unilocular, many-ovuled ovaries. Styles 5,
+joined at the base. Fruit of 5 carpels, thin, twisted on themselves
+in spirals, forming a cone, pubescent, of a greenish-brown color,
+each containing a single row of angular seeds.
+
+Habitat.--Luzon, Panay.
+
+
+
+_Abroma fastuosa_, R. Br. (_A. angulata_, Lam.; _A. communis_, Blanco;
+_A. augusta_, L.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Anibong_, Tag.; _Anabo_, Vis.; _Perennial Indian Hemp_,
+Eng.
+
+Uses.--The root bark is used in India as an emmenagogue in the
+congestive and neuralgic forms of amenorrhoea. It seems to act as
+a uterine tonic. The dose is 2 grams of the juice of the fresh root
+mixed with pepper which also acts as a carminative and stomachic.
+
+Botanical Description.--A shrub 3-4 meters high with hairy
+branches. Leaves opposite, oval, oblong, serrate, tomentose. Flowers
+purple, solitary, terminal. Calyx, 5 sepals. Corolla, 5 petals. Stamens
+5, united in the form of a tube. Ovary sessile, with 5 many-ovuled
+compartments. Styles 5, united in the form of a tube which divides
+into 5 stigma-bearing branches. Capsule membranous, 5-angled, truncate,
+dehiscent at apex. Seeds albuminous, covered with filaments of cotton.
+
+Habitat.--San Mateo, La Laguna, Batangas, Iloilo.
+
+
+
+_Theobroma Cacao_, L.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Cacao._
+
+Uses.--The roasted bean ground with sugar constitutes chocolate,
+one of the most generally used foods of the Philippines.
+
+It is very nutritious by virtue of the fat and sugar it contains,
+but all stomachs do not bear it well and its use is the unsuspected
+cause of much dyspepsia. The custom of drinking it very hot and
+following with a large quantity of cold water is a very common
+cause of dilatation of the stomach in the Philippines. The seed
+of the cacao contains several substances: cacao butter, albumin,
+theobromine, starch, glucose, gum, tartaric acid, free or combined,
+tannin, and mineral substances. Of these the butter and theobromine
+are the most important.
+
+Theobromine (C_7_H_8_N_4_O_2_) is a weak alkaloid, crystalline,
+slightly bitter, slightly soluble in cold water, more soluble in hot
+water, less soluble in alcohol and ether; stable in the air up to
+100°; sublimes without decomposition at 290° in microscopic crystals
+of the form of rhomboid prisms ending in an octohedric point (Keller).
+
+This alkaloid is very little used in therapeutics and its physiological
+action is said to be analogous to that of caffeine but weaker. It
+is better to use the salt of the alkaloid, and that most frequently
+employed is the salicylate of soda and theobromine in doses of from
+2 to 6 grams daily in solution or pill. Lately, however, Dr. Gram
+has maintained that theobromine is a powerful diuretic operating when
+other diuretics fail and further that this effect is produced without
+injuring the heart. The double salt is non-toxic, though sometimes in
+exceedingly weak patients it produces vertigo. Dr. Gram administers
+6 grams a day in one-gram doses.
+
+Cacao butter is a white substance, slightly yellowish, unctuous to
+the touch, brittle; with the agreeable odor peculiar to cacao, and a
+sweet and pleasant taste. Its density is 0.961, it melts at 30°-33°,
+and solidifies at 25°. It dissolves in 20 parts of boiling alcohol,
+in 100 parts of cold alcohol and in twice its weight of benzin. Cacao
+butter is obtained by grinding or mashing the roasted seeds in a hot
+apparatus and mixing the mass with a fifth or tenth of its weight of
+boiling water. It is then pressed between two hot iron plates and
+the butter thus obtained is refined by boiling water. It is then
+put aside in earthen pans, or still better, in moulds, where it
+solidifies. It does not easily become rancid and, for this reason,
+enters into the composition of many ointments and pomades, or is
+used alone. It serves as the base for suppositories and is, finally,
+a highly valued cosmetic. A common substitute is made by mixing oil
+of almonds, wax and animal fat.
+
+Before going further let us describe the composition of Spanish
+chocolate according to the French chemist Boussingault:
+
+
+        Cane sugar                  41.40  grams.
+        Cacao butter                29.24  grams.
+        Starch, glucose              1.48  grams.
+        Theobromine                  1.93  grams.
+        Asparagin                    a trace
+        Albumin                      6.25  grams.
+        Gum                          1.42  grams.
+        Tartaric acid                1.98  grams.
+        Tannin and coloring matter   0.022 grams.
+        Soluble cellulose            6.21  grams.
+        Ash                          2.34  grams.
+        Water                        4.36  grams.
+        Undetermined material        3.27  grams.
+                                   ------
+                                   100.00
+
+
+Botanical Description.--A small tree about 10° high, with leaves broad,
+6-12' long, hanging or drooping, lanceolate, entire, and somewhat
+pubescent on both surfaces. Petioles very short with 2 deciduous
+stipules at the base. Flowers in clusters on the roots, trunk and
+branches. Peduncle very long. Nectary divided in 5 parts, straight,
+awl-shaped and 2-nerved. Calyx, 5 sepals. Corolla, 5 petals curved
+upward in the form of a bow as far as the middle, where they form a
+hollow with two little horns; then curving downwards, then upwards,
+widening at the end, the edge finely dentate. Stamens 5, inserted on
+the nectary, and alternating with the lobes of the latter. Anthers
+2 on each filament, concealed in the hollows of the petals. Ovary
+globose. Style awl-shaped. Stigma cleft almost to the middle,
+5-parted. Fruit broad, spindle-shaped, 4' or more long, dark reddish,
+warty, 10-ribbed, with 5 compartments each containing many compressed,
+ovoid seeds.
+
+Habitat.--Common in orchards and gardens throughout the islands.
+
+
+
+
+GERANIACEÆ.
+
+Geranium Family.
+
+
+
+_Oxalis corniculata_, L. (_O. Acetosella_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Taingan dogá, Susokayoli_, Tag.; _Darasig_, Vis.;
+_Malabalugbug dagis_, _Ayo_, _Kongi_, _Yayo_, Pam.; _Indian Sorrel_,
+Eng.
+
+Uses.--The part of the plant used in medicine is the leaf which is acid
+by virtue of the potassium oxalate which it contains. The decoction is
+used internally as an antipyretic in fevers and in dysentery. Mistaking
+the properties of the plant it is given for vesical calculus which,
+if composed of oxalates, would be increased instead of diminished by
+the treatment. In fact the salt of sorrel in the leaves contains a
+large quantity of oxalic acid mixed with potassium oxalate. In China,
+India and the Philippines the entire plant is used as an antiscorbutic.
+
+The cold infusion of the leaves is given internally in doses of from
+30 to 60 grams, but it is not a medicine to be given indiscriminately,
+because in addition to its power of adding to the bulk of calculi of
+the oxalates, the contained potassium oxalate is poisonous in doses
+of 25 to 30 grams. If a concentrated solution is taken, it operates as
+a corrosive poison, producing violent pains in the stomach, vomiting,
+faintness and great weakness. If the solution is dilute its absorption
+is rapid and it operates very energetically. When a patient is poisoned
+by a concentrated solution, the stomach-pump is contraindicated,
+because the mucous membrane of the organ is corroded and ulcerated;
+if by a dilute solution, use the pump to remove as much of the poison
+as possible. The best antidote is a watery solution of a soluble salt
+of lime, _i. e._, the saccharate, which forms an insoluble salt with
+oxalic acid.
+
+The juice of the leaves is an antidote for the _Datura_
+(Stramonium). In India they make a decoction of the plant, mix it with
+onion juice and apply it to the head as a fomentation in hemicrania.
+
+Botanical Description.--A plant 1° high, with a creeping, glabrous
+stem, leaves horizontal, ternate with common long petiole. Leaflets
+sessile, obcordate, with downy borders. Flowers axillary or terminal,
+from 1 to 3 in number on a common long peduncle. The pedicel is
+also long. Calyx common to the family. Corolla, 5 petals ending in
+small claws. Stamens 10, monadelphous, the 5 shorter ones bearing
+each a small gland on the outer surface of the base. Ovary large,
+fluted. Styles 5, short. Stigmas hemispherical. Seed vessel pyramidal,
+containing many seeds enveloped in an elastic aril by which they are
+ejected when the fruit opens.
+
+Habitat.--Abundant in Luzon, Panay and Cebú.
+
+
+
+_Biophytum sensitivum_, DC. (_B. cumiagianum_, Turez.; _Oxalis
+sensitivum_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Makahiya_, _Damonghiya_, Tag.; _Mahihiin_, Iloc.
+
+Uses.--A decoction of the leaves is used internally as an
+expectorant. The bruised leaves are used as an application to wounds
+and contusions. In Java the decoction is used internally in asthma,
+phthisis and snake bites.
+
+The peculiar property which this plant possesses of closing its
+leaves when touched, has caused the natives of India to attribute
+to it mysterious virtues. Symbolism has determined its therapeutic
+application and the Hindoos pretend that it endows with delicacy and
+modesty women who lack these virtues and that it restores virginity.
+
+Botanical Description.--A plant about 7' high. Stem straight, nodose
+and without branches. Leaves abruptly pinnate, the place of the odd
+leaflet taken by a stylet. The leaflets nearly linear with a small
+point at the apex, 11-13 pairs, 2 stipules to each pair. Common
+petioles long, cleft at the base and disposed in whorls around and
+on the end of the stem. Flowers sessile, verticillate, on the ends
+of several very long peduncles which rise from the midst of the
+petioles. Calyx, 5 sepals. Corolla, 5 petals, clawed, rounded at the
+end and slightly notched, forming a tube. Stamens 10, free. A small
+gland on the outer surface of the base of each short stamen. Styles
+5. Seed vessels ovate, 5-angled, containing many seeds.
+
+Habitat.--Common in all parts of the islands.
+
+
+
+_Averrhoa Bilimbi_, L.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Kamias_, _Kalamias_, Tag.; _Kilingiwa_, Vis.; _Pias_,
+Iloc.
+
+Uses.--The small fruit of the camia springing from the branches
+and trunks of the trees is widely known in the Philippines, where
+they eat it green, pickled, and in salad; and when ripe fresh and
+preserved. Its qualities and therapeutic applications are the same
+as those of the following species.
+
+Botanical Description.--A tree 4-5 meters high with
+odd-pinnate leaves. Leaflets 12 pairs, ovate, linear, acute,
+soft and downy. Flowers small, pinkish or purplish, on trunk and
+branches. Stamens 10, five alternately longer. Pistils divergent. Fruit
+oblong, obtuse at the end, with five broad ribs.
+
+Habitat.--Very common throughout the islands.
+
+
+
+_Averrhoa Carambola_, L.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Bilimbin_, _Balimbin_, Tag.
+
+Uses.--The common name of this tree, whose fruit is so common, causes
+it to be confused with the name which Linnæus gives to the former
+species. Balimbin is a fruit of an acid taste, agreeable when ripe,
+serving the same uses for food as the camia. Its acidity is due to
+the presence of oxalic acid, which makes the green fruit useful for
+removing ink and rust stains from clothes. The juice of the fruit is
+refreshing and is given internally mixed with water and sugar as a
+refreshing drink in fevers and as an antiscorbutic. For the latter
+the ripe fruit is eaten uncooked.
+
+In Mauritius the juice is used to treat dysentery and hepatitis. Padre
+Blanco says that the natives use a decoction of camias and unthreshed
+rice in diarrhoea and bilious colic. In connection with the subject
+of camias and balimbins we should mention the fruit treatment of the
+bilious diarrhoea of the tropics, spoken of by the French physicians
+of Cochin China. Dr. Van der Burg of the Dutch Indies also strongly
+recommends the treatment of diarrhoea by fruits; in temperate regions
+using fruits like peaches, pears, etc., and in the tropics, lychies,
+mangosteens, etc. In regard to the mangosteens we must not forget that,
+while the bark is given because of the amount of tannin it contains,
+the composition of the pulp is very different. The fruit acids seem
+to exercise great influence in the cure of this obstinate disease
+and I do not hesitate to recommend for this purpose the camia and
+the ripe balimbin.
+
+Botanical Description.--A tree much like the former. Leaves
+odd-pinnate. Leaflets, 3-4 pairs, obliquely ovate, acute, the terminal
+leaflet nearly lanceolate. Flowers on the trunk, branches and in the
+axils of the leaves. Fruit oblong, with 5 very prominent acute-angled
+ribs.
+
+Habitat.--It grows, like the former plant, in all parts of the islands.
+
+
+
+
+RUTACEÆ.
+
+Rue Family.
+
+
+
+_Ruta graveolens, L._ (_L. angustifolia_, Pers.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Rudu_, Sp.; _Rue_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--The rue of the European, American and Indian pharmacopoeias
+is emmenagogue, antispasmodic, anthelmintic, excitant, diaphoretic,
+antiseptic and abortive. It contains an essential oil, and rutinic
+acid (C_25_H_28_O_15_, Borntrager), starch, gum, etc. The essential
+oil is greenish-yellow, thick, acrid and bitter; specific gravity
+0.911. It boils at 228°, is slightly soluble in water, and soluble
+in absolute alcohol. It is promptly oxidized by nitric acid, and is
+converted into pelargonic acid and other fatty acids.
+
+Rutin (or rutinic acid), according to Weiss, is a glucoside which
+exists in the form of fine needles, bright yellow in color. It is
+slightly soluble in cold water and more so in boiling water. It melts
+at 190°, and solidifies at freezing point, forming a resinous mass. Its
+physiological properties are as yet unknown. The part of the plant
+employed is the leaves, which owe their property, apparently, to the
+essential oil they contain, from which they also derive their strong
+and disagreeable odor and their bitter, acrid and nauseous taste.
+
+It is used principally as a uterine stimulant or emmenagogue, for which
+purpose it is given in doses of 0.10-0.15 centigrams of the freshly
+powdered leaf and 0.05-0.10 centigrams of the fresh leaves infused in a
+liter of water. The dry powder of the leaf should not be used because
+the essential oil volatilizes and a large proportion of it is lost,
+which is the most active principle of the drug. It is an agent which
+should be prescribed with the greatest prudence for large doses are
+poisonous even to the point of causing death. The symptoms following
+such doses are colic, vomiting, bloody diarrhoea and tenesmus.
+
+It is also used as an antihemorrhagic after childbirth, but its action
+is slow, not being felt for several hours after the administration of
+the drug; for this reason it cannot take the place of ergot, though
+it seems to be superior to the latter in passive hemorrhages. The
+essential oil is given internally in doses of 2-6 drops on a piece
+of sugar. It is sometimes used as an antispasmodic in hysteria,
+epilepsy and chorea.
+
+The Chinese make extensive use of this drug and it is one of their
+principal abortives. In Hindostan the dried leaves are burnt and the
+smoke inhaled as a cure for catarrh in children. They are careful
+not to administer it to pregnant women.
+
+Botanical Description.--A plant, 1 meter high, with leaves alternate,
+compound, the inferior ones 2-3-cleft; leaflets narrow, oblong,
+slightly fleshy. Flowers greenish-yellow, hermaphrodite, arranged in
+corymbose terminal cymes. Corolla, 4-5 free, concave petals. Calyx
+deeply divided, persistent. Stamens 8-10, free, in two whorls, inserted
+beneath a thick disc. Ovaries 5, unilocular, many-ovuled. Styles 5,
+first free, then united, forming a column terminating in a small
+stigma. Follicles 5, united at the base, 1 centimeter long, free
+superiorly, hard, rounded, rugose, opening on top. Seeds ovoid,
+angular, blackish, albuminous.
+
+Habitat.--Common everywhere in the Philippines.
+
+
+
+_Xanthoxylum oxyphyllum_, Edgew. (_X. violaceum_, Wall.; _Fagara
+piperita_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Kayutana_, Tag.; _Salay_, _Saladay_, Vis.
+
+Uses.--The trunk bark is stimulant and is used as a sudorific in the
+treatment of fevers. The fresh bark is quite irritating, for which
+reason it is best to use bark taken from the more mature parts of
+the trunk, powdered and desiccated. The dose is 1/2-2 grams 2-3
+times a day. Its stimulating properties render it useful in colic
+and in India it is used as a stomachic and digestive. Is seems also
+to possess diuretic properties.
+
+Botanical Description.--A tree 30-35° high, with trunk thickly set
+with large spines. Leaves odd-pinnate. Leaflets ovate, acute, obtusely
+serrate, small transparent vesicles on the surface, spines on the
+midrib and common petiole. Calyx very small, monophyllous. Corolla
+twice as large as the calyx, 4 petals. Stamens 4, inserted on the
+receptacle, the same length as the petals. Ovary superior, 4-angled. No
+style. Stigmas 2.
+
+Habitat.--Batangas, Morong, Manila.
+
+
+
+_Murraya exotica_, L. (_M. paniculata_, Jack.; _Connarus foetens_,
+and _C. santaloides_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Kamuning_, Tag.
+
+Uses.--The leaves are stimulant and astringent, and are used
+in infusion (15 grams, to water one liter) to treat diarrhea and
+dysentery. The root and trunk barks are used for the same treatment
+and they as well as the leaves owe their properties to an essential
+oil and a bitter principle present in all parts of the plant. Vry has
+demonstrated the presence of a glucoside which he has named _murrayin_
+(C_18_H_22_O_10_); it crystallizes in small, white needles, is slightly
+bitter, soluble in hot water and alcohol, insoluble in ether, slightly
+soluble in cold water. It melts at 170°, and dissolves in alkaline
+solutions coloring them green. Boiled in dilute acids it splits into
+_murrayetin_ and glucose. _Murrayetin_ (C_12_H_12_O_10_) crystallizes
+in white needles, inodorous, tasteless, slightly soluble in cold water
+and in ether, soluble in hot water and alcohol. Heat destroys its
+green color in solutions; alkalies, in the presence of cold, increase
+it. The leaves and the bark of the plant contain an essential oil.
+
+The foregoing description of this species applies equally well to
+the following species.
+
+Botanical Description.--A small tree 12° high with leaves alternate,
+odd-pinnate. Leaflets lanceolate, almost entire, rigid with small
+dots on each surface. Flowers in axillary, very short, compound
+racemes. Calyx very small, monophyllous, 5 lanceolate lobules. Corolla
+much longer than the calyx, 5 lanceolate petals. Stamens 10, joined,
+but not entirely united at the base; 5 alternate stamens longer than
+the others. Anthers sessile, regular. Ovary superior, compressed and
+borne on a disc. Style 1, same length as the stamens. Stigma thick,
+depressed, apparently 4-angled. Fruit fleshy, ovoid, acute and somewhat
+curved at the end enclosing a seed with coriaceous, downy testa.
+
+
+
+_Murraya Koenigi_, Spreng. (_Bergera Koenigi_, L.; _Connarus_ sp.,
+Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--(?)
+
+Botanical Description.--Leaves alternate, odd-pinnate. Leaflets
+obliquely ovate, acute, entire and glabrous. The testa of the seed
+bears no down, and may be divided into two parts. The decoction of
+the leaves of this species as well as the former is used to allay
+toothache.
+
+
+
+_Citrus acida_, F. (_C. notissima_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Limón_, Sp.; _Dayap_, Tag.; _Lemon_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--The essence (essential oil) and juice of the fruit are the parts
+of the plant used in therapeutics. The essence extracted from the rind
+is yellow, fragrant, slightly bitter; density, 0.856; boiling point
+165°. The juice which is turbid and pale yellow in color contains 9%
+citric acid, 3-5% gum and sugar and 2-8/10% inorganic salts. The
+essence is used to flavor certain pharmaceutical preparations, and
+is a diffusible stimulant which may be given internally in doses of
+3-6 drops on a little sugar. The bitter rind is occasionally used in
+infusion as a stomachic and stimulant. The juice is most commonly
+used in lemonade, a cooling drink which, used intemperately in the
+Philippines, is apt to cause gastro-intestinal trouble, so commonly
+attributed to "irritation," but really the result of a general atony
+of the digestive organs. Lemon juice is also used with very good
+results as a local cleansing application for sore throat, as well as
+externally on fetid ulcers. In some forms of malarial fever it seems
+to have given satisfactory results, administered internally.
+
+In many navies lemon juice forms a part of the sea ration as a
+preventive of scurvy, upon which it exercises a real and noteworthy
+action. The Danish navy adopted it for this purpose in 1770, the
+English navy followed, then the French and possibly others. The English
+call it lime-juice, and its preventive dose is 30-40 grams a day. Its
+curative dose is 100-150 grams a day. To preserve the lime-juice it
+was bottled with a layer of oil, which, floating on the surface kept it
+from contact with the air; but this process gave it a bad taste as did
+also the addition of sulphate of calcium, and at present the English
+add, to each liter of juice, 60 grams of alcohol, which preserves it
+perfectly. Fonssagrives says that the antiscorbutic action of lemon
+juice is due rather to the vegetable juice itself than to the citric
+acid which it contains.
+
+Botanical Description.--A most familiar tree 11° or more high,
+trunk with solitary thorns. Leaves ovate, obtuse, acute-toothed, the
+petiole bearing serrate wings. Calyx 4-6-toothed. Corolla, 4 thick
+petals. Filaments 10-25 on the receptacle, some joined and bearing
+2-3 anthers. Fruit thin-skinned, globular, about 1' in diameter;
+the rind adheres closely to the pulp.
+
+(This fruit closely resembles, if it is not identical with the lime
+fruit, _C. Limetta_, or _C. Bergamia_, Risso, though Gray states that
+the leaf of the latter has a wingless petiole.--J. B. T.)
+
+Habitat.--Common to all parts of the islands.
+
+
+
+_Citrus Bigaradia_, Hook. f. (_C. vulgaris_, Risso; _C. aurantium_,
+Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Naranjas del país_, Sp.; _Kahel_, _Kahil_, Tag.; _Native
+Orange_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--The rind of the _cagel_ is the so-called bitter orange peel,
+the best of which comes from Curaçao and Barbadoes. It is tonic and is
+used in decoction and in syrup. The infusion of the leaves, 5-10 grams
+to the liter, is useful as a sedative and diaphoretic in hysterical and
+nervous attacks; the infusion of the flowers is similarly used. When
+distilled the flowers yield a very sweet essential oil called _neroli_,
+which is used as a perfume only.
+
+Botanical Description.--A tree 15-20° high, trunk bearing solitary
+spines. Leaves medium lanceolate, serrate, the apex notched, petioles
+winged. Flowers usually solitary. Calyx 4-5-toothed. Corolla 4-5
+petals. Filaments joined or separate. Anthers about 20. The fruit,
+a small orange 2' or more in diameter, the peel closely adherent.
+
+The _C. aurantium verum_ or _C. reticulata_ (Blanco) has a yellow
+pulp and the rind is readily separated from it, a thin net of fibers
+intervening.
+
+
+
+_Citrus decumana_, L.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Suha_, _Lukban_, Tag.; _Toronjas_ Penins.; _Naranjas_,
+Sp.-Fil.
+
+Uses.--The fruit, which is handsome and large, and the leaves and
+flowers, are used for the same purposes as those of _C. bigaradia_.
+
+Habitat.--The above species are cultivated in all parts of the islands,
+and, like the variety _C. aurantium verum_, H. f. (_C. reticulata_,
+Blanco), commonly called _naranjita_, are among the most abundant of
+native fruits.
+
+
+
+_Ægle decandra_, Naves. (_Feronia ternata_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Malakabuyaw_, Tag.; _Tabog_, Pam., Tag. (A species of
+Bael-Fruit Tree.)
+
+Uses.--We do not know the medicinal use of this plant in the
+Philippines. Probably it has none, but we may give those of the
+species. _R. marmelos_, Cor., the fruit of which is almost identical
+with that of our species and is called _Bela_ or _Bael_ in India. The
+fruit of the Malakabuyaw is ovoid and full of a mucilaginous pulp,
+aromatic and acid, the same as that of the Bael. The uses of the latter
+are the following: The pulp acts as an astringent, but it would be
+more correctly called a tonic of the intestinal mucosa, for it has
+been experimentally proved that, although it checks diarrhoea, it also
+acts as a laxative in chronic constipation. In both conditions it seems
+to operate by toning and regulating the functions of the intestine.
+
+Martin, an English physician, was the first to call attention to the
+properties of Bael, and according to Dr. Green one dose of the pulp
+of the ripe fruit, prepared with sugar and given every morning, is
+an efficient remedy in the treatment of the dyspepsia of Europeans
+in India, especially in the form characterized by constipation and
+flatulence. The green fruit is a powerful astringent used by the
+Hindoos for diarrhoea. In cholera epidemics Dr. Bose advises the daily
+use of an ice made from the pulp of the ripe fruit, the object being
+the regulation of the functions of the intestine.
+
+The Pharmacopoeia of India contains the following preparations:
+
+
+        _Mixture._--Pulp of the ripe fruit       60 grams.
+                    Water                       120 grams.
+                    Sugar                        60 grams.
+
+
+Mix, and if desired add chopped ice. This forms a very agreeable
+drink which has the aroma of the fruit itself, and may be repeated
+2-3 times a day. When the fruit is ripe, this preparation is not only
+astringent in cases of diarrhoea, but possesses the additional property
+of increasing the appetite.  If the patient's stomach is very weak,
+the preparation may produce vomiting in which event it is necessary
+to give it in small doses or to employ the extract.
+
+_Extract of Bael._--Pulp of the ripe fruit is placed in a vessel and
+sufficient water added to cover it. It is then heated and evaporated
+to the consistency of a soft extract. The dose is 2-4 grams, 2,
+3 or 4 times a day.
+
+_Fluid Extract of Bael._--
+
+
+        Pulp of Bael          500 grams.
+        Water                   3 liters.
+        Rectified alcohol      60 grams.
+
+
+The Bael is macerated in a third of the water and at the end of 12
+hours the liquid is decanted and another third of water is added;
+the maceration is repeated and the same process followed till the
+last third of water is used. Express the residuum, put all the liquid
+into one vessel, filter and evaporate till reduced to 800 grams,
+then cool and add the alcohol. Dose, 4-8 grams.
+
+The fluid extract is less active than the freshly prepared solid
+extract.
+
+According to Dr. G. Bidie, the fruit of the _Feronia elephantum_,
+Correa (the species that grows in the Philippines), possesses the
+same properties as Bael. Its leaves are astringent, aromatic and
+carminative, and the gum with which the trunk of the tree is covered
+is a good substitute for gum arabic.
+
+Botanical Description.--A tree 7-8 meters high, the trunk covered with
+large, solitary spines. Leaves alternate, ternate. Leaflets lanceolate,
+scalloped and glabrous, the middle one larger than the others. Calyx
+5-toothed. Corolla, 5 thick petals, linear, much longer than the
+calyx. Stamens 10. Ovary cylindrical. Style and stigma thick. Fruit
+oblong, more than 3' long and 2' thick, with a surface irregular with
+prominences and grooves; 10 or more compartments, each containing
+several ovoid, compressed seeds, ending with a woolly tuft.
+
+Habitat.--San Mateo, Montalbán (Manila); Arayat (La Pampanga).
+
+
+
+_Feronia elephantum_, Correa. (_Murraya adorata_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Panoan_, _Pamunoan_, Vis.; _Wood-apple_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--The pulp of the ripe fruit has an agreeable odor and
+is edible. In India the green fruit is used as an astringent in
+diarrhoea and dysentery; the ripe fruit is given in diseases of the
+gums and as a gargle. Mir Muhammad Husain states that the ripe fruit
+is a refrigerant, astringent, cardiac and general tonic, and is very
+efficacious in the treatment of salivation and ulcers of the throat,
+strengthening the gums and operating as an astringent. A sorbet made
+of the ripe fruit whets the appetite and the pulp is used locally
+for bites of venomous animals. In the latter case the pulverized bark
+may be used if the fruit cannot be obtained.
+
+The fruit of Ferona is a substitute for Bael (_Ægle Marmelos_), and is
+used as such by the English physicians in the hospitals of India. The
+tender leaves have an agreeable aroma similar to that of anise and
+are used internally in decoction as a stomachic and carminative.
+
+The incised trunk exudes a gum which is used in India as a substitute
+for gum arabic and there is an active trade in this gum in the bazars
+of Bombay and Calcutta. According to Pereira, it was at one time
+imported into England from the east of India under the name of gum
+arabic. It exists in the form of irregular, semitransparent pieces, of
+a brownish-red color. With water it forms a mucilage as adhesive as gum
+arabic, and this solution reddens litmus paper. It is dextrogyrous and
+is precipitated by the neutral acetate of lead and by caustic baryta.
+
+Botanical Description.--Tree 3-4 meters high. Leaves fragrant,
+opposite, odd-pinnate. Leaflets, 2 pairs, lanceolate, entire,
+and glabrous. Common petiole flattened above. Flowers terminal,
+white, racemose, with 2 flattened peduncles. Calyx inferior, with
+5-6 divisions. Corolla, 5-6 petals. Anthers oval. Ovary oblong,
+5-lobuled. Style short, caducous. Stigma spindle-shaped. Ovules
+numerous, compressed, in several series. Fruit pulpy, globose, with
+woody rind, one compartment and many compressed, oblong seeds.
+
+Habitat.--Mountains of Angat. Woods of Catugán (Iloilo).
+
+
+
+
+SIMARUBACEÆ.
+
+Quassia Family.
+
+
+
+_Samadera Indica_, Gaertn. (_Niota tetrapela_, DC. & Blanco; _Manungala
+pendula_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Manungal_, Tag., Pam., Bicol.; _Manunagl_, _Linatoganak_,
+_Palagarium_, _Daraput_, Vis.
+
+Uses.--The wood and seeds contain an intensely bitter principle. The
+Filipinos make cups and vases of the wood and allow water to stand
+in them 6-12 hours, thus preparing a solution of the bitter principle
+of the plant which they use in various stomach disorders.
+
+Vrij has extracted from the seeds a 33% oil of a bright yellow color,
+composed, according to Oudermans, of 84 parts olein to 16 of palmitin
+and stearin.
+
+The bitter principle contained in the root, wood and bark was
+discovered by Blunse who named it _samaderin_; it is a white,
+crystalline, foliaceous substance, more soluble in water than
+in alcohol, fusible. Nitric and hydrochloric acids color
+it yellow. Sulphuric acid immediately forms a violet red
+color which disappears as iridescent, feathery crystals are
+precipitated. (D. Beaumentz et Egasse.)
+
+The Filipino "herb-doctors" concoct an oil of manungal that in reality
+contains none of the ingredients of the seeds; it is simply cocoanut
+oil in which chips of the wood have been soaked. They use it in doses
+of 30-60 grams as a purgative, externally as an application to the
+abdomen in colic or indigestion and with friction in rheumatism or
+contusions. In India the oil extracted from the seeds is used locally
+with friction in rheumatism.
+
+The decoction of the wood and the powdered wood are given in fevers,
+in dyspepsia and as a general tonic.
+
+
+        Infusion.--Chips of the wood      20 grams.
+                   Water                 500 grams.
+
+
+A wineglassful several times a day in cholera, fevers, diarrhoea, etc.
+
+Botanical Description.--A small tree, trunk straight, the wood
+white and very light in weight. Leaves 4-5' long, alternate, acute,
+oval, entire, glabrous, coriaceous, veined. Petioles very short, no
+stipules. Flowers in terminal umbels, each composed of 4-6 flowerets
+with moderately long pedicels. Common peduncle, very slender, very
+long, drooping. Calyx of same color as corolla, inferior, very
+small, 4-lobuled. Corolla purplish, very long, 4 straight, linear
+petals. Stamens 8, inserted on the receptacle. Filaments of equal
+length with the petals, with 1-2 appendices at the base. Anthers
+spiral. Ovary 5-lobuled, borne on small stalk. One style of equal
+length with the stamens, situated above the center of the 5 lobules
+of the ovary which develop into 5 future pods. Stigma simple. Fruit
+5 woody pods, short, united centrally above a small base, semi-lunar
+in form, medianly expanded, venate, containing a small wrinkled,
+kidney-shaped seed attached by a seed-stalk to the superior suture.
+
+Habitat.--Very common and well known everywhere in the
+Philippines. Blooms in February.
+
+
+
+
+BURSERACEÆ.
+
+Myrrh Family.
+
+
+
+_Garuga pinnata_, Roxb. (_G. Madagascarensis_, DC.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Bugo_, Tag.
+
+Uses.--The fruit is slightly acid and edible. The trunk exudes an
+abundant gum, of the odor of turpentine, translucent, greenish-yellow,
+forming small masses slightly soluble in alcohol, soluble in water,
+with which a mucilage is formed. The juice of the leaves is used
+for asthma. The sap is used in Bombay to remove opacities of the
+cornea. There is another species in the Philippines, _G. floribunda_,
+Decsne (_Icica Abilo_, Blanco), _abilo_, Tag., the root of which
+furnishes a decoction used for phthisis. This species also produces
+a gum-resin similar to that of the _bugo_.
+
+Botanical Description.--A tree, with leaves alternate, odd-pinnate,
+without stipules, bunched on the ends of the branches, with opposite,
+serrate leaflets. Flowers yellowish-white in panicles, compound,
+polygamous. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla, 5 petals. Stamens
+10, free, in 2 series. Ovary inferior, 5-lobuled. Fruit, a globose,
+greenish-yellow drupe with numerous bony seeds.
+
+Habitat.--Everywhere in Luzon, Panay and Balabac.
+
+
+
+_Canarium commune_, L. (_C. album_ and _C. Luzonicum_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Pili_, Tag.; _Java Almond Tree_, _East Indian Elemi_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--The ripe pili nut is edible and sold in confectioneries. It
+yields a fixed oil, an excellent sample of which was sent by the
+Manila pharmacist D. A. del Rosario to the Paris Exposition of
+1889. "It is an oil very similar to oil of almond and owing to its
+physical properties may be used as a substitute for the latter for
+all the requirements of pharmacy. The only inconvenience connected
+with its use is the slight one that it solidifies at 3° C. It could
+furthermore be very advantageously used in the manufacture of fine
+grades of soap." (D. A. del Rosario.)
+
+The incised trunk exudes a gum-resin called _brea blanca_ (white
+pitch) in the Philippines and _elemi_ in Europe. Until recently it
+was not known in Europe what tree yielded the gum elemi, some authors
+stating that according to Blanco it was the resin of the _Icica abilo_,
+Blanco (_Garuga floribunda_, Decsne); it is not true, however, that
+Padre Blanco ever attributed such origin to that product or named his
+Icica the "pitch-tree." On the contrary in speaking of the Canarium,
+Blanco states that it yields a resin called "pili-pitch." I do not
+know the reason for this confusion of terms, but presume it to be
+due to imperfect knowledge of Spanish on the part of those who thus
+quote Blanco.
+
+Pili-pitch, or elemi, as they call it in Manila, is a substance
+existing in soft masses, slightly yellowish or gray, resembling old
+honey in appearance. Its odor is strong and agreeable, somewhat like
+that of lemon and turpentine. Its taste is acrid and bitter.
+
+The French pharmacist Meaujean demonstrated in 1820 that elemi contains
+two resins, one soluble in the cold, and the other in hot spirits of
+wine. Other chemists, among them Baup, Flückiger and Hanbury, have
+found elemi to be composed of a resinous substance and a colorless
+essential oil; the proportion of the latter Flückiger gives as 10%
+and further states that it is dextrogyrous. Sainte-Claire Deville found
+the essential oil levogyrous, a fact that emphasizes the probability of
+there being different products in the market bearing the name of elemi.
+
+Baup obtained several principles from it: (1) A resin, _brein_,
+fusible at 187°, soluble in cold alcohol, crystallizable in oblique
+rhombic prisms; (2) another crystalline substance, _bryoidin_, soluble
+in 360 parts water at 10°, and melting at 13°; (3) a small amount of
+_breidin_, a body soluble in 260 parts water and melting at 100°+;
+(4) another resin soluble in boiling alcohol, called _amyrin_.
+
+White pitch is used in the Philippines to make plasters which they
+apply to the back and breast of patients suffering from bronchial
+or pulmonary complaints; it is also applied to indolent ulcers. We
+believe that elemi possesses the same properties as copaiba, and that
+its indications for internal use are the same.
+
+Botanical Description.--A tree 30-40 meters high, with leaves
+alternate, odd-pinnate; leaflets opposite, coriaceous. Flowers
+yellowish-white in axillary, compound panicles, hermaphrodite. Calyx
+3-toothed. Corolla, 3 oblong, concave petals. Stamens 6, inserted
+on the base of the disc. Ovary free, of 3 lobules each containing 2
+ovules. Style simple. Stigma, 3 lobules. Drupe oblong, size of large
+prune, fleshy, containing a hard, 3-sided pit.
+
+Habitat.--Very common in all Philippine woods especially in Camarines.
+
+
+
+
+MELIACEÆ.
+
+Melia Family.
+
+
+
+_Melia Azedarach_, L.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Paraiso_ (_Paradise_), Sp.-Fil.; _Pride of India_,
+_China Tree_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--The root was official in the U. S. P., 1880, as an anthelmintic;
+it is administered in the following form:
+
+
+        Fresh root bark      120 grams.
+        Water                  1 liter.
+
+
+Boil till reduced one half.
+
+Dose.--For a child 1 soup-spoonful every 15 minutes till nausea
+is produced.
+
+In view of the narcotic effects produced by this drug, the foregoing
+method of administration seems to us imprudent; we prefer to give 30-70
+grams of the decoction and follow with a purgative such as castor oil.
+
+This drug is also tonic, febrifuge and astringent, and a decoction
+of its leaves and flowers is used as a wash for ulcers. Some believe
+that the leaves and fruit contain toxic principles, which may well be
+true considering the effects of large doses of their preparations. It
+has also been observed that the bark collected in March and April may
+cause dilatation of the pupil, stupor, etc.; this may be explained
+by the fact that at this season the sap is rising in the tree and
+the bark contains an increased amount of active ingredients.
+
+The fruit yields a fixed oil, and by fermentation and distillation
+produces alcohol.
+
+The root bark referred to is bitter and nauseous, if taken from the
+superficial roots--the part usually employed; the bark of the deeper
+parts is astringent by virtue of the contained tannin.
+
+Jacobs analyzed the bark and isolated an amorphous resin of yellowish
+color and very bitter taste. It is soluble in alcohol, ether and
+chloroform, slightly soluble in sulphuret of carbon, insoluble in
+turpentine or benzin. He believes that it is the active principle of
+the root, and produces the anthelmintic action already mentioned:
+the proper dose is 0.20 centigrams to a child of 4 years, followed
+by a purge of calomel.
+
+Botanical Description.--A tree, 30-40° high, with leaves alternate,
+compound, odd-pinnate; leaflets opposite, ovate, pointed,
+dentate. Flowers in large axillary compound panicles. Calyx,
+5 sepals. Corolla, 5 petals, rose-colored within, lilac-colored
+without. Stamens 10, united into a cylindrical tube, expanded at both
+ends, the mouth 15-toothed. Anthers inserted near the apex of the
+tube, short, fleshy, bilocular. Ovary free, of 5 biovuled cells. Style
+of equal length with the tube. Stigma button-shaped. Fruit a drupe,
+about the size of a small olive, yellow when ripe, with a dark brown
+pit of 5 one-seeded cells.
+
+Habitat.--Native of China; is cultivated in most gardens in the
+Philippines.
+
+
+
+_Dysoxylum Blancoi_, Vidal. (_D. salutare_, F. Villar; _Turroca
+virens_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Igiw_, _Agiw_, _Taliatan_, Tag.; _Ananangtang_, _Bakugan_,
+_Makasili_, Vis.; _Malabangaw_, Pam.; _Basiloag_, Iloc.
+
+Uses.--The bark of the trunk, dry and finely powdered, is used in
+doses of 1 1/2-2 1/2 grams as an emetic, and, according to Padre
+Blanco, its effect is very certain.
+
+It is also a febrifuge, and Padre Mercado states that it cures "all
+forms of asthma, suffocative affections of the chest, and griping
+pains of the belly." He also states that it yields marvelous results
+in malarial fevers, given during the cold stage in doses of 4-8
+grams in water or wine in which it has macerated 12 hours. He also
+recommends its use before breakfast as an anthelmintic in lumbricoids,
+and finally attributes to it virtues as an emmenagogue.
+
+Padre Blanco calls attention to the species _D. schizochitoides_,
+Turcz. (_Turroea octandra_, Blanco), _Himamaw_, Tag., as a substitute
+for _D. Blancoi_.
+
+The Tagalo "herb-doctors" pretend that the part of the bark near the
+earth is doubly efficacious, for which reason they administer only
+that portion which is within one meter of the ground, giving it in
+the doses already mentioned.
+
+Botanical Description.--Tree 16-20 meters high. Leaves
+glabrous, odd-pinnate, petioles very long; leaflets entire,
+opposite, short-petiolate, acute, oblique at the base. Flowers in
+axillary panicles. Calyx, 5 imbricated sepals. Corolla, 5 linear,
+lanceolate petals united at the base. Staminal tube, 10-toothed and
+10-anthered. Ovary 5-celled, each cell containing two ovules. Style
+somewhat longer than the stamens. Stigma thick and depressed. Seed
+vessel globose, depressed, somewhat downy, 5-angled; with 5
+compartments each containing 2 seeds.
+
+Habitat.--Batangas and Laguna.
+
+
+
+_Sandoricum Indicum_, Cav.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Santol_, Tag.
+
+Uses.--The santol is doubtless one of the best known fruits in
+Manila. The most savory portion is the center, which consists of seeds
+covered with a white pulp of a delicious flavor in the ripe fruit
+of good quality. The fleshy covering is edible only in the center
+of the fruit and only a very thin layer of that, the rest having
+very little flavor. The whole fruit is used in making a confection
+often prescribed as an astringent. Padre Mercado compares it very
+appropriately to the quince. The root of the santol is aromatic,
+stomachic and astringent, by virtue of which latter property it is
+used in Java in the treatment of leucorrhoea.
+
+Botanical Description.--A tree, 30-40° high, well known in the
+islands. Leaves ternate; leaflets 4-5' long, half-ovate, obtuse,
+entire, stiff and downy, the middle one elliptical. Flowers in
+panicles. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla much longer than the calyx, 5
+greenish petals, linear and curved downwards. Nectary a cylindrical
+tube attached to the corolla for half its length, mouth 10-toothed,
+containing 10 sessile anthers. Style somewhat longer than the
+stamens. Stigma 5-parted. Fruit about size and form of a small apple,
+thick, brown, pericarp indehiscent, 5 or more one-seeded compartments.
+
+Habitat.--Grows in all parts of the islands, commonly along the roads.
+
+
+
+_Carapa Moluccensis_, Lam. (_Xylocarpus granatum_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Tabigi_, _Nigi_, _Kalumpang sa lati_, Tag.; _Migi_, Pam.
+
+Uses.--The seeds contain a yellow oil, bitter and astringent, with a
+characteristic odor, having a taste somewhat resembling the odor. In
+decoction they are used for diarrhoea and dysentery, on account,
+doubtless, of the tannin they contain. The dose is 1-2 seeds dried,
+pounded and infused with 200 grams of sweetened water.
+
+The bark, also bitter, is said to be useful in fevers.
+
+In America they extract an oil from the species of the _C. Guianensis_,
+Aubl., with which the negroes anoint themselves to keep away stinging
+insects. Wood soaked in this oil is also proof against insects.
+
+Botanical Description.--This tree, 20° high, grows in swampy
+districts. Leaves opposite, abruptly pinnate. Two pairs of wedge-shaped
+leaflets, entire and glabrous. Petiole very short. Calyx inferior,
+4-5-toothed. Corolla, 4-5 concave petals, slightly notched at the
+end. Nectary notched, ovate, 8-9-toothed. No filaments. Anthers
+equal in number to the teeth of the nectary and inserted between
+them. Ovary very thick, globose. Stigma shield-shaped. Drupe globose,
+resembling a very large orange, 5 chambers, each containing 1, 2 or
+more seeds, convex on one side and concave on the other, angular and
+much crowded. Testa hard and porous.
+
+Habitat.--Common throughout the Archipelago.
+
+
+
+_Cedrela Toona_, Roxb. (_C. odorata_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Kalantas_, Tag., Pam.; _Lanigpa_, Vis.
+
+Uses.--The infusion of the flowers is antispasmodic. The trunk bark
+is an excellent astringent, and Dr. Waitz recommends it in extract
+as a treatment for infantile diarrhoea, for which I also have found
+it very useful. Blume says that it contains marked antispasmodic
+virtues, and Dr. G. Kennedy confirms it. Other physicians of India,
+among them Ros and Newton, have recommended the bark as a substitute
+for cinchona, given dry in doses of 30 grams.
+
+Infusion.--
+
+
+        Bark dry, pounded           30 grams.
+        Water                      150 grams.
+
+Filter and add:
+
+        Syrup of cinnamon           20 grams.
+
+
+Dose.--Several dessert-spoonfuls a day.
+
+The powdered bark is very useful as an application to indolent ulcers
+which it instantly deodorizes; like powdered quinine it is used in
+the treatment of superficial gangrene.
+
+Botanical Description.--A large tree. Leaves odd-pinnate. Leaflets
+oval, lanceolate, acuminate, entire, glabrous, 5-6 pairs. Flowers
+yellow, in terminal panicles. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla, 5 oblong
+petals. Stamens 5, free, inserted on the apex of a disk. Ovaries
+sessile, 5 many-ovuled cells. Style short. Stigma on a disk. Seed
+vessel coriaceous, 5 compartments, septicidal, 5-valved. Seeds
+compressed, pendulous, prolonged in a membranous wing.
+
+Habitat.--Very common in the islands.
+
+
+
+
+CELASTRACEÆ.
+
+Staff-Tree Family.
+
+
+
+_Celastrus paniculata_, Willd. (_C. alnifolia_, DC.; _C. Rothiana_,
+Roem.; _Diosma serrata_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Bilogo_, Tag.
+
+Uses.--I am not acquainted with the medicinal uses of this plant
+in the Philippines. In India, by means of a primitive system of
+distillation, they extract from the seeds a dark-colored oil of
+empyreumatic odor, which under the name of Oleum nigrum was once
+proclaimed by Dr. Herklots as the sovereign remedy for beriberi.
+
+This oil in doses of 10-15 drops a day is a very powerful stimulant,
+the action of which is manifested by profuse perspiration several
+hours after its administration. Malcolmson reports that it has
+given him good results in several cases of beriberi, particularly
+in recent cases and those in which nervous and paralytic symptoms
+predominated. In Concan, the juice of the leaves is given in doses
+of 30 grams as an antidote for opium. The bruised seeds made into a
+paste with cow urine are used locally in treatment of itch. They are
+also used in the treatment of leprosy, gout, rheumatism, and other
+diseases which according to their medical theories, are derived from
+"cold humors." For these purposes they give the seeds internally,
+beginning with one and increasing daily until 50 are taken. At the
+same time they make external applications of the oil or of another
+compound prepared in the following way:
+
+Place in an open pot with one opening, seeds of _C. paniculata_,
+cloves, benzoin, nutmeg and mace. The pot having been previously
+heated, is covered with another, inverted over the opening. On the
+sides of the latter a thick black oil condenses which Herklots very
+appropriately named _Oleum nigrum_.
+
+Botanical Description.--A climbing shrub, 6-9° high, without
+spines. Leaves 6-7' long by 5' broad, alternate, petiolate,
+entire, glabrous, half-ovate. Flowers small and paniculate. Calyx, 5
+divisions. Corolla, 5 petals. Stamens 5, inserted in a disc. Anthers
+oblong. Ovary 3-celled. Stigma 3-lobulate. Style short. Seed vessel
+the size of a pea, globose, 3-celled, loculicidal, with pulpy seeds.
+
+Habitat.--Tayabas, Laguna, Ilocos North, San Mateo, Albay. Flowers
+in April.
+
+
+
+
+RHAMNACEÆ.
+
+Buckthorn Family.
+
+
+
+_Zizyphus Jujuba, Lam._ (_Rhamnus Jujuba_, L. & Blanco;
+_Z. Mauritania_, Wall.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Manzanitas_, Sp.-Fil.; _Jujube Fruit_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--The small fruit known commonly as _manzanitas_ has an agreeable
+taste, although ordinarily offered for sale before they are quite
+ripe. They are among the most popular dainties at the fairs and
+festivals in the provinces of Manila and are the only part of the plant
+used in medicine. They possess emollient qualities and are official
+in the codex. They enter in the composition of the so-called pectoral
+remedies (composed of equal parts of figs, dates, Corinthian raisins
+and manzanitas).
+
+Botanical Description.--A shrub, with hooked thorns, leaves alternate,
+petiolate, coriaceous, entire, 3-nerved, 2 thorny stipules, one
+of them crooked. Flowers small, greenish, axillary. Calyx, 5 oval
+divisions. Corolla, 5 petals. Stamens 5, free. Ovary bilocular,
+situated on the disc. Styles 2-3, divergent; small papillary
+stigmas. Drupe pulpy, globose, resembling a crab-apple in size and
+taste, enclosing a hard, 2-celled seed.
+
+Habitat.--Common in all parts of the islands.
+
+
+
+_Rhamnus Wightii_, W. & Arn. (_Ceanothus Wightiana_, Wall.;
+_R. Carolianus_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Kabatiti_, Tag.
+
+Uses.--The dried trunk bark is the part employed in medicine. Hooper
+analyzed it in 1888 and found a crystalline principle (0.47%), a
+brown resin (0.85), a red resin (1.15), a bitter principle (1.23),
+sugar, starch, calcium, oxalate, etc.
+
+As the active principles exist in the resins, an alcoholic tincture
+of the latter is the best preparation for administration. In India
+it is used as a tonic and an astringent.
+
+Botanical Description.--A small tree that grows near the sea
+coast. Trunk 9-12° high, straight, many-branched, devoid of
+thorns. Leaves alternate, ovate, acutely serrate, glabrous,
+short-petioled. Flowers greenish-white, axillary, perfect. Calyx
+5-toothed, inversely conical. Corolla, 5 petals, smaller than the
+teeth of the calyx, oval, without claws, notched at the apex. Disc
+fleshy, smooth, slightly concave. Stamens 5, hidden within
+the petals. Filaments flattened. Anthers rounded. Ovary fleshy,
+inserted at the bottom of the calyx tube. Style short. Stigmas 3,
+divergent. Fruit oval, its base adherent to the calyx, 3 seeds.
+
+Habitat.--Batangas. Blooms in July and October.
+
+
+
+
+ANACARDIACEÆ.
+
+Cashew Family.
+
+
+
+_Mangifera Indica_, L.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Manga._
+
+Uses.--The dried and pulverized kernel of the seed is used as an
+anthelmintic in doses of 1 1/2-2 grams both in India and Brazil. The
+same preparation is used in the Philippines in the treatment of
+dysentery and diarrhoea and its effect is doubtless due to the large
+quantity of tannin it contains. It is administered as follows: The
+pounded kernels of 20-25 seeds are brought to a boil in 2 bottles
+(sic) of water. When the liquid has evaporated a third, it is
+removed from the fire, cooled, decanted, and again placed on the
+fire after adding three to four hundred grams of sugar. This time
+it is allowed to boil till reduced to one bottle. The dose is 50-60
+grams 2-3 times a day. Incisions in the trunk exude a brownish resin
+which solidifies in the air, is slightly acrid, bitter, dissolves in
+alcohol and partially in water. In Malabar it is given internally
+in the treatment of diarrhoea and dysentery, mixing it with white
+of egg and opium. But the curative value of the combination is more
+likely due to the albumen and opium than to the resin. Dissolved in
+lemon juice it is a useful application in the itch. The trunk bark
+is astringent and is employed in decoction as a wash for ulcers and
+eczema and as an injection in leucorrhoea.
+
+The fruit is one of the most highly prized in the Philippines, and
+resident Europeans are able to eat large quantities of it without ill
+effects unless the fruit is over-ripe, in which case it often causes
+transient diarrhoea, which should be treated with a mild purge.
+
+In Mauritius the following compound powder is used in dysentery:
+
+
+        Dried slices of manga fruit             30 grams.
+        Dried manga kernels                     60 grams.
+        Plantain seeds                          15 grams.
+        Dried ginger                             8 grams.
+        Gum arabic                              15 grams.
+        Pulverize each ingredient separately;
+        add powdered candy sugar                30 grams.
+
+
+Mix.
+
+Dose.--For an adult one dessert-spoonful every 4 hours; may be given
+in cauge or arrowroot.
+
+The flowers, testa and bark are, in Hindoo therapeutics, considered
+"cold," and "astringent," and are used especially in diarrhoea. In
+certain throat affections the Hindoos employ the burning leaves for
+inhalation. They also use the gum made by evaporating the juice of
+the ripe fruit, as a confection and an antiscorbutic. Dr. Linguist
+recommends the bark as a local astringent in uterine, intestinal and
+pulmonary hemorrhage and employs the following:
+
+_Fluid Extract_.--
+
+
+        Fluid extract of manga bark         10 grams.
+        Water                              120 grams.
+
+
+Mix. Dose, 1 teaspoonful every 1 or 2 hours.
+
+
+Botanical Description.--A noble tree, 30° to 40° high, dome-like
+or rotund in outline. Leaves dark green, lustrous, alternate,
+lanceolate, entire; short petioles. Flowers racemose, in verticillate
+panicles. Calyx, 4, 5 or 6 sepals. Corolla white, fragrant, 4, 5 or
+6 petals. Stamens 5, of which perhaps 1, 2 or 3 are fertile. Style on
+one side of the ovary. Stigma simple. Fruit large, reniform, fleshy,
+yellow when ripe; contains a large, flattened, reniform pit. Blooms
+from January even till June. The natives force the fruit by building
+fires under the trees when but little air is stirring.
+
+Habitat.--Common throughout the islands.
+
+
+
+_Anacardium occidentale_, L. (_Cassuvium reniforme_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Kasuy_, Tag.; _Caskew Nut_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--The pericarp of the nut contains an essential oil which is very
+irritant and used by the Hindoos as a vesicant; it severely blisters
+the lips and tongues of imprudent persons who break the nut without
+taking the precaution of cleansing it of the oil before opening it. In
+addition to the oil called _cardol_, the pericarp contains an especial
+acid _anacardic_, a little tannin and ammonia. Cardol (C_21_H_31_O_2_)
+is an oleaginous, yellow liquid very unstable, neutral, soluble
+in alcohol and ether, insoluble in water, volatile, and vesicant if
+applied to the skin. "Anacardic" acid is white, crystalline, odorless,
+with a burning, aromatic taste. It melts at 26° and decomposes at 200°
+forming a colorless oil; it is not vesicant, burns with a dark flame,
+and has the odor of rancid oil. A tincture of the pericarp has been
+made (1 part to 10 of alcohol) and given internally as a vermifuge
+in doses of 2-10 drops. Cardol, according to some authors, does not
+exercise a vesicant action in the gastro-intestinal canal, because it
+is not dissolved by the gastro-intestinal juices; I am sure, however,
+that I have seen a choleraic diarrhoea brought on by swallowing,
+in fun, the pericarp of one nut and a half. Cardol is eliminated by
+the urine.
+
+The kernel is edible and has a very agreeable taste when roasted. By
+expression it yields a sweet, yellowish oil, density 0.916.
+
+The trunk exudes a gum resin in masses varying in color from red
+to yellow.
+
+The fleshy part, called the fruit, is edible but contains a certain
+quantity of cardol not only evidenced by the odor but by the
+smarting of the mouth and throat after eating. It is very juicy and
+the expressed liquid is fermented in Bombay and distilled to make a
+very weak alcohol which sells for the very low price of 4 annas (5
+cents gold) a gallon. This alcohol is again distilled and a stronger
+obtained which sells for 1 1/2 rupees a gallon. The Portuguese of
+India make a sort of wine from the fermented juice of the fruit,
+which, like the weak alcohol we have mentioned, is a well-known
+diuretic and is used as a liniment.
+
+The gum resin of the trunk contains 90% of anacardic acid and 10%
+cardol. Wood soaked in it is preserved from the ravages of insects,
+especially of white ants, for which purpose it is used by bookbinders
+also. Therapeutically it is used externally in leprosy, old ulcers
+and to destroy corns, but on account of its rubefacient and vesicant
+qualities it is necessary to use it cautiously.
+
+Botanical Description.--A tree, 18° high, with leaves cuneiform,
+glabrous, stiff, short-petioled. Flowers polygamous in terminal
+panicles. Calyx with 5 erect segments, imbricated, caducous. Corolla,
+5 linear, lanceolate petals, curved and imbricated. Stamens 8-10,
+all fertile. Filaments united to one another and to the disc. Ovary
+heart-shaped. Style filiform and eccentric. Stigma defective. Ovule
+solitary. Fruit a reniform nut enclosed in a pulpy pyriform body,
+formed by the matured disc and extremity of the peduncle. Seed
+reniform, testa membranous.
+
+Habitat.--Common throughout the Archipelago. Blooms in February.
+
+
+
+_Odina Wodier_, Roxb.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Amugis_, Tag. and Vis.
+
+Uses.--The bark is very astringent and in decoction is used for
+chronic ulcers. In India Dr. Kirkpatrick has used it as a lotion in
+impetigo. It has also given good results as a gargle in affections
+of the pharynx and buccal cavity.
+
+The trunk exudes a gum called in India "kanni ki gond," an article
+of commerce. It is almost odorless and has a disagreeable taste. It
+is only partially soluble in water, forming a viscid mucilage. It is
+used in the treatment of contusions and sprains and is edible when
+mixed with cocoanut milk.
+
+Botanical Description.--A tree, with leaves bunched at the extremities
+of the branches, oblong, oval, acuminate, odd-pinnate, 3-4 pairs of
+opposite leaflets. Flowers greenish-white, polygamous, in terminal
+panicles. Calyx gamosepalous, 4 rounded lobules. Corolla, 4 imbricated
+petals. Stamens 8, free. Ovary 4-parted. Pistillate flowers; ovary
+sessile, oblong, unilocular. Style 4-parted, thick. Drupe oblong,
+compressed, unicellular. Testa hard, with 1 non-albuminous kernel.
+
+Habitat.--San Mateo.
+
+
+
+
+MORINGEÆ.
+
+
+
+_Moringa pterygosperma_, Gaertn. (_M. oleifera_, Lamk.; _M. poligona_,
+DC.; _Guilandina Moringa_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Malungay_, _Kamalungay_, _Kalungay_, Tag.; _Dool_,
+_Malungit_, Vis. and Pam.; _Horse Radish Tree_, Indo-Eng.
+
+Uses.--The root is vesicant and the Filipinos bruise it and use it for
+sinapisms. I have often observed, however, that it is quite painful
+used in this way. Dr. Waitz states that it is a good plan to add a few
+drops of the root juice to mustard sinapisms, a proceeding which seems
+to me superfluous, especially in the case of children as he advises it.
+
+The Bengal pharmacopoeia contains the following official preparations:
+
+_Compound Spirit_.--
+
+
+        Small pieces of moringa root    }
+        Orange peel                     }   aa 600 grams.
+        Nutmeg                                  20 grams.
+        Spirit of wine                           4 1/2 liters.
+        Water                                    1 liter.
+
+
+Mix and distil 4 liters.
+
+Dose.--8-30 cc. as a stimulant and diuretic.
+
+_Compound Infusion_.--
+
+
+        Moringa root, small pieces, bruised }
+        Mustard seed                        }   aa 30 grams.
+        Boiling water                              1/2 liter.
+        Let stand 2 hours, filter and add
+        compound spirit.                           30 grams.
+
+
+Dose.--30-60 grams a day, as a strong stimulant.
+
+The expressed seeds yield a fixed oil, which is irritating and in my
+opinion should not be used internally.
+
+The green pods, the flowers and the tender shoots of the leaves are
+eaten stewed. The juice of the leaves is given internally in India,
+as an emetic, in doses of 30 grams.
+
+Botanical Description.--A well-known tree, 5-6 meters high. Leaves
+3-pinnate, their terminal divisions odd-pinnate. Leaflets oval,
+glabrous, entire. Calyx, 5 unequal petaloid segments, imbricated,
+caducous. Corolla white, 5 unequal petals. Stamens inserted on the
+border of a disc, unequal, 5 opposite the petals bearing anthers,
+5 alternate without anthers. Anthers dorsal, unilocular. Ovary
+pedunculate, lanceolate, unilocular, with many ovules in 2 series,
+inserted on the parietal placentæ. Fruit a pod terminating in a beak,
+3-valved. Seeds numerous, very large, winged, embedded in a spongy
+substance.
+
+Habitat.--Common throughout the islands. Blooms in November.
+
+
+
+
+LEGUMINOSÆ. (PAPILIONACEÆ.)
+
+Pulse Family.
+
+
+
+_Agati grandiflora_, Desv. (_Sesbania grandiflora_, Pers.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Katuray_, Tag.
+
+Uses.--The flowers are edible. They and the leaves are purgative
+and are given in decoction for this purpose, 30-40 grams to 200 of
+water. The juice of the flowers is a popular remedy in India, for
+migraine and coryza. The trunk bark is bitter and tonic.
+
+Botanical Description.--A tree, 4-6 meters high, with drooping
+limbs; leaves long, very narrow, abruptly pinnate; many caducous
+leaflets, linear, elliptical. Flowers large, white, fragrant, in
+axillary racemes. Calyx bell-shaped with two indistinct lips. Corolla
+papilionaceous, white. Standard oval, a slight notch at the apex. Wings
+almost as large as the keel which is strongly arched. Stamens 10,
+diadelphous. Anthers uniform. Style and stamens equally long. Stigma
+a small head. Pod 1-2° long, linear, 4-sided, containing many oval
+seeds, separated by filamentous partitions.
+
+Habitat.--Grows in all sections of Luzon and Panay.
+
+
+
+_Abrus precatorius_, L.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Saga_, _Sagamamin_, _Bangati_, Tag.; _Bangati Gikosgikos_,
+Vis.; _Kanaasaga_, Pam.; _Bugayon_, Iloc.; _Jequiriti_, _Prayerbeads_,
+Eng.
+
+Uses.--The part of the plant most important in therapeutics is the
+seed, the size of a small pea, bright red with a black spot, hard and
+shining. The Filipino children use them to make rosaries and other
+decorations. In the distant past the Filipinos used these seeds to
+weigh gold, a practice followed even to-day by the Hindoos. The famous
+Susrutas, author of the "Ayur Veda," recommends them internally for
+nervous diseases; modern therapeutics, however, limits their use
+to one disease, though that is frequent and stubborn enough, namely
+chronic granular conjunctivitis.
+
+Some physicians state that these seeds are poisonous and others the
+contrary, but the fact that they are used as food among the poor
+classes of Egypt, demonstrates their harmlessness in the digestive
+tract at least; when introduced into the circulation they undoubtedly
+exercise a toxic effect. We have already mentioned that their use
+is limited nowadays to the therapeutics of the eye; the decoction of
+the seeds known in Europe under the name of "Jaqueriti"--so named in
+Brazil--produces a purulent inflammation of the healthy conjunctiva and
+it is precisely this counter-irritant effect which makes it useful in
+chronic granular conjunctivitis, the persistence of which has defied
+the most heroic measures of therapeutics. The French oculist, Dr. de
+Wecker, was the first to employ jequirity for this purpose, in the
+form of a 24 hours' maceration of the seeds, 10 grams to 500 grams of
+water. It is necessary to use a product recently prepared and with
+this several applications a day are made. It is now known that the
+inflammation of the healthy conjunctiva is not caused by germ-life
+contained in the solution but by an inorganic ferment discovered
+by Bruylans and Venneman and named jequiritin; they state that it
+is produced during the germination of the seeds or of the cells in
+the powdered seeds. Warden and Waddell, of Calcutta, have isolated
+an essential oil, an acid named "ábric" and an amorphous substance
+called abrin, obtained by precipitation with alcohol from a watery
+infusion of the pulverized seeds. Its action is identical with that of
+"jequiritin."
+
+The infusion appears to possess considerable value as a stimulating
+application to indolent ulcers.
+
+The root is a good substitute for licorice, is emollient and has an
+agreeable taste. The extract is useful in catarrhal diseases of the
+bronchi and in dysuria. The leaves contain the same properties as
+the root and an extract prepared from them is used as a substitute
+for licorice.
+
+Botanical Description.--A vine, with leaves opposite, abruptly pinnate,
+a stylet taking the place of the terminal leaflet. Leaflets linear,
+entire, glabrous, tipped with a small point. Common petiole with
+2 awl-shaped stipules at the base. Flowers in small racemes. Calyx
+gamosepalous, caducous, 4-5 short teeth. Corolla papilionaceous, wings
+horizontal. Stamens 9, monadelphous with bilocular anthers. Style
+very short. Stigma globose. Pod 4-5 cm. long, truncate at the ends,
+with 5-6 red seeds, each with a black spot.
+
+Habitat.--Common in all mountainous regions of the islands. Grows
+near houses and roads.
+
+
+
+_Mucuna pruriens_, DC. (_M. prurita_, Hook.; _M. utilis_, Wall.;
+_Dolichos pruriens_, L.; _Carpopogon pruriens_, Roxb.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Nipay_, _Lipay_, Vis.
+
+Uses.--The pods are official as an anthelmintic in the Pharmacopoeia
+of India. They are used in the form of an electuary triturated to the
+proper consistency with honey or syrup. The dose for adults is one
+soupspoonful, and for children a teaspoonful, given every morning
+for 3-4 consecutive days. The last day a purge is given to expel
+the lumbricoids.
+
+Botanical Description.--A vine with ternate leaves. Flowers red,
+keel larger than the standard and wings. Pods about as thick as the
+little finger, lacking transverse grooves, curved in the form of the
+letter f, covered with bright red down, which causes an unendurable
+itching. They are divided into 3 or 4 oblique cells each containing
+a brown, shiny seed.
+
+Habitat.--Luzon and Panay.
+
+
+
+_Erythrina Indica_, Lam. (_E. corallodendron_, L.; _E. carnea_,
+Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Dapdap_, _Kasindik_, Tag.; _Dapdap_, _Kabrab_, Vis.;
+_Dapdap_, _Sulbang_, Pam.; _Indian Coral Tree_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--This tree is well known on account of the beauty of its
+crimson flowers. The decoction of the leaves is a useful cleansing
+and deodorizing application for ulcers. The bruised leaves are used
+locally in painful affections of the joints and to abort syphilitic
+buboes and abscesses of all kinds. The juice of the tender leaves
+is used in Concan to destroy maggots in ulcers, and the powder has
+a similar use. A decoction is used locally in ophthalmia.
+
+The root and the leaves are used as a febrifuge in the Philippines and
+in India, according to Wight. In Brazil the bark is given in small
+repeated doses as a hypnotic and in the Philippines as a diuretic
+and purgative; a decoction of the leaves is similarly used. The
+bark contains an alkaloid discovered by Rochefontaine and Rey, called
+_erythrin_, which acts upon the central nervous system, diminishing its
+normal functions even to the point of abolishment, without modifying
+motor excitability or muscular contractility. W. Young isolated
+a glucoside, _migarrhin_, similar to saponin, but possessing the
+additional property of dilating the pupil.
+
+In bronchitis with dyspnoea the following infusion of bark is very
+useful:
+
+
+        Fresh bark,                 }
+        Freshly bruised leaves,     } aa  2 grams.
+        Water                         1,500 grams.
+
+Boil till reduced one-half, filter and add:
+
+        Simple syrup                    200 grams.
+
+
+Dose: Wineglassful every two hours.
+
+Botanical Description.--A large tree, 20° high, thorny, with ternate
+leaves. Leaflets rhomboid, broad, entire, glabrous. Secondary petioles:
+that of the middle leaflet long, bearing 2 glands, those of the others
+short, bearing 1 gland each. The leaves fall at the end of the rainy
+season and the flowers bloom. They are a handsome scarlet color,
+large, in terminal racemes. Calyx half-cylindrical, oblique, truncate,
+entire. Corolla papilionaceous; standard elongated, lanceolate. Wings
+short. Keel very short, 2-lobuled. Stamens diadelphous. Anthers
+large. Ovary woolly. Stigma thick. Pod curved, rounded, furrowed in
+parts corresponding to the seeds which are numerous, oval, pointed
+at the ends.
+
+Habitat.--Common throughout the islands. Blooms in February.
+
+
+
+_Clitoria ternatea,_ L.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Kolokanting_, _Pakingang_, Tag.; _Kolokating_, Vis.;
+_Butterfly-pea_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--The pounded seeds mixed with oil are used locally for painful
+joints. They possess purgative and emetic properties and Dr. J. Shartt
+has employed a mixture of the powdered roasted seeds, 8 grams, with
+double the quantity of acid tartrate of potassium. Its action is
+gentle, but sure. The alcoholic extract of the root, a soft, brown,
+resinous substance with an odor recalling that of jalap, is a very
+active cathartic, producing sharp effects in doses of 30-60 centigrams;
+in fact it produces such severe tenesmus that its use in such doses
+should not be recommended.
+
+The root bark is used internally in an infusion (4-8 grams to 1 liter
+of water) as an emollient in irritability of the bladder and urethra
+and has been recommended for such a purpose by Mooden Sheriff. It
+is a diuretic which frequently acts as a purgative, a fact that
+is not surprising in view of the above-mentioned properties of the
+alcoholic extract.
+
+The roasted seeds used as a purgative are so trustworthy that they
+deserve the further attention of physicians.
+
+Botanical Description.--A vine very well known by its blue
+flowers. Leaves alternate with 3 pairs of oval leaflets. Stipules
+persistent. Flowers axillary, solitary, 1-1 1/2' in long
+diameter. Calyx in 5 acute divisions, the two upper ones
+smaller. Corolla papilionaceous. Standard open, notched at the
+end. Keel shorter than the wings and covered by them. Stamens 10,
+9 united and 1 free. Stigma downy, thick. Pod full of short hairs,
+with more than 6 surrounded with a tow-like substance, reniform,
+with black spots.
+
+Habitat.--Common along the roads and in gardens. Flowers in July
+and November.
+
+
+
+_1. Pterocarpus santalinus_, L. [5]
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Narra_, _Naga_, Tag.; _Apalit_, _Daytanag_, Pam.; _Red
+Saunders_ or _Red Sandalwood Tree_, Eng.
+
+_2. P. Indicus,_ Willd. (_P. pallidus_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Asana_, Tag.; _Naga_, Vis.
+
+_3. P. erinaceus_, Poir. (_P. echinatus_, Pers. & DC.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Asana_, _Narra_, Tag.
+
+Uses.--The wood of the first is the so-called "red sandalwood." It
+is used for building purposes and, in medicine, as an astringent. In
+decoction it is used as a gargle for sore throat. The second is
+also an excellent building material and is used medicinally for its
+astringent properties. A decoction of sufficient strength to color
+the water a light blue is used as a mouth wash in toothache and has
+some reputation as a solvent of vesical calculi. All three species
+yield a resin known in pharmacy under the name of "kino." The true
+gum kino is really produced by the _P. marsupium_, Roxb., but the
+Philippine product, especially that of the second and third species,
+has for a long time been exported to Europe under the name of "red
+astringent gum" or "kino." This name is given to the sap of these
+trees dried without the aid of artificial heat. The bark is the part
+which produces it and the following extractive process is employed in
+Madras: a vertical incision is made in the trunk and lateral incisions
+perpendicular to it and a receptacle is placed at the foot of the
+tree. This soon fills and when the gum is sufficiently dried by air
+and sun it is packed in boxes and exported.
+
+In respect to appearance, solubility and chemical composition,
+Flückiger and Hanbury were unable to discover any difference between
+the kino of _P. marsupium_, Roxb., and that of _P. erinaceus_, Poir. It
+is therefore interesting to consider a product that is identical with
+that described in the pharmacopoeias as produced by the _P. marsupium_,
+Roxb., though the latter does not grow in the Philippines.
+
+Kino is at present used but little in therapeutics and its action is
+analogous to that of tannin and catechu. It is given internally for
+its astringent effect in chronic diarrhoea, leucorrhoea, blenorrhoea
+and hemorrhages. The dose of the powder is 1-4 grams, and of the
+alcoholic tincture, containing 20 parts kino to 100 of alcohol,
+5-10 grams. In prolapse of the rectum and anal fissure the following
+solution is used by enema:
+
+
+                Kino            3 grams.
+                Water         500 grams.
+
+
+For vaginal injections a solution of 20 to 250 water.
+
+Botanical Description.--The "pterocarpus," L., is a tree of
+the first order with odd-pinnate leaves. Leaflets alternate and
+coriaceous. Flowers yellow, in racemes, with caducous bracts and
+bractlets. Calyx turbinate, with short teeth. Petals exserted,
+markedly unguiculate. Standard and wings curled. Keel obtuse with
+its petals slightly or not at all coherent. The staminal tube,
+cleft above and below or above only. Stamens superior, often almost,
+and at times entirely, free. Anthers versatile. Ovary pedunculate,
+with 2 ovules. Style curved. Stigma terminal. Pod orbicular, smooth or
+spiny, usually containing one seed, encircled by a broad, rigid wing,
+the point curved downward.
+
+Habitat.--In the mountains of Luzon, Panay and Mindoro. Blooms
+in March.
+
+
+
+_Pongamia glabra_, Vent. (_Robinia mitis_, L.; _Gadelupa maculata_,
+Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Balikbalik_, Tag.; _Butong_, Vis.
+
+Uses.--The oil expressed from the seeds is used in India for lighting
+purposes, and in addition is of notable therapeutic value. It is an
+excellent local remedy for the itch, for herpes and especially for
+pityriasis versicolor, used alone or emulsified with lemon juice. In
+stubborn cases Dymock recommends the addition of oil of _hydrocarpus_,
+camphor and powdered sulphur. Dr. Gibson states that he knows of
+no plant in the vegetable kingdom possessing more notable curative
+properties in itch, herpes and other cutaneous diseases than the
+plant under consideration. It is also used as an embrocation in
+articular rheumatism.
+
+The powdered leaves mixed with common salt and pepper are given
+internally with a little milk, as a remedy for leprosy.
+
+The juice of the root makes a useful wash for gangrenous ulcers and
+a good injection for fistula.
+
+Botanical Description.--A tree, 18° high, with leaves opposite,
+odd-pinnate. Leaflets in 3 pairs, ovate, lanceolate, entire,
+glabrous and membranaceous. Flowers slightly spotted, racemose. Calyx
+bell-shaped, with 5 scarcely visible toothlets. Corolla papilionaceous,
+petals equal, clawed. Standard with 2 callosities athwart the
+base. Stamens 10, diadelphous. Pod with one seed, which is flat,
+smooth, veined, bright red.
+
+Habitat.--Luzon and Panay. Blooms in October.
+
+
+
+
+LEGUMINOSÆ.
+
+Brasiletto Family.
+
+
+
+_Cæsalpinia Bonducella_, Flem. (_Guilandina Bonducella_, L.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Bayag-Kambing_, _Kalambibit_, Tag.; _Dalugdug_, Vis.;
+_Fever Nut_, _Physic Nut_, _Bonduc Seeds_, Indo-Eng.
+
+Uses.--The seed is the part of the plant employed and is official in
+the Pharmacopoeia of India. It is used as a tonic and antiperiodic
+in intermittent fevers and in general where tonic treatment is
+indicated. It has given good results in the malarial fevers of India,
+according to English physicians. The Pharmacopoeia of India contains
+the following preparation under the name of "Compound Powder of Bonduc"
+(Pulvis bonducellæ compositus).
+
+
+        Seeds of Bonduc, powdered     30 grams.
+        Pepper                        30 grams.
+
+
+Mix and keep in a well-corked flask.
+
+Dose.--1-2 grams 3 times a day.
+
+In the Philippines the powdered seed is given in affections of the
+digestive tract, especially in diarrhoea and feeble digestion. The same
+name of Bonduc is given to the seeds of another species that grows in
+the Philippines, _C. Bonduc_, Roxb.; _Kamot-Kabag_, _Bayan-Kambing_,
+Tag. The seeds are identical in chemical composition and therapeutic
+indication.
+
+The two principal substances contained in the seeds are an oil, 24%
+and a resin, 1.88%. The former is straw-colored and slightly bitter
+by virtue of the presence of a resin that may be precipitated by
+alcohol. The resin or bitter principle exists as an amorphous powder,
+white, bitter, not acrid, soluble in chloroform, alcohol, acetone,
+crystallizable acetic acid, fixed and essential oils; slightly soluble
+in ether and bisulphide of carbon, insoluble in water and petroleum
+ether. The alkalies do not affect it. It melts at 140°, decomposing and
+leaving only a carbon. Its discoverers, Heckel and Schlagdenhauffen,
+have given it the name _bonducin_ (C_14_H_15_O_5_). Hydrochloric acid
+colors it red; sulphuric acid, a maranthin red in half an hour.
+
+Bonducin seems to be the active principle of the seeds and is given
+internally in doses of 10-20 centigrams; according to Dr. Isnard,
+of Marseilles, this dose has given as good results in fevers as the
+same quantity of quinine.
+
+Botanical Description.--A shrub with prostrate stem bristling with
+thorns. Leaves twice abruptly pinnate, a thorn taking the place
+of the terminal leaflet. Leaflets in 10-14 pairs, ovate, expanded,
+with a spine at the apex. Common petioles thorny, with 4 leaf-like
+stipules at the base. Flowers yellow, in racemes. Calyx 5-parted,
+curved downward. Corolla inserted on the calyx, 5 petals, 4 nearly
+equal, the uppermost broader and shorter. Stamens 10. Filaments
+very unequal in height, inserted on the calyx, united and woolly
+at the base. Pistil very short. Stigma thick. Pod rhomboidal before
+maturity, prickly, containing 2 semi-globose seeds with testa hard,
+mottled and tough.
+
+The other species, _C. Bonduc_, Roxb., is distinguished by leaflets
+unequal at the base, by the absence of stipules, and by the bright
+orange yellow seeds.
+
+Habitat.--Common in Luzon, Panay and Joló. Blooms in December.
+
+
+
+_Cæsalpinia Sappan_, L.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Sibukao_, _Sapag_, Tag.; _Palo del Brasil_, Sp.; _Sappan
+Wood_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--The decoction of Sibukao is given in hemorrhages, especially
+of the lungs. It is probably the red color of this decoction which
+originated the idea of giving it to check bleeding, and this is the
+practice of the native Filipino doctors, as well as of the Arabs
+and Hindoos. The natives of Cochin China, reasoning in an opposite
+manner, prescribe it as emmenagogue. Some authors recommend Sibukao
+as a substitute for logwood. The decoction is administered in chronic
+diarrhoea, especially that of children. A few cases of phlebitis have
+been reported as occasioned by its use. The extract is made as follows:
+
+
+        Sibukao in small pieces      500 grams.
+        Boiling water                  4 1/2 liters.
+
+
+Macerate for 24 hours, boil until reduced by half, filter and evaporate
+the filtrate to a syrupy consistency. Do not use iron vessels.
+
+Sibukao contains much tannin and gallic acid, and a peculiar substance
+which distinguishes it from logwood, _brasilin_ (C_22_H_20_O_7_),
+which gives a red color to alkaline solutions instead of blue or
+purple. It is a crystalline pigment which may be considered a compound
+of hematoxylon and fenol.
+
+Botanical Description.--A very common tree, 12-15° high, with spiny
+trunk, leaves twice abruptly pinnate. Leaflets linear, notched at
+the apex. Flowers racemose. Calyx boat-shaped. Corolla, 5 petals,
+the uppermost broad, short, spotted red. Stigma bifid. Pod sabre-like,
+woody, with 3-4 seeds separated by partitions. The wood is well known
+everywhere in the Philippines, being a very important article of
+commerce, and there is no fear of logwood being substituted for it,
+as the latter is more expensive, and substitutions are not ordinarily
+made under such circumstances. In commerce it occurs in large pieces of
+all shapes and forms, since the branches and trunks are cut into pieces
+which vary from 1/2-2 meters in length. Its color is reddish-yellow
+or white with more or less red grain. Blooms in September.
+
+
+
+_Cæsalpinia pulcherrima_, Swartz. (_Poinciana pulcherrima_, L. &
+Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Flores y Rosas Caballero_, _Caballero_, Sp.-Fil.;
+_Barbadoes Flower-Fence_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--The leaves are emmenagogue, purgative like those of senna,
+and excitant. The bark especially is a powerful emmenagogue, used in
+some countries for criminal purposes. The decoction of the flowers is
+pectoral and febrifuge and is given in bronchitis, asthma and malarial
+fever. The flowers contain a bitter principle. The roots are acrid
+and poisonous. The seeds of the green fruit are eaten frequently by
+children; when ripe they contain gallic and tannic acids, by virtue
+of which they are used in tanning hides and to dye yellow combined
+with alum, and black combined with salts of iron. They also contain
+a pigment and a resin.
+
+Infusion of the Flowers.--
+
+
+        Flowers of the caballero, dry          20 grams.
+        Water                                 500 grams.
+        Sugar                                  70 grams.
+
+
+Mix. Dose, a wineglassful several times a day.
+
+Botanical Description.--A shrub, with prickly trunk. Leaves
+twice abruptly pinnate. Leaflets 5-8 pairs, glabrous, ovate and
+elliptical, bearing a spine at the extremity, 3 stipules to each
+pair of leaflets. Flowers yellow and red, in racemes on the ends
+of the branches. Calyx divided almost to the base, with 5 concave
+parts. Corolla, 5 petals 1' long with short claws, one petal very small
+and straight, the others larger, with wavy edges. Stamens 10, crimson,
+3' long, free, woolly, united at the lower end. Pistil the same length
+as the stamens. Stigma somewhat concave. Ovary sessile, unilocular,
+many-ovuled. Pod compressed, with 7 or more seeds inserted on the
+superior suture and separated from each other by fleshy divisions.
+
+Habitat.--Very common in gardens where it is cultivated for its
+beautiful flowers. Blooms throughout the entire year.
+
+
+
+_Cassia fistula_, L.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Cañafistula_, Sp.; _Lombayong_, _Ibabaw_, _Baloyong_,
+Vis.; _Purging Cassia_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--The pod known in pharmacy under the name of "Cañafistula"
+contains a blackish, sweet pulp, which is a mild purgative if combined
+with carminatives, but it produces severe colic if given alone. The
+urine sometimes takes on a dark color after taking it. The laxative
+dose is 4-8 grams, the purgative 30-60.
+
+Extract of Cassia.--
+
+
+        Pulp and seeds of ripe pods       1 kilo.
+        Water                             1 liter.
+
+
+After mixing the pulp with water the liquid is strained through a
+woolen cloth; the material which remains in the strainer is washed
+with a little more cold water which is added to the other liquid and
+the two are evaporated to the consistency of the extract.
+
+Dose.--15-30 grams.
+
+Dr. Irving states that the root is a very energetic purgative. In
+Concan the juice of the tender leaves is used in the treatment of
+impetigo.
+
+Botanical Description.--A tree with trunk about as thick as the
+human body, with leaves opposite and abruptly pinnate. Leaflets,
+the lower ones smaller, 5 pairs, ovate, lanceolate, glabrous
+and rather tough. Common petiole, cleft at the base, lacking
+glandule. Flowers bright yellow, in long, pendulous racemes. Calyx,
+5 ovate sepals. Corolla, 5 unequal petals. Stamens 10, free, 3
+longer than the rest. Ovary unilocular, many-ovuled. Pod cylindrical,
+pointed at the end, woody, black, 1-2° long, with many circular seeds,
+surrounded by a blackish pulp and separated by partitions.
+
+Habitat.--Common in Luzon and Panay. Blooms in March.
+
+
+
+_Cassia occidentalis_, L.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Tighiman_, _Balotangaso_, Tag.; _Tambalisa_, Vis.;
+_Western Senna_, _Styptic Weed_, Eng.; _Negro Coffee_, Indo-Eng.
+
+Uses.--In Brazil they use an infusion of the root as a tonic and
+diuretic, 4 grams of the root bark and 180 of boiling water to be taken
+in one day. In Dahomey the leaves are used as a febrifuge. Thirty
+grams of fresh leaves are boiled in 300 grams of water till the
+liquid is reduced to 250 grams. The patient takes this decoction
+hot the first day of the fever and a profuse perspiration promptly
+breaks out. As a rule the effect is immediate and the fever does not
+recur. This treatment of fevers is more common in that country than
+that by quinine and they claim that it has the advantage over the
+latter of acting as a stomachic tonic. By adding a small quantity
+of the roots to the decoction it is rendered diuretic. The seeds
+possess the same properties and are used in decoctions of 30 grams
+to 300 of water. According to De Lanesan the roasted seeds are used
+in La Réunion in infusion similar to coffee in the treatment of
+gastralgia and asthma. In some countries they mix them with coffee
+just as chicory is used in Europe.
+
+Heckel and Schlagdenhauffen have made a very complete study of the
+plant and we quote the following from their works:
+
+Chemical composition of the seeds.--
+
+
+        Water                                           8.850
+        Fats and pigments soluble in petroleum ether    1.600
+        Fats and pigments soluble in chloroform         1.150
+        Odorous material and traces of tannin           5.022
+        Glucose                                         0.738
+        Gummy, mucilaginous and pectic matter          15.734
+        Soluble albuminoids and aleuron                 6.536
+        Cellulose                                       7.434
+        Insoluble albuminose                            2.216
+        Lignose                                        32.727
+        Fixed salts                                    17.976
+        Lost material                                    .017
+                                                      -------
+                                                      100.000
+
+
+Previous to the studies of the above authors the seeds had been
+therapeutically tested by Delioux de Savignac and Professor
+Clouet. Heckel and Schlagdenhauffen have confirmed the febrifuge
+virtues of the seeds and are uncertain as to the active principle
+since they found no glucoside or alkaloid in their analysis. The
+antiperiodic properties are comparable with those of quinine and have
+even proved effective in some cases in which quinine failed. It seems
+quite clear that the tannin is the active principle which is the
+more probable because its anti-periodic virtues are now recognized
+by all therapeutists.
+
+It is given in maceration or infusion, 2-15 grams of the seeds to 3
+or 400 of water to be taken several times a day. The treatment causes
+no very marked physiological effects. It seems to act as a sedative
+to the nervous system.
+
+Botanical Description.--An annual plant, .60-1 meter high. Root
+central with lateral rootlets. Stem straight, ramose. Leaves opposite,
+abruptly pinnate with a stylet in place of the odd leaflet. Leaflets,
+5-6 pairs, the lower ones smaller, ovate, oblong, margins and lower
+face downy. Common petiole swollen at the base, 2 stipules and 1
+glandule. Calyx, 5 unequal sepals. Corolla, 5 nearly equal petals,
+sulphur yellow, concave, the posterior one further developed. Two
+verticils of 5 stamens each. Of the 5 stamens superior to the sepals,
+2 are fertile, larger and arched; of the other 5 stamens 4 are fertile
+and small. Pod compressed, linear, smooth, 5' long, containing many
+compressed, heart-shaped seeds, separated by thin partitions.
+
+Habitat.--Common in Luzon. Blooms in October.
+
+
+
+_Cassia alata_, L.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Acapulco_, Sp.-Fil.; _Katandá_, _Gamut sa Buni_,
+_Sonting_, Tag.; _Sunting, Kansitás_, Vis.; _Pakayomkom-kastila_, Pam.
+
+Uses.--This is one of the most popular Philippine remedies and its
+usefulness is vouched for by many physicians practicing in many
+different lands. Its antiherpetic properties are notable and the
+Tagalo name of the plant, "Gamut sa Buni," means literally "medicine
+for herpes." The natives use the juice of the leaf applied locally
+to the affected part. These properties have long been familiar to
+the Malays and to the Hindoos who in their medical works give the
+plant the Sanscrit name of "Dadrughna," meaning "to cure herpes." The
+Pharmacopoeia of Bengal recommends cassia in the form of an ointment
+made by mixing the crushed tender leaves with simple ointment. This
+preparation is, in our opinion, undesirable on account of its liability
+to become rancid and vaseline should be the excipient used. Another
+application for herpetic eruptions is the juice of the leaves mixed
+with an equal quantity of lemon juice. The Malays use the leaves dried
+in the sun, adding to them a little water and rubbing them briskly
+on the affected parts, the vigorous treatment being an important part
+of the cure.
+
+The decoction of the leaves is a laxative and according to Mr. J. Wood
+the tincture has an action similar to that of senna. Dr. Pulney Andy
+of India states that the extract prepared from the tender leaves is
+a good substitute for extract of colocynth.
+
+Mr. A. Porte claims to have obtained the best results with an acetic
+extract of the fresh leaves. The following is his formula:
+
+
+        Fresh leaves of _C. alata_          100 grams.
+        Acetic acid diluted in 2/3 water    450 grams.
+
+
+Macerate 10 or 12 days, filter and express, then filter again and
+evaporate to the consistency of an extract.
+
+The seeds contain vermifuge principles.
+
+The activity of this plant in herpes is due to the chrysophanic acid
+contained in it. The more recent the eruption the more certain is
+the effect.
+
+The following species, all of which grow in the Philippines, contain
+principles analogous to those of the _C. alata_, viz.: _C. sophera_,
+L. and _C. tora_, L., called in Tagalo _manimanihan_.
+
+Botanical Description.--A shrub, 7-9° high, with a straight, ramose
+trunk 3-4' in diameter. Leaves 1 1/2-2° long, opposite, abruptly
+pinnate, a thick stylet taking the place of the odd leaflet. Leaflets
+10-13 pairs, the smaller ones 1-2' long. Common petiole with 2
+horizontal stipules at the base. Flowers in conspicuous, erect
+racemes. Calyx, 5 free concave, unequal sepals. Corolla, 5 petals of
+a beautiful yellow color. Stamens perigynous, 10 in number, 3 upper
+ones very small and frequently sterile, 3 lower very large. The
+bilocular anthers open by 2 pores. Ovary many-ovuled with filiform
+style. Pod long with 2 prominent wings on the sides and many seeds
+which slightly resemble a cross with blunt ends.
+
+The _C. sophera_, L., is characterized by 10 stamens, all fertile
+and a smooth, linear, bivalved pod full of seeds separated by false
+partitions. The _C. tora_, L., bears a quadrangular pod about 15
+centimeters long by 2 in diameter.
+
+Habitat.--Grows in all parts of the islands and is universally known
+by the natives. Blooms in May.
+
+
+
+_Tamarindus Indica_, L.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Tamarindo_, Sp.; _Sampalok_, Tag., Pam., Bik.; _Sambak_,
+_Sumalagi_, _Kamalagi_, Vis.; _Tamarind_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--The pulp of the fruit is used to make a sort of sweet preserve
+and is very popular among the Filipinos. They prepare a refreshing
+drink from the pulp mixed with sweetened water and believing it to
+be beneficial to the liver, stomach and blood, they use too much
+of it. Its excessive use is rather prejudicial to the health, but
+given in moderation it is very efficient in allaying the thirst of
+fever patients. The pulp contains weak laxative properties and it
+is customary to administer it in solution with cream of tartar. Its
+chemical composition is as follows:
+
+
+                Citric acid             9.40
+                Tartaric acid           1.55
+                Malic acid              0.45
+                Potassium bitartrate    3.25
+                Sugar                  12.50
+                Gum                     4.70
+                Vegetable gelatin       6.25
+                Parenchyma             34.35
+                Water                  27.55
+
+                                            (Vauquelin.)
+
+
+At the end of any sickness, especially after labor, the first bath
+given to the convalescent is with a decoction of the leaves of the
+"sampaloc," to prevent convulsions, the native herb-doctors say.
+
+Botanical Description.--A large tree, somewhat resembling the elm in
+contour, with leaves opposite, abruptly pinnate. Leaflets 12 or more
+pairs, linear, with a notch at the apex, entire, glabrous. Flowers
+yellow-white, spattered dark red, racemose. Calyx, 4 sepals. Corolla,
+5 lanceolate petals with crispate borders. Stamens monadelphous,
+dividing into 7 filaments above. The ripe pod is chocolate color,
+oblong, slightly compressed, straight or curved, 6-15 centimeters
+long, full of a light-brown pulp in which rest the seeds enveloped in
+a cellular membrane. These seeds are flattened, almost quadrangular;
+testa hard, of a chestnut color, shiny and without albumen.
+
+Habitat.--Very common everywhere in the islands. Blooms in May.
+
+
+
+_Bauhinia malabarica_, Roxb. (_B. tomentosa_, Wall. and Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Alibangbang_, Tag., Vis., Pam.
+
+Uses.--The leaves of this tree and of the species _B. tomentosa_,
+L., are quite acid and the Filipinos use them as an ingredient of
+many dishes. The fresh flowers possess anti-dysenteric virtues for
+which purpose they are given internally in infusion of 10-20 grams
+of the flowers to one-half liter of water. The decoction of the root
+bark is a common remedy for liver troubles along the coast of Malabar
+according to Rheede.
+
+Botanical Description.--A tree 20° high, with leaves alternate,
+peltate, slightly cordate, orbicular, the apex divided into two large
+lobules with a stylet between them, glabrous above, somewhat downy
+beneath; 2 large, flat glandules are situated at the base. Petioles
+short. Flowers cymose. Peduncle long. Calyx inferior, funnelform,
+with 4-5 sepals as long as the corolla. Corolla, 5 petals. Stamens
+10, 5 alternate ones longer than the others. Stigma thick, peltate,
+2 lobules. Pod 1° long, with linear stalk, containing many seeds
+separated by filamentous isthmuses.
+
+Habitat.--Common everywhere. Blooms in November.
+
+
+
+
+LEGUMINOSÆ.
+
+Mimosa Division.
+
+
+
+_Entada scandens_, Benth. (_E. Pursoetha_, DC. and Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Gogo_, Tag.; _Bayogo_, _Balogo_, _Gohong bakay_, Vis. and
+Pam.; _Gilla Nuts_, Indo-Eng.
+
+Uses.--The use made of the mashed bark of this tree is well known
+throughout the Philippines. Cut in strips and beaten thoroughly between
+stones it is sold under the name of "gogo"; it is macerated in water,
+to which it imparts a reddish color, and forms a substitute for
+soap. The Filipinos use this preparation for bathing, especially
+the hair, for which purpose there is no more useful or simple
+preparation. It cures pityriasis, and renders the hair very soft,
+without drying it too much as is usually the case with soap. The
+natives use it in treating the itch, washing the affected parts with
+the maceration and at the same time briskly rubbing them with the
+bark; in this way they remove the crusts that shield the acari. The
+treatment is successful in direct proportion to the energy of rubbing.
+
+The seeds of "gogo" are very large, lenticular, flattened, 3-4
+centimeters in diameter. Their chemical composition has been studied by
+Pettit. Alcohol dissolves the active principle, perhaps a glucoside,
+the study of which the author has not completed. Five centigrams of
+this substance administered to a guinea-pig causes paralysis of the
+hind quarters without any apparent inflammation. He also found saponin
+in the seeds, but it exists in much greater quantity in the trunk. In
+the Sunda Islands they eat the seeds roasted and also extract from
+them an illuminating oil.
+
+The maceration of gogo is emetic and purgative; it is used in the
+treatment of asthma; it is exceedingly irritating, the slightest
+quantity that enters the eye causing severe smarting and a slight
+conjunctivitis for one or two days.
+
+Botanical Description.--A high climbing shrub with stem as much as
+7-8' in diameter. Leaves opposite, twice abruptly pinnate, a stylet
+replacing the terminal leaflet; 5 pairs of elliptical leaflets, entire,
+glabrous and notched at the apex. Common petiole with 2 stipules
+at the base. Flowers in delicate spikes. Calyx obliquely truncate,
+5-toothed. Corolla, 5 oval petals much larger than the calyx. Stamens
+10-13. Filaments longer than the corolla. Anther with 1-2 white,
+globose glandules. Pod woody, 4-6° long by "4 fingers" broad, with
+large notches on the borders, many compartments containing many large,
+compressed, circular seeds with dark-colored testa, 3-4 centimeters
+in diameter.
+
+Habitat.--Mountains of Luzon and Panay. Blooms in May.
+
+
+
+_Parkia Roxburghii_, G. Don. (_P. brunonis_, Grah.; _P. biglobosa_,
+Benth.; _Mimosa peregrina_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Kopang_, Tag.
+
+Uses.--The fruit is edible. Its pulp is golden yellow with a sweetish
+taste and an odor like that of violets.
+
+The roasted seeds are used in certain parts of Africa to make
+an infusion like coffee, for which reason they have been called
+"Soudan Coffee."
+
+The pulp was analyzed by Heckel and Schlagdenhauffen in 1887;
+it contains 60% of its weight of sugar (a mixture of dextrose and
+levulose), 0.98% of free tartaric and citric acids, fats, albuminoids,
+etc.
+
+Botanical Description.--A large tree of the first order. Leaves
+opposite, twice abruptly pinnate. Leaflets small, linear, more
+than 40 pairs. Principal petiole with one glandule at the base
+and often another higher up. Calyx long, tubular, with 5 unequal
+lobules. Corolla, 5 equal petals. Stamens 10, monadelphous. Ovary
+free, unilocular, multi-ovulate. Pod, 1° × 1', woody, much compressed,
+brown, with many seeds embedded in a yellow pulp.
+
+Habitat.--Abounds in the provinces of central Luzon. Blooms in
+December.
+
+
+
+_Acacia Farnesiana_, Willd. (_A. Indica_, Desv.; _Mimosa Farnesiana_,
+L. and Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--Aroma, Sp.; Cassie Flower, Eng.
+
+Uses.--The trunk bark is astringent and in decoction is of use in the
+treatment of prolapsed rectum and as an injection for leucorrhoea. A
+poultice of the tender leaves is applied to ulcers and sores previously
+washed with the decoction.
+
+The tree exudes an abundant gum very similar to gum arabic which
+latter is the product of another species of acacia (_A. Arabica_,
+Willd.). The Manila pharmacist, D. Anacleto del Rosario, sent to
+the Paris Exposition of 1899 a specimen of this gum obtained on the
+plantation of D. P. P. Roxas, in Batangas. This specimen differed in
+no respect from gum arabic and it will surely sooner or later take
+the place of the latter in the Philippines, both for pharmaceutical
+and industrial purposes. It would be superfluous to describe here
+the properties of gum arabic.
+
+Botanical Description.--A small tree 9-12° high, very well known, trunk
+bristling with long thorns. Leaves twice abruptly pinnate. One or more
+pairs of leaflets, very small, linear. Common petiole with two thorns
+united at its base and a small glandule on the upper part. Flowers
+yellow, aromatic, axillary, joined in a globose head 1/2-3/4' in
+diameter, consisting of more than 50 minute flowerets. In each axil
+are 2 peduncles. In some heads all the flowerets are staminate, in
+others hermaphrodite. The hermaphrodite flowers have a calyx with
+5 small teeth. Corolla, 5 petals. Stamens 40 or more. Pistil same
+length as the stamens. Staminate flowers: calyx, corolla, stamens
+and anthers as in the hermaphrodite flowers. Pistil none. Pod round,
+curved, with 8 or more elliptical, compressed seeds.
+
+Habitat.--Grows everywhere, but forms dense thickets in the provinces
+of La Laguna and Batangas. Blooms in January.
+
+
+
+
+CRASSULACEÆ.
+
+Orpine Family.
+
+
+
+_Kalanchoe laciniata_, DC. (_Cotyledon laciniata_, Roxb.; _Bryophyllum
+serratum_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Siempreviva_ (_Live-for-ever_), Sp.-Fil.; _Katakataka_,
+Tag.
+
+Uses.--The fleshy leaves are beaten up and applied to chronic ulcers
+and sores on which they exert a stimulant action. Applied to the
+temples they relieve headache. Ainslie testifies to the good effect
+of its local use in inflammations and as a wash for ulcers. The juice
+of the leaves is used in Concan in the treatment of bilious diarrhoea
+and gall stones.
+
+Botanical Description.--A well-known plant, about 2° high, with leaves
+sessile, opposite, oval, serrately toothed, fleshy. Flowers yellow,
+in umbels, the stalks reaching a height of 3°. Calyx very short,
+with 4 lanceolate, acuminate sepals, united at the base. Corolla
+salver-shaped, persistent, with border having 4 small lobules. Stamens
+8, fertile. Ovaries 4, free, each with 1 many-ovuled cell. Styles
+same length as the stamens. Stigmas awl-shaped. Four seed vessels,
+each with 1 compartment containing many oblong seeds.
+
+Habitat.--Common in all parts of the islands.
+
+
+
+
+COMBRETACEÆ.
+
+
+
+_Terminalia Catappa_, L. (_T. molucana_, Lam.; _T. mauriciana_,
+Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Talisay_, Tag.; _Almendro_, Sp.-Fil.; _Talisay_,
+_Banilak_, _Nato_, _Hitam_, Vis.; _Kalisay_, Pam.; _Lugo_, _Pandan_,
+Iloc.; _Indian Almond_, Indo-Eng.
+
+Uses.--The kernel is edible and has a very agreeable taste. It yields
+about 50% of a fixed oil, sweet and savory. If left for some time,
+it deposits an abundance of stearin. It closely resembles oil of sweet
+almonds for which it, as well as the oil of Pili (_Canarium commune_,
+L.), which we have already described, makes a good substitute.
+
+The trunk bark is astringent and in decoction is used for atonic
+diarrhoea and as a lotion for ulcers.
+
+Decoction.--
+
+
+        Bark (ground and pounded)    12 grams.
+        Water                       150 grams.
+        Simple syrup                 40 grams.
+
+
+To be given by the tablespoonful in 24 hours.
+
+Botanical Description.--A tree, 6-8 m. high. Branches horizontal
+and radiating from the trunk. Leaves purplish, bunched, cleft at
+the base, sometimes transversely ovate, sometimes oval, notched,
+glabrous. Petiole very short. Flowers axillary, racemose, with a scale
+at the base of the peduncle, some hermaphrodite and others lacking
+pistils. Staminate flowers: calyx downy within, with 5 lobes. Corolla
+wanting. Stamens 10, inserted on the calyx. Hermaphrodite flowers:
+pistil same length as stamens. Drupe, fleshy, inferior, oval with
+the borders turned upward containing a very hard and fibrous nut;
+seed long and sharp-pointed.
+
+Habitat.--Common in Luzon. In Manila it is cultivated extensively as
+an ornamental tree, especially along the Sabana Walk, General Solano
+Ave. and in Sampaloc and Malacañan.
+
+
+
+_Terminalia Chebula_, Retz. (_T. reticulata_, Toth.; _Bucida cuminata_,
+Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Dinglas_, _Diglas_, Tag.; _Black Myrobalan Tree_,
+Indo-Eng.
+
+Uses.--The ripe fruit, called _myrobalans_ in India, is purgative
+and six of them pounded up and given in decoction operate with
+certainty, producing 4 or 5 copious evacuations without nausea or
+other disagreeable symptoms. Dr. Waring has experimented with them
+and recommends them highly. The taste may be made more agreeable
+by adding a little cinnamon to the decoction. Dymock states that
+three fruits are sufficient, and Dr. Hove gives one as the effective
+dose. This lack of agreement may be explained by the fact that the
+fruits are of different sizes, and probably Waring refers to those
+of medium size. Contrary to what one would imagine, judging from
+its purgative action, the fruit contains astringent principles, and
+makes an effective injection for leucorrhoea as a substitute for nut
+galls. It is also of some merit in the treatment of piles.
+
+The green fruit is highly esteemed by Radja Kalikesen as a carminative,
+tonic and purgative. Dr. Twining also mentions these same properties,
+recommends it as a tonic and aperient of great benefit in atony of
+the digestive organs and expresses surprise that the Europeans make
+no use of it. According to the same author a dose in the treatment
+of diarrhoea and dysentery is 4 grams twice a day. He quotes a case
+of hypertrophy of the spleen which he cured with this fruit.
+
+Some of the leaves bear horn-shaped galls, flattened, narrow and
+hollow. They are caused by an insect which stings the leaves and
+deposits its eggs in them. These leaves with galls are astringent and
+very useful and effective in dysentery and diarrhoea, especially that
+of children. The dose for a child of more than one year is 0.40 to 0.50
+gram a day, administered in fractional doses every two or three hours.
+
+Fridolin has obtained from its fruit an acid, which he calls
+_chebulinic_ (C_28_H_25_O_10_) and presumes to be a mixture of tannic
+and gallic acids. As Stenhouse had formerly indicated, no principle has
+been discovered to which the purgative properties can be attributed,
+unless it be a green oleo-resin turned red by nitric acid, obtained
+from the fruit by Apery.
+
+Botanical Description.--A tree of the second order, with leaves
+3' long, alternate, lanceolate, entire and glabrous. Petioles
+short. Flowers terminal, in spiked panicles. Calyx superior,
+bell-shaped, colored, downy within, 5-toothed. Corolla wanting. Stamens
+10, longer than the calyx. Anthers roundish. Ovary cylindrical. Style
+curved and longer than the stamens. Stigma simple. Fruit ovoid, 2-4
+centimeters long, 5-10 acute angles, wrinkled, with blackish, hard,
+compact mesocarp; contains 1 seed.
+
+Habitat.--Batangas, San Mateo. Blooms in May.
+
+
+
+_Quisqualis Indica_, L. (_Q. villosa_, Roxb.; _Q. spinosa_, Nares.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Tagaraw_, _Niogniogan_, Tag.; _Tangolon_, Vis.;
+_Babebabe_, Pam.; _Tartaraw_, Iloc.
+
+Uses.--The fruit contains a kernel that tastes much like cacao, for
+which reason the Tagalogs call it "niogniogan" (like cacao). This
+kernel is a powerful anthelmintic, used also in India, the dose for
+a child of 4 years being 2-4, pulverized and mixed with a little
+molasses or sugar. A large dose produces hiccough, a fact well known
+to the natives. Dr. Bouton states that they may cause convulsions
+and other similar nervous disorders.
+
+They yield a light green, fixed oil, probably the active principle
+of the plant.
+
+Botanical Description.--A climbing shrub, 6-9° high, whose stem is
+thickly set with long, opposite thorns. Leaves in stars of 3, oblong,
+acute, entire, glabrous. Petioles very short. Flowers white, veined
+with red, in axillary spikes. Calyx very long, nearly cylindrical,
+5-toothed. Corolla, 5 petals, inserted between the teeth of the
+calyx. Stamens 10, inserted on the calyx-tube, shorter than the
+corolla, arranged in 2 series, 5 higher than the rest. Style the same
+length as the stamens, united throughout nearly its entire length
+with the wall of the calyx-tube from which it separates near the
+stigma. Stigma rather bulky. Fruit 1' long, ovoid, 5 sharp ridges
+in the woody, fragile, mahogany-colored pericarp, which contains a
+pointed kernel at one end.
+
+Habitat.--San Mateo, and along the shores of Luzon. Blooms in May.
+
+
+
+
+MYRTACEÆ.
+
+Myrtle Family.
+
+
+
+_Psidium pomiferum_, L. (_P. aromaticum_ and _P. pyriferum_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Guayabas_, Sp.; _Bayabas_, _Guayabas_, _Tayabas_, Tag.,
+and other dialects; _Guava_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--The green fruit is acid and very astringent. The stage of
+development when it is best eaten raw, is just before it ripens, for
+then its acidity has lessened, it is not astringent and does not emit
+the strong odor, so disagreeable to many, that characterizes the ripe
+fruit. When fully ripe it is sweet, non-astringent and very bland,
+and this is the stage when it is best for making the jellies and
+preserves so popular in the Philippines.
+
+The bark, especially that of the root, is highly astringent
+and a decoction of it is used for diarrhoea and as a wash for
+ulcers. Dr. Waitz has successfully used the following formula in
+treating the chronic diarrhoea of children:
+
+
+            Root bark of guava      15 grams.
+            Water                  180 grams.
+
+
+Boil till reduced one half. Dose, a tablespoonful every 2 or 3 hours
+according to age.
+
+A decoction of the shoots is very useful in stomatitis, cutaneous
+eruptions and ulcers. Dr. Waitz advises his formula in prolapsus
+recti of children. It is also of value as an injection in diarrhoea
+and dysentery.
+
+Botanical Description.--A tree, about 10° high, branches square and
+somewhat winged towards the ends. Leaves opposite, oblong, obtuse,
+downy, aromatic in odor. Petiole very short. Flowers axillary,
+solitary, white and fragrant. Calyx adherent, the border breaking in 3,
+4 or more unequal parts when the flower expands. Corolla, 5-6 petals,
+inserted on the calyx, curved downward. Stamens numerous, inserted
+in the calyx, as long as the corolla. Style same length as stamens,
+awl-shaped. Fruit somewhat pear-shaped, with 4 or 5 ribs that disappear
+at maturity, 4 or more cells each with many small, hard, irregular
+seeds. In the Philippines the fruit grows to the size of a small pear.
+
+
+
+_Eugenia Jambolana_, Lam. (_Calyptranthes Jambolana_, Willd. and
+Blanco; _Syzygium Jambolanum_, DC. and Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Lomboy_, _Duhat_, _Duat_, Tag., Pam., Vis.; _Jambul_
+or _Black Plum_, Indo-Eng.
+
+Uses.--The ripe fruit, so dark a purple in color that it seems black,
+is edible and very popular in the Philippines, though not considered
+choice. Some suppose it to be harmful, but it is in reality very easy
+of digestion.
+
+The syrup of the fruit juice, and the decoction of the trunk bark
+are both very efficacious in the treatment of diarrhoea and dysentery.
+
+Syrup of Jambul.--
+
+
+        Juice of ripe fruit             500 grams.
+        White sugar                     950 grams.
+
+
+Dissolve in a covered water-bath, strain through woolen cloth and
+put aside.
+
+Dose.--60-200 grams a day.
+
+The juice of the leaves is also used to treat diarrhoea. A Hindoo
+physician, Bhavaprakasa, advises the following receipt:
+
+
+        Juice of leaves of lomboy       }
+        Juice of leaves of manga        }   aa 4 grams.
+        Pulp of _Terminalia chebula_    }
+
+
+Give in one dose in a little goat's milk and honey.
+
+A sort of wine of very agreeable taste is made from the fruit
+juice. Lately the powdered seed has been recommended in the treatment
+of glycosuria or at least it has been stated that its internal use
+lessens and finally abolishes the glucose from the urine of the
+patient. It has even been affirmed that while under this treatment
+the patient may eat glucose-forming foods without fear of glycosuria
+supervening.
+
+The chemical composition of the seeds are as follows:
+
+
+        Essential oil                       Traces.
+        Chlorophyl and fatty matters        0.37
+        Resin soluble in alcohol and ether  0.30
+        Gallic acid                         1.65
+        Albumin                             1.25
+        Pigment soluble in water            2.70
+        Water                              10.00
+        Insoluble residuum                 83.73
+                                          ------
+                                          100.00
+
+
+Dujardin-Beaumetz has tested the therapeutic value of these seeds in
+diabetes but with negative results. Scott has maintained that by adding
+the powdered seed to a mixture of malt and starch, fermentation is
+impeded; but Dr. Villy in the laboratory of Dujardin-Beaumetz has
+demonstrated that such is not the case. Contrary to the opinions
+of those physicians who stated that "jambul" was capable of causing
+the glucose to disappear from the urine of diabetic patients without
+concurrent diabetic regimen, Dujardin-Beaumetz observed in his trials
+of the drug that the slightest relaxation of the regimen was followed
+by an increase of glucose. Under the influence of the medicine in doses
+of 2-10 grams daily, at the same time maintaining a strict diabetic
+diet, the Parisian therapeutist noted that the glucose disappears
+from the third to the fifth day; but this occurred only in cases of
+medium intensity, whereas in severe cases the medication produced no
+effect. Upon stopping the treatment the sugar reappeared.
+
+Botanical Description.--A tree, 15-20° high, with leaves opposite,
+acute, entire, ovate, lustrous, very smooth. Flowers in racemose
+panicles with peduncles opposite. Calyx superior, with 5 small
+teeth and a deciduous cover composed of many orbicular pieces joined
+below. Corolla none. Stamens numerous, inserted on the edge of the
+calyx. Stigma pointed. Fruit black, oval, crowned with the calyx;
+one long cylindrical seed with membranaceous epidermis.
+
+Habitat.--Common all over the Archipelago. Blooms in February.
+
+
+
+
+MELASTOMACEÆ.
+
+
+
+_Melastoma malabatrichum_, L. (_M. obvolutum_,  Jack.; _M. aspera_
+and _obvoluta_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Granatis_, Tag.
+
+Uses.--A decoction of the leaves is of use as an astringent in
+diarrhoea and dysentery. A decoction of the bark is used as a gargle
+for aphthæ and catarrhal sore throat, and as a wash for ulcers and
+the itch.
+
+The fruit is edible, resembling slightly the currant; it has doubtless
+received the name "granatis" on account of its many seeds.
+
+Botanical Description.--Small tree, with opposite branches, their ends
+covered with hairs. Leaves opposite, 3-nerved, 1' long, very rough
+with short hairs. Flowers carmine, in terminal panicles. Stamens
+10. Filaments alternating violet and straw-color.
+
+Habitat.--Mountains of Angat and San Mateo.
+
+
+
+
+LYTHRACEÆ.
+
+Loosestrife Family.
+
+
+
+_Ammannia vesicatoria,_ Roxb. (_A. baccifera_, L.; _A. Indica_, Lam.;
+_A. debilis_ and _Celosia mana_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Bias pogo_, Tag.; _Blistering Ammannia_, Indo-Eng.
+
+Uses.--The leaves contain an irritant and acrid principle that
+renders them vesicant when applied to the skin. The Pharmacopoeia of
+India quotes Sir W. O'Shaughnessy to the effect that plasters made
+of the bruised leaves even when renewed every half hour require 24
+hours to raise a blister and at the same time cause severe pain. He
+found it much more painful than cantharides and much less prompt to
+act. Dr. Dymock has prepared an ethereal tincture of the leaves and
+obtained with it results very different from those just mentioned;
+this is not surprising in view of the fact that the tincture holds
+in solution in a small quantity of ether, a considerable amount
+of the vesicant principle. This tincture has the same color as the
+"epispastic" of the English Pharmacopoeia, causes less pain and rapidly
+raises a good blister, facts of which I have convinced myself by the
+use of a small quantity sent me from Bombay in 1891.
+
+Dr. Bholanauth Bose recommends the internal use of the juice of the
+leaves as a remedy for chronic diseases of the spleen; this treatment,
+however, has caused severe pain and is absolutely uncertain in effect.
+
+In Concan the juice of the leaves is given mixed with food to animals
+in heat, for its anaphrodisiac action. The fresh or dried plant is
+given in decoction mixed with ginger in intermittent fevers.
+
+If the ethereal tincture be evaporated a resinous residue remains that
+has not been studied, but appears to be the vesicant principle. This
+tincture should be made from the dried leaves to avoid hydration of
+the ether.
+
+Botanical Description.--A small plant with stem red, straight,
+quadrate, ramose. Leaves opposite, lanceolate, and fringed with
+hairs. Flowers axillary, small, red, solitary. Peduncles short. Calyx
+inferior, bell-shaped, with 8-toothed border, the 4 alternate teeth
+larger. Corolla none. Nectary bell-shaped, surrounding the ovary,
+shorter than the calyx, with 4 toothlets which lengthening form the
+filaments of as many stamens. Anthers 4-celled. Ovary of 4 pluriovulate
+locules. Style almost wanting. Stigma fluted. Seed vessel glabrous,
+horizontally dehiscent, containing 15 or more angular seeds joined
+to a common axis.
+
+Habitat.--It grows in the marshes of Mandaloyon.
+
+
+
+_Lawsonia alba_, Lam. (_L. spinosa_, L.; _L. inermis_, Roxb.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Cinamomo del país_ (_native cinnamon_), Sp.-Fil.; _Henna_,
+_Camphire_, _Samphire_, Indo-Eng.
+
+Uses.--This is a very popular plant in the Orient, for many races use
+its leaves to impart a reddish-yellow stain to the nails, finger tips
+and palms of the hands. There is a tradition among the Mohammedans
+that the Prophet once called this plant "the best of all herbs." The
+leaf in form of a dry powder is sold in the bazars of India under
+the name of "henna"; mixed with water it gives it a yellow color,
+and when boiled the tone of the liquid becomes darker; the addition of
+an alkali turns it brown. In Persia they add indigo to this solution
+and use it as a hair dye.
+
+The Hindoos apply the bruised leaves to the soles of the feet of
+small-pox patients, their purpose being to prevent the spread of the
+eruption to the eyes. They also use it locally in a disease known
+among them as "burning of the feet." Grierson and Waring obtained
+good results in this disease by making a paste of the bruised leaves
+and vinegar; cases that resisted such treatment yielded completely
+to a brisk rubbing of the feet with a simple paste of the leaf. The
+decoction and the bruised leaves are also used locally for contusions.
+
+The bark has been given in jaundice, hypertrophy of the spleen,
+calculi of various sorts, leprosy and stubborn skin diseases, as an
+alterative. In decoction it is applied to burns.
+
+An English physician, Dr. Newton, made an extract of the leaves and
+flowers with which he pretended to cure leprosy; it was but one more
+useless drug in the long list used to combat that terrible disease. The
+dose of the extract is a teaspoonful daily, given in 2 doses.
+
+The juice of the leaves is given in sweetened water in some countries
+as a remedy for spermatorrhoea.
+
+The flowers are given in decoction for headache and the fruit is
+emmenagogue.
+
+Botanical Description.--A small tree, about 12° high. Leaves opposite,
+lanceolate, broad, entire, glabrous and tough, the edges turned
+downwards. Flowers yellowish-white, terminal in racemose panicles
+with opposite peduncles. Calyx inferior, bell-shaped, 4 acute
+sepals. Corolla, 4 petals, longer than the calyx. Stamens 8, inserted
+by pairs on the segments of the calyx, alternating with and longer
+than the petals. Anther kidney-shaped. Ovary at the bottom of the
+calyx. Styles of the same length as the stamens. Stigma obtuse. Seed
+vessel a little larger than a pea, globose, 4 chambers, many seeds.
+
+Habitat.--Common all over the Archipelago. Blooms in July.
+
+
+
+_Punica Granatum_, L.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Granada_, Sp. and Fil. dialects; _Pomegranate_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--The decoction of the tender leaves is used as a gargle and
+wash in angina, aphthæ, and wounds within the buccal cavity.
+
+The peel of the fruit is highly astringent and in decoction is a
+useful agent in treating chronic diarrhoea, and locally in injections
+of lotions for leucorrhoea and inflamed hæmorrhoids. It should not
+be given when rectal tenesmus exists. The Pharmacopoeia of India
+contains the following formula for preparing the decoction of the peel:
+
+
+        Pulp of the fruit, mashed        60 grams.
+        Water                           600 grams.
+
+
+Boil for 15 minutes in a covered vessel, cool, filter and add water
+enough to make a liter. Dose, 30-50 grams per diem.
+
+This preparation is also used in astringent gargles and injections. For
+internal use the decoction is rendered more active by adding a small
+quantity of cloves or cinnamon. This mixture with the addition of
+opium gives excellent results in the treatment of diarrhoea among
+the natives of India and is highly recommended by Dr. Kirkpatrick.
+
+The most important part of the pomegranate, however, is its root,
+the bark of which is a very efficient tænifuge and the most astringent
+portion of the plant. It should be used fresh, as drying destroys its
+activity and gives negative results. Many failures to expel the tænia
+are probably due to this fact. According to Béranger-Féraud the root
+gives 25% to 40% of cures, whereas pumpkin seeds give but 5% to 10%.
+
+Decoction.--(French Codex.)
+
+
+        Fresh bark of pomegranate root      60 grams.
+        Water                              750 grams.
+
+
+Macerate 6 hours, boil over slow fire till reduced to 500
+grams. Strain. Administer fasting, in 3 doses half an hour apart. The
+evening before the patient should eat a light meal and take a cathartic
+in order that the intestinal canal may contain the smallest possible
+quantity of fæcal matter. After taking the third dose of the decoction
+the patient should take a mild purgative such as 30 grams of castor oil
+to expel the tænia. This preparation has a most disagreeable taste. It
+is better to give the "tannate of pelletierine," a compound of tannin
+and one of the alkaloids that Tanret discovered in pomegranate root. A
+sufficient dose of tannate of pelletierine is 30-40 centigrams in
+wafer form, followed by a purge and with the other precautions and
+preparatory measures mentioned above. It causes toxic symptoms similar
+to those produced by curare, according to the experimental studies
+of Dujardin-Beaumetz and Rochenière. Its action is upon the ends
+of the motor nerves. A dose of 40 centigrams may cause in man such
+symptoms of intoxication as vertigo, inverted vision and muscular
+paralysis. Pelletierine should not be administered to children, but
+Béranger-Féraud states that the tannate may be safely given them,
+as follows:
+
+
+        Tannate of pelletierine         0.30 grams.
+        Sweetened water                40.00 grams.
+
+
+A coffee-spoonful of this solution contains 0.03 gram of the tannate,
+and this quantity may be given to a child, in a little milk. If no
+symptoms supervene within one-half hour give another similar dose and
+so on up to 3 or 4 doses or .12 gm. in all. After the last dose give
+the purgative as a routine. It is certainly imprudent to trust the
+administration of such a drug to any one incapable of recognizing the
+symptoms of intoxication, and as no one but a physician can judge the
+effects of the alkaloid he himself should remain with the patient until
+the efficient dose has been absorbed. This is manifestly impractical
+and we therefore maintain that the alkaloid is not suited for the
+treatment of children.
+
+An analysis of the root bark made by the French chemist Tanret
+revealed the presence of four alkaloids: pelletierine, isopelletierine
+(C_8_H_15_NO), pseudo-pelletierine (C_9_H_15_NO), and methylpeletierine
+(C_9_H_17_NO).
+
+Botanical Description.--A shrub 6-9° high with branches terminating
+in thorns; some of the branches abort and form thorns. Leaves simple,
+oval, oblong, without stipules, with short petioles. Flowers axillary,
+solitary or in pauciflorous cymes. Calyx, 4-8 sepals, persistent,
+fleshy, yellow or red. Corolla, 4-8 petals, imbricated. Stamens
+numerous, free. Style 1. Stigma thick. Fruit with leathery rind,
+about size of small apple, packed with seeds, each imbedded in a
+small amount of crisp, juicy pulp.
+
+
+
+
+ONAGRACEÆ.
+
+Evening Primrose Family.
+
+
+
+_Jussiæa suffruticosa_, L. (_J. villosa_, Lam.; _J. erecta_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Malapoko_, Tag.
+
+Uses.--The entire plant reduced to a pulp and mixed with milk is
+used in India to treat dysentery. Ainslie states that the decoction
+is employed as a vermifuge and purgative.
+
+Botanical Description.--An herb with square stem, leaves alternate,
+lanceolate, nearly entire, glabrous. Flowers axillary, yellow,
+solitary. Calyx of 4-5 lobules. Corolla, 4 lanceolate petals
+inserted between the divisions of the calyx. Stamens 8, of these 4
+alternate being shorter. Ovary very long, inferior, with 4 many-ovuled
+locules. Style the same length as the stamens. Stigma 4-lobuled. Seed
+vessels very long, with faint longitudinal ridges, crowned by the
+remains of the calyx, 4 pluriovulate locules.
+
+Habitat.--In the arable fields and along the banks of rivers. Blooms
+in January and March.
+
+
+
+
+PASSIFLORACEÆ.
+
+Passion Flower Family.
+
+
+
+_Carica Papaya_, L.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Papaya_, in many Phil. dialects; _Papaya_, _Papaw_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--The decoction of the leaves is used locally in sores and atonic
+ulcers, followed by a poultice of the boiled and mashed leaves. The
+natives use the cold infusion of the leaves to wash clothes spotted
+with blood and the spots disappear rapidly by virtue of the ferment
+papain which digests the fibrin. The infusion is also very useful as
+a wash for sores and gangrenous ulcers, modifying their appearance
+very rapidly.
+
+Before proceeding further it is desirable to give a description of
+papain, a digestive ferment which exists throughout the whole plant,
+fruit, trunk, leaves and petioles; it is contained in the milky juice
+which exudes from all these parts when cut. This juice was studied
+simultaneously by Wurtz in France and Peckolt in Brazil. The best
+method of collecting it is to make several superficial, longitudinal
+incisions in the green fruit without removing it from the tree;
+immediately an abundance of juice appears in the incisions and
+coagulates rapidly. The best time to do this is the early morning. The
+fruit does not suffer by this process but continues developing and
+ripens perhaps more rapidly, at the same time improving in flavor,
+becoming sweeter; the seeds, however, atrophy and lose their power
+of germination. Peckolt gives the following as the composition of
+the juice:
+
+
+        A substance analogous to caoutchouc     4.525
+        Awa                                     2.424
+        Soft resin                              0.110
+        Brown resin                             2.776
+        Albuminoids                             0.006
+        Papayotin (Papain of Wurtz)             1.059
+        Extractive matter                       5.303
+        Malic acid                              0.443
+        Peptic material and salts               7.100
+        Water                                  74.971
+
+
+The milky juice is neutral and coagulates rapidly, separating in
+two parts: a kind of insoluble pulp and a limpid colorless serum. If
+combined with fibrin, raw meat, white of egg or gluten it gradually
+softens them and completely dissolves them in 3 or 4 hours _in vitro_
+at 40° C. Combined with milk it coagulates it and soon precipitates
+the casein which is also dissolved a little later. It digests
+lumbricoids and tape-worms and the false membrane of croup, in a few
+hours. According to Wurtz and Bouchut papain is prepared as follows:
+
+The fluid juice or the aqueous solution of the milky exudate is
+precipitated by the addition of ten times the volume of alcohol. The
+precipitate, after treating again with concentrated alcohol, is
+dissolved in water and the addition of sub-acetate of lead eliminates
+the albuminoids and peptones but does not precipitate the papain. The
+liquid is filtered and the lead salts separated by means of a current
+of hydrogen sulphide. It is filtered again and alcohol added gradually,
+which process first precipitates whatever sulphate of lead may have
+passed through the filter, and then the papain.
+
+Papain is an amorphous substance, perfectly white, soluble in water,
+insipid, odorless. An aqueous solution, if shaken violently, foams like
+a solution of soap. Boiling makes it turbid and when concentrated it
+has a slightly astringent taste. It is precipitated by hydrochloric,
+nitric, picric and the metaphosphoric acids. Trommer's test gives it a
+beautiful blue violet color which, on boiling, changes to a red violet.
+
+It is an extremely active digestive ferment, comparable with pepsin,
+but superior to the latter because it does not require an acid medium,
+as its digestive action takes place even in the presence of an alkaline
+medium and of antiseptic substances such as boric acid, phenol, etc. It
+is given in doses of 10-40 centigrams in different vehicles such as
+water, wine, etc. It should be given after meals carefully and properly
+diluted, in order that its action may not be exerted upon the gastric
+mucous membrane itself. Its use is contraindicated in gastric ulcer.
+
+A watery solution prepared by macerating the green fruit has been
+used effectively to remove blemishes from the face, leaving the skin
+clean and smooth. The natives use little pieces of the green fruit to
+remove freckles (which they call _pecas_). The ripe fruit is edible
+and its taste quite agreeable; in some of the Malay Islands it is
+given for dysentery, but it must be remembered that the ripe fruit
+does not contain papain.
+
+The pure exudate is given to children as an anthelmintic in doses of
+2-6 grams with a little molasses, but it is not so harmless that it
+may be used with impunity in this form, Moncorvo and others having
+reported cases of peritonitis with symptoms suggestive of cholera
+following its use. It is drastic and digestive in addition to its
+anthelmintic action, but according to Rabuteau, boiling destroys the
+first property without affecting the others. Dr. Lemarchand of the
+island of Mauritius gives the following anthelmintic prescription:
+
+
+        Juice of papaya and molasses    aa 1 tablespoon.
+
+
+Add gradually while shaking the mixture.
+
+
+        Boiling water                      4 tablespoons.
+
+
+Cool and administer in one dose followed immediately by 30 grams of
+castor oil. For a child, one-half dose.
+
+This treatment frequently causes colic, for the relief of which the
+author advises an injection of sweetened water. Sir O'Shaughnessy's
+prescription is preferable:
+
+
+    20-60 drops of the exudate in a little sweetened water.
+
+
+This dose cannot cause any untoward symptoms and is efficient in
+expelling both lumbricoids and tæniæ.
+
+The triturated seeds may be given internally in doses of 1-2 grams
+with milk or molasses to expel lumbricoids. Analysis has revealed
+in the seeds the presence of a resinous oil, an oleaginous material
+of disagreeable odor and taste called by Peckolt _caricin_, a fatty
+acid, papayic acid and a resin. In India the seeds are considered
+emmenagogue. In some countries they wrap meat in papaya leaves
+for several hours before eating in order to soften it. For the same
+purpose they sometimes boil the meat in water containing a few leaves
+or pieces of the green fruit; some even go to the length of saying
+that it is only necessary to hang a piece of meat in a papaya tree
+for a time in order to soften it.
+
+The decoction of the green fruit is given internally for indigestion,
+a treatment common in the provinces of Bulacan and Pampanga. The milky
+juice is used to remove corns and Dr. Daruty offers the following
+prescription for eczema and psoriasis:
+
+
+        Exudate of papaya           1.00 grams.
+        Borax (powdered)            0.60 grams.
+        Water                      16.00 grams.
+
+
+Mix.
+
+Paint the affected part with feather or brush, 2-3 times a day. The
+same solution may be used for softening corns.
+
+Botanical Description.--Trees 15° in height, trunk covered with large
+leaf scars, wood soft and brittle, the long-petioled, palmately-lobed
+leaves growing in a crown and giving the tree the general appearance of
+a palm. Flowers dioecious. Staminate tree: Flowers loosely clustered on
+long, hanging stems. Calyx, 5-6 teeth. Corolla tubular, 1' long, limb
+divided into 5 oval parts. Stamens 10, inserted in the throat. Style
+short, awl-shaped. Pistillate tree: Flowers much larger, sessile,
+in axils of leaves. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla large, 5 lanceolate
+petals curved outward, fleshy. Stigmas 5, fringed. Fruit about size of
+child's head or smaller, somewhat pear-shaped, juicy, pulp melon-like,
+1 compartment with numerous seeds, each in a mucilaginous aril.
+
+
+
+
+CUCURBITACEÆ.
+
+Gourd Family.
+
+
+
+_Trichosanthes palmata_, Roxb. (_T. tricuspis_, Mig.; _T. lucioniana_,
+Bares.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--(?).
+
+Uses.--Roxburgh states that the fruit is toxic and sometimes used
+to kill crows. Dymock states that the leaf is smoked in Bombay as a
+remedy for asthma.
+
+The extremely bitter taste of the fruit and rind induced Sir
+W. O'Shaughnessy to examine it for tonic and purgative properties;
+doses as high as 0.20 gram 3 times a day failed to exert a purgative
+effect. The root is used in veterinary medicine particularly for
+pneumonia. Mixed with equal parts of colocynth it is applied to
+carbuncles. In combination with equal parts of _Terminalia chebula_
+and ginger it is made into a sweetened infusion for internal use
+in gonorrhoea.
+
+Botanical Description.--A climber with broad, heart-shaped,
+serrate, 7-lobulate leaves. Flowers monoecious; staminate white and
+racemose; pistillate solitary, growing at the base of the staminate
+racemes. Staminate receptacle tubular, calyx inserted on the border
+of the receptacle, 5 sepals. Corolla, 5 petals. Stamens 5, of which
+4 are in pairs. Pistillate: the receptacle dilates in its lower part
+in form of a globose vase and encloses the unilocular pluriovulate
+ovary. Fruit ovoid or pyriform, scarlet when fresh, orange-yellow
+when dry. Seeds of irregular form, somewhat triangular. Kernel oily.
+
+Habitat.--Luzon.
+
+
+
+_T. anguina_, L. (_T. amara_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Salagsalag_, _Pakupis_, _Salimpokot_, _Kukubitan_,
+_Halahala_, _Buyokbuyok_, Tag.; _Tabobog_, _Kukubitan_, _Pukopukot_,
+_Kuragda_, Vis., Pam.
+
+_T. cucumerina_, L.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--Probably the same as _T. anguina_.
+
+Uses.--The fruit of _T. anguina_ is purgative, emetic and
+anthelmintic. The natives use an infusion of the filamentous,
+reticulate portion surrounding the seeds, in doses of 0.50-0.60 gm.,
+according to P. Blanco.
+
+The second species, _T. cucumerina_, has a wider use. In India it is
+regarded as a febrifuge and laxative and is commonly given with some
+aromatic. Ainslie notes that the leaves, as well as the fruit, are
+bitter and purgative and that the Tamuls use them for their laxative
+and stomachic effect. Drury states that on the Malabar coast the seeds
+have a considerable reputation as a remedy for functional disorders
+of the stomach. Although the green fruit is very bitter the natives
+of that region use it as a condiment. The tender stems and the dry
+capsules, both bitter and purgative, are given in infusion and in a
+sweetened solution, as an aid to digestion. The seeds are febrifuge
+and anthelmintic. The juice of the leaves is emetic and that of the
+roots purgative. The decoction of the stem is expectorant.
+
+In Bombay the plant is considered febrifuge, and is given in decoction
+with ginger, _Swertia chirata_, and sugar. The Mohammedan authors
+say that the _T. cucumerina_ is effective in expelling lumbricoids
+and one of them mentions the following as a cure for stubborn fevers:
+
+
+        Seeds of _T. cucumerina_        No. 180.
+        Seeds of coriander or cumin     No. 180.
+        Boiling water                       200 grams.
+
+
+Let stand over night, filter, add a little sugar, administer in
+2 doses morning and evening.
+
+In Concan they use the juice of the leaves as a liniment in remittent
+fevers, rubbing the hepatic region and in fact the entire body.
+
+Botanical Description.--_T. anguina_, L., is a vine with 5-angled stem,
+bearing tendrils and spattered with white dots. Leaves heart-shaped,
+with 5 acute lobules, spiny-toothed. Petioles with a bifid swelling
+at their bases. Flowers white, monoecious. Staminate: calyx 5-toothed
+with dotted borders; corolla, 5 fringed petals; stamens 3; anthers
+3, entirely united and forming a cylinder. Pistillate: 3 glandules
+in the corolla tube; style long; stigmas 3. Fruit ribbed, long, the
+compartments formed by reticular partitions; contains many irregular
+seeds, one border sharp, the other obtuse, covered by a very thin aril.
+
+The _T. cucumerina_, L., is less common, bears a spindle-shaped or
+obovate fruit, is hairy and lacks ribs. Its seeds are ovoid, very
+smooth, encircled by a narrow wing. The reticulum within the fruit
+is similar to that of the foregoing species.
+
+Habitat.--Common in all parts of the islands. Blooms in October.
+
+
+
+_Lagenaria vulgaris_, Ser.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Common Gourd_, _Bottle Gourd_, _Calabash_, Eng.
+
+
+Var. _Lagenaria Gourda_, Ser. (_Cucurbita lagenaria oblonga_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Calabaza de peregrino_, Sp.; _Pilgrim's Gourd_, Eng.
+
+
+Var. _L. courgourda_, Ser.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Tabayag_, Tag.
+
+
+Var. _L. clavata_, Ser. (_C. lagenaria villosa_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Calabaza blanca_, Sp.; _Opo_, Tag.; _White Gourd_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--The three above-mentioned varieties of _L. vulgaris_, Ser.,
+are commonly grouped under the name calabaza (gourd). All have the same
+action and hence the same therapeutic application. The green portion of
+the rind is bitter and possesses purgative and emetic properties. The
+decoction of the tender shoots is expectorant; in addition it appears
+to possess purgative properties and in India is used in jaundice.
+
+The part of the plant most generally used is the seeds, the tænifuge
+properties of which are well known. Its action, however, is not always
+certain, which may be as truly said of all other known tænifuges. The
+seeds have the advantage of lacking the disgusting taste characteristic
+of other remedies of the same class; the taste is almost neutral and
+a little sugar conceals it completely. The dose is unlimited; some
+take 15 grams, others as high as 100, and no unpleasant symptoms of
+any kind have been reported. The only precaution to be observed is
+to give the patient a purgative 1-2 hours after his dose.
+
+Heckel has analyzed the seeds and found a resin which he calls
+_pepo-resina_; it exists in the greenish pellicle that envelopes
+the embryo and appears to be the active principle of the seeds. Its
+dose is 0.80-1.00 gram (Dujardin-Beaumetz), the product of 250 grams
+of the seeds. The dose of 100 grams of the seeds mentioned above is
+very small, if the pepo-resin represents the entire active principle,
+for 100 grams of the seeds would only contain about 40 centigrams.
+
+Botanical Description.--A very familiar vine, clammy, pubescent
+and musk-scented; large leaves, long-stalked flowers, white petals,
+greenish veiny fruit usually club-shaped or enlarged at the apex, the
+hard rind used for vessels, dippers, and so forth. It is noteworthy
+that none of the tænifuge varieties mentioned bears yellow fruit.
+
+
+
+_Luffa Ægyptiaca_, Mill. (_L. pentandra_, Roxb.; _L. petola_, Ser.;
+_Momordica operculata_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--Probably bears the same names as the _Trichosanthes_.
+
+Uses.--The root is a hydragogue cathartic even in minute doses. The
+fruit is emollient by virtue of the large quantity of mucilage it
+contains, but it is more interesting for other properties. When cut
+in two, deprived of epidermis and seeds, and washed until none of the
+mucilage remains, there is left a fibrous skeleton, a sort of skein of
+interwoven nets that constitutes the so-called vegetable sponge. It
+serves the same purpose as a sponge and has the advantages that its
+fibers do not rot and that they are easily kept clean. In view of its
+cheapness and plentifulness in the Philippines the above advantages
+should suffice to bring it into universal use for the toilet, for
+surgical purposes and for cleaning in general.
+
+Botanical Description.--A vine with square, glabrous stem. Leaves
+alternate, cordate, 3-5-lobulate, dentate, rough, 5-7-nerved. Petioles
+short. Flowers monoecious. Staminate in axillary panicles; calyx
+bell-shaped; corolla yellow, 5 oval petals, borders entire; stamens
+3; filaments short; two thick ones divide high up in 2 parts, thus
+giving the appearance of 5 stamens in all. Pistillate axillary,
+calyx adherent, 5 pointed sepals; corolla, 5 nearly triangular petals,
+finely dentate; style thick, short, the base encircled by 3 glandules;
+stigma cordate. Ovary, 3 pseudo-locules formed by the central union
+of the placentas; pluriovulate. Fruit oblong, terminating at the apex
+in a deciduous lid or cover, marked with 8 or 10 black longitudinal
+lines; the interior reticulate, 3 compartments with many seeds, oval,
+black, flat with thin borders. The natives do not distinguish between
+this specimen and the _Trichosanthes_, but it is to be noted that
+the corolla of the former is not ravelled or fringed.
+
+Habitat.--Common in Luzon and Panay. Blooms in January.
+
+
+
+_Momordica balsamina_, L.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Ampalaya_, _Ampalea_, Tag.; _Amargoso_, Sp.-Fil.; _Paria_,
+Iloc.; _Apalia_, Pam.; _Balsamina_, Sp.; _Balsam Apple_, Eng.
+
+_M. charanta_, L. (_M. muricata_, Willd.; _M. cylindrica_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--The same as of _M. balsamina_.
+
+Uses.--The fruit of both varieties is edible, though a bitter principle
+gives it such an intensely bitter taste that it is intolerable to
+the unaccustomed palate. It is eaten raw as a salad, or cooked with
+meat or fish. The juice of the leaves is prescribed internally as a
+purgative and anthelmintic. In Concan it is given alone or combined
+with aromatics, in bilious disorders as an emetic and purgative;
+externally they use it as an ointment for the itch and other skin
+diseases; in India it is mixed with cinnamon, pepper, rice and oil
+of _Hydnocarpus inebrians_, Vahl.
+
+The fruit and leaves are used internally for worms and externally
+for leprosy. Some Hindoo writers state that the fruit is tonic and
+stomachic, and that it is useful in rheumatism, gout, diseases of
+the liver and spleen.
+
+Botanical Description.--The first variety, _M. balsamina_, more
+common than the second, is a vine with angular stem and simple
+tendrils. Leaves, many serrate lobules with white dots on the
+ends. Flowers yellow, monoecious. Staminate solitary, peduncles very
+long, involucre cordate; calyx 5-lobed; corolla 5 petals; filaments
+simple, one separate, 2 approximated; anthers joined at their
+bases. Pistillate solitary; ovary, 3 locules and numerous ovules;
+stigma, 3 bifid divisions; fruit globose, narrowing at the ends,
+covered with tubercles; seeds numerous, lacking albumen, having
+red aril.
+
+The second variety, _M. cylindrica_, has a downy stem, 5-angled with
+simple tendrils. The leaves are 5-lobuled, cordate, serrate, with
+short hairs on under surface. Melon hollow, glabrous, very long,
+cylindrical, tapering at the ends, covered with tubercles, some
+elevated in longitudinal lines, others depressed; seeds in 3 rows,
+enveloped in pulpy arils, white, long quadrangular, truncate above,
+encircled by 2 rows of obtuse toothlets.
+
+Habitat.--Both grow in all parts and are well known.
+
+
+
+_Citrullus Colocynthis_, Schard. (_Cucumis Colocynthis_, L.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Coloquíntida_, Sp.; _Colocynth_, _Bitter Apple_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--The part employed is the fruit pulp, official in all the
+pharmacopoeias as a very energetic hydragogue cathartic. It is seldom
+given alone, but in combination with other drugs to modify its energy
+and its action.
+
+In large doses it causes vomiting, bloody diarrhoea and a series of
+nervous phenomena that may end in death. Six to ten grams constitute
+a toxic dose. It operates with most force upon the large intestines
+and sympathetically upon the uterus.
+
+Dose.--Extract, 0.10-0.30 gram; powder, 0.30-1.00 gram.
+
+The pulp contains a yellow, intensely bitter substance, quite soluble
+in water and in alcohol, discovered by Hubschmann and named by him
+_coloquintina_. The seeds contain 17% of an insipid oil.
+
+Botanical Description.--An herb with long, prostrate stems covered with
+stiff hairs. Leaves alternate, triangular, deeply cleft in 3 lobules
+that subdivide. Petioles long. The color of the leaves is pale green
+above, whitish or gray and covered with white hairs underneath. Flowers
+yellow, monoecious, solitary, axillary, with long peduncles. Staminate:
+receptacle cup-formed, 5 sepals and 5 free, yellow petals; 5 stamens in
+pairs, one free. Pistillate: the receptacle globose, covering the lower
+part of the ovary; 3 staminodes take the place of the stamens. Ovary
+unilocular, uniovulate, with a short style bearing 3 lobules at its
+apex. Fruit globose, 6-8 centimeters in diameter, smooth, greenish,
+later yellow with white spots; it is full of a whitish pulp that
+becomes dry and pithy and that contains the obovate seeds, smooth,
+flattened, brown, lacking albumen.
+
+Habitat.--Manila.
+
+
+
+
+FICOIDEÆ.
+
+
+
+_Trianthema monogyna_, L. (_T. obcordata_, Roxb.; _Portulaca toston_
+and _axiflora_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Toston_, Tag.; _Alusiman_, _Ayam_, Vis.
+
+Uses.--This plant is edible, the natives eating it boiled, fried or
+in salad. The root is cathartic and is used powdered.
+
+_Botanical Description._--A plant with prostrate stems, radiating
+branches. Leaves ensheathing the stem, opposite, oval, red-bordered,
+glabrous. Petioles with 2 stipules at the base and 2 small teeth near
+the middle. Flowers axillary, solitary, sessile. Calyx, 2 pointed
+sepals. Corolla, 5 oval petals. Stamens 15-20. Style simple. Seed
+vessels inversely pyramidal, dehiscence horizontal. Seeds numerous.
+
+Habitat.--Very common in the rice fields. Blooms in January.
+
+
+
+
+UMBELLIFERÆ.
+
+Parsley Family.
+
+
+
+_Hydrocotyle Asiatica_, L.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Takip kohol_, _Takip suso_, Tag.; _Rabasa_, Sp.; _Indian
+Pennywort_, Indo-Eng.
+
+Uses.--Dr. Daruty, of Mauritius, has published a study of this plant,
+giving a résumé of its composition, therapeutic uses and physiological
+action. The writers of antiquity recognized the plant as a powerful
+alterative, tonic, diuretic, stimulant and vermifuge, especially
+effective in secondary syphilis and in ulcerative diseases of the skin.
+
+Lépine and Boileau used it experimentally to treat leprosy and
+reported favorably; but later experience demonstrated that it did
+not exercise any specific effect, but benefited anæsthetic leprosy
+simply by improving the general condition of the patient.
+
+The plant is official in the Pharmacopoeia of India, as alterative,
+tonic and stimulant. It states that the drug has been found very
+useful in the treatment of secondary and constitutional syphilis,
+when the disease attacks the skin and subcutaneous tissue.
+
+In Bombay it is a popular remedy for the mild dysentery of children,
+given as a decoction of 3 or 4 leaves with a little cumin seed and
+sugar; the bruised leaves are then applied to the umbilical region. In
+the Philippines the decoction of the leaves is given as a purge.
+
+Dr. Dervegie reports good results in the treatment of eczema,
+administering the powdered leaf in dozes of 0.10 gram and applying
+locally the powder or an ointment of the same. The most marked and
+constant effects of the drug are a considerable increase of the
+urinary secretion, elevation of the temperature of the skin and
+profuse diaphoresis.
+
+Dr. Boileau, quoted above, himself contracted leprosy of which he died;
+he experimented on himself with "hydrocotyle" and on one occasion
+a dose of 3 grams nearly proved fatal; tetanic symptoms supervened
+with suffocation, palpitation, epistaxis and rectal hemorrhage,
+abating finally with profuse sweating and diuresis.
+
+Dr. Lépine, a pharmacist of Pondicherry, has analyzed the plant
+and isolated a substance that seems to be the active principle;
+he has named it _vallarin_, from "vallarai," the Tamul name of
+the plant. "Vallarin" is a thick, pale yellow oil of a piquant and
+persistent taste and an odor peculiar to the plant. It changes under
+the influence of air, moisture or heat and volatilizes at 120°. It
+is soluble in alcohol. The plant contains 8/10 to 1% of this oil,
+a dark resin and a green resin.
+
+The Pharmacopoeia of India gives 2 official formulæ, a powder and a
+cataplasm. The powdered leaf is given internally in doses of 0.30 to
+1.50 grams and is applied locally to superficial ulcers.
+
+Botanical Description.--Plant herbaceous with reniform or heart-shaped
+leaves, forming a sort of funnel, dotted with little hairs, dentate
+with white tips. Petioles very long, ensheathing each other by 2 wings
+at their bases. Flowers 3-4, sessile, springing directly from the root,
+greenish-white, growing in horizontal rows on either side of a short,
+common peduncle. Common involucre of 2-3 leaflets. Calyx adherent,
+flattened, faintly toothed. Corolla, 5 small petals, ovate. Stamens
+5, equal in height, inserted on the receptacle, alternating with
+the petals. Filaments short. Anthers globose, cleft at the base in 2
+diverging parts. Ovary inferior, cordate, much flattened. Styles 2,
+short. Stigmas simple. Fruit truncate, oval, downy, indehiscent,
+marked with furrows, with 2 compartments each containing a seed
+inserted on the wall.
+
+Habitat.--Grows in shady and moist places. Blooms in July.
+
+
+
+_Carum copticum_, Benth. (_C. ajowan_, DC.; _Ammi copticum_, L.;
+_A. glaucifolium_, Blanco; _Daucus opticus_, Pers.; _D. anisodorus_,
+Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Lamudio_, _Damoro_, Tag.; _Lamudio_, Vis.; _Caraway_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--The fruit, of which both form and taste remind one of anise,
+is official in the Pharmacopoeia of India as a carminative, stimulant
+and antispasmodic. It is indicated in flatulent colic, atonic dyspepsia
+and diarrhoea and gives very good results. It has been used in cholera,
+but is of little value in that disease. In moderate doses it increases
+salivary and gastric secretion.
+
+The P. of India contains the 2 following official formulæ:
+_Oleum_--obtained from the fruit by distillation; is colorless when
+fresh but soon turns yellow; possesses the odor of the fruit and an
+acrid, burning taste. _Aqua_--600 grams of the fruit ground and mixed
+with 9 liters of water; this is distilled till 4 1/2 liters have gone
+over, these constituting the "aqua cari."
+
+Dose.--1-2 drops of the essential oil in emulsion or on a piece of
+sugar. Of the "aqua," 30-60 grams as a carminative or to disguise the
+taste of other drugs (such as castor oil), thus frequently preventing
+nausea or vomiting.
+
+Botanical Description.--Leaves finely pinnately compound. Common
+petiole clasps the stem at the base. Flowers white, in flat
+compound umbels. The secondary peduncles 12. Flowerets of each
+partial umbel about 16. Calyx of flowerets superior, 5 globose
+sepals. Corolla, 5 equal petals, with rounded lobules. Stamens 5. Ovary
+tuberculate. Styles 2, very short. Seeds 2, united, furrowed and
+nearly glabrous at maturity.
+
+Habitat.--Cultivated in gardens. Blooms in October.
+
+
+
+_Foeniculum vulgare_, Gaertn. (_F. officinale_, Allion; _F. panmorium_,
+DC.; _Anethum foeniculum_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Anis_, Sp.; _Fennel_, Eng.
+
+Coriandrum sativum, L. (_Cuminum cynimum_, Wall.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Cominos_, _Calantro_, Sp.; _Coriander_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--The fruit of both species has the same therapeutical application
+being stomachic and carminative par excellence. It yields an aromatic
+essential oil with stimulant properties, popular because of its
+agreeable odor and taste.
+
+As a rule the infusion is given in doses of one liter a day (15-30
+grams of the seeds to one liter of water). The essence and the
+alcoholate are also employed, the former obtained by distillation,
+the latter by macerating the fresh seeds in alcohol. The dose of the
+essence, 4-8 drops on a piece of sugar or in potion; the alcoholate,
+2-10 grams in sweetened water or infusion of aromatic herbs.
+
+Both plants are official in the Spanish Pharmacopoeia and they and
+their preparations are common in all drug stores.
+
+Habitat.--Common, cultivated in the gardens and well known.
+
+Botanical Description.--_F. vulgare_: Aromatic, stout, smooth herb,
+4-6° high. Leaves with many slender thread-like divisions. Large umbel
+of yellow flowers, no involucre and no involucels. _C. sativum_: Low
+aromatic herb, leaves pinnately compound, small umbels with few rays,
+flowers white.
+
+
+
+
+CORNACEÆ.
+
+Dogwood Family.
+
+
+
+_Alangium Lamarkii_, Thwaites. (_A. decapetalum_, _hexapetalum_
+and _tomentosum_, Lam.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--(?)
+
+Uses.--According to Mooden Sheriff, the root bark is an efficient
+emetic in doses of 3 grams. In smaller doses it is febrifuge and
+produces nausea. The bark is extremely bitter; its reputation in the
+treatment of skin diseases is undeserved. It is a good substitute
+for ipecac, having given good results in all conditions in which the
+latter is indicated, with the exception of dysentery.
+
+The febrifuge dose is 0.35-0.60 gram; alterative, 0.15-0.30 gram.
+
+It is furthermore prescribed in India for syphilis and leprosy and
+is one of the many remedies used for the bites of rabid animals. The
+bruised leaves are applied to the joints of rheumatic patients.
+
+Botanical Description.--A tree 20-30 meters high, leaves alternate,
+persistent, petiolate, no stipules, oblong, dentate, acuminate,
+pinnately nerved. Flowers whitish, regular, hermaphrodite, in
+terminal cymes. Receptacle concave. Calyx short, 10-toothed. Corolla,
+10 narrow, elongated ribbon-like petals. Stamens 30-40, filaments
+free and glabrous. Ovary inferior, held in the concavity of the
+receptacle, one-celled, with 1 seed, crowned by an epigynous disc,
+above which rises a simple style with dilated stigma. Fruit a globose
+drupe, crowned by the calyx, with 10 inconspicuous ribs. The putamen
+encloses an albuminous kernel.
+
+Habitat.--The mountains of San Mateo.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+DICOTYLEDONOUS, GAMOPETALOUS.
+
+
+
+RUBIACEÆ.
+
+Madder Family.
+
+
+
+_Hymenodictyon excelsum_, Wall. (_H. Horsfieldii_, Miq.; _Chinchona
+excelsa_, Roxb.; _Exostema Philippicum_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Huligaga_, Tag.
+
+Uses.--The bark of this tree has a wide reputation in India as a tonic
+and febrifuge. The inner layer of the bark possesses astringent and
+bitter properties much like quinine. Ainslie states that it is used
+in India to tan hides and therapeutically where an astringent is
+required. O'Shaughnessy experimented with it in the hospital of the
+Medical College of Calcutta and reported good tonic and antipyretic
+effects.
+
+In 1870, according to Dymock, Broughton analyzed the fresh bark and
+reported that the bitter taste was due to _esculin_, which after drying
+and coming in contact with decomposing organic matter is transformed
+into the almost tasteless _esculetin_. Naylor studied the bark at
+a later period, and attributed the bitterness to an alkaloid that
+he named _hymenodictyonine_. This substance exists in the form of a
+gelatinous mass, cream-colored, very hygroscopic. An ethereal solution,
+carefully evaporated, deposits it in the form of crystals. Its
+empirical form is C_23_H_40_N_2_; it is probably volatile and is
+notable for its lack of oxygen. It differs from _quinoidine_ in that
+it is inactive (?) and that in combination with platinum it retains
+less of this metal than does quinoidine. It differs from _paricine_
+in its proportion of hydrogen, and from _berberine_ in containing more
+carbon. In the presence of sulphuric acid its solution assumes a yellow
+color, changing to wine-red and then to dark red. Naylor extracted
+another principle which he found combined with the alkaloid in a soda
+precipitate of the latter; it is a product of the decomposition of a
+glucose, the formula of which is C_25_H_49_O_7_. This compound remains
+insoluble when the alkaloid is treated with ether. Repeated boiling
+in alcohol renders it colorless. It is bitter, soluble in alcohol
+and dilute acids; insoluble in ether and chloroform. Reaction, neutral.
+
+Botanical Description.--A large tree, with leaves opposite,
+oval, entire, acute, downy. Petioles long, flat above, with 2
+stipules. Flowers axillary, in compound verticillate racemes. Calyx
+adherent, with 5 promptly deciduous teeth which leave a scar that also
+disappears. Corolla much longer than the calyx, funnel-form, the limb
+5-cleft. Stamens 5, inserted near the middle of the tube. Filaments
+rudimentary. Anthers 2-celled. Style longer than the corolla. Stigma
+globose. Seed-vessel rather rough, ovoid, flattened, of 2 compartments,
+where are inserted numerous seeds, imbricated, circular, encircled
+by an entire wing.
+
+Habitat.--Angat and the woods of San Mateo. Blooms in
+August. (P. Blanco states further that this tree grows to a height of
+about 3 yards in Angat and that it exhales a strong odor resembling
+that of vinegar at times, and again like that of tobacco.)
+
+
+
+_Oldenlandia corymbosa_, L. (_O. biflora_, Lam.; _O. ramosa_, Roxb.;
+_O. herbacea_ and _serabrida_, DC.; _O. burmaniana_, Mig.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--Doubtful.
+
+_Uses._--The Sanscrit writers often mention this plant as an important
+remedy for the fevers due, according to their theories, to disordered
+bile, _i. e._, remittent fevers, accompanied by gastric irritability
+and nervous depression. The entire plant is used to make a decoction,
+often combined with aromatics. Dymock observed in Goa that this plant
+could be gotten in all the shops of the herb-venders, and that it
+was widely used as an alterative in mild fevers in combination with
+_"Hydrocotyle Asiatica_ and _Adiantum lunulatum_."
+
+In Concan they apply the juice to the hands and feet in fevers,
+giving at the same time a dose of one "tola" (6.80 grams) in sweetened
+water or milk. This juice is obtained by soaking the bruised plant
+in water. In remittent fever the decoction is also used as a liniment
+for the whole body. It is given internally for skin eruptions due to
+excessive heat, especially "lichen tropicus."
+
+Botanical Description.--A small herb, stem straight, about 30
+centimeters high, glabrous, dichotomous. Leaves opposite, linear,
+green, lanceolate, stipulate. Flowers small, hermaphrodite, axillary,
+solitary, or in pairs, alternate or opposite. Calyx gamosepalous with
+5 short teeth. Corolla gamopetalous, funnel-shaped. Stamens 5, free,
+inserted in the tube of the corolla. Ovary inserted in the hollow
+of the receptacle, 2 many-ovuled locules. Style simple, ending in
+a bifid stigma. Capsule rounded-oval, membranous. Seeds numerous,
+polyhedrous, albuminous, surface granular.
+
+Habitat.--In the rice fields.
+
+
+
+_Randia dumetorum_, Lam. (_R. longispina_, DC.; _R. aculata_, Blanco;
+_R. stipulosa_, Miq.; _Gardenia spinosa_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Sinampaga_, Tag.
+
+Uses.--The fruit is used in some parts of India to kill the fish in
+ponds and sluggish rivers, the same use to which they sometimes put the
+"Cocculus Indicus." It is prescribed as an emetic by the Sanscrit and
+Arabic medical authors of India. Mooden Sheriff ascribes its emetic
+properties to the pulp alone, the epicarp and seeds being inactive
+according to his authority. It is a substitute for ipecac even in the
+treatment of dysentery in which case the decoction of the trunk bark
+is also used.
+
+The dried and powdered pulp is given in dose of 2.50 grams as an
+emetic and 1-2 grams as an antidysenteric. To prepare the fresh fruit
+for administration as an emetic, mash 2-3, macerate 15 minutes in
+150-200 grams of water and filter. It acts in a few minutes and its
+effect may be hastened by giving tepid water or tickling the fauces.
+
+Botanical Description.--A shrub with straight, thorny stem, leaves
+sessile, springing from the buds, occurring in threes, obtusely
+lanceolate, entire, glabrous. Flowers solitary or in pairs, very
+fragrant. Calyx gamosepalous with 10 toothlets. Corolla twisted,
+arched, cleft in the middle, throat nude, limb slashed in 5 large
+glabrous parts. Stamens 5. Filaments short, inserted on corolla. Style
+1. Stigma bifid. Fruit inferior, about the size of a crab apple,
+crowned by the remains of the calyx, smooth, yellow, fleshy, 1-celled
+with many seeds.
+
+Habitat.--On the coast of Luzon. Blooms in May.
+
+
+
+_Ixora coccinea_, L. (_I. bandhuca_, Roxb.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Santan_, Tag.
+
+Uses.--The handsome red flowers are used in decoction for hæmoptysis
+and catarrhal bronchitis. Both root and flower are astringent and
+are given for dysentery. In Concan they cook 2 "tolas" (13.60 grams)
+of the flowers in lard, together with coriander and "mesua ferrea,"
+add a little candied sugar and divide the mass into large pills to
+be given twice a day.
+
+The fresh root in the form of an alcoholic tincture has been
+recommended by Deb for dysentery, the dose 2-4 grams in an appropriate
+potion. The tincture of the fresh plant is prepared by macerating
+126 grams of the fresh root 15 days in 473 grams alcohol. The plant
+has been used in intermittent fevers and various skin diseases.
+
+Botanical Description.--A shrub cultivated in all gardens, 6-8°
+high. Leaves oval, entire, glabrous. Flowers in terminal umbels, white,
+pink or red. Corolla tubular with limb cleft in 4 rounded lobes. The
+plant is so well known that further description would be superfluous.
+
+
+
+_Coffea Arabica_, L.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Cafe_, Sp.; _Coffee_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--The infusion of roasted and ground coffee seeds constitutes
+a beverage of Arabic origin, but now common all over the world. In
+the Philippines, where a few years ago the coffee plant was only
+cultivated in gardens, the harvest has assumed such proportions
+that it now constitutes one of the greatest sources of agricultural
+wealth. Its use is becoming more general every day and the discovery
+of its alkaloid "caffeine" the therapeutical use of which is also
+steadily increasing, has given new importance to the seed on account
+of its increasing demand in the drug trade. When newly harvested its
+taste is not very agreeable, for it needs considerable time--2 or 3
+years--in which to dry completely, before it acquires the aromatic
+properties and the savor of which it is susceptible. General Morin
+relates an incident of having drunk a delicious infusion of coffee
+made from authentic Moka that had been kept for fifty years, of course
+under ideal conditions of preservation.
+
+In civilized countries coffee is an article of prime necessity as a
+food; here we shall consider it therapeutically under two heads, as
+a tonic-stimulant and as an antiseptic. As caffeine is the principle
+that acts upon the heart we shall consider the cardiac properties of
+coffee under the head of that alkaloid, so important that it may best
+be studied separately.
+
+There are two preparations of coffee, the decoction used by the Arabs
+and the infusion, used in Europe and adopted in the Philippines. The
+decoction forms a tonic and aromatic drink devoid of any excitant
+properties, but the infusion is highly excitant and should not be
+taken in such large amounts as the decoction, for its action may be
+powerful enough to cause headache, nausea, trembling of the extremities
+and disorders of vision and hearing. These phenomena however are not
+dangerous and rapidly subside as soon as the urine eliminates the
+substances that cause them.
+
+Infusion of coffee stimulates especially the cerebral functions and
+the circulation; as to its digestive properties, opinion is divided
+but it is more probable that it lacks them and that coffee taken
+after meals owes its reputation as a digestive aid to two distinct
+factors--the temperature and the sugar. Without doubt it exerts an
+anaphrodisiac action, on account of which the illustrious Linnæus
+called it the "drink of eunuchs." This action seems incompatible with
+the fact that the Arabs, who are so much given to the abuse of the
+pleasures forbidden to eunuchs are most addicted to the use and abuse
+of coffee. The explanation rests in the form in which they consume
+their coffee, namely the decoction, which is free from the sedative
+principle of the seed, that undoubtedly resides in the aromatic
+ingredient "cafeol."
+
+Coffee is contraindicated in hysterical and nervous persons, in
+children and in those who suffer with insomnia or palpitation. It
+counteracts sleep and coma, being very useful in poisoning by opium or
+its alkaloids. Its stimulant action is as rapid as that of alcohol. On
+several occasions it has yielded me marked results when given by
+stomach or by enema in cases of nervous and cardiac depression. Indeed
+it is a remedy that I cannot recommend too highly and each day leaves
+me more convinced of its therapeutic activity and certainty.
+
+Attention has only lately been directed to the antiseptic property of
+coffee though we have long been availing ourselves of that property
+without knowing it; this is true of many other medicinal agents,
+indeed of all that the modern studies of bacteriology have presented
+to us as antifermentives and microbicides. Roasted coffee in powder
+form gives good results if dusted over ulcers and gangrenous sores,
+rapidly improving their appearance and destroying the foetid odor. It
+corrects the unhygienic properties of non-potable water and therefore
+enters into the army and navy ration of nearly all the nations of
+Europe. In epidemics of disease every physician should advise its
+use in mild infusion as a regular beverage.
+
+Dr. Luderitz, experimenting in the Hygienic Institute of Berlin,
+reported that no bacteria could resist the action of coffee in
+infusion. He attributed this action not only to the tannin, which
+is present in high percentage, but principally to the empyreumatic
+substances formed by the roasting. The caffeine takes no part in this
+action. Dr. Luderitz exposed the coffee to the open air for six days
+and found it free from bacteria at the end of that time. Whatever may
+be the explanation of its activity the fact remains that coffee is
+highly antiseptic, and this should be kept in mind by physicians not
+only because it is everywhere easily obtained and an infusion easily
+prepared, but because it in addition possesses the great advantage
+of being nontoxic.
+
+The chemical analysis of the seed is as follows:
+
+
+    Cellulose                                       34.000
+    Water                                           12.000
+    Fatty matters                             10 to 13.000
+    Glucose, dextrin, undetermined acid             15.500
+    Legumin, caffeine                               10.000
+    Chlorogenate of caffeine and potassa    3.500 to 5.000
+    Albuminoids                                      3.000
+    Caffeine, free                                    .800
+    Essential oil, solid                              .001
+    Essential oil,  liquid                            .002
+    Mineral substances                               6.697
+
+
+Caffeine, the only one of the ingredients that interests us, was
+discovered by Hunge in 1821 and recognized as an alkaloid by Herzog. It
+also exists in tea, formerly known as "theine" which is now known
+to be identical with caffeine; both are expressed by the formula
+C_8_H_10_N_2_O_2_+H_2_O. It crystallizes in fine, silky needles,
+is colorless, odorless and slightly bitter.
+
+It is considered a substitute for digitalis, especially valuable as
+a diuretic and where cerebral anemia exists. Germain See values it
+as a preventive medicine, acting principally upon the heart and thus
+preventing fatigue; with this end in view he advises its use before
+long marches, violent exercise and all conditions where the heart will
+be called upon to do a greatly increased amount of work. Dose 0.25
+gram to 1 or 2 grams a day given by stomach or hypodermic injection.
+
+Caffeine is also useful in headache, neuralgia, and asthma and as a
+general tonic. For the latter action it is best given in pill form,
+0.02-0.04 gram a day, with the extract of cinchona or other bitter
+tonic.
+
+"Etoxy-caffeine," which is caffeine in which an atom of H has been
+replaced by the C_2_H_5_O, exists as white, needle-like crystals,
+slightly soluble in water; it is narcotic and sedative to the
+cerebro-spinal system. In doses of 0.24 gram it is useful in headache.
+
+Botanical Description.--"A small tree that reaches a height of 8-9°. It
+grows readily in the province of Batangas without cultivation," Blanco.
+
+A small tree or shrub with leaves opposite, smooth, glossy, rich green,
+oval, edges fluted. Flowers fragrant, white, growing in small clusters
+in the axils of the leaves. Calyx 4-5-toothed. Corolla short-tubed with
+4-5 spreading lobes of about the same length. Berry red, containing
+two plano-convex seeds enveloped in arils.
+
+The plant is widely cultivated in gardens. It finds ideal conditions
+for growth in some of the hilly and mountainous regions of Luzon,
+notably in Benguet and Batangas.
+
+
+
+_Morinda citrifolia_, L.; variety: _bracteata_, Hoock, Jr.
+(_M. ligulata_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Bankundo_, _Pankundo_, _Bangkuro_, _Nino_, _Kulit_,
+_Tumbongaso_, _Lino_, _Mambog_, _Takpus_, Tag. and Vis.; _Taliantar_,
+Pam.; _Apalot_, Iloc.; _Indian Mulberry_, Indo-Eng.
+
+Uses.--In the Philippines, as well as in India, the root of the
+plant is widely used as a red dye. As a medicine the Tamul physicians
+use it in decoction to treat diarrhoea and dysentery. The fruit is
+emmenagogue and perhaps aperient. In Bombay the mashed leaves are
+applied to wounds and ulcers to hasten cicatrization; they also use
+the decoction internally as a febrifuge and tonic, 10 grams to 500
+of water, a wineglassful twice a day.
+
+The root bark contains a crystalline substance called by Anderson
+_morindin_, C_28_H_30_O_15_. It is a glucoside and exists in the form
+of yellow needles, soluble in alcohol and in cold water, insoluble
+in ether; dissolves in alkalies producing an orange-red color.
+
+There is another species, _M. tinctoria_, Roxb.; _M. Royoc_, Blanco,
+called in Tagalog _Tumboung aso kapay_, the roots of which are used
+by the Filipinos for the same purposes as the leaves of the former
+species; the dose, 8 grams a day. The powder is also applied to ulcers
+and sores, especially those of gangrenous aspect.
+
+Botanical Description.--A small tree 11 or more feet high, branches
+opposite, quadrate at the extremities. Leaves opposite, oval, oblong,
+smooth, entire, glabrous. Petioles very short, with 2 broad, lanceolate
+stipules curved outward. Flowers white, opposite the leaves, fixed on
+globose, solitary receptacles from which spring the flowerets. Calyx
+proper, very short, monophyllous, a lanceolate leaflet springing from
+the border. Corolla tubular, woolly inside about the middle, with 5
+lobules. Stamens 5, inserted on the walls of the corolla. Anthers thin,
+incumbent. Pistil somewhat longer than the corolla. Stigma cleft in
+2 laminæ. Fruit: the receptacle of the flowerets ripens to a globe
+bristling with the remains of the calyces, like a berry covered with
+many smaller ones, each containing 2 monospermous, quadrangular seeds.
+
+
+
+_M. tinctoria_, Roxb., is a climbing shrub with leaves opposite,
+ovate, keeled; petioles very short; flower and fruit like the
+foregoing species.
+
+Habitat.--In Luzon and, especially the M. tinctoria, in Malinta,
+Calauan and Tanauan.
+
+
+
+_Pæderia foetida_, L. (_P. sessiflora_, DC.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Kantutan_, _Kantutæ_, Tag.; _Lilitan_, _Tæ-tæ_, Vis.
+
+Uses.--The foetid odor of this plant has suggested both the
+technical and common names for it. The natives regard it as a cure
+for rheumatism. The root is emetic. The leaves, boiled and mashed,
+are applied to the abdomen in retention of urine; the decoction of
+the leaves is used for the same purpose and also has some reputation
+as a solvent for vesical calculus. For fever, cloths soaked in the
+decoction are applied to the head, the same preparation being given
+internally at the same time.
+
+Botanical Description.--A slender, twining plant with leaves 3'
+by 1', opposite, oval, acute, entire, long petioles and caducous
+stipules. Flowers dark rose color, in compound axillary and terminal
+cymes. Calyx of 5 persistent lobules. Corolla tubular, pubescent,
+5 lobules. Stamens 5, free. Ovary inferior, flattened, 2 uniovulate
+locules. Style with 2 stigma-bearing branches.
+
+Habitat.--Luzon, Mindanao, Cebu, Panay.
+
+
+
+
+COMPOSITÆ.
+
+
+
+_Eupatorium Ayapana_, Vent.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Aya-pana_, Sp.; _Ayapana_, _Apana_, Tag.; _Ayapan_,
+Indo-Eng.
+
+Uses.--A native plant of Brazil now naturalized and well known in the
+Philippines and many other tropical countries; it is called by its
+Brazilian name, Aya-pana, more or less modified. The entire plant is
+aromatic and its infusion has an agreeable, bitter taste. Its virtues
+have been much exaggerated, but it is certainly a good stimulant,
+diaphoretic and tonic. An infusion, 30 grams of the leaves to 1 liter
+of water, is given in dyspepsia, a small cup after each meal. In the
+island of Mauritius this infusion was widely used as a stimulant and
+aromatic in the cholera epidemics of 1854 and 1856.
+
+It is used internally and locally for the bites of venomous snakes
+and insects. The leaf-juice is a good application for foul ulcers,
+as is also the decoction of the entire plant. "It appears probable
+that this plant has fallen into unmerited neglect."--Pharm. of India.
+
+Botanical Description.--An aromatic plant 3° high, leaves opposite,
+sessile, coherent at the base, lanceolate, entire, glabrous. Flowers
+in racemose panicles. Common calyx cylindrical, of many imbricated,
+awl-shaped scales, the lower ones smaller; within are 20 or more
+hermaphrodite disk-flowers. Corollas are funnel-form, 5-lobed. Style a
+little longer than the stamens. Stigmas 2, long. Seed 1, quadrangular,
+with simple, downy, sessile pappus. Receptacle nude.
+
+Habitat.--Common in fields and gardens. Blooms in January.
+
+
+
+_Blumea balsamifera_, DC. (_Conyza balsamifera_, L.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Sambon_, Tag.; _Lakbandulan_, _Hamlibon_, _Lalakdan_,
+_Lakadbulan_, _Gintingintin_, _Gabuen_, _Ayoban_, _Alibun_, Vis.;
+_Sobsob_, Iloc.
+
+Uses.--Sambon is a panacea among the Filipinos; its virtues are
+prodigious according to the ignorant natives who wear the leaves in
+the hat or the "salakod" (rain hat), to prevent "tabardillo" ("burning
+fever"; tabardillo pintado = spotted fever). They use the decoction
+to bathe convalescents, and for rheumatism they vaporize it in an
+improvised bath-cabinet consisting of a chair in which the patient sits
+enveloped in blankets that reach to the floor and retain the steam.
+
+The hot infusion of the leaves is a good diaphoretic taken by the
+mouth, especially useful in catarrhal bronchitis, and prized as an
+expectorant by the Chinese and Javanese. Furthermore it is stomachic,
+antispasmodic and emmenagogue.
+
+The camphorous odor of the plant suggested to me its application as
+an antiseptic lotion for varicose ulcers and my results have been
+very satisfactory. The infusion for internal use is 30 grams to the
+liter of water.
+
+Botanical Description.--A woody plant 6-9° high. Leaves 1° long,
+3' wide, oblong, lanceolate, acutely serrate, rugose, soft, downy,
+whitish. Flowers yellow in panicles. Involucre conical, of many
+linear scales, enclosing 15 or more hermaphrodite disk-flowers and
+several pistillate ray-flowers. Hermaphrodite: corolla infundibuliform,
+5-toothed. Pistillate: corolla very minute, infundibuliform, obscurely
+4-toothed. One seed crowned with a simple hairy pappus.
+
+Habitat.--Grows universally in the islands and is well known. Blooms
+in January.
+
+
+
+_Sphoeranthus Indicus_, L. (_S. hirtus_, Willd.; _S. mollis_, Roxb.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Sambong-gala_, Tag.
+
+Uses.--This plant seems to possess anthelmintic properties and for this
+purpose it is administered in powder, 2-4 grams with a little molasses
+or syrup. It is bitter and aromatic and is given in diseases of the
+stomach and intestines for its tonic and stimulant effect. The odor
+of the drug is transmitted to both urine and sweat. In India it is
+used in "bilious diseases" and to dissipate all sorts of tumors. The
+Hindoos cook it with flour, lard and sugar and eat the mixture as
+a tonic and to prevent gray hair and baldness. They also give the
+seed, fried in oil, as an aphrodisiac. The aqueous distillate is a
+good preparation as it contains the active principle of the plant,
+a yellow, viscid, essential oil.
+
+Botanical Description.--A plant about 1° high, stem and branches
+bearing 3 serrate wings. Leaves premorse, lanceolate, decurrent,
+downy. Flowers white, in a globose head, divided into 50 or more
+groups each with its own calyx of 9 or 10 leaflets surrounding 2 or 3
+hermaphrodite, 5-toothed, campanulate flowers. Anthers 5, united. Style
+1, thick at extremity. Stigma none. Corolla of pistillate flowers very
+minute, with 3 obscure teeth. Stigma of 2 down-curved divisions. One
+seed, 4-angled, imbricated.
+
+Habitat.--The rice fields. Blooms in January.
+
+
+
+_Spilanthes Acmella_, L.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Hagonog_, Tag.; _Agonoy_, Sp.-Fil., Vis.(?); _Palunay_,
+Pam.
+
+Uses.--Some native herb-doctors use the root as a purgative, giving a
+decoction of 4-8 grams to a cup of water. The infusion is used locally
+for itch and psoriasis. Internally it has a diuretic effect and is
+reputed to be a solvent of vesical calculi. The leaf juice and the
+bruised leaves are applied to wounds and atonic ulcers. These leaves
+with those of "sambon" and "sampaloc" (tamarind) are used to prepare
+aromatic baths for convalescents, rheumatics and pregnant women.
+
+Botanical Description.--A plant with stem drooping, square,
+grooved, covered with drops of gum resin. Leaves opposite, cordate,
+oval, lanceolate, serrate, 3 prominent nerves covered with short
+down. Petioles short, grooved. Flowers yellow, in a sort of umbel,
+with 3 or more flowerets on long peduncles. Common calyx, 9-11 narrow
+sepals, concave, fleshy, in 2 rows. Hermaphrodite disk-flowers 40 or
+more. Corolla tubular, 5-toothed. Anthers longer than corolla. Pistil
+longer than stamens. Style bifid. Pistillate flowers, 15 or more,
+forming the rays. Corolla monopetalous, 3-toothed. Style and stigma as
+in hermaphrodite flowers. Seeds of hermaphrodite flowers quadrangular,
+crowned by one long awn, and the rudiment of another. Seeds of ray
+flowers small and sometimes flattened, 2 awns, of which one alone
+lengthens and becomes conspicuous. Receptacle covered with concave
+scales.
+
+Habitat.--Grows along the shores of the sea and of rivers. It is very
+well known.
+
+
+
+_Artemisia vulgaris_, L. (_A. Indica_, Willd.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Ka-María_, _Santa María_, _Tinisas_, Tag.; _Indian
+Wormwood_, Indo-Eng.
+
+Uses.--The native women use the infusion of its aromatic leaves to
+induce menstruation. It is also used as an abortifacient, but is too
+mild a uterine stimulant to be reliable for that purpose. Its stomachic
+and tonic properties are common knowledge in the Philippines. The
+Hindoos use it for those effects and as an antispasmodic in amenorrhoea
+and hysteria. Dr. Wight states that the leaves and tops are useful
+in nervous troubles resulting from debility and that a decoction of
+them makes a good fomentation for phagedenic ulcers.
+
+The infusion is prepared in the proportion of 10-30 grams of leaves
+to 1 liter of water and the powdered leaves are given in doses of
+4-8 grams; the aqueous extract 30-40 grams a day. For amenorrhoea
+the drug is given daily for a week preceding the menstrual date.
+
+Botanical Description.--A plant 3° high, stem straight, woody, square
+toward ends of branches. Leaves alternate, tomentose, decurrent,
+divided in several places, medium lanceolate. Flowers straw-colored,
+in axillary and terminal, 1-ranked spikes. Common calyx cylindrical, 2
+circles of oval, scarious leaflets around its border, 11 hermaphrodite
+disk-flowers and about 5 pistillate ray-flowers. Hermaphrodite: Corolla
+bell-shaped, 5 obtuse teeth; stigmas 2, bent to the sides. Pistillate:
+Corolla diminutive, 5 toothlets; anther none; stigmas 2. Seeds of
+both small and quadrate, smaller in the latter. Receptacle nude.
+
+Habitat.--Grows throughout the islands and is well known.
+
+
+
+_Carthamus tinctorius_, L.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Azafrán de la tierra_, Sp.; _Biri_, _Kasubha_, _Katsumba_,
+_Lago_, Tag.; _Kasabba_, Vis.; _Kasubha_, _Kastumba_, Pam.; _Bastard
+Saffron_, _Dyer's Safflower_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--This plant must not be confounded with _Curcuma longa_, L.,
+whose tuber is also frequently called saffron (azafrán), and is used
+to color food.
+
+The flower is the part employed as a condiment coloring the
+food yellow. Some use them internally in doses of 4 grams to cure
+icterus. The leaves coagulate milk. The seeds are purgative in dose of
+8-16 grams, bruised and taken in emulsion, or 15-30 grams in decoction.
+
+The following is the chemical analysis of the plant:
+
+
+        Yellow coloring matter, soluble                26.1-36.0
+        Carthamic acid                                  0.3- 0.6
+        Extractive matter                               3.6- 6.5
+        Albumin                                         1.5- 8.0
+        Wax                                             0.6- 1.5
+        Cellulose, pectin                              38.4-56.0
+        Silica                                          1.0- 8.4
+        Oxide of iron, aluminum, oxide of manganese     0.4- 4.6
+
+                                                            (Salvetat.)
+
+
+Botanical Description.--A plant 3° high, root gray and
+spindle-shaped. Stem straight, few branches. Leaves scattered,
+sessile, partially embracing the stem, lanceolate, serrate with
+hooked teeth. Flowers yellow, terminal in a sort of corymb. Common
+calyx semiglobose, with imbricated scales, the border often bearing
+thorns; numerous hermaphrodite disk flowers, with corolla very
+long, funnel-form, 5-toothed. Style longer than the stamens. Stigma
+bifid. Seed large, lacking pappus.
+
+Habitat.--Cultivated in the gardens.
+
+
+
+
+PLUMBAGINEÆ.
+
+Leadwort Family.
+
+
+
+_Plumbago Zeylanica_, L. (_P. viscosa_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Sagdikit_, Tag.; _Bagbag_, _Talankaw_, Iloc.;
+_White-flowered Leadwort_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--The root is vesicant and is used by the natives for this
+purpose. (_P. rosea_, L., common in India, is more powerful. The
+Pharmacopoeia of India states that both species are worthy of further
+investigation.) According to the Sanscrit authors it increases the
+appetite and is useful in dyspepsia, piles, dropsy, diarrhoea and
+skin diseases. The Filipinos use the infusion locally for itch with
+good results. A favorite medicine of the Hindoos for flatulence is
+the old recipe of Susrutas, composed of equal parts of the following
+substances in powder:
+
+Leadwort root, root of _Cissampelos Pareira_, _Picrorrhiza kurroa_,
+[6] _Aconitum heterophyllum_,1 and _Terminalia Chebula_ in dose of
+4 grams a day.
+
+Dr. Oswald has employed the alcoholic tincture of leadwort in the
+intermittents, with satisfactory results, and claims that it is a
+powerful diaphoretic. [7] The mashed root is mixed with rice flour
+and made into a caustic paste to apply to buboes, destroy warts,
+etc. Women also use the scraped root to induce abortion, introducing
+it through the vagina into the _os uteri_. This practice should be
+strongly condemned on account of its dangerous consequences--metritis,
+peritonitis and often death.
+
+The chemical composition of the root has been studied by Dulong. [8]
+It includes a non-nitrogenous principle, plumbagin, existing in the
+form of orange-yellow needles, bitter, acrid, volatile, neutral,
+slightly soluble in cold water, more soluble in ether, alcohol and
+hot water. The aqueous solution becomes cherry-red on the addition of
+an alkali, which color is changed to yellow by acids. Basic acetate
+of lead causes the same color change.
+
+Botanical Description.--Plant with stem declined, angular. Leaves
+lanceolate, entire, rather downy. Petioles at their base embrace
+the stem. Flowers white, in axillary spikes. Individual involucres,
+3 oval leaflets, the lower larger. Calyx long, cleft almost to
+the base in 5 lineal parts thickly set with small glands, exuding
+a sticky gum. Corolla salver-shaped, the tube long, square, throat
+bare, limb divided into 5 obovate parts, ending in stylets. Stamens
+5, inserted near the base of the corolla, almost as long as the
+tube. Style a little shorter than the stamens. Stigma, 5 parts. One
+long seed enclosed within the calyx, pentangular, covered with a
+membranaceous skin.
+
+Habitat.--In Tanauan (Batangas).
+
+
+
+
+SAPOTACEÆ.
+
+Sapodilla Family.
+
+
+
+_Achras Sapota_, L.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Chico_, Sp.-Fil.; _Tsiku_, Tag.
+
+Uses.--The _chico_ is one of the popular fruits of the Philippines,
+much appreciated by Europeans as well as the natives. When not entirely
+ripe it yields a resinous juice that sticks to the lips and affords a
+disagreeable taste; but when once thoroughly ripe it has a slightly
+vinous, sweetish taste and is easily digested. Therapeutically its
+seeds are used as a diuretic, but large doses should be avoided as
+they contain a small proportion of hydrocyanic acid. The proper dose
+is 5-6 mashed seeds in sweetened water. They contain, in addition to
+the above, a fatty substance of the consistency of butter.
+
+The trunk bark is tonic and febrifuge; Mr. Bernon [9] has isolated from
+it a crystalline alkaloid, _sapotine_, soluble in ether, chloroform
+or alcohol, but not in water; a large per cent. of _sapotanic acid_
+and two resins.
+
+The trunk exudes, when incised, a milky resin, closely resembling
+guttapercha and possibly susceptible of the same uses.
+
+Botanical Description.--Trees, about 11° high, with leaves lanceolate,
+keeled, entire, glabrous. Flowers pure white, solitary or by twos,
+terminal, very long peduncles. Calyx, 6 sepals, 3 within the others,
+inferior persistent. Corolla jug-shaped, the border divided into 12
+parts, the 6 smaller ones alternating and within the others. Stamens
+6, inserted near the border of the inner petals and opposite the outer
+circle. Filaments very short. Style long. Stigma obtuse, fruit globose,
+resembling a small pear, russet brown, crowned with the hardened
+style, more than 10 compartments, each containing a seed. Seed oval,
+flattened, joined to a central fleshy axis.
+
+Habitat.--Common all over the Archipelago. Blooms in April.
+
+
+
+_Mimusops Elengi_, L.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Kabiki_, Tag.
+
+Uses.--Its flowers are fragrant and generally well known. The trunk
+bark is astringent, and in decoction is given by mouth for fevers
+and diarrhoea. Locally is used as an injection for blenorrhoea,
+as a gargle for sore throat or relaxed uvula, and a mouth wash to
+harden the gums. Horsfield states that the Javanese use it as a tonic
+and antiperiodic. In India an aqueous distillate is employed as a
+perfume and therapeutically as a stimulant. In Concan they chew the
+green fruit for toothache and to harden relaxed gums. The decoction
+of the green fruit serves the same purpose and besides is used to
+wash wounds and ulcers.
+
+Botanical Description.--A large ornamental tree with leaves alternate,
+oblong, coriaceous, green. Flowers small, straw-colored, star-shaped,
+very fragrant. Calyx, 8 sepals. Corolla gamopetalous, 16 oblong,
+lanceolate divisions. Stamens 8, free, short, alternating with 8
+petaloid, conical, pubescent staminodia. Ovary free, many ovules. Fruit
+fleshy, oval, smooth, yellow when ripe, with one or several locules
+according to the number of matured seeds. Seeds solitary, oblong,
+flattened.
+
+Habitat.--Cultivated in the gardens.
+
+
+
+
+OLEACEÆ.
+
+Olive Family.
+
+
+
+_Jasminum Sambac_, Aiton. (_Nyctanthes Sambac_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Sampaga_, Tag.; _Sampaguitas_, Sp.-Fil.; _Arabian
+Jasmin_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--The flower is the most popular and beloved of any in the
+Philippines (and is commonly referred to as the national flower). In
+decoction it is used as an eye-wash in catarrhal conjunctivitis. In
+India the flowers and the leaves have a merited reputation as
+a lactifuge; 2 handfuls of flowers bruised and applied without
+moistening, once or twice a day, sometimes checks the secretion of
+the milk within 24 hours, but generally 2 or 3 days are required for
+a complete effect.
+
+Botanical Description.--Stems scarcely climbing, flattened,
+pubescent. Leaves opposite, cordate base, lanceolate-ovate,
+entire, glabrous. Flowers in small, close clusters, white,
+fragrant. Calyx-teeth 8-9, long and awl-shaped. Corolla, long tube,
+7-8 rounded lobes. Stamens 2. Style 1. Stigma cleft in 2 laminæ.
+
+
+
+
+APOCYNACEÆ.
+
+Dogbane Family.
+
+
+
+_Allamanda cathartica_, L.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--Not known.
+
+Uses.--As this plant has no common name in the Philippines it is most
+probable that the natives do not use it. The Portuguese introduced
+it into India from Brazil. A decoction of the leaves is purgative
+and is used in lead colic. The milky juice of the plant is emetic and
+cathartic in large doses, but simply laxative when given in doses of
+8 or 10 drops. On account of its possible violent cathartic action
+great prudence should be exercised in prescribing it.
+
+Botanical Description.--A twining shrub with leaves in fours, bright
+green, oblong, covered with rough hairs. Flowers in compound spikes,
+yellow. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla 5-lobed, funnel-form. Stamens 5,
+inserted in throat of corolla, which above them is closed by a crown of
+hairs. Ovary 1-celled with 2 many-ovuled placentæ. Style cylindrical,
+terminating in a bilobulate cone. Capsule globular, about the size
+of a pea, black, coriaceous, thorny, bivalvate. Seeds numerous,
+each encircled by a broad membranous wing.
+
+Habitat.--In Calauang and other parts of Luzon and Panay.
+
+
+
+_Thevetia nerifolia_, Suss. (_Cerbera Thevetia_, L. and Blanco)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Campanelo_, Sp.-Fil.; _Exile or Yellow Oleander_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--This shrub is very common in gardens, well known by its pretty
+yellow, bell-shaped flowers. The trunk bark possesses antiperiodic
+properties first described by Descourtilz and confirmed later by
+Dr. G. Bidie and Dr. J. Short. Both the latter used the tincture
+in 10-15-drop doses 3 times a day. This tincture was prepared by
+macerating for one week in 150 grams of alcohol 30 grams of fresh bark
+finely divided. This preparation operates as an emetic and purgative
+in doses of 30-60 drops. It is evident that the plant possesses very
+active, even poisonous properties and should be employed with great
+caution. The decoction of the bark is given as an emetic and cathartic,
+but very imprudently because there is no means of determining the
+quantity of active principle, shown by chemical analysis to be a
+dangerous product.
+
+The fruit is very bitter and acrid. The seeds yield by expression
+35 to 41% oil (De Vry) and 57% when treated with benzol. It has
+an agreeable odor resembling that of sweet almonds, its density
+is 0.9148 at 25° and it is perfectly clear and transparent at that
+temperature. At 15° it thickens and at 13° solidifies. According to
+Oudemans it consists of 63% triolein and 37% tripalmin and tristearin;
+it is not poisonous. After expression De Vry obtained from the caked
+residue 4% of a crystalline glucoside called by him _thevetin_. Blas,
+of the Academy of Medicine of Belgium, studied it later and described
+it as a white powder of small colorless scales, odorless, very bitter,
+soluble at 14° in 122 parts of water, in alcohol, in crystallizable
+acetic acid, insoluble in ether; formula C_54_H_34_O_24_. Concentrated
+sulphuric acid dissolves it, producing a dark red color that changes to
+cherry red and then after several hours to violet. The color disappears
+if water be added. Boiled in acid solution the glucoside changes to
+a new substance, _theveresin_ (C_48_H_70_O_17_), white, amorphous,
+slightly soluble in boiling water and in alcohol, insoluble in benzine
+or chloroform, soluble in alkalies, very bitter. Both substances are
+energetic narcotic poisons; but the plant contains another even more
+powerful poison isolated by Warden, of Calcutta; it does not form
+crystals, it is very bitter, freely soluble in water, and is turned
+yellow by sulphuric and nitric acids.
+
+Thevetin and theveresin exercise a marked toxic effect on the
+heart. The former induces emetic and cathartic phenomena, trembling and
+progressive weakness. The latter does not cause vomiting or diarrhoea,
+but anæsthesia and rigidity of the limbs. Both poisons arrest the
+heart in systole. Injected hypodermically they are irritant, are
+eliminated by the liver, but are not found in the urine.
+
+Botanical Description.--A shrub, about 10° high, with leaves
+nearly sessile, somewhat bunched at the ends of the branches and
+overlapping, lanceolate, entire, glabrous. Flowers about 2' long. Calyx
+5-toothed. Corolla straw-colored, cylindrical, very narrow below,
+but the limb very large, spreading into 5 lobes with greenish,
+superimposed borders. Stamens 5, inserted in the throat, anthers
+lanceolate. Ovaries 2, united at base, free above, unilocular. Style
+simple, enlarging at the base in a bilobed stigma. Fruit a fleshy
+drupe resembling somewhat a small apple, the pit very hard, semilunar,
+flattened, with 4 compartments and as many solitary seeds.
+
+Habitat.--Common in all gardens and on the seashore.
+
+
+
+_Cerbera Odallam_, Gaertn. (_C. manghas_, Bl. & Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Toktok-kaló_, Tag.
+
+Uses.--The milky juice of the plant is emetic and purgative. The
+chemist De Vry has isolated from it a poisonous alkaloid analogous to
+"thevetin," which has just been considered. The seeds are likewise
+emetic and toxic. The Javanese call the fruit "bimaro" and affirm
+that it possesses the same properties as "datura." The bruised leaves
+are used locally for hepatic eruptions; the bark is used for the same
+purpose and is purgative.
+
+The use of the plant is dangerous and is condemned by the Pharmacopoeia
+of India.
+
+Botanical Description.--A small shrub with forked branches. Leaves
+(overlapping) at ends of branches, lanceolate, entire,
+glabrous. Flowers in umbellate spikes. Calyx, 5 caducous
+lobules. Corolla white, twisted, cylindrical, with salver-shaped limb
+divided in 5 rhomboid lobes, throat stellate and woolly. Stamens
+5. Filaments joined to the corolla, their ends thickened. Anthers
+arrow-shaped. Ovary, 2 uniovulate locules. Style, same length as
+stamens. Stigma thick, conical, lobulate. Two drupes joined at the
+base (one usually aborted), brown, large, oval, fleshy, with woody
+fibrous nut of a single flattened seed.
+
+Habitat.--Luzon. Blooms in July.
+
+
+
+_Plumeria acutifolia_, Poir. (_P. alba_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Calachuche_, Sp.-Fil.; _Kalatsutsi_, _Kalasusi_, Tag.
+
+Uses.--This tree, beloved for its fragrant flowers, has a wide
+therapeutic use in India and the Philippines. The bark is a bitter
+hydragogue cathartic and is given in decoction (5-10 grams to
+200 water) principally for dropsy; however the milky juice of the
+trunk is preferable for this purpose, given in emulsion in doses of
+0.50-0.80 grams. The bark and the tips of the branches are given as
+an emmenagogue.
+
+The bark of the root and of the trunk is an excellent remedy for
+blenorrhagia. The fresh bark is thoroughly comminuted and mixed
+with sweetened water in the proportion of 60 grams to 4 liters;
+this mixture is put in the sun for 4 days, and shaken from time to
+time. It is then strained and given in doses of 4-5 glassfuls a day,
+at the same time with refreshing and emollient drinks, and prolonged
+tepid baths. At first this preparation exerts a purgative action, but
+later acts upon the urinary organs, rapidly lessening the suppurative
+process in urethritis. The bark may also be associated with wine or
+beer, in the proportion of 30 grains to the liter, the dose being
+2-4 small cupfuls a day and Dr. Grosourdy employs the extract of the
+bark in doses aggregating 0.20-0.25 gram a day, gradually increased
+till at the end of a week 6 grams are taken daily (Dr. J. Amadeo).
+
+The bruised leaves are applied locally to contusions to reduce the
+swelling. The juice is used externally as a rubefacient in rheumatic
+affections of the joints. In Concan they use a decoction of the root
+for diarrhoea. The flower buds are chewed with _buyo_, for intermittent
+fever and the juice is applied locally for itch.
+
+Peckolt and Geuther isolated from the bark the glucoside, _agoniadin_
+(C_10_H_14_O_6_), which crystallizes in silky crystals fusible at
+155°, slightly soluble in water, alcohol, bisulphuret of carbon,
+ether and benzine; soluble in nitric or sulphuric acids. In solution
+it is a golden yellow soon changing to green. Boiled in a dilute acid
+it splits into glucose and an undetermined substance. Oudeman obtained
+_plumieric_ acid (C_10_H_10_O_5_) from the milky juice deprived of its
+resin; the acid exists as microscopic, needle-like crystals, soluble
+in boiling water, alcohol and ether. It melts and decomposes at 130°.
+
+Botanical Description.--A tree, 12-18° high, commonly cultivated
+for ornament, well known in the islands, almost constantly bearing
+fragrant flowers, but rarely bearing fruit. Branches forked and
+peculiarly stumpy at the ends. Leaves alternate, broad lanceolate,
+entire, glabrous, the apices curved downward. Petioles short. Flowers
+creamy white, light yellow in the throat. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla
+twisted, funnel-form, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, hidden in depths of the
+tube. Anthers dart- or arrow-formed. Style very short, thickened
+above. Stigma 2-parted. Two horizontal, cylindrical and long follicles
+joined at their bases, with numerous seeds in hollow receptacles,
+each seed encircled by a wing.
+
+
+
+_Alstonia scholaris_, Br. (_Echites scholaris_, L. and Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Dita_, Tag.; _Dallopawen_, Iloc.; _Dita_ or _Alstonia
+Tree_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--The trunk bark is a febrifuge of great importance; it is
+official in the Pharmacopoeia of India and is widely used in the
+Philippines. Personally I have had occasion to use it in several
+cases of malarial fever in the town of San Mateo near Manila. It is
+astringent, anthelmintic and antiperiodic, highly useful in chronic
+diarrhoea and dysentery, not only for its astringent effects but for
+its tonic and restorative action. As a tonic it gives as good results
+as quinine. The dry powdered bark is given internally in wafers of
+20-30 centigrams. The infusion is prepared from 15 grams of the dry
+comminuted bark to 300 of water. The dose is 30-60 grams 2 or 3 times
+a day.
+
+Another convenient preparation is the tincture, 75 grams of the
+powdered bark macerated 7 days in 500 grams of alcohol, shaking from
+time to time. It is then filtered and enough alcohol added to make
+up the 500 cc. The dose is 4-8 grams a day.
+
+I have often used the following wine as a tonic for convalescents
+and patients suffering from general debility: Finely powdered bark,
+25 grams, muscatel or dry sherry one bottle; macerate a week, shaking
+every day, and filter; dose 1/2 wineglass with equal parts water a
+few minutes before each meal; children or very weak patients should
+take it after eating; it should always be diluted.
+
+G. Grupe, a Manila pharmacist, treating the bark in 1883 by the
+same process as that used in the preparation of quinine, obtained a
+bitter substance which he named _Ditaine_. According to Grupe Dr. Pina
+used this substance with great success in the treatment of malarial
+fevers, but neither Grupe's report nor Pina's experiment are of any
+scientific value, inasmuch as they have neglected to mention the doses
+in which the so-called alkaloid was employed. Later analyses by Hesse
+and Jobst revealed several principles: two alkaloids _ditamine_
+(C_16_H_19_NO_2_), soluble in ether; _Ditaine_ or _Echitamine_
+(C_22_H_28_NO_4_ + H_2_O) insoluble in ether, soluble in water;
+acetic acid and two amorphous substances dextrogyrous in ethereal
+solution, one of them a resin, _Echicauchina_ (C_25_H_40_O_2_),
+the other neutral, _Echiretin_ (C_35_H_56_O_2_); two crystallizable
+principles, dextrogyrous: _Echicerin_ (C_30_H_48_O_2_), _Echitein_
+(C_42_H_70_O_2_) and _Echitin_ (C_32_H_52_O_2_).
+
+_Ditaine_ is employed under the same circumstances and in the same
+dose as quinine. (The Hindoo writer, K. L. Dey, states that the plant
+yields an inferior quality of gutta-percha.)
+
+Botanical Description.--A tree, 50 or more feet high, the trunk
+covered with small eminences resembling the scars of thorns. Branches
+radiating. Leaves radiating, 5, 6 or more, somewhat elliptical in form,
+pointed at the apex. Petioles very short, with a pointed glandule on
+the inner surface of the base. Flowers white, terminal, in umbellate
+racemes. Calyx very short, 5-toothed. Corolla twisted, tubular,
+the limb 5-lobuled; throat open, encircled with down. Stamens 5,
+hidden within the throat and inserted on the tube. Filaments almost
+wanting. Anthers arrow-shaped. Style as long as the stamens, somewhat
+flattened, a scarcely visible line throughout its length. Stigma
+bifid, placed above a cylindrical zone, two follicles, 1° long and 1''
+thick, twisted like a string, containing the seeds in a row. Seeds
+cylindrical with a hairy awn at both ends.
+
+Habitat.--In the forests of Luzon, especially in Batangas. Blooms
+in April.
+
+
+
+_Nerium odorum_, Aiton. (_N. oleander_, L. and Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Adelfa_, Sp.; _Baladri_, Tag.; _Sweet-scented Oleander_,
+Eng.
+
+Uses.--In the Philippines and in Spain this plant is well known to
+be poisonous. The bark and the leaves of both the red-flowered and
+white-flowered varieties are boiled in cocoanut oil and the product
+is used for inunction in itch and other skin diseases. The bruised
+root is a useful application for chancroids.
+
+We have stated that the plant is poisonous, and indeed it is actively
+so in the tropics. It is now recognized as an energetic cardiac poison,
+comparable with strophanthus, destined to play an important part in
+therapeutics. Dr. Pouloux has made a study of the hydro-alcoholic
+extract of oleander and reports that it exerts a marked effect on the
+heart of frogs and rabbits, arresting them in systole. Where there
+is asystolia, such as we encounter in Bright's disease, without
+compensation, it stimulates the heart and increases the urine in
+the same manner as digitalis. No contraindications to its use are
+as yet known. It occasions no disagreeable symptoms and may be used
+many days consecutively provided that the daily dose does not exceed
+10-15 centigrams.
+
+The poisonous properties of the plant reside in two alkaloids
+isolated by Lukowsky from the leaves: _oleandrine_, extremely toxic
+and _pseudo-curarine_, as its name indicates, resembling curare in
+its action. Oleandrin is yellow, semicrystalline, soluble in water,
+alcohol, ether, chloroform and olive oil; fusible at 70-75° and
+changing to a greenish oil. With HCl it forms a crystalline salt. It
+is a violent irritant of the mucous membranes and given internally it
+causes emesis, diarrhoea, tetanic convulsions and death. It arrests
+the cardiac movements in doses of 25 milligrams.
+
+Loiseleur-Deslongchamps experimented with the drug on his own person,
+using a solution of 30 grams of the extract in 120 grams of wine. He
+began by taking three drops of this preparation four times a day,
+adding a drop to each dose every day, so that at the end of 12 days he
+was taking 48 drops between 6 a. m. and 9 p. m. He reached a maximum
+of 64 drops a day but was forced to abandon his experiment at that
+point on account of the unpleasant symptoms induced--loss of appetite,
+great weakness and muscular pains. His deduction was that the plant
+contained a "destructive and irritant principle." The experiment is
+of interest as demonstrating the maximum dose of the drug.
+
+The active principles of the plant reside principally in the leaves
+and bark, but that they are abundantly present in other parts is
+proved by the death of several soldiers in Corsica from having eaten
+meat roasted on a spit of oleander wood.
+
+Botanical Description.--A small tree, about 6° high. Leaves coriaceous,
+lanceolate, entire, glabrous. Flowers in terminal cymes, rose-color
+or white, single or double. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 15 petals, the
+inner ones larger, disposed in 3 groups of 5. Stamens 10, fixed on
+receptacle; filaments short. Style shorter than stamens. Two follicles,
+sharp-pointed, channeled, containing many imbricated seeds each with
+an awn.
+
+
+
+
+ASCLEPIADACEÆ.
+
+Milkweed Family.
+
+
+
+_Calotrops gigantea_, R. Br. (_Asclepias gigantea_, Willd. and Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Kapal-kapal_, Tag.; _Swallow-Wort_, Eng.; _Mudar_,
+Indo-Eng.
+
+Uses.--This plant is official in the Pharmacopoeia of India as
+an alterative, tonic, diaphoretic and emetic. J. J. Durant, having
+observed that the natives used it for dysentery, experimented with it
+quite successfully in that disease. For adults he gradually raised
+the dose from 1.10 to 4 grams, preferring smaller doses, however,
+for mild cases. To children he prescribed 5-10 centigrams for each
+year of age, 3 or 4 times a day. He remarked that the effects produced
+were identical with those of ipecac administered in Brazilian fashion.
+
+The part of the plant used is the dry root powdered. The usual dose
+is 15-50 centigrams 3 times a day, gradually increased; as an emetic
+2-4 grams.
+
+The milky juice that escapes from the stem on the slightest abrasion
+is a drastic purgative, given commonly in dropsy, lumbricoids,
+etc. Pledgets of cotton impregnated with the juice and packed in
+the cavities of carious teeth, relieve toothache. It is applied
+locally for various skin diseases, including syphilitic ulcers,
+and as a depilatory.
+
+Some races of India, such as the Rajputs of the districts of Allahab
+and of Khangor, use this milk-juice to poison their female infants whom
+they are accustomed to regard as a vexatious burden. Therapeutically
+they use it with honey, locally for sore throat.
+
+The dry and powdered juice has been used in small doses as an
+alterative in the treatment of tuberculous leprosy, but it has not
+given results any better than many other drugs. In syphilis and
+mercurial cachexia its results are less doubtful.
+
+In 1881 Dr. Riddell obtained a sort of gutta-percha from the juice,
+previously observed by Professor Redwood.
+
+Mooden Sheriff states that the most active parts of the plant are the
+root bark and the dried juice. He adds that the action of the juice is
+irregular and even dangerous, and that the bark is active in direct
+proportion to its age. He recommends that the inert tuberous layer
+of the bark be removed; prepared thus and powdered it is emetic in
+doses of 2.50-3 grams.
+
+Duncan claims to have isolated from the bark an active principle
+which he called _mudarin_ from "mudar," the Indian name of the
+plant. Following the same process Flückiger was unable to obtain
+the substance, but did isolate 1 1/2% of an acrid resin, soluble in
+ether and in alcohol; a mucilage and a bitter principle decolorized by
+chloroform and ether. It is probable that this is the active principle
+of the "Calotropis gigantea."
+
+Warden and Waddell in 1881 isolated a substance crystallizable in
+nodular masses, with the formula C_17_H_28_O, analogous to the _albana_
+of gutta-percha.
+
+Botanical Description.--A small tree, 7-8° high, with straight stem,
+branched and woody. Leaves sessile, opposite, cleft at the base,
+oval, fleshy and woolly. Flowers lateral in simple umbels of 3 or
+more flowerets. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla monopetalous, 5 acute lobes,
+white, of rare and beautiful form. Nectaries 5, united throughout
+their length with the receptacle, their bases curved like the sides
+of the fleur de lis.
+
+Above the nectaries is a 5-angled crown, the extremity of the
+receptacle; in each angle a black anther. Two large follicles narrowed
+at the ends, woolly, the apex somewhat curved to one side, containing
+many imbricated seeds, each with a tuft of long hairs.
+
+Habitat.--Bauang, Taal and the volcanic island of Taal. Blossoms
+in April.
+
+
+
+_Tylophora asthmatica_, Wight. (_Asclepias asthmatica_, Roxb.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--(?)
+
+Uses.--We are ignorant of the uses the Filipinos make of this plant. It
+is official in the Pharmacopoeia of India, the dry powdered leaf
+being the part employed, and its emetic, diaphoretic and expectorant
+properties are well known in that country. Roxburgh has used the
+root as an emetic and Anderson has employed it in the same manner as
+ipecac in dysentery. Later the experience of Anderson was confirmed
+by O'Shaughnessy; though in place of the root he used the leaf,
+the properties of which he regards as more certain and uniform.
+
+Dr. J. Kirkpatrick has noted that the juice of the root and its
+powder are used by the natives of Mysore as an emetic, and adds that
+he himself has used it for that purpose in a thousand cases with good
+results. In its effect on dysentery as well as in its emetic effect it
+resembles ipecacuanha. He used the powder in doses of 1.20-1.80 gr.,
+to which he added 3-6 centigrams of tartar emetic when he desired
+to obtain an energetic emetic action. Like O'Shaughnessy he prefers
+the powdered leaves. He considers it a good substitute for ipecac,
+not only as an emetic, but as a remedy in asthma, dysentery and
+catarrhal affections; Drs. Oswald and Mooden Sheriff have made the
+same observations. The latter advises the administration of the juice
+of the plant for snake bites till vomiting is produced; then follow
+with diffusible stimulants.
+
+The emetic dose of the powdered leaves is 1.20-1.80 grams, the
+expectorant and diaphoretic dose 10-30 centigrams. The concentrated
+infusion of the leaves has an acrid taste. Tannic acid, the neutral
+acetate of lead and caustic potash produce with it an abundant
+precipitate; the perchloride of iron colors it a dark green. Broughton,
+of Ootaemund (India), informed Hanbury and Flückiger, from whom we
+quote, that in 1872 he obtained a very small quantity of crystals from
+a large quantity of leaves. He had not enough to make an analysis,
+but injected a solution of the crystals into a dog with resulting
+vomiting and diarrhoea.
+
+Botanical Description.--A vigorous plant with scandent stem 2-4 meters
+long, the more recent growth woolly. Leaves opposite, entire, 5-12
+centimeters long and 2-6 broad, oval or rounded. Petiole striated and
+short. Flowers in umbelliferous cymes, compound, axillary, solitary and
+alternate, with woolly peduncles; hermaphrodite, regular, small, of a
+pale green color inside and a light purple outside. Calyx gamosepalous,
+with 5 lobules. Corolla gamopetalous, 5 oval, twisted lobules. Staminal
+crown composed of 5 fleshy scales, joined to the staminal tube. Stamens
+5, inserted on the throat of the corolla, filaments joined to form
+a very short tube with anthers straight, short and crowned by a
+membranous bilocular appendix. The gynoecium consists of 2 unilocular
+ovaries each containing an indefinite number of ovules. Style with a
+pentagonal stigma which bears in each angle a glandular body. Fruits
+compound with two separate follicles, large, lanceolate, smooth,
+8-10 centimeters long and 5 in circumference. Each encloses a seed,
+hairy, albuminous with straight embryo and flattened cotyledons.
+
+Habitat.--Mountains of San Mateo.
+
+
+
+
+LOGANIACEÆ.
+
+Logania Family.
+
+
+
+_Strychnos Ignatii_, Berg. (_S. Philippensis_, Blanco; _Ignatia amara_,
+L.; _Ignatia Philippinea_, Lour.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Pepita Fruta_, Sp.-Fil.; _Pepita sa katbalongan_,
+_Kabalongan_, Tag., Pam.; _Pangaguason_, _Aguason_, _Kanlara_,
+_Mananaog_, _Dankagi_, _Katalonga_, _Igasud_, Vis.; _St. Ignatius
+Bean_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--The part of the plant employed is the seed, known in addition
+to the above common names as Pepita de San Ignacio and Pepita de
+Cabalonga (for _katbolongan_). The natives handle it with the greatest
+imprudence, selling everywhere in the markets and in the Chinese
+shops, called _tindang-bayang_. It is not only a remedy among them,
+but a sort of panacea, to which they attribute, among other virtues,
+that of expelling evil spirits, simply worn about the neck. They grate
+it with a piece of earthen pot, mix with a little "tuba" vinegar and
+apply it to the temples for headache. In bites of poisonous animals
+they advise the application of the powdered seed over the wound, a
+treatment which instead of being beneficent might easily be harmful
+to the patient. Before proceeding further, let us give the chemical
+composition of the seeds in order that their uses may be the better
+understood.
+
+_Strychnine_ is found in them in the proportion of 1/2-1 1/2 and
+_brucine_ 1/2%-1.4%. Flückiger and Hanbury by drying it over sulphuric
+acid and burning it with "cal sòdica" obtained 1.78% of nitrogen which
+represents 10% of albuminoid material. Strychnine and brucine exist
+in combination with igasuric acid discovered by Ludwig in 1873. The
+proportion of both the alkaloids is greater than in the seeds of nux
+vomica which contain only .25-.50% strychnine and .12-.05% brucin,
+although some authors give it as high as 1.01%. Strychnine can be
+obtained more readily and in larger proportions from St. Ignatius bean,
+but it is generally obtained from nux vomica seeds on account of the
+cheapness of the latter.
+
+It is more energetic than nux vomica and its use in medicine should
+be condemned, preference, however, being given to the official
+preparations among which the best known is that commonly called
+"Bitter Drops of Beaumé," of which the following is the composition:
+
+
+        Grated St. Ignatius' beans      500  grams.
+        Potassium carbonate               5 grams.
+        Soot (?)                          1 gram.
+        60% alcohol                   1,000 grams.
+
+
+Macerate for 10 days, strain, express and filter. Dose, 1-16 drops
+in a little water or wine before each meal, for dyspepsia, anæmia,
+convalescence from fevers, and other conditions in which a tonic is
+indicated. The indications for the use of this drug are the same as
+those for nux vomica, keeping in mind the difference in dose.
+
+Botanical Description.--This plant grows in the deep forests of Samar
+and Masbate. That industrious and distinguished botanist, D. Regino
+García, found it growing abundantly in Paranas, Island of Samar. It is
+a robust vine, the trunk sometimes as thick as a man's thigh, climbing
+to the tops of the highest trees, apparently without preference as
+to its host, inasmuch as he saw it growing indifferently on _Ficus_,
+_Dipterocarpus_, _Litsaca_, etc. The seed which most interests us and
+is very common, is about the size of an olive, round and convex on one
+side, angulose and flattened on the other by being compressed with
+many others within the fruit which contains 50 of them. Its surface
+is blackish with a gray-blue tinge. It is hard and corneous. Its
+taste is extremely bitter.
+
+Branches opposite, smooth, the ends square. Leaves opposite,
+oval, much pointed at the apex, entire, glabrous, with 3
+prominent nerves. Petioles very short. Flowers in panicles of many
+flowerets. Calyx inferior, 5-cleft, very short. Corolla 6-7 times
+longer than the calyx, funnel-form, 5-lobed. Anthers 5, sessile, fixed
+in the throat of the corolla. Ovary very small. Style filiform, same
+length as the stamens. Stigma truncate and thick. Drupe globose, often
+oval, large, smooth, with thick, woody shell of a single compartment
+containing seeds as described above.
+
+
+
+
+BORAGINACEÆ.
+
+Borage Family.
+
+
+
+_Ehretia buxifolia_, Roxb. (_Carmonea heterophylla_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Mangit_, _Alangitngit_, Tag., Vis.
+
+Uses.--The leaves dried in the shade are used in some Visayan
+towns, in infusion to take the place of tea. The root is used by
+the Hindoo physicians as an alterative. Dr. R. Ross has employed
+it for that purpose in a decoction of 60 grams to 500 cc. of water;
+60 cc. a day of this preparation gave him good results in secondary
+and constitutional syphilis. The Mohammedans of India consider the
+root an antidote for vegetable poisons.
+
+Botanical Description.--Small tree, 5-6° high, trunk straight. Leaves
+alternate or bunched in 3's or 4's at the nodes, lanceolate or
+spatulate, 3-toothed at apex, sometimes serrate toward the apex,
+set with short, stiff hairs. Petioles very short. Flowers axillary,
+in racemose panicles of a few flowers each. Common peduncle long,
+pedicel short. Calyx free, bell-shaped, persistent, divided almost
+to base into 5 narrow, downy parts. Corolla bell-shaped, 5 oval
+lobules. Stamens 5. Ovary oval, within the flower. Style bifid. Stigmas
+simple, truncate. Drupe globose, with hard, slightly furrowed putamen
+of 6 locules and solitary seeds.
+
+Habitat.--Malinta and many other parts of the Visayas. Blooms in
+January.
+
+
+
+
+CONVOLVULACEÆ.
+
+Convolvulus Family.
+
+
+
+_Ipomoea hederacea_, Jacq. (_I. nil_, Roth.; _Convolvulus nil_,
+L. and Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Bulakan_, Tag.; _Kala-Danah_, Indo-Eng.
+
+Uses.--This plant is not used as a medicine by the Filipinos, but
+is official in the Pharmacopoeia of India from which we copy its
+indications and official preparations.
+
+The seed is the part employed, its cathartic properties being much
+like those of jalap, though less energetic. An excellent substitute
+for the latter is 2 or 3 grams of _kala-danah_ seeds in powder form,
+and no unpleasant effects attend its operation.
+
+The official preparations are:
+
+Extract of Kaladana.--Dose, 30-60 centigrams in pill.
+
+
+        Powdered seeds              500 grams.
+        Alcohol                       2 liters.
+        Water                         4 1/2 liters.
+
+
+Tincture of Kaladana.--Dose, 8-12 grams.
+
+
+        Seeds                        75 grams.
+        Alcohol                     500 grams.
+
+
+Compound Powder of Kaladana.--Dose, 3-3 1/2 grams.
+
+
+        Powdered seeds              150 grams.
+        Acid tartrate of potassium  270 grams.
+        Powdered ginger              30 grams.
+
+
+The last is an excellent substitute for the corresponding preparation
+of jalap.
+
+Resin of Kaladana.--Dose, 30-50 centigrams. It is prepared like resin
+of jalap and is a safe and sure purgative. In mass it has a dark color,
+but is gray when powdered. The odor is rather unpleasant, the taste
+sweetish and then acrid, nauseous, persistent, exciting the saliva and
+irritating the fauces. It was introduced into practice by Dr. G. Vidie.
+
+Botanical Description.--A twiner with round, downy stem. Leaves
+heart-shaped, 3-lobed, the middle one broad-lanceolate, the lateral
+ones rather rectangular with petioles of equal length with the
+leaves. Flowers large, rose color or pale blue, in axillary cymes of
+2 or 3 flowers each. Calyx, 5 long, downy parts. Corolla bell-shaped,
+5 faint lobes. Stamens 5, free, inserted in the corolla. Ovary free,
+3 biovulate locules. Style simple. Stigma trilobed. Seed vessels
+globose with 3 locules each containing 2 seeds. Seeds convex on dorsum,
+1/2 cm. broad by 1 cm. long, testa black.
+
+Habitat.--Manila. Blooms in August.
+
+
+
+_Ipomoea pes-capræ_, Roth. (_Convolvulus pes-capræ_ L. and Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Katagkatag_, _Lagayray_, _Lampayog_, _Bagasoa_, _Kamigag_,
+_Daripay_, _Tagaray_, _Arodayday_, _Lambayog_, Tag., Vis.; _Lambayog_,
+Iloc.
+
+Uses.--The dry, powdered leaves are dusted over bruises and ulcers. The
+entire plant is very mucilaginous and the bruised fresh leaves are
+applied like poultices to cancers and ulcerating tumors. In India
+the boiled leaves are applied locally in colic and in rheumatism;
+the juice is given internally in dropsy as a diuretic, the pounded
+leaves at the same time serving as a poultice to the oedematous parts.
+
+Botanical Description.--A plant that creeps extensively, the stem
+taking root. Leaves with 2 well-marked lobules. Flowers rose-lilac
+color, in axillary panicles with long pedicels. Corolla very large,
+bell-shaped, the limb 5-angled and 5-nerved. Stamens 5, unequal in
+height. Stigma globose, marked by a line; later it divides in two. Seed
+vessel ovate, 2-celled, in each cell 2 downy seeds convex on one side,
+angular on the other.
+
+Habitat.--Very common on the seashore. Blooms in January.
+
+
+
+_Ipomoea Turpethum_, R. Br. (_Convolvulus Turpethum_, L.;
+_C. maximus_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Albohol_, Sp.; _Turpeth Root_, _Indian Jalap_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--The root, known in the Philippines as "turbita," is a purgative
+and is a component part of the tincture of jalap, one of the most
+positive and active of known cathartics. But turpeth root is seldom
+used alone, for its action is so uncertain that Sir W. O'Shaughnessy
+pronounced the plant unworthy of a place in the Pharmacopoeia of
+India. The dose of the powder is 1-4 grams, the resin 40-50 cgms.,
+the decoction of the root 4-12 grams. The active principle is a resin
+soluble in ether and a glucoside, _turpethin_, C_34_H_56_O_16_.
+
+In the east of India they make offerings of the flowers to the god
+Shiva, and also put them to more practical use by applying them to
+the head for neuralgic headache.
+
+Botanical Description.--A vine with quadrangular stem. Leaves
+heart-shaped. Flowers axillary, numerous, in umbels. Calyx deeply
+cleft in 5 imbricated, ovate, fleshy parts. Corolla bell-shaped,
+folded. Stamens 5, unequal in height. Ovary inserted on an
+hypogynous disk, with 2 biovulate compartments. Style same length as
+stamens. Stigma bilobulate, globose. Seed vessel square, encircled
+by calyx, 2 locules each with 2 seeds.
+
+Habitat.--Common in Bauang and Pasig. Blooms in November.
+
+
+
+
+SOLANACEÆ.
+
+Nightshade Family.
+
+
+
+_Solanum nigrum_, L.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Hierba mora_, Sp.; _Konty_, _Onty_, _Gamagamatisan_,
+Tag.; _Lagpakon_, _Bolagtob_, _Lubilubi_, Vis.; _Kuty_, _Lubilubi_,
+Bic.; _Black_ or _Common Nightshade_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--In the Philippines the entire plant is boiled and used for
+food, with the precaution of pouring off the first 2 or 3 waters
+in which it is cooked, which contain an active principle capable of
+causing such disagreeable symptoms as vertigo and nausea. A decoction
+of the leaves serves to cleanse chronic sores and in fact improves
+their condition; it is also used as a lotion for various forms of
+dermatitis, for erysipelas and old burns.
+
+The plant is narcotic, antispasmodic and like belladonna it dilates
+the pupil.
+
+In India the decoction is given internally, 200-250 grams, for
+hypertrophy of the liver, and it is considered a good diuretic and
+alterative. For such uses they heat the above dose in a clay vessel
+till the color changes from green to brown, when it is cooled and given
+next day. Its action is diuretic and hydragogue-cathartic. Mooden
+Sheriff recommends this treatment highly, and for dropsy further
+advises the aqueous extract, 12 grams during the day divided into 3 or
+4 doses. Small doses of 30-60 grams of the decoction prepared as above
+described, are of use in some chronic skin diseases such as psoriasis.
+
+In 1821 Defosses, of Besançon, obtained _solanine_ from the fruit,
+previously isolated from the _S. Dulcamara_.
+
+Botanical Description.--A plant about 2° high, stem straight,
+3-4-angled, with white dots. Leaves lanceolate. Flowers white,
+in 2-ranked racemes. Calyx inferior, 5 persistent teeth. Corolla,
+5 petals somewhat down-curved. Berry small, black when ripe.
+
+Habitat.--Universally common. Blooms in January.
+
+
+
+_Capsicum fastigiatum_, Bl. (_C. minimum_, Roxb.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Chili picante_, Sp.-Fil.; _Sili_, Tag.; _Capsicum_,
+_Red Pepper_, etc., Eng.
+
+Uses.--The fruit of this species of pepper plant is called _agí_
+in Cuba and Porto Rico; it is in common use as a condiment in the
+Philippines. As a tonic and stimulant it is a useful article of food
+in hot countries where the digestive functions become sluggish. Used
+in moderation it prevents dyspepsia and consequent diarrhoea. It is
+used as a gargle for hoarseness, decreasing the congestion of the
+larynx and vocal cords.
+
+Gargle.--
+
+
+        Tincture of capsicum      8 grams.
+        Water                   160 grams.
+
+
+Mix.
+
+
+Recently capsicum in powder, extract, or tincture, has been recommended
+internally in the treatment of incipient hemorrhoids. The dose is
+.50 to 3 grams of the powder in pills or capsules; watery extract,
+0.30-0.60; tincture, 10-30 drops.
+
+The _C. annuum_, L., and other varieties of red pepper serve the same
+uses as the above.
+
+Botanical Description.--Stem 4-angled. Leaves opposite,
+ovate-lanceolate, entire. Petioles short. Flowers greenish-white
+in little clusters, drooping. Corolla wheel-shaped. Fruit straight,
+conical, slender, scarcely 1' long.
+
+Habitat.--Universally common in the islands. Blooms at all times.
+
+
+
+_Datura alba_, Nees. (_D. Metel_, Roxb. and Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Talamponay_, Tag., Pam.; _Takbibung_, Vis.; _Dhatura_,
+Indo-Eng.
+
+Uses.--The applications of this species are identical with those of
+_D. Stramonium_ and it is official in the Pharmacopoeia of India. It
+is antispasmodic, narcotic and toxic, and is used quite commonly with
+criminal intent in India and Indo-China. The cooked and bruised leaves
+make an efficient poultice in articular rheumatism.
+
+The symptoms of poisoning by "dhatura" are: dilatation of the pupil,
+general malaise, dryness of the fauces and skin, hallucinations,
+rapid pulse, coma and death or permanent mania.
+
+The dry leaf is smoked to abort asthma, and though its action is
+uncertain, it is one of the many remedies that should be tried,
+which though ineffective in one case may in another afford positive
+relief in this distressing disease. Not more than 1.50 grams should
+be smoked in one day and their use should be discontinued if any
+symptom of intoxication supervenes. The Pharmacopoeia of India
+contains a tincture made from 75 grams of the ground seeds and 500
+grams of alcohol. Dr. Waring states that 20 drops of this tincture
+are equivalent to 6 centigrams of opium and that in some cases it has
+given him better narcotic results than the opium. The extract is made
+from 500 grams of the powdered seeds, 500 cc. ether, 500 cc. alcohol
+and 500 cc. water. Dose, 5-20 centigrams a day in 4 doses.
+
+The _D. fastuosa_, L., known in Manila by the common name of
+_Talamponay na itim_, Tag., possesses the same properties as the
+above. The Filipino physician, Sr. Zamora, successfully employed
+a poultice of bruised leaves cooked in vinegar and applied to the
+forehead and backs of the hands to reduce the fever of tuberculous
+patients.
+
+Neither the leaves nor seeds of these two varieties of _Datura_ have
+been studied from a chemical standpoint, but there is little doubt
+that the active principle is the _daturine_ (atropine and hyoscyamine)
+that exists so abundantly in _D. Stramonium_.
+
+Botanical Description.--Plant 5-6° high, with nodose branches,
+forked. Leaves ovate, angled, somewhat downy. Flowers large,
+white, axillary, solitary. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla
+funnel-shaped, the limb 5-angled and 5-folded. Stamens 5, same length
+as calyx. Anthers long, flattened. Stigma thick, oblong, divisible in
+2 leaves. Seed vessel globose, thorny, 4-valved over the base of the
+calyx. Seeds numerous, flattened, kidney-shaped. (Resembles closely
+the common Jamestown Weed of America, though much taller with much
+larger flowers.)
+
+Habitat.--Common on the shores of the sea. The _D. fastuosa_ is
+differentiated by its violet flowers and double corolla.
+
+
+
+_Nicotiana Tabacum, L._
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Tabaco_, Sp.; _Tobacco_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--Tobacco is a powerful sedative and antispasmodic, but owing
+to the accidents it may give rise to, its use in therapeutics
+is very limited. Like all the active Solanaceæ it is effective
+against neuralgia and spasm of the muscular tissues and is therefore
+indicated in strangulated hernia and in intestinal obstruction. In
+these conditions the infusion of 1-5 grams of the dried leaf to
+250 grams of water is given by enema. Trousseau advises non-smokers
+who suffer from chronic constipation to smoke a cigarette fasting,
+a practice which, according to him, stimulates defecation. For the
+same condition the people of southern India are accustomed to apply
+a poultice of the bruised leaves to the anal region.
+
+Tobacco has been used by enema to combat tetanus; Dr. Lesth, of
+the General Hospital for Europeans, Bombay, claims to have obtained
+excellent results by applying a poultice over the entire length of
+the spinal column. Dr. Dymock has confirmed this practice.
+
+A decoction of the leaves is used as a lotion to destroy "pediculi
+capitis and pubis," and to wash gangrenous ulcers.
+
+The daily increasing practice of smoking, like all other subjects,
+divides mankind into two camps, one for and one against the habit. Both
+parties exaggerate their arguments. The abuse of the plant without
+doubt sets up disturbances of the digestion, the heart and the
+nervous system. It is furthermore positive that persons of a certain
+disposition and with certain ailments are injured by even a moderate
+use of tobacco. The above facts serve as arms for the opponents of
+the habit; the robust who smoke and drink to excess and meet with
+an accidental death on a railroad or from an acute disease that
+overtakes them in the midst of perfect health, serve as arguments for
+the defenders, to prove the innocence of the custom. The antiseptic
+qualities of the smoke and of the entire plant also lend the smoker
+a defensive argument, as he may uphold the habit as hygienic and
+highly useful in preventing microbic infection. The antiseptic power
+of tobacco smoke is undoubted, but it is intolerable that a physician
+under the pretext of avoiding self infection should enter the house
+of his patient and continue smoking at the bedside.
+
+Chronic nicotine poisoning is the result of a gradual intoxication
+by the absorption of the active principle of tobacco, the alkaloid
+nicotine. Excessive smoking conduces to nicotism, more common in
+Europe than in the tropics, because the natives of Europe smoke the
+pipe and being confined in closed dwellings, breathe continuously an
+atmosphere of smoke; in the Philippines, on the contrary, the pipe is
+almost unknown and owing to the nature of the dwellings the smoking
+is carried on practically in the open air. An injurious practice of
+the Filipino smokers is that of "swallowing the smoke," and this is a
+fitting point to call attention to an error of Dujardin-Beaumetz, who
+states that "in those who habitually swallow the smoke the nicotine
+acts directly upon the stomach." The expression "swallow smoke"
+(tragar el humo) does not mean to force it into the stomach by an
+act of deglutition, and I am sure no one attempts to dispose of it
+in that way; but to inspire or breath it into the air passages. It
+is evident that this latter habit does not involve the stomach, but
+those who practice it expose themselves more to nicotism than those
+who keep the smoke in the mouth or expel it through the nose.
+
+The first cigar causes symptoms familiar to nearly everybody;
+dizziness, malaise, cold sweat, vomiting, diarrhoea, dilatation of
+the pupils and rapid heart action--an acute intoxication. Chronic
+intoxication or nicotism manifests itself by disturbances of digestion,
+vision and especially circulation. It has been assigned as one of the
+causes of early atheroma and of angina pectoris. It should therefore
+be proscribed in persons who present symptoms of gastro-intestinal
+or of heart disease, and in every patient who complains of slight
+precordial pains, commonly attributed to flatus, but in reality
+cardiac neuralgia, a fugitive symptom announcing the possibility of
+that grave accident, angina pectoris, capable of ending the life of
+the patient with one stroke.
+
+Nicotine (C_10_H_14_N_2_) is an oleaginous liquid heavier than
+water, colorless, changing to dark yellow on contact with the
+air. _Nicotianin_ or "camphor of tobacco" is another substance
+found in the leaves, crystalline, tasteless, with an odor resembling
+tobacco. Nicotinic acid is a product of the combustion of nicotine.
+
+Botanical Description.--The tobacco plant is so familiar to all
+Americans that its description here would be superfluous. It grows
+in all parts of the islands, the best qualities being cultivated in
+the northern provinces of Luzon, especially Cagayan and La Isabela.
+
+
+
+
+SCROPHULARIACEÆ.
+
+Figwort Family.
+
+
+
+_Limnophila menthastrum,_ Benth. (_Tala odorata_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Tala_, _Taramhampam_, Tag.; _Talatala_, Pam.; _Taratara_,
+Iloc.
+
+Uses.--An infusion of the leaves is given as a diuretic and digestive
+tonic. The plant is aromatic. It is seldom used, but is given for
+the same troubles and in the same doses as chamomile and _Eupatorium
+Ayapana_.
+
+Botanical Description.--A plant 1° high, with leaves opposite,
+lanceolate, ovate, serrate, hairy, many small pits on the
+lower face. Flowers rose color, solitary, sessile. Calyx, 5 sharp
+teeth. Corolla tubular, curved, compressed, downy within, limb cleft in
+4 unequal lobes. Stamens didynamous. Ovary conical. Style shorter than
+the stamens. Stigma 3-lobuled. Seed vessel, 2 multiovulate chambers.
+
+Habitat.--Known universally. Blooms in June.
+
+
+
+
+BIGNONIACEÆ.
+
+Bignonia Family.
+
+
+
+_Oroxylum Indicum_, Vent. (_Bignonia Indica_, L.; _B. quadripinnata_,
+Blanco; _Colosanthes Indica_, Bl.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Pinkapinkahan_, _Pinkapinka_, _Taghilaw_, _Abangabang_,
+Tag.; _Abangabang_, Vis.
+
+Uses.--The Hindoos consider the trunk bark an astringent and tonic
+and use it commonly in diarrhoea and dysentery. In Bombay it has a
+wide use in veterinary practice as an application for the sore backs
+of the domestic cattle. Sarangadhara recommends for diarrhoea and
+dysentery the infusion of the roasted bark mixed with infusion of
+_Bombax malabaricum_.
+
+Dr. Evers experimented with the powder and an infusion of the bark
+obtaining a strong diaphoretic action. He obtained the same effect
+with baths containing the bark and reported successful results in thus
+treating 24 cases of rheumatism. The dose of the powder was 0.30-1 gram
+a day in 3 doses; the infusion (30 grams bark to 300 boiling water),
+90 grams a day in 3 doses. Combined with opium it had more pronounced
+diaphoretic effects than the compounds of opium and ipecac. The plant
+possesses no febrifuge properties.
+
+Botanical Description.--A tree, 5-6 meters high, trunk straight,
+hollow, the hollow space containing many thin partitions covered with
+small points; branches opposite. Leaves 4 times odd pinnate. Leaflets
+obliquely ovate, acute, entire, glabrous. Flowers in racemes with
+long, primary peduncles, large, fleshy, lurid, violet color, odor
+mawkish. Calyx inferior, cylindrical, monophyllous, entire. Corolla
+much longer than calyx, fleshy, bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, all
+fertile, fixed on the corolla, nearly equal in height. Style longer
+than stamens, flattened. Stigma cleft in 2 flat leaves. Silique or
+pod about 3° long and 2' wide, flattened, borders grooved and curved
+downward, containing a great number of seeds encircled by a broad,
+flat, imbricated wing.
+
+Habitat.--Common in many parts of Luzon, in Mindanao, Cebú and Paragua.
+
+
+
+
+PEDALIACEÆ.
+
+Pedalium Family.
+
+
+
+_Sesamum Indicum_, L.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Ajonjoli_, Sp.; _Lingá_, Tag.; _Longá_, Vis.; _Langis_,
+Pam.; _Sesamé_, Indo-Eng. (_Benné Oil_, _Til Oil_, _Jinjili Oil_.)
+
+Uses.--The leaves are emollient and in the Philippines, India and
+the Southern States of North America they are commonly used to make
+poultices, as a substitute for linseed.
+
+The decoction is prescribed internally as an emmenagogue and demulcent
+and externally as a lotion. It has the reputation of stimulating the
+growth of the hair and is used for this purpose quite commonly by
+the women of India.
+
+The seeds are emollient, laxative, diuretic and emmenagogue; they
+contain an oil to which we shall refer presently. In some countries
+they form an article of diet; in the Philippines they are much
+used as a condiment. Waring reports good results in amenorrhoea,
+adding a handful of the bruised seeds to a hot sitz-bath. Two or
+3 dessert-spoonfuls of the seeds eaten fasting and washed down
+with a glass of water, are very efficient in chronic constipation,
+both by their mechanical effect and the oil they contain; being
+non-irritant they are especially indicated in cases of constipation
+with hemorrhoids.
+
+The seeds contain up to 45% of oil known in the Philippines under the
+name of _lana_, an Ilocano word meaning "oil." It is bright yellow,
+viscid, does not easily become rancid and is used for illuminating
+purposes in some Philippine provinces. In Japan and among the poor
+of India it serves as a food; in the latter country it is also very
+commonly used as a cosmetic, perfumed with various essences and used
+to anoint the hair and the body after the bath. In America it is given
+in place of castor oil in doses of 30-60 grams. In pharmacy it may be
+properly substituted for olive oil, especially in Linimentum Calcis
+prepared for burns.
+
+Botanical Description.--A plant 2-4° high, stem straight, square,
+grooved. Leaves trifoliate. Leaflets lanceolate, serrate, slightly
+downy. Common petiole long; secondary petiole very short. Flowers
+pinkish white, in spikes, each flower bearing 2 small glands. Calyx
+with 2 bracts at the base, top-shaped, monophyllous, 5 lanceolate
+teeth. Corolla large, 5-lobed, bell-shaped, expanded in the middle
+where it is spattered with small spots. Stamens didynamous. Anthers
+long. Ovary downy, quadrangular. Style same length as stamens. Stigma
+bifid. Seed vessel quadrangular, elongated, 4 opposite grooves,
+4 chambers each containing many small ovoid seeds.
+
+Habitat.--Universal. Blooms in October.
+
+
+
+
+ACANTHACEÆ.
+
+Acanthus Family.
+
+
+
+_Acanthus ilicifolius, L._
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Diliwariw_, _Dolo-ariw_, _Tinglog_, _Lagiwlagiw_, Tag.;
+_Titiw_, Vis.; _Dulawari_, Pam.
+
+Uses.--We are not familiar with the medicinal uses of this plant in
+the Philippines, but believe that its sole use is in the soap-making
+industry; the ash of the plant is rich in soda and potash salts and
+lye is prepared from it.
+
+In Goa the leaves, rich in mucilage, are used locally in fomentations
+for rheumatism and neuralgia. Rheede mentions as useful the application
+of the bruised sprouts to snake bites. Bontius attributes expectorant
+properties to the plant. The natives of Siam and Cochin China use it
+as a cordial and as a medicine for paralysis and asthma.
+
+In Concan the sweetened decoction of the plant with a little cumin
+seed is given for dyspepsia with pyrosis.
+
+Botanical Description.--A plant about 3° high, stem straight, beset
+with sharp eminences. Leaves opposite, membranaceous, lanceolate,
+pinnatifid, large teeth ending in prickles. Petioles very short, 2
+thorns at the base. Flowers purplish white in spikes. Calyx double;
+the outer one of 2 parts, the inner 4. Corolla bell-shaped, lower
+lip broad, keeled, fleshy, notched above. Upper lip wanting, a notch
+in its place. Stamens 4, didynamous. Ovary superior, conical. Style
+of equal length with stamens. Stigma bifid. Seed vessels 2-celled,
+each cell with 2 heart-shaped, flattened, rough seeds.
+
+Habitat.--Very common in regions inundated by salt water.
+
+
+
+_Barleria Prionitis, L._ (_Barreliera Prionitis_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Kokongmanok_, _Kulanta_, Tag.
+
+Uses.--This plant is not used medicinally in the Philippines. The
+natives of Bombay are accustomed to use its juice to anoint the soles
+of their feet during the rainy season in order to toughen the skin
+and prevent fissures due to prolonged maceration.
+
+The leaf juice is bitter and acid; it is a favorite with the natives
+of India in the treatment of the catarrhal fevers common among their
+children, administered in doses of 2 tablespoonfuls a day mixed with
+sweetened water.
+
+In Concan the dry bark is given for whooping-cough and the juice of the
+fresh bark in doses of 2 "tolas" (7.60 grams) for anasarca. Dr. Bidie
+states that the action is diaphoretic and expectorant.
+
+Botanical Description.--A plant 2-3° high, stem creeping, the ends
+rising; enlarged at the joints, glabrous. Leaves smooth, opposite,
+lanceolate, finely serrate, fringed, somewhat downy below, glabrous
+above. Petioles short, 4 axillary spines. Flowers straw-color,
+axillary, sessile, solitary. Calyx deeply cleft in 4 parts, ovate,
+ending in spines. Corolla funnel-shaped, tube short, throat nude,
+limb 5-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous. Ovary 2-celled. Style same length
+as stamens. Seed-vessel ovate, flattened and sharp-pointed, 2-celled,
+each cell with a flat, heart-shaped seed.
+
+Habitat.--In Guadalupe, Mandaloyon and San Juan del Monte. Blooms
+in April.
+
+
+
+_Justicia Gendarussa_, L. (_Gandarussa vulgaris_, Nees.; _Dianthera
+subserrata_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Kapanitulot_, Tag.; _Bunlaw_, Vis.
+
+Uses.--In the Philippines this plant has the same applications as
+the _Lagundi_ or _Vitex_, soon to be described. In India they give a
+decoction of the leaves for chronic rheumatism, the action probably
+being diaphoretic. The juice is employed for the coughs of childhood
+and externally as a resolvent for enlarged cervical glands. The bark
+of the young branches has a purplish color; in Java it is considered
+a good emetic.
+
+Botanical Description.--A shrub 5-6° high, stem straight, branches
+smooth, obscurely 4-angled. Stems and leaves violet color, emitting
+a disagreeable odor (Blanco). Leaves opposite, lanceolate, acute,
+glabrous, obtusely serrate. Flowers terminal, white-green, in
+racemes of 3 sessile flowers with lanceolate bracts. Calyx, 5 long
+teeth. Corolla, short tube, 2-lipped, upper lip notched, lower lip
+broad with palate, ending in 3 lobules. Seed vessel with 4 seeds in
+its lower part.
+
+Habitat.--Luzon, Mindanao, Panay.
+
+
+
+_Adhatoda vasica_, Nees. (_Justicia Adhatoda_, L.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--(?)
+
+Uses.--The Filipinos are but slightly familiar with this plant and it
+has no place in their therapeutical armamentarium. In India, however,
+it is very common and enjoys much reputation in the treatment of
+catarrhs, the grip, asthma and non-febrile, especially chronic,
+bronchial affections. The flowers, leaves and roots, but especially
+the flowers, possess antispasmodic properties and are prescribed
+in certain forms of asthma; they are bitter and slightly aromatic,
+and are given in infusion or electuary.
+
+Drs. Jackson and Dott have testified from their own experience to
+the usefulness of the drug in chronic bronchitis, asthma and afebrile
+catarrh. Dr. Watt states that the natives of Bengal find relief for
+asthma in smoking the leaves. In Bombay its expectorant action is
+commonly known and its juice is used, mixed with borax and honey.
+
+The dose of the aqueous extract made by evaporating the juice of the
+leaves, is .25-1 gram. The tincture is preferable, made by dissolving
+this extract in alcohol; dose 2-4 grams. Its efficiency is increased
+by the addition of pepper seeds (Waring). The Sanscrit writers
+recommend for cough, 3.80 grams of the leaf juice with honey. "It is
+very desirable that further trials be made to test the value of this
+remedy."--Pharmacopoeia of India.
+
+Botanical Description.--A shrub with straight, smooth, ashy-gray
+trunk. Branches of same color but smoother. Leaves opposite,
+lanceolate, acute, smooth on both faces, 12-15 cm. long by 3-4 broad,
+petioles short. Flowers irregular and hermaphrodite in axillary spikes
+with long peduncles, opposite, large, white, covered with rusty spots,
+the lower part of the 2 lips purple. Calyx gamosepalous, regular,
+five deep clefts. Corolla gamopetalous, irregular, short tube, limb
+2-lipped, the lower lip ending in a spur. Ovary free, 2-celled, each
+cell containing 2 ovules. Style filiform, long, inserted in a sort of
+canal formed by the upper lip of the corolla. Stigma bilobulate. Seed
+vessel depressed, 4 flattened, lenticular seeds.
+
+Habitat.--Luzon and Panay.
+
+
+
+_Rhinacanthus communis_, Nees. (_Justicia nasuta_, L.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Tagaktagak_, Tag.; _Nagamulli_, Indo-Eng.
+
+Uses.--The plant has much reputation in India in the treatment of skin
+diseases, and indeed its efficiency is great in the stubborn _Tinea
+circinata tropica_, known throughout the Orient as "dhobie-itch." In
+this disease it is applied for several days to the affected part
+in the form of a paste composed of the bruised leaves, the juice of
+the leaves and lemon juice. The fresh root also may be employed. The
+Hindoo physicians state that the root decoction in milk is aphrodisiac;
+the root is also regarded as an antidote for the bite of the "cobra
+da cabelho," but its virtue is purely imaginary. Of late years the
+plant has been used in Europe under the name of "tong-pang-chong,"
+to treat chronic eczema.
+
+Liborius made an analysis of the root in the laboratory of Dorpat,
+separating 13.51% ash and 1.87% _rhinocanthin_, as well as other
+ingredients. Rhinocanthin (C_14_H_18_O_4_) is supposed to be the active
+principle of the root. It is analogous to quinon and resembles in many
+particulars chrysophanic and frangulic acids. It forms a resinous,
+amorphous mass, cherry red, odorless and tasteless, slightly soluble in
+water, forming a mildly alkaline solution in alcohol. It does not yield
+glucose when boiled with dilute hydrochloric acid. Liborius believes
+that it exists only in the intercellular spaces of the "root bark."
+
+Botanical Description.--A shrub, about 4° high, stem ash-colored,
+no spines. Leaves lanceolate, undulate, downy. Flowers white in
+spikes. Calyx gamosepalous, 5-toothed. Corolla long, filiform, limb
+4-lobed, the 3 lower lobes ovate, the upper pointed. Stamens 2. Ovary
+free, 2 biovulate locules. Style simple. Stigma bifid. Seed vessel
+club-shaped, 4 seeds in the upper part.
+
+Habitat.--Common in the gardens of Manila.
+
+
+
+
+VERBENACEÆ.
+
+Vervain Family.
+
+
+
+_Lippia nodiflora_, Rich. (_Verbena nodiflora_, L.; _V. capitata_,
+Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Tsatsatsatsahan_, _Chachachachahan_, Tag.
+
+Uses.--The Filipinos drink an infusion of the leaves in place of tea,
+the long Tagalog name meaning "resembling tea." In India they drink
+the hot infusion to aid digestion. In some places the decoction of the
+leaves is given internally as an emollient and diuretic for gonorrhoea.
+
+Botanical Description.--A small plant with creeping stem taking root
+where it touches the ground, obscurely angular, covered with short
+down. Leaves opposite, smooth, clasping the stem, inversely ovate,
+serrate only above, slightly downy. Flowers white, slightly purplish,
+axillary on a common peduncle, in a rough conical head. Corolla
+somewhat bowed, funnel-form, gaping, throat narrow, limb 4-lobed,
+one lobe shorter than the rest. Stamens 4, 2 longer. Filament almost
+wanting. Anthers 4, fertile. Ovary superior, style very short. Stigma
+semi-globose. Fruit, 2 seeds covered by the pellicle of the ovary.
+
+Habitat.--Very common in the rice fields.
+
+
+
+_Tectona grandis_, L.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Teca_, Sp.; _Tikla_, Tag.; _Dalondón_, _Yate_, _Kalayati_,
+Vis.; _Teak Tree_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--The powdered wood made into a paste with water is undoubtedly a
+useful application in acute dermatitis, especially that due to contact
+with the caustic oleo-resin of the cashew nut (_Anacardium_). A
+decoction of the powder gives good results as a gargle for aphthæ,
+gingivitis, and other inflammations within the buccal cavity. In India
+they give internally 6-12 grams as a vermifuge, and for dyspepsia with
+"heartburn."
+
+The flowers are diuretic according to Endlicher; the bark is
+astringent; the leaves and the seeds are purgative, the latter
+yielding an oil which they use in India to stimulate the growth of
+the hair. Gibson considers the seeds diuretic and quotes two cases
+where abundant diuresis immediately followed by the application of a
+poultice of the bruised seeds over the pubis. In Concan they make a
+sort of extract from the wood and apply it to the yoke sores of the
+cattle to prevent the growth of maggots. This disinfectant action
+marks the plant as worthy of further experiment.
+
+Rumphius is authority for the statement that the infusion of the leaves
+is used in cholera. The Chinese make vessels of the wood to preserve
+their drinking water at sea; the first and second waters are bitter
+and are thrown away, but after that the water has no disagreeable
+taste and is said to aid digestion.
+
+It has been said that the wood was poisonous because at one time
+several workmen died from the effects of wounds caused by splinters of
+the wood, but the statement has not been confirmed by later cases and
+the deaths were most probably due to a septic infection independent
+of the chemical composition of the splinters.
+
+R. Romanis has extracted a resin from the wood by alcohol; it is soft,
+and on distillation yields a crystalline body called by the author
+_tectoquinon_ (C_18_H_10_O_2_), on account of its resemblance to
+the quinons. It melts at 171° and volatilizes slightly at ordinary
+temperature.
+
+Botanical Description.--A tree with leaves almost round, oval,
+entire, 30-60 centimeters by 20-40, the under surface covered
+with hoary down. Petioles very short, flattened. Flowers in
+panicles. Primary peduncle square. Calyx inferior, bell-shaped,
+very large when ripe, 5-cleft. Corolla white, longer than calyx,
+covered with a mealy substance, bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5 or 6,
+inserted in the corolla. Filaments flattened, somewhat longer than the
+corolla. Anthers semi-globose, a yellow zone below and a black circle
+above. Ovary free, rounded, 4 locules each with 1 seed. Style same
+length as stamens. Stigma bilobulate. Drupe globose, woolly, spongy,
+depressed, covered by the membranous inflated calyx; contains one nut,
+very hard, 4 apartments each containing one seed.
+
+Habitat.--The mountains of Morong and Tanay (of La Laguna Province)
+bear some specimens. Very common in the island of Negros and in
+Mindanao. It also grows in the Visayas, Mindora and Paragua. Blooms
+in September.
+
+
+
+_Vitex trifolia_, L. (_V. repens_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Lagundi_, Tag.; _Gapasgapas_, Vis.; _Dangla_, Iloc.
+
+_Vitex Negundo_, L. (_V. Leucoxylon_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Lagundi_, _Malawin_, Tag.
+
+Uses.--Both species are used medicinally in the Philippines and both
+enjoy high repute. A variety of the first that seems to possess the
+same virtues is the _V. repens_, Blanco, called _lagunding gapang_
+by the Tagalos.
+
+_V. trifolia_ is regarded in India as the most powerful species and
+Bontius has extolled it highly, calling attention to the anodyne,
+diuretic and emmenagogue properties of the leaves. These are very
+effective applied in fomentation to rheumatic joints and their use
+is extensive both in India and the Malay Archipelago. A decoction
+of the leaves is used locally and as a vapor-bath in the treatment
+of beriberi. A large earthen pot is filled with leaves and water and
+brought to a boil; the pot is then placed under a chair in which the
+patient sits enveloped in a sheet or blanket. If necessary the pot may
+be removed 2 or 3 times, heated and replaced until abundant sweating
+is induced. An apparatus to conduct the steam under the chair would
+be much handier, but it is unsafe to place a small stove or lamp
+under the chair for fear of setting fire to the cloth.
+
+In India and the Philippines there is a peculiar inflammation localized
+in the soles of the feet and characterized by an intense burning
+rather than pain, not described in the textbooks, but called by the
+natives "burning of the feet" ("quemadura del pié" or "ignipedites");
+in our own experience and according to the consensus of the physicians
+of India, the application of these leaves 3 or 4 times a day to the
+soles of the feet has afforded marked relief. The leaves are heated
+in an earthen pot without the addition of water, and when sufficiently
+hot are applied and held in place by a bandage.
+
+Dr. W. Ingledew states that the natives of Mysore (south of
+India) treat rheumatism and febrile catarrhs by steam baths of the
+decoction of vitex. A decoction of the leaves is in common use in
+the Philippines, Malay Islands and India as a bath for women in the
+puerperal state.
+
+The dry leaves are smoked for headache and catarrh. According to
+creditable authority the application of the heated leaves in orchitis
+produces good results. The root is tonic, febrifuge and expectorant
+and the fruit nervine and emmenagogue according to the Sanscrit writer.
+
+Botanical Description.--_V. trifolia_ is a small tree, 3-4
+meters high. The fruit and leaves are said to emit the odor of
+rosemary. Leaves ternate. Leaflets oval, entire, hoary below, no
+secondary petioles. Flowers purplish in forked panicle. Corolla
+bell-shaped with palate. The lower lip 3-lobed, the middle lobe
+larger; upper lip smaller, 2-lobed. Stamens 4, free, didynamous. Ovary
+free. Style simple, with stigma-bearing lobules. Berry-like drupe,
+with 4-celled nut, one seed in each cell.
+
+Habitat.--Common on the seashore. Blooms in June.
+
+The _V. Negundo_ is a small tree like the preceding, but when
+it grows in the forest it develops to a tree of the first order,
+yielding a valuable building wood called _molave_ (Sp.) or more
+properly _molawin_. Leaves compound with 5 leaflets. Secondary
+petioles short. Flowers in dichotomous panicle. Fruit like that of
+the foregoing species.
+
+
+
+_Clerodendron infortunatum_, L. (_C. fortunatum_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Kasupangit_, _Gubat_, Tag.; _Saling-wak_, Vis.
+
+Uses.--The fresh juice of the leaves is used in India as a vermifuge,
+according to K. L. Dey; it is also used as a bitter tonic in malarial
+fever, especially of children. As a tonic and antipyretic it is
+certainly worthy of recommendation.
+
+Dr. Bholanauth Bose calls attention to this plant as a good substitute
+for _Ophelia chirata_, DC. as a tonic and antipyretic.
+
+The infusion of the bruised leaves (10 grams to water 300 cc.) is given
+up to 200 cc. a day in 3 or 4 doses; the tincture (leaves 60 grams,
+alcohol 90 %, 500 cc.) is given up to 10 grams a day in 5 or 6 doses.
+
+Botanical Description.--A shrub with nearly round stem; leaves
+opposite, ovate, oblong; acute, entire, slightly downy. Flowers
+terminal in umbellate panicles, the umbellets opposite and each bearing
+3 flowerets. Calyx bluish, long, tubular, somewhat expanded in the
+middle, divided in 5 parts. Corolla twice as long as the calyx, tube
+filiform, limb 5-lobed. Stamens didynamous, their lower parts grown
+to the tube of the corolla. Filaments longer than the corolla. Ovary
+conical. Style of same length as the stamens. Stigma bifid. Berry
+dry, quadrate, depressed, the shell hard, 4 grooves, 4 cells, each
+containing a seed.
+
+Habitat.--Very common in Manila and in the forests.
+
+
+
+
+LABIATÆ.
+
+Mint Family.
+
+
+
+_Ocimum basilicum_, L. (_O. Americanum_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Solasi_, Tag., Pam.; _Bonak_, Vis.; _Sweet Basil_, Eng.
+
+_Ocimum gratissimum_, L. (_O. virgatum_ Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Lokoloko_, Tag., Pam.; _Kolonkogon_, Vis.
+
+_Ocimum sanctum_, L. (_O. flexuosum_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Balanay_, Tag.; _Sacred Basil_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--All three species possess a characteristic camphoraceous
+odor and are commonly grouped under the one name, _albahacas_
+(sweet basil). Some natives call them _solasi_ and others _balanay_,
+but many are able to distinguish the various species correctly. All
+three have analogous properties, but the most widely used is the
+_O. basilicum_. These properties are stimulant, diaphoretic, and
+expectorant, and the infusion is used commonly for flatulent colic
+and painful dyspepsia. The dry powdered leaves of the _O. sanctum_ are
+taken as snuff by the natives of India in the treatment of a curious
+endemic disease characterized by the presence of small maggots in the
+nasal secretion; this disease is called peenash, and possibly exists
+in the Philippines though I have never encountered it.
+
+Martins states that in Brazil they use a decoction of the mucilaginous
+leaves of the _O. gratissimum_ in the treatment of gonorrhoea and
+Dr. Waitz highly recommends a strong decoction of these leaves for the
+aphthæ of children, which he claims to have cured by this means after
+all European drugs had failed. This fact and the action of the snuff
+above mentioned, demonstrate the antiseptic properties of the plant,
+due doubtless to its abundant aromatic principles.
+
+_O. basilicum_ contains a green essential oil, very aromatic,
+becoming solid; it is a sort of camphor (C_20_H_16_6HO, Raybaud)
+and crystallizes in 4-faced prisms.
+
+All the plants are used to prepare aromatic baths for cases of atrophy
+and debility in children (Waitz) and for the treatment of rheumatism
+and paralysis.
+
+Botanical Description.--_O. gratissimum_ is a plant 2-3° high, stem
+straight, downy. Leaves medium lanceolate, finely serrate from the
+middle upwards, with short hairs and transparent dots. Flowers in
+long terminal racemes. Calyx, upper lip horizontal, round; lower lip
+3 pointed parts, the middle one subdivided in two. Corolla yellowish,
+inverted, one lip cleft in 4 obtuse lobes; the other longer, narrow,
+serrate. Stamens didynamous, 2 shorter. Anthers semilunar. Stigma
+bifid. Seeds 4.
+
+The _O. Americanum_ has leaves lanceolate, ovate, acute, full of
+pores, somewhat downy. It is more fragrant than the other species
+and its flowers are bluish-white in racemes.
+
+The _O. sanctum_ is the most sacred plant of the Hindoos, dedicated
+to Vishnu; its branches are wavy or cauliflexuous, leaves obliquely
+ovate, obtuse, serrate, nearly glabrous.
+
+Habitat.--All species are very common and universally known.
+
+
+
+_Coleus aromaticus_, Benth. (_C. suganda_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Orégano_, Sp.-Fil.; _Suganda_, Tag.; _Marjoram_, Eng. (The
+Sp. and Eng. names are incorrect.)
+
+Uses.--The fleshy, aromatic leaves of this plant are bruised and
+applied locally for the bites of centipedes and scorpions. They
+are also applied to the temples and forehead for headache, held in
+place by a bandage. In Cochin China they are used in asthma, chronic
+bronchitis, epilepsy and other convulsive diseases. The juice of the
+leaves is a carminative and is given to children suffering with wind
+colic. Dr. Wight claims to have observed occasional intoxicating
+effects following its use, but Dymock states that he has never
+observed such effects. The plant contains a coloring matter, _colein_
+(C_10_H_10_O_3_), red, insoluble in ether, soluble in alcohol, slightly
+soluble in water. On the addition of ammonia the solution changes to
+purple, then violet, indigo, green, and, finally, greenish-yellow.
+
+Another species, the _C. atropurpureus_, Benth. (_C. grandifolius_,
+Blanco), well known in the Philippines by its common name _mayana_,
+is used in the treatment of bruises, the bruised fleshy leaves being
+the part employed; these leaves are downy and dark violet in color.
+
+Botanical Description.--Leaves opposite, nearly sessile, cordate,
+obtuse, downy and very fleshy. Flowers in a quadrangular raceme, each
+group of these flowerets having a concave scale at the base. Calyx
+bell-shaped, 2-lipped; the upper lip longer and entire; the lower
+with 4 narrow teeth. Corolla a pale violet, 5 times longer than the
+calyx. Stamens didynamous, straight, longer than the corolla. Style
+bifid. Seeds 4.
+
+Habitat.--Universally abundant.
+
+
+
+_Rosmarinus officinalis_, L.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Romero_, Sp.; _Rosemary_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--This is one of the plants most valued by the Filipinos. Its
+infusion is used as an eye-wash for slight catarrhal conjunctivitis,
+applied 3 or 4 times a day. It is one of the aromatic plants used so
+commonly to bathe women in the puerperal state, and in vapor baths
+for rheumatism, paralysis and incipient catarrhs. The entire plant
+is a stimulant and carminative but little used internally; in atonic
+dyspepsia it has given good results taken in the same form as the
+infusion of manzanilla.
+
+It contains a large per cent. of an essential oil which gives the
+plant its agreeable odor. This oil enters into the composition of
+"Cologne Water"; it is said to arrest falling of the hair and is a
+diffusible stimulant which may be given internally in doses of 3-5
+drops. It is colorless and liquid when fresh, but in time becomes dark
+and viscid. It combines freely with alcohol and its density is 0.885.
+
+Botanical Description.--A plant from 2 to 3° high. Leaves sessile,
+linear, obtuse, margins revolute, white-hoary beneath. Calyx tubular,
+2-lipped. Corolla rose-violet color, gaping; the upper lip concave,
+2-lobed; the lower lip longer, 3-lobed. Stamens, 2 fertile and 2
+sterile. Style, same length as the stamens. Stigma simple. Fruit,
+4 seeds in the depths of the calyx.
+
+Habitat.--It is carefully cultivated throughout the Philippines.
+
+
+
+_Anisomeles ovata_, R. Br. (_Phlomis alba_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Taligharap_, Tag.; _Jerusalem Sage_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--The infusion of the leaves is bitter and aromatic and is
+used in catarrhal inflammations of the stomach and intestines and
+in intermittent fevers. Used as a vapor-bath it produces abundant
+diaphoresis, and the infusion given internally has a like effect. The
+leaves, when distilled, yield an oil which is used as an external
+application in rheumatism.
+
+Botanical Description.--A plant 6° or more high. Root fibrous,
+trunk and branches enlarged at the joints. Leaves opposite, ovate,
+obtusely serrate, soft and downy. Flowers pink, verticillate, in
+opposite clusters around the stem, with several linear and hairy
+involucres at the base of each cluster. Calyx, 5 sharp teeth. Corolla,
+2-lipped; the lower much larger, downy within, 3-lobed, the middle
+lobe larger and broader, notched at the extremity, and its borders
+turned downward; the other 2 lateral lobes very small, narrow;
+the upper lip much shorter and smaller, entire, enveloping the
+stamens. Stamens didynamous. Style about the same length as the
+stamens. Stigma bifid. Fruit, 4 small seeds.
+
+Habitat.--Very common on the fields of Manila Province.
+
+
+
+_Leucas aspera_, Spreng. (_Phlomis Zeylanica_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Pansipansi_, _Solasolasian_, _Karukansoli_, Tag.;
+_Pansipansi_, _Paypaysi_, Vis.
+
+Uses.--The bruised leaves are applied to the bites of serpents or
+poisonous insects. In India they are similarly used. The juice of
+the leaves is very useful in the treatment of certain skin diseases,
+especially psoriasis.
+
+Botanical Description.--A plant about 2° high, very well known to
+the natives. Leaves sessile, lanceolate, finely serrate and covered
+with short hairs. Flowers terminal, white, verticillate, with the
+characteristics of the mint family.
+
+
+
+
+PLANTAGINACEÆ.
+
+Plantain Family.
+
+
+
+_Plantago erosa_, Wall. (_P. crenata_ and _media_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Llantén_, Sp.-Fil.; _Lantín_, Tag.; _Plantain_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--The leaves of this popular plant are the commonest remedy in
+the Philippines for abscess of the gums. They are bruised and applied
+with a little lard over the swollen cheek. It is emollient and,
+in decoction, is used as a substitute for flaxseed.
+
+Botanical Description.--This plant is so universally known that there
+is no fear of confusing it with others. It flourishes as a common
+weed in the U. S. as well as the Philippines.
+
+
+
+
+NYCTAGINACEÆ.
+
+Four-O'Clock Family.
+
+
+
+_Mirabilis Jalapa_, L. (_M. longiflora_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Maravillas_, _Suspiros_, Sp.-Fil.; _Gilalas_, Tag.;
+_Four O'Clock_, _Marvel of Peru_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--The root is purgative and possesses the same active  principles,
+the same properties and is given in the same dose as jalap. According
+to the experience of Shoolbred, Hunter, W. O'Shaughnessy and Ainslie,
+its purgative action is weak and uncertain and therefore unworthy
+of use as a substitute for jalap. The bruised leaves are used as
+poultices to hasten suppuration, but according to Waring they are
+capable of causing dermatitis.
+
+Botanical Description.--The flowers open toward the end of the day and
+close again at sunrise. The root is blackish and spindle-shaped. The
+stem smooth, branches forked. Leaves opposite, lanceolate-cordate,
+acute, somewhat downy along the borders and the upper surface. Petioles
+short. Flowers fragrant, almost constantly blooming, of different
+colors even in the same plant, terminal, in umbels. Pedicels very
+short. Calyx persistent, 5-toothed. Corolla superior, very long, its
+tube downy, funnel-form, limb 5-lobed. Stamens 5, longer than the
+corolla. Style longer than the stamens. Stigma globose. Nut small,
+black, globose, many-ribbed, full of a mealy substance.
+
+Habitat.--Common in gardens.
+
+
+
+
+AMARANTHACEÆ.
+
+Amaranth Family.
+
+
+
+_Amaranthus spinosus_, L.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Kilitis_, _Orayi_, Tag.; _Ayantoto_, Pam.; _Kalitis_,
+_Tilites_, _Bayang-bayang_, Vis.; _Kuanton_, Iloc.; _Thorny Amaranth_,
+Eng.
+
+Uses.--The entire plant is emollient and its principal use is as a
+poultice for inflammations, bruises, etc. The decoction of the root is
+diuretic and antiphlogistic and is used in Mauritius (30 grams root to
+750 cc. water) as an internal remedy for gonorrhoea; indeed it is there
+regarded as a specific for that disease, checking the discharge and
+the "ardor urinæ." It should be continued till the cure is complete.
+
+The bruised leaves are used locally for eczema.
+
+Botanical Description.--A plant 2-3° high of a reddish color. Leaves
+alternate, lanceolate, broad, notched at the apex, wavy,
+glabrous. Petioles with a pair of spines in their axils. Flowers
+small, yellow-green, in round axillary clusters and in long
+terminal spikes. The pistillate flowers are sometimes separated from
+the staminate, sometimes mixed with them in the lower part of the
+spike. Staminate: No corolla, calyx 2-5 parts, stamens 4-5. Pistillate:
+Style and stigma 2 or 3, otherwise the same as the staminate. Seed
+vessel with 1 seed.
+
+Habitat.--Common in all parts. Blooms in October.
+
+
+
+_Achyranthes obtusifolia_, Lam. (_A. aspera_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Hangor_, _Hangot_, _Dokotdekot_, _Libay_, Tag.; _Angod_,
+Pam.
+
+Uses.--The plant has astringent and diuretic properties; the latter
+were observed by Dr. Cornish, who communicated the facts to Waring,
+calling special attention to the good service the drug had afforded him
+in dropsy. Other physicians in India have confirmed these observations
+of Cornish. The decoction is made of 60 grams of the entire plant
+to 750 cc. water, boiled till reduced one-half and strained under
+pressure. Dose, 60 cc. every 2 hours till diuresis is induced.
+
+The ashes of this plant, like those of the _Amaranthus spinosus_,
+L., contain a large quantity of potassa, and are used for washing
+clothes; on this account it has received its Sanscrit name _Apamarga_
+(the washer). The ashes are also mixed in an infusion of ginger and
+given internally in dropsy.
+
+The flowers are bruised and applied to the bites of snakes and other
+poisonous animals. In India there is a superstition that carrying
+these flowers about the person will keep off scorpions.
+
+Botanical Description.--A plant about 3° high, the stem angular and
+downy. Leaves opposite, downy, clasping the stem, lanceolate, very
+obtuse and wavy. Flowers bent downward in a long spike bearing many
+flowerets. Calyx, 5 tough scales. Corolla wanting. Nectary much smaller
+than the calyx, monophyllous, 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Ovary top-shaped,
+upper part somewhat concave. Style same length as stamens. Stigma
+coarse, bifid. Fruit, a seed covered with 2 membranes, one enveloping
+it completely, the outer one adherent in only one part.
+
+Habitat.--Common in Luzon. Blooms in November.
+
+
+
+
+CHENOPODIACÆ.
+
+Goosefoot Family.
+
+
+
+_Chenopodium ambrosioides_, L.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Alpasotes_, Sp.-Fil.; _Pasotis_, _Apasotis_, Tag.;
+_American Worm-seed_, _Mexican Tea_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--This plant is a native of Mexico. It has a peculiar, somewhat
+offensive odor and an acrid, aromatic taste due to an essential oil
+resembling peppermint (?). According to Padre Mercado, "When the seeds
+are taken with wine, sensation is so dulled that the drinker may be
+whipped without feeling the lashes, and even if put to the torment,
+does not feel it." These properties, if true, make this plant one of
+the most useful in the Philippines. The entire plant is stimulant. The
+infusion, given internally, causes sweating, excites the circulation,
+is diuretic, tonic, stomachic, and useful as well as an antispasmodic
+in nervous troubles. The leaves are employed in making the infusion, 8
+grams to 200 of boiling water. It is widely used in bronchial catarrhs
+and in asthma on account of its sudorific and expectorant action. It
+seems also to possess emmenagogue properties. The seeds yield on
+distillation a yellow essential oil with a strong and disagreeable
+odor, density 0.908. Both seeds and flowers are vermifuge, and are
+used as such in Brazil in doses of 8 grams in infusion or with an
+equal dose of castor oil. The anthelmintic dose of the essential oil
+is 5-15 drops with powdered sugar.
+
+Rilliet and Barthez recommend the following potion for infantile
+chorea:
+
+
+        Leaves of chenopodium       4 grams.
+        Water                     500 grams.
+
+
+Make an infusion and add syrup of orange flowers 50 grams. Dose,
+several tablespoonfuls a day.
+
+Botanical Description.--A plant 2° high; stem beset with
+hairs, many-angled. Leaves lanceolate, varying from entire
+to cut-pinnatifid. Flowers green, sessile, axillary, in small
+clusters. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wanting. Stamens 5. Filaments
+flattened, inserted near the center of the flowers opposite the parts
+of the calyx. Anthers in 2 globose parts. Ovary superior, globose,
+depressed, unilocular, uniovulate. Style none. Stigmas, 2, 3 or 4,
+short, divergent. Fruit a lenticular seed covered by the membrane of
+the ovary.
+
+Habitat.--Common in gardens and fields. Blooms in May.
+
+
+
+
+ARISTOLOCHIACEÆ.
+
+Birthwort Family.
+
+
+
+_Aristolochia Indica_, L.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Timbangan_, _Malaubi_, Tag.; _Indian Birthwort_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--The root has a wide use in medicine in the Philippines; it
+is bitter, of a nauseating odor and has the reputation of being a
+powerful antidote for the bites of poisonous serpents and insects. It
+has further use in the treatment of malarial fever, in dyspepsia,
+and in the flatulent colic of teething children. It is regarded as
+tonic and emmenagogue. In various forms of diarrhoea it appears to
+be effective and Dr. Gibson states that it is useful in intestinal
+disorders. In the Philippines it is not only given internally but
+also externally applied over the abdomen, mixed with hot cocoanut oil
+(10 grams of the powdered root to 100 oil).
+
+The first Portuguese settlers in India called the drug "Cobra Root,"
+because the natives regarded it as an antidote for the bite of the
+terrible "Cobra da Capello." This reputation, however, seems not to
+have been deserved, judging from the fearful mortality in India and
+Ceylon due to the bite of the cobra.
+
+Dr. Imlach, a surgeon of Singapore, states that in one season in
+one collectorate, Shikapore, no less than 306 cases of snake bites
+were officially reported, the mortality being 63, or about 20.58
+per cent. Other reports make it safe to conclude that in the entire
+province during the year no less than 300 deaths were due to this
+cause alone. Dr. Waring believes that if an antidote for snake bite
+exist in the vegetable kingdom it will most probably be found in the
+natural order Aristolochiaceæ.
+
+In North India this drug is used as emmenagogue and anti-arthritic, and
+in Banda for intermittent fevers and intestinal disorders. The juice of
+the leaves is emetic. The dose of the powdered root is 3-5 grams daily.
+
+Botanical Description.--A twining shrub, with leaves heart-shaped,
+ovate, acute, glabrous. Petioles short. Flowers dark reddish-gray, in
+panicles. Calyx wanting. Corolla globose below, the tube cylindrical,
+expanding at the top. Anthers 6, in pairs. Filaments, none. Styles 6,
+very coarse, a membrane at the base including all. Stigmas simple. Seed
+vessel inferior, 6-ribbed, 6 cells and many winged seeds. The seed
+vessel after casting the seeds resembles a pair of balance scales
+with its little plates or pans. Hence the Tagalo name _Timbangan_
+meaning "balance."
+
+Habitat.--In Luzon and Panay. Blooms in November.
+
+
+
+
+PIPERACEÆ.
+
+Pepper Family.
+
+
+
+_Piper Betle_, L. (_Chavica Betle_ and _C. auriculata_, Miq.; _Piper
+Betel_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Hojas de buyo_, Sp.-Fil.; _Itmó_, Tag.; _Mamin_, Bic.;
+_Buyo_, _Mamón_, Vis.; _Samat_, Pam.; _Betel Pepper_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--A masticatory, used all over the extreme Orient, is composed
+of the leaves of this plant, a little slaked oyster-shell lime
+and a rounded slice of the bonga or areca nut; the Filipinos call
+this combination _bayo_, though the name is not of native origin;
+the Tagalos call it _hitsú_. The use of buyo by careless persons is
+decidedly repugnant, for the mixture of the lime and the pigment of the
+bonga imparts a blood-red or rather brick-red color to the saliva which
+they spit in mouthfuls into the streets and other public places with
+no thought of the feelings of others. Unless the mouth is carefully
+cleaned the teeth become encrusted with a sort of black enamel and
+the breath assumes a detestable odor. When used in small quantities
+and with proper toilet of the mouth, and this is the common practice
+among the Filipinos, buyo seems to be a very useful preservative
+of the teeth and a gingival and stomachic tonic. These properties
+are readily understood when we consider that the lime is antacid,
+the bonga astringent and tonic and the betel aromatic and stimulant.
+
+The buyo leaf plays a very important part in the therapeutics of the
+infant of the Philippines: in its indigestions, colics and diarrhoeas
+the heated leaves are applied to the abdomen previously anointed
+with hot cocoanut oil. In bronchitis and laryngitis the heated
+leaves are applied over the chest or neck after rubbing the parts
+with oil. It undoubtedly produces good effects and the physicians of
+India recommend it in the same cases and in the same form as in the
+Philippines. Applied to the breasts of parturient women it dries up
+the milk and in the same way tends to reduce any glandular enlargement.
+
+Dr. Kleinstück of Java recommends the essence of the leaves in
+all sorts of catarrhs and as an antiseptic in doses of one drop
+to 140 of the vehicle. This essence is obtained by distillation;
+it is dark in color, has an acrid taste and an odor resembling that
+of tea. Its density is 1.020. The dried leaves contain one-half per
+cent. of the essence and it is probable that the fresh ones contain
+a greater proportion.
+
+Botanical Description.--A plant with yellow flowers and scandent stem,
+climbing straight up trees or artificial supports. Leaves cleft at
+the base, acute, entire, glabrous, dark green. According to Blanco
+it is cultivated best in somewhat sandy soil. Pasay, near Manila,
+and Bauang, in Batangas, furnish a leaf most highly appreciated.
+
+
+
+_Piper nigrum_, L.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Pimienta_, Sp.; _Paminta_, _Malisa_, Tag.; _Black
+Pepper_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--The berry-like fruit of the pepper is more extensively used
+as a condiment in cooking than in the treatment of disease. Used in
+moderation, however, it is of considerable value as a convenient
+stomachic and aid to digestion in tropical countries where the
+digestive functions readily become sluggish. Its abuse may lead to
+serious consequences, such as inflammation of the gastro-intestinal
+mucous membrane, of the portal system and the liver itself.
+
+Pepper is used as a febrifuge in the various forms of malarial fevers,
+in the form of granules of 8 or 10 berries in a cup of brandy and anise
+(Spanish); this is taken by the patient in one dose at the beginning of
+the cold stage and followed by large quantities of water to relieve the
+thirst caused by the pepper. This treatment causes the cold stage to
+rapidly subside and more rapidly induces and intensifies the sweating
+stage. It is said that no further attack of fever follows.
+
+Piperin (C_17_H_19_NO_3_) is febrifuge and is given in pill form
+internally in doses of 30-60 centigrams; the action of the crude drug
+is evidently due to this neutral principle.
+
+Botanical Description.--The plant is a perennial, climbing
+shrub. Leaves oval, tapering at both extremities, 7-nerved. Flowers
+yellow, in a spike. Stigmas 2, bifid. Fruit globose, with one seed.
+
+Habitat.--The dried fruit of the pepper is universally familiar. It was
+at one time cultivated in the Philippines, especially in Batangas,
+and Gen. Basco promulgated a series of orders to encourage its
+cultivation. Padre Gainza, afterward Bishop of Nueva Cáceres, wrote a
+report about its cultivation, but since then the subject has entirely
+disappeared from notice.
+
+
+
+
+CHLORANTHACEÆ.
+
+Chloranth Family.
+
+
+
+_Chloranthus officinalis_, Bl. (_C. Indicus_, Wight.;
+_C. inconspicuus_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--Unknown.
+
+Uses.--All parts of the plant are aromatic. The leaves and stems
+lose this property after drying, but the roots, if properly dried,
+preserve it for a long time. They have a camphoraceous odor and
+bitter, aromatic taste, reminding one of that of _Aristolochia
+Serpentaria_. The mountaineers of Java use an infusion of the
+powdered root and the bark of the _Cinnamomum Culilowan_ to treat
+puerperal eclampsia. Combined with carminatives like anise and onion,
+they use it with some success in virulent small-pox of children. The
+infusion seems to be efficacious in fevers accompanied by debility and
+suppression of the function of the skin. It has also been prescribed
+in the intermittent fevers of Java, mixed with an infusion of the
+leaves of the _Cedrela Toona_. Blume states that it is one of the
+most powerful stimulants known.
+
+Botanical Description.--A plant 3-4° high. Stem quadrangular. Leaves
+opposite, broad, lanceolate, serrate, with stiff-pointed teeth and
+somewhat scaly beneath. Petioles very short, clasping the stem at
+their base, with 2 intermediate stipules ending in two awl-shaped
+points. Flowers compound in axillary spikes, which bear the flowerets
+in 2 ranks, each flower with a keeled bract. The corolla (if it may
+be so called) a fleshy, 3-lobed lamina. Perianth wanting. Receptacle
+dome-shaped. Anthers 4, inserted on the surface of the lamina,
+2-valved. Ovary 1-celled, with 1 ovule. Style short. Berry-like fruit,
+globose, with 1 seed covered by a somewhat brittle membrane.
+
+Habitat.--La Laguna and other provinces of Luzon. Blooms in September.
+
+
+
+
+LAURACEÆ.
+
+Laurel Family.
+
+
+
+_Cinnamomum pauciflorum_, Nees. (_Laurus culilaban_, Var., Blanco.)
+
+_C. tamala_, Nees. (_L. culilaban_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg. (of both).--_Kalingag_, _Makalingag_, Tag., Vis.;
+_Kandaroma_, Iloc; _Cassia Lignea_ or _Cassia_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--The bark of both species is known in pharmacy as Chinese
+cassia or Chinese cinnamon (cassia cinnamon). Indeed it is very like
+the cinnamon of Ceylon, comes in curled quills, has the same odor and
+taste though not so delicate; but it is darker in color, with a surface
+less clean and smooth. Its chemical composition is identical with that
+of the latter and nowadays it forms an important article of commerce.
+
+Cinnamon renders good service in therapeutics as a stimulant of the
+digestive tract and a heart tonic. In the atonic diarrhoeas so common
+in the Philippines a tincture of cinnamon in doses of 8-10 grams a
+day, or the powder in cases where alcohol was contraindicated, have
+given me unhoped-for results.
+
+In Spain and the Philippines it is very popular as a condiment in the
+kitchen of the confectionery and as a flavor for chocolate; in fact
+in those countries it takes the place of vanilla in France. It enters
+into the composition of several elixirs and compound tinctures, such
+as "Botot's Water" (dentifrice), "Elixir of Garus" (tonic stimulant),
+"Balsam of Fioraventi" (external stimulant), laudanum and the elixir
+of the Grande Chartreuse (diffusible stimulant).
+
+Lately it has been demonstrated that the essence is a powerful
+antiseptic, in the presence of which typhoid fever bacilli cannot
+develop.
+
+Botanical Description.--A tree, 15-20° high. Leaves opposite,
+lanceolate, 3-nerved, entire, glabrous. Flowers yellow, paniculate,
+umbellate. Common peduncles very long, those of the flowerets
+long. Calyx none. Corolla, 6 ovate, hairy petals. Stamens 9; 6
+external to the rest and bearing the anthers, 4 on each filament,
+2 below the others; the 3 inner stamens bear 2 anthers each.
+
+In the second species the flowers form loose, terminal
+panicles. Stamens 9; 6 filaments inserted on the receptacle, spatulate,
+each bearing 4 anthers on the inferior face; the other 3 filaments
+thick, each bearing 4 anthers. Between the last filaments are 8 nearly
+globose glandules.
+
+Habitat.--Both species are common in the forests of Luzon. The first
+species blooms in May, the second in January.
+
+
+
+_Cassytha filiformis_, L.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Malabohok._
+
+Uses.--This plant has no therapeutical uses in the Philippines. In
+Senegal it is employed, according to Dujardin-Beaumetz, mixed with
+lard to treat urethritis; its action is to decrease the ardor urinæ. It
+is not stated whether this mixture is used internally or externally.
+
+In Cochin China the same writer states that it is used as an
+antisyphilitic. In India it is used for the piles and as an alterative
+for bilious disorders. It possibly acts as a circulatory stimulant.
+
+Botanical Description.--A slender, thread-like, cylindrical vine,
+without leaves, that covers the trees like a mantle, so luxuriant
+is its growth. Flowers yellow, in axillary spikes. Calyx small, 3
+sepals. Corolla, 3 fleshy concave petals. Stamens 12 in 4 verticils,
+9 fertile and 3 inner sterile. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Style
+cylindrical. Drupe globose, 1-2'' in diameter, covered by a fleshy
+envelope, formed by the receptacle. Seeds without albumen.
+
+Habitat.--Luzon, Mindanao, Cebú, on the seashore.
+
+
+
+
+EUPHORBIACEÆ.
+
+Spurge Family.
+
+
+
+_Euphorbia pilulifera_, L. (_E. capitata_, Lam.; _E. hirta_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Golondrina_, Sp.-Fil.; _Gatasgatas_, _Batobatonis_,
+_Sayikan_, Tag.; _Buyayawa_, _Tawawa_, _Bowi_, Vis.; _Malismalis_,
+_Sisiwhan_, _Bolobotones_, _Magatas_, Pam.
+
+Uses.--This plant has a reputation in the Philippines as a hæmostatic
+of great efficiency, for which purpose the whole plant is crushed and
+applied as a poultice over the wound. Like all members of this family
+it abounds in milky juice. We have had no occasion to employ it as a
+hæmostatic, but do not doubt its action in view of the effect that it
+exercises on the circulation and the heart when given internally. In
+toxic doses experiment has demonstrated that it kills animals by
+suspension of the respiratory movements and those of the heart,
+which at first beats faster but gradually more slowly. It has no
+effect upon any other organ and is eliminated by the liver.
+
+Matheson recommends it as an antispasmodic and has employed it also in
+dyspnoea of cardiac origin. I have used it in both these conditions
+in Manila with highly satisfactory results. I have found the most
+convenient form of administration to be the tincture in doses of
+15-40 drops a day given in an infusion of althæa every 3 or 4 hours;
+the vehicle should be used liberally as it diminishes the irritant
+action of the euphorbia on the stomach. A decoction of 15 grams
+of the plant to 2 liters of water may be given in doses of from 6
+to 12 tablespoonfuls daily. A proper dose of the alcoholic extract
+is 10 centigrams in 24 hours. Dr. Daruty, of Mauritius, gives the
+following formula:
+
+
+        _Euphorbia pilulifera_ dried in the shade     30 grams.
+        Water                                          1 1/2 liters.
+
+Boil till reduced to 1 liter, cool and add:
+
+        Rum or cognac                                 30 grams.
+
+
+Dose.--1 wineglassful 3 times a day.
+
+This decoction relieves the most obstinate asthma, as well as cough
+and bronchial irritation. It is necessary to use the entire plant. The
+decoction is usually given in the morning, fasting, in the middle of
+the afternoon and at bedtime. In very stubborn cases another dose
+may be given in the middle of the night. Frequently the relief is
+immediate and in some cases a liter of the decoction is enough to
+effect a cure. If the symptoms return, it is easy to abort them; they
+are less distressing and, according to the statements of patients,
+the medicine "gives them air."
+
+Dr. Hicks Bunting found, in an analysis of the drug, 60 per cent. of
+insoluble residue, wax, "caucho," resin, tannin, sugar, albuminoids,
+oxalate of calcium and other salts.
+
+Dr. Marsset states that the active principle is soluble in water, in
+dilute alcohol; insoluble in ether, chloroform, bisulphide of carbon,
+and turpentine, but does not give the reaction.
+
+The toxic dose is 1 gram of dried plant for each kilogram of weight
+of the animal.
+
+Botanical Description.--A small creeping plant with milky juice. Stem
+1-2° high, cylindrical, hairy and reddish in color. Leaves opposite,
+obliquely ovate, rhomboid, serrate, hairy. Petioles very short. Two
+pointed stipules at the base. Flowers yellowish in hemispherical
+umbels of 5 divisions, each subdivided in 2. Involucre universal. Calyx
+bell-shaped, laciniate, in 5 parts. Corolla, 5 petals, inserted on the
+divisions of the calyx, fleshy, orbicular, with an orbicular appendix
+at the base, concave and differing from the corolla in color. Stamens
+8, inserted on the base of the calyx; filaments unequal in length,
+each bearing 2 anthers. Four filaments lacking anthers. Ovary with
+stalk longer than the flower, curved downward. Styles 3, bifid. Stigmas
+simple. Seed vessels 3, united, hairy, 3-angled, each bearing 1 red
+globose seed with a wrinkled surface.
+
+Habitat.--Common in all parts of the islands and well known to the
+natives. The name by which it is best known in Manila is "golondrina."
+
+
+
+_Euphorbia neriifolia_, L. (_E. ligularia_, Roxb.; _E. pentagona_,
+Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Sorosoro_, _Sorog-sorog_, _Bait_, Tag., Pam.;
+_Karambauaya_, Iloc.; _Lengua de perro_, Sp.-Fil.
+
+Uses.--The principal medicinal use of this plant in the Philippines
+is the introduction of the hot juice of its fleshy leaves into the
+external auditory canal in cases of otorrhoea or of simple earache,
+whatever its cause.
+
+The root is regarded in India as an antidote for snake bite and,
+indeed, the plant is sacred to Munsa, the snake divinity. During the
+months of July and August in some parts of India the natives make
+offerings of rice, milk and sugar to this sacred tree every Tuesday
+and Thursday, praying for protection from the bites of serpents.
+
+The leaves contain an abundance of milky juice, acrid and very
+active, used in the treatment of several skin diseases. Like the
+species _E. pilulifera_ it possesses antiasthmatic properties;
+Dr. S. C. Amcobury reports 6 cases treated with satisfactory
+results. Owing to the acrid quality of the juice great care should be
+maintained both in its internal and external use. The Sanscrit authors
+regard it as purgative and usually administer it with other drugs of
+the same action to increase its effect. Ainslie states that the native
+herb-doctors of India give the juice in intestinal obstruction and in
+the oedema of malarial cachexia. The dose is 1.25 grams in 24 hours
+given in 300 cc. of sweetened water in divided doses. This dose is,
+in my opinion, dangerous; 40-60 centigrams a day is more prudent.
+
+Botanical Description.--A small tree, from 5 to 6° high. Trunk erect,
+jointed, 5-sided, at the angles 2 rows of thorns. Leaves spatulate,
+fleshy. Flowers yellowish. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Corolla,
+numerous imbricated, spatulate petals with ravelled or fringed
+ends. Stamens in groups. Styles 3. Stigma coarse. Seed vessel,
+3 carpels on a stalk.
+
+Habitat.--In all parts of Luzon.
+
+
+
+_Euphorbia Tirucalli_, L.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Consuelda_, Sp.-Fil.; _Katwit_, _Suelda_, Tag.
+
+Uses.--The milky juice of this species is very caustic. It is used
+chiefly in India mixed with oil as an embrocation for rheumatism;
+given internally it is regarded as an antisyphilitic. Dr. J. Shortt
+states that it is an excellent alterant in syphilis in dose of 30
+centigrams, morning and evening. It is further employed in malarial
+hypertrophy of the spleen, in asthma and as a purgative; in a word
+the same virtues are attributed to it as to the foregoing species.
+
+Botanical Description.--Small trees, 9-12° high. Trunk erect. Branches
+cylindrical, stumpy (not tapering), several very small leaves at
+the ends. Flowers yellowish, in umbels. Calyx, 5 rounded, fleshy
+sepals. Corolla, 5 groups of woolly hairs on the divisions of the
+calyx. Stamens 5, inserted on the sepals, with double or irregular
+anthers. Seed vessel, 3 carpels each with one seed.
+
+Habitat.--Very common, especially in the suburbs of Manila where they
+serve as hedges.
+
+
+
+_Phyllanthus reticulatus_, Müll. (_Cica decandra_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Tinatinaan_, _Tintatintahan_, _Malinta_, Tag.;
+_Sungot-olang_, Vis.
+
+Uses.--The natives eat the little berries of this species, which are
+dark purple before and black after maturity, and use their juice for
+ink. The leaves are diuretic and refreshing; the bark alterant. In
+the bazaars of India the bark is sold commonly in pieces 1° long
+and as thick as the wrist; its taste is slightly sweet, color dark
+and the alterative dose of its decoction is 120-150 grams a day. In
+Concan they make a compound pill of the leaf-juice, powdered cubebs
+and camphor, to be dissolved in the mouth for ulcerated, bleeding or
+scorbutic gums. The juice is also given internally for urticaria.
+
+Botanical Description.--Small trees, 12° or more high, with leaves
+pinnate, oval, entire, alternate, glabrous, downy when young. Common
+petiole, 2 stipules at the base. Flowers monoecious. Staminate: calyx,
+5 colored sepals; no corolla; filaments 4, coarse, somewhat shorter
+than the calyx, the middle one thicker and 2-parted; anthers 10,
+4 on the middle filament and two on each of the others. Pistillate:
+calyx and corolla same as staminate; nectary, 5 glandules on the base
+of the ovary. Fruit, a black berry seated within the calyx, crowned
+with 2 erect styles, 6 or 8 compartments each with a single seed.
+
+Habitat.--Grows everywhere and is well known.
+
+
+
+_Phyllanthus Niruri_, L.
+
+_P. urinaria_, L.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Hierba de San Pablo, de San Pedro_, Sp.
+
+Uses.--This species is not used medicinally in the Philippines, but
+in India is given for its diuretic effect and has great repute in
+the treatment of genito-urinary diseases, dropsy and gonorrhoea. The
+infusion of the leaves of _P. Niruri_ with Fenugreek seeds is a
+highly prized remedy for chronic dysentery, mentioned by Ainslie. The
+leaves are bitter and tonic and in Bombay they are in common use in
+gonorrhoea to correct the acidity of the urine. Bruised and mixed with
+salt they make a sort of jelly frequently used as an application for
+itch; without salt the same is used for contusions.
+
+The dose of the leaf juice of both species, for internal use, is 15
+grams a day in divided doses.
+
+A decoction of the entire plant well dried and powdered, is given
+for jaundice in doses of 5 grams a day.
+
+The milky juice of the stem is useful in the local treatment of
+ulcers. The bruised root is employed in Concan for neuralgia.
+
+Botanical Description.--_P. Niruri_ is an herb with straight
+stem. Leaves alternate, pinnate with stylet in place of the
+odd leaflet. Leaflets nearly oval, glabrous, 2 stipules at
+the base. Flowers monoecious, greenish, axillary; the staminate
+growing along the common petiole above the pistillate. Staminate:
+Calyx, 5 lanceolate, entire sepals; no corolla; 1 filament with 1
+anther. Pistillate: Calyx and corolla as above; ovary free, 3 biovulate
+cells; style with 2 stigma-bearing branches. Fruit capsular, globose.
+
+_P. urinaria_ may be distinguished by its sessile flowers and
+reddish stem.
+
+Habitat.--Very common in Manila and all over Luzon.
+
+
+
+_Jatropha Curcas_, L.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Tuba_, Tag.; _Kasla_, Vis.; _Tawatawa_, Iloc. (Seeds
+called "English Physic Nuts" in India.)
+
+Uses.--The milky juice of the trunk and branches is a drastic
+purgative, too active for safety as a physic. Mixed with water it is
+used as a wash for atonic ulcers.
+
+The seeds yield 25-30 per cent. of a yellowish oil, more active than
+castor oil as a purgative but less certain. Ten or twelve of the
+former equal in effect 30 to 40 drops of the latter. Its density is
+0.919, and it differs from castor oil in being only slightly soluble
+in absolute alcohol. In some parts of the Philippines it is used for
+purposes of illumination, and it is exported to Europe to adulterate
+soaps and candles. It contains a little stearin which begins to be
+deposited at 9° and is entirely solidified at 0°.
+
+The fruit is strongly purgative, and this action is not due to the
+oil but to a peculiar resin so active that 3 fruits produce drastic
+effects. Whatever purgative action the oil possesses is due to the
+resin which it contains in solution. It seems, therefore, preferable
+to treat the seeds with alcohol, thus dissolving the resin, and use
+the tincture thus obtained in place of the oil.
+
+The natives use the plant to intoxicate the fish in ponds and sluggish
+streams.
+
+The seeds of the species _J. multifida_, L., also called _tuba_ in
+Tag., and _mana_, are likewise purgative in their action. Dr. Waring
+saw a case of poisoning with the fruit; the patient, a young man,
+suffered violent vomiting, intense pain in the stomach and head,
+and marked prostration. He recovered under the use of lime juice
+and stimulants.
+
+Botanical Description.--The _J. Curcas_ is a small tree growing as high
+as 9°. Leaves alternate, cordate, glabrous, 3-5 cut-lobed. Flowers
+yellowish-green, monoecious, in terminal umbels, staminate and
+pistillate flowers mingled without order. Staminate: Calyx, 5 unequal
+sepals; corolla bell-shaped, 5 petals, woolly within, a small notch
+at the end, bent downward; stamens 10, in 2 whorls of 5. Pistillate:
+Calyx and corolla as above; several tongue-like staminodes replace
+the stamens; ovary free, oblong, 3-celled, 1 ovule in each cell;
+style 3-branched. Seed vessel fleshy, of 3 capsules, each bearing 1
+oval, coriaceous seed.
+
+Habitat.--Luzon and Visayas.
+
+
+
+_Aleurites Moluccana_, Willd. (_A. triloba_, Forst. and Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Lumbán_, _Kapili_, Tag.; _Belgaum_ or _Indian Walnut_,
+Indo-Eng.
+
+Uses.--The kernels are rich in oil which is used for illumination
+and the manufacture of soap. For industrial purposes it is superior
+to linseed oil, according to the report of the Madras Drug Committee.
+
+Dr. O'Rocke states that in doses of 1-2 ounces it acts as a gentle
+and sure purgative, producing copious bilious evacuations after 3-6
+hours, without causing nausea, colic or other similar effects. The
+municipal physician of Sampaloc, Señor Xerez, states that he has
+frequently used this oil in Manila, as a purgative, and he agrees
+perfectly with Dr. O'Rocke as to its effect.
+
+D. Anacleto del Rosario, the distinguished Filipino chemist, tells
+me that he once witnessed a case of poisoning by the fruit of the
+_lumbán_, the patient being a native boy. Doubtless the milky juice,
+so active in all the Euphorbiaceæ, was the cause of the symptoms. It
+is true that the kernel causes colic and copious alvine discharges.
+
+Nellino's chemical analysis of the seeds is as follows:
+
+
+            Water               5.25
+            Fatty matter       62.97
+            Cellulose          28.99
+            Mineral matter      2.79
+
+
+The ashes contain the following matters:
+
+
+            Lime               28.69%
+            Magnesia            6.01%
+            Potash             11.23%
+            Phosphoric acid    20.30%
+
+
+The oil is yellow, syrupy, transparent, odorless, insipid.
+
+Botanical Description.--A tree with leaves bunched or clustered,
+3-5 lobulate with as many nerves. Petioles about as long as
+the leaves. Flowers white, terminal in panicles, the pistillate
+mixed with the more numerous staminate flowers. Staminate: Calyx
+monophyllous, cylindrical, 2-toothed; corolla, 5 linear petals twice
+as long as the calyx; stamens 20 or more, joined in a column at
+their bases. Pistillate: Calyx and corolla as above; ovary of 2 or 3
+uniovulate locules, encircled by a disk; style 2-or 3-branched. Seed
+vessel large, ovate, compressed, fleshy, 2 sutures at right angles,
+2 compartments, in each a hard nut.
+
+Habitat.--Grows all over Luzon and is well known to the natives.
+
+
+
+_Croton Tiglium_, L. (_C. glandulosum_, _C. muricatum_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Tuba kamaisa_, Tag.; _The Purging Croton_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--The fruit is used by the Filipinos to intoxicate the fish
+in ponds and sluggish streams. The seeds contain an oil that
+is official in all Pharmacopoeias as one of the most powerful
+hydragogue cathartics. As it is intensely irritating it should never
+be administered alone but combined with other substances, such as
+castor oil, or in pill form. The internal dose is 1 to 2 drops. It
+is considered a specific for lead colic and is indicated when not
+only purgation but active irritation of the digestive canal is desired.
+
+Applied to the skin it is a strong irritant causing rapid and painful
+vesication. Great care should be exercised not to raise the hands to
+the eyes after touching the oil, as serious inflammation might result.
+
+Botanical Description.--A small tree, 8-9° high, with rough
+trunk. Leaves alternate, ovate, acute, minutely serrate, both surfaces
+beset with sharp hairs. Flowers yellowish-white, monoecious. Staminate:
+Fewer than the pistillate, growing above them; calyx 5-toothed;
+corolla, 5 woolly petals; stamens 16, joined in the center. Pistillate:
+Calyx 5-toothed; corolla much less developed than in the staminate;
+ovary free, 3 uniovulate locules; styles 3, bifid. Seed vessel
+dry, with thin envelope bristling with stiff hairs; 3 carpels each
+containing a seed.
+
+Habitat.--Common in Luzon.
+
+
+
+_Acalypha Indica_, L. (_A. Caroliniana_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--Not known.
+
+Uses.--This plant is not used medicinally in the Philippines, but
+is very common in India. Dr. G. Bidie, of Madras, states that the
+expressed juice of the leaves is in great repute, wherever the plant
+grows, as an emetic for children and is safe, certain and speedy in
+its action. Like ipecacuanha it seems to have little tendency to act on
+the bowels or depress the vital powers, and it decidedly increases the
+secretion of the pulmonary organs. Probably an infusion of the dried
+leaves or an extract prepared from the green plant would retain all
+its active properties. The dose of the expressed juice for an infant
+is a teaspoonful.
+
+Dr. A. E. Ross speaks highly of its use as an expectorant, ranking
+it in this respect with senega; he found it especially useful in the
+bronchitis of children. He also makes favorable report of a cataplasm
+of the leaves as a local application to syphilitic ulcers and as a
+means of relieving the pain attendant on the bites of venomous insects.
+
+The alleged purgative action of the root noticed by Ainslie is
+confirmed by Dr. H. E. Busteed, who reports having used the expressed
+juice of the root and leaves as a laxative for children.
+
+Langley, a military surgeon, states that in Canara the natives employ
+the leaf juice in congestive headache, soaking pledgets of cotton
+with it and introducing them into the nasal fossæ; the resultant
+nose bleed relieves the headache. The powder of the dry leaves is
+dusted on ulcers and putrid sores. In asthma and bronchitis, both of
+children and adults, Langley has used this plant with good results,
+and he recommends 1.25-3.50 grams of the tincture (100 grams of the
+fresh plant to 500 of alcohol, 90°) repeated several times a day;
+the effect is expectorant, nauseant and, in large doses, emetic.
+
+It must be noted that only the young, growing plants are active.
+
+The flowers of another species, _A. hispida_, Burm., called _bugos_
+in Tag. and Vis., is used in India for the dysentery.
+
+Botanical Description.--A little plant, about 3° high. Leaves
+alternate, broad, lanceolate, 5-nerved, serrate from middle to
+apex. Petioles much longer than the leaves, 2 stipules at their
+bases. Flowers greenish, monoecious in axillary spikes, pedunculate, as
+long as the leaves, crowned by a prolongation of the axis in the form
+of a cross. Staminate: Numerous, in upper part of spike; calyx 4 parts;
+no corolla; stamens 8-16, small, free. Pistillate: Less in number,
+at the base of the spike; perianth of 3 imbricated leaflets; ovary,
+3 uniovulate locules; style, 3 branches which also subdivide. Capsule
+3-celled, each cell containing a globose seed with cicatrix.
+
+Habitat.--Luzon, Panay and Mindanao. Blooms in October.
+
+
+
+_Echinus Philippensis_, H. Baillon. (_Croton Philippense_, Lamk.;
+_Rottlera tinctoria_, Roxb.; _Mallotus Philippensis_, Müll.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Banato_, Tag.; _Buas_, _Vuas_, Iloc.; _Monkey-face Tree_,
+_Kamala_ or _Kamala Dye_, Indo-Eng.
+
+Uses.--The capsular fruit of this plant is thickly beset with reddish
+glands and hairs, which, when brushed off and gathered in powder form,
+constitute the _kamala dye_ of the Hindoos. It was mentioned by the
+Arabian physicians of the tenth century under the names of _Kanbil_
+and _Wars_. In India the powder is highly valued as a yellow dye-stuff
+for silk. Medicinally it is used as an anthelmintic, the English
+physician Mackinnon, of the Bengal Hospital, having been the first to
+scientifically prove this property; he reported that it was successful
+in expelling the tape-worm. It is now official in the Pharmacopoeia
+of India and also in the U. S. P. as an anthelmintic and purgative;
+in Switzerland it is commonly given to expel the bothriocephalus
+which abounds there, the lake fish acting as hosts.
+
+The dose recommended by the Pharmacopoeia of India is 8-12 grams,
+divided in 3 or 4 doses. This amount sometimes causes nausea and
+colic; in the third or fourth stool the tænia is commonly expelled
+in a lifeless condition. Dujardin-Beaumetz advises a dose of 30
+grams of castor oil in case the tænia has not been expelled 2 hours
+after the last dose of kamala. The powder is efficacious but the
+tincture seems to be surer; the dose is 6 grams for children and 20
+for adults, given in divided doses in aromatic water every hour for
+6 hours. This tincture is prepared by macerating 200 grams of kamala
+in 500 cc. alcohol for 7 days; then filtering with expression and
+adding enough alcohol to complete the 500 cc.
+
+The powder is also used in India as a local application in herpes
+circinata. It is insoluble in water; in ether and alcohol it yields 80%
+of a red resin. Anderson noted that a concentrated ethereal solution of
+kamala after a few days formed a solid crystalline mass, yellow, very
+soluble in ether; this substance he named _rottlerin_, C_11_H_10_O_3_.
+
+Botanical Description.--A tree, 6-8 meters high, covered with
+stellate groups of short yellow hairs. Leaves alternate, petiolate,
+rhomboid-oval or lanceolate, acuminate, 3-nerved, entire or slightly
+dentate, upper surface glabrous, lower surface covered with woolly
+hairs and powdery red glands. Flowers yellowish-green, small,
+dioecious, apetalous, in spikes. Staminate: By 3's in the axil of each
+bract; perianth, 3 or 5 deeply cut, lanceolate lobules; stamens 15-25,
+free, inserted in the center of the flower. Pistillate: In the axil
+of each bract; ovary, 3 locules each with 1 ovule, covered like the
+leaves with hairs and yellow, granular glands. Seed vessel globose,
+3-celled, like ovary covered with hairs and glands.
+
+Habitat.--Mountains of Morong, San Mateo, Tarlak, Bosoboso, Ilocos
+Norte, Albay and Batangas.
+
+
+
+_Ricinus communis_, L. (Variety _microcarpus_, Müll.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Tangantangan_, _Lingasina_, Tag.; _Tangantangan_,
+_Tawatawasinga_, Iloc.; _Castor Oil Plant_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--A purgative oil is expressed from the seeds, called "Aceite de
+Ricino" (castor oil). It operates mechanically in the intestinal tract
+and its action is rapid and is indicated whenever it is desired simply
+to empty the intestines without producing any irritating effect;
+it is, therefore, a purgative indicated in diseases of children,
+in pregnancy, and in hemorrhoidal congestions where a non-irritating
+evacuation of the rectum is desired. It is an anthelmintic, though
+not ordinarily given alone, but in combination with other drugs of
+a purely anthelmintic action, the object being to expel the worms
+which have been attacked by the specific.
+
+Oil extracted simply by expression is less purgative than that obtained
+by treating the seeds with bisulphide of carbon and absolute alcohol;
+also less purgative than the seeds themselves, because it contains only
+a very small proportion of a drastic principle existing exclusively in
+the seeds; this principle is completely dissolved in the oil extracted
+by chemical process.
+
+It is pale yellow in color, very viscid, with a characteristic mouldy
+odor. The purgative dose is 10-30 grams. A small dose may purge as
+actively as a larger one provided that the patient drink abundantly
+after the administration of the drug. The best method of disguising its
+taste is by giving it in half a cup of very strong, hot coffee. Just
+before the dose, take a swallow of coffee to disguise the taste even
+more effectually.
+
+Castor oil enters into the composition of elastic collodion (simple
+collodion, 30 grams, castor oil, 2 grams). The leaves pounded and
+boiled are applied as a poultice to foul ulcers.
+
+Botanical Description.--There are two forms of this variety in
+the Philippines, possessing the same properties and known by the
+same common name: _R. viridis_, Müll. (_R. communis_, Blanco) and
+_R. subpurpurascens_, Müll.; the former is the more common and has
+a glabrous, fistular stem. Leaves peltate, palmately cleft in 7 or
+9 lobules, lanceolate, serrate. Petioles long. Flowers greenish,
+monoecious, the staminate ones in large panicled clusters below the
+pistillate. Filaments numerous, subdivided into several anther-bearing
+branches. Pistillate flowers, 3 sepals, 3 styles. Seed vessel,
+3 prickly capsules, containing solitary seeds.
+
+The _R. subpurpurascens_ is distinguished from the former by bearing
+2 glandules at the base of the leaves, the mulberry color of which
+latter suggests its common name, _Tangantangan na morado_, Tag., Vis.
+
+Habitat.--Very common in Luzon, Mindanao and other islands.
+
+
+
+
+URTICACEÆ.
+
+Nettle Family.
+
+
+
+_Artocarpus integrifolia_, Willd.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Nangka_, Tag.; _Jack Fruit Tree_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--The huge fruit of this tree is well known to the Filipinos
+and well liked by them as an article of food, eaten fresh or in sweet
+preserves. The arils and pulpy envelopes of the seeds are the parts
+eaten, also the seeds themselves, boiled or roasted. According to
+Padre Mercado the roasted seeds have an aphrodisiac action.
+
+The heated and powdered leaves are applied to wounds and given
+internally for congestions. The resin of the trunk is a useful
+application to ulcers and in India they give it internally to cure la
+melena, the dose, one "tola" mixed with the same amount of _manga_
+resin and a little lime water. The same resin if heated makes an
+excellent cement for broken china.
+
+Botanical Description.--A tree, 20° or more in height, with abundant
+milky sap. Leaves alternate, oval, acute at both ends, slightly wavy
+and revolute borders, tough, glabrous and dark green upper surface;
+light green, slightly rough under surface. Petioles short. Flowers
+greenish, monoecious, growing on root, trunk and branches. Calyx very
+small, monophyllous, of about 7 deciduous lobules. Staminate: On a
+club-shaped receptacle, 3' or 4' long, bristling with the stamens;
+filaments very short, anthers 2-celled. Pistillate: On a common,
+oblong receptacle which ripens to the great fruit; style 1, short;
+rarely 2 divergent styles; stigmas acute. Fruit about size and shape
+of a small watermelon, beset with many sharp eminences, containing
+many seeds enveloped in thick arils.
+
+Habitat.--It grows in all parts of the Archipelago and is commonly
+known.
+
+
+
+_Laportea gaudichaudiana_, Wedd. (_Urtica umbellata_, _U. ferox_,
+Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Lingaton_, _Lipa_, _Apariagua_ (?), Tag., Vis.;
+_Lipangdoton_, Pam.
+
+Uses.--The Padre Mercado writes as follows concerning the properties of
+this plant: "The leaves, applied with salt in the form of a plaster,
+purify dog bites, foul, putrid, malignant and cankerous ulcers;
+they cure boils, contusions and all abscesses; mixed with wax
+they may be applied for obstruction of the spleen; mashed with the
+juice and inserted in the nose they arrest nose-bleed; cooked with
+snails they soften the stomach, excite the secretion of urine and
+dissipate flatus; the juice given as a gargle aborts inflammation of
+the epiglottis. The seeds mixed with wine are a sexual excitant and
+"clear out" the womb; taken with syrup they relieve dyspnoea, pain
+in the side and inflammation of the lungs and force up the humors
+from the chest; it may be mixed with medicines that corrupt the flesh
+(sic). The grated root drunk with wine relieves painful flatulence. I
+myself (continues the Padre Mercado) have experimented with a woman
+who suffered with painful flatulence and this remedy relieved her."
+
+We repeat that all the foregoing is copied from the writings of Padre
+Mercado and we offer it as a therapeutic curiosity.
+
+P. Blanco states that merely to touch the leaves causes an intolerable
+itching.
+
+Botanical Description.--A small tree, 12-15° high, trunk richly
+branched. Leaves opposite, bunched at the ends of the branches, notched
+at the base, long, ovate, serrate, hairy on both surfaces. Flowers
+yellowish-white, dioecious. Staminate: In compound racemes;
+calyx 4 parts; corolla none; stamens 4, inserted on the base of the
+calyx. Pistillate: Flowers in 2-forked umbel, flat, very large; calyx,
+none; stamens none; stigma 1; seed heart-shaped.
+
+Habitat.--Very common in all the fields and in the mountains. Blooms
+in June.
+
+
+
+
+CASUARINEÆ.
+
+Beefwood Family.
+
+
+
+_Casuarina Sumatrana_, Jung. (_C. equisetifolia_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Agoho_, Tag.; _Malabohok_, _Agoho_, Vis.; _Aro_, _Karo_,
+_Agoó_, Iloc.
+
+Uses.--The bark is astringent by virtue of the large quantity of tannin
+it contains. Its principal use is in decoction in the treatment of
+diarrhoea, dysentery and hæmoptysis; it is also given in amenorrhoea,
+though it is apt to increase the pain. Externally it is used as a
+wash for contusions and ulcers.
+
+Another species, _C. equisetifolia_, Forst., confounded with the
+former species by the natives, has the same therapeutic applications.
+
+Botanical Description.--A tree with stellately arranged straight
+branches. Leaves stellate, long, narrow, linear, 4-grooved. They
+have been compared to the tail of a horse and the tail of a certain
+bird--the casobar. Staminate and pistillate flowers greenish,
+on different parts of the same stalk. Staminate, in small
+aments. Pistillate on small globose aments; calyx proper of the
+floweret, a coarse scale; corolla none; ovary conical; styles 2,
+flattened, divergent; stigmas acute. Fruit: Each floweret produces
+a woody seed-vessel, bivalved, ovate, glabrous, with a small seed
+ending in an oval wing; all these seed vessels joined form a small
+cone about 1' long.
+
+Habitat.--Very common in Ilocos, Tarlak, Binangonang of Lampong and
+N. Ecija.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+MONOCOTYLEDONS.
+
+
+
+MUSACEÆ.
+
+Banana Family.
+
+
+
+_Musa paradisiaca_, L.
+
+_M. sapientum_, L.
+
+Nom. Vulg. _Plátano_, Sp.; _Saging_, Tag., etc.; _Banana_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--The fruit produced by the various varieties of the banana
+plant constitutes one of the most wholesome and delicious of foods,
+appreciated by natives and Europeans alike. According to Boussingaul
+its nutritive value is greater than that of the potato and it may
+be used constantly without ill effects. Bananas contain a large
+percentage of sugar and mucilage. In India they dry them in the sun,
+as figs and grapes are treated in other countries and thus preserve
+them for long voyages by sea or land; eaten in conjunction with animal
+food they are a strong preventive of scurvy. If eaten when thoroughly
+ripe they have a laxative effect.
+
+The young and tender leaves are used in the Philippines as a
+protective dressing for ulcers, dermatitis, burns and cantharidal or
+other artificial blisters. Before applying to the affected surface
+the leaf is heated to make it more flexible and coated with a thin
+layer of cocoanut oil or other fatty substance.
+
+In the dispensaries of India they also use the leaves in this way,
+thus protecting and at the same time maintaining the moisture of the
+part. Dr. Waring recommends the practice and Dr. Van Someren follows
+it in the application of water dressings, having substituted banana
+leaves for gutta-percha.
+
+In Mauritius the fruit is used for dysentery, and the flowers,
+together with an equal quantity of those of _Spilanthes Acmella_,
+are made into a decoction and prescribed for dropsy.
+
+Botanical Description.--The banana plant with its huge waving leaves
+and succulent stem is universally familiar. The flower stalk rises
+through the center developing a drooping spike, the flowers in short
+rows in the axils of its large purplish bracts. According to Blanco
+there are 57 varieties of this plant in the Philippines, the following
+being the most common edible varieties: _bungulang_, _lakatan_,
+_letondang_, _obispo_, _higo_, _morado_, _butuan_, _bentikohol_,
+_sabá_, _tampuhing_.
+
+Habitat.--Common everywhere in the islands.
+
+
+
+
+ZINGIBERACEÆ.
+
+Ginger Family.
+
+
+
+_Zingiber officinale_, L. (_Amomum zingiber_, L. and Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Ajengibre_, _Jengibre_, Sp.; _Luya_, Tag.; _Laya_, Bic.;
+_Ginger_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--The rhizome is used principally as a condiment in the
+Philippines. Its flavor is extremely agreeable, much appreciated
+in Europe by the English who are the greatest consumers of the
+condiment. In the Philippines a decoction is made of ginger and
+brown sugar, called _tahu_ by the Chinese who drink it regularly as
+we do coffee in the early hours of the morning. It is an excellent
+drink, aromatic, tonic, stomachic and stimulant, and would probably
+be highly useful as well as economical as a part of the ration of
+European and native troops in the field. Hot _tahú_ or _tahu_ is an
+active diuretic; and during the last epidemic of cholera in Manila
+some physicians used it with very satisfactory results.
+
+Ginger is a good carminative and is official in the pharmacopoeias of
+Europe, America and India. It is used with good effect in flatulent
+colic, atonic diseases of the intestines so common in the Philippines
+and in chronic rheumatism.
+
+The tincture is given in doses of 2-4 grams. The official infusion
+30-60 grams.
+
+The rhizome contains a volatile oil [10] (25 per cent.), a pale yellow
+liquid, specific gravity 0.878, the odor like that of the rhizome
+but lacking its strong and piquant taste. Its reaction is not acid;
+it dissolves slowly in alcohol. The burning taste is due to a resin
+that produces protocatechuic acid when melted with potassa.
+
+Botanical Description.--The only part employed is the rhizome, well
+known all over the islands and found in all their pharmacies and shops.
+
+Several stems rise 2-3° directly from the peculiar, branched rhizome;
+long-lanceolate, acuminate, entire, glabrous, alternate leaves diverge
+stiffly from the sides of the stem; petiole proper very short, its
+broader extension ensheathing the stem; general appearance of a single
+stem is much like that of the Solomon's seal so familiar in the U. S.
+
+
+
+_Curcuma longa_, L.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Dilaw_, Tag.; _Dulaw_, _Kalawaga_, _Kinamboy_, Vis.;
+_Angay_, Pam.; _Turmeric Plant_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--The yellow rhizome called by some _azafrán_ (saffron), is
+used as a condiment; its odor is remotely suggestive of vanilla. The
+Philippine herb-doctors give it internally for hæmoptysis, externally
+as a plaster or in infusion for acute dermatitis. The juice is
+prescribed in doses of 30-60 grams in bronchial catarrh. In India
+they inhale the fumes of burning turmeric paper for coryza, and with
+good effect according to the testimony of Dr. Waring.
+
+The drug is official in the Pharmacopoeia of India. It is carminative,
+stimulant and probably antiseptic. Its decoction is used as an eye-wash
+in catarrhal and purulent conjunctivitis. The Mohammedans of Deccan
+use it for jaundice upon the theory that the yellow color of the skin
+in that disease is an indication for a remedy of the same color. The
+juice is also used in many parts of India to stain the face, nails
+and other parts of the body.
+
+The tincture is prepared by macerating 30 grams of bruised rhizome
+in 200 cc. alcohol for seven days, then filtering. Turmeric paper is
+prepared by impregnating unsized paper with this tincture, and then
+drying. Both tincture and paper are used to test for alkalies.
+
+The rhizomes contain a pigment called curcumin, an essential oil and
+fæcula. Curcumin (C_14_H_14_O_4_) is crystalline, yellow by direct
+light and blue by reflected light; it was studied by Jackson and Menke.
+
+In the Philippines it is used extensively as a diaphoretic and
+emmenagogue and in icterus, intestinal colic and dysmenorrhoea;
+externally for skin diseases, contusions and atonic ulcers.
+
+Gubler regards it as a diffusible stimulant. Its use is more extensive
+in England than in France and Spain; in India it forms an ingredient of
+_curry_, called _carí_ in Manila. Curcumin is eliminated by the urine,
+which it colors yellow, and if at the same time an alkali be taken by
+the patient, especially a salt of calcium, the urine becomes red and
+may communicate this stain to the clothes. This fact should be borne
+in mind to avoid embarrassing mistakes in diagnosis or prognosis. Dose
+of powder, 2-5 grams.
+
+Botanical Description.--Leaves 2-4° long, rising in bush-like bunches
+directly from the rhizome, broad-lanceolate, acuminate, gradually
+tapering down the long petioles; numerous prominent nerves give
+a ribbed appearance to the blade. Rhizome cylindrical, irregular,
+bright yellow within.
+
+
+
+_Elettaria Cardamomum_, White.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Langkuas_, _Langkawas_, Vis.; _Cardamon_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--This plant, though official in several pharmacopoeias, is not
+used as a medicine in the Philippines, probably on account of its
+scarcity here. The seeds are used as a condiment; they are stimulant
+and carminative and yield good results in atonic dyspepsia, nervous
+depression and spasmodic or flatulent affections of the intestine. The
+dose of the powdered seeds is from 0.60-1.50 grams in pill form;
+the tincture is, however, more convenient and is given in doses of
+from 4 to 8 grams.
+
+Botanical Description.--A plant with a scaly rhizome and adventitious
+roots from which spring the stems, some of which bear leaves and
+others flowers. The leaves are alternate, in pairs; extended,
+lanceolate blade, with a short petiole. Branches bearing flowers,
+short, flexible and scaly. The flowers spring from the sheaths of
+the leaves. Calyx tubular, 3-toothed; second calyx with limb divided
+into 3 unequal lobules. Stamens 3. Ovary inferior, 3 many-ovuled
+compartments. Style simple. Stigma rounded. Fruit an oblong, ovoid
+capsule, 3-celled, trivalvate. Seeds blackish, albuminous.
+
+Habitat.--Visayan Islands.
+
+
+
+
+AMARYLLIDACEÆ.
+
+Amaryllis Family.
+
+
+
+_Crinum Asiaticum, L._ (_C. giganteum_, Blanco.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Bakong_, Tag.
+
+Uses.--The decoction of the leaves is used in the Philippines as an
+expectorant. The plant is official in the Pharmacopoeia of India as
+an emetic and in small doses is nauseant and diaphoretic. As an emetic
+the dose of the fresh juice of the root is 8-16 grams every 10 minutes
+till vomiting occurs. Dr. W. O'Shaughnessy, writing from Bengal, states
+that this is the only indigenous and abundant emetic plant of which
+he has experience, which acts without producing griping, purging, or
+other unpleasant symptoms. In a communication to Dr. Waring he remarks
+that it is a good emetic and diaphoretic whenever ipecacuanha is not
+at hand but that it should be regarded not so much as a substitute
+for that article as a resource in case of need.
+
+The leaf juice is used in India to drop into the ears for disease of
+these organs.
+
+One of the infinite remedies used by the Filipinos under the name
+of "contrapoisons," without specifying or knowing what poison,
+is the powdered root of _Crinum_, given internally with a little
+water. They also use the leaves locally for the itch, bruising them
+and rubbing the affected parts energetically with them. I may note
+here in passing, what I have written before: that the Filipinos have
+from time immemorial been familiar with the sarcopt of scabies (Kahaw)
+which they pick out with a needle or spine of some fish or vegetable.
+
+Botanical Description.--A plant with globose, scaly root. Leaves
+keeled or ridged. Flowers white, on a flattened stalk, on a spathe
+of 2 leaflets and several dry threads enclosing 4 flowerets. Corolla
+funnel-form, tube long and triangular; limb cut in 6 horizontal
+lanceolate lobes. Stamens 6, shorter than corolla. Anthers long. Stigma
+with 3 points. Seed vessel inferior, 3-celled, each cell containing
+a seed.
+
+_Habitat._--Very common on the seashore and in groves of mangrove
+trees. Blooms in July.
+
+
+
+
+LILIACEÆ.
+
+Lily Family.
+
+
+
+_Aloes Barbadensis_, Mill. (_A. humilis_, Blanco; _A. vera_, L.;
+_A. vulgaris_, Banck.; _A. Indica_, Royl.)
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Sabila_, Tag.; _Dilang boaya_, Vis.; _Aloes_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--This species is one of those which produce the substance known
+in pharmacy as _aloes_, which is the juice of the leaf evaporated to
+the consistency of an extract. It is official in all pharmacopoeias
+and its properties are known to the Filipino herb-doctors. They
+use the fresh juice of the leaves as a stimulant of the scalp in
+baldness and locally in contusions. Aloes is a slow purgative and
+its irritating action on the lower portion of the large intestine
+extends to the genito-urinary organs. It is, therefore, an emmenagogue
+and its prolonged use causes hemorrhoids, especially in man. It is
+contraindicated where there is disease of the genito-urinary organs
+or rectum. As it increases the secretion of bile it is useful in
+certain hepatic diseases. It is used in small doses as a tonic in
+dyspepsia. The tonic dose is 1/2-20 centigrams; purgative, 15-50 of
+the extract, preferably in pill form. It is customary to associate
+it with other purgatives.
+
+Botanical Description.--A stemless plant, the leaves springing
+immediately from the root as in the pineapple, joined at the base,
+straight, ligulate, very fleshy and becoming thinner toward the end,
+with stiff thorns along the edges. Flowers between yellow and red
+outside and straw-colored inside, in racemes on a cylindrical scape
+3° or more high, sometimes ramose, peduncles very short. Corolla
+cylindrical, somewhat incurved, cleft to the middle in 6 parts, 3
+external, acute and superposed on the others, obtuse at the apex and
+of different color. Stamens 6, inserted at the nectiferous base of
+the ovary and of the same length as the corolla. Anthers erect. Ovary
+cylindrical with 6 furrows. Stigma obtuse, with raveled edges. The
+seed vessel ovoid, 3-valved, 3-celled, with 2 seeds in each, furnished
+with 3 spongy wings.
+
+Habitat.--Common in gardens.
+
+
+
+_Allium sativum_, L.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Ajo_, Sp.; _Bawang_, Tag.; _Garlic_, Eng.
+
+_Allium Cepa_, L.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Cebolla_, Sp.; _Lasuna_, _Sibuyas_, Tag.; _Onion_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--The garlic and the onion are used to excess as condiments
+in Philippine as well as Spanish cooking. Both are difficult of
+digestion and communicate a very disagreeable odor to the breath,
+intolerable to those who are unaccustomed to it. Garlic possesses
+the singular property, familiar to many students and soldiers,
+of inducing a transient fever if introduced within the anus. When
+bruised and applied to the skin it has a counter-irritant action which
+makes it useful in the treatment of rheumatism, but the odor is so
+disagreeable that it is not worth while to use it for that purpose
+when we have so many other medicines which produce the same effect
+without being objectionable. It is also used locally for the bites
+of venomous animals.
+
+The onion is used cooked as a poultice over the bladder and internally
+for various catarrhs. It is better to abstain from the therapeutic
+and culinary use of products so indigestible and so malodorous.
+
+Botanical Description.--These plants are so well known in all parts
+of the world that a description of them would be superfluous.
+
+
+
+
+PALMÆ.
+
+Palm Family.
+
+
+
+_Areca Catechu_, L.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Bonga_, Tag.; _Betel-nut Palm_, _Areca_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--The seeds form part of a masticatory very common throughout
+the extreme Orient, known as _Buyo_ and composed of a betel leaf,
+a little slaked lime, and a slice of the fruit of the bonga, known
+as _Siri_ in Indo-China and among the Malays. It is so common that
+it is hard to find a man or woman who does not use it. The saliva
+of those who use it is red and of a strong odor, and its careless
+use in time blackens the teeth and makes the breath extremely
+disagreeable. Habitual chewers consider it a tonic of the mouth and
+stomach and a general stimulant as well. It probably does possess
+these properties but they are reversed in the case of persons who
+use it immoderately for they lose appetite, become salivated, and
+the whole organism degenerates. The carbonized and powdered fruit
+is used as a dentifrice but its virtues are doubtless identical with
+those of any vegetable charcoal, _i. e._, absorbent and antiseptic.
+
+One unaccustomed to the use of bonga and chewing it for the first time,
+usually experiences a most disagreeable combination of symptoms;
+constriction of the oesophagus, a sensation of heat in the head
+and face, the latter becoming red and congested; at the same time
+dizziness and precordial distress are experienced. The same phenomena
+occur in certain persons after eating palmito salad or the tender
+central portion of the bonga and of other palms.
+
+The flowers are eaten in salad like the above-mentioned _palmito_. The
+seed is astringent and tænifuge; for the latter purpose it is given
+internally as a powder in a dose of from 16 to 24 grams. Its action
+is uncertain. The catechu which is obtained in India from the Bonga
+differs from that obtained from the _Acacia Catechu_ and is a tonic
+analogous to rhatany and cinchona.
+
+The seeds contain about 14% of a fatty crystalline material which
+melts at 39°, and after saponification yields a crystalline, fatty acid
+that may be regarded as a mixture of lauric and muriatic acids. They
+also contain about 14% of a red, amorphous tonic material which,
+after drying, is but slightly soluble in cold or hot water.
+
+The lower part of the petiole of the leaves is thin and broad,
+ensheathing the trunk, is as tough as pasteboard when dry and is used
+in the Philippines as wrapping paper; Dr. Bholanauth Bose and other
+physicians of India use it as a material for splints in fractures,
+a practice which might well be imitated in Manila and especially in
+the country.
+
+Botanical Description.--A well-known palm with slender stem, surrounded
+by many circles; it grows to about the same height as the coco-nut palm
+or less. The flowers spring in bunches of long, thread-like spikes from
+the trunk a little below the crown of leaves at the base of the long,
+smooth, green, sheath-like petioles which clasp the trunk; each spike
+bears many staminate and a few pistillate flowers. The fruit is about
+the size and shape of a hen's egg, the husk tow-like or filamentose,
+the kernel pinkish or light red.
+
+Habitat.--Grows throughout the islands.
+
+
+
+_Cocos nucifera_, L.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Coco_, Sp.-Fil.; _Niog_, Tag.; _Coco-nut Palm_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--This plant is, perhaps, the most useful in the
+Philippines. Without it and the bamboo plant the people of the
+Archipelago would not know how to live. It produces vinegar, an
+alcoholic drink called _tuba_ or _coco-wine_, an oil, an edible nut,
+and its leaves are used instead of nipa to roof the huts.
+
+Tuba is an opaline, slightly sweet liquid, with an agreeable taste,
+which rapidly becomes acid under the influence of the heat. A flowering
+or fruit-bearing stalk, which has not been incised before, is chosen
+and encircled with several rings of rope or rattan. The stalk is then
+cut and a bamboo vessel called a _bombón_ is hung to receive the sap
+which escapes during the night. This liquid is valuable as a drink
+for those who are debilitated, suffering from pulmonary catarrh, and
+even for consumptives, who are accustomed to drink it every morning,
+sometimes with marvelous results, according to reports. The heat of
+the day rapidly ferments the tuba, converting it into a mild vinegar,
+which is widely used for domestic purposes in the Philippines. When
+fermented and distilled it produces a weak alcohol of disagreeable
+taste called coco-wine.
+
+The ripe fruit contains a rather soft and savory meat which is
+generally eaten mixed with the clear, sweet coco-nut milk. Later the
+meat becomes firmer and is used as a food and an oil much used in the
+islands is extracted from it. To extract the oil the meat is grated
+and pressed until all the juice is extracted. This is called the milk
+and when boiled is converted almost completely into oil. Cocoanut
+milk has an agreeable taste and may in some cases take the place of
+cow's milk. It is apt to produce diarrhoea, however, which action
+may be bad for some but on the other hand good for others, such as
+the habitually constipated. Both the meat and the milk are widely
+used by the natives in making sweets.
+
+In the greater part of the islands it is the only oil used for
+illumination. As a medicine it is employed internally as a purgative
+and externally in the treatment of scores of troubles in which the
+good results obtained are due, not to the oil but to the massage used
+in rubbing it in. It has the reputation of stimulating the growth
+of the hair and all the natives and some Europeans use it lavishly
+as a hair ointment. When fresh its odor is agreeable, but it easily
+becomes rancid and assumes a most disagreeable odor. In the Visayan
+Islands they make an oil of a nauseous odor which they call in Manila
+_Caracoa_. It is used only for illumination and by the poor.
+
+At a temperature of 20° or more the oil remains liquid; it is colorless
+when fresh and properly extracted. It solidifies at 18° and two kinds
+of soap are made of it; one soft and exceedingly cheap called "Quiapo";
+the other hard, white, of a high quality, but as a rule containing
+an excess of lime which in time is deposited in a fluorescent film
+on its surface.
+
+In India the root is employed in the treatment of dysentery.
+
+Botanical Description.--A tree most familiar to every one.
+
+Habitat.--Common in all parts of the Archipelago.
+
+
+
+_Nipa fruticans_, Wurmb.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Nipa_, Sp.-Fil.; _Sasa_, Tag.
+
+Uses.--The dry leaves of this palm are generally used in the villages
+of Manila Province, Pampanga, Bulacan and other provinces in the
+construction of roofs and walls of houses, which are therefore called
+"nipa houses." The decoction of the fresh leaves is used as a lotion
+for indolent ulcers, and a popular preserve is made from the fruit.
+
+Like the coco and following the same process the nipa yields a liquid
+also called tuba and possessing properties identical with those of
+the former plant. The weak alcohol distilled from it has some repute
+in the treatment of conjunctivitis, for which purpose a few drops are
+mixed with a small quantity of water and the eyes are washed with it
+several times a day. This alcohol, improperly called wine of nipa,
+has a characteristically unpleasant odor which makes it impracticable
+for medicinal or industrial use. Several chemists have attempted to
+remove the characteristic odor from nipa alcohol, but their results
+had always been negative because the odorous principle was distilled
+over at the same temperature as the alcohol. Finally a distinguished
+Filipino chemist, D. Anacleto del Rosario, perfected a process of
+producing from the nipa tuba an absolute alcohol perfectly free from
+the characteristic odor; an alcohol, in fact, possessing all the
+qualities of chemically pure alcohol, and of such a high grade that
+it was awarded the first prize at the last World's Fair in Paris.
+
+Botanical Description.--A palm about 6° high with long, pinnate leaves
+with leaflets which separate, at maturity, like those of the coco
+palm. Flowers monoecious, in a spathe. Fruit, many pyramidal drupes
+joined together, but easily separable. The outer covering of each
+drupe is hard, the inner part tow-like; seed enveloped in a sort of
+fleshy white meat.
+
+Habitat.--Salt water marshes, especially in Pampanga and the Visayan
+Islands.
+
+
+
+
+CYPERACEÆ.
+
+Sedge Family.
+
+
+
+_Cyperus rotundus_, L.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Mutha_, Tag.; _Botobotones_, Vis.; _Mota_, _Malaapolid_,
+_Sursur_, _Onoran_, _Kusung_, _Omadiung_, _Galonalpas_, Pam.;
+_Nutgrass_ or _Coco-grass_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--The root possesses stimulant, diaphoretic, diuretic and
+emmenagogue properties. In the Philippines it is used internally for
+dysentery, and in India for the same purpose and as a vermifuge. It is
+given as a tonic in gastro-intestinal diseases, and General Hardwick
+has reported good results with it in cholera; as he reported only
+two cases, his testimony is not of much value.
+
+The Chinese use the dry or roasted root, especially in inflammation of
+the viscera and uterine diseases. They also attribute to it diuretic,
+emmenagogue and anthelmintic properties. In Java and India they use it
+for gonorrhoea, and in Mauritius as a diaphoretic and astringent. In
+the Philippines the bruised root is applied to the face for toothache.
+
+Botanical Description.--The root is ovoid, ranging in size from that
+of a hazel-nut to that of a walnut, composed of a white, spongy
+substance. Leaves sword-shaped, ensheathing the stem. Flowers in
+a compound umbel on the end of the stalk which is naked, long and
+triangular. The umbellets are alternate, awl-shaped, with distinct
+flowers. Calyx universal, with 2 sword-shaped leaflets. Calyx proper,
+a very small, ridged scale. Corolla none. Stamens 3. Filaments long,
+inserted on the base of the ovary. Anthers long and straight. Style
+1. Stigmas 3, simple, revolute. Fruit 1. Seed oblong, 3-sided,
+glabrous.
+
+Habitat.--Common in Luzon and Panay. Blooms in June and July.
+
+
+
+
+GRAMINEÆ.
+
+Grass Family.
+
+
+
+_Zea Mays_, L.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Maíz_, Sp.; _Maize_, _Corn_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--Corn is an extensive article of diet in the Philippines,
+but has the reputation of being indigestible. This is true when it
+is eaten in the grain, but in the form of meal it is easily digested
+and highly nutritious. The tassels have been used in the Philippines
+from time immemorial in decoction as a diuretic, for which property
+they received notice in the _Medical World_ of Paris about the year
+1876. The entire plant is diuretic and the natives give the decoction
+of the stalk for various diseases of the bladder and kidneys. An
+extract of the tassels has been put on the market, but it is better
+to administer a decoction made from 20 grams of tassel to 1 liter of
+water to be taken at will during the day. Rademaker and Fischer give
+the following chemical composition:
+
+
+        Fixed oil                                   5.25
+        Resin, crystalline matter and chlorophyl    3.25
+        Maizenic acid                               2.25
+        Sugar and gum                              19.50
+        Albuminoids                                 3.50
+        Salts and extracts                          5.50
+        Cellulose                                  37.00
+        Water                                      20.00
+
+
+The fixed oil is bright yellow, saponifiable by potash, soluble in
+chloroform and ether, insoluble in alcohol, solidifies at 10°.
+
+Habitat.--Very common in all parts of the islands.
+
+
+
+_Andropogon Schoenanthes_, L.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Salay_, _Tanglad_, Tag.; _Paja de Meca_, Sp.-Fil.;
+_Baliyoko_, Vis.; _Geranium Grass_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--The Filipino women use the leaves to perfume their gogo
+hair-wash. The decoction of the leaves is used internally as a diuretic
+(10 grams to a liter of water) and also to bathe pregnant women. The
+roots also are diuretic.
+
+A Manila pharmacist, D. Rosendo García, has obtained a good quality of
+the fixed oil of this plant. In India they call this essence _rusa_,
+_geranium_ and _gin-gembre_ (nimar oil, Eng.); the annual export
+from Bombay is over 40,000 English pounds. It is dextrogyrous and
+its formula is C_5_H_4_.
+
+Another species, the _A. nardus_, L., commonly called "raiz de mora"
+(mulberry root), "citronella," Eng., possesses the same therapeutic
+properties as the former. It also possesses an agreeable perfume
+and yields an essential oil, which, like rusa, is used to adulterate
+Attar of Roses.
+
+The dried root is widely used in the Philippines and in Europe as
+well, to preserve clothing from moths and other destructive insects,
+at the same time giving them a sweet odor. In India the decoction is
+used internally, 10 grams to a liter of water, in the treatment of
+rheumatism and as a diuretic.
+
+Botanical Description.--An indigenous grass with sword-shaped leaves
+about 4° high, tapering at the base, possessing a sweet odor. Root
+thick, irregular, rough, formed by the union of several small rootlets.
+
+
+
+_Saccharum officinarum_, L.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Cañamiel_, _Caña de azúcar_, _Caña dulc_, Sp.; _Tubo_,
+Tag.; _Sugar Cane_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--The Filipinos are very fond of the fresh cane. The juice,
+which is extracted by means of primitive wooden presses, is used
+as a drink mixed with lemon juice or vino and is sold in markets
+and public places as a popular beverage on hot days. A tepid juice,
+extracted from heated cane is given for catarrhal troubles. This use
+of the juice is the only one peculiar to the Philippines. Its general
+use and properties are universally familiar and are amply treated in
+the materia medica.
+
+Botanical Description.--This plant is so universally familiar that
+it is unnecessary to describe it. More than 20 varieties are found
+in the Philippines.
+
+Habitat.--Throughout the islands, especially in the Island of Negros
+and the Luzon Provinces of Pampanga, Bulacan and Nueva Ecija.
+
+
+
+_Oriza_, L.
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Arroz_, Sp.; _Palay_, Tag. (the plant and the unhusked
+rice); _Bigas_, Tag. (the husked rice); _Rice_, Eng.
+
+Uses.--All the people of Indo-China, China, Japan and the greater
+part of the Indian Archipelago eat rice as Europeans do bread.
+
+In the Philippines an immense variety of rice grows and in the World's
+Fair at Paris, in 1889, Señor D. Regino García, of Manila, presented
+a unique collection of 147 varieties. The rice grown in high lands
+above irrigation is called "arroz de secano" and mountain rice, and
+that grown in low and irrigated land is called "arroz de sementera"
+and swamp rice. The two kinds are equally valuable as food.
+
+The proportion of starch in rice is large, but it contains but a
+small amount of gluten, and therefore a large amount must be eaten
+in order to obtain sufficient nutritive elements.
+
+
+        Water                                       5.00
+        Starch                                     85.07
+        Parenchyma                                  4.80
+        Nitrogenous matter                          3.68
+        Crystallizable sugar                        0.29
+        Gummy matter                                1.71
+        Oil                                         0.13
+        Phosphate of lime                           0.40
+        Chloride of potash, phosphate of potash,
+        acetic acid, calcareous vegetable salt,
+        salt of potash, sulphur                     Traces.
+
+
+In the Filipino therapeutics rice has an extensive use, especially in
+the form of a decoction called _cange_, which is commonly given in the
+treatment of diarrhoea and dysentery, with good results. Cooked as a
+sort of mush it may be used as a substitute for linseed poultices and
+has the great advantage of not becoming rancid. Roasted and powdered
+it is dusted upon wounds or abrasions of the skin and forms a dry
+and absorbent covering under which they heal rapidly.
+
+It has lately been claimed that beriberi is due to a microorganism
+found in rice under certain abnormal conditions; this claim is not
+yet firmly established and beriberi is still one of the many problems
+in medicine which are awaiting solution.
+
+Habitat.--All parts of the Archipelago.
+
+
+
+
+BAMBUSEÆ.
+
+Bamboo Family.
+
+
+Nom. Vulg.--_Caña_, Sp.; _Bamboo_, Eng.
+
+Linnæus and Blanco include in the genus _Bambus_ all the different
+species of bamboo to which the Spaniards have given the general name
+of _caña_. The plant is of incomparable value to the natives of the
+Philippines; they build their houses of it, make agricultural and
+industrial instruments of it, use it in all the varied apparatus
+of their fisheries and for a multitude of household utensils and
+furniture.
+
+The variety _B. arundinacea_, Retz. (_B. arundo_, Blanco),
+_Kawayag-totóo_, Tag., is the largest and most generally employed
+in making houses and furniture. The tender shoots prepared in lime
+water are edible but have the deserved reputation of being difficult
+of digestion.
+
+The variety _Schizostachyum acutiflorum_, Munro (_B. diffusa_, Blanco),
+_Osiw_, _Bokawy_, Tag., is less used. The shoots are used to treat
+opacity of the cornea, for which purpose they are cut when about a
+palm in height, the outer leaves removed, and the center soaked over
+night with a little sugar candy. The following day the water in the
+bottom of the jar is collected and used to paint the cornea.
+
+The variety _Dendrocalamus sericens_, Munro (_B. mitis_, Blanco),
+_Taywanak_, Tag., is also used in medicine. Its abundant sap is given
+internally in the treatment of phthisis.
+
+All of the above species and the _Dendrocalamus flagellifer_, Munro
+(_B. levis_, Blanco), _Boho_, Tag., produce at their joints a hard
+porcelain-like substance, friable, of opaline color, called "bamboo
+stone" or "tabashir" in India, where, as well as in the Philippines
+and Indo-China, it has great repute among the popular remedies. It is
+given in venereal diseases, hiccough, hemorrhage, fevers and other
+diseases. As a matter of fact, it is an almost inert substance, the
+imaginary virtues of which originated, doubtless, in the apparently
+remarkable fact that a stone (?) was produced inside of a vegetable.
+
+The analysis of M. Guibourt is as follows:
+
+
+        Silicon                    96.04
+        Water                       2.94
+        Lime and potassium          0.13
+        Organic material          Traces.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+INDEX OF PLANTS
+
+ACCORDING TO THERAPEUTIC PROPERTIES.
+
+
+_Alteratives._--Anona muricata.--Tinospora crispa.--Raphanus
+sativus.--Bombax malabaricus.--Oxalis corniculata.--Citrus acida
+and C. Bigaradia.--Mangifera Indica.--Pongamia glabra.--Lawsonia
+alba.--Hydrocotyle Asiatica.--Alangium Lamarkii.--Oldenlandia
+corymbosa.--Calotropis gigantea.--Ehretia buxifolia.--Solanum
+nigrum.--Cassytha filiformis--Euphorbia Tirucalli.--Phyllanthus
+reticulatus.
+
+_Anthelmintics._ [11]--Cleome viscosa.--Pangium
+edule.--Ruta graveolens.--Melia Azedarach.--Dysoxylum
+Blancoi.--Mangifera Indica.--Anacardium occidentale.--Mucuna
+pruriens.--Quisqualis Indica.--_Punica Granatum._
+[12]--Jussiæa suffruticosa.--Carica Papaya.--Trichosanthes
+anguina and T. cucumerina.--Lagenaria.--Momordica.--Hydrocotyle
+Asiatica.--Sphæranthus Indicus.--Calotropis gigantea.--Tectona
+grandis.--Clerodendron infortunatum.--Chenopodium
+ambrosioides.--Echinus Philippinensis.--Cyperus
+rotundus.--_Rhinacanthus communis._
+
+_Antispasmodics._--Sida carpinifolia.--Hibiscus Abelmoschus.--Ruta
+graveolens.--Citrus acida and C. Bigaradia.--Cedrela Toona.--Celastrus
+paniculata.--Cassia occidentalis.--Carum copticum.--Blumea
+balsamifera.--Artemisia vulgaris.--Solanum nigrum.--Datura
+alba.--Nicotiana Tabacum.--Adhatoda vasica.--Chenopodium
+ambrosioides.--Chloranthus officinalis.
+
+_Antiseptics._--Ruta graveolens.--Citrus acida and
+C. Bigaradia.--Mangifera Indica.--Anacardium occidentale.--Erythrina
+Indica.--Pongamia glabra.--Entada scandens.--_Coffea Arabica._--Blumea
+balsamifera.--Spilanthes Acmella.--Nerium odorum.--Solanum
+nigrum.--Nicotiana Tabacum.--Tectona grandis.--Ocimum.--Piper
+Betle.--_Cinnamomum._--Acalypha Indica.--Curcuma longa.--Areca
+Catechu.--Nipa fruticans.
+
+_Astringents._--Tetracera macrophylla.--Michelia Champaca.--Anona
+squamosa, A. reticulata and A. muricata.--Nelumbium nucifera.--Bixa
+Orellana.--Garcinia mangostana, G. Cambogia.--Ochrocarpus
+pentapetalus.--Sida carpinifolia.--Thespesia populnea.--Bombax
+malabaricus.--Sterculia foetida.--Murraya exotica.--Ægle
+decandra.--Feronia elephantum.--Melia Azedarach.--Sandoricum
+Indicum.--Caropa Moluccensis.--Rhamnus Wightii.--Mangifera
+Indica.--Odina Wodier.--Pterocarpus.--Cæsalpinia Sappan.--Acacia
+Farnesiana.--Terminalia Catappa and T. Chebula.--Psidium
+pomiferum.--Melastoma malabatrichum.--Punica Granatum.--Hymenodictyon
+Indicum.--Tectona grandis.--Achyranthes obtusifolia.--Artocarpus
+integrifolia.--Casuarina Sumatrana.--Areca Catechu.--Cyperus rotundus.
+
+_Acids or Refrigerants._--Oxalis corniculata.--_Averrhoa Bilimbi_
+and _A. Carambola_.--_Citrus acida_ and _C. Bigaradia_.--Feronia
+elephantum.--Amaranthus spinosus.--Phyllanthus
+reticulatus.--_Tamarindus Indica._
+
+_Balsams._--Calophyllum Inophyllum.--Dipterocarpus turbinatus. Garuga
+pinnata.--Canarium commune.
+
+_Carminatives._--Illicium anisatum.--Cleome viscosa.--Helicteres
+Isora.--Abroma fastuosa.--Feronia elephantum.--Terminalia
+Chebula.--Carum copticum.--Foeniculum vulgare.--Plumbago
+Zeylanica.--Coleus aromaticus.--Rosmarinus officinalis.--Aristolochia
+Indica.--Zingiber officinale.--Curcuma longa.--Elettaria Cardamomum.
+
+_Convulsives._--_Strychnos Ignatii._
+
+_Cosmetics._--Eriodendrum anfractuosum.--Cocos nucifera.
+
+_Diaphoretics._--Cissampelos Pareira.--Sida carpinifolia.--Hibiscus
+Rosa-Sinensis.--Gossypium herbaceum.--Ruta graveolens.--Xanthoxylum
+oxyphyllum.--Celastrus paniculata.--Hydrocotyle Asiatica. Eupatorium
+Ayapana.--Blumea balsamifera.--Plumbago Zeylanica. Calotropis
+gigantea.--Tylophora asthmatica.--Oroxylum Indicum.--Barleria
+Prionitis.--Justicia Gendarussa.--Ocimum.--Anisomeles ovata.--Crinum
+Asiaticum.--Cyperus rotundus.--Andropogon Schoenanthus and A. nardus.
+
+_Digestives._--_Carica Papaya._
+
+_Diuretics._--Cissampelos Pareira.--Abutilon Indicum.--Anacardium
+occidentale.--Abrus precatorius.--Erythrina Indica.--Clitoria
+ternata.--Cassia occidentalis.--Hydrocotyle Asiatica.--Pæderia
+foetida.--Spilanthes Acmella.--Achras Sapota.--Ipomoea
+pes-capræ.--Solanum nigrum.--Limnophila Menthastrum.--Sesamum
+Indicum.--Lippia nodiflora.--Tectona grandis.--Vitex.--Amaranthus
+spinosa.--_Achyranthes obtusifolia._--Chenopodium
+ambrosioides.--Phyllanthus reticulatus and P. Niruri.--Allium
+Cepa.--Cyperus rotundus.--Zea Mays.--Andropogon Schoenanthus.
+
+_Emmenagogues._--Michelia Champaca.--Artabotrys
+odoratissimus.--Anamirta Cocculus.--Cissampelos
+Pareira.--Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis.--Gossypium herbaceum.--Abroma
+fastuosa.--Ruta graveolens.--Dysoxylum Blancoi.--Cæsalpinia
+Sappan and C. pulcherrima.--Citrullus Colocynthis.--Morinda
+citrifolia.--Blumea balsamifera.--Artemisia vulgaris.--Plumbago
+Zeylanica.--Plumeria acutifolia.--Sesamum Indicum.--Vitex.--Chenopodium
+ambrosioides.--Aristolochia Indica.--Casuarina Sumatrana.--Aloes
+Barbadensis.--Cyperus rotundus.
+
+_Emetics._--Hibiscus tiliaceus.--Dysoxylum Blancoi.--Moringa
+pterygosperma.--Clitoria ternatea.--Entada scandens.--Trichosanthes
+anguina.--Lagenaria.--Alangium Lamarkii.--Randia dumetorum.--Pæderia
+foetida.--Allamanda cathartica.--Thevetia neriifolia.--Cerbera
+Odallam.--Calotropis gigantea.--Tylophora asthmatica.--Justicia
+Gendarussa.--_Acalypha Indica._--_Crinum Asiaticum._
+
+_Emollients._--Sida carpinifolia.--Abutilon Indicum.--Urena
+sinuata.--Hibiscus Rosa-Sinensis.--Gossypium herbaceum.--Eriodendron
+anfractuosum.--Helicteres Isora.--Biophytum sensitivum.--Zizyphus
+Jujuba.--Abrus precatorius.--Clitoria ternata.--Cæsalpinia
+pulcherrima.--Lawsonia alba.--Luffa Ægyptiaca.--Ipomoea
+pes-capræ.--Sesamum Indicum.--Acanthus ilicifolius.--Lippia
+nodiflora.--Plantago erosa.--Musa paradisiaca and
+M. sapientum.--Curcuma longa.--Allium Cepa.--Cocos nucifera.--Oriza.
+
+_Stimulants._--Illicium anisatum.--Artabotrys odoratissimus.--Brassica
+juncea.--Raphanus sativus.--Mesua ferrea.--Hibiscus
+Abelmoschus.--Helicteres Isora.--Ruta graveolens.--Xanthoxylum
+oxyphyllum.--Citrus acida.--Celastrus paniculata.--Moringa
+pterygosperma.--Cæsalpinia pulcherrima.--Hydrocotyle Asiatica.--Carum
+copticum.--Foeniculum vulgare.--_Coffea Arabica._--Eupatorium
+Ayapana.--Blumea balsamifera.--Sphæranthus Indicus.--Spilanthes
+Acmella.--Artemisia vulgaris.--Mimusops Elengi.--Jasminum
+Sambac.--_Capsicum fastigiatum._--Ocimum.--Rosmarinus
+officinalis.--Chenopodium ambrosioides.--Piper Betle and
+P. nigrum.--Chloranthus officinalis.--_Cinnamomum._--_Zingiber
+officinale._--Curcuma longa.--Allium sativum and A. Cepa.--Cyperus
+rotundus.--Andropogon Schoenanthus and A. nardus.
+
+_Expectorants._--Hibiscus Rosa-Sinensis.--Biophytum
+sensitivum.--Trichosanthes cucumerina.--Blumea balsamifera.--Tylophora
+asthmatica.--Acanthus ilicifolius.--Barleria Prionitis.--Adhatoda
+vasica.--Vitex.--Ocimum.--_Acalypha Indica._--_Crinum Asiaticum._
+
+_Febrifuges._--Michelia Champaca.--Tinospora crispa.--Anamirta
+Cocculus.--Sida carpinifolia.--Melia Azedarach.--Dysoxylum
+Blancoi.--Carapa Moluccensis.--Cedrela Toona.--Erythrina
+Indica.--Cæsalpinia Bonducella and C. pulcherrima.--Cassia
+occidentalis.--Ammannia vesicatoria.--Trichosanthes
+cucumerina.--Hymenodictyon excelsum.--Ixora
+coccinea.--Morinda citrifolia.--Achras Sapota.--Mimusops
+Elengi.--Thevetia neriifolia.--Plumeria acutifolia.--Alstonia
+scholaris.--Vitex.--Clerodendron infortunatum.--Anisomeles
+ovata.--Aristolochia Indica.--Piper nigrum.--Chloranthus officinalis.
+
+_Galactagogues._--Gossypium herbaceum.
+
+_Antigalactagogues._--Jasminum Sambac.--Piper Betle.
+
+_Hemostatics._--Portulaca oleracea.--Tetracera macrophylla.--Mangifera
+Indica.--Pterocarpus.--Cæsalpinia Sappan.--Euphorbia pilulifera.
+
+_Narcotics_ (_sedatives and anodynes_).--Anamirta Cocculus.--Argemone
+Mexicana.--Pangium edule.--Cassia occidentalis.--Solanum
+nigrum.--_Datura alba._--Nicotiana Tabacum.--Vitex.
+
+_Nutritive Plants._--_Anona squamosa_, A. reticulata
+and A. muricata.--Nelumbium nucifera.--Pangium
+edule.--Portulaca oleracea.--Garcinia mangostana and
+G. Cambogia.--Sterculia foetida.--_Theobroma Cacao._--_Averrhoa
+Bilimbi_, _A. Carambola._--Feronia elephantum.--Garuga
+pinnata.--Canarium commune.--Sandoricum Indicum.--Zizyphus
+Jujuba.--_Mangifera Indica._--Anacardium occidentale.--Moringa
+pterygosperma.--Agati grandiflora.--_Tamarindus Indica._--Bauhinia
+malabarica.--Parkia Roxburghii.--Psidium pomiferum.--Eugenia
+Jambolana.--Trichosanthes.--Lagenaria.--Momordica.--Achras
+Sapota.--Solanum nigrum.--Sesamum Indicum.--Artocarpus
+integrifolia.--_Musa paradisiaca_ and _M. sapientum_.--Areca
+Catechu.--_Cocos nucifera._--_Zea Mays._--_Saccharum
+officinarum._--_Oriza._--Bambuseæ.
+
+_Purgatives._--Argemone Mexicana.--Garcinia morella.--Mesua
+ferrea.--Agati grandiflora.--Erythrina Indica.--Clitoria
+ternatea.--Cæsalpinia pulcherrima.--Cassia fistula and
+C. alata.--Tamarindus Indica.--Entada scandens.--Terminalia
+Chebula.--Jussiæa suffruticosa.--Carica Papaya.--Trichosanthes
+anguina and T. cucumerina.--Lagenaria.--Luffa
+Ægyptiaca.--Momordica.--_Citrullus Colocynthis._--Trianthema
+monogyna.--Morinda citrifolia.--Spilanthes Acmella.--Carthamus
+tinctorius.--Allamanda cathartica.--Cerbera Odallam.--Plumeria
+acutifolia.--Calotropis gigantea.--Ipomoea hederacea.--Ipomoea
+Turpethum.--Solanum nigrum.--Sesamum Indicum.--Tectona
+grandis.--Samadera Indica.--Mirabilis Jalapa.--Amaranthus
+spinosus.--Euphorbia neriifolia.--Euphorbia Tirucalli.--Jatropha
+Curcas.--Aleurites moluccana.--Croton Tiglium.--Acalypha
+Indica.--_Ricinus communis_.--_Aloes Barbadensis._
+
+_Sialagogues._--Carum copticum.
+
+_Bitter Tonics._--Michelia Champaca.--Tinospora
+crispa.--Cissampelos Pareira.--Cratæva religiosa.--Mesua
+ferrea.--Sida carpinifolia.--Murraya exotica.--Citrus
+Bigaradia.--Samadera Indica.--Melia Azedarach.--Rhamnus Wightii.--Agati
+grandiflora.--Cæsalpinia Bonducella.--Cassia occidentalis.--Terminalia
+Chebula.--Trichosanthes cucumerina.--Momordica.--Hymenodictyon
+excelsum.--Morinda citrifolia.--Sphæranthus Indicus.--Achras
+Sapota.--Mimusops Elengi.--Alstonia scholaris.--Calotropis
+gigantea.--_Strychnos Ignatii._--Limnophila Menthastrum.--Oroxylum
+Indicum.--Vitex.--Clerodendron infortunatum.--Anisomeles
+ovata.--Phyllanthus Niruri.--Aloes Barbadensis.--_Areca
+Catechu._--_Nerium odorum_ (cardiac).
+
+_Aromatic Tonics._--Feronia elephantum.--Sandoricum
+Indicum.--Foeniculum.--_Coffea Arabica._--Eupatorium
+Ayapana.--Artemisia vulgaris.--Chenopodium ambrosioides,
+Cinnamomum.--_Zingiber officinale._
+
+_Vesicants._--Anacardium occidentale.--Moringa pterygosperma.--Ammannia
+vesicatoria.--Plumbago Zeylanica.--Calotropis gigantea.--Euphorbia
+Tirucalli.
+
+_Rubefacients or Revulsives._--Moringa pterygosperma.--Plumeria
+acutifolia.--Croton Tiglium.--Jatropha Curcas.--Allium sativum.
+
+_Stimulants._--Sterculia urens.--Argemone Mexicana.--Kleinhovia
+hospitata.--Celastrus paniculata.--Pongamia glabra.--Cassia
+alata.--Entada scandens.--Kalanchoe laciniata.--Elettaria Cardamomum.
+
+_Antiherpetics, etc._--Sterculia foetida.--Canarium
+commune.--Trichosanthes palmata.
+
+
+
+
+
+INDEX OF PLANTS
+
+ACCORDING TO SPECIAL DISEASES.
+
+
+_Aphthæ, Stomatitis, Glossitis._ [13]--Tetracera macrophylla.--Feronia
+elephantum.--Pterocarpus santalinus, Indicus and erinaceus.--Melastoma
+malabatrichum.--_Punica Granatum._--Mimusops Elengi.--Calotropis
+gigantea.--Tectona grandis.--Ocimum.--Achyranthes
+obtusifolia.--Phyllanthus reticulatus.
+
+_Hemorrhoids._--Mesua ferrea.--Thespesia populnea.--Terminalia
+Chebula.--Punica Granatum.--Plumbago Zeylanica.--Capsicum
+fastigiatum.--Sesamum Indicum.--Aloes Barbadensis (for inducing the
+hemorrhoids).
+
+_Amenorrhoea and Dysmenorrhoea._--Abroma fastuosa.--Dysoxylum
+Blancoi.--Cæsalpinia Sappan.--Cæsalpinia pulcherrima.--Blumea
+balsamifera.--Artemisia vulgaris.--Plumeria acutifolia.--Sesamum
+Indicum.--Chenopodium ambrosioides.--Casuarina Sumatrana.--Aloes
+Barbadensis.
+
+_Anasarca._--Plumbago Zeylanicum.--Coffea Arabica.--Plumeria
+acutifolia.--Calotropis gigantea.--Ipomoea pes-capræ.--Solanum
+nigrum.--Barlonia Prionitis.--Achyranthes obtusifolia.--Euphorbia
+neriifolia.--Phyllanthus Niruri.--Cissampelos Pareira.
+
+_Anal Fistula._--Pterocarpus.
+
+_Asthma._--Gossypium herbaceum.--Garuga pinnata.--Dysoxylum
+Blancoi.--Erythrina Indica.--Cæsalpinia pulcherrima.--Entada
+scandens.--Trichosanthes palmata.--Coffea Arabica.--Tylophora
+asthmatica.--Datura alba.--Acanthus ilicifolius.--_Adhatoda
+vasica._--Coleus aromaticus.--_Euphorbia pilulifera._--Euphorbia
+Tirucalli.--Euphorbia neriifolia.--Phyllanthus Niruri.
+
+_Spleen, Affections of._--Ammannia vesicatoria.--Lawsonia
+alba.--Momordica.
+
+_Beriberi._--Celastrus paniculata.--Vitex.
+
+_Blenorrhoea, Gonorrhoea, Urethritis._--Nymphæa
+Lotus.--Argemone Mexicana.--Dipterocarpus turbinatus.--Sterculia
+foetida.--Clitoria ternata.--Pterocarpus.--Trichosanthes
+palmata.--Mimusops Elengi.--Plumeria acutifolia.--Lippia
+nodiflora.--_Ocimum._--_Amaranthus spinosus._--Cassytha
+filiformis.--Cyperus rotundus.
+
+_Bronchi and Lungs, Diseases of._--Anona muricata.--Calophyllum
+Inophyllum.--Dipterocarpus turbinatus.--Canarium commune.--Zizyphus
+Jujuba.--Abrus precatorius.--Erythrina Indica.--Cæsalpinia
+pulcherrima.--Trichosanthes cucumerina.--Lagenaria.--Ixora
+coccinea.--Blumea balsamifera.--Tylophora asthmatica.--Sesamum
+Indicum.--Barleria Prionitis.--_Adhatoda vasica._--Vitex.--Coleus
+aromaticus.--Anisomeles ovata.--_Chenopodium ambrosioides._--_Euphorbia
+pilulifera._--Acalypha Indica.--Curcuma longa.
+
+_Cholera._--Artabotrys odoratissimus.--Samadera Indica.--Carum
+copticum.--Eupatorium Ayapana.--_Zingiber officinale._--Cyperus
+rotundus.
+
+_Colic._--(_a_) _Flatulent: Illicium anisatum._--Argemone
+Mexicana.--Cleome viscosa.--Helicteres
+Isora.--Dysoxylum Blancoi.--Terminalia Chebula.--_Carum
+copticum._--_Foeniculum._--Plumbago Zeylanica.--Ipomoea
+pes-capræ.--Ocimum.--Coleus aromaticus.--Rosmarinus
+officinalis.--Aristolochia Indica.--_Piper Betle._--_Elettaria
+Cardamomum._
+
+(_b_) _Lead_: Allamanda cathartica.
+
+_Contusions._--Samadera Indica.--Plumeria acutifolia.--Aloes
+Barbadensis.--Casuarina sumatrana.
+
+_Heart, Diseases of._--Helicteres Isora.--Coffea Arabica.--Cinnamomum.
+
+_Coryza_ (_rhinitis_, _nasal catarrh_, _ozoena_).--Agati
+grandiflora.--Ocimum.--Curcuma longa.
+
+_Diabetes._--Eugenia Jambolana.
+
+_Diarrhoea, Dysentery._--Anona squamosa.--Anona reticulata
+and A. muricata.--Nelumbium nucifera.--Bixa Orellana.--Garcinia
+mangostana.--Ochrocarpus pentapetalus.--Thespesia populnea.--Gossypium
+herbaceum.--Bombax malabaricum.--Averrhoa Bilimbi.--_Averrhoa
+Carambola._--Murraya exotica.--_Ægle decandra._--_Feronia
+elephantum._--Sandoricum Indicum.--Carapa Moluccensis.--Cedrela
+Toona.--Rhamnus Wightii.--Mangifera Indica.--Pterocarpus.--Cæsalpinia
+Bonducella.--Bauhinia malabarica.--Kalanchoe laciniata.--Terminalia
+Catappa.--Psidium pomiferum.--Eugenia Jambolana.--Punica
+Granatum.--Jussiæa suffruticosa.--_Carica Papaya._--Carum copticum.
+
+_Randia dumetorum._--Ixora coccinea.--Morinda citrifolia.--Sphæranthus
+Indicus.--Plumbago Zeylanica.--Mimusops Elengi.--Plumeria
+acutifolia.--Calotropis gigantea.--Tylophora asthmatica.--Oroxylum
+Indicum.--Anisomeles ovata.--Aristolochia Indica.--Piper
+Betle.--Phyllanthus Niruri.--Casuarina Sumatrana.--_Zingiber
+officinale._--Cyperus rotundus.--Oriza.
+
+_Dyspepsia._--Illicium anisatum.--Sida carpinifolia.--_Ægle
+decandra._--Samadera Indica.--Sandoricum Indicum.--Rhamnus
+Wightii.--Agati grandiflora.--Cæsalpinia Bonducella.--Cassia
+occidentalis.--_Terminalia Chebula._--_Carica Papaya._--Trichosanthes
+cucumerina.--Momordica.--Carum copticum.--Eupatorium
+Ayapana.--Blumea balsamifera.--Sphæranthus Indicus.--Artemisia
+vulgaris.--Alstonia scholaris.--_Strychnos Ignatii._--Capsicum
+fastigiatum.--Acanthus ilicifolius.--Lippia nodiflora.--Tectona
+grandis.--Ocimum.--Rosmarinus officinalis.--Anisomeles
+ovata.--Chenopodium ambrosioides.--Aristolochia Indica.--Piper
+Betle.--Zingiber officinale.--Elettaria Cardamomum.--Aloes Barbadensis.
+
+_Gingivitis, Hemorrhage, etc._--Feronia elephantum.--Tectona
+grandis.--Plantago erosa.--Phyllanthus reticulatus. (See
+"Sore-throat.")
+
+_Scorbutics._--Anona muricata.--Raphanus sativus.--_Oxalis
+corniculata._--Phyllanthus reticulatus.--_Musa paradisiaca_ and
+_M. sapientum_.
+
+_Spermatorrhoea._--Sida carpinifolia.--Lawsonia alba.
+
+_Constipation._--Ægle decandra.--Helicteres Isora.--Nicotiana
+Tabacum.--Sesamum Indicum.--Musa paradisiaca and M. sapientum. (See
+"Purgatives.")
+
+_Fevers._--Michelia Champaca.--Sida carpinifolia.--Tinospora
+crispa.--Anamirta Cocculus.--Samadera Indica.--Melia
+Azedarach.--Dysoxylum Blancoi.--Carapa moluccensis.--Cedrela
+Toona.--Erythrina Indica.--_Cassia occidentalis_ (malarial).--Ammannia
+vesicatoria.--Trichosanthes cucumerina.--Hymenodictyon
+excelsum.--Morinda citrifolia.--Pæderia foetida.--Plumbago
+Zeylanica.--Mimusops Elengi.--_Alstonia scholaris._
+
+_Fracture._--Sterculia urens.
+
+_Throat, Diseases of_ (_anginas_, _amygdalitis_,
+_pharyngitis_).--Feronia elephantum.--Mangifera Indica.--Odina
+Wodier.--Melastoma malabatrichum.--Punica Granatum.--Mimusops Elengi.
+
+_Gout._--Celastrus paniculata.--Momordica.
+
+_Hemorrhage._--Bixa Orellana.--Bombax malabaricum.--Mangifera
+Indica.--Pterocarpus.--Cæsalpinia Sappan.
+
+_Hemoptysis._--Tetracera macrophylla.--Portulaca oleracea.--Cæsalpinia
+Sappan.--Casuarina Sumatrana.--Curcuma longa.
+
+_Herniæ._--Nicotiana Tabacum.
+
+_Liver, Diseases of._--Anona muricata.--Kalanchoe laciniata.--Lawsonia
+alba.--Lagenaria.--Momordica.--Oldenlandia corymbosa.--Sphæranthus
+Indicus.--Carthamus tinctorius.--Solanum nigrum.
+
+_Cephalalgia._--Portulaca oleracea.--Coffea Arabica.--Blumea
+balsamifera.--Vitex.--Colus aromaticus.--Acalypha Indica.
+
+_Laryngitis._--Mangifera Indica.--Capsicum fastigiatum.
+
+_Leucorrhoea._--Garcinia mangostana.--Sandoricum Indicum.--Mangifera
+Indica.--Pterocarpus.--Acacia Farnesiana.--Terminalia Chebula.--Punica
+Granatum.
+
+_Bloody Flux._--Artocarpus integrifolia.
+
+_Menorrhagia, Metrorrhagia._ See "Hemorrhages."
+
+_Bites of Insects and Poisonous Animals._--Feronia elephantum.--Carapa
+moluccensis.--Eupatorium Ayapana.--Tylophora asthmatica.--Rhinocanthus
+communis.--Coleus aromaticus.--Leucas aspera.--_Aristolochia
+Indica._--_Euphorbia neriifolia._--Acalypha Indica.--Allium sativum.
+
+_Nervous Diseases_ (_chorea_, _epilepsy_, _convulsions_,
+_hysteria_, etc.).--Sida carpinifolia.--Ruta graveolens.--Blumea
+balsamifera.--Artemisia vulgaris.--Solanum nigrum.--Datura
+alba.--Nicotiana Tabacum.--Coleus aromaticus.--Chenopodium
+ambrosioides.
+
+_Neuralgia._--Coffea Arabica.--Acanthus ilicifolius.
+
+_Odontalgia._--Murraya exotica and
+M. Koenigi.--Pterocarpus.--Calotropis gigantea.--Plantago
+erosa.--Cyperus rotundus. (See "Ears.")
+
+_Intestinal Obstruction._--Nicotiana Tabacum. (See "Purgatives.")
+
+_Ears, Affections of._--Cleome viscosa.--Hibiscus
+tiliaceus.--Helicteres Isora.--Crinum Asiaticum. (See "Odontalgia.")
+
+_Eyes, Affections of._--Argemone Mexicana.--Portulaca
+oleracea.--Calophyllum Inophyllum.--Garuga pinnata.--Abrus
+precatorius.--Erythrina Indica.--Jasminum Sambac.--Rosmarinus
+officinalis.--Curcuma longa.
+
+_Orchitis._--Calophyllum Inophyllum.--Sterculia urens.--Vitex.
+
+_Paralysis._--Celastrus paniculata.--Acanthus
+ilicifolius.--Ocimum.--Rosmarinus officinalis.
+
+_Parasites_ (_pediculi_, etc.).--Anona squamosa.--Anamirta Cocculus.
+
+_Skin, Affections of_ (_lepra_, _itch_, _eczema_,
+_psoriasis_).--Argemone Mexicana.--Pangium edule.--Portulaca
+oleracea.--Urena sinuata.--Thespesia populnea.--Sterculia
+foetida.--Kleinhovia hospitata.--Helicteres Isora.--Canarium
+commune.--Celastrus paniculata.--Mangifera Indica.--Anacardium
+occidentale.--Odina Wodier.--_Pongamia glabra_ (itch).--Cassia
+fistula.--_Cassia alata_ (herpes).--Entada scandens.--Psidium
+pomiferum.--Melastoma malabatrichum.--Lawsonia alba.--Carica
+Papaya.--Momordica.--_Hydrocotyle Asiatica._--Alangium
+Lamarkii.--Oldenlandia corymbosa.--Ixora coccinea.--Spilanthes
+Acmella.--Plumbago Zeylanica.--Plumeria acutifolia.--Nerium
+odorum.--Calotropis gigantea.--Solanum nigrum.--Rhinacanthus
+communis.--Tectona grandis.--Leucas aspera.--Amaranthus
+spinosus.--Echinus Philippinensis.--Curcuma longa.
+
+_Burns._--Eriodendron anfractuosum.--Lawsonia alba.
+
+_Rectum, Prolapsed._--Pterocarpus.--Acacia Farnesiana.--Psidium
+pomiferum.
+
+_Rheumatism._--Tinospora crispa.--Cratæva religiosa.--Ochrocarpus
+pentapetalus.--Mesua ferrea.--Sida carpinifolia.--Samadera
+Indica.--Celastrus paniculata.--Erythrina Indica.--Pongamia
+glabra.--Momordica.--Alangium Lamarkii.--Pæderia
+foetida.--Blumea balsamifera.--Spilanthes Acmella.--Plumeria
+acutifolia.--Calotropis gigantea.--Ipomoea pes-capræ.--Datura
+alba.--Oroxylum Indicum.--Acanthus ilicifolius.--Justicia
+Gendarussa.--Vitex.--Ocimum.--Rosmarinus officinalis.--Anisomeles
+ovata.--Euphorbia Tirucalli.--Zingiber officinale.--Allium
+sativum.--Andropogon Schoenanthus and A. nardus.
+
+_Kidneys, Affections of._--Sida carpinifolia.--_Zea Mays._
+
+_Syphilis._--Tinospora crispa.--Erythrina Indica.--Hydrocotyle
+Asiatica.--Alangium Lamarkii.--Nerium odorum.--Calotropis
+gigantea.--Ehretia buxifolia.--Cassytha filiformis.--Euphorbia
+Tirucalli.--Acalypha Indica.
+
+_Tæniæ._ (See "Anthelmintics.")
+
+_Phthisis._--Garuga pinnata.
+
+_Tumors._--Trichosanthes palmata.--Sphæranthus Indicus.--Ipomoea
+pes-capræ.
+
+_Ulcers, Wounds, Sores, etc._--Tinospora crispa.--Dipterocarpus
+turbinatus.--Hibiscus tiliaceus.--Sterculia foetida.--Canarium
+commune.--Melia Azedarach.--Cedrela Toona.--Mangifera
+Indica.--Anacardium occidentale.--Odina Wodier.--Erythrina
+Indica.--Pongamia glabra.--Kalanchoe laciniata.--Terminalia Catappa and
+T. Chebula.--Psidium pomiferum.--Melastoma malabatrichum.--Hydrocotyle
+Asiatica.--Morinda citrifolia.--Eupatorium Ayapana.--Blumea
+balsamifera.--Spilanthes Acmella.--Artemisia vulgaris.--Mimusops
+Elengi.--Ipomoea pes-capræ.--Solanum nigrum.--Nicotiana
+Tabacum.--Tectona grandis.--Phyllanthus Niruri.--Acalypha
+Indica.--Ricinus communis.--Artocarpus integrifolia.--Casuarina
+Sumatrana.--Nipa fruticans.--_Carica Papaya._
+
+_Urticaria._--Phyllanthus reticulatus.
+
+_Bladder, Affections of._--_Cissampelos Pareira._--Portulaca
+oleracea.--Dipterocarpus turbinatus.--Urena sinuata.--Abrus
+precatorius.--Clitoria ternata.--Pterocarpus.--Lawsonia alba.--Pæderia
+foetida.--Spilanthus Acmella.--Allium sativum.--Zea Mays.
+
+_Vermes._ (See "Anthelmintics.")
+
+
+
+
+
+ALPHABETICAL INDEX
+
+OF SYSTEMATIC AND COMMON NAMES OF PLANTS
+
+
+
+A
+
+
+_Abangabang_, 183
+
+_Abilo_, 73
+
+Abroma angulata, 55
+  augusta, 55
+  communis, 55
+  fastuosa, 55
+
+Abrus precatorius, 88
+
+Abutilon Indicum, 43
+
+Acacia Arabica, 108
+  Catechu, 235
+  Farnesiana, 108
+  Indica, 108
+
+Acalypha Caroliniana, 219
+  hispida, 220
+  Indica, 219
+
+Acanthaceæ, 185
+
+Acanthus ilicifolius, 185
+
+_Acapulco_, 102
+
+_Achiote_, _achuete_, 32
+
+Achras Sapota, 156
+
+_Achuiti_, 32
+
+Achyranthes aspera, 201
+  obtusifolia, 201
+
+Aconitum heterophyllum, 155
+
+_Adelfa_, 165
+
+Adhatoda vasica, 188
+
+Adiantum lunulatum, 142
+
+Ægle decandra, 67
+  Marmelos, 70
+
+Agati grandiflora, 88
+
+_Angay_, 229
+
+_Agí_, 177
+
+_Agiw_, 76
+
+_Agoho_, _agóo_, 225
+
+_Agonoy_, 152
+
+_Aguason_, 171
+
+_Ajengibre_, 228
+
+_Ajo_, 233
+
+_Ajonjolì_, 184
+
+_Alang-ilang Sonson_, 20
+
+_Alangitngit_, 173
+
+Alangium decapetalum, 138
+  hexapetalum, 138
+  Lamarkii, 138
+  tomentosum, 138
+
+_Albahaca_, 195
+
+_Albohol_, 176
+
+Aleurites Moluccana, 217
+  triloba, 217
+
+_Algodón_, 48
+
+_Alibangbang_, 105
+
+_Alibun_, 150
+
+Allamanda cathartica, 159
+
+Allium Cepa, 233
+  sativum, 233
+
+_Almendro_, 110
+
+_Almond, Indian_, 110
+  _tree, Java_, 73
+
+_Aloes_, 232
+  Barbadensis, 232
+  humilis, 232
+  Indica, 232
+  vera, 232
+  vulgaris, 232
+
+_Alpasotes_, 202
+
+Alstonia scholaris, 163
+
+Althæa officinalis, 45
+
+_Alusiman_, 134
+
+_Amaranth, thorny_, 200
+
+Amaranthaceæ, 200
+
+Amaranthus spinosus, 200, 201
+
+_Amargoso_, 132
+
+Amaryllidaceæ, 231
+
+Ammannia baccifera, 117
+  _blistering_, 117
+  debilis, 117
+  Indica, 117
+  vesicatoria, 117
+
+Ammi copticum, 136
+  glaucifolium, 136
+
+Amomum zingiber, 228
+
+_Ampalaya, ampalea_, 132
+
+_Amugis_, 86
+
+_Anabo_, 55
+
+Anacardiaceæ, 82
+
+Anacardium occidentale, 84
+
+Anamirta Cocculus, 24
+
+_Ananangtang_, 76
+
+Andropogon nardus, 241
+  Schoenanthes, 240
+
+Anethum foeniculum, 137
+
+_Angod_, 201
+
+_Anibong_, 55
+
+_Anis_, 137
+  _estrellado_, 18
+
+_Anise, star_, 18
+
+Anisomeles ovata, 198
+
+_Annatto_, 32
+
+Anona muricata, 22
+  reticulata, 21
+  squamosa, 20
+  tuberosa, 20
+
+Anonaceæ, 20
+
+_Anonang_, 21
+
+_Anonas_, 21
+
+_Apalia_, 132
+
+_Apalit_, 93
+
+_Apalot_, 148
+
+_Apamarga_, 201
+
+_Apana_, 149
+
+_Apariagua_, 224
+
+_Apasotis_, 202
+
+Apocynaceæ, 159
+
+_Apoyapoyan_, 31
+
+_Apple, balsam_, 132
+  _bitter_, 133
+
+_Areca_, 234
+  Catechu, 234
+
+Argemone Mexicana, 29
+
+Aristolochia Indica, 203
+  Serpentaria, 207
+
+Aristolochiaceæ, 203
+
+_Aro_, 225
+
+_Arodayday_, 175
+
+_Aronganan_, 46
+
+_Aroma_, 108
+
+_Arroz_, 242
+
+Artabotrys hamatus, 20
+  odoratissimus, 20
+  suaveolens, 20
+
+Artemisia Indica, 153
+  vulgaris, 153
+
+Artocarpus integrifolia, 223
+
+_Asana_, 93
+
+Asclepiadaceæ, 167
+
+Asclepias asthmatica, 169
+  gigantea, 167
+
+_Ates_, 20
+
+_Atsuiti_, 32
+
+Averrhoa Bilimbi, 60
+  Carambola, 60
+
+_Ayam_, 134
+
+_Ayantoto_, 200
+
+_Ayapan_, 149
+
+_Ayapana_, 149
+
+_Ayo_, 58
+
+_Ayoban_, 150
+
+_Azafrán_, 229
+  _de la tierra_, 154
+
+
+
+B
+
+
+_Babebabe_, 112
+
+_Babay gubat_, 47
+
+_Badiana_, 18
+
+_Bael fruit tree_, 67
+
+_Bangar_, 51
+
+_Bagasoa_, 175
+
+_Bangati, bangati gikosgikos_, 88
+
+_Bagbag_, 155
+
+_Bangkuro_, 148
+
+_Bait_, 212
+
+_Bakong_, 231
+
+_Bakugan_, 76
+
+_Balabalanoyan_, 31
+
+_Baladri_, 165
+
+_Balanoy_, 195
+
+_Balasin_, 24
+
+_Balay-namuk_, 32
+
+_Balibago_, 46
+
+_Balikbalik_, 95
+
+_Balimbin_, 60
+
+_Baliyoko_, 240
+
+_Balogo_, 106
+
+_Balotangaso_, 100
+
+_Baloyong_, 99
+
+_Balsamina_, 132
+
+_Bamboo_, 243
+
+Bambus arundinacea, 243
+  arundo, 243
+  diffusa, 243
+  levis, 244
+  mitis, 244
+
+Bambuseae, 243
+
+_Banana_, 227
+
+_Banato_, 220
+
+_Banilad_, 52
+
+_Banilak_, 110
+
+_Bankundo_, 148
+
+_Barbadoes flower-fence_, 98
+
+Barleria Prionitis, 186
+
+Barreliera Prionitis, 186
+
+_Basil, sacred_, 195
+  _sweet_, 195
+
+_Basiloag_, 76
+
+_Batobatonis_, 210
+
+Bauhinia malabarica, 105
+  tomentosa, 105
+
+_Bayabas_, 113
+
+_Bayang-bayang_, 200
+
+_Bayag-, Bayan-kambing_, 96
+
+_Bayati_, 24
+
+_Bayno_, 28
+
+_Bayogo_, 106
+
+_Bawang_, 233
+
+_Belgaum_, 217
+
+_Bentikohol_, 228
+
+Bergera Koenigi, 65
+
+_Betel-nut palm_, 234
+
+_Betel pepper_, 204
+
+_Bias pogo_, 117
+
+_Bigas_, 242
+
+Bignonia Indica, 183
+  quadripinnata, 183
+
+Bignoniaceæ, 183
+
+_Bilimbin_, 60
+
+_Bilogo_, 80
+
+_Binukaw_, 36
+
+Biophytum cumiagiunum, 59
+  sensitivum, 59
+
+_Biri_, 154
+
+_Birthwort, Indian_, 203
+
+_Bitanhol_, 38
+
+_Bitaog_, 38
+
+_Bitnong_, 53
+
+Bixa Orellana, 32
+
+Bixineæ, 32
+
+Blumea balsamifera, 150
+
+_Boboy_, 50
+
+_Bobuy-gubat_, 50
+
+_Bonga_, 234
+
+_Boho_, 244
+
+_Bokawy_, 243
+
+_Bolagtob_, 176
+
+_Bolobotones_, 210
+
+Bombax Ceiba, 50
+  malabaricum, 50, 183
+  pentandrum, 50
+
+_Bonak_, 195
+
+_Bonduc seeds_, 96
+
+Boraginaceæ, 173
+
+_Botobotones_, 239
+
+_Bowi_, 210
+
+Brassica juncea, 30
+
+_Brea blanca_, 73
+
+Bryophyllum serratum, 109
+
+_Buas_, 220
+
+Bucida cuminata, 111
+
+_Bugayon_, 88
+
+_Bugo_, 72
+
+_Bugos_, 220
+
+_Bulak_, 48
+  _kastila_, 50
+  _na bundok_, 49
+  _na totoo_, 49
+
+_Bungulang_, 228
+
+_Bulakan_, 47, 174
+
+_Bunlaw_, 187
+
+Burseraceæ, 72
+
+_Butong_, 95
+
+_Butterfly pea_, 92
+
+_Butuan_, 228
+
+_Buyayawa_, 210
+
+_Buyo_, 204
+
+_Buyok-buyok_, 128
+
+
+
+C
+
+
+_Cabalonga_, 171
+
+_Caballero_, 98
+
+_Cacao_, 55
+
+_Cafe_, 144
+
+_Cagel_, 66
+
+Cæsalpinia Bonduc, 96
+  Bonducella, 96
+  pulcherrima, 98
+  Sappan, 97
+
+_Calabash_, 129
+
+_Calabaza blanca_, 130
+  _de peregrino_, 129
+
+_Calachuche_, 162
+
+Calophyllum apetalum, 39
+  Calaba, 39
+  Inophyllum, 38
+
+Calotrops gigantea, 167
+
+Calyptranthes Jambolana, 114
+
+Cambogia binucao, 36
+  venulosa, 36
+
+_Campanelo_, 159
+
+_Camphire_, 118
+
+Canarium album, 73
+  commune, 73, 110
+  Luzonicum, 73
+
+_Caña_, 243
+  _de azúcar_, 241
+  _dulc_, 241
+
+_Cañamiel_, 241
+
+_Cañafístula_, 99
+
+Capparidaceæ, 31
+
+_Capsicum_, 177
+  annuum, 178
+  fastigiatum, 177
+  minimum, 177
+
+Carapa Moluccensis, 78
+  Guianensis, 78
+
+_Caraway_, 136
+
+_Cardamon_, 230
+
+Carica Papaya, 123
+
+Carmonea heterophylla, 173
+
+Carpopogon pruriens, 90
+
+Carthamus tinctorius, 154
+
+Carum ajowan, 136
+  copticum, 136
+
+_Cashew nut_, 84
+
+_Cassia_, 208
+  alata, 102
+  fistula, 99
+  _lignea_, 208
+  occidentalis, 99
+  _purging_, 99
+  sophera, 103
+  tora, 103
+
+_Cassie flower_, 108
+
+Cassuvium reniforme, 84
+
+Cassytha filiformis, 209
+
+_Castor oil plant_, 222
+
+Casuarina equisetifolia, 225
+  Sumatrana, 225
+
+Casuarineæ, 225
+
+Cavallium urens, 52
+
+Ceanothus Wightiana, 82
+
+_Cebolla_, 233
+
+Cedrela odorata, 79
+  Toona, 79, 207
+
+Celastraceæ, 80
+
+Celastrus alnifolia, 80
+  paniculata, 80
+  Rothiana, 80
+
+Celosia mana, 117
+
+Cerbera manghas, 161
+  Odallam, 161
+  Thevetia, 159
+
+_Chachachachahan_, 190
+
+_Champaca_, 19
+
+Chavica auriculata, 204
+  Betle, 204
+
+Chenopodiaceæ, 202
+
+Chenopodium ambrosioides, 202
+
+_Chico, chiko_, 156
+
+_Chili picante_, 177
+
+_China tree_, 75
+
+_Chinchaochinchauan_, 26
+
+Chinchona excelsa, 140
+
+Chloranthaceæ, 207
+
+Chloranthus inconspicuus, 207
+  Indicus, 207
+  officinalis, 207
+
+Chondrodendron tomentosum, 26
+
+Cica decandra, 214
+
+_Cinamomo del país_, 118
+
+Cinnamomum Culilowan, 207
+
+Cinnamomum pauciflorum, 208
+  tamala, 208
+
+Cissampelos Pareira, 26, 155
+
+Citrullus Colocynthis, 133
+
+Citrus acida, 65
+  aurantium, 66
+  Bigaradia, 66
+  Decumana, 67
+  notissima, 65
+  reticulata, 67
+  vulgaris, 66
+
+Cleome alliacea, 31
+  alliodora, 31
+  icosandra, 31
+  pentaphylla, 31
+  viscosa, 31
+
+Clerodendron fortunatum, 194
+  infortunatum, 194
+
+Clitoria ternatea, 92
+
+Clompanus major, 51
+
+_Cocas de Levante_, 24
+
+Cocculus crispus, 22
+  lacunosus, 24
+  suberosus, 24
+
+_Coco_, 236
+
+_Coco-grass_, 239
+
+_Coconut_, 236
+
+Cocos nucifera, 236
+
+Coffea Arabica, 144
+
+_Coffee_, 144
+  _Negro_, 100
+
+Coleus aromaticus, 196
+  atropurpureus, 197
+  grandifolius, 197
+  suganda, 196
+
+_Colocynth_, 133
+
+_Coloquíntida_, 133
+
+Colosanthes Indica, 183
+
+Combretaceæ, 110
+
+_Cominos_, 137
+
+Compositæ, 149
+
+Connarus foetens, 64
+  santaloides, 64
+
+_Consuelda_, 213
+
+Convolvulaceæ, 174
+
+Convolvulus maximus, 176
+  nil, 174
+  pes-capræ, 175
+  Turpethum, 176
+
+Conyza balsamifera, 150
+
+_Coral tree, Indian_, 91
+
+_Coriander_, 137
+
+Coriandrum sativum, 137
+
+_Corn_, 240
+
+Cornaceæ, 138
+
+_Cotton_, 48
+
+Cotyledon laciniata, 109
+
+Crassulaceæ, 109
+
+Cratæva religiosa, 32
+
+Crinum Asiaticum, 231
+  giganteum, 231
+
+Croton glandulosum, 218
+  muricatum, 218
+  Philippense, 220
+  _purging_, 218
+  Tiglium, 218
+
+Cruciferæ, 30
+
+Cucumis Colocynthis, 133
+
+Cucurbita lagenaria oblonga, 129
+  villosa, 130
+
+Cucurbitaceæ, 127
+
+_Culantro_, 137
+
+Cuminum cynimum, 137
+
+Curcuma longa, 229
+
+_Custard apple_, 20
+
+Cyamus mysticus, 28
+  Nelumbo, 28
+
+Cyperaceæ, 239
+
+Cyperus rotundus, 239
+
+
+
+D
+
+
+_Dalaw_, 229
+
+_Dallapawen_, 163
+
+_Dalondón_, 190
+
+_Dalugdug_, 96
+
+_Dalupan_, 45
+
+_Damonghiya_, 59
+
+_Damoro_, 136
+
+_Dangla_, 192
+
+_Dankagi_, 171
+
+_Dankalan_, 38
+
+_Dapdap_, 91
+
+_Daraput_, 71
+
+_Darasig_, 58
+
+_Daripay_, 175
+
+Datura alba, 178
+  fastuosa, 179
+  Metel, 178
+  Stramonium, 178
+
+Daucus anisodorus, 136
+  copticus, 136
+
+_Dayap_, 65
+
+_Daytanag_, 93
+
+Dendrocalamus flagellifer, 244
+  sericens, 244
+
+_Dhatura_, 178
+
+Dianthera subserrata, 187
+
+Dicotyledonous, Gamopetalous, 140
+  Polypetalous, 17
+
+_Diglas, dinglas_, 111
+
+_Dilang boaya_, 232
+
+_Dilaw_, 229
+
+_Diliwariw_, 185
+
+Dilleniaceæ, 17
+
+_Dinkalin_, 38
+
+Diosma serrata, 80
+
+Dipterocarpeæ, 40
+
+Dipterocarpus alatus, 40
+  incanus, 40
+  Indicus, 40
+  Mayapis, 40
+  trinervis, 40
+  turbinatus, 40
+
+_Dita_, 163
+  _tree_, 163
+
+_Dokotdekot_, 201
+
+_Doldol_, 50
+
+Dolichos pruriens, 90
+
+_Dolo-ariw_, 185
+
+_Dool_, 86
+
+_Duhat, duat_, 114
+
+_Dukum_, 45
+
+_Dulawari_, 185
+
+_Dulupang_, 43
+
+Dysoxylum Blancoi, 76
+  salutare, 76
+  schizochitoides, 77
+
+
+
+E
+
+
+Echinus Philippinensis, 220
+
+Echites scholaris, 163
+
+Ehretia buxifolia, 173
+
+_Elemi, East Indian_, 73
+
+Elettaria Cardamomum, 230
+
+Entada Pursætha, 106
+  scandens, 106
+
+Eriodendron anfractuosum, 50
+
+Erythrina carnea, 91
+  corallodendron, 91
+  Indica, 91
+
+_Eskobanghaba_, 42
+
+Eugenia Jambolana, 114
+
+Eupatorium Ayapana, 149, 182
+
+Euphorbia capitata, 210
+  hirta, 210
+  ligularia, 212
+  neriifolia, 212
+  pentagona, 212
+  pilulifera, 210
+  Tirucalli, 213
+
+Euphorbiaceæ, 210
+
+_Exile, the_, 159
+
+Exostema Philippicum, 140
+
+
+
+F
+
+
+Fagara piperita, 63
+
+_Fennel_, 137
+
+_Fever nut_, 96
+
+Foeniculum panmorium, 137
+
+  officinale, 137
+
+  vulgare, 137
+
+Feronia elephantum, 69
+  ternata, 67
+
+Ficoideæ, 134
+
+_Flores y Rosas Caballero_, 98
+
+_Four o'clock_, 199
+
+
+
+G
+
+
+_Gabuen_, 150
+
+Gadelupa maculata, 95
+
+_Galonalpas_, 239
+
+_Gamagamatisan_, 176
+
+_Gamboge tree_, 136
+
+_Gamut sa buni_, 102
+
+Gandarussa vulgaris, 187
+
+_Gapasgapas_, 192
+
+Garcinia Cambogia, 36
+  Hanburii, 37
+  mangostana, 35
+  morella, 36
+  pedicellata, 36
+  venulosa, 36
+
+Gardenia spinosa, 142
+
+_Garlic_, 233
+
+Garuga floribunda, 72
+  Madagascarensis, 72
+  pinnata, 72
+
+_Gatasan pulá_, 36
+
+_Gatasgatas_, 210
+
+_Gaway-gaway_, 27
+
+Geraniaceæ, 58
+
+_Geranium grass_, 240
+
+_Gikosgikos_, 88
+
+_Gilalas_, 199
+
+_Giling-gilingan_, 43
+
+_Gilla nuts_, 106
+
+_Ginger_, 228
+
+_Gintingintin_, 150
+
+_Gogo_, 106
+
+_Gohong bakay_, 106
+
+_Golondrina_, 210
+
+Gossypium arboreum, 49
+  Barbadense, 48
+  Capas, 48
+  herbaceum, 48
+  Indicum, 48
+
+_Gourd, bottle_, 129
+  _common_, 129
+  _pilgrim's_, 129
+  _white_, 130
+
+_Goyabano, guyabano_, 22
+
+Gramineæ, 240
+
+_Granada_, 120
+
+_Granatis_, 116
+
+_Guanábano_, 22
+
+_Guava_, 113
+
+_Guayabas_, 113
+
+_Gubat_, 194
+
+Guilandina Bonducella, 96
+  Moringa, 86
+
+_Gumamila_, 46
+
+_Gurjun_, 40
+
+Guttiferæ, 35
+
+Gynandropsis pentaphylla, 31
+
+
+
+H
+
+
+_Hagonog_, 152
+
+_Halahala_, 128
+
+_Hamitanago_, 53
+
+_Hamlibon_, 150
+
+_Hangor_, 201
+
+_Hangot_, 201
+
+Helicteres chrysocalyx, 54
+  Isora, 54
+  Roxburghii, 54
+
+_Hemp, perennial Indian_, 55
+
+Hibiscus Abelmoschus, 45
+  Rosa-Sinensis, 46
+  tiliaceus, 46
+
+_Hierba de San Pablo, de San Pedro_, 214
+  _mora_, 176
+
+_Higo_, 228
+
+_Higotbalato_, 42
+
+_Himamaw_, 77
+
+_Hitam_, 110
+
+_Hojas de buyo_, 204
+
+_Horse radish tree_, 86
+
+_Huligaga_, 140
+
+Hydnocarpus inebrians, 132
+  polyandra, 33
+
+Hydrocotyle Asiatica, 134, 142
+
+Hymenodictyon excelsum, 140
+  Horsfieldii, 140
+
+
+
+I
+
+
+_Ibabaw_, 99
+
+Icica Abilo, 72
+
+_Igasud_, 171
+
+_Igiw_, 76
+
+Ignatia amara, 171
+  Philippinea, 171
+
+_Ilang-ilang de China_, 20
+
+Illicium anisatum, 18
+
+Ipomoea hederacea, 174
+  nil, 174
+  pes-capræ, 175
+  Turpethem, 176
+
+_Itmó_, 204
+
+Ixora bandhuca, 143
+  coccinea, 143
+
+
+
+J
+
+
+_Jalap, Indian_, 176
+
+_Jambul_, 114
+
+_Jasmine, Arabian_, 158
+
+Jasmium Sambac, 158
+
+Jatropha Curcas, 215
+  multifida, 216
+
+_Jengibre_, 228
+
+_Jequirity_, 88
+
+_Jujube tree_, 81
+
+Jussiæa erecta, 122
+  suffruticosa, 122
+  villosa, 122
+
+Justicia adhatoda, 188
+  Gendarussa, 187
+  nasuta, 189
+
+
+
+K
+
+
+_Kabalongan_, 171
+
+_Kabatiti_, 82
+
+_Kabiki_, 157
+
+_Kabrab_, 91
+
+_Kahel_, _kahil_, 66
+
+_Kala-danah_, 174
+
+_Kalambibit_, 96
+
+_Kalamias_, 60
+
+Kalanchoe laciniata, 109
+
+_Kalantas_, 79
+
+_Kalasusi_, 162
+
+_Kalatsutsi_, 162
+
+_Kalawaga_, 229
+
+_Kalayati_, 190
+
+_Kalingag_, 208
+
+_Kalisay_, 110
+
+_Kalitis_, 200
+
+_Kalungay_, 86
+
+_Kalumpang_, 51
+  _sa lati_, 78
+
+_Kamala_, 220
+
+_Kamalagi_, 104
+
+_Kamalungay_, 86
+
+_Ka-María_, 153
+
+_Kamela_, 220
+
+_Kamias_, 60
+
+_Kamigag_, 175
+
+_Kamot-kabag_, 96
+
+_Kamuning_, 64
+
+_Kanaasaga_, 88
+
+_Kanbil_, 220
+
+_Kandaroma_, 208
+
+_Kanlara_, 171
+
+_Kantutæ_, _Kantutan_, 149
+
+_Kanyin_, 40
+
+_Kapal-kapal_, 167
+
+_Kapanitulot_, 187
+
+_Kapili_, 217
+
+_Karambauaya_, 212
+
+_Karo_, 225
+
+_Karukansoli_, 199
+
+_Kasabba_, 154
+
+_Kasindik_, 91
+
+_Kasitás_, 102
+
+_Kasla_, 215
+
+_Kastio_, _kastiogan_, 45
+
+_Kastuli_, 45
+
+_Kastumba_, 154
+
+_Kasubha_, 154
+
+_Kasubhang-aso_, 29
+
+_Kasupangit_, 194
+
+_Kasuy_, 84
+
+_Katagkatag_, 175
+
+_Katakataka_, 109
+
+_Katalonga_, 171
+
+_Katandá_, 102
+
+_Katbolongan_, 171
+
+_Katsumba_, 154
+
+_Katuray_, 88
+
+_Katwit_, 213
+
+_Kayanga_, 46
+
+_Kayutana_, 63
+
+_Kawayag-totóo_, 243
+
+_Kilingiwa_, 60
+
+_Kilitis_, 200
+
+_Kinamboy_, 229
+
+Kleinhovia hospitata, 53
+
+_Kokongmanok_, 186
+
+_Kolasiman_, 34
+
+_Kolokanting_, _kolokating_, 92
+
+_Kolonkogon_, 195
+
+_Kongi_, 58
+
+_Konty_, 176
+
+_Kopang_, 107
+
+_Kuakuakohan_, 43
+
+_Kuanton_, 200
+
+_Kukubitan_, 128
+
+_Kulanta_, 186
+
+_Kulit_, 148
+
+_Kulutan_, _kulutkulutan_, 44
+
+_Kuragda_, 128
+
+_Kusung_, 239
+
+_Kuty_, 176
+
+
+
+L
+
+
+Labiatæ, 195
+
+_Lagayray_, 175
+
+Lagenaria clavata, 130
+  courgourda, 129
+  Gourda, 129
+  vulgaris, 129
+
+_Langis_, 184
+
+_Lagiwlagiw_, 185
+
+_Langkawas_, 230
+
+_Langkuas_, 230
+
+_Lago_, 154
+
+_Lagpakon_, 176
+
+_Lagundi_, 192
+
+_Lagunding gayang_, 192
+
+_Lakadbulan_, 150
+
+_Lakatan_, 228
+
+_Lakbanbulan_, 150
+
+_Laktang_, 24
+
+_Lalakdan_, 150
+
+_Lambayog_, 175
+
+_Lampayog_, 175
+
+_Lamudio_, 136
+
+_Lanigpa_, 79
+
+_Lanta_, 24
+
+_Lantín_, _llantén_, 199
+
+Laportea Gaudichaudiana, 224
+
+_Lasuna_, 233
+
+Lauraceæ, 208
+
+Laurus culilaban, 208
+
+_Lawas_, 27
+
+Lawsonia alba, 118
+  inermis, 118
+  spinosa, 118
+
+_Laya_, 228
+
+_Leadwort, white-flowered_, 155
+
+Leguminosæ, Cesalpinaceæ, 96
+  Mimoseæ, 106
+  Papilionaceæ, 88
+
+_Lemon_, 65
+
+_Lengua de perro_, 212
+
+_Letondang_, 228
+
+Leucas aspera, 199
+
+_Libáy_, 201
+
+_Lingá_, 184
+
+_Lingaton_, 224
+
+_Lingasina_, 222
+
+_Liktang_, 24
+
+Liliaceæ, 232
+
+_Lilitan_, 149
+
+Limnophila menthastrum, 182
+
+_Limón_, 65
+
+_Linatoganak_, 71
+
+_Lino_, 148
+
+_Lintang bagin_, 24
+
+_Lipa_, 224
+
+_Lipangdoton_, 224
+
+_Lipay_, 90
+
+Lippia nodiflora, 190
+
+_Live-for-ever_, 109
+
+_Longá_, 184
+
+Loganiaceæ, 171
+
+_Lokoloko_, 195
+
+_Lombayong_, 99
+
+_Lomboy_, 114
+
+_Lotus, sacred_, 28
+
+_Lubilubi_, 176
+
+Luffa Ægyptiaca, 131
+  pentandra, 131
+  petola, 131
+
+_Lugo_, 110
+
+_Lukban_, 67
+
+_Lumban_, 217
+
+_Luya_, 228
+
+Lythraceæ, 117
+
+
+
+M
+
+
+_Magatas_, 210
+
+Magnoliaceæ, 18
+
+_Mangit_, 173
+
+_Mahihiin_, 59
+
+_Maíz_, 240
+
+_Maize_, 240
+
+_Makabuhay_, 22
+
+_Makahiya_, 59
+
+_Makalingag_, 208
+
+_Makasili_, 76
+
+_Malaapolid_, 239
+
+_Malabangaw_, 76
+
+_Malabago_, 46
+
+_Malabalugbug-dagis_, 58
+
+_Malabohok_, 209, 225
+
+_Malabukbuk_, 39
+
+_Malakabuyaw_, 67
+
+_Malakatmón_, 17
+
+_Malapoko_, 122
+
+_Malaubi_, 203
+
+_Malawin_, 192
+
+_Malinta_, 214
+
+_Malis_, 43
+
+_Malisa_, 206
+
+_Malismalis_, 210
+
+Mallotus Philippensis, 220
+
+_Malungay_, 86
+
+_Malungit_, 86
+
+Malvaceæ, 42
+
+_Malvas de Castilla_, 43
+
+_Mamalis_, 42
+
+_Mambog_, 148
+
+_Mamin_, 204
+
+_Mamón_, 204
+
+_Mana_, 216
+
+_Mananaog_, 171
+
+_Manga_, 82
+
+Mangifera Indica, 82
+
+_Mangostán_, 35
+
+_Mangosteen_, 35
+
+_Manimanikan_, 103
+
+_Manungal_, _manunagl_, 71
+
+Manungala pendula, 71
+
+_Manzanitas_, 81
+
+_Marapoto_, 45
+
+_Maravillas_, 199
+
+_Marikum_, _marukum_, 45
+
+_Marjoram_, 196
+
+_Marsh mallow_, 45
+
+_Marvel of Peru_, 199
+
+_Mayana_, 197
+
+_Mayapis_, 40
+
+Melastomaceæ, 116
+
+Melastoma aspera, 116
+  malabatrichum, 116
+  obvoluta, 116
+  obvolutum, 116
+
+Melia Azedarach, 75
+
+Meliaceæ,75
+
+Menispermaceæ, 22
+
+Menispermum Cocculus, 22
+  crispum, 24
+  lacunosum, 24
+  rimosum, 22
+
+Mesua ferrea, 39, 143
+
+Michelia Champaca, 19
+
+_Migi_, 78
+
+Mimosa Farnesiana, 108
+  peregrina, 107
+
+Mimusops Elengi, 157
+
+Mirabilis Jalapa, 199
+  longiflora, 199
+
+_Molawin_, 194
+
+_Molopolo_, 44
+
+Momordica balsamina, 132
+  Charanta, 132
+  cylindrica, 132
+  muricata, 132
+  operculata, 131
+
+_Monkey-face tree_, 220
+
+Monocotyledons, 227
+
+_Morado_, 228
+
+Morinda bracteata, 148
+  citrifolia, 148
+  ligulata, 148
+  Royoc, 148
+  tinctoria, 149
+
+Moringa oleifera, 86
+  poligona, 86
+  pterigosperma, 86
+
+Moringeæ, 86
+
+_Mostaza_, 30
+
+_Mota_, 239
+
+Mucuma pruriens, 90
+  prurita, 90
+  utilis, 90
+
+_Mudar_, 167
+
+_Mulberry, Indian_, 148
+
+Murraya exotica, 64
+  Koenigi, 65
+
+Murraya odorata, 69
+  paniculata, 64
+
+Musa paradisiaca, 227
+  sapientum, 227
+
+Musaceæ, 227
+
+Musla-samul, 50
+
+_Mustard_, 30
+  _wild_, 31
+
+_Mutha_, 239
+
+_Myrobalans_, 111
+
+_Myrtaceæ_, 113
+
+
+
+N
+
+
+_Naga_, 93
+
+_Nagamulli_, 189
+
+_Nagesur_, _Nag-kasar_, 40
+
+_Nangka_, 223
+
+_Namakpakan_, 38
+
+_Naranjas_, 67
+
+_Naranjas del país_, 66
+
+_Naranjita_, 67
+
+_Narra_, 93
+
+_Nato_, 110
+
+Nelumbium Asiaticum, 28
+  nucifera, 28
+  speciosum, 28
+
+Nerium odorum, 165
+  oleander, 165
+
+Nicotiana Tabacum, 180
+
+_Nightshade, black or common_, 176
+
+_Nigi_, 78
+
+_Nino_, 148
+
+_Niog_, 236
+
+_Niogniogan_, 112
+
+Niota tetrapela, 71
+
+_Nipa_, 238
+  fruticans, 238
+
+_Nipay_, 90
+
+_Nutgrass_, 239
+
+Nyctaginaceæ, 199
+
+Nyctanthes Sambac, 158
+
+Nymphæa Lotus, 27
+
+Nymphæaceæ, 27
+
+
+
+O
+
+
+_Obispo_, 228
+
+Ochrocarpus pentapetalus, 38
+
+Ocimum Americanum, 195
+  basilicum, 195
+  flexuosum, 195
+  gratissimum, 195
+  sanctum, 195
+  virgatum, 195
+
+Odina Wodier, 86
+
+_Olasiman_, 34
+
+Oldenlandia biflora, 141
+  burmaniana, 141
+
+Oldenlandia corymbosa, 141
+
+  herbacea, 141
+
+  ramosa, 141
+
+  scabrida, 141
+
+Oleaceæ, 158
+
+_Oleander, sweet-scented_, 165
+  _Yellow_, 159
+
+_Omadiung_, 239
+
+Onagraceæ, 122
+
+_Onion_, 233
+
+_Onoran_, 239
+
+_Onty_, 176
+
+Ophelia chirata, 194
+
+_Opo_, 130
+
+_Orange_, 66
+
+_Orayi_, 200
+
+_Orégano_, 196
+
+Oriza, 242
+
+Oroxylum Indicum, 183
+
+_Osiw_, 243
+
+Oxalis Acetosella, 58
+  corniculata, 58
+  sensitivum, 59
+
+
+
+P
+
+
+Pæderia foetida, 149
+  sessiflora, 149
+
+_Paja de Meca_, 240
+
+_Pakayomkon-kastila_, 102
+
+_Pakupis_, 128
+
+_Palagarium_, 71
+
+_Palay_, 242
+
+Palmæ, 234
+
+_Palo del Brasil_, 97
+  _Maria_, 38
+
+_Palunay_, 152
+
+_Pamalis_, 42
+
+_Paminta_, 206
+
+_Pamunoan_, 69
+
+_Panampat_, 53
+
+_Pandan_, 110
+
+_Pangaguason_, 171
+
+_Pangi_, 33
+
+Pangium edule, 33
+
+_Pankundo_, 148
+
+_Panoan_, 69
+
+_Pansipansi_, 199
+
+Papaveraceæ, 29
+
+_Papaw_, 123
+
+_Papaya_, 123
+
+_Paraiso_, 75
+
+Pareira brava, 26
+
+_Paria_, 132
+
+Parkia biglobosa, 107
+  Brunonis, 107
+  Roxburghii, 107
+
+_Pasotis_, 202
+
+Passifloraceæ, 123
+
+_Paypaysi_, 199
+
+Pedaliaceæ, 184
+
+_Pennywort, Indian_, 134
+
+_Pepita_, 171
+  _sa katbalongan_, 171
+  _sa katbolongan_, 171
+
+_Pepper, black_, 206
+  _red_, 177
+
+_Pernambuko_, 49
+
+Phlomis alba, 198
+  Zeylanica, 199
+
+Phyllanthus Niruri, 214
+  reticulatus, 214
+  urinaria, 214
+
+_Physic nuts, English_, 96
+
+_Pias_, 60
+
+Picrorrhiza kurroa, 155
+
+_Pili_, _pilis_, 43, 73
+
+_Pimienta_, 206
+
+_Pinkapinka_, 183
+
+_Pinkapinkahan_, 183
+
+Piper Betel, 204
+  Betle, 204
+  nigrum, 206
+
+Piperaceæ, 204
+
+Plantaginaceæ, 199
+
+Plantago crenata, 199
+  erosa, 199
+  media, 199
+
+_Plantain_, 199
+
+_Plátano_, 227
+
+_Plum, black_, 114
+
+Plumbagineæ, 155
+
+Plumbago viscosa, 155
+  Zeylanica, 155
+
+Plumeria acutifolia, 162
+  alba, 162
+
+Poinciana pulcherrima, 98
+
+Polanisia viscosa, 31
+
+_Pomegranate_, 120
+
+Pongamia glabra, 95
+
+_Poppy, Mexican_, 29
+
+Portulaca axiflora, 134
+  oleracea, 34
+  toston, 134
+
+Portulaceæ, 34
+
+_Prayerbeads_, 88
+
+_Pride of India_, 75
+
+Psidium aromaticum, 113
+  pomiferum, 113
+  pyriferum, 113
+
+Pterocarpus echinatus, 93
+  erinaceus, 93
+
+Pterocarpus Indicus, 93
+
+  marsupium, 94
+
+  pallidus, 93
+
+  santalinus, 93
+
+_Pukingang_, 92
+
+_Pukopukot_, 128
+
+Punica Granatum, 120
+
+_Purslane_, 34
+
+
+
+Q
+
+
+Quisqualis Indica, 112
+  spinosa, 112
+  villosa, 112
+
+
+
+R
+
+
+_Rábano_, 30
+
+_Rabasa_, 134
+
+_Radish_, 30
+
+_Raiz de mora_, 241
+
+Randia aculeata, 142
+  dumetorum, 54, 142
+  longispina, 142
+  stipulosa, 142
+
+Raphanus sativus, 30
+
+Rhamnaceæ, 81
+
+Rhamnus Carolinianus, 81
+  Jujuba, 81
+  Wightii, 82
+
+Rhinacanthus communis, 189
+
+_Rice_, 242
+
+Ricinus communis, 222
+  microcarpus, 222
+  Subpurpurascens, 223
+  viridis, 223
+
+Robinia mitis, 95
+
+_Romero_, 197
+
+_Rosas-Caballero_, 116
+
+_Rose of China_, 46
+
+_Rosemary_, 197
+
+Rosmarinus officinalis, 197
+
+Rottlera tinctoria, 220
+
+Rubiaceæ, 140
+
+_Ruda_, 61
+
+_Rue_, 61
+
+Ruta angustifolia, 61
+  graveolens, 61
+
+Rutaceæ, 61
+
+
+
+S
+
+
+_Sabá_, 228
+
+_Sabila_, 232
+
+Saccharum officinarum, 241
+
+_Sacred lotus_, 28
+
+_Safflower, dyer's_, 154
+
+_Saffron, bastard_, 154
+
+_Saga_, 88
+
+_Sagamamin_, 88
+
+_Sagdikit_, 155
+
+_Saging_, 227
+
+_Sage, Jerusalem_, 198
+
+_Sangki_, 18
+
+_St. Ignatius' bean_, 171
+
+_Sàladay_, 63
+
+_Salagsalag_, 128
+
+_Salay_, 63, 240
+
+_Salingbobag_, 32
+
+_Saling-wok_, 194
+
+_Salimpokot_, 128
+
+Samadera Indica, 71
+
+_Samat_, 204
+
+_Sambak_, 104
+
+_Sambong-gala_, 151
+
+_Sambon_, 150
+
+_Sampaga_, 158
+
+_Sampaguitas_, 158
+
+_Sampaka_, 19
+
+_Sampalok_, 104
+
+_Samphire_, 118
+
+_Sandalwood tree, red_, 93
+
+Sandoricum Indicum, 77
+
+_Sansawsansawan_, 26
+
+_Santa María_, 153
+
+Santalum rubrum, 93
+
+_Santan_, 143
+
+_Santol_, 77
+
+_Sapang_, 97
+
+Sapotaceæ, 156
+
+_Sappan wood_, 97
+
+_Sasa_, 238
+
+_Saunders, red_, 93
+
+_Sayikan_, 210
+
+Schizostachyum acutiflorum, 243
+
+_Screw tree, Indian_, 54
+
+_Senna, western_, 100
+
+_Sesamé_, 184
+
+Sesamum Indicum, 184
+
+Sesbania grandiflora, 88
+
+_Sibukao_, 97
+
+_Sibuyas_, 233
+
+Sida acuta, 42
+  carpinifolia, 42
+  frutescens, 42
+  Indica, 43
+  stipulata, 42
+
+_Siempreviva_, 109
+
+_Sili_, 177
+
+Simarubaceæ, 71
+
+_Sinampaga_, 142
+
+Sinapis alba, 30
+  juncea, 30
+  nigra, 30
+
+_Sisiwhan_, 210
+
+_Sobsob_, 150
+
+Solanaceæ, 176
+
+Solanum Dulcamara, 177
+  nigrum, 176
+
+_Solasi_, 195
+
+_Solasolasian_, 199
+
+_Sonting_, _sunting_, 102
+
+_Sorog-sorog, sorosoro_, 212
+
+_Sorrel, Indian_, 58
+
+Sphoeranthus hirtus, 151
+  Indicus, 151
+  mollis, 151
+
+Spilanthes Acmella, 152, 228
+
+_Star anise_, 18
+
+Sterculiaceæ, 51
+
+Sterculia cordifolia, 52
+  foetida, 51
+  polyphilla, 51
+  urens, 52
+
+Strychnos Ignatii, 171
+  Philippensis, 171
+
+_Suelda_, 213
+
+_Suganda_, 196
+
+_Sugar cane_, 241
+
+_Sungot-olang_, 214
+
+_Suha_, 67
+
+_Sukaw_, 28
+
+_Sulbang_, 91
+
+_Suma_, 24
+
+_Sumalagi_, 104
+
+_Sursur_, 239
+
+_Susong damulog_, 20
+
+_Susokayoli_, 58
+
+_Suspiros_, 199
+
+_Swallow-wort_, 167
+
+Swertia Chirata, 128
+
+Syzygium Jambolanum, 114
+
+
+
+T
+
+
+_Tabaco_, 180
+
+_Tabayag_, 129
+
+_Tabing_, 43
+
+_Tabigi_, 78
+
+_Tabobog_, 128
+
+_Tabog_, 67
+
+_Tacamahaca_, 39
+
+_Toe-toe_, 149
+
+_Tagaktagak_, 189
+
+_Tagaraw_, 112
+
+_Tagaray_, 175
+
+_Taghilaw_, 183
+
+_Taglinaw_, 50
+
+_Tangantangan_, 222
+  _na morado_, 223
+
+_Tanglad_, 240
+
+_Tagudin_, 38
+
+_Taingan dogá_, 58
+
+_Takbibung_, 178
+
+_Takip kohol_, 134
+  _suso_, 134
+
+_Taklang-anak_, 36
+
+_Takpus_, 148
+
+_Takurangan_, 46
+
+_Tala_, 182
+  odorata, 182
+
+_Talatala_, 182
+
+_Talamponay_, 178
+  _na itim_, 179
+
+_Talankaw_, 155
+
+_Talaylo_, 27
+
+_Taliantar_, 148
+
+_Taliatan_, 76
+
+_Taligharap_, 198
+
+_Talisay_, 110
+
+_Talutu_, 50
+
+_Tamarind_, 104
+
+_Tamarindo_, 104
+
+Tamarindus Indica, 104
+
+_Tamawian_, 38
+
+_Tambalisa_, 101
+
+_Tampuhing_, 228
+
+_Tanag_, 53
+
+_Tangolon_, 112
+
+_Tapulanga_, 46
+
+_Taramhampam_, 182
+
+_Taratara_, 182
+
+_Tartaraw_, 112
+
+Tawatawa, 215
+
+_Tawatawasinga_, 222
+
+_Tawawa_, 210
+
+_Tayabas_, 113
+
+_Taywanak_, 244
+
+_Tea, Mexican_, 202
+
+_Teak tree_, 190
+
+_Teca_, 190
+
+Tectona grandis, 190
+
+Terminalia Catappa, 110
+  Chebula, 111, 115, 127, 155
+  mauriciana, 110
+  moluccana, 110
+  reticulata, 111
+
+Tetracera Assa, 17
+  macrophylla, 17
+  monocarpa, 17
+  Rheedi, 17
+  sarmentosa, 17
+
+Theobroma Cacao, 55
+
+Thespesia populnea, 47
+
+Thevetia nerifolia, 159
+
+_Tighiman_, 100
+
+_Tinglog_, 185
+
+_Tikla_, 190
+
+_Tilites_, 200
+
+_Timbangan_, 203
+
+_Tinatinaan_, 214
+
+_Tindang-bayang_, 171
+
+_Tinisas_, 153
+
+Tinospora cordifolia, 23
+  crispa, 22
+
+_Tintatintahan_, 214
+
+_Titiw_, 185
+
+_Tobacco_, 180
+
+_Toktok-kaló_, 161
+
+_Toronjas_, 67
+
+_Toston_, 134
+
+Tovomita pentapetala, 38
+
+_Tree, alstonia or dita_, 163
+  _Black Myrobalan_, 111
+  _Jack fruit_, 223
+
+Trianthema monogyna, 134
+  obcordata, 134
+
+Trichosanthes amara, 128
+  anguina, 128
+  cucumerina, 128
+  lucioniana, 127
+  palmata, 127
+  tricuspis, 127
+
+Tsampaka, 19
+
+_Tsatsatsatsahan_, 190
+
+_Tsiku_, 156
+
+_Tuba_, 24, 215
+  _kamaisa_, 218
+
+_Tubó_, 241
+
+_Tumbongaso_, 148
+
+_Tumboung aso, kapay_, 148
+
+_Tunas_, 27
+
+_Turmeric plant_, 229
+
+_Turpeth root_, 216
+
+Turroea octandra, 77
+  virens, 76
+
+Tylophora asthmatica, 169
+
+
+
+U
+
+
+Umbelliferæ, 134
+
+Unona uncinata, 20
+
+Urena morifolia, 44
+  multifida, 44
+  muricata, 44
+  sinuata, 44
+
+Urticaceæ, 223
+
+Urtica ferox, 224
+  umbellata, 224
+
+Uvaria Sinensis, 20
+
+
+
+V
+
+
+Verbena capitata, 190
+  nodiflora, 190
+
+Verbenaceæ, 190
+
+_Verdolagas_, 34
+
+Vitex Leucoxylon, 192
+  Negundo, 192
+  repens, 192
+  trifolia, 192
+
+_Vuas_, 220
+
+
+
+W
+
+
+_Walnut, Indian_, 217
+
+_Wars_, 220
+
+_Water lily_, 27
+
+_Wawalisan_, 42
+
+_Weed, styptic_, 100
+
+_Wood apple_, 69
+
+_Wormseed, American_, 202
+
+_Wormwood, Indian_, 153
+
+
+
+X
+
+
+Xanthoxylum oxyphyllum, 63
+  violaceum, 63
+
+Xylocarpus granatum, 78
+
+
+
+Y
+
+
+_Yate_, 190
+
+_Yayo_, 58
+
+
+
+Z
+
+
+Zea Mays, 240
+
+Zingiberaceæ, 228
+
+Zingiber officinale, 228
+
+Zizyphus Jujuba, 81
+  Mauritania, 81
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+NOTES
+
+
+[1] A ward or Barrio of Manila.
+
+[2] In the U. S. P. and P. G. Marsh Mallow is a synonym for _Althæa
+officinalis_, the root being the part of the plant which is used.
+
+[3] Journal de Phar. et de Chim., XX., p. 3811.
+
+[4] Daruty, loc. cit., p. xxvi.
+
+[5] Official in the U. S. P. under the name of _Santalum rubrum_,
+and used only for coloring alcoholic solutions.
+
+[6] Do not grow in the Philippines.
+
+[7] Waring, loc. cit., p. 170.
+
+[8] Journal de Pharmacie, Vol. XIV., p. 441.
+
+[9] L'Union Pharm., Vol. XXIII., p. 291.
+
+[10] European analyses make the amount 1-2.2 per cent.
+
+[11] Including tænifuges.
+
+[12] Names in italics are considered of especial importance by
+the author.
+
+[13] I do not join these diseases because I consider them identical
+or due to the same pathogenic agent but because the plants that follow
+are used indifferently for the diseases.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Medicinal Plants of the Philippines, by 
+T. H. Pardo de Tavera
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEDICINAL PLANTS OF PHILIPPINES ***
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Medicinal Plants of the Philippines, by 
+T. H. Pardo de Tavera
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Medicinal Plants of the Philippines
+
+Author: T. H. Pardo de Tavera
+
+Translator: Jerome Beers Thomas
+
+Release Date: August 22, 2008 [EBook #26393]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEDICINAL PLANTS OF PHILIPPINES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness, Jeroen Hellingman, and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
+book was produced from scanned images of public domain
+material from the Google Print project.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<div class="front"><div class="transcribernote" id="notice">
+<h2 class="normal">Notice</h2>
+<p>The medical knowledge represented in this book is over a century old. The publication of this book is for historical interest
+only, and is not to be construed as medical advice by Project Gutenberg or its volunteers. Medicinal plants should not be
+used without consulting a trained medical professional. Medical science has made considerable progress since this book was
+written. Recommendations or prescriptions may have been superseded by better alternatives, or invalidated altogether.
+
+</p>
+<p>The letter <i>g&#771;</i> used in this book has the sound of the letters <i>ng</i> in the English word <i>sing</i>. Other publications sometimes used <i>n&#864;g</i> for the same sound, while in modern Philippine orthography, this sound is written as <i>ng</i>.
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div1"><span class="pagenum">
+[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]
+</span><p class="aligncenter">Medicinal Plants
+<br>
+of the
+<br>
+Philippine Archipelago
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="titlePage">
+<h1 class="docTitle">The Medicinal Plants of the Philippines</h1>
+<h2 class="byline">By
+
+<br>
+<span class="docAuthor">T. H. Pardo De Tavera</span>
+
+<br>
+Doctor en Medicina de la Facultad de Paris, Comisionado Cientifico de S. M. en las Islas Filipinas y Delegado General en las
+Mismas de la Soci&eacute;t&eacute; Acad&eacute;mique Indo-Chinoise de Francia, Miembro Fundador Correspondiente de la Sociedad Espa&ntilde;ola de Higiene,
+Etc.
+
+<br>
+Translated and Revised by
+
+<br>
+<span class="docAuthor">Jerome B. Thomas</span>, Jr., A.B., M.D.
+<br>
+Captain and Assistant Surgeon, U. S. V.
+</h2>
+<h2 class="docImprint">Philadelphia:
+<br>
+P. Blakiston&#8217;s Son &amp; Co.
+<br>
+1012 Walnut Street.
+<br>
+1901
+</h2>
+</div><div class="div1"><span class="pagenum">
+[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]
+</span><p class="aligncenter">Copyright, 1901, by
+<br>
+<span class="smallcaps">P. Blakiston&#8217;s Son &amp; Co.</span>
+
+
+
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd0e171" href="#xd0e171">v</a>]</span></p>
+</div>
+<div id="xd0e172" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">
+[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]
+</span><h2 class="normal">Translator&#8217;s Preface.</h2>
+<p>This translation was undertaken with the especial object of facilitating the study of the native medicinal plants by the numerous
+medical officers stationed at small posts throughout the Philippines. In order to aid in the recognition of these plants,
+the botanical descriptions have been revised to the extent of adding, where possible, the size and shape of the plant, English
+name, length of leaves, color of flowers, etc., in many instances supplying the entire botanical description where it had
+been omitted on account of general familiarity with the plant. Comparing the few analyses that I have had an opportunity to
+make with corresponding ones in the native works from which Dr. Tavera has taken his botanical descriptions, I am impressed
+with the necessity for a revision of the Botany of the Philippines. However, as the therapeutic properties of the flora are
+of foremost interest to the medical profession I have not hesitated to publish the book in its present form as an entering
+wedge, leaving to those better fitted the great work of classifying the flora of these islands in accordance with modern botanical
+science.
+
+</p>
+<p>Dr. Tavera has faithfully described the Malay and Hindu therapeutics of the present day, enriching his description by observations
+founded on a long practice in Paris and in his own native Luzon. From this potpourri of scientific therapeutics and ignorant,
+superstitious drugging the interested physician will elicit not a few useful data concerning the treatment of disease in the
+tropics, and at the same time gain a more intimate knowledge of both the people and plants of our new Asiatic possessions.
+
+</p>
+<p>I take this occasion to gratefully acknowledge my obligations to Mr. A. P. Tonielli, stenographer and translator of the Supreme
+Court of the Philippines, for typewriting the manuscript of this translation.
+
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Jerome B. Thomas, Jr.</span>
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Manila, P. I.</span>
+
+
+
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd0e189" href="#xd0e189">vii</a>]</span></p>
+</div>
+<div id="xd0e190" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">
+[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]
+</span><h2 class="normal">Preface.</h2>
+<p>Commissioned by His Majesty&#8217;s Government to study the medicinal plants of my native country, I returned there and spent two
+years in collecting data regarding the use that the Filipinos make of their plants in the treatment of disease. At the same
+time I collected and carefully preserved some with the purpose of taking them to Europe, to study their chemical composition
+in the laboratories of Paris under the direction of the eminent men who had been my instructors in medicine.
+
+</p>
+<p>The work I did in the Philippines was preliminary, a preparation for the more extended study of the subject which I wished
+to make in Paris, where I went with my notes and collection. Unfortunately, upon leaving Manila, I confided the mounting and
+pressing of my plants to an inexperienced person who stupidly placed in the midst of them several succulent tubers which decomposed
+during the voyage and spoiled the other plants. At the same time I received in Paris an important collection of the vegetable
+drugs of the Philippines, sent by my friend the pharmacist, M. Rosedo Garcia, and destined for the World&#8217;s Fair of 1889. I
+opened with great pleasure the wood and zinc box in which the collection came, anticipating that I should be able to carry
+out my plan of study and at the same time win for my friend, Garcia, a well-deserved premium. Imagine my disappointment upon
+finding that, by an unfortunate coincidence, his plants had arrived in the same condition as mine, having also been packed
+with tubers of ubi, gabi, etc., and several cocoanuts which had decomposed.
+
+</p>
+<p>Many times since then I have tried to obtain from Manila, through exchange or payment of money, a similar collection, but
+have been unable to secure a single leaf of the plants I so <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd0e199" href="#xd0e199">viii</a>]</span>desired. If in the future I have the good fortune to procure any, I shall make a study of those at hand and publish the results.
+
+</p>
+<p>I herewith publish the results of my investigations and experiments in Manila, where, especially in the neighboring towns
+of San Mateo and San Miguel, I often had opportunities for using, with good results, the plants of which this volume treats.
+I may add that in spite of the limited means at my disposal in Manila and the short time left me by my regular occupations
+I was able to conduct a few laboratory experiments owing to which this work contains some personal observations reinforcing
+those quoted from medical literature.
+
+</p>
+<p>The flora of the Archipelago is known to-day through the works of Fathers Blanco, Llanos, Fernandez del Villar and Naves,
+and of the engineers Jordano, the brothers Vidal and Soler and others who have brought such honor to Spanish science, preparing
+the way for the study of the therapeutic and industrial applications of that wonderfully rich plant life with which our islands
+have been endowed. Their works help us to recognize the plants whose medicinal virtues are herein described and it is to them
+I owe the botanical descriptions in this treatise.
+
+</p>
+<p>Father Blanco, in describing certain plants, mentions their medicinal uses in the Philippines, but his descriptions are few
+and very deficient as one would expect in a work of the scope of his Flora. A Jesuit of some reputation, Father Clain, published
+in Manila in 1712 a book entitled &#8220;<span lang="es">Remedios f&aacute;ciles para diferentes enfermedades?</span>&#8221; in which he speaks of the medicinal virtues of some of the indigenous plants, almost the same ones that appear in another
+work, a frank and pleasing little treatise written by Father Santa Maria. Father Mercado is the only one who has written a
+special treatise on the subject and his manuscript remained unedited until the Augustinian Fathers of Manila published it
+in the last edition of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd0e210" href="#xd0e210">ix</a>]</span>Father Blanco&#8217;s &#8220;Flora&#8221;; but neither this work nor those of Clain or Santa Maria are useful to a physician, nor are they as
+accurately written as works of a scientific character should be. From time to time superficial articles have appeared in the
+Manila papers regarding the virtues of some plant or other and these books and articles comprise the whole literature on the
+subject up to this time.
+
+</p>
+<p>Some physicians regard with small favor the therapeutic application of plants by the Filipino &#8220;herb-doctors&#8221; (<span lang="es">curanderos</span>) as being entirely empirical. This disparagement is unjustified because in all the most rational and scientific remedies
+that we make use of, the first step towards the final development of their relative position among remedies is due to empiricism
+which is founded on daily experience, on observation of results obtained in specific cases, facts that are handed down from
+father to son for generations. The scientific explanation is lacking, but those first ideas frequently owing their origin
+to chance, or, perhaps, to superstition, have often been based upon the observation of facts which, although fortuitous, are
+none the less positive.
+
+</p>
+<p>Many of the plants mentioned in this book are official in the Pharmacop&#339;ia of India and we see no reason why their use should
+be proscribed in the Philippines. Filipino physicians not only can but should employ many indigenous plants in their therapeutics;
+in many instances they would find them more useful than the exotics, which are not always fresh and are commonly reduced in
+strength by long keeping or damaged by some circumstance of voyage or climate. The price is another argument in favor of the
+use of native drugs. If the pharmacists would prepare extracts and keep on hand the crude drugs most in demand the public
+would gain a great advantage and the druggists be well repaid for their labor. Physicians and pharmacists will surely understand
+these advantages and when finally one considers that the patients generally prefer to be <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd0e219" href="#xd0e219">x</a>]</span>treated with native plants, I feel justified in the hope that their use will spread rapidly in the Philippines.
+
+</p>
+<p>To employ therapeutically the drugs described in this work is not to experiment &#8220;<span lang="la">in anima vilis</span>,&#8221; as some would have us believe. To experiment is to employ unknown remedies of unknown virtues and properties.
+
+</p>
+<p>In this treatise I am not attempting to fix the indications for this or that product, but simply make known the diseases in
+which the Filipinos and the natives of other countries employ the products. Any physician has a perfect right to prescribe
+these drugs, as have also the &#8220;curanderos&#8221; and even the laity, with this difference, however, that the physician is capable
+of observing results and guiding himself by the physiologic action of the drugs. His knowledge of the physiologic and anatomo-pathologic
+problems of the human body, will enable the physician to make scientific inferences that would be hidden from the common &#8220;<span lang="es">curandero</span>.&#8221;
+
+</p>
+<p>As neither the Manila nor the provincial physicians keep these medicinal plants in stock, with the exception of those that
+are official in the European and American pharmacop&#339;ias, it will be necessary for the physician who wishes to use them, to
+busy himself with seeking them and laying in a sufficient stock to serve him when the opportunity presents itself. It is necessary
+to preserve them by drying and this is best done by exposing them several days to the fresh air in a dry place&#8212;for example,
+the corridors of the house&#8212;being careful not to expose them to the rays of the sun, in which latter event the fleshy and juicy
+plants which do not desiccate rapidly, putrefy or ferment.
+
+</p>
+<p>A convenient way to get them is to visit the Binondo Square where there has been market for native drugs from time immemorial.
+The gardeners from the neighboring towns, especially those from Pasay and Singalon, regularly offer the plants for sale and
+will undertake to supply you with any that <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd0e235" href="#xd0e235">xi</a>]</span>may not be on hand. Inasmuch as the common names of the plants lead to many mistakes and much confusion, it is indispensable
+to acquaint one&#8217;s self with the description of the plant and be sure that the actual product conforms in all respects to the
+description. For this purpose it is well to obtain flowering specimens, and bearing this fact in mind I have been careful
+to indicate the flowering season of each plant. By making excursions to the towns of San Mateo and Angono I have obtained
+an abundance of whatever I sought and at the same time have learned by talking with the mountaineers and &#8220;<span lang="es">curanderos</span>,&#8221; what uses they make of their plants. The &#8220;<span lang="es">curanderos</span>&#8221; know a great deal concerning these uses, but become very reticent as soon as they are questioned about them. Whether it
+is dread of ridicule or selfishness or fear that silences them, the fact remains that it is no easy matter to glean any useful
+facts from them. And yet by tact and friendliness one may elicit much more information from them than first impressions would
+lead one to hope.
+
+</p>
+<p>Leaves should be gathered when fully developed, rejecting the old, dried and worm-eaten ones.
+
+</p>
+<p>The best time to gather bark is one month before the period of inflorescence, when it is rich in sap. The flowers are best
+gathered when about half expanded. The fruit is gathered green or ripe according to the active principle sought. The seeds
+should always be mature.
+
+</p>
+<p>Not all parts of the plant are equally provided with the active principle which may be localized in the root or the flower;
+or distinct principles may exist in different parts of the same plant. Therefore the part indicated, and only that part, should
+be employed.
+
+</p>
+<p>In the root the active substance usually resides in the bark, sometimes in the parenchyma that envelopes the woody tissue
+and rarely in the woody tissue itself, as, for example, in &#8220;rhubarb&#8221; and &#8220;pareira brava.&#8221;
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd0e251" href="#xd0e251">xii</a>]</span></p>
+<p>The stem bark is also a frequent seat of the active principle, of which the outer portion contains the greater amount, according
+to the valuable experiments of Howard.
+
+</p>
+<p>Some plants owe their therapeutic importance to their wood, others to their leaves or flowers, and regarding the localization
+of the active principle in these parts we have nothing especial to indicate. The fruit, however, may have a pericarp consisting
+of mucilage, starch, sugar and gum, etc., while the seeds contain fatty matter, fixed or essential oils or alkaloids, as is
+the case with coffee and cacao. In view of these facts, we repeat that it is indispensable to use that part of each plant
+which I have indicated as applicable to a determined case or condition.
+
+</p>
+<p>I earnestly hope that the physicians and pharmacists practising in the Philippines may undertake investigations and experiments
+regarding the therapeutic properties of the plants of my native land, and that my endeavors may have acted as a stimulus or
+inspiration to the loyal and earnest study of the subjects that are now awakening such interest, not only in Europe and America,
+but in India and Japan.
+
+</p>
+<p>I should be pleased to receive notes, plants or reports of researches from any one interested in the subject matter of this
+book, and I shall consider it a pleasure, as well as a duty, to devote my forces, small as they may be, to aiding any one
+who may do me the honor to claim my assistance.
+
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">T. H. P. de Tavera.</span>
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Paris, April, 1892.</span>
+
+
+
+
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd0e268" href="#xd0e268">xiii</a>]</span></p>
+</div>
+<div id="toc" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">
+[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]
+</span><h2 class="normal">Contents.</h2>
+<ol class="lsoff">
+<li>Dicotyledonous, Polypetalous.
+
+<ol class="lsoff">
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Dilleniace&aelig;</span>&#8212;Tetracera macrophylla <a href="#pb17">17</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb18">18</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Magnoliace&aelig;</span>&#8212;Illicium anisatum, Michelia Champaca <a href="#pb18">18</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb20">20</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Anonace&aelig;</span>&#8212;Artabotrys odoratissimus, Anona squamosa, A. reticulata, A. muricata <a href="#pb20">20</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb22">22</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Menispermace&aelig;</span>&#8212;Tinospora crispa, Anamirta Cocculus, Cissampelos Pareira <a href="#pb22">22</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb27">27</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Nymph&aelig;ace&aelig;</span>&#8212;Nymph&aelig;a Lotus, Nelumbium nucifera <a href="#pb27">27</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb28">28</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Papaverace&aelig;</span>&#8212;Argemone Mexicana <a href="#pb29">29</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb30">30</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Crucifer&aelig;</span>&#8212;Brassica juncea, Raphanus sativus <a href="#pb30">30</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb31">31</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Capparidace&aelig;</span>&#8212;Cleome viscosa, Crat&aelig;va religiosa <a href="#pb31">31</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb32">32</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Bixine&aelig;</span>&#8212;Bixa Orellana, Pangium edule <a href="#pb32">32</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb34">34</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Portulacace&aelig;</span>&#8212;Portulaca oleracea <a href="#pb34">34</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Guttifer&aelig;</span>&#8212;Garcinia mangostana, G. venulosa, G. Cambogia, G. morella, Ochrocarpus pentapetalus, Calophyllum Inophyllum, Mesua ferrea
+<a href="#pb35">35</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb40">40</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Dipterocarpe&aelig;</span>&#8212;Dipterocarpus turbinatus <a href="#pb40">40</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb42">42</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Malvace&aelig;</span>&#8212;Sida carpinifolia, Abutilon Indicum, Urena sinuata, Hibiscus Abelmoschus, H. tiliaceus, H. Rosa-Sinensis, Thespesia populnea,
+Gossypium herbaceum, Bombax malabaricum, Eriodendron anfractuosum <a href="#pb42">42</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb51">51</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Sterculiace&aelig;</span>&#8212;Sterculia f&#339;tida, S. urens, Kleinhovia hospitata, Helicteres <span class="corr" id="xd0e407" title="Source: Ixora">Isora</span>, Abroma fastuosa, Theobroma Cacao <a href="#pb51">51</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb57">57</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Geraniace&aelig;</span>&#8212;Oxalis corniculata, Biophytum sensitivum, Averrhoa Bilimbi, A. Carambola <a href="#pb58">58</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb61">61</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Rutace&aelig;</span>&#8212;Ruta graveolens, Xanthoxylum oxyphyllum, Murraya exotica, M. Koenigi, Citrus acida, Bigaradia decumana, &AElig;gle decandra, Feronia
+elephantum <a href="#pb61">61</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb70">70</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Simarubace&aelig;</span>&#8212;Samadera Indica <a href="#pb71">71</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb72">72</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Burserace&aelig;</span>&#8212;Garuga pinnata, Canarium commune <a href="#pb72">72</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb75">75</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Meliace&aelig;</span>&#8212;Melia Azedarach, Dysoxylum Blancoi, Sandoricum Indicum, Carapa Moluccensis, Cedrela Toona <a href="#pb75">75</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb80">80</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Celastrace&aelig;</span>&#8212;Celastrus paniculata <a href="#pb80">80</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb81">81</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Rhamnace&aelig;</span>&#8212;Zizyphus Jujuba, Rhamnus Wightii <a href="#pb81">81</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb82">82</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Anacardiace&aelig;</span>&#8212;Mangifera Indica, Anacardium occidentale, Odina Wodier <a href="#pb82">82</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb86">86</a>
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd0e496" href="#xd0e496">xiv</a>]</span></li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Moringe&aelig;</span>&#8212;Moringa pterygosperma <a href="#pb86">86</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb88">88</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Leguminos&aelig;</span> (<span class="smallcaps">Papilionace&aelig;</span>)&#8212;Agati grandiflora, Abrus precatorius, Mucuna pruriens, Erythrina Indica, Clitoria ternatea, Pterocarpus santalinus, P. Indicus,
+P. erinaceus, Pongamia glabra <a href="#pb88">88</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb95">95</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Leguminos&aelig;</span> (<span class="smallcaps">C&aelig;salpine&aelig;</span>)&#8212;C&aelig;salpinia Bonducella, C. Sappan, C. pulcherrima, Cassia fistula, C. occidentalis, C. alata, Tamarindus Indica, Bauhinia
+malabarica <a href="#pb96">96</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb106">106</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Leguminos&aelig;</span> (<span class="smallcaps">Mimose&aelig;</span>)&#8212;Entada scandens, Parkia Roxburghii, Acacia Farnesiana <a href="#pb106">106</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb109">109</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Crassulace&aelig;</span>&#8212;Kalanchoe laciniata <a href="#pb109">109</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb110">110</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Combretace&aelig;</span>&#8212;Terminalia Catappa, T. Chebula, Quisqualis Indica <a href="#pb110">110</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb113">113</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Myrtace&aelig;</span>&#8212;Psidium pomiferum, Eugenia Jambolana <a href="#pb113">113</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb116">116</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Melastomace&aelig;</span>&#8212;Melastoma malabatrichum <a href="#pb116">116</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb117">117</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Lythrace&aelig;</span>&#8212;Ammannia vesicatoria, Lawsonia alba, Punica Granatum <a href="#pb117">117</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb122">122</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Onagrace&aelig;</span>&#8212;Jussi&aelig;a suffruticosa <a href="#pb122">122</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb123">123</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Passiflorace&aelig;</span>&#8212;Carica Papaya <a href="#pb123">123</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb127">127</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Cucurbitace&aelig;</span>&#8212;Trichosanthes palmata, T. anguina, T. cucumerina, Lagenaria vulgaris, var. Gourda, var. courgourda, var. clavata, Luffa &AElig;gyptiaca,
+Momordica balsamina, M. charanta, Citrullus Colocynthis <a href="#pb127">127</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb134">134</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Ficoide&aelig;</span>&#8212;Trianthema monogyna <a href="#pb134">134</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Umbellifer&aelig;</span>&#8212;Hydrocotyle Asiatica, Carum copticum, F&#339;niculum vulgare, Coriandrum sativum <a href="#pb134">134</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb138">138</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Cornace&aelig;</span>&#8212;Alangium Lamarkii <a href="#pb138">138</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb139">139</a>
+
+</li>
+</ol>
+
+</li>
+<li>Dicotyledonous, Gamopetalous.
+
+<ol class="lsoff">
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Rubiace&aelig;</span>&#8212;Hymenodictyon excelsum, Oldenlandia corymbosa, Randia dumetorum, Ixora coccinea, Coffea Arabica, Morinda citrifolia bracteata,
+M. tinctoria, P&aelig;deria f&#339;tida. <a href="#pb140">140</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb149">149</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Composit&aelig;</span>&#8212;Eupatorium Ayapana, Blumea balsamifera, Sph&#339;ranthus Indicus, Spilanthes Acmella, Artemisia vulgaris, Carthamus tinctorius
+<a href="#pb149">149</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb155">155</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Plumbagine&aelig;</span>&#8212;Plumbago Zeylanica <a href="#pb155">155</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb156">156</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Sapotace&aelig;</span>&#8212;Achras Sapota, Mimusops Elengi <a href="#pb156">156</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb158">158</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Oleace&aelig;</span>&#8212;Jasminum Sambac <a href="#pb158">158</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb159">159</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Apocynace&aelig;</span>&#8212;Allamanda cathartica, Thevetia nerifolia, Cerbera Odallam, Plumeria acutifolia, Alstonia scholaris, Nerium odorum <a href="#pb159">159</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb167">167</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Asclepiadace&aelig;</span>&#8212;Calotrops gigantea, Tylophora asthmatica <a href="#pb167">167</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb170">170</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Loganiace&aelig;</span>&#8212;Strychnos Ignatii <a href="#pb171">171</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb173">173</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Boraginace&aelig;</span>&#8212;Ehretia buxifolia <a href="#pb173">173</a>
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd0e744" href="#xd0e744">xv</a>]</span></li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Convolvulace&aelig;</span>&#8212;Ipom&#339;a hederacea, I. pes-capr&aelig;, I. Turpethum <a href="#pb174">174</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb176">176</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Solanace&aelig;</span>&#8212;Solanum nigrum, Capsicum fastigiatum, Datura alba, Nicotiana Tabacum <a href="#pb176">176</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb182">182</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Scrophulariace&aelig;</span>&#8212;Limnophila menthastrum <a href="#pb182">182</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb183">183</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Bignoniace&aelig;</span>&#8212;Oroxylum Indicum <a href="#pb183">183</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb184">184</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Pedaliace&aelig;</span>&#8212;Sesamum Indicum <a href="#pb184">184</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb185">185</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Acanthace&aelig;</span>&#8212;Acanthus ilicifolius, Barleria Prionitis, Justicia Gendarussa, Adhatoda vasica, Rhinacanthus communis <a href="#pb185">185</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb190">190</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Verbenace&aelig;</span>&#8212;Lippia nodiflora, Tectona grandis, Vitex trifolia, V. Negundo, Clerodendron infortunatum <a href="#pb190">190</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb194">194</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Labiat&aelig;</span>&#8212;Ocimum basilicum, O. gratissimum, O. sanctum, Coleus aromaticus, Rosmarinus officinalis, Anisomeles ovata, Leucas aspera
+<a href="#pb195">195</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb199">199</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Plantaginace&aelig;</span>&#8212;Plantago erosa <a href="#pb199">199</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Nyctaginace&aelig;</span>&#8212;Mirabilis Jalapa <a href="#pb199">199</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb200">200</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Amaranthace&aelig;</span>&#8212;Amaranthus spinosus, Achyranthes obtusifolia <a href="#pb200">200</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb202">202</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Chenopodiace&aelig;</span>&#8212;Chenopodium ambrosioides <a href="#pb202">202</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb203">203</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Aristolochiace&aelig;</span>&#8212;Aristolochia Indica <a href="#pb203">203</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb204">204</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Piperace&aelig;</span>&#8212;Piper Betle, P. nigrum <a href="#pb204">204</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb207">207</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Chloranthace&aelig;</span>&#8212;Chloranthus officinalis <a href="#pb207">207</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb208">208</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Laurace&aelig;</span>&#8212;Cinnamomum pauciflorum, C. tamala, Cassytha filiformis <a href="#pb208">208</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb210">210</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Euphorbiace&aelig;</span>&#8212;Euphorbia pilulifera, E. neriifolia, E. Tirucalli, Phyllanthus reticulatus, P. Niruri, P. urinaria, Jatropha Curcas, Aleurites
+Moluccana, Croton Tiglium, Acalypha Indica, <span class="corr" id="xd0e906" title="Source: Echimus">Echinus</span> Philippensis, Ricinus communis <a href="#pb210">210</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb223">223</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Urticace&aelig;</span>&#8212;Artocarpus integrifolia, Laportea gaudichaudiana <a href="#pb223">223</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb225">225</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Casuarine&aelig;</span>&#8212;Casuarina Sumatrana <a href="#pb225">225</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb226">226</a>
+
+</li>
+</ol>
+
+</li>
+<li>Monocotyledons.
+
+<ol class="lsoff">
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Musace&aelig;</span>&#8212;Musa paradisiaca, M. sapientum <a href="#pb227">227</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb228">228</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Zingiberace&aelig;</span>&#8212;Zingiber officinale, Curcuma longa, Elettaria Cardamomum <a href="#pb228">228</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb231">231</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Amaryllidace&aelig;</span>&#8212;Crinum Asiaticum <a href="#pb231">231</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb232">232</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Liliace&aelig;</span>&#8212;Aloes Barbadensis, Allium sativum, A. Cepa <a href="#pb232">232</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb234">234</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Palm&aelig;</span>&#8212;Areca Catechu, Cocos nucifera, Nipa fruticans <a href="#pb234">234</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb238">238</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Cyperace&aelig;</span>&#8212;Cyperus rotundus <a href="#pb239">239</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Gramine&aelig;</span>&#8212;Zea Mays, Andropogon Schoenanthes, Saccharum officinarum, Oriza <a href="#pb240">240</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb243">243</a>
+
+</li>
+<li><span class="smallcaps">Bambuse&aelig;</span> <a href="#pb243">243</a>&#8211;<a href="#pb244">244</a>
+
+</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ol><span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd0e1016" href="#xd0e1016">xvi</a>]</span></div>
+<div id="xd0e1017" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">
+[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]
+</span><h2 class="normal">Explanation.</h2>
+<p>For the common words of the different Filipino dialects I have adopted the orthography which in my various treatises on those
+dialects I have demonstrated to be the easiest, most rational and convenient. I should be inconsistent as to my own theories
+and convictions if I continued to follow the old form of spelling. For the benefit of those who are not familiar with the
+matter I will state that the consonants are pronounced as follows:
+
+</p>
+<div class="table" style="width:60%">
+<table width="100%">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">g </td>
+<td valign="top">always as in get.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">h </td>
+<td valign="top">gutturalized aspirate.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">k </td>
+<td valign="top">as in English.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">w </td>
+<td valign="top">always as initial w in English, win, wan.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">g&#771; </td>
+<td valign="top">as ng in sing, hung, etc.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div><p>
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div id="xd0e1049" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">
+[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]
+</span><h2 class="normal">Abbreviations.</h2>
+<p>
+</p>
+<div class="table" style="width:60%">
+<table width="100%">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Bic.&#8212;Bicol.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Eng.&#8212;English.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Iloc.&#8212;Ilocan.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Indo-Eng.&#8212;Indo-English.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Pam.&#8212;Pampango.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Pan.&#8212;Pangasinan.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Sp.&#8212;Spanish.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Sp.-Fil.&#8212;Spanish-Filipino.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Tag.&#8212;Tagalog.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Vis.&#8212;Viscayan.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div><p>
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="body"><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb17" href="#pb17">17</a>]</span><div id="xd0e1088" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">
+[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]
+</span><h2 class="super">Medicinal Plants of the Philippines</h2>
+<h2 class="normal">Dicotyledonous, Polypetalous.</h2>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e1093">
+<h3 class="normal">Dilleniace&aelig;.</h3>
+<p class="tb"></p>
+<p><b>Tetracera macrophylla, Vall.</b> (<i>T. monocarpa</i>, <i>T. sarmentosa</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Malakatm&oacute;n</i>, Tag.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The wood of <i>malakatm&oacute;n</i> is one of the best known and popular drugs of the Binondo<a class="noteref" id="xd0e1121src" href="#xd0e1121">1</a> market place. It is used as an infusion internally in the h&aelig;moptysis of consumptives, and externally in the treatment of
+sore throat, its action being due to the large amount of tannin it contains. It is also employed in Malabar in the form of
+an infusion of the leaves of the species, <i>T. Rheedi</i>, to treat sore throat, mixing it with a decoction of rice called <i>cange</i>.
+
+</p>
+<p>The Filipinos do not distinguish this species from the <i>T. Assa</i>.
+
+</p>
+<p>Both are called <i>malakatm&oacute;n</i>, and are employed indiscriminately to accomplish the same results. The silicious concretion obtained from the leaves is used
+as a polish in the form of polish paper.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Dose.</span>&#8212;In infusion for internal use, 4 grams of wood to 1 liter of water; as a gargle, 10 to 15 grams to the liter.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A shrub with leaves alternate, oval, serrate, finely dentate with very short and stiff hairs. Flowers of a strong, rather
+agreeable odor, axillary, in panicles. Calyx, 4 sepals. Corolla, 4 petals. Stamens indefinite, expanding <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb18" href="#pb18">18</a>]</span>at the upper end and bearing 2 anthers. Carpels 3, with ovules indefinite in two series. Seeds with red arils.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;In the vicinity of Manila. Blooms in July.
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e1154">
+<h3 class="normal">Magnoliace&aelig;</h3>
+<p>Magnolia Family.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Illicium anisatum, L.</b>
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Anis estrellado</i>, <i>Badiana</i>, Sp.; <i>Sag&#771;ki</i>, Tag.; <i>Star Anise</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;Although this plant does not grow in the Philippines, the use of its fruit is so common there that it demands a place in
+this work. It is employed chiefly as a condiment in the preparation of food, and its essential oil is used to prepare the
+native &#8220;anise cordial&#8221; by mixing it with alcohol obtained from the palm or from sugar cane.
+
+</p>
+<p>The decoction of the fruit is given after meals as a tea-like beverage, to aid digestion or for its carminative effect in
+flatulent colic.
+
+</p>
+<p>Star anise has an aromatic taste, slightly bitter and acrid, and a very marked perfume of anise which with its star-like form
+gives the plant one of its names. It is a very useful stimulant, tonic, stomachic and carminative.
+
+</p>
+<p>It is official in all Pharmacop&#339;ias and the pericarp is the part employed.
+
+</p>
+<p>The dose is from 1 to 2 grams to 100 of water in infusion, to be taken in one draught.
+
+</p>
+<p>According to Schlegel it contains the following substances: An essential oil 4.675; a green waxy material which melts at 51&deg;,
+a resin, a gum and saponin. The essential oil is (almost) identical with that of anise from which it is impossible to distinguish
+it chemically. The only difference is that the former has a blander odor and solidifies at 1&deg;.25 instead of 10&deg;, as does the
+oil of anise.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb19" href="#pb19">19</a>]</span></p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;The plant grows in the mountains of Yunnan, China, and in Tonquin. The part used in the Philippines is the fruit, being indeed
+the only part known here. This is composed of 8 woody follicles arranged about a central column in the form of a star. These
+follicles open at maturity and reveal the seeds, which are shining, smooth, ovoid, hard, of a pretty chestnut-red color. In
+the Philippines they are sold even in the smallest food-vending shops.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Michelia Champaca, L.</b>
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Tsampaka</i>, <i>Sampaka</i>, Tag.; <i>Champaca</i>, Fil.-Span.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The bark of the trunk is well known as a febrifuge and emmenagogue in India. It is slightly bitter and aromatic. Dr. H. Folliat
+has used it with success in the Island of Mauritius in the treatment of the common intermittent fevers; he administered the
+infusion (bark 30 grams, water 600 cc.)&#8212;or the decoction (bark 30 grams, water 1,200 cc.); boil till reduced to 600 cc.&#8212;giving
+a wine-glassful every hour just before and after the paroxysm.
+
+</p>
+<p>An astringent decoction made from the leaves is used as a gargle in sore throat. The root is emmenagogue and the seeds are
+used in the treatment of anal fissure.
+
+</p>
+<p>Dr. Hooper has found the following substances in the bark of the <i>Champana</i>: a volatile oil with a pine-like odor; a fixed oil, insoluble in alcohol, melting at 15&deg; and forming soap with soda; a resin
+extremely bitter, acrid, brown in color; tannin; sugar; a bitter principle, albuminoids, coloring matters, mucilage and starch.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A tree 15&#8211;18&deg; high; leaves alternate, 6 &times; 2&#8242;, stipulate, simple. Flowers fragrant, saffron-colored, hermaphrodite, solitary
+and axillary. The receptacle, conical at its base, becomes narrow, lengthens and then enlarges, forming a column which is
+bare at its narrow part. At its base <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb20" href="#pb20">20</a>]</span>is inserted the perianth composed of 6 overlapping leaflets arranged in two series. Stamens indefinite, fixed in the base
+of the column of the receptacle on the superior portion of which are inserted the ovaries which contain many ovules arranged
+in two vertical series.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Common in all parts (of the islands).
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e1240">
+<h3 class="normal">Anonace&aelig;.</h3>
+<p>Custard-Apple Family.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Artabotrys odoratissimus</b>, R. Br. (<i>A. hamatus</i>, Bl.; <i>Uvaria Sinensis</i> and <i>Unona uncinata</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Ilag&#771;-ilag&#771; de China</i>, Sp.-Fil.; <i>Alag&#771;-ilag&#771; Son-son</i>, Tag.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;A decoction of the leaves of this species is used to treat cholera in some of the islands of the Malay group; in the island
+of Java they use for the same purpose a decoction of the leaves of the species <i>A. suaveolens</i>, Bl., which is commonly called <i>Susog&#771; Damulog</i> in the Pampanga dialect. The active principles of these plants are so powerful that one must beware of giving a large dose,
+as hemorrhages, nervous phenomena and abortion may follow.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A tree 15&#8211;18&deg; high with leaves alternate, lanceolate, glabrous, and petioles very short. Flowers very sweet, axillary, solitary.
+Petals 6, fleshy, concave at the base. Stamens indefinite, closely packed, overlapping. Peduncle curved like a crook.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Cultivated in gardens.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Anona squamosa</b>, L. (<i>A. tuberosa</i>, Rumph.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Ates</i>, Tag.; <i>Custard Apple</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The fruit of the mature ates is edible and is one of the most delicious that grows in the Philippines; its white and <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb21" href="#pb21">21</a>]</span>delicately perfumed pulp has a delicious flavor. The unripe fruit is exceedingly astringent. The fermented juice of the ripe
+pulp is used in certain parts of America to prepare a popular drink. The powdered seeds make a useful parasiticide especially
+when used on the scalp, but it is necessary to avoid getting any of the drug in the eyes on account of its <span class="corr" id="xd0e1313" title="Source: irrritant">irritant</span> effect.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;Tree 8 or 9&deg; high with leaves alternate, oblong, the edges pubescent. Flowers greenish-yellow, axillary, solitary; peduncle
+not curved. Petals 6, convergent. Stamens crowded, indefinite. Fruit fleshy, covered with scales or rather rounded tubercles;
+beneath is the white and fragment pulp, covering the long-oval seeds.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>A. reticulate, L.</b>
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Anonas</i>, Sp.-Fil.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The fruit of this species is neither as much prized nor as abundant in the Philippines as that of the ates. When unripe it
+possesses the same properties as the latter. The large proportion of tannin which both species contain in their unripe state,
+makes them very useful in treating diarrh&#339;a and dysentery. They are administered in the form of a decoction, by enema. The
+sap of the trunk is very irritating. The roots are used by the American Indians to treat epilepsy. Lemon juice is the antidote
+for the sap of this species.
+
+</p>
+<p>I wish to call attention to the similarity of the common name of this plant to another entirely distinct species commonly
+used in the Tagalo therapeutics; namely, the <i>anonag&#771;</i> (Cordia), with which it must not be confused.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;Tree 10&deg; high with leaves lanceolate, pubescent. Flowers in a sort of umbel. Corolla like that of <i>A. squamosa</i>. Fruit without the plainly visible tubercles of the foregoing species, their presence being merely suggested by a sort of
+net traced on the surface.
+
+
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb22" href="#pb22">22</a>]</span>
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>A. muricata</b>, L.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Guan&aacute;bano</i>, <i>Goyabano</i>, Sp.-Fil.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The ripe fruit possesses antiscorbutic properties; the unripe fruit is used in treating dysentery. It is said that the ripe
+fruit is used in diseases of the liver.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;Tree with leaves oval, alternate and glabrous. Flower solitary, terminal, whitish. The fruit is much larger than that of
+the other species, is covered with scales that end in a soft point or thorn and has a very pronounced acid taste.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;All three species are common in all parts of the Archipelago.
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e1379">
+<h3 class="normal">Menispermace&aelig;.</h3>
+<p>Moonseed Family.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Tinospora crispa</b>, Miers. (<i>Menispermum crispum</i>, L.; <i>M. rimosum</i>, Blanco; <i>Cocculus crispus</i>, DC.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Makabuhay</i>, Tag.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;Makabuhay is one of the most widely known and used plants in the Philippines; a sort of panacea applied to all bodily afflictions.
+Its Tagalo name means literally &#8220;you may live.&#8221; A shoot deprived of roots and dropped in some moist place is soon covered
+with bright green leaves and adventitious roots. This peculiarity of the plant made it possible for me to take a large number
+of sprouts from Manila to Paris where they arrived perfectly fresh after a voyage of forty days, during which they lay almost
+forgotten in the ship and the cars.
+
+</p>
+<p>The stem is the part employed in medicine. A decoction is given internally in the various forms of malarial fever and of dyspepsia.
+Externally it is most useful as a wash for ulcers of all kinds, rapidly improving their appearance.
+
+</p>
+<p>In India the species <i>T. cordifolia</i> is used; it differs but little <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb23" href="#pb23">23</a>]</span>from <i>T. crispa</i>. It is official in the Pharmacop&#339;ia and has been introduced into Europe. <i>T. cordifolia</i> has given excellent results in the mild forms of intermittent fever; in general debility following long and severe cases
+of illness; in chronic rheumatism, and in the second stage of syphilis. As the two species are so much alike we shall add
+the preparations and dose of <i>T. cordifolia</i> which we have used on several occasions with good results.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Tincture of T. cordifolia.</span>&#8212;Stems of the dried plant, 100 grams. Alcohol 21&deg; (Cartier), 500 cc. Macerate seven days in a closed vessel stirring from
+time to time. After decanting add enough alcohol (21&deg;) to bring the quantity up to 500 cc., and filter.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Dose.</span>&#8212;4&#8211;8 grams.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Maceration.</span>&#8212;Fresh stems cut in small pieces, 30 grams, water 300 grams. Macerate for two hours and filter.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Dose.</span>&#8212;30&#8211;90 cc. a day.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Extract.</span>&#8212;Dry makabuhay in small pieces 500 grams. Water 2&frac12; liters. Macerate for twelve hours, filter the liquid and express the macerated
+drug which is then macerated a second time in 2&frac12; liters of water. Express again, unite the two liquids and filter. Evaporate
+in a water-bath to the consistency of a pill mass.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Dose.</span>&#8212;&frac12;&#8211;1&frac12; grams a day in fractional doses.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A vine whose runners entwine themselves among the tops of the highest trees, giving off many adventitious roots which seek
+the earth. The stem is covered with projecting tubercles. Leaves heart-shaped, pointed, entire with five well-marked nerves.
+Flowers yellowish-green, di&#339;cious, growing in axillary racemes. The male flowers have a corolla of six petals, the three smaller
+ones arranged alternately. In the female flower the stamens are represented by three glands situated at the base of the petals.
+Fruit, an elliptical drupe.
+
+
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb24" href="#pb24">24</a>]</span>
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Anamirta Cocculus</b>, Wight &amp; Arn. (<i>Menispermum Cocculus</i>, (L.) Blanco; <i>M. lacunosum</i>, Famk; <i>Cocculus lacunosus</i>, <i>C. suberosus</i>, DC.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Laktag&#771;</i>, <i>Liktag&#771;</i>, <i>Suma</i>, <i>Lanta</i>, <i>Lintag&#771; bagin</i>, <i>Tuba</i>, <i>Balasin</i>, <i>Bayati</i>, Tag., Vis., Pam.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;One of the uses to which the India berries (<i>Cocas de Levante</i>) are put in the Philippines, is to throw them into small sluggish streams or into lakes with the object of intoxicating the
+fish which soon come to the surface and float there as if dead. This custom is very extensive in Malaysia, in India and even
+in Europe, where, in order to avoid the cases of poisoning which this practice has occasioned in the consumers of fish taken
+in this way, it has been found necessary to forbid the sale of the berries except in the pharmacies. These restrictions are
+practiced in France.
+
+</p>
+<p>In the Binondo market in Manila the root of this plant may be found in abundance; it is yellow and very bitter. The natives
+use the infusion (5&#8211;10 grams to 300 cc. of water) in fevers, dyspepsia and menstrual derangements. In India also the root
+is used in the same complaints.
+
+</p>
+<p>The fruit contains the highly toxic principle <i>picrotoxin</i>, and others as follows:
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Menispermin</i> (C<sub>18</sub>H<sub>24</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) is an alkaloid which crystallizes in pyramidal prisms, is soluble in alcohol and ether and insoluble in water. Hot nitric
+acid converts it into oxalic acid and a yellow substance of a resinous appearance.
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Picrotoxin</i> (C<sub>30</sub>H<sub>24</sub>O<sub>13</sub>) is not an alkaloid as may be seen from its formula. Its properties are not well known at the present time. It crystallizes
+in small quadrilateral prisms, white and transparent, or in needles grouped in stars. No odor, taste bitter, insoluble in
+water, partly soluble in alcohol and in ether, freely soluble in acids and alkalies. A solution in concentrated sulphuric
+acid has a saffron-yellow color. Nitric acid transforms it into oxalic acid.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb25" href="#pb25">25</a>]</span></p>
+<p><i>Picrotoxinin</i> exists in picrotoxin in the proportion of 32 to 100, and may be separated by boiling in benzine. It is bitter, poisonous,
+reduced by Fehling&#8217;s solution and nitrate of silver. Sixty-six per cent. of <i>picrotoxin</i> consists of another bitter substance, non-poisonous&#8212;<i>picrotin</i>, which is insoluble in benzine and is reduced by Fehling&#8217;s solution and nitrate of silver. Lastly, <i>anamirtin</i> is found in the mother water of picrotoxin; it is not bitter, not poisonous, and not reducible by the aforementioned reagents.
+
+</p>
+<p>The fruit of the <i>anamirta</i>, the &#8220;coca de Levante&#8221; is an acrid, narcotic poison, which may not be employed internally; its uses are limited to external
+medication. In the Pharmacop&#339;ia of India is given the formula for a parasiticide ointment, highly recommended in the treatment
+of pediculi:
+
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Unguentum anamirt&aelig;</i>:
+
+
+</p>
+<div class="table" style="width:60%">
+<table width="100%">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top" class="&#xA; alignright&#xA; "> 4 </td>
+<td valign="top">grams Cocculus berries, powdered,
+
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top" class="&#xA; alignright&#xA; "> 30 </td>
+<td valign="top">grams Vaseline.
+
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">M. </td>
+<td valign="top">Fiat unguentum.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div><p>
+
+
+</p>
+<p>In applying this ointment it is necessary to make sure that there is no wound or abrasion of the skin through which absorption
+might take place.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A vine with leaves alternate, entire, glabrous, broadly oval, pointed, with 5 nerves which unite at the base, long petioles.
+Flowers di&#339;cious, in compound racemes. Male flowers consist of a perianth without corolla, the sepals arranged by threes in
+two or three whorls. The end of the receptacle expanded like a bead, bears a large number of stamens in 6 vertical series,
+with anthers sessile and 4-lobed. Female flowers analogous as regards the perianth, with 6&#8211;9 sterile stamens. Carpels formed
+of 5 ovaries, free, unilocular, containing one ovule each. Fruit, a drupe of a purple color, the size of a filbert, kidney-shaped,
+the albumen horny.
+
+
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb26" href="#pb26">26</a>]</span></p>
+<p><b>Cissampelos Pareira</b>, L.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Sansawsansawan</i>, Tag.; <i>Chinchaochinchauan</i>, Sp.-Fil.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;Although this plant formerly bore the Portuguese name of <i>Pareira brava</i>, the U. S. P. and B. P. recognize now under this title only the root of <i>Chondrodendron tomentosum</i>. It is diuretic and tonic and apparently exercises an astringent and sedative action upon the mucous membrane of the genito-urinary
+organs. The root is used in acute and chronic cystitis.
+
+</p>
+<p>In Brazil it is used as a diaphoretic and as such is employed in cases of venomous snake bites. It is also used there as an
+emmenagogue and diuretic, in intermittent fevers, dropsy and suppression of the lochia in women recently confined.
+
+</p>
+<p>It is official in the Pharmacop&#339;ia of India.
+
+</p>
+<div class="table" style="width:60%">
+<table width="100%">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top"><span class="smallcaps">Decoction.</span>&#8212;
+</td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">Root of cissampelos, small pieces, </td>
+<td valign="top">50 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top" class="&#xA; alignright&#xA; "> </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">Water </td>
+<td valign="top">600 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p>Dose.&#8212;30&#8211;100 grams.
+
+</p>
+<p>Boil 15 minutes; filter and add enough water to bring the total bulk up to 600 cc.
+
+</p>
+<div class="table" style="width:60%">
+<table width="100%">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top"><span class="smallcaps">Extract.</span>&#8212;
+</td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">Root of cissampelos in powder </td>
+<td valign="top">500 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top" class="&#xA; alignright&#xA; "> </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">Water </td>
+<td valign="top">5 liters.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Dose.</span>&#8212;.5&#8211;1 gram.
+
+</p>
+<p>Digest the powder for 24 hours in 500 cc. water, pour the mixture into a filter and add water gradually until the percolate
+amounts to 5 liters. Evaporate the percolate in a water-bath to the consistency of a pill mass.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Fluid Extract.</span>&#8212;This is prepared in the same manner as the extract and is allowed to remain in the bath until reduced in bulk to 400 grams.
+It is then removed and 100 grams of alcohol (36&deg;) are added.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Dose.</span>&#8212;1.75&#8211;7 cc.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb27" href="#pb27">27</a>]</span></p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Chemical Composition.</span>&#8212;Fl&uuml;ckiger has isolated a bitter principle analogous to berberin; also <i>buxine</i> and <i>paracine</i>, which latter received the name <i>pelosine</i> from Wiggers in 1839. The former chemist proposed the name buxine for all these analogous principles. Pelosine or buxine
+is precipitated by a concentrated solution of HCl, by sal ammoniac, by potassium nitrate and potassium iodide. He also discovered
+a neutral substance, <i>deyamitin</i>, which crystallizes in microscopic tablets; sulphuric acid added to these gives a pretty dark blue color which changes to
+green.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A climbing shrub with cylindrical woody stem, with leaves simple, alternate, entire, petiolate, ovoid, broad at the base.
+The inferior surface of the leaf is pubescent, especially in the intervals between the ribs. Flowers di&#339;cious, small, racemose.
+Calyx of 12 sepals arranged in 3 whorls, the inner ones broad and petaloid. Corolla of 6 petals arranged in 2 whorls. Stamens
+sterile or rudimentary in the pistillate flower, the staminate flower bearing 6; anthers innate, 2-celled. Drupes oval, 2
+or 3 cm. long, black, closely resembling a grape seed.
+
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e1705">
+<h3 class="normal">Nymph&aelig;ace&aelig;.</h3>
+<p>Water-Lily Family.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Nymph&aelig;a Lotus</b>, L.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Lawas</i>, <i>Talaylo</i>, <i>Tunas</i>, <i>Gaway-gaway</i>, Tag., Vis., Pam.; <i>Water Lily</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The anaphrodisiac virtues attributed to this plant and to all the water-lily family are purely imaginary. Its juice being
+slightly bitter and astringent is used in decoction as an injection in gonorrh&#339;a. It possesses mild narcotic properties, for
+which some use the juice of the whole plant, rubbing the forehead and temples with it to produce sleep.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;An aquatic plant, with leaves <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb28" href="#pb28">28</a>]</span>solitary, terminal, floating on the water, dentate, glabrous, broad, deeply cleft at the base, with a very long petiole. Flowers
+solitary, persistent in the ripe fruit, oval. Stamens indefinite in fine whorls or verticils.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Common on the shores of the Laguna de Bay.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Nelumbium nucifera</b>, Gaertn. (<i>N. speciosum</i>, Willd.; <i>N. Asiaticum</i>, Rich.; <i>Cyamus Nelumbo</i>, Sm.; <i>C. mysticus</i>, Salis.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Bayno</i>, Tag.; <i>Sukaw</i>, Iloc.; <i>Sacred Lotus</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;An infusion of the flowers is used internally in dysentery. In India they use, for diarrh&#339;a and vomiting, the viscid juice
+obtained from the petioles and the peduncles of the flowers. The rootstock contains a large quantity of starch which has been
+utilized for food in the periods of famine which have desolated India and Egypt. This flower was the Sacred Lotus of the Egyptians
+and the people of India have dedicated it to Lakshmi, the goddess of health and prosperity.
+
+</p>
+<div class="table" style="width:60%">
+<table width="100%">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top"><span class="smallcaps">Infusion.</span>&#8212;
+</td>
+<td valign="top">Petals, dried </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">5 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top" class="&#xA; alignright&#xA; "> </td>
+<td valign="top">Water </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">250 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top" colspan="3">Sig. To be taken during 24 hours.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;An aquatic plant with fleshy rootstock which creeps along the muddy bottoms; from its nodes spring the stalks of the leaves
+and flowers. Its leaves are alternate, polymorphous, some above and some below the surface of the water, concave in the center
+whence ribs separate, shield-shaped. Petioles very long, bearing soft, short spines. The flowers white or pink, solitary;
+peduncle long and, like the petioles, covered with soft, short spines. Calyx of 4&#8211;5 unequal sepals, imbricated. Corolla with
+an indefinite number of unequal petals, the inner ones shorter. Stamens indefinite, inserted in the base of the receptacle.
+Receptacle expanded above the andr&#339;cium, in the form of an inverted cone, containing a large number of alveoli with circular
+openings.
+
+
+
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb29" href="#pb29">29</a>]</span></p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e1815">
+<h3 class="normal">Papaverace&aelig;.</h3>
+<p>Poppy Family.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Argemone Mexicana</b>, L.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Kasubhag&#771;-&#257;so</i>, Iloc.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;Padre Blanco says that the yellow juice of this plant &#8220;is used by the natives (Filipinos) to treat fissures of the corners
+of the eyes.&#8221;
+
+</p>
+<p>The negros of Senegal use the decoction of the root to cure gonorrh&#339;a. The milky juice to which Blanco refers is used in different
+countries to treat various skin diseases, including the cutaneous manifestations of syphilis and leprosy; to remove warts,
+and as an eye wash in catarrhal conjunctivitis.
+
+</p>
+<p>The English physicians of India state that it is dangerous to use the milky juice as an application to the eye, although Dymock
+claims the contrary.
+
+</p>
+<p>The flowers are narcotic by virtue of a principle resembling morphine, perhaps identical with that alkaloid.
+
+</p>
+<p>The seeds yield a fixed oil on expression, which is laxative and relieves the pains of colic, probably by virtue of its narcotic
+properties. Physicians in India praise this oil highly; not only is it a sure and painless purgative, but it is free from
+the viscidity and disgusting taste of castor-oil; besides it has the advantage of operating in small doses, 2&#8211;4 grams. Its
+activity is proportionate to its freshness. Dr. W. O&#8217;Shaughnessy does not value this oil highly, but the experience of many
+distinguished physicians of India has proved the purgative and other properties that have just been mentioned. Possibly the
+differences of opinion may arise from the fact that oils from different plants were used in the trials.
+
+</p>
+<p>The seeds yield a fixed oil, yellow, clear, of sweet taste, density 0.919 at 15&deg;; it remains liquid at &#8211;5&deg;; is soluble in
+an equal volume of alcohol at 90&deg;; characterized by an orange-red color on adding nitric acid. From its soap Frolicher has
+obtained <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb30" href="#pb30">30</a>]</span>acetic, valerianic, butyric and benzoic acids. Charbonnier claims to have found morphine in its leaves and capsules. Dragendorf
+has isolated from the seeds an alkaloid which presents the principal characters of morphine. It is, then, probable that morphine
+is the narcotic principle possessed by this plant, which is not hard to believe when one considers the family to which it
+belongs.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A plant of American origin nowadays acclimated in almost all warm countries. Its stem is green, pubescent, 30&#8211;40 centimeters
+high. Leaves alternate, thin, sessile, lanceolate, covered with rigid green thorns. Flowers hermaphrodite, terminal, yellow.
+Calyx, 3 sepals with conical points. Corolla, 6 rounded petals. Stamens indefinite, free, hypogynous. Ovary free, triangular.
+Capsule expanded, oblong, angular, thickly set with prickles: it opens inferiorly by 5 valves.
+
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e1853">
+<h3 class="normal">Crucifer&aelig;.</h3>
+<p>Mustard Family.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Brassica juncea</b>, Hook. &amp; Thom. (<i>Sinapis juncea</i>, L.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Mostaza</i>, Sp.; <i>Mustard</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The seeds are used in the same way as those of white or black mustard (<i>Sinapis alba</i> and <i>S. nigra</i>, L.).
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;Plant with a glabrous stem, leaves sessile, glabrous, lanceolate, the upper ones serrate, the lower ones almost entire. Flowers
+in racemes. Calyx, 4 sepals. Corolla, 4 rounded, unguiculate petals. Stamens 6, two of them short and the other four longer
+and united in pairs. Ovary flattened. Seed vessel quadrangular, nodular, glabrous, containing many oval seeds.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Raphanus sativus, L.</b>
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>R&aacute;bano</i>, Sp.; <i>Radish</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;Used principally as food; it possesses the antiscorbutic properties common to the greater part of the Crucifer&aelig;.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb31" href="#pb31">31</a>]</span></p>
+<p>It is an herbaceous plant, the root of which is so commonly known that its description would be useless.
+
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e1914">
+<h3 class="normal">Capparidace&aelig;.</h3>
+<p>Caper Family.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Cleome viscosa</b>, L. (<i>C. icosandra</i>, L.; <i>Polanisia viscosa</i>, DC.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Balabalanoyan</i>, <i>Apoyapoyan</i>, Tag.; <i>Wild Mustard</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The seeds possess the same properties as those of mustard and are used in place of the latter in Manila. In America the leaves
+are used as a poultice in otitis, their action being rubefacient. In India the seeds are given internally for their anthelmintic
+and carminative effect; the dose is one teaspoonful twice a day. The juice of the leaves mixed with cocoanut oil is used in
+the form of eardrops in suppurative otitis.
+
+</p>
+<p>The natives give the same common name to the <i>Gynandropsis pentaphylla</i>, DC. (<i>Cleome pentaphylla</i>, L.; <i>C. altiacea</i> or <i>C. alliodora</i>, Blanco), which is distinguished from the former by its six stamens inserted on the pistil and its violet-colored stem. Its
+therapeutic properties are identical with those of the <i>Cleome viscosa</i>. Dr. Sir W. Jones believes that the plant possesses antispasmodic properties, basing his belief on its odor, which resembles
+<i>asafetida</i>, though not so disagreeable. In India the juice of the leaves is a popular remedy for earache. It is also used there as a
+rubefacient.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;An annual, the stem channeled and bearing glandular hairs. Leaves compound, alternate; leaflets lanceolate with glandular
+hairs. Calyx, 4 sepals. Corolla, 4 petals, yellow. Stamens 14&#8211;16, encircling the pistil. Seed vessels cylindrical, with channels
+and glandular hairs. The whole plant is sticky and emits a garlicky odor.
+
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb32" href="#pb32">32</a>]</span></p>
+<p><b>Crat&aelig;va religiosa</b>, Forst.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Salig&#771;bobog</i>, Tag.; <i>Balay-namuk</i>, Iloc.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;It is in common use in India as a tonic and stomachic. It seems also to possess laxative and diuretic properties. In Concan
+the juice of the leaves mixed with cocoanut oil is used as a liniment in rheumatism.
+
+</p>
+<div class="table" style="width:60%">
+<table width="100%">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top"><span class="smallcaps">Infusion.</span>&#8212;
+</td>
+<td valign="top">Leaves, fresh </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">50 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top" class="&#xA; alignright&#xA; "> </td>
+<td valign="top">Water </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">500 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Dose.</span>&#8212;50&#8211;100 grams a day as a tonic or stomachic.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A shrub 15&#8211;20&deg; high with compound trifoliate leaves with long petioles; leaflets lanceolate, acuminate, smooth, dark green.
+Calyx of 4 imbricated sepals. Corolla of 4 unguiculate petals, between white and straw color, 1&#8242; long. Stamens indefinite,
+violet-colored. Ovary unilocular, many-ovuled. Berry spherical with many seeds buried in pulp.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Blanco has seen the plant growing in Ilocos and Imus.
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e2026">
+<h3 class="normal">Bixine&aelig;.</h3>
+<p class="tb"></p>
+<p><b>Bixa Orellana</b>, L.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Atsuiti</i>, <i>Achuiti</i>, Tag.; <i>Achiote</i>, <i>Achuete</i>, Sp.-Fil.; <i>Annatto</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The principal use of the seeds is in cookery and everybody knows the yellow color which Filipino cooks impart to almost all
+their dishes. In medicine the fine powder that covers the seeds is used as a h&aelig;mostatic and internally as a stomachic. On
+account of the astringent qualities of the coloring matter it is used in some countries to treat dysentery, a fact which suggests
+its possible therapeutic or rather hygienic usefulness as a condiment. It seems to effect a cure in dysentery in the same
+manner as ipecac.
+
+</p>
+<p>In India, Brazil and the Antilles the natives make a sort of paste of achuete known under the name of <i>rocu</i>. There is a <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb33" href="#pb33">33</a>]</span>hard, odorless form of rocu and another soft, unctuous, of a delicate red color and an odor rendered highly disagreeable by
+the urine added to it to keep it soft. Rocu is the preparation of achuete that has been subjected to chemical analysis. Its
+composition is as follows: Two coloring matters, <i>bixin</i> (C<sub>28</sub>H<sub>34</sub>O<sub>5</sub>), of a red color, resinous, soluble in alcohol, ether, alkaline solutions and benzine, crystallizing in microscopic lamin&aelig;,
+quadrangular, red, of a metallic violet lustre; <i>orellin</i>, yellow in color, soluble in alcohol and in water.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A well-known tree growing to a height of 5&#8211;7 meters, with leaves alternate, simple, oval, heart-shaped at the base, sharply
+pointed, glabrous, short petioles. Flowers in panicles. Calyx, 5 rounded sepals, tuberculate at the base, imbricated, caducous.
+Corolla of 5 rose-colored petals. Stamens very numerous, free, inserted on the receptacle. Capsule round, dark red, bristling
+with stout hairs of the same color. The seeds are covered with a fine, yellowish-red powder.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Pangium edule</b>, Reinw. (<i>Hydonocarpus polyandra</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Pangi</i>, Tag.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;All parts of this tree are anthelmintic. The seeds, fruit, leaves and bark all possess narcotic properties dangerous to man
+and the symptoms following an excessive dose are sleepiness, headache, a sort of intoxication or an attack of delirium that
+may end in death. These narcotic properties have been utilized in Java to stupefy the fish in the rivers by throwing the bark
+in the pools and quiet portions of the stream. The juice of the leaves is used in the treatment of chronic skin diseases.
+In Amboina the natives eat the seeds, the toxic quality of which is removed by brushing and macerating in pure water for a
+certain time. After such treatment they may be eaten with impunity and an oil may be extracted from them which is useful as
+a food.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A tree with leaves 5&#8242; long, alternate, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb34" href="#pb34">34</a>]</span>ovate, broad, entire, glabrous, palmately nerved. Petiole long with 2 persistent lateral stipules. Flowers di&#339;cious, the male
+ones in panicles, the female solitary. Calyx gamosepalous, dividing unequally when the flower opens. The male flower has a
+corolla of 5&#8211;7 petals, violet-colored, concave, half oval, with pubescent borders; at its base a flat scale. Stamens free,
+numerous, thick filaments, anthers bilocular. In the female flower the perianth is the same as in the former, the stamens
+sterile. Ovary unilocular, with 2&#8211;4 parietal placent&aelig; with many ovules. Fruit as large as a man&#8217;s head, with thin woody pericarp
+and many seeds embedded within its pulp.
+
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e2109">
+<h3 class="normal">Portulacace&aelig;.</h3>
+<p>Purslane Family.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Portulaca oleracea</b>, L.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Verdolagas</i>, Sp.; <i>Olasiman</i>, <i>Kolasiman</i>, Tag.; <i>Purslane</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The entire plant is edible, in the form of a salad or as a condiment with meat or fish. The leaves are succulent and acid,
+and the juice expressed from them is used as an eyewash to remove corneal opacities; it is also used in superficial erysipelas
+and other skin affections. The bruised leaves are used as a poultice for abscesses, contusions and on the temples for headache.
+The juice is given internally to check h&aelig;moptysis and in diseases of the lungs and bladder; the seeds also are used in these
+complaints.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A plant with prostrate stem. Leaves fleshy, wedge-shaped. Flowers small, sessile, terminal, pale yellow. Calyx of 2 large
+teeth, deciduous. Corolla, 4&#8211;5 petals with a notch at the end. Stamens 9&#8211;14. Style of equal length with the stamens. Stigma
+in 4&#8211;6 divisions. The seed vessel, which dehisces horizontally, contains many small, heart-shaped seeds.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;It grows in all parts of the islands.
+
+
+
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb35" href="#pb35">35</a>]</span></p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e2149">
+<h3 class="normal">Guttifer&aelig;.</h3>
+<p>Gamboge Family.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Garcinia mangostana</b>, L.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Mangost&aacute;n</i>, Sp.; <i>Mangosteen</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The seed of the fruit is astringent and is given internally as an infusion in dysentery and chronic diarrh&#339;a. The decoction
+is very useful as an injection in leucorrh&#339;a.
+
+</p>
+<p>The following potion has given excellent results to Dr. Ed. J. Waring in chronic dysentery and the diarrh&#339;as of tropical countries:
+
+
+</p>
+<div class="table" style="width:60%">
+<table width="100%">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Dried peel of mangosteen </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 60 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Cumin seed </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 5 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Coriander </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 5 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Water </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">1,200 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div><p>
+
+
+</p>
+<p>Boil till reduced to 600 grams. Take 120 grams twice a day. Tincture of opium may be added.
+
+</p>
+<p>An analysis of mangosteen peel by W. Schmidt demonstrated a large quantity of tannin, a resin and a crystallizable principle
+named <i>mangostin</i> (C<sub>20</sub>H<sub>23</sub>O<sub>5</sub>) which exists in the form of fine, golden yellow lamin&aelig;, tasteless, soluble in alcohol, ether and the alkalies, insoluble
+in water. With the perchloride of iron it gives a blackish-green color, and sulphuric acid colors it red.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;The mangosteen grows only in the southern islands of the Archipelago and its delicious fruit is the part of the plant known
+in Manila. The peel is at the present time almost universally employed in medicine. The fruit is about the size of a small
+Manila orange, the pericarp a dark red or chocolate color, tough and thick, crowned with the remains of the calyx. On breaking
+it open the edible portion of the fruit is seen, consisting of 6&#8211;18 seeds covered by a white, sweet pulp, cottony in appearance,
+of a delicious slightly acrid flavor.
+
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb36" href="#pb36">36</a>]</span></p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p>1. <b>Garcinia venulosa</b>, Choisy. (<i>Cambogia venulosa</i>, Blanco.)<br>
+2. <b>G. Cambogia</b>, Desrouss. (<i>Cambogia binucao</i>, Blanco.)
+
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Binukaw</i>, Tag., applied to both trees, though the first is also called <i>Gatasan pul&aacute;</i> in Tagalo and <i>Taklag&#771;-anak</i> in Pampango.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The fruit of the second species, the true name of which is <i>binucaw</i>, is acid and edible. The fruit and the trunk of both species, when cut, exude a gum-resin very much like gamboge which is
+obtained from the <i>G. morella</i> or <i>G. pedicellata</i>, Desr. These gum-resins, however, seem to be much inferior to gamboge; they contain an essential oil which does not exist
+in the latter and their color is paler.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;The <i>G. venulosa</i> is a tree with leaves opposite, lanceolate, acute, entire and glabrous, the inferior surface covered with nervelets which
+converge at the apex. Petioles short and flattened. Flowers tetramerous. Calyx, 4 persistent sepals. Corolla, 4 petals, overlapping,
+fleshy, ovate, of the same color as the calyx. Stamens numerous; no filaments; anthers round and very small. Style very short
+and thick, stigma peltate, divided into 10 parts. Fruit globose, depressed, no well-marked ridges when ripe.
+
+</p>
+<p><i>G. Cambogia</i> differs from the foregoing in the leaves which present no nervelets on the lower surface and the fruit which presents 8 angles
+or rounded ridges.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Very common throughout the islands, abounding in the mountains of San Mateo and Morong. Blooms in August.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Garcinia morella</b>, Desr.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;I do not know the name given by the Filipinos to this tree, which Vidal and Soler have seen in Montalv&aacute;n, Tiwi (Albay) and
+San Mateo (Province of Manila); but it is highly important in medicine as the true gamboge is obtained from it. <i>Gamboge Tree</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p>The Gamboge of the U. S. P. and B. P. is obtained from <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb37" href="#pb37">37</a>]</span><i>G. Hanburii</i> which differs somewhat botanically from <i>G. morella</i>.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;All parts of the plant contain a thick, yellow, milky juice which constitutes the gamboge. In Malabar, Ceylon, Canara and
+Singapore the following method of extraction is followed: At the beginning of the rainy season a spiral incision is made around
+the bark of about half the tree trunk, and a piece of bamboo is fixed in place to collect the juice which slowly exudes from
+the cut for several months, soon becoming viscid and then solid after contact with the air. One tree, as a rule, yields enough
+sap to fill three internodal segments of bamboo, each 50 cm. long by 3&#8211;5 cm. in diameter.
+
+</p>
+<p>Gamboge is a laxative in doses of 10&#8211;15 cgm., produces abundant evacuations with violent colicky pains in doses of 30&#8211;50 cgm.,
+and is an irritant poison in large doses. In other words it is a highly energetic hydragogue cathartic, especially indicated
+when we wish to drain off the fluid element of the blood, as in dropsy, asthma, pulmonary and cerebral congestion. It is also
+used as a vermifuge.
+
+</p>
+<p>It is rarely given alone, but is combined with calomel, aloes, jalap, rhubarb, etc.
+
+</p>
+<p>It is official in all pharmacop&#339;ias.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A tree 10&#8211;20 meters high, with leaves opposite, elliptical, lanceolate, narrowed at both extremities, acuminate, entire,
+coriaceous, glabrous, 10&#8211;12 cm. long by 3&#8211;4 cm. broad, with short petioles. Flowers di&#339;cious. Male flower axillary, solitary
+or in groups of 3&#8211;6, pedunculate with small bracts. Calyx, 4 sepals. Corolla, 4 petals, orbicular, thick, fleshy. Stamens
+30&#8211;40, sessile, adherent at the base. Anthers unilocular. Female flower sessile, solitary, axillary, larger than the male;
+calyx and corolla equal; staminodia 20&#8211;30, jointed at the base, forming a membranous corolla from the upper edge of which
+spring a few short filaments which support each a suboval sterile anther. The ovary is superior <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb38" href="#pb38">38</a>]</span>and almost spherical, with 4 cells each containing 1 ovule. The fruit, almost spherical, is 2&frac12; cm. in diameter, corticate,
+bearing at its base the persistent calyx; each of its 4 cells contains a seed.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Ochrocarpus pentapetalous</b>, Blanco. (<i>Tovomita pentapetala</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Namakpakan</i>, <i>Tagudin</i>, Iloc. (?).
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;An oil expressed from the fruit is used in Ilocos for illuminating purposes. The flowers are astringent and are used in infusion
+in cases of diarrh&#339;a. The oil of the fruit is also used locally in rheumatism, tumefactions and other painful conditions.
+In some countries of Malaysia the oil is used in the same way especially in beriberi and the periarticular inflammations incident
+to puerperium.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;Straight trunk about 8&#8242; in diameter, with milky sap. Leaves 1&frac12;&#8217; long, sessile, opposite, ovate, expanded, minutely notched
+and glabrous, with a small downy swelling at the base, superior and glued to the branch. Flowers terminal, in racemes, with
+opposite pedicels. Calyx white, of 2 rounded leaflets bent downwards. Corolla white, 5 petals (not 4), oval, concave, twice
+as long as the calyx. Stamens numerous, joined to the receptacle. Filaments slightly longer than the corolla. Anthers oval,
+2-celled. Ovary superior, oval. Style longer than the stamens. Stigma peltate, sometimes bilobed, sometimes 4-lobed. Fruit
+about the size of an acorn, oval, fleshy, containing a milky juice; it is 2-celled and each cell contains a solitary, hard
+seed; of these one aborts.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;It grows near the sea. Blooms in December.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Calophyllum Inophyllum</b>, L.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Palo Maria</i>, Sp.-Fil.; <i>Bitanhol</i>, <i>Tamawian</i>, <i>Dankalan</i>, <i>Dinkalin</i>, Tag.; <i>Dankalan Bitaog</i>, Vis., Pam., Bik.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;From the seeds of the fruit there exudes a yellowish-green oil, bitter and aromatic. It is used in some districts for <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb39" href="#pb39">39</a>]</span>illuminating purposes. Its density is 0.942 and its point of solidification 5&deg; above zero. In India it is used by inunction
+in rheumatism and in the Philippines locally over the stomach in indigestion and colic. The bark of the tree when incised
+exudes a green resin of a very agreeable odor, which is used as an application to wounds and old sores. In India it is used
+in the same way. This resin is fusible and dissolves completely in alcohol. It has been mistaken for the <i>tacamahaca</i> of India, which, however, is a product of the <i>C. calaba</i>, L. Mixed with equal parts of pitch and wax it is applied to the chest as a plaster in bronchitis. A decoction of the leaves
+is used for purulent ophthalmia in some parts of India and Mauritius. The pounded bark is applied locally in orchitis and
+epididymitis. We have had occasion to use a mixture of equal parts of the resin with white vaseline spread on linen and applied
+between the shoulder blades; in the persistent cough of senile bronchitis the relief was marked.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A large tree with beautiful, dark green leaves 4&#8211;5&#8242; long, opposite, entire, large, oval with nerves numerous, fine and perpendicular
+to the midrib. Petioles very short. Flowers large, white, sweet-scented, axillary, in racemes of 7&#8211;9. Calyx white, of 4 sepals.
+Corolla white, of 4 petals. Stamens numerous, polyadelphous. Ovary rudimentary in the male flower; unilocular and uniovulate
+in the female. Style single and large. Drupe superior, with a hard, bony pit, containing a thicker, softer substance which
+envelopes a seed of like consistency.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;It is found in central Luzon and in the Provinces of Tayabas, La Union and Ilocos. Blooms in November.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Mesua ferrea</b>, L. (<i>Calophyllum apetalum</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Malabukbuk</i> (?), Tag.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;We do not know to what use the Filipinos put this plant, but in India the sweet flowers are dried and sold in the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb40" href="#pb40">40</a>]</span>bazars under the name of <i>Nag-Kasar</i> or <i>Nagesur</i>, which is used as a mild stimulant, but especially as a perfume.
+
+</p>
+<p>A dark oil is expressed from the seeds, its density 0.954 and its solidifying point 5&deg; above zero. In northern Canara it is
+used locally in rheumatism. The incised root bark exudes a resinous sap which is a good bitter tonic. The infusion of the
+wood is equally good. The dried flowers, finely powdered and mixed with oil or lard make a useful ointment for acute hemorrhoids.
+The fruit is acrid and purgative.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A tree with leaves long-petioled, oblong, lanceolate, acuminate, rounded at the base, thick, coriaceous, upper surface lustrous,
+lower surface greenish or covered with a waxy, ash-colored powder. Flowers terminal or axillary, solitary, yellowish. Calyx
+4 imbricated sepals, orbiculate, slightly pubescent. Corolla 4 persistent petals, wedge-shaped, short, with rounded points.
+Stamens indefinite, free, in 5&#8211;6 series. Ovary free, 2-celled, each cell containing 2 ovules. Style bilobed. Fruit nearly
+unilocular, ovate, acuminate, encompassed at its base by the sepals, the lower part of the petals, and crowned by the style.
+Pericarp woody, dehiscent at the tip by 2&#8211;4 valves; contains 1&#8211;4 seeds, slightly orbiculate, coriaceous.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Common in the forests.
+
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e2441">
+<h3 class="normal">Dipterocarpe&aelig;.</h3>
+<p class="tb"></p>
+<p><b>Dipterocarpus turbinatus</b>, Gaertn. (<i>D. Indicus</i>, Bedd.; <i>D. Mayapis</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Mayapis</i>, Tag.; <i>Gurjun</i>, <i>Kanyin</i>, Indo-Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;This tree yields an oleo resin, used in medicine and known under the name of <i>b&aacute;lsamo de gurjun</i>. Other species of <i>Dipterocarpus</i> (<i>D. alatus</i>, Roxb.; <i>D. incanus</i>, Roxb.; <i>D. trinervis</i>, Bl., etc., etc.) produce the same substance. Balsam of Gurjun is a stimulant of the mucous membranes, especially <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb41" href="#pb41">41</a>]</span>those of the genito-urinary tract, and is diuretic. It is also indicated in bronchial catarrh and as a local application in
+ulcer. The first to recommend the use of gurjun as a substitute for copaiba was Sir W. O&#8217;Shaughnessy in 1838, and in 1852
+this property was confirmed by Waring with highly satisfactory results. Dr. Enderson of Glasgow employed it in cases that
+received no benefit from copaiba, giving a teaspoonful t. i. d. in emulsion. Dr. Rean also classed it as equal to copaiba
+in efficiency.
+
+</p>
+<p>The daily dose ranges from 5&#8211;20 grams, in liquid or pill.
+
+</p>
+<p>The following is an excellent formula for an emulsion:
+
+</p>
+<div class="table" style="width:60%">
+<table width="100%">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Cinnamon water </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">125 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Sodium carbonate, crystals </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 2 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Balsam of gurjun </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 25 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Syrup of gum </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 25 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Sulphuric ether </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 2 grams.
+
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top" colspan="2">Mix and shake.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Dose.</span>&#8212;6&#8211;12 large spoonfuls each day, for the declining stage of gonorrh&#339;a.
+
+</p>
+<p>In Burmah they extract the balsam by the following method: A large hole is cut in the trunk of the tree and a fire is built
+in this cavity and kept up till the wood of the trunk begins to burn, by which time the oleo resin has collected in abundance
+in the segments of bamboo placed to receive it. When the exudate diminishes, fire is again placed in the cavity and one tree
+may tolerate 2, 3 or even 4 of these cavities. The exudate on standing separates into 2 parts; a solid called &#8220;guad&#8221; which
+forms the lower layer, and a supernatant liquid which is the balsam. It is dense, viscid and very fluorescent; opaque and
+gray-green by reflected light. It has an odor similar to that of copaiba, is bitter and aromatic. Its density is 0.964. It
+is soluble in benzine, in bisulphuret of carbon, chloroform, the essential oils and less so in ether and acetic acid. It becomes
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb42" href="#pb42">42</a>]</span>turbid and coagulates if it be kept at 100&deg; for some time and it solidifies at 200&deg;, while copaiba remains liquid at this
+temperature.
+
+</p>
+<p>A specimen of the balsam examined by Fl&uuml;ckiger consisted of 54.44 parts semifluid resin and 45.56 volatile material. Upon
+distillation it yields an essential oil, of slight odor, straw-colored; formula C<sub>20</sub>H<sub>32</sub> (Werner). If purified its density is 0.915. It is soluble in amylic alcohol, scarcely so in absolute alcohol. Hydrochloric
+acid colors it a beautiful blue. The resin remaining after distillation, dissolved in alcohol 0.838 with the addition of ammonia,
+yields as a precipitate a crystalline acid (gurjunic acid), C<sub>44</sub>H<sub>64</sub>O<sub>8</sub>, soluble in alcohol 0.838, in ether, in benzol and bisulphide of carbon. It melts at 220&deg; (Werner), solidifies at 180&deg; and
+is decomposed at 260&deg;.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A very large, handsome tree with leaves about 5&#8242; in length, alternate, ovate, broad and lanceolate, entire, glabrous and
+membranaceous. Petioles very short. Flowers terminal, paniculate, handsome, fragrant. Calyx free, 5 lanceolate sepals, of
+which 2 are slightly longer than the others. Corolla, 5 yellow oblong petals longer than the sepals. Stamens numerous, attached
+to the receptacle. Filaments very short. Anthers of 2 divisions each ending in a long beard. Ovary half buried in the <span class="corr" id="xd0e2563" title="Source: receptable">receptacle</span>. A single thick style. Three simple stigmas. Seed vessel of 3 cells, seeds in pairs.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;In Luzon in the mountains of Tala, Angat and San Mateo; in Mindanao, Paragua, Balabac and Negros. Blooms in June.
+
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e2570">
+<h3 class="normal">Malvace&aelig;.</h3>
+<p>Mallow Family.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Sida carpinifolia</b>, L. (<i>S. acuta</i>, Burm.; <i>S. stipulata</i>, Cav.; <i>S. frutescens</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Wawalisan</i>, <i>Eskobag&#771;haba</i>, <i>Pamalis</i>, <i>Higot-balato</i>, <i>Mamalis</i>, Tag., Vis., Pam.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb43" href="#pb43">43</a>]</span></p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The root is emollient and bitter. The decoction is used as a lotion for ulcers, and internally as a sudorific and tonic-astringent.
+The physicians of India prescribe the powdered root with milk for fevers and for nervous and urinary diseases. The leaves
+are used locally in ophthalmia.
+
+</p>
+<p>The juice of the root is employed as a wash for all kinds of sores and ulcers and the juice of the entire plant is given for
+spermatorrh&#339;a. After experimenting with the root, the compilers of the Bengal Dispensatory announced their uncertainty as
+to whether or not it possessed antipyretic properties; however, they pronounce it diaphoretic, an exciter of the appetite
+and an excellent bitter tonic. In Goa the Portuguese consider it diuretic and use it especially in rheumatic affections.
+
+</p>
+<p>The root of <i>S. carpinifolia</i> gives a blue color with the salts of iron. It does not precipitate gelatin and contains asparagin.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A plant 2&#8211;4&deg; high with woody, branching stem, leaves alternate, oblong, pointed, serrate, under surface neither hoary nor
+tomentose as in some other species of <i>Sida</i>. Petioles very short, curved near the leaf, 2 stipules near the base. Flowers axillary, solitary. Calyx simple, in 5 parts.
+Corolla, 5 petals notched obliquely. Stamens numerous, inserted on the end of a column. Anthers globose. Styles 5, mingled
+with the stamens. Stigmas globose. Cells of the same number as the styles, verticillate, with solitary seeds.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Common in Luzon, Panay, Mindanao, Paragua, Ceb&uacute; and Balabac.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Abutilon Indicum</b>, Don. (<i>Sida Indica</i>, L.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Kuakuakohan</i>, <i>Gilig&#771;-gilig&#771;an</i>, Tag.; <i>Tabig&#771;</i>, <i>Malis</i>, <i>Dulupag</i>, <i>Pilis</i>, Vis.; <i>Malvas de Castilla</i>, Sp.-Fil.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The trunk bark is slightly bitter, and in decoction is used as a diuretic. An infusion of the leaves and flowers is used
+as an emollient in place of mallows. The infusion of the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb44" href="#pb44">44</a>]</span>root <span class="corr" id="xd0e2672" title="Source: it">is</span> used for the same effect, as a lotion or injection. I have often had occasion to employ this plant and would never use the
+<i>Philippine mallow</i> in place of it.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A plant 3&#8211;4&deg; high, all its parts covered with hairs, simple and tomentose. Leaves heart-shaped, angular, obtuse, unequally
+serrate, smooth, soft, the lower surface hoary and bearing 9 well-marked nerves. Petioles longer than the leaves, with 2 stipules
+at the base. Flowers yellow, axillary, solitary. Peduncles long, with a node near the end. Calyx, 5 sepals, as in all the
+Malvace&aelig;. Corolla, 5 petals with a small notch at the end. Stamens very numerous as well as the styles. Both arise from the
+summit of a very short column and twist in all directions forming a tassel or tuft. Fruit much higher than the calyx, of 10&#8211;20
+cells or carpels which are broad, compressed, hairy, the walls united toward the center, each containing 2&#8211;3 seeds.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Common in Luzon, Panay, Mindanao and other islands. Blooms in September.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Urena sinuata</b>, L. (<i>U. morifolia</i> and <i>muricata</i>, DC.; <i>U. multifida</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Kulutan</i>, <i>Kulutkulutan</i>, <i>Molopolo</i>, Tag., Vis., Pam.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The infusion of the root is used internally as an emollient and refrigerant; externally in skin diseases accompanied by smarting
+and inflammation. The boiled and pounded leaves are used as a poultice in inflammation of the intestines and bladder.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A spreading plant 4&#8211;6&deg; high, with straight stem, leaves cleft at the base, serrate and hairy; the larger ones have 5&#8211;6 lobules
+which subdivide into smaller ones and bear a small gland in the inferior surface of the midrib. Petioles short. Flowers terminal
+and racemose. Calyx double, composed of 5 narrow sepals externally, and 5 colored <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb45" href="#pb45">45</a>]</span>sepals internally alternating with the outer ones. Corolla, 5 petals. Stamens numerous, inserted about a small column. Styles
+10, on the end of the column. Stigmas thick, covered with little spheres. Five united carpels, kidney-shaped, bristling with
+short stiff hairs, containing solitary seeds.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Common in all parts of the Archipelago.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Hibiscus Abelmoschus, L.</b>
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Kastuli</i>, <i>Kastio</i>, <i>Kastiogan</i>, <i>Dalupan</i>, Tag.; <i>Marikum</i>, <i>Dukum</i>, <i>Marukum</i>, <i>Marapoto</i>, Vis.;<a class="noteref" id="xd0e2762src" href="#xd0e2762">2</a> <i>Marsh Mallow</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The bruised seeds emit an odor of musk, and for this reason the plant has received the name <i>Kastuli</i>, signifying musk in Sanscrit. They possess antispasmodic and stimulant properties, and the infusion is diuretic. Bonastre<a class="noteref" id="xd0e2778src" href="#xd0e2778">3</a> analyzed Kastuli seeds as follows:
+
+</p>
+<div class="table" style="width:60%">
+<table width="100%">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Water and parenchyma </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 52.00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Gum </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 36.00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Albumin </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 5.60</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Fixed oil, resin, crystals and odorous principles </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 6.40
+
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">&#8195;&#8195;Total </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright" style="padding-top: 2px; border-top: solid black 1px;">100.00</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p>The fixed oil is greenish-yellow, fluid, but gradually solidifying in the air. The crystalline material is white, of an agreeable
+odor, soluble in ether, where it crystallizes in rays, fusible at 35&deg;. The odorous principle is a bright green, non-volatile
+liquid of the odor of musk.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A plant 5&#8211;6&deg; high, the stem hairy and with few branches. Leaves heart-shaped, cleft at the base, with 5 large pointed lobes,
+serrate, pubescent. Petioles long with two awl-shaped stipules at the base, and a large violet <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb46" href="#pb46">46</a>]</span>spot in the axil. Calyx double; the outer sepals 8&#8211;9 in number, awl-shaped; the inner ones are larger and separate unequally
+when the flower expands. Both sets are deciduous. Corolla very large, yellow. Stamens very numerous, inserted around a column.
+One pistil. Five stigmas. Ovary very large, downy, ovoid, 5-angled, with 5 compartments, each containing many kidney-shaped
+seeds with numerous grooves concentric at the hilum.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Common in all parts of the islands.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Hibiscus tiliaceus, L.</b>
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Balibago</i>, Tag., Pam.; <i>Malabago</i>, Vis.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;An infusion of the leaves is used as a wash for ulcers and indolent sores. The flowers boiled in milk are used to relieve
+the pain of earache (Blanco), the warm milk being dropped into the external canal. The powdered bark in dose of 3 grams is
+emetic(?) (Blanco).
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A small tree 6&#8211;12&deg; high with leaves 4&#8211;6&#8242; long, alternate, 7-nerved, cleft at the base, abruptly acute, scalloped, pubescent.
+Petioles long. Flowers axillary, in panicles of very small flowerets. Calyx double, the outer portion divided into 8&#8211;9 teeth,
+the inner into 5 longer parts. Stamens numerous, inserted about a column. Style 1. Stigmas 5. Ovary of 5 cells, each containing
+2 seeds.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Abounds in all parts of the islands.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Hibiscus Rosa-Sinensis, L.</b>
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Takurag&#771;an</i>, <i>Arog&#771;anan</i>, <i>Kayag&#771;a</i>, <i>Tapulag&#771;a</i>, <i>Gumamila</i>, Tag., Vis., Pam.; <i>Rose of China</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The flowers are emollient and are widely used by the Filipinos as a domestic remedy; they are bruised and applied to boils,
+tumors and all sorts of inflammations. The decoction is much used internally in bronchial catarrh for its sudorific effect.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb47" href="#pb47">47</a>]</span></p>
+<p>The Chinese use the trunk bark as an emmenagogue, calling it Fu-yong-pi.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description</span>.&#8212;A small tree about 7&deg; high commonly called <i>Gumamela</i> in Manila; the leaves are ovate, acute, with about 5 nerves, serrate from the middle to the apex, hairs growing sparsely
+on both surfaces, with a small group of dark-colored, deciduous hairs growing on the lower part of the midrib. Petioles short
+with 2 stipules at the base. Calyx double, the outer part divided almost to the base into 6&#8211;8 parts; the inner cylindrical,
+divided in 5. Corolla large, splendid scarlet-red, often double, on slender peduncles. Styles numerous. Fruit identical with
+that of the <i>Hibiscus tiliaceus</i>.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat</span>.&#8212;Universally common in the Philippines.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Thespesia populnea</b>, Corr.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg</span>.&#8212;<i>Babuy</i> or <i>Bobuy gubat</i>, Tag.; <i>Bulakan</i>, Vis.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses</span>.&#8212;The fruit yields a yellow juice which is used locally in the itch and other cutaneous troubles, after first washing the
+affected part with a decoction of the roots and leaves. The bark is astringent and is used as a decoction in the treatment
+of dysentery and hemorrhoids.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description</span>.&#8212;A tree of the second order with leaves 4&#8211;5&#8242; long, sparse, 5-nerved, heart-shaped, broad, acute, entire, glabrous, 6 small
+glands on the lower face of the base. Petioles of equal length with the leaves. Flowers large, axillary, solitary. Calyx double,
+the outer portion deciduous, consisting of 3 small, acute leaflets inserted on the base of the inner calyx; the inner is bell-shaped,
+larger than the outer, with 5 inconspicuous, persistent teeth. Corolla four times longer than the calyx, of 5 fleshy, fluted
+petals, their borders overlapping, much broader above. Stamens very numerous, arranged around and along a column. Filaments
+long. Anthers of half-moon shape. Style 1, very thick. Stigma cleft in 5 parts, which are twisted in spiral form. Seed vessels
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb48" href="#pb48">48</a>]</span>about the size of a filbert, 5-sided, with 5 apartments each containing 5 ovoid seeds attached by separate seed stalks to
+the central axis of the ovary. Seeds not woolly.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Mandaloya Tayabas, Iloilo.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Gossypium herbaceum</b>, L. (<i>G. Indicum</i>, Lam.; <i>G. Capas</i>, Rumph.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Algod&oacute;n</i>, Sp.; <i>Bulak</i>, Tag.; <i>Cotton</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The root bark is antiasthmatic, emmenagogue, and according to Daruty<a class="noteref" id="xd0e2961src" href="#xd0e2961">4</a> is a substitute for ergot in uterine hemorrhage. The leaves are used in bronchial troubles and the seeds are sudorific. The
+negroes in the United States use the root bark in large doses as an abortifacient; but a dose of 60 grams to 1,200 of water
+in decoction is proper and useful in treating dysmenorrh&#339;a.
+
+</p>
+<p>For a long time the seeds went to waste but industry has learned to obtain from them a brownish-red oil which is used as a
+substitute for olive oil, from which it is hard to distinguish it, if the latter is adulterated by mixing the two; for both
+have the same density and a very similar odor and taste. For this reason the production of cottonseed oil is very considerable
+nowadays. It is cheap and excellent for domestic, industrial and pharmaceutic use.
+
+</p>
+<p>The seeds are used in North America in dysentery and as a galactagogue, and the juice of the leaves as an emollient in diarrh&#339;a
+and mild dysentery. The pulp of the seeds, after the oil is extracted, yields a sweet material called <i>gossypose</i>, which is dextrogyrous and has the formula C<sub>18</sub>H<sub>32</sub>O<sub>16</sub> + 5H<sub>2</sub>O.
+
+</p>
+<p>The cotton itself, the part used in commerce as a textile, is also the portion of the plant most widely employed in therapeutics;
+not only the fiber from this species is used, but also that of others that grow in the Philippines, the <i>G. Barbadense</i>, L. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb49" href="#pb49">49</a>]</span>(nom. vulg. <i>Pernambuko</i>, Tag.), and the <i>G. arboreum</i>, L. (<i>Bulak na bundok</i>, <i>Bulak na totoo</i>, Tag.).
+
+</p>
+<p>Cotton is used extensively in bacteriological laboratories as a filter of liquids and gases. This property possessed by cotton,
+of retaining in its fibers the germs of the air was utilized by the famous French surgeon Gu&eacute;rin in the treatment that bears
+his name. The denuded surfaces exposed to infection by airborne bacteria are completely protected against them when, according
+to the Gu&eacute;rin treatment, they are enveloped in large masses of fresh, raw cotton, presumably free from micro&ouml;rganisms. To
+avoid the possibility of infection by the cotton itself, it is now the practice to sterilize it either by means of chemicals
+such as carbolic acid, iodoform, etc., or by physical means such as high temperatures.
+
+</p>
+<p>Raw cotton is used in compounding gun cotton or explosive cotton, also named <i>pyroxylin</i>, and this is used to make collodion, so extensively employed in medicine.
+
+</p>
+<p>Pyroxylin is made by treating cotton with equal parts of nitric and sulphuric acids, then washing with water till the latter
+ceases to give a precipitate with chloride of baryta; then dry in the air.
+
+</p>
+<p>Collodion is made by dissolving 5 grams of pyroxylin in the following mixture:
+
+
+</p>
+<div class="table" style="width:60%">
+<table width="100%">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Sulphuric ether, rectified </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">75 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Alcohol at 95&deg; </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">20 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p>Filter.
+
+</p>
+<p>Elastic collodion:
+
+</p>
+<div class="table" style="width:60%">
+<table width="100%">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Canada Balsam </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 1.50 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Castor oil </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> .50 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Collodion </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">30.00 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p>Mix.
+
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A plant 2&#8211;3&deg; high, of herbaceous stem, branches sparsely covered with small, black points; <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb50" href="#pb50">50</a>]</span>leaves cleft at their base, with 5 lobules and a small gland on the midrib. Petiole long with 2 stipules at the base. Flowers
+axillary, solitary. Calyx double; the outer portion divided in 3 parts, heart-shaped, and each with 5&#8211;9 long, acute teeth.
+Corolla bell-shaped, of 5 petals, pale yellow or turning rose color, purple at the base. Stamens many, inserted on a column.
+Stigma in 4&#8211;5 parts. Ovary of 3&#8211;5 compartments. Seeds enveloped in the fiber.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Batangas, Ilocos.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Bombax malabaricum</b>, DC. (<i>B. Ceiba</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Taglinaw</i>, <i>Bobuy gubat</i>, Tag.; <i>Talutu</i>, Vis.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;In India the roots are used to obtain an astringent and alterative effect and form part of a well-known aphrodisiac mixture
+called <i>Musla-Samul</i>. If the trunk is incised, an astringent gum exudes and this they use in diarrh&#339;a, dysentery and menorrhagia. Dose of the
+gum 2&frac12;&#8211;3 grams.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A large tree covered with sharp, conical and tough spines. Leaves alternate, compound, digitate, caducous; leaflets 5&#8211;7 with
+long common petiole. Flowers solitary or in axillary cymes, hermaphrodite, regular. Calyx gamosepalous, cup-shaped, with 5
+acute lobules. Corolla violet, with 5 deep clefts; &aelig;stivation convolute. Stamens numerous, united at the base in 5 bundles,
+free above, bearing unilocular anthers. Ovary of 5 many-ovulate compartments, with a style ending in 5 short branches. Capsule
+woody, ovoid, loculicidal, with 5 valves. Seeds numerous, black, covered with cottony fibers.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Angat, Iloilo. Blooms in February.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Eriodendron anfractuosum</b>, DC. (<i>Bombax pentandrum</i>, L.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Boboy</i>, Tag.; <i>Doldol</i>, Vis.; <i>Bulak kastila</i>, Pam.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The principal use made of this plant in the Philippines <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb51" href="#pb51">51</a>]</span>is to stuff the pillows with the cotton that it yields. The leaves, pounded with a little water, yield a mucilaginous juice
+highly prized by the natives as a wash for the hair, mixing it with <i>gogo</i>. The root bark is emetic in dose of 1.25 grm. The cotton yielded by this tree should be used for the same therapeutic purposes
+as that of gossypium, and being of an exceedingly fine fiber it would give better results. The Filipinos use it to treat burns
+and sores. I have often used it, being careful always to impregnate it thoroughly with some antiseptic solution. In the treatment
+of burns it has been my custom to envelope the part in a thick layer of this cotton, after bathing it with a tepid 1&#8211;2,000
+solution of corrosive sublimate and dusting with a very fine powder of boracic acid.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description</span>.&#8212;A tree 40&#8211;50&deg; high. Trunk somewhat thorny, the branches horizontal, arranged in stars of 3&#8211;4. Leaves compound with 7 leaflets,
+lanceolate, entire, glabrous. Flowers in umbels of 8 or more flowerets. No common peduncle, the individual ones long. Calyx,
+5 obtuse sepals, slightly notched. Corolla, 5 fleshy petals, obtusely lanceolate and bent downwards. Stamens 5. Anthers of
+irregular shape, peltate, with the borders deeply undulate. Stigma in 5 parts. Pod 4&#8211;6&#8242; long, spindle-shaped. Seeds enveloped
+in very fine cotton fiber.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat</span>.&#8212;Exceedingly common in all parts of the islands. Blooms in December.
+
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e3144">
+<h3 class="normal">Sterculiace&aelig;.</h3>
+<p>Sterculia Family.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Sterculia f&#339;tida</b>, L. (<i>S. polyphilla</i>, R. Br.; <i>Clompanus major</i>, Rumph.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg</span>.&#8212;<i>Kalumpag&#771;</i>, Tag.; <i>Bag&#771;ar</i>, Iloc.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses</span>.&#8212;A decoction of the leaves is used as a wash in suppurative cutaneous eruptions. The fruit is astringent and is <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb52" href="#pb52">52</a>]</span>used in Java as an injection for gonorrh&#339;a. In western India and in the Philippines it is an article of diet. The seeds yield
+an oil that is used for illumination and as a comestible.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description</span>.&#8212;A large tree of the first order with digitate leaves of 6&#8211;8 leaflets, broad, oval, very acute, tough, glabrous, growing
+on a long common petiole. No petiole proper. Flowers of a f&#339;tid or feculent odor, hermaphrodite, in compound racemes. Calyx
+fleshy, soft pubescent internally, bell-shaped, in 5 parts. Corolla none. Nectary 5-toothed, on the end of a small column.
+Stamens 15, inserted on the border of the nectary by threes, forming a triangle. Filament almost entirely wanting. In the
+midst of the stamens is visible a small, hairy body of 5 lobules which are the rudiments of the ovaries. The style protrudes
+and twists downwards. Stigma thick, compressed, of 5 lobules. Fruit, five woody pods, semicircular, joined to a common center,
+each enclosing many oval seeds inserted in the superior suture.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat</span>.&#8212;Luzon, Mindanao, Ceb&uacute;, Iloilo. Blooms in March.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Sterculia urens</b>, Roxb. (<i>S. cordifolia</i>, Blanco; <i>Cavallium urens</i>, Schott. &amp; Endl.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg</span>.&#8212;<i>Banilad</i>, Tag.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses</span>.&#8212;The root bark is pounded up and applied locally in orchitis and in severe contusions with supposed fracture of the bones;
+native charlatans pretend to cure the latter condition by this treatment.
+
+</p>
+<p>The trunk exudes a sort of gum, which with water forms a sort of colorless, odorless gelatin which dissolves at the boiling
+point. I do not know to what use this gum is applied in therapeutics, but it is often found mixed with the Senegambian gum
+acacia.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb53" href="#pb53">53</a>]</span></p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description</span>.&#8212;A tree with leaves bunched, 7&#8211;9-veined, heart-shaped, ovate, broad and entire, glabrous upper surface, short white down
+on lower surface. Petioles of same length as the leaves. Flowers small, yellow, numerous, polygamous, growing in large, terminal
+panicles covered with a fine, sticky down. Calyx bell-shaped, 5 acute papyraceous divisions, each bearing a small gland near
+its base. No corolla. Stamens 10, united in a column, the upper ends free. Five pods joined at one point, half-moon shaped,
+with woody shell, glabrous within and with a short down on the outer surface. Three or four kidney-shaped seeds, the testa
+thin and crustaceous.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat</span>.&#8212;Ceb&uacute;, Iloilo.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Kleinhovia hospitata</b>, L.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg</span>.&#8212;<i>Tanag</i>, Tag., Vis.; <i>Hamitanago</i>, Vis.; <i>Panampat</i>, Pam.; <i>Bitnog&#771;</i>, Iloc.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses</span>.&#8212;The decoction of the leaves is used, according to P. Blanco, to cure the itch. It is also used locally in all forms of dermatitis,
+and the tender leaves and sprouts are cooked and eaten.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description</span>.&#8212;Tree 25&deg; high or more, with leaves alternate, heart-shaped, pubescent, almost entire. Petioles long with 2 stipules at the
+base. Flowers red, axillary, in large panicles. Calyx, 5 sepals, almost linear. Corolla the same size as the calyx, 5 linear
+petals, the lower shorter and curved. Nectary bell-shaped, of 5 parts, each 3-toothed; set on a column; at its base a wavy
+fringe with dentate edge. Stamens 15. No filaments. Anthers seated on the 15 teeth of the nectary. Ovary within the nectary,
+5-angled, 5 apartments each containing an almost spherical seed.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat</span>.&#8212;Luzon, Mindanao, Panay, Ceb&uacute;, Jol&oacute;. Flowers in March and September.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb54" href="#pb54">54</a>]</span></p>
+<p><b>Helicteres <span class="corr" id="xd0e3259" title="Source: Ixora">Isora</span></b>, L. (<i>H. chrysocalyx</i>, Miq.; <i>H. Roxburghii</i>, G. Don.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg</span>.&#8212;(?); <i>Indian Screw Tree</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses</span>.&#8212;I am ignorant of the use that the Filipinos make of this plant, though it is very possible that they do not employ it at
+all in medicine, which is usually the case with those plants to which they have given no name. In India the peculiar spiral
+form of the fruit has suggested its application, according to the theories of the doctrine of symbolism. Ainslie says that
+the Hindoos use it to treat diseases of the external auditory canal. On account of its emollient properties and probably on
+account of its twisted form, it is used internally as a decoction, in flatulence and the intestinal colic of children. It
+is indispensable in the marriage ceremonies of the caste of Vaisya, among whom it is customary for the groom to wear on his
+wrists in the form of bracelets, strings of this fruit combined with that of <i>Randia dumetorum</i>.
+
+</p>
+<p>The root yields a juice which is employed in skin diseases, in abscess, acid in cardialgia. In Jamaica the juice of the leaves
+is sometimes used for constipation.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description</span>.&#8212;A small tree with leaves alternate, simple, entire, irregularly nerved or veined at the base, petiolate. Flowers of a handsome
+red color, hermaphrodite, regular, axillary. Calyx gamosepalous, tubular, of 5 parts. Corolla, 5 free petals slightly dentate
+at the point. Stamens numerous, united on a free column on the cusp. Compound nectary of 5 unilocular, many-ovuled ovaries.
+Styles 5, joined at the base. Fruit of 5 carpels, thin, twisted on themselves in spirals, forming a cone, pubescent, of a
+greenish-brown color, each containing a single row of angular seeds.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat</span>.&#8212;Luzon, Panay.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb55" href="#pb55">55</a>]</span></p>
+<p><b>Abroma fastuosa</b>, R. Br. (<i>A. angulata</i>, Lam.; <i>A. communis</i>, Blanco; <i>A. augusta</i>, L.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Anibog&#771;</i>, Tag.; <i>Anabo</i>, Vis.; <i>Perennial Indian Hemp</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The root bark is used in India as an emmenagogue in the congestive and neuralgic forms of amenorrh&#339;a. It seems to act as
+a uterine tonic. The dose is 2 grams of the juice of the fresh root mixed with pepper which also acts as a carminative and
+stomachic.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A shrub 3&#8211;4 meters high with hairy branches. Leaves opposite, oval, oblong, serrate, tomentose. Flowers purple, solitary,
+terminal. Calyx, 5 sepals. Corolla, 5 petals. Stamens 5, united in the form of a tube. Ovary sessile, with 5 many-ovuled compartments.
+Styles 5, united in the form of a tube which divides into 5 stigma-bearing branches. Capsule membranous, 5-angled, truncate,
+dehiscent at apex. Seeds albuminous, covered with filaments of cotton.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;San Mateo, La Laguna, Batangas, Iloilo.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Theobroma Cacao</b>, L.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Cacao.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The roasted bean ground with sugar constitutes chocolate, one of the most generally used foods of the Philippines.
+
+</p>
+<p>It is very nutritious by virtue of the fat and sugar it contains, but all stomachs do not bear it well and its use is the
+unsuspected cause of much dyspepsia. The custom of drinking it very hot and following with a large quantity of cold water
+is a very common cause of dilatation of the stomach in the Philippines. The seed of the cacao contains several substances:
+cacao butter, albumin, theobromine, starch, glucose, gum, tartaric acid, free or combined, tannin, and mineral substances.
+Of these the butter and theobromine are the most important.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb56" href="#pb56">56</a>]</span></p>
+<p>Theobromine (C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>8</sub>N<sub>4</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) is a weak alkaloid, crystalline, slightly bitter, slightly soluble in cold water, more soluble in hot water, less soluble
+in alcohol and ether; stable in the air up to 100&deg;; sublimes without decomposition at 290&deg; in microscopic crystals of the
+form of rhomboid prisms ending in an octohedric point (Keller).
+
+</p>
+<p>This alkaloid is very little used in therapeutics and its physiological action is said to be analogous to that of caffeine
+but weaker. It is better to use the salt of the alkaloid, and that most frequently employed is the salicylate of soda and
+theobromine in doses of from 2 to 6 grams daily in solution or pill. Lately, however, Dr. Gram has maintained that theobromine
+is a powerful diuretic operating when other diuretics fail and further that this effect is produced without injuring the heart.
+The double salt is non-toxic, though sometimes in exceedingly weak patients it produces vertigo. Dr. Gram administers 6 grams
+a day in one-gram doses.
+
+</p>
+<p>Cacao butter is a white substance, slightly yellowish, unctuous to the touch, brittle; with the agreeable odor peculiar to
+cacao, and a sweet and pleasant taste. Its density is 0.961, it melts at 30&deg;&#8211;33&deg;, and solidifies at 25&deg;. It dissolves in 20
+parts of boiling alcohol, in 100 parts of cold alcohol and in twice its weight of benzin. Cacao butter is obtained by grinding
+or mashing the roasted seeds in a hot apparatus and mixing the mass with a fifth or tenth of its weight of boiling water.
+It is then pressed between two hot iron plates and the butter thus obtained is refined by boiling water. It is then put aside
+in earthen pans, or still better, in moulds, where it solidifies. It does not easily become rancid and, for this reason, enters
+into the composition of many ointments and pomades, or is used alone. It serves as the base for suppositories and is, finally,
+a highly valued cosmetic. A common substitute is made by mixing oil of almonds, wax and animal fat.
+
+</p>
+<p>Before going further let us describe the composition of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb57" href="#pb57">57</a>]</span>Spanish chocolate according to the French chemist Boussingault:
+
+
+</p>
+<div class="table" style="width:60%">
+<table width="100%">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Cane sugar </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">41.40 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Cacao butter </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">29.24 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Starch, glucose </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 1.48 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Theobromine </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 1.93 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Asparagin </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">a trace</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Albumin </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 6.25 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Gum </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 1.42 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Tartaric acid </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 1.98 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Tannin and coloring matter </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 0.022 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Soluble cellulose </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 6.21 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Ash </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 2.34 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Water </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 4.36 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Undetermined material </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 3.27 grams.
+
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top" class="&#xA; alignright&#xA; "> </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright" style="padding-top: 2px; border-top: solid black 1px;">100.00</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div><p>
+
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A small tree about 10&deg; high, with leaves broad, 6&#8211;12&#8242; long, hanging or drooping, lanceolate, entire, and somewhat pubescent
+on both surfaces. Petioles very short with 2 deciduous stipules at the base. Flowers in clusters on the roots, trunk and branches.
+Peduncle very long. Nectary divided in 5 parts, straight, awl-shaped and 2-nerved. Calyx, 5 sepals. Corolla, 5 petals curved
+upward in the form of a bow as far as the middle, where they form a hollow with two little horns; then curving downwards,
+then upwards, widening at the end, the edge finely dentate. Stamens 5, inserted on the nectary, and alternating with the lobes
+of the latter. Anthers 2 on each filament, concealed in the hollows of the petals. Ovary globose. Style awl-shaped. Stigma
+cleft almost to the middle, 5-parted. Fruit broad, spindle-shaped, 4&#8242; or more long, dark reddish, warty, 10-ribbed, with 5
+compartments each containing many compressed, ovoid seeds.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Common in orchards and gardens throughout the islands.
+
+
+
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb58" href="#pb58">58</a>]</span></p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e3481">
+<h3 class="normal">Geraniace&aelig;.</h3>
+<p>Geranium Family.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Oxalis corniculata</b>, L. (<i>O. Acetosella</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg</span>.&#8212;<i>Taig&#771;an dog&aacute;, Susokayoli</i>, Tag.; <i>Darasig</i>, Vis.; <i>Malabalugbug dagis</i>, <i>Ayo</i>, <i>Kongi</i>, <i>Yayo</i>, Pam.; <i>Indian Sorrel</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses</span>.&#8212;The part of the plant used in medicine is the leaf which is acid by virtue of the potassium oxalate which it contains. The
+decoction is used internally as an antipyretic in fevers and in dysentery. Mistaking the properties of the plant it is given
+for vesical calculus which, if composed of oxalates, would be increased instead of diminished by the treatment. In fact the
+salt of sorrel in the leaves contains a large quantity of oxalic acid mixed with potassium oxalate. In China, India and the
+Philippines the entire plant is used as an antiscorbutic.
+
+</p>
+<p>The cold infusion of the leaves is given internally in doses of from 30 to 60 grams, but it is not a medicine to be given
+indiscriminately, because in addition to its power of adding to the bulk of calculi of the oxalates, the contained potassium
+oxalate is poisonous in doses of 25 to 30 grams. If a concentrated solution is taken, it operates as a corrosive poison, producing
+violent pains in the stomach, vomiting, faintness and great weakness. If the solution is dilute its absorption is rapid and
+it operates very energetically. When a patient is poisoned by a concentrated solution, the stomach-pump is contraindicated,
+because the mucous membrane of the organ is corroded and ulcerated; if by a dilute solution, use the pump to remove as much
+of the poison as possible. The best antidote is a watery solution of a soluble salt of lime, <i>i. e.</i>, the saccharate, which forms an insoluble salt with oxalic acid.
+
+</p>
+<p>The juice of the leaves is an antidote for the <i>Datura</i> (Stramonium). In India they make a decoction of the plant, mix <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb59" href="#pb59">59</a>]</span>it with onion juice and apply it to the head as a fomentation in hemicrania.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description</span>.&#8212;A plant 1&deg; high, with a creeping, glabrous stem, leaves horizontal, ternate with common long petiole. Leaflets sessile,
+obcordate, with downy borders. Flowers axillary or terminal, from 1 to 3 in number on a common long peduncle. The pedicel
+is also long. Calyx common to the family. Corolla, 5 petals ending in small claws. Stamens 10, monadelphous, the 5 shorter
+ones bearing each a small gland on the outer surface of the base. Ovary large, fluted. Styles 5, short. Stigmas hemispherical.
+Seed vessel pyramidal, containing many seeds enveloped in an elastic aril by which they are ejected when the fruit opens.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat</span>.&#8212;Abundant in Luzon, Panay and Ceb&uacute;.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Biophytum sensitivum</b>, DC. (<i>B. cumiagianum</i>, Turez.; <i>Oxalis sensitivum</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg</span>.&#8212;<i>Makahiya</i>, <i>Damog&#771;hiya</i>, Tag.; <i>Mahihiin</i>, Iloc.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses</span>.&#8212;A decoction of the leaves is used internally as an expectorant. The bruised leaves are used as an application to wounds
+and contusions. In Java the decoction is used internally in asthma, phthisis and snake bites.
+
+</p>
+<p>The peculiar property which this plant possesses of closing its leaves when touched, has caused the natives of India to attribute
+to it mysterious virtues. Symbolism has determined its therapeutic application and the Hindoos pretend that it endows with
+delicacy and modesty women who lack these virtues and that it restores virginity.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description</span>.&#8212;A plant about 7&#8242; high. Stem straight, nodose and without branches. Leaves abruptly pinnate, the place of the odd leaflet
+taken by a stylet. The leaflets nearly linear with a small point at the apex, 11&#8211;13 pairs, 2 stipules to each pair. Common
+petioles long, cleft at the base and disposed in whorls around and on the end of the stem. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb60" href="#pb60">60</a>]</span>Flowers sessile, verticillate, on the ends of several very long peduncles which rise from the midst of the petioles. Calyx,
+5 sepals. Corolla, 5 petals, clawed, rounded at the end and slightly notched, forming a tube. Stamens 10, free. A small gland
+on the outer surface of the base of each short stamen. Styles 5. Seed vessels ovate, 5-angled, containing many seeds.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat</span>.&#8212;Common in all parts of the islands.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Averrhoa Bilimbi</b>, L.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg</span>.&#8212;<i>Kamias</i>, <i>Kalamias</i>, Tag.; <i>Kilingiwa</i>, Vis.; <i>Pias</i>, Iloc.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses</span>.&#8212;The small fruit of the camia springing from the branches and trunks of the trees is widely known in the Philippines, where
+they eat it green, pickled, and in salad; and when ripe fresh and preserved. Its qualities and therapeutic applications are
+the same as those of the following species.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description</span>.&#8212;A tree 4&#8211;5 meters high with odd-pinnate leaves. Leaflets 12 pairs, ovate, linear, acute, soft and downy. Flowers small,
+pinkish or purplish, on trunk and branches. Stamens 10, five alternately longer. Pistils divergent. Fruit oblong, obtuse at
+the end, with five broad ribs.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat</span>.&#8212;Very common throughout the islands.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Averrhoa Carambola</b>, L.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg</span>.&#8212;<i>Bilimbin</i>, <i>Balimbin</i>, Tag.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses</span>.&#8212;The common name of this tree, whose fruit is so common, causes it to be confused with the name which Linn&aelig;us gives to the
+former species. Balimbin is a fruit of an acid taste, agreeable when ripe, serving the same uses for food as the camia. Its
+acidity is due to the presence of oxalic acid, which makes the green fruit useful for removing ink and rust stains from clothes.
+The juice of the fruit is refreshing and is given internally mixed with water and sugar as a refreshing drink in <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb61" href="#pb61">61</a>]</span>fevers and as an antiscorbutic. For the latter the ripe fruit is eaten uncooked.
+
+</p>
+<p>In Mauritius the juice is used to treat dysentery and hepatitis. Padre Blanco says that the natives use a decoction of camias
+and unthreshed rice in diarrh&#339;a and bilious colic. In connection with the subject of camias and balimbins we should mention
+the fruit treatment of the bilious diarrh&#339;a of the tropics, spoken of by the French physicians of Cochin China. Dr. Van der
+Burg of the Dutch Indies also strongly recommends the treatment of diarrh&#339;a by fruits; in temperate regions using fruits like
+peaches, pears, etc., and in the tropics, lychies, mangosteens, etc. In regard to the mangosteens we must not forget that,
+while the bark is given because of the amount of tannin it contains, the composition of the pulp is very different. The fruit
+acids seem to exercise great influence in the cure of this obstinate disease and I do not hesitate to recommend for this purpose
+the camia and the ripe balimbin.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description</span>.&#8212;A tree much like the former. Leaves odd-pinnate. Leaflets, 3&#8211;4 pairs, obliquely ovate, acute, the terminal leaflet nearly
+lanceolate. Flowers on the trunk, branches and in the axils of the leaves. Fruit oblong, with 5 very prominent acute-angled
+ribs.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat</span>.&#8212;It grows, like the former plant, in all parts of the islands.
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e3651">
+<h3 class="normal">Rutace&aelig;.</h3>
+<p>Rue Family.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Ruta graveolens, L.</b> (<i>L. angustifolia</i>, Pers.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg</span>.&#8212;<i>Rudu</i>, Sp.; <i>Rue</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses</span>.&#8212;The rue of the European, American and Indian pharmacop&#339;ias is emmenagogue, antispasmodic, anthelmintic, excitant, diaphoretic,
+antiseptic and abortive. It contains an essential oil, and rutinic acid (C<sub>25</sub>H<sub>28</sub>O<sub>15</sub>, Borntrager), starch, gum, etc. The essential oil is greenish-yellow, thick, acrid and <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb62" href="#pb62">62</a>]</span>bitter; specific gravity 0.911. It boils at 228&deg;, is slightly soluble in water, and soluble in absolute alcohol. It is promptly
+oxidized by nitric acid, and is converted into pelargonic acid and other fatty acids.
+
+</p>
+<p>Rutin (or rutinic acid), according to Weiss, is a glucoside which exists in the form of fine needles, bright yellow in color.
+It is slightly soluble in cold water and more so in boiling water. It melts at 190&deg;, and solidifies at freezing point, forming
+a resinous mass. Its physiological properties are as yet unknown. The part of the plant employed is the leaves, which owe
+their property, apparently, to the essential oil they contain, from which they also derive their strong and disagreeable odor
+and their bitter, acrid and nauseous taste.
+
+</p>
+<p>It is used principally as a uterine stimulant or emmenagogue, for which purpose it is given in doses of 0.10&#8211;0.15 centigrams
+of the freshly powdered leaf and 0.05&#8211;0.10 centigrams of the fresh leaves infused in a liter of water. The dry powder of the
+leaf should not be used because the essential oil volatilizes and a large proportion of it is lost, which is the most active
+principle of the drug. It is an agent which should be prescribed with the greatest prudence for large doses are poisonous
+even to the point of causing death. The symptoms following such doses are colic, vomiting, bloody diarrh&#339;a and tenesmus.
+
+</p>
+<p>It is also used as an antihemorrhagic after childbirth, but its action is slow, not being felt for several hours after the
+administration of the drug; for this reason it cannot take the place of ergot, though it seems to be superior to the latter
+in passive hemorrhages. The essential oil is given internally in doses of 2&#8211;6 drops on a piece of sugar. It is sometimes used
+as an antispasmodic in hysteria, epilepsy and chorea.
+
+</p>
+<p>The Chinese make extensive use of this drug and it is one of their principal abortives. In Hindostan the dried leaves are
+burnt and the smoke inhaled as a cure for catarrh in children. They are careful not to administer it to pregnant women.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb63" href="#pb63">63</a>]</span></p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A plant, 1 meter high, with leaves alternate, compound, the inferior ones 2&#8211;3-cleft; leaflets narrow, oblong, slightly fleshy.
+Flowers greenish-yellow, hermaphrodite, arranged in corymbose terminal cymes. Corolla, 4&#8211;5 free, concave petals. Calyx deeply
+divided, persistent. Stamens 8&#8211;10, free, in two whorls, inserted beneath a thick disc. Ovaries 5, unilocular, many-ovuled.
+Styles 5, first free, then united, forming a column terminating in a small stigma. Follicles 5, united at the base, 1 centimeter
+long, free superiorly, hard, rounded, rugose, opening on top. Seeds ovoid, angular, blackish, albuminous.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Common everywhere in the Philippines.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Xanthoxylum oxyphyllum</b>, Edgew. (<i>X. violaceum</i>, Wall.; <i>Fagara piperita</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Kayutana</i>, Tag.; <i>Salay</i>, <i>Saladay</i>, Vis.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The trunk bark is stimulant and is used as a sudorific in the treatment of fevers. The fresh bark is quite irritating, for
+which reason it is best to use bark taken from the more mature parts of the trunk, powdered and desiccated. The dose is 1/2&#8211;2
+grams 2&#8211;3 times a day. Its stimulating properties render it useful in colic and in India it is used as a stomachic and digestive.
+Is seems also to possess diuretic properties.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A tree 30&#8211;35&deg; high, with trunk thickly set with large spines. Leaves odd-pinnate. Leaflets ovate, acute, obtusely serrate,
+small transparent vesicles on the surface, spines on the midrib and common petiole. Calyx very small, monophyllous. Corolla
+twice as large as the calyx, 4 petals. Stamens 4, inserted on the receptacle, the same length as the petals. Ovary superior,
+4-angled. No style. Stigmas 2.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Batangas, Morong, Manila.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb64" href="#pb64">64</a>]</span></p>
+<p><b>Murraya exotica</b>, L. (<i>M. paniculata</i>, Jack.; <i>Connarus f&#339;tens</i>, and <i>C. santaloides</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Kamunig&#771;</i>, Tag.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The leaves are stimulant and astringent, and are used in infusion (15 grams, to water one liter) to treat diarrhea and dysentery.
+The root and trunk barks are used for the same treatment and they as well as the leaves owe their properties to an essential
+oil and a bitter principle present in all parts of the plant. Vry has demonstrated the presence of a glucoside which he has
+named <i>murrayin</i> (C<sub>18</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>10</sub>); it crystallizes in small, white needles, is slightly bitter, soluble in hot water and alcohol, insoluble in ether, slightly
+soluble in cold water. It melts at 170&deg;, and dissolves in alkaline solutions coloring them green. Boiled in dilute acids it
+splits into <i>murrayetin</i> and glucose. <i>Murrayetin</i> (C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>10</sub>) crystallizes in white needles, inodorous, tasteless, slightly soluble in cold water and in ether, soluble in hot water and
+alcohol. Heat destroys its green color in solutions; alkalies, in the presence of cold, increase it. The leaves and the bark
+of the plant contain an essential oil.
+
+</p>
+<p>The foregoing description of this species applies equally well to the following species.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A small tree 12&deg; high with leaves alternate, odd-pinnate. Leaflets lanceolate, almost entire, rigid with small dots on each
+surface. Flowers in axillary, very short, compound racemes. Calyx very small, monophyllous, 5 lanceolate lobules. Corolla
+much longer than the calyx, 5 lanceolate petals. Stamens 10, joined, but not entirely united at the base; 5 alternate stamens
+longer than the others. Anthers sessile, regular. Ovary superior, compressed and borne on a disc. Style 1, same length as
+the stamens. Stigma thick, depressed, apparently 4-angled. Fruit fleshy, ovoid, acute and somewhat curved at the end enclosing
+a seed with coriaceous, downy testa.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb65" href="#pb65">65</a>]</span></p>
+<p><b>Murraya Koenigi</b>, Spreng. (<i>Bergera Koenigi</i>, L.; <i>Connarus</i> sp., Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;(?)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;Leaves alternate, odd-pinnate. Leaflets obliquely ovate, acute, entire and glabrous. The testa of the seed bears no down,
+and may be divided into two parts. The decoction of the leaves of this species as well as the former is used to allay toothache.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Citrus acida</b>, F. (<i>C. notissima</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Lim&oacute;n</i>, Sp.; <i>Dayap</i>, Tag.; <i>Lemon</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses</span>.&#8212;The essence (essential oil) and juice of the fruit are the parts of the plant used in therapeutics. The essence extracted
+from the rind is yellow, fragrant, slightly bitter; density, 0.856; boiling point 165&deg;. The juice which is turbid and pale
+yellow in color contains 9% citric acid, 3&#8211;5% gum and sugar and 2&#8211;8/10% inorganic salts. The essence is used to flavor certain
+pharmaceutical preparations, and is a diffusible stimulant which may be given internally in doses of 3&#8211;6 drops on a little
+sugar. The bitter rind is occasionally used in infusion as a stomachic and stimulant. The juice is most commonly used in lemonade,
+a cooling drink which, used intemperately in the Philippines, is apt to cause gastro-intestinal trouble, so commonly attributed
+to &#8220;irritation,&#8221; but really the result of a general atony of the digestive organs. Lemon juice is also used with very good
+results as a local cleansing application for sore throat, as well as externally on fetid ulcers. In some forms of malarial
+fever it seems to have given satisfactory results, administered internally.
+
+</p>
+<p>In many navies lemon juice forms a part of the sea ration as a preventive of scurvy, upon which it exercises a real and noteworthy
+action. The Danish navy adopted it for this purpose in 1770, the English navy followed, then the French and possibly others.
+The English call it lime-juice, and its preventive <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb66" href="#pb66">66</a>]</span>dose is 30&#8211;40 grams a day. Its curative dose is 100&#8211;150 grams a day. To preserve the lime-juice it was bottled with a layer
+of oil, which, floating on the surface kept it from contact with the air; but this process gave it a bad taste as did also
+the addition of sulphate of calcium, and at present the English add, to each liter of juice, 60 grams of alcohol, which preserves
+it perfectly. Fonssagrives says that the antiscorbutic action of lemon juice is due rather to the vegetable juice itself than
+to the citric acid which it contains.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A most familiar tree 11&deg; or more high, trunk with solitary thorns. Leaves ovate, obtuse, acute-toothed, the petiole bearing
+serrate wings. Calyx 4&#8211;6-toothed. Corolla, 4 thick petals. Filaments 10&#8211;25 on the receptacle, some joined and bearing 2&#8211;3
+anthers. Fruit thin-skinned, globular, about 1&#8242; in diameter; the rind adheres closely to the pulp.
+
+</p>
+<p>(This fruit closely resembles, if it is not identical with the lime fruit, <i>C. Limetta</i>, or <i>C. Bergamia</i>, Risso, though Gray states that the leaf of the latter has a wingless petiole.&#8212;J. B. T.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Common to all parts of the islands.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Citrus Bigaradia</b>, Hook. f. (<i>C. vulgaris</i>, Risso; <i>C. aurantium</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Naranjas del pa&iacute;s</i>, Sp.; <i>Kahel</i>, <i>Kahil</i>, Tag.; <i>Native Orange</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The rind of the <i>cagel</i> is the so-called bitter orange peel, the best of which comes from Cura&ccedil;ao and Barbadoes. It is tonic and is used in decoction
+and in syrup. The infusion of the leaves, 5&#8211;10 grams to the liter, is useful as a sedative and diaphoretic in hysterical and
+nervous attacks; the infusion of the flowers is similarly used. When distilled the flowers yield a very sweet essential oil
+called <i>neroli</i>, which is used as a perfume only.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A tree 15&#8211;20&deg; high, trunk <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb67" href="#pb67">67</a>]</span>bearing solitary spines. Leaves medium lanceolate, serrate, the apex notched, petioles winged. Flowers usually solitary. Calyx
+4&#8211;5-toothed. Corolla 4&#8211;5 petals. Filaments joined or separate. Anthers about 20. The fruit, a small orange 2&#8242; or more in diameter,
+the peel closely adherent.
+
+</p>
+<p>The <i>C. aurantium verum</i> or <i>C. reticulata</i> (Blanco) has a yellow pulp and the rind is readily separated from it, a thin net of fibers intervening.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Citrus decumana</b>, L.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Suha</i>, <i>Lukban</i>, Tag.; <i>Toronjas</i> Penins.; <i>Naranjas</i>, Sp.-Fil.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The fruit, which is handsome and large, and the leaves and flowers, are used for the same purposes as those of <i>C. bigaradia</i>.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;The above species are cultivated in all parts of the islands, and, like the variety <i>C. aurantium verum</i>, H. f. (<i>C. reticulata</i>, Blanco), commonly called <i>naranjita</i>, are among the most abundant of native fruits.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>&AElig;gle decandra</b>, Naves. (<i>Feronia ternata</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Malakabuyaw</i>, Tag.; <i>Tabog</i>, Pam., Tag. (A species of Bael-Fruit Tree.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;We do not know the medicinal use of this plant in the Philippines. Probably it has none, but we may give those of the species.
+<i>R. marmelos</i>, Cor., the fruit of which is almost identical with that of our species and is called <i>Bela</i> or <i>Bael</i> in India. The fruit of the Malakabuyaw is ovoid and full of a mucilaginous pulp, aromatic and acid, the same as that of the
+Bael. The uses of the latter are the following: The pulp acts as an astringent, but it would be more correctly called a tonic
+of the intestinal mucosa, for it has been experimentally proved that, although it checks diarrh&#339;a, it also acts as a laxative
+in <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb68" href="#pb68">68</a>]</span>chronic constipation. In both conditions it seems to operate by toning and regulating the functions of the intestine.
+
+</p>
+<p>Martin, an English physician, was the first to call attention to the properties of Bael, and according to Dr. Green one dose
+of the pulp of the ripe fruit, prepared with sugar and given every morning, is an efficient remedy in the treatment of the
+dyspepsia of Europeans in India, especially in the form characterized by constipation and flatulence. The green fruit is a
+powerful astringent used by the Hindoos for diarrh&#339;a. In cholera epidemics Dr. Bose advises the daily use of an ice made from
+the pulp of the ripe fruit, the object being the regulation of the functions of the intestine.
+
+</p>
+<p>The Pharmacop&#339;ia of India contains the following preparations:
+
+
+</p>
+<div class="table" style="width:60%">
+<table width="100%">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top"><i>Mixture.</i>&#8212;
+</td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">Pulp of the ripe fruit </td>
+<td valign="top"> 60 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top" class="&#xA; alignright&#xA; "> </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">Water </td>
+<td valign="top">120 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top" class="&#xA; alignright&#xA; "> </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">Sugar </td>
+<td valign="top"> 60 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div><p>
+
+
+</p>
+<p>Mix, and if desired add chopped ice. This forms a very agreeable drink which has the aroma of the fruit itself, and may be
+repeated 2&#8211;3 times a day. When the fruit is ripe, this preparation is not only astringent in cases of diarrh&#339;a, but possesses
+the additional property of increasing the appetite. If the patient&#8217;s stomach is very weak, the preparation may produce vomiting
+in which event it is necessary to give it in small doses or to employ the extract.
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Extract of Bael.</i>&#8212;Pulp of the ripe fruit is placed in a vessel and sufficient water added to cover it. It is then heated and evaporated to
+the consistency of a soft extract. The dose is 2&#8211;4 grams, 2, 3 or 4 times a day.
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Fluid Extract of Bael.</i>&#8212;
+
+
+</p>
+<div class="table" style="width:60%">
+<table width="100%">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Pulp of Bael </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">500 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Water </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 3 liters.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Rectified alcohol </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 60 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div><p>
+
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb69" href="#pb69">69</a>]</span></p>
+<p>The Bael is macerated in a third of the water and at the end of 12 hours the liquid is decanted and another third of water
+is added; the maceration is repeated and the same process followed till the last third of water is used. Express the residuum,
+put all the liquid into one vessel, filter and evaporate till reduced to 800 grams, then cool and add the alcohol. Dose, 4&#8211;8
+grams.
+
+</p>
+<p>The fluid extract is less active than the freshly prepared solid extract.
+
+</p>
+<p>According to Dr. G. Bidie, the fruit of the <i>Feronia elephantum</i>, Correa (the species that grows in the Philippines), possesses the same properties as Bael. Its leaves are astringent, aromatic
+and carminative, and the gum with which the trunk of the tree is covered is a good substitute for gum arabic.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A tree 7&#8211;8 meters high, the trunk covered with large, solitary spines. Leaves alternate, ternate. Leaflets lanceolate, scalloped
+and glabrous, the middle one larger than the others. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla, 5 thick petals, linear, much longer than the
+calyx. Stamens 10. Ovary cylindrical. Style and stigma thick. Fruit oblong, more than 3&#8242; long and 2&#8242; thick, with a surface
+irregular with prominences and grooves; 10 or more compartments, each containing several ovoid, compressed seeds, ending with
+a woolly tuft.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;San Mateo, Montalb&aacute;n (Manila); Arayat (La Pampanga).
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Feronia elephantum</b>, Correa. (<i>Murraya adorata</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Panoan</i>, <i>Pamunoan</i>, Vis.; <i>Wood-apple</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The pulp of the ripe fruit has an agreeable odor and is edible. In India the green fruit is used as an astringent in diarrh&#339;a
+and dysentery; the ripe fruit is given in diseases of the gums and as a gargle. Mir Muhammad Husain states that the ripe fruit
+is a refrigerant, astringent, cardiac and general tonic, and is very efficacious in the treatment of salivation and ulcers
+of the throat, strengthening the gums and operating as <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb70" href="#pb70">70</a>]</span>an astringent. A sorbet made of the ripe fruit whets the appetite and the pulp is used locally for bites of venomous animals.
+In the latter case the pulverized bark may be used if the fruit cannot be obtained.
+
+</p>
+<p>The fruit of Ferona is a substitute for Bael (<i>&AElig;gle Marmelos</i>), and is used as such by the English physicians in the hospitals of India. The tender leaves have an agreeable aroma similar
+to that of anise and are used internally in decoction as a stomachic and carminative.
+
+</p>
+<p>The incised trunk exudes a gum which is used in India as a substitute for gum arabic and there is an active trade in this
+gum in the bazars of Bombay and Calcutta. According to Pereira, it was at one time imported into England from the east of
+India under the name of gum arabic. It exists in the form of irregular, semitransparent pieces, of a brownish-red color. With
+water it forms a mucilage as adhesive as gum arabic, and this solution reddens litmus paper. It is dextrogyrous and is precipitated
+by the neutral acetate of lead and by caustic baryta.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;Tree 3&#8211;4 meters high. Leaves fragrant, opposite, odd-pinnate. Leaflets, 2 pairs, lanceolate, entire, and glabrous. Common
+petiole flattened above. Flowers terminal, white, racemose, with 2 flattened peduncles. Calyx inferior, with 5&#8211;6 divisions.
+Corolla, 5&#8211;6 petals. Anthers oval. Ovary oblong, 5-lobuled. Style short, caducous. Stigma spindle-shaped. Ovules numerous,
+compressed, in several series. Fruit pulpy, globose, with woody rind, one compartment and many compressed, oblong seeds.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Mountains of Angat. Woods of Catug&aacute;n (Iloilo).
+
+
+
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb71" href="#pb71">71</a>]</span></p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e4125">
+<h3 class="normal">Simarubace&aelig;.</h3>
+<p>Quassia Family.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Samadera Indica</b>, Gaertn. (<i>Niota tetrapela</i>, DC. &amp; Blanco; <i>Manungala pendula</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Manungal</i>, Tag., Pam., Bicol.; <i>Manunagl</i>, <i>Linatoganak</i>, <i>Palagarium</i>, <i>Daraput</i>, Vis.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The wood and seeds contain an intensely bitter principle. The Filipinos make cups and vases of the wood and allow water to
+stand in them 6&#8211;12 hours, thus preparing a solution of the bitter principle of the plant which they use in various stomach
+disorders.
+
+</p>
+<p>Vrij has extracted from the seeds a 33% oil of a bright yellow color, composed, according to Oudermans, of 84 parts olein
+to 16 of palmitin and stearin.
+
+</p>
+<p>The bitter principle contained in the root, wood and bark was discovered by Blunse who named it <i>samaderin</i>; it is a white, crystalline, foliaceous substance, more soluble in water than in alcohol, fusible. Nitric and hydrochloric
+acids color it yellow. Sulphuric acid immediately forms a violet red color which disappears as iridescent, feathery crystals
+are precipitated. (D. Beaumentz et Egasse.)
+
+</p>
+<p>The Filipino &#8220;herb-doctors&#8221; concoct an oil of manungal that in reality contains none of the ingredients of the seeds; it is
+simply cocoanut oil in which chips of the wood have been soaked. They use it in doses of 30&#8211;60 grams as a purgative, externally
+as an application to the abdomen in colic or indigestion and with friction in rheumatism or contusions. In India the oil extracted
+from the seeds is used locally with friction in rheumatism.
+
+</p>
+<p>The decoction of the wood and the powdered wood are given in fevers, in dyspepsia and as a general tonic.
+
+
+</p>
+<div class="table" style="width:60%">
+<table width="100%">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top"><span class="smallcaps">Infusion.</span>&#8212;
+</td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">Chips of the wood </td>
+<td valign="top"> 20 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top" class="&#xA; alignright&#xA; "> </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">Water </td>
+<td valign="top">500 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div><p>
+
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb72" href="#pb72">72</a>]</span></p>
+<p>A wineglassful several times a day in cholera, fevers, diarrh&#339;a, etc.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A small tree, trunk straight, the wood white and very light in weight. Leaves 4&#8211;5&#8242; long, alternate, acute, oval, entire,
+glabrous, coriaceous, veined. Petioles very short, no stipules. Flowers in terminal umbels, each composed of 4&#8211;6 flowerets
+with moderately long pedicels. Common peduncle, very slender, very long, drooping. Calyx of same color as corolla, inferior,
+very small, 4-lobuled. Corolla purplish, very long, 4 straight, linear petals. Stamens 8, inserted on the receptacle. Filaments
+of equal length with the petals, with 1&#8211;2 appendices at the base. Anthers spiral. Ovary 5-lobuled, borne on small stalk. One
+style of equal length with the stamens, situated above the center of the 5 lobules of the ovary which develop into 5 future
+pods. Stigma simple. Fruit 5 woody pods, short, united centrally above a small base, semi-lunar in form, medianly expanded,
+venate, containing a small wrinkled, kidney-shaped seed attached by a seed-stalk to the superior suture.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Very common and well known everywhere in the Philippines. Blooms in February.
+
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e4209">
+<h3 class="normal">Burserace&aelig;.</h3>
+<p>Myrrh Family.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Garuga pinnata</b>, Roxb. (<i>G. Madagascarensis</i>, DC.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Bugo</i>, Tag.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The fruit is slightly acid and edible. The trunk exudes an abundant gum, of the odor of turpentine, translucent, greenish-yellow,
+forming small masses slightly soluble in alcohol, soluble in water, with which a mucilage is formed. The juice of the leaves
+is used for asthma. The sap is used in Bombay to remove opacities of the cornea. There is another species in the Philippines,
+<i>G. floribunda</i>, Decsne (<i>Icica Abilo</i>, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb73" href="#pb73">73</a>]</span>Blanco), <i>abilo</i>, Tag., the root of which furnishes a decoction used for phthisis. This species also produces a gum-resin similar to that
+of the <i>bugo</i>.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A tree, with leaves alternate, odd-pinnate, without stipules, bunched on the ends of the branches, with opposite, serrate
+leaflets. Flowers yellowish-white in panicles, compound, polygamous. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla, 5 petals. Stamens
+10, free, in 2 series. Ovary inferior, 5-lobuled. Fruit, a globose, greenish-yellow drupe with numerous bony seeds.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Everywhere in Luzon, Panay and Balabac.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Canarium commune</b>, L. (<i>C. album</i> and <i>C. Luzonicum</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Pili</i>, Tag.; <i>Java Almond Tree</i>, <i>East Indian Elemi</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The ripe pili nut is edible and sold in confectioneries. It yields a fixed oil, an excellent sample of which was sent by
+the Manila pharmacist D. A. del Rosario to the Paris Exposition of 1889. &#8220;It is an oil very similar to oil of almond and owing
+to its physical properties may be used as a substitute for the latter for all the requirements of pharmacy. The only inconvenience
+connected with its use is the slight one that it solidifies at 3&deg; C. It could furthermore be very advantageously used in the
+manufacture of fine grades of soap.&#8221; (D. A. del Rosario.)
+
+</p>
+<p>The incised trunk exudes a gum-resin called <i>brea blanca</i> (white pitch) in the Philippines and <i>elemi</i> in Europe. Until recently it was not known in Europe what tree yielded the gum elemi, some authors stating that according
+to Blanco it was the resin of the <i>Icica abilo</i>, Blanco (<i>Garuga floribunda</i>, Decsne); it is not true, however, that Padre Blanco ever attributed such origin to that product or named his Icica the &#8220;pitch-tree.&#8221;
+On the contrary in speaking of the Canarium, Blanco states that it yields a resin called &#8220;pili-pitch.&#8221; I do not know the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb74" href="#pb74">74</a>]</span>reason for this confusion of terms, but presume it to be due to imperfect knowledge of Spanish on the part of those who thus
+quote Blanco.
+
+</p>
+<p>Pili-pitch, or elemi, as they call it in Manila, is a substance existing in soft masses, slightly yellowish or gray, resembling
+old honey in appearance. Its odor is strong and agreeable, somewhat like that of lemon and turpentine. Its taste is acrid
+and bitter.
+
+</p>
+<p>The French pharmacist Meaujean demonstrated in 1820 that elemi contains two resins, one soluble in the cold, and the other
+in hot spirits of wine. Other chemists, among them Baup, Fl&uuml;ckiger and Hanbury, have found elemi to be composed of a resinous
+substance and a colorless essential oil; the proportion of the latter Fl&uuml;ckiger gives as 10% and further states that it is
+dextrogyrous. Sainte-Claire Deville found the essential oil levogyrous, a fact that emphasizes the probability of there being
+different products in the market bearing the name of elemi.
+
+</p>
+<p>Baup obtained several principles from it: (1) A resin, <i>brein</i>, fusible at 187&deg;, soluble in cold alcohol, crystallizable in oblique rhombic prisms; (2) another crystalline substance, <i>bryoidin</i>, soluble in 360 parts water at 10&deg;, and melting at 13&deg;; (3) a small amount of <i>breidin</i>, a body soluble in 260 parts water and melting at 100&deg;+; (4) another resin soluble in boiling alcohol, called <i>amyrin</i>.
+
+</p>
+<p>White pitch is used in the Philippines to make plasters which they apply to the back and breast of patients suffering from
+bronchial or pulmonary complaints; it is also applied to indolent ulcers. We believe that elemi possesses the same properties
+as copaiba, and that its indications for internal use are the same.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description</span>.&#8212;A tree 30&#8211;40 meters high, with leaves alternate, odd-pinnate; leaflets opposite, coriaceous. Flowers yellowish-white in
+axillary, compound panicles, hermaphrodite. Calyx 3-toothed. Corolla, 3 oblong, concave petals. Stamens <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb75" href="#pb75">75</a>]</span>6, inserted on the base of the disc. Ovary free, of 3 lobules each containing 2 ovules. Style simple. Stigma, 3 lobules. Drupe
+oblong, size of large prune, fleshy, containing a hard, 3-sided pit.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat</span>.&#8212;Very common in all Philippine woods especially in Camarines.
+
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e4331">
+<h3 class="normal">Meliace&aelig;.</h3>
+<p>Melia Family.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Melia Azedarach</b>, L.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg</span>.&#8212;<i>Paraiso</i> (<i>Paradise</i>), Sp.-Fil.; <i>Pride of India</i>, <i>China Tree</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses</span>.&#8212;The root was official in the U. S. P., 1880, as an anthelmintic; it is administered in the following form:
+
+
+</p>
+<div class="table" style="width:60%">
+<table width="100%">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Fresh root bark </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">120 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Water </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 1 liter.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div><p>
+
+
+</p>
+<p>Boil till reduced one half.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Dose</span>.&#8212;For a child 1 soup-spoonful every 15 minutes till nausea is produced.
+
+</p>
+<p>In view of the narcotic effects produced by this drug, the foregoing method of administration seems to us imprudent; we prefer
+to give 30&#8211;70 grams of the decoction and follow with a purgative such as castor oil.
+
+</p>
+<p>This drug is also tonic, febrifuge and astringent, and a decoction of its leaves and flowers is used as a wash for ulcers.
+Some believe that the leaves and fruit contain toxic principles, which may well be true considering the effects of large doses
+of their preparations. It has also been observed that the bark collected in March and April may cause dilatation of the pupil,
+stupor, etc.; this may be explained by the fact that at this season the sap is rising in the tree and the bark contains an
+increased amount of active ingredients.
+
+</p>
+<p>The fruit yields a fixed oil, and by fermentation and distillation produces alcohol.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb76" href="#pb76">76</a>]</span></p>
+<p>The root bark referred to is bitter and nauseous, if taken from the superficial roots&#8212;the part usually employed; the bark
+of the deeper parts is astringent by virtue of the contained tannin.
+
+</p>
+<p>Jacobs analyzed the bark and isolated an amorphous resin of yellowish color and very bitter taste. It is soluble in alcohol,
+ether and chloroform, slightly soluble in sulphuret of carbon, insoluble in turpentine or benzin. He believes that it is the
+active principle of the root, and produces the anthelmintic action already mentioned<span class="corr" id="xd0e4393" title="Source: ;">:</span> the proper dose is 0.20 centigrams to a child of 4 years, followed by a purge of calomel.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description</span>.&#8212;A tree, 30&#8211;40&deg; high, with leaves alternate, compound, odd-pinnate; leaflets opposite, ovate, pointed, dentate. Flowers in
+large axillary compound panicles. Calyx, 5 sepals. Corolla, 5 petals, rose-colored within, lilac-colored without. Stamens
+10, united into a cylindrical tube, expanded at both ends, the mouth 15-toothed. Anthers inserted near the apex of the tube,
+short, fleshy, bilocular. Ovary free, of 5 biovuled cells. Style of equal length with the tube. Stigma button-shaped. Fruit
+a drupe, about the size of a small olive, yellow when ripe, with a dark brown pit of 5 one-seeded cells.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat</span>.&#8212;Native of China; is cultivated in most gardens in the Philippines.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Dysoxylum Blancoi</b>, Vidal. (<i>D. salutare</i>, F. Villar; <i>Turroca virens</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg</span>.&#8212;<i>Igiw</i>, <i>Agiw</i>, <i>Taliatan</i>, Tag.; <i>Ananag&#771;tag&#771;</i>, <i>Bakugan</i>, <i>Makasili</i>, Vis.; <i>Malabag&#771;aw</i>, Pam.; <i>Basiloag</i>, Iloc.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses</span>.&#8212;The bark of the trunk, dry and finely powdered, is used in doses of 1&frac12;&#8211;2&frac12; grams as an emetic, and, according to Padre Blanco,
+its effect is very certain.
+
+</p>
+<p>It is also a febrifuge, and Padre Mercado states that it cures &#8220;all forms of asthma, suffocative affections of the chest,
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb77" href="#pb77">77</a>]</span>and griping pains of the belly.&#8221; He also states that it yields marvelous results in malarial fevers, given during the cold
+stage in doses of 4&#8211;8 grams in water or wine in which it has macerated 12 hours. He also recommends its use before breakfast
+as an anthelmintic in lumbricoids, and finally attributes to it virtues as an emmenagogue.
+
+</p>
+<p>Padre Blanco calls attention to the species <i>D. schizochitoides</i>, Turcz. (<i>Turroea octandra</i>, Blanco), <i>Himamaw</i>, Tag., as a substitute for <i>D. Blancoi</i>.
+
+</p>
+<p>The Tagalo &#8220;herb-doctors&#8221; pretend that the part of the bark near the earth is doubly efficacious, for which reason they administer
+only that portion which is within one meter of the ground, giving it in the doses already mentioned.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description</span>.&#8212;Tree 16&#8211;20 meters high. Leaves glabrous, odd-pinnate, petioles very long; leaflets entire, opposite, short-petiolate, acute,
+oblique at the base. Flowers in axillary panicles. Calyx, 5 imbricated sepals. Corolla, 5 linear, lanceolate petals united
+at the base. Staminal tube, 10-toothed and 10-anthered. Ovary 5-celled, each cell containing two ovules. Style somewhat longer
+than the stamens. Stigma thick and depressed. Seed vessel globose, depressed, somewhat downy, 5-angled; with 5 compartments
+each containing 2 seeds.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat</span>.&#8212;Batangas and Laguna.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Sandoricum Indicum</b>, Cav.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg</span>.&#8212;<i>Santol</i>, Tag.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses</span>.&#8212;The santol is doubtless one of the best known fruits in Manila. The most savory portion is the center, which consists of
+seeds covered with a white pulp of a delicious flavor in the ripe fruit of good quality. The fleshy covering is edible only
+in the center of the fruit and only a very thin layer of that, the rest having very little flavor. The whole fruit is used
+in making a confection often prescribed as an astringent. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb78" href="#pb78">78</a>]</span>Padre Mercado compares it very appropriately to the quince. The root of the santol is aromatic, stomachic and astringent,
+by virtue of which latter property it is used in Java in the treatment of leucorrh&#339;a.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description</span>.&#8212;A tree, 30&#8211;40&deg; high, well known in the islands. Leaves ternate; leaflets 4&#8211;5&#8242; long, half-ovate, obtuse, entire, stiff and
+downy, the middle one elliptical. Flowers in panicles. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla much longer than the calyx, 5 greenish petals,
+linear and curved downwards. Nectary a cylindrical tube attached to the corolla for half its length, mouth 10-toothed, containing
+10 sessile anthers. Style somewhat longer than the stamens. Stigma 5-parted. Fruit about size and form of a small apple, thick,
+brown, pericarp indehiscent, 5 or more one-seeded compartments.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat</span>.&#8212;Grows in all parts of the islands, commonly along the roads.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Carapa Moluccensis</b>, Lam. (<i>Xylocarpus granatum</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg</span>.&#8212;<i>Tabigi</i>, <i>Nigi</i>, <i>Kalumpag&#771; sa lati</i>, Tag.; <i>Migi</i>, Pam.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses</span>.&#8212;The seeds contain a yellow oil, bitter and astringent, with a characteristic odor, having a taste somewhat resembling the
+odor. In decoction they are used for diarrh&#339;a and dysentery, on account, doubtless, of the tannin they contain. The dose is
+1&#8211;2 seeds dried, pounded and infused with 200 grams of sweetened water.
+
+</p>
+<p>The bark, also bitter, is said to be useful in fevers.
+
+</p>
+<p>In America they extract an oil from the species of the <i>C. Guianensis</i>, Aubl., with which the negroes anoint themselves to keep away stinging insects. Wood soaked in this oil is also proof against
+insects.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description</span>.&#8212;This tree, 20&deg; high, grows in swampy districts. Leaves opposite, abruptly pinnate. Two pairs of wedge-shaped leaflets, entire
+and glabrous. Petiole <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb79" href="#pb79">79</a>]</span>very short. Calyx inferior, 4&#8211;5-toothed. Corolla, 4&#8211;5 concave petals, slightly notched at the end. Nectary notched, ovate,
+8&#8211;9-toothed. No filaments. Anthers equal in number to the teeth of the nectary and inserted between them. Ovary very thick,
+globose. Stigma shield-shaped. Drupe globose, resembling a very large orange, 5 chambers, each containing 1, 2 or more seeds,
+convex on one side and concave on the other, angular and much crowded. Testa hard and porous.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat</span>.&#8212;Common throughout the Archipelago.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Cedrela Toona</b>, Roxb. (<i>C. odorata</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg</span>.&#8212;<i>Kalantas</i>, Tag., Pam.; <i>Lanigpa</i>, Vis.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses</span>.&#8212;The infusion of the flowers is antispasmodic. The trunk bark is an excellent astringent, and Dr. Waitz recommends it in
+extract as a treatment for infantile diarrh&#339;a, for which I also have found it very useful. Blume says that it contains marked
+antispasmodic virtues, and Dr. G. Kennedy confirms it. Other physicians of India, among them Ros and Newton, have recommended
+the bark as a substitute for cinchona, given dry in doses of 30 grams.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Infusion</span>.&#8212;
+
+
+</p>
+<div class="table" style="width:60%">
+<table width="100%">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top"> Bark dry, pounded </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 30 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top"> Water </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">150 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top" colspan="2">Filter and add:</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top"> Syrup of cinnamon </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 20 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div><p>
+
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Dose</span>.&#8212;Several dessert-spoonfuls a day.
+
+</p>
+<p>The powdered bark is very useful as an application to indolent ulcers which it instantly deodorizes; like powdered quinine
+it is used in the treatment of superficial gangrene.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description</span>.&#8212;A large tree. Leaves odd-pinnate. Leaflets oval, lanceolate, acuminate, entire, glabrous, 5&#8211;6 pairs. Flowers yellow, in
+terminal panicles. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla, 5 oblong petals. Stamens 5, free, inserted on the apex of a disk. Ovaries sessile,
+5 many-ovuled cells. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb80" href="#pb80">80</a>]</span>Style short. Stigma on a disk. Seed vessel coriaceous, 5 compartments, septicidal, 5-valved. Seeds compressed, pendulous,
+prolonged in a membranous wing.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat</span>.&#8212;Very common in the islands.
+
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e4616">
+<h3 class="normal">Celastrace&aelig;.</h3>
+<p>Staff-Tree Family.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Celastrus paniculata</b>, Willd. (<i>C. alnifolia</i>, DC.; <i>C. Rothiana</i>, Roem.; <i>Diosma serrata</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg</span>.&#8212;<i>Bilogo</i>, Tag.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses</span>.&#8212;I am not acquainted with the medicinal uses of this plant in the Philippines. In India, by means of a primitive system of
+distillation, they extract from the seeds a dark-colored oil of empyreumatic odor, which under the name of Oleum nigrum was
+once proclaimed by Dr. Herklots as the sovereign remedy for beriberi.
+
+</p>
+<p>This oil in doses of 10&#8211;15 drops a day is a very powerful stimulant, the action of which is manifested by profuse perspiration
+several hours after its administration. Malcolmson reports that it has given him good results in several cases of beriberi,
+particularly in recent cases and those in which nervous and paralytic symptoms predominated. In Concan, the juice of the leaves
+is given in doses of 30 grams as an antidote for opium. The bruised seeds made into a paste with cow urine are used locally
+in treatment of itch. They are also used in the treatment of leprosy, gout, rheumatism, and other diseases which according
+to their medical theories, are derived from &#8220;cold humors.&#8221; For these purposes they give the seeds internally, beginning with
+one and increasing daily until 50 are taken. At the same time they make external applications of the oil or of another compound
+prepared in the following way:
+
+</p>
+<p>Place in an open pot with one opening, seeds of <i>C. paniculata</i>, cloves, benzoin, nutmeg and mace. The pot having been <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb81" href="#pb81">81</a>]</span>previously heated, is covered with another, inverted over the opening. On the sides of the latter a thick black oil condenses
+which Herklots very appropriately named <i>Oleum nigrum</i>.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A climbing shrub, 6&#8211;9&deg; high, without spines. Leaves 6&#8211;7&#8242; long by 5&#8242; broad, alternate, petiolate, entire, glabrous, half-ovate.
+Flowers small and paniculate. Calyx, 5 divisions. Corolla, 5 petals. Stamens 5, inserted in a disc. Anthers oblong. Ovary
+3-celled. Stigma 3-lobulate. Style short. Seed vessel the size of a pea, globose, 3-celled, loculicidal, with pulpy seeds.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Tayabas, Laguna, Ilocos North, San Mateo, Albay. Flowers in April.
+
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e4667">
+<h3 class="normal">Rhamnace&aelig;.</h3>
+<p>Buckthorn Family.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Zizyphus Jujuba, Lam.</b> (<i>Rhamnus Jujuba</i>, L. &amp; Blanco; <i>Z. Mauritania</i>, Wall.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Manzanitas</i>, Sp.-Fil.; <i>Jujube Fruit</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The small fruit known commonly as <i>manzanitas</i> has an agreeable taste, although ordinarily offered for sale before they are quite ripe. They are among the most popular
+dainties at the fairs and festivals in the provinces of Manila and are the only part of the plant used in medicine. They possess
+emollient qualities and are official in the codex. They enter in the composition of the so-called pectoral remedies (composed
+of equal parts of figs, dates, Corinthian raisins and manzanitas).
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A shrub, with hooked thorns, leaves alternate, petiolate, coriaceous, entire, 3-nerved, 2 thorny stipules, one of them crooked.
+Flowers small, greenish, axillary. Calyx, 5 oval divisions. Corolla, 5 petals. Stamens 5, free. Ovary bilocular, situated
+on the disc. Styles 2&#8211;3, divergent; small papillary stigmas. Drupe pulpy, globose, resembling a crab-apple in size and taste,
+enclosing a hard, 2-celled seed.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Common in all parts of the islands.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb82" href="#pb82">82</a>]</span></p>
+<p><b>Rhamnus Wightii</b>, W. &amp; Arn. (<i>Ceanothus Wightiana</i>, Wall.; <i>R. Carolianus</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Kabatiti</i>, Tag.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The dried trunk bark is the part employed in medicine. Hooper analyzed it in 1888 and found a crystalline principle (0.47%),
+a brown resin (0.85), a red resin (1.15), a bitter principle (1.23), sugar, starch, calcium, oxalate, etc.
+
+</p>
+<p>As the active principles exist in the resins, an alcoholic tincture of the latter is the best preparation for administration.
+In India it is used as a tonic and an astringent.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A small tree that grows near the sea coast. Trunk 9&#8211;12&deg; high, straight, many-branched, devoid of thorns. Leaves alternate,
+ovate, acutely serrate, glabrous, short-petioled. Flowers greenish-white, axillary, perfect. Calyx 5-toothed, inversely conical.
+Corolla, 5 petals, smaller than the teeth of the calyx, oval, without claws, notched at the apex. Disc fleshy, smooth, slightly
+concave. Stamens 5, hidden within the petals. Filaments flattened. Anthers rounded. Ovary fleshy, inserted at the bottom of
+the calyx tube. Style short. Stigmas 3, divergent. Fruit oval, its base adherent to the calyx, 3 seeds.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Batangas. Blooms in July and October.
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e4743">
+<h3 class="normal">Anacardiace&aelig;.</h3>
+<p>Cashew Family.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Mangifera Indica</b>, L.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Manga.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The dried and pulverized kernel of the seed is used as an anthelmintic in doses of 1&frac12;&#8211;2 grams both in India and Brazil. The
+same preparation is used in the Philippines in the treatment of dysentery and diarrh&#339;a and its effect is doubtless due to
+the large quantity of tannin it contains. It is administered as follows: The pounded kernels of 20&#8211;25 seeds are <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb83" href="#pb83">83</a>]</span>brought to a boil in 2 bottles (sic) of water. When the liquid has evaporated a third, it is removed from the fire, cooled,
+decanted, and again placed on the fire after adding three to four hundred grams of sugar. This time it is allowed to boil
+till reduced to one bottle. The dose is 50&#8211;60 grams 2&#8211;3 times a day. Incisions in the trunk exude a brownish resin which solidifies
+in the air, is slightly acrid, bitter, dissolves in alcohol and partially in water. In Malabar it is given internally in the
+treatment of diarrh&#339;a and dysentery, mixing it with white of egg and opium. But the curative value of the combination is more
+likely due to the albumen and opium than to the resin. Dissolved in lemon juice it is a useful application in the itch. The
+trunk bark is astringent and is employed in decoction as a wash for ulcers and eczema and as an injection in leucorrh&#339;a.
+
+</p>
+<p>The fruit is one of the most highly prized in the Philippines, and resident Europeans are able to eat large quantities of
+it without ill effects unless the fruit is over-ripe, in which case it often causes transient diarrh&#339;a, which should be treated
+with a mild purge.
+
+</p>
+<p>In Mauritius the following compound powder is used in dysentery:
+
+</p>
+<div class="table" style="width:60%">
+<table width="100%">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Dried slices of manga fruit </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">30 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Dried manga kernels </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">60 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Plantain seeds </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">15 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Dried ginger </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 8 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Gum arabic </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">15 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Pulverize each ingredient separately; add powdered candy sugar </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">30 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p>Mix.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Dose.</span>&#8212;For an adult one dessert-spoonful every 4 hours; may be given in cauge or arrowroot.
+
+</p>
+<p>The flowers, testa and bark are, in Hindoo therapeutics, considered &#8220;cold,&#8221; and &#8220;astringent,&#8221; and are used especially in diarrh&#339;a.
+In certain throat affections the Hindoos employ <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb84" href="#pb84">84</a>]</span>the burning leaves for inhalation. They also use the gum made by evaporating the juice of the ripe fruit, as a confection
+and an antiscorbutic. Dr. Linguist recommends the bark as a local astringent in uterine, intestinal and pulmonary hemorrhage
+and employs the following:
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Fluid Extract</i>.&#8212;
+
+</p>
+<div class="table" style="width:60%">
+<table width="100%">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Fluid extract of manga bark </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 10 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Water </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">120 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p>Mix. Dose, 1 teaspoonful every 1 or 2 hours.
+
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A noble tree, 30&deg; to 40&deg; high, dome-like or rotund in outline. Leaves dark green, lustrous, alternate, lanceolate, entire;
+short petioles. Flowers racemose, in verticillate panicles. Calyx, 4, 5 or 6 sepals. Corolla white, fragrant, 4, 5 or 6 petals.
+Stamens 5, of which perhaps 1, 2 or 3 are fertile. Style on one side of the ovary. Stigma simple. Fruit large, reniform, fleshy,
+yellow when ripe; contains a large, flattened, reniform pit. Blooms from January even till June. The natives force the fruit
+by building fires under the trees when but little air is stirring.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Common throughout the islands.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Anacardium occidentale</b>, L. (<i>Cassuvium reniforme</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Kasuy</i>, Tag.; <i>Caskew Nut</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The pericarp of the nut contains an essential oil which is very irritant and used by the Hindoos as a vesicant; it severely
+blisters the lips and tongues of imprudent persons who break the nut without taking the precaution of cleansing it of the
+oil before opening it. In addition to the oil called <i>cardol</i>, the pericarp contains an especial acid <i>anacardic</i>, a little tannin and ammonia. Cardol (C<sub>21</sub>H<sub>31</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) is an oleaginous, yellow liquid very unstable, neutral, soluble in alcohol and ether, insoluble in water, volatile, and
+vesicant if applied to the skin. &#8220;Anacardic&#8221; acid is white, crystalline, odorless, with a burning, aromatic taste. It melts
+at 26&deg; and decomposes at 200&deg; <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb85" href="#pb85">85</a>]</span>forming a colorless oil; it is not vesicant, burns with a dark flame, and has the odor of rancid oil. A tincture of the pericarp
+has been made (1 part to 10 of alcohol) and given internally as a vermifuge in doses of 2&#8211;10 drops. Cardol, according to some
+authors, does not exercise a vesicant action in the gastro-intestinal canal, because it is not dissolved by the gastro-intestinal
+juices; I am sure, however, that I have seen a choleraic diarrh&#339;a brought on by swallowing, in fun, the pericarp of one nut
+and a half. Cardol is eliminated by the urine.
+
+</p>
+<p>The kernel is edible and has a very agreeable taste when roasted. By expression it yields a sweet, yellowish oil, density
+0.916.
+
+</p>
+<p>The trunk exudes a gum resin in masses varying in color from red to yellow.
+
+</p>
+<p>The fleshy part, called the fruit, is edible but contains a certain quantity of cardol not only evidenced by the odor but
+by the smarting of the mouth and throat after eating. It is very juicy and the expressed liquid is fermented in Bombay and
+distilled to make a very weak alcohol which sells for the very low price of 4 annas (5 cents gold) a gallon. This alcohol
+is again distilled and a stronger obtained which sells for 1&frac12; rupees a gallon. The Portuguese of India make a sort of wine
+from the fermented juice of the fruit, which, like the weak alcohol we have mentioned, is a well-known diuretic and is used
+as a liniment.
+
+</p>
+<p>The gum resin of the trunk contains 90% of anacardic acid and 10% cardol. Wood soaked in it is preserved from the ravages
+of insects, especially of white ants, for which purpose it is used by bookbinders also. Therapeutically it is used externally
+in leprosy, old ulcers and to destroy corns, but on account of its rubefacient and vesicant qualities it is necessary to use
+it cautiously.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A tree, 18&deg; high, with leaves cuneiform, glabrous, stiff, short-petioled. Flowers polygamous in terminal panicles. Calyx
+with 5 erect segments, imbricated, caducous. Corolla, 5 linear, lanceolate petals, curved and imbricated. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb86" href="#pb86">86</a>]</span>Stamens 8&#8211;10, all fertile. Filaments united to one another and to the disc. Ovary heart-shaped. Style filiform and eccentric.
+Stigma defective. Ovule solitary. Fruit a reniform nut enclosed in a pulpy pyriform body, formed by the matured disc and extremity
+of the peduncle. Seed reniform, testa membranous.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat</span>.&#8212;Common throughout the Archipelago. Blooms in February.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Odina Wodier</b>, Roxb.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg</span>.&#8212;<i>Amugis</i>, Tag. and Vis.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses</span>.&#8212;The bark is very astringent and in decoction is used for chronic ulcers. In India Dr. Kirkpatrick has used it as a lotion
+in impetigo. It has also given good results as a gargle in affections of the pharynx and buccal cavity.
+
+</p>
+<p>The trunk exudes a gum called in India &#8220;kanni ki gond,&#8221; an article of commerce. It is almost odorless and has a disagreeable
+taste. It is only partially soluble in water, forming a viscid mucilage. It is used in the treatment of contusions and sprains
+and is edible when mixed with cocoanut milk.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description</span>.&#8212;A tree, with leaves bunched at the extremities of the branches, oblong, oval, acuminate, odd-pinnate, 3&#8211;4 pairs of opposite
+leaflets. Flowers greenish-white, polygamous, in terminal panicles. Calyx gamosepalous, 4 rounded lobules. Corolla, 4 imbricated
+petals. Stamens 8, free. Ovary 4-parted. Pistillate flowers; ovary sessile, oblong, unilocular. Style 4-parted, thick. Drupe
+oblong, compressed, unicellular. Testa hard, with 1 non-albuminous kernel.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat</span>.&#8212;San Mateo.
+
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e4940">
+<h3 class="normal">Moringe&aelig;.</h3>
+<p class="tb"></p>
+<p><b>Moringa pterygosperma</b>, Gaertn. (<i>M. oleifera</i>, Lamk.; <i>M. poligona</i>, DC.; <i>Guilandina Moringa</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg</span>.&#8212;<i>Malug&#771;ay</i>, <i>Kamalug&#771;ay</i>, <i>Kalug&#771;ay</i>, Tag.; <i>Dool</i>, <i>Malug&#771;it</i>, Vis. and Pam.; <i>Horse Radish Tree</i>, Indo-Eng.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb87" href="#pb87">87</a>]</span></p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses</span>.&#8212;The root is vesicant and the Filipinos bruise it and use it for sinapisms. I have often observed, however, that it is quite
+painful used in this way. Dr. Waitz states that it is a good plan to add a few drops of the root juice to mustard sinapisms,
+a proceeding which seems to me superfluous, especially in the case of children as he advises it.
+
+</p>
+<p>The Bengal pharmacop&#339;ia contains the following official preparations:
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Compound Spirit</i>.&#8212;
+
+
+</p>
+<div class="table" style="width:60%">
+<table width="100%">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Small pieces of moringa root }</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Orange peel} </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">&#257;&#257; 600 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Nutmeg </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">20 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Spirit of wine </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 4&frac12; liters.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Water </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 1 liter.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div><p>
+
+
+</p>
+<p>Mix and distil 4 liters.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Dose</span>.&#8212;8&#8211;30 cc. as a stimulant and diuretic.
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Compound Infusion</i>.&#8212;
+
+
+</p>
+<div class="table" style="width:60%">
+<table width="100%">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Moringa root, small pieces, bruised}</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Mustard seed} </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">&#257;&#257; 30 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Boiling water </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">&frac12; liter.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Let stand 2 hours, filter and add compound spirit. </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">30 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div><p>
+
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Dose</span>.&#8212;30&#8211;60 grams a day, as a strong stimulant.
+
+</p>
+<p>The expressed seeds yield a fixed oil, which is irritating and in my opinion should not be used internally.
+
+</p>
+<p>The green pods, the flowers and the tender shoots of the leaves are eaten stewed. The juice of the leaves is given internally
+in India, as an emetic, in doses of 30 grams.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description</span>.&#8212;A well-known tree, 5&#8211;6 meters high. Leaves 3-pinnate, their terminal divisions odd-pinnate. Leaflets oval, glabrous, entire.
+Calyx, 5 unequal petaloid segments, imbricated, caducous. Corolla white, 5 unequal petals. Stamens inserted on the border
+of a disc, unequal, 5 <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb88" href="#pb88">88</a>]</span>opposite the petals bearing anthers, 5 alternate without anthers. Anthers dorsal, unilocular. Ovary pedunculate, lanceolate,
+unilocular, with many ovules in 2 series, inserted on the parietal placent&aelig;. Fruit a pod terminating in a beak, 3-valved.
+Seeds numerous, very large, winged, embedded in a spongy substance.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat</span>.&#8212;Common throughout the islands. Blooms in November.
+
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e5071">
+<h3 class="normal">Leguminos&aelig;. (Papilionace&aelig;.)</h3>
+<p>Pulse Family.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Agati grandiflora</b>, Desv. (<i>Sesbania grandiflora</i>, Pers.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg</span>.&#8212;<i>Katuray</i>, Tag.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses</span>.&#8212;The flowers are edible. They and the leaves are purgative and are given in decoction for this purpose, 30&#8211;40 grams to 200
+of water. The juice of the flowers is a popular remedy in India, for migraine and coryza. The trunk bark is bitter and tonic.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description</span>.&#8212;A tree, 4&#8211;6 meters high, with drooping limbs; leaves long, very narrow, abruptly pinnate; many caducous leaflets, linear,
+elliptical. Flowers large, white, fragrant, in axillary racemes. Calyx bell-shaped with two indistinct lips. Corolla papilionaceous,
+white. Standard oval, a slight notch at the apex. Wings almost as large as the keel which is strongly arched. Stamens 10,
+diadelphous. Anthers uniform. Style and stamens equally long. Stigma a small head. Pod 1&#8211;2&deg; long, linear, 4-sided, containing
+many oval seeds, separated by filamentous partitions.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat</span>.&#8212;Grows in all sections of Luzon and Panay.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Abrus precatorius</b>, L.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg</span>.&#8212;<i>Saga</i>, <i>Sagamamin</i>, <i>Bag&#771;ati</i>, Tag.; <i>Bag&#771;ati Gikosgikos</i>, Vis.; <i>Kanaasaga</i>, Pam.; <i>Bugayon</i>, Iloc.; <i>Jequiriti</i>, <i>Prayerbeads</i>, Eng.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb89" href="#pb89">89</a>]</span></p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The part of the plant most important in therapeutics is the seed, the size of a small pea, bright red with a black spot,
+hard and shining. The Filipino children use them to make rosaries and other decorations. In the distant past the Filipinos
+used these seeds to weigh gold, a practice followed even to-day by the Hindoos. The famous Susrutas, author of the &#8220;Ayur Veda,&#8221;
+recommends them internally for nervous diseases; modern therapeutics, however, limits their use to one disease, though that
+is frequent and stubborn enough, namely chronic granular conjunctivitis.
+
+</p>
+<p>Some physicians state that these seeds are poisonous and others the contrary, but the fact that they are used as food among
+the poor classes of Egypt, demonstrates their harmlessness in the digestive tract at least; when introduced into the circulation
+they undoubtedly exercise a toxic effect. We have already mentioned that their use is limited nowadays to the therapeutics
+of the eye; the decoction of the seeds known in Europe under the name of &#8220;Jaqueriti&#8221;&#8212;so named in Brazil&#8212;produces a purulent
+inflammation of the healthy conjunctiva and it is precisely this counter-irritant effect which makes it useful in chronic
+granular conjunctivitis, the persistence of which has defied the most heroic measures of therapeutics. The French oculist,
+Dr. de Wecker, was the first to employ jequirity for this purpose, in the form of a 24 hours&#8217; maceration of the seeds, 10
+grams to 500 grams of water. It is necessary to use a product recently prepared and with this several applications a day are
+made. It is now known that the inflammation of the healthy conjunctiva is not caused by germ-life contained in the solution
+but by an inorganic ferment discovered by Bruylans and Venneman and named jequiritin; they state that it is produced during
+the germination of the seeds or of the cells in the powdered seeds. Warden and Waddell, of Calcutta, have isolated an essential
+oil, an acid named &#8220;&aacute;bric&#8221; and an amorphous substance called abrin, obtained by <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb90" href="#pb90">90</a>]</span>precipitation with alcohol from a watery infusion of the pulverized seeds. Its action is identical with that of &#8220;jequiritin.&#8221;
+
+</p>
+<p>The infusion appears to possess considerable value as a stimulating application to indolent ulcers.
+
+</p>
+<p>The root is a good substitute for licorice, is emollient and has an agreeable taste. The extract is useful in catarrhal diseases
+of the bronchi and in dysuria. The leaves contain the same properties as the root and an extract prepared from them is used
+as a substitute for licorice.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A vine, with leaves opposite, abruptly pinnate, a stylet taking the place of the terminal leaflet. Leaflets linear, entire,
+glabrous, tipped with a small point. Common petiole with 2 awl-shaped stipules at the base. Flowers in small racemes. Calyx
+gamosepalous, caducous, 4&#8211;5 short teeth. Corolla papilionaceous, wings horizontal. Stamens 9, monadelphous with bilocular
+anthers. Style very short. Stigma globose. Pod 4&#8211;5 cm. long, truncate at the ends, with 5&#8211;6 red seeds, each with a black spot.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Common in all mountainous regions of the islands. Grows near houses and roads.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Mucuna pruriens</b>, DC. (<i>M. prurita</i>, Hook.; <i>M. utilis</i>, Wall.; <i>Dolichos pruriens</i>, L.; <i>Carpopogon pruriens</i>, Roxb.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Nipay</i>, <i>Lipay</i>, Vis.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The pods are official as an anthelmintic in the Pharmacop&#339;ia of India. They are used in the form of an electuary triturated
+to the proper consistency with honey or syrup. The dose for adults is one soupspoonful, and for children a teaspoonful, given
+every morning for 3&#8211;4 consecutive days. The last day a purge is given to expel the lumbricoids.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A vine with ternate leaves. Flowers red, keel larger than the standard and wings. Pods about as thick as the little finger,
+lacking transverse grooves, curved in the form of the letter f, covered with bright red down, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb91" href="#pb91">91</a>]</span>which causes an unendurable itching. They are divided into 3 or 4 oblique cells each containing a brown, shiny seed.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Luzon and Panay.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Erythrina Indica</b>, Lam. (<i>E. corallodendron</i>, L.; <i>E. carnea</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Dapdap</i>, <i>Kasindik</i>, Tag.; <i>Dapdap</i>, <i>Kabrab</i>, Vis.; <i>Dapdap</i>, <i>Sulbag&#771;</i>, Pam.; <i>Indian Coral Tree</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;This tree is well known on account of the beauty of its crimson flowers. The decoction of the leaves is a useful cleansing
+and deodorizing application for ulcers. The bruised leaves are used locally in painful affections of the joints and to abort
+syphilitic buboes and abscesses of all kinds. The juice of the tender leaves is used in Concan to destroy maggots in ulcers,
+and the powder has a similar use. A decoction is used locally in ophthalmia.
+
+</p>
+<p>The root and the leaves are used as a febrifuge in the Philippines and in India, according to Wight. In Brazil the bark is
+given in small repeated doses as a hypnotic and in the Philippines as a diuretic and purgative; a decoction of the leaves
+is similarly used. The bark contains an alkaloid discovered by Rochefontaine and Rey, called <i>erythrin</i>, which acts upon the central nervous system, diminishing its normal functions even to the point of abolishment, without modifying
+motor excitability or muscular contractility. W. Young isolated a glucoside, <i>migarrhin</i>, similar to saponin, but possessing the additional property of dilating the pupil.
+
+</p>
+<p>In bronchitis with dyspn&#339;a the following infusion of bark is very useful:
+
+</p>
+<div class="table" style="width:60%">
+<table width="100%">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Fresh bark, }</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Freshly bruised leaves, } </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">&#257;&#257; 2 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Water </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">1,500 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p>Boil till reduced one-half, filter and add:
+
+</p>
+<div class="table" style="width:60%">
+<table width="100%">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Simple syrup </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">200 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p>Dose: Wineglassful every two hours.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb92" href="#pb92">92</a>]</span></p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A large tree, 20&deg; high, thorny, with ternate leaves. Leaflets rhomboid, broad, entire, glabrous. Secondary petioles: that
+of the middle leaflet long, bearing 2 glands, those of the others short, bearing 1 gland each. The leaves fall at the end
+of the rainy season and the flowers bloom. They are a handsome scarlet color, large, in terminal racemes. Calyx half-cylindrical,
+oblique, truncate, entire. Corolla papilionaceous; standard elongated, lanceolate. Wings short. Keel very short, 2-lobuled.
+Stamens diadelphous. Anthers large. Ovary woolly. Stigma thick. Pod curved, rounded, furrowed in parts corresponding to the
+seeds which are numerous, oval, pointed at the ends.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Common throughout the islands. Blooms in February.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Clitoria ternatea,</b> L.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Kolokantig&#771;</i>, <i>Pakingag&#771;</i>, Tag.; <i>Kolokatig&#771;</i>, Vis.; <i>Butterfly-pea</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The pounded seeds mixed with oil are used locally for painful joints. They possess purgative and emetic properties and Dr.
+J. Shartt has employed a mixture of the powdered roasted seeds, 8 grams, with double the quantity of acid tartrate of potassium.
+Its action is gentle, but sure. The alcoholic extract of the root, a soft, brown, resinous substance with an odor recalling
+that of jalap, is a very active cathartic, producing sharp effects in doses of 30&#8211;60 centigrams; in fact it produces such
+severe tenesmus that its use in such doses should not be recommended.
+
+</p>
+<p>The root bark is used internally in an infusion (4&#8211;8 grams to 1 liter of water) as an emollient in irritability of the bladder
+and urethra and has been recommended for such a purpose by Mooden Sheriff. It is a diuretic which frequently acts as a purgative,
+a fact that is not surprising in view of the above-mentioned properties of the alcoholic extract.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb93" href="#pb93">93</a>]</span></p>
+<p>The roasted seeds used as a purgative are so trustworthy that they deserve the further attention of physicians.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A vine very well known by its blue flowers. Leaves alternate with 3 pairs of oval leaflets. Stipules persistent. Flowers
+axillary, solitary, 1&#8211;1&frac12;&#8242; in long diameter. Calyx in 5 acute divisions, the two upper ones smaller. Corolla papilionaceous.
+Standard open, notched at the end. Keel shorter than the wings and covered by them. Stamens 10, 9 united and 1 free. Stigma
+downy, thick. Pod full of short hairs, with more than 6 surrounded with a tow-like substance, reniform, with black spots.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Common along the roads and in gardens. Flowers in July and November.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>1. Pterocarpus santalinus</b>, L.<a class="noteref" id="xd0e5340src" href="#xd0e5340">5</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Narra</i>, <i>Naga</i>, Tag.; <i>Apalit</i>, <i>Daytanag</i>, Pam.; <i>Red Saunders</i> or <i>Red Sandalwood Tree</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><b>2. P. Indicus,</b> Willd. (<i>P. pallidus</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Asana</i>, Tag.; <i>Naga</i>, Vis.
+
+</p>
+<p><b>3. P. erinaceus</b>, Poir. (<i>P. echinatus</i>, Pers. &amp; DC.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Asana</i>, <i>Narra</i>, Tag.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The wood of the first is the so-called &#8220;red sandalwood.&#8221; It is used for building purposes and, in medicine, as an astringent.
+In decoction it is used as a gargle for sore throat. The second is also an excellent building material and is used medicinally
+for its astringent properties. A decoction of sufficient strength to color the water a light blue is used as a mouth wash
+in toothache and has some reputation as a solvent of vesical calculi. All three species yield a resin known in pharmacy under
+the name of &#8220;kino.&#8221; The true gum kino is really <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb94" href="#pb94">94</a>]</span>produced by the <i>P. marsupium</i>, Roxb., but the Philippine product, especially that of the second and third species, has for a long time been exported to
+Europe under the name of &#8220;red astringent gum&#8221; or &#8220;kino.&#8221; This name is given to the sap of these trees dried without the aid
+of artificial heat. The bark is the part which produces it and the following extractive process is employed in Madras: a vertical
+incision is made in the trunk and lateral incisions perpendicular to it and a receptacle is placed at the foot of the tree.
+This soon fills and when the gum is sufficiently dried by air and sun it is packed in boxes and exported.
+
+</p>
+<p>In respect to appearance, solubility and chemical composition, Fl&uuml;ckiger and Hanbury were unable to discover any difference
+between the kino of <i>P. marsupium</i>, Roxb., and that of <i>P. erinaceus</i>, Poir. It is therefore interesting to consider a product that is identical with that described in the pharmacop&#339;ias as produced
+by the <i>P. marsupium</i>, Roxb., though the latter does not grow in the Philippines.
+
+</p>
+<p>Kino is at present used but little in therapeutics and its action is analogous to that of tannin and catechu. It is given
+internally for its astringent effect in chronic diarrh&#339;a, leucorrh&#339;a, blenorrh&#339;a and hemorrhages. The dose of the powder is
+1&#8211;4 grams, and of the alcoholic tincture, containing 20 parts kino to 100 of alcohol, 5&#8211;10 grams. In prolapse of the rectum
+and anal fissure the following solution is used by enema:
+
+</p>
+<div class="table" style="width:60%">
+<table width="100%">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Kino </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 3 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Water </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">500 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p>For vaginal injections a solution of 20 to 250 water.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;The &#8220;pterocarpus,&#8221; L., is a tree of the first order with odd-pinnate leaves. Leaflets alternate and coriaceous. Flowers yellow,
+in racemes, with caducous bracts and bractlets. Calyx turbinate, with short teeth. Petals exserted, markedly unguiculate.
+Standard and wings curled. Keel obtuse with its petals slightly or not at all coherent. The staminal tube, cleft above and
+below or above only. Stamens <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb95" href="#pb95">95</a>]</span>superior, often almost, and at times entirely, free. Anthers versatile. Ovary pedunculate, with 2 ovules. Style curved. Stigma
+terminal. Pod orbicular, smooth or spiny, usually containing one seed, encircled by a broad, rigid wing, the point curved
+downward.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;In the mountains of Luzon, Panay and Mindoro. Blooms in March.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Pongamia glabra</b>, Vent. (<i>Robinia mitis</i>, L.; <i>Gadelupa maculata</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Balikbalik</i>, Tag.; <i>Butog&#771;</i>, Vis.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The oil expressed from the seeds is used in India for lighting purposes, and in addition is of notable therapeutic value.
+It is an excellent local remedy for the itch, for herpes and especially for pityriasis versicolor, used alone or emulsified
+with lemon juice. In stubborn cases Dymock recommends the addition of oil of <i>hydrocarpus</i>, camphor and powdered sulphur. Dr. Gibson states that he knows of no plant in the vegetable kingdom possessing more notable
+curative properties in itch, herpes and other cutaneous diseases than the plant under consideration. It is also used as an
+embrocation in articular rheumatism.
+
+</p>
+<p>The powdered leaves mixed with common salt and pepper are given internally with a little milk, as a remedy for leprosy.
+
+</p>
+<p>The juice of the root makes a useful wash for gangrenous ulcers and a good injection for fistula.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A tree, 18&deg; high, with leaves opposite, odd-pinnate. Leaflets in 3 pairs, ovate, lanceolate, entire, glabrous and membranaceous.
+Flowers slightly spotted, racemose. Calyx bell-shaped, with 5 scarcely visible toothlets. Corolla papilionaceous, petals equal,
+clawed. Standard with 2 callosities athwart the base. Stamens 10, diadelphous. Pod with one seed, which is flat, smooth, veined,
+bright red.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Luzon and Panay. Blooms in October.
+
+
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb96" href="#pb96">96</a>]</span></p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e5494">
+<h3 class="normal">Leguminos&aelig;.</h3>
+<p>Brasiletto Family.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>C&aelig;salpinia Bonducella</b>, Flem. (<i>Guilandina Bonducella</i>, L.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Bayag-Kambig&#771;</i>, <i>Kalambibit</i>, Tag.; <i>Dalugdug</i>, Vis.; <i>Fever Nut</i>, <i>Physic Nut</i>, <i>Bonduc Seeds</i>, Indo-Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The seed is the part of the plant employed and is official in the Pharmacop&#339;ia of India. It is used as a tonic and antiperiodic
+in intermittent fevers and in general where tonic treatment is indicated. It has given good results in the malarial fevers
+of India, according to English physicians. The Pharmacop&#339;ia of India contains the following preparation under the name of
+&#8220;Compound Powder of Bonduc&#8221; (Pulvis bonducell&aelig; compositus).
+
+</p>
+<div class="table" style="width:60%">
+<table width="100%">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Seeds of Bonduc, powdered </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">30 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Pepper </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">30 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p>Mix and keep in a well-corked flask.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Dose.</span>&#8212;1&#8211;2 grams 3 times a day.
+
+</p>
+<p>In the Philippines the powdered seed is given in affections of the digestive tract, especially in diarrh&#339;a and feeble digestion.
+The same name of Bonduc is given to the seeds of another species that grows in the Philippines, <i>C. Bonduc</i>, Roxb.; <i>Kamot-Kabag</i>, <i>Bayan-Kambig&#771;</i>, Tag. The seeds are identical in chemical composition and therapeutic indication.
+
+</p>
+<p>The two principal substances contained in the seeds are an oil, 24% and a resin, 1.88%. The former is straw-colored and slightly
+bitter by virtue of the presence of a resin that may be precipitated by alcohol. The resin or bitter principle exists as an
+amorphous powder, white, bitter, not acrid, soluble in chloroform, alcohol, acetone, crystallizable acetic acid, fixed and
+essential oils; slightly soluble in ether and bisulphide of carbon, insoluble in water and petroleum ether. The alkalies do
+not affect it. It melts at 140&deg;, decomposing and leaving only a carbon. Its discoverers, Heckel and <span class="corr" id="xd0e5569" title="Source: Schlagdenhaussen">Schlagdenhauffen</span>, have <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb97" href="#pb97">97</a>]</span>given it the name <i>bonducin</i> (C<sub>14</sub>H<sub>15</sub>O<sub>5</sub>). Hydrochloric acid colors it red; sulphuric acid, a maranthin red in half an hour.
+
+</p>
+<p>Bonducin seems to be the active principle of the seeds and is given internally in doses of 10&#8211;20 centigrams; according to
+Dr. Isnard, of Marseilles, this dose has given as good results in fevers as the same quantity of quinine.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A shrub with prostrate stem bristling with thorns. Leaves twice abruptly pinnate, a thorn taking the place of the terminal
+leaflet. Leaflets in 10&#8211;14 pairs, ovate, expanded, with a spine at the apex. Common petioles thorny, with 4 leaf-like stipules
+at the base. Flowers yellow, in racemes. Calyx 5-parted, curved downward. Corolla inserted on the calyx, 5 petals, 4 nearly
+equal, the uppermost broader and shorter. Stamens 10. Filaments very unequal in height, inserted on the calyx, united and
+woolly at the base. Pistil very short. Stigma thick. Pod rhomboidal before maturity, prickly, containing 2 semi-globose seeds
+with testa hard, mottled and tough.
+
+</p>
+<p>The other species, <i>C. Bonduc</i>, Roxb., is distinguished by leaflets unequal at the base, by the absence of stipules, and by the bright orange yellow seeds.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Common in Luzon, Panay and Jol&oacute;. Blooms in December.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>C&aelig;salpinia Sappan</b>, L.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Sibukao</i>, <i>Sapag</i>, Tag.; <i>Palo del Brasil</i>, Sp.; <i>Sappan Wood</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The decoction of Sibukao is given in hemorrhages, especially of the lungs. It is probably the red color of this decoction
+which originated the idea of giving it to check bleeding, and this is the practice of the native Filipino doctors, as well
+as of the Arabs and Hindoos. The natives of Cochin China, reasoning in an opposite manner, prescribe it as emmenagogue. Some
+authors recommend Sibukao as a substitute for logwood. The decoction is administered in chronic diarrh&#339;a, especially <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb98" href="#pb98">98</a>]</span>that of children. A few cases of phlebitis have been reported as occasioned by its use. The extract is made as follows:
+
+</p>
+<div class="table" style="width:60%">
+<table width="100%">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Sibukao in small pieces </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">500 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Boiling water </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">4&frac12; liters.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p>Macerate for 24 hours, boil until reduced by half, filter and evaporate the filtrate to a syrupy consistency. Do not use iron
+vessels.
+
+</p>
+<p>Sibukao contains much tannin and gallic acid, and a peculiar substance which distinguishes it from logwood, <i>brasilin</i> (C<sub>22</sub>H<sub>20</sub>O<sub>7</sub>), which gives a red color to alkaline solutions instead of blue or purple. It is a crystalline pigment which may be considered
+a compound of hematoxylon and fenol.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A very common tree, 12&#8211;15&deg; high, with spiny trunk, leaves twice abruptly pinnate. Leaflets linear, notched at the apex. Flowers
+racemose. Calyx boat-shaped. Corolla, 5 petals, the uppermost broad, short, spotted red. Stigma bifid. Pod sabre-like, woody,
+with 3&#8211;4 seeds separated by partitions. The wood is well known everywhere in the Philippines, being a very important article
+of commerce, and there is no fear of logwood being substituted for it, as the latter is more expensive, and substitutions
+are not ordinarily made under such circumstances. In commerce it occurs in large pieces of all shapes and forms, since the
+branches and trunks are cut into pieces which vary from 1/2&#8211;2 meters in length. Its color is reddish-yellow or white with
+more or less red grain. Blooms in September.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>C&aelig;salpinia pulcherrima</b>, Swartz. (<i>Poinciana pulcherrima</i>, L. &amp; Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Flores y Rosas Caballero</i>, <i>Caballero</i>, Sp.-Fil.; <i>Barbadoes Flower-Fence</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The leaves are emmenagogue, purgative like those of senna, and excitant. The bark especially is a powerful emmenagogue, used
+in some countries for criminal purposes. The <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb99" href="#pb99">99</a>]</span>decoction of the flowers is pectoral and febrifuge and is given in bronchitis, asthma and malarial fever. The flowers contain
+a bitter principle. The roots are acrid and poisonous. The seeds of the green fruit are eaten frequently by children; when
+ripe they contain gallic and tannic acids, by virtue of which they are used in tanning hides and to dye yellow combined with
+alum, and black combined with salts of iron. They also contain a pigment and a resin.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Infusion of the Flowers.</span>&#8212;
+
+</p>
+<div class="table" style="width:60%">
+<table width="100%">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Flowers of the caballero, dry </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 20 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Water </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">500 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Sugar </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 70 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p>Mix. Dose, a wineglassful several times a day.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A shrub, with prickly trunk. Leaves twice abruptly pinnate. Leaflets 5&#8211;8 pairs, glabrous, ovate and elliptical, bearing a
+spine at the extremity, 3 stipules to each pair of leaflets. Flowers yellow and red, in racemes on the ends of the branches.
+Calyx divided almost to the base, with 5 concave parts. Corolla, 5 petals 1&#8242; long with short claws, one petal very small and
+straight, the others larger, with wavy edges. Stamens 10, crimson, 3&#8242; long, free, woolly, united at the lower end. Pistil
+the same length as the stamens. Stigma somewhat concave. Ovary sessile, unilocular, many-ovuled. Pod compressed, with 7 or
+more seeds inserted on the superior suture and separated from each other by fleshy divisions.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Very common in gardens where it is cultivated for its beautiful flowers. Blooms throughout the entire year.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Cassia fistula</b>, L.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Ca&ntilde;afistula</i>, Sp.; <i>Lombayog&#771;</i>, <i>Ibabaw</i>, <i>Baloyog&#771;</i>, Vis.; <i>Purging Cassia</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The pod known in pharmacy under the name of &#8220;Ca&ntilde;afistula&#8221; contains a blackish, sweet pulp, which is a mild purgative if combined
+with carminatives, but it produces severe <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb100" href="#pb100">100</a>]</span>colic if given alone. The urine sometimes takes on a dark color after taking it. The laxative dose is 4&#8211;8 grams, the purgative
+30&#8211;60.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Extract of Cassia.</span>&#8212;
+
+</p>
+<div class="table" style="width:60%">
+<table width="100%">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Pulp and seeds of ripe pods </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">1 kilo.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Water </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">1 liter.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p>After mixing the pulp with water the liquid is strained through a woolen cloth; the material which remains in the strainer
+is washed with a little more cold water which is added to the other liquid and the two are evaporated to the consistency of
+the extract.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Dose.</span>&#8212;15&#8211;30 grams.
+
+</p>
+<p>Dr. Irving states that the root is a very energetic purgative. In Concan the juice of the tender leaves is used in the treatment
+of impetigo.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A tree with trunk about as thick as the human body, with leaves opposite and abruptly pinnate. Leaflets, the lower ones smaller,
+5 pairs, ovate, lanceolate, glabrous and rather tough. Common petiole, cleft at the base, lacking glandule. Flowers bright
+yellow, in long, pendulous racemes. Calyx, 5 ovate sepals. Corolla, 5 unequal petals. Stamens 10, free, 3 longer than the
+rest. Ovary unilocular, many-ovuled. Pod cylindrical, pointed at the end, woody, black, 1&#8211;2&deg; long, with many circular seeds,
+surrounded by a blackish pulp and separated by partitions.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Common in Luzon and Panay. Blooms in March.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Cassia occidentalis</b>, L.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Tighiman</i>, <i>Balotag&#771;aso</i>, Tag.; <i>Tambalisa</i>, Vis.; <i>Western Senna</i>, <i>Styptic Weed</i>, Eng.; <i>Negro Coffee</i>, Indo-Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;In Brazil they use an infusion of the root as a tonic and diuretic, 4 grams of the root bark and 180 of boiling water to
+be taken in one day. In Dahomey the leaves are used as a febrifuge. Thirty grams of fresh leaves are boiled <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb101" href="#pb101">101</a>]</span>in 300 grams of water till the liquid is reduced to 250 grams. The patient takes this decoction hot the first day of the fever
+and a profuse perspiration promptly breaks out. As a rule the effect is immediate and the fever does not recur. This treatment
+of fevers is more common in that country than that by quinine and they claim that it has the advantage over the latter of
+acting as a stomachic tonic. By adding a small quantity of the roots to the decoction it is rendered diuretic. The seeds possess
+the same properties and are used in decoctions of 30 grams to 300 of water. According to De Lanesan the roasted seeds are
+used in La R&eacute;union in infusion similar to coffee in the treatment of gastralgia and asthma. In some countries they mix them
+with coffee just as chicory is used in Europe.
+
+</p>
+<p>Heckel and <span class="corr" id="xd0e5829" title="Source: Schlagdenhaufen">Schlagdenhauffen</span> have made a very complete study of the plant and we quote the following from their works:
+
+</p>
+<p>Chemical composition of the seeds.&#8212;
+
+</p>
+<div class="table" style="width:60%">
+<table width="100%">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Water </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 8.850</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Fats and pigments soluble in petroleum ether </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 1.600</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Fats and pigments soluble in chloroform </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 1.150</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Odorous material and traces of tannin </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 5.022</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Glucose </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 0.738</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Gummy, mucilaginous and pectic matter </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">15.734</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Soluble albuminoids and aleuron </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 6.536</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Cellulose </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 7.434</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Insoluble albuminose </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 2.216</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Lignose </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">32.727</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Fixed salts </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">17.976</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Lost material </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> .017
+
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top" class="&#xA; alignright&#xA; "> </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright" style="padding-top: 2px; border-top: solid black 1px;">100.000</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p>Previous to the studies of the above authors the seeds had been therapeutically tested by Delioux de Savignac and Professor
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb102" href="#pb102">102</a>]</span>Clouet. Heckel and Schlagdenhauffen have confirmed the febrifuge virtues of the seeds and are uncertain as to the active principle
+since they found no glucoside or alkaloid in their analysis. The antiperiodic properties are comparable with those of quinine
+and have even proved effective in some cases in which quinine failed. It seems quite clear that the tannin is the active principle
+which is the more probable because its anti-periodic virtues are now recognized by all therapeutists.
+
+</p>
+<p>It is given in maceration or infusion, 2&#8211;15 grams of the seeds to 3 or 400 of water to be taken several times a day. The treatment
+causes no very marked physiological effects. It seems to act as a sedative to the nervous system.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;An annual plant, .60&#8211;1 meter high. Root central with lateral rootlets. Stem straight, ramose. Leaves opposite, abruptly pinnate
+with a stylet in place of the odd leaflet. Leaflets, 5&#8211;6 pairs, the lower ones smaller, ovate, oblong, margins and lower face
+downy. Common petiole swollen at the base, 2 stipules and 1 glandule. Calyx, 5 unequal sepals. Corolla, 5 nearly equal petals,
+sulphur yellow, concave, the posterior one further developed. Two verticils of 5 stamens each. Of the 5 stamens superior to
+the sepals, 2 are fertile, larger and arched; of the other 5 stamens 4 are fertile and small. Pod compressed, linear, smooth,
+5&#8242; long, containing many compressed, heart-shaped seeds, separated by thin partitions.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Common in Luzon. Blooms in October.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Cassia alata</b>, L.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Acapulco</i>, Sp.-Fil.; <i>Katand&aacute;</i>, <i>Gamut sa Buni</i>, <i>Sontig&#771;</i>, Tag.; <i>Suntig&#771;, Kansit&aacute;s</i>, Vis.; <i>Pakayomkom-kastila</i>, Pam.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;This is one of the most popular Philippine remedies and its usefulness is vouched for by many physicians practicing in many
+different lands. Its antiherpetic properties are notable <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb103" href="#pb103">103</a>]</span>and the Tagalo name of the plant, &#8220;Gamut sa Buni,&#8221; means literally &#8220;medicine for herpes.&#8221; The natives use the juice of the
+leaf applied locally to the affected part. These properties have long been familiar to the Malays and to the Hindoos who in
+their medical works give the plant the Sanscrit name of &#8220;Dadrughna,&#8221; meaning &#8220;to cure herpes.&#8221; The Pharmacop&#339;ia of Bengal
+recommends cassia in the form of an ointment made by mixing the crushed tender leaves with simple ointment. This preparation
+is, in our opinion, undesirable on account of its liability to become rancid and vaseline should be the excipient used. Another
+application for herpetic eruptions is the juice of the leaves mixed with an equal quantity of lemon juice. The Malays use
+the leaves dried in the sun, adding to them a little water and rubbing them briskly on the affected parts, the vigorous treatment
+being an important part of the cure.
+
+</p>
+<p>The decoction of the leaves is a laxative and according to Mr. J. Wood the tincture has an action similar to that of senna.
+Dr. Pulney Andy of India states that the extract prepared from the tender leaves is a good substitute for extract of colocynth.
+
+</p>
+<p>Mr. A. Porte claims to have obtained the best results with an acetic extract of the fresh leaves. The following is his formula:
+
+</p>
+<div class="table" style="width:60%">
+<table width="100%">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Fresh leaves of <i>C. alata</i>
+</td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">100 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Acetic acid diluted in &#8532; water </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">450 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p>Macerate 10 or 12 days, filter and express, then filter again and evaporate to the consistency of an extract.
+
+</p>
+<p>The seeds contain vermifuge principles.
+
+</p>
+<p>The activity of this plant in herpes is due to the chrysophanic acid contained in it. The more recent the eruption the more
+certain is the effect.
+
+</p>
+<p>The following species, all of which grow in the Philippines, contain principles analogous to those of the <i>C. alata</i>, viz.: <i>C. sophera</i>, L. and <i>C. tora</i>, L., called in Tagalo <i>manimanihan</i>.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb104" href="#pb104">104</a>]</span></p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A shrub, 7&#8211;9&deg; high, with a straight, ramose trunk 3&#8211;4&#8242; in diameter. Leaves 1&frac12;&#8211;2&deg; long, opposite, abruptly pinnate, a thick
+stylet taking the place of the odd leaflet. Leaflets 10&#8211;13 pairs, the smaller ones 1&#8211;2&#8242; long. Common petiole with 2 horizontal
+stipules at the base. Flowers in conspicuous, erect racemes. Calyx, 5 free concave, unequal sepals. Corolla, 5 petals of a
+beautiful yellow color. Stamens perigynous, 10 in number, 3 upper ones very small and frequently sterile, 3 lower very large.
+The bilocular anthers open by 2 pores. Ovary many-ovuled with filiform style. Pod long with 2 prominent wings on the sides
+and many seeds which slightly resemble a cross with blunt ends.
+
+</p>
+<p>The <i>C. sophera</i>, L., is characterized by 10 stamens, all fertile and a smooth, linear, bivalved pod full of seeds separated by false partitions.
+The <i>C. tora</i>, L., bears a quadrangular pod about 15 centimeters long by 2 in diameter.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Grows in all parts of the islands and is universally known by the natives. Blooms in May.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Tamarindus Indica</b>, L.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Tamarindo</i>, Sp.; <i>Sampalok</i>, Tag., Pam., Bik.; <i>Sambak</i>, <i>Sumalagi</i>, <i>Kamalagi</i>, Vis.; <i>Tamarind</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The pulp of the fruit is used to make a sort of sweet preserve and is very popular among the Filipinos. They prepare a refreshing
+drink from the pulp mixed with sweetened water and believing it to be beneficial to the liver, stomach and blood, they use
+too much of it. Its excessive use is rather prejudicial to the health, but given in moderation it is very efficient in allaying
+the thirst of fever patients. The pulp contains weak laxative properties and it is customary to administer it in solution
+with cream of tartar. Its chemical composition is as follows:
+
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb105" href="#pb105">105</a>]</span>
+</p>
+<div class="table" style="width:60%">
+<table width="100%">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Citric acid </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 9.40</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Tartaric acid </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 1.55</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Malic acid </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 0.45</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Potassium bitartrate </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 3.25</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Sugar </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">12.50</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Gum </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 4.70</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Vegetable gelatin </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 6.25</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Parenchyma </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">34.35</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Water </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">27.55</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p class="alignright">(Vauquelin.)
+
+</p>
+<p>At the end of any sickness, especially after labor, the first bath given to the convalescent is with a decoction of the leaves
+of the &#8220;sampaloc,&#8221; to prevent convulsions, the native herb-doctors say.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A large tree, somewhat resembling the elm in contour, with leaves opposite, abruptly pinnate. Leaflets 12 or more pairs,
+linear, with a notch at the apex, entire, glabrous. Flowers yellow-white, spattered dark red, racemose. Calyx, 4 sepals. Corolla,
+5 lanceolate petals with crispate borders. Stamens monadelphous, dividing into 7 filaments above. The ripe pod is chocolate
+color, oblong, slightly compressed, straight or curved, 6&#8211;15 centimeters long, full of a light-brown pulp in which rest the
+seeds enveloped in a cellular membrane. These seeds are flattened, almost quadrangular; testa hard, of a chestnut color, shiny
+and without albumen.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Very common everywhere in the islands. Blooms in May.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Bauhinia malabarica</b>, Roxb. (<i>B. tomentosa</i>, Wall. and Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Alibag&#771;bag&#771;</i>, Tag., Vis., Pam.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The leaves of this tree and of the species <i>B. tomentosa</i>, L., are quite acid and the Filipinos use them as an ingredient <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb106" href="#pb106">106</a>]</span>of many dishes. The fresh flowers possess anti-dysenteric virtues for which purpose they are given internally in infusion
+of 10&#8211;20 grams of the flowers to one-half liter of water. The decoction of the root bark is a common remedy for liver troubles
+along the coast of Malabar according to Rheede.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A tree 20&deg; high, with leaves alternate, peltate, slightly cordate, orbicular, the apex divided into two large lobules with
+a stylet between them, glabrous above, somewhat downy beneath; 2 large, flat glandules are situated at the base. Petioles
+short. Flowers cymose. Peduncle long. Calyx inferior, funnelform, with 4&#8211;5 sepals as long as the corolla. Corolla, 5 petals.
+Stamens 10, 5 alternate ones longer than the others. Stigma thick, peltate, 2 lobules. Pod 1&deg; long, with linear stalk, containing
+many seeds separated by filamentous isthmuses.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Common everywhere. Blooms in November.
+
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e6141">
+<h3 class="normal">Leguminos&aelig;.</h3>
+<p>Mimosa Division.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Entada scandens</b>, Benth. (<i>E. Purs&#339;tha</i>, DC. and Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Gogo</i>, Tag.; <i>Bayogo</i>, <i>Balogo</i>, <i>Gohog&#771; bakay</i>, Vis. and Pam.; <i>Gilla Nuts</i>, Indo-Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The use made of the mashed bark of this tree is well known throughout the Philippines. Cut in strips and beaten thoroughly
+between stones it is sold under the name of &#8220;gogo&#8221;; it is macerated in water, to which it imparts a reddish color, and forms
+a substitute for soap. The Filipinos use this preparation for bathing, especially the hair, for which purpose there is no
+more useful or simple preparation. It cures pityriasis, and renders the hair very soft, without drying it too much as is usually
+the case with soap. The natives use it in treating the itch, washing the affected parts with the maceration and at the same
+time briskly rubbing them with the bark; in this way <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb107" href="#pb107">107</a>]</span>they remove the crusts that shield the acari. The treatment is successful in direct proportion to the energy of rubbing.
+
+</p>
+<p>The seeds of &#8220;gogo&#8221; are very large, lenticular, flattened, 3&#8211;4 centimeters in diameter. Their chemical composition has been
+studied by Pettit. Alcohol dissolves the active principle, perhaps a glucoside, the study of which the author has not completed.
+Five centigrams of this substance administered to a guinea-pig causes paralysis of the hind quarters without any apparent
+inflammation. He also found saponin in the seeds, but it exists in much greater quantity in the trunk. In the Sunda Islands
+they eat the seeds roasted and also extract from them an illuminating oil.
+
+</p>
+<p>The maceration of gogo is emetic and purgative; it is used in the treatment of asthma; it is exceedingly irritating, the slightest
+quantity that enters the eye causing severe smarting and a slight conjunctivitis for one or two days.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A high climbing shrub with stem as much as 7&#8211;8&#8242; in diameter. Leaves opposite, twice abruptly pinnate, a stylet replacing
+the terminal leaflet; 5 pairs of elliptical leaflets, entire, glabrous and notched at the apex. Common petiole with 2 stipules
+at the base. Flowers in delicate spikes. Calyx obliquely truncate, 5-toothed. Corolla, 5 oval petals much larger than the
+calyx. Stamens 10&#8211;13. Filaments longer than the corolla. Anther with 1&#8211;2 white, globose glandules. Pod woody, 4&#8211;6&deg; long by
+&#8220;4 fingers&#8221; broad, with large notches on the borders, many compartments containing many large, compressed, circular seeds
+with dark-colored testa, 3&#8211;4 centimeters in diameter.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Mountains of Luzon and Panay. Blooms in May.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Parkia Roxburghii</b>, G. Don. (<i>P. brunonis</i>, Grah.; <i>P. biglobosa</i>, Benth.; <i>Mimosa peregrina</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Kopag&#771;</i>, Tag.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The fruit is edible. Its pulp is golden yellow with a sweetish taste and an odor like that of violets.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb108" href="#pb108">108</a>]</span></p>
+<p>The roasted seeds are used in certain parts of Africa to make an infusion like coffee, for which reason they have been called
+&#8220;Soudan Coffee.&#8221;
+
+</p>
+<p>The pulp was analyzed by Heckel and Schlagdenhauffen in 1887; it contains 60% of its weight of sugar (a mixture of dextrose
+and levulose), 0.98% of free tartaric and citric acids, fats, albuminoids, etc.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A large tree of the first order. Leaves opposite, twice abruptly pinnate. Leaflets small, linear, more than 40 pairs. Principal
+petiole with one glandule at the base and often another higher up. Calyx long, tubular, with 5 unequal lobules. Corolla, 5
+equal petals. Stamens 10, monadelphous. Ovary free, unilocular, multi-ovulate. Pod, 1&deg; &times; 1&#8242;, woody, much compressed, brown,
+with many seeds embedded in a yellow pulp.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Abounds in the provinces of central Luzon. Blooms in December.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Acacia Farnesiana</b>, Willd. (<i>A. Indica</i>, Desv.; <i>Mimosa Farnesiana</i>, L. and Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;Aroma, Sp.; Cassie Flower, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The trunk bark is astringent and in decoction is of use in the treatment of prolapsed rectum and as an injection for leucorrh&#339;a.
+A poultice of the tender leaves is applied to ulcers and sores previously washed with the decoction.
+
+</p>
+<p>The tree exudes an abundant gum very similar to gum arabic which latter is the product of another species of acacia (<i>A. Arabica</i>, Willd.). The Manila pharmacist, D. Anacleto del Rosario, sent to the Paris Exposition of 1899 a specimen of this gum obtained
+on the plantation of D. P. P. Roxas, in Batangas. This specimen differed in no respect from gum arabic and it will surely
+sooner or later take the place of the latter in the Philippines, both for pharmaceutical and industrial purposes. It would
+be superfluous to describe here the properties of gum arabic.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb109" href="#pb109">109</a>]</span></p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A small tree 9&#8211;12&deg; high, very well known, trunk bristling with long thorns. Leaves twice abruptly pinnate. One or more pairs
+of leaflets, very small, linear. Common petiole with two thorns united at its base and a small glandule on the upper part.
+Flowers yellow, aromatic, axillary, joined in a globose head &frac12;&#8211;&frac34;&#8242; in diameter, consisting of more than 50 minute flowerets.
+In each axil are 2 peduncles. In some heads all the flowerets are staminate, in others hermaphrodite. The hermaphrodite flowers
+have a calyx with 5 small teeth. Corolla, 5 petals. Stamens 40 or more. Pistil same length as the stamens. Staminate flowers:
+calyx, corolla, stamens and anthers as in the hermaphrodite flowers. Pistil none. Pod round, curved, with 8 or more elliptical,
+compressed seeds.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Grows everywhere, but forms dense thickets in the provinces of La Laguna and Batangas. Blooms in January.
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e6265">
+<h3 class="normal">Crassulace&aelig;.</h3>
+<p>Orpine Family.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Kalanchoe laciniata</b>, DC. (<i>Cotyledon laciniata</i>, Roxb.; <i>Bryophyllum serratum</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Siempreviva</i> (<i>Live-for-ever</i>), Sp.-Fil.; <i>Katakatak&#257;</i>, Tag.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The fleshy leaves are beaten up and applied to chronic ulcers and sores on which they exert a stimulant action. Applied to
+the temples they relieve headache. Ainslie testifies to the good effect of its local use in inflammations and as a wash for
+ulcers. The juice of the leaves is used in Concan in the treatment of bilious diarrh&#339;a and gall stones.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A well-known plant, about 2&deg; high, with leaves sessile, opposite, oval, serrately toothed, fleshy. Flowers yellow, in umbels,
+the stalks reaching a height of 3&deg;. Calyx very short, with 4 lanceolate, acuminate sepals, united <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb110" href="#pb110">110</a>]</span>at the base. Corolla salver-shaped, persistent, with border having 4 small lobules. Stamens 8, fertile. Ovaries 4, free, each
+with 1 many-ovuled cell. Styles same length as the stamens. Stigmas awl-shaped. Four seed vessels, each with 1 compartment
+containing many oblong seeds.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Common in all parts of the islands.
+
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e6309">
+<h3 class="normal">Combretace&aelig;.</h3>
+<p class="tb"></p>
+<p><b>Terminalia Catappa</b>, L. (<i>T. molucana</i>, Lam.; <i>T. mauriciana</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Talisay</i>, Tag.; <i>Almendro</i>, Sp.-Fil.; <i>Talisay</i>, <i>Banilak</i>, <i>Nato</i>, <i>Hitam</i>, Vis.; <i>Kalisay</i>, Pam.; <i>Lugo</i>, <i>Pandan</i>, Iloc.; <i>Indian Almond</i>, Indo-Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The kernel is edible and has a very agreeable taste. It yields about 50% of a fixed oil, sweet and savory. If left for some
+time, it deposits an abundance of stearin. It closely resembles oil of sweet almonds for which it, as well as the oil of Pili
+(<i>Canarium commune</i>, L.), which we have already described, makes a good substitute.
+
+</p>
+<p>The trunk bark is astringent and in decoction is used for atonic diarrh&#339;a and as a lotion for ulcers.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Decoction.</span>&#8212;
+
+</p>
+<div class="table" style="width:60%">
+<table width="100%">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Bark (ground and pounded) </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 12 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Water </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">150 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Simple syrup </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 40 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p>To be given by the tablespoonful in 24 hours.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A tree, 6&#8211;8 m. high. Branches horizontal and radiating from the trunk. Leaves purplish, bunched, cleft at the base, sometimes
+transversely ovate, sometimes oval, notched, glabrous. Petiole very short. Flowers axillary, racemose, with a scale at the
+base of the peduncle, some hermaphrodite and others lacking pistils. Staminate flowers: calyx downy within, with 5 lobes.
+Corolla wanting. Stamens <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb111" href="#pb111">111</a>]</span>10, inserted on the calyx. Hermaphrodite flowers: pistil same length as stamens. Drupe, fleshy, inferior, oval with the borders
+turned upward containing a very hard and fibrous nut; seed long and sharp-pointed.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Common in Luzon. In Manila it is cultivated extensively as an ornamental tree, especially along the Sabana Walk, General
+Solano Ave. and in Sampaloc and Malaca&ntilde;an.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Terminalia Chebula</b>, Retz. (<i>T. reticulata</i>, Toth.; <i>Bucida cuminata</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Dig&#771;las</i>, <i>Diglas</i>, Tag.; <i>Black Myrobalan Tree</i>, Indo-Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The ripe fruit, called <i>myrobalans</i> in India, is purgative and six of them pounded up and given in decoction operate with certainty, producing 4 or 5 copious
+evacuations without nausea or other disagreeable symptoms. Dr. Waring has experimented with them and recommends them highly.
+The taste may be made more agreeable by adding a little cinnamon to the decoction. Dymock states that three fruits are sufficient,
+and Dr. Hove gives one as the effective dose. This lack of agreement may be explained by the fact that the fruits are of different
+sizes, and probably Waring refers to those of medium size. Contrary to what one would imagine, judging from its purgative
+action, the fruit contains astringent principles, and makes an effective injection for leucorrh&#339;a as a substitute for nut
+galls. It is also of some merit in the treatment of piles.
+
+</p>
+<p>The green fruit is highly esteemed by Radja Kalikesen as a carminative, tonic and purgative. Dr. Twining also mentions these
+same properties, recommends it as a tonic and aperient of great benefit in atony of the digestive organs and expresses surprise
+that the Europeans make no use of it. According to the same author a dose in the treatment of diarrh&#339;a and dysentery is 4
+grams twice a day. He quotes a case of hypertrophy of the spleen which he cured with this fruit.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb112" href="#pb112">112</a>]</span></p>
+<p>Some of the leaves bear horn-shaped galls, flattened, narrow and hollow. They are caused by an insect which stings the leaves
+and deposits its eggs in them. These leaves with galls are astringent and very useful and effective in dysentery and diarrh&#339;a,
+especially that of children. The dose for a child of more than one year is 0.40 to 0.50 gram a day, administered in fractional
+doses every two or three hours.
+
+</p>
+<p>Fridolin has obtained from its fruit an acid, which he calls <i>chebulinic</i> (C<sub>28</sub>H<sub>25</sub>O<sub>10</sub>) and presumes to be a mixture of tannic and gallic acids. As Stenhouse had formerly indicated, no principle has been discovered
+to which the purgative properties can be attributed, unless it be a green oleo-resin turned red by nitric acid, obtained from
+the fruit by Apery.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A tree of the second order, with leaves 3&#8242; long, alternate, lanceolate, entire and glabrous. Petioles short. Flowers terminal,
+in spiked panicles. Calyx superior, bell-shaped, colored, downy within, 5-toothed. Corolla wanting. Stamens 10, longer than
+the calyx. Anthers roundish. Ovary cylindrical. Style curved and longer than the stamens. Stigma simple. Fruit ovoid, 2&#8211;4
+centimeters long, 5&#8211;10 acute angles, wrinkled, with blackish, hard, compact mesocarp; contains 1 seed.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Batangas, San Mateo. Blooms in May.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Quisqualis Indica</b>, L. (<i>Q. villosa</i>, Roxb.; <i>Q. spinosa</i>, Nares.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Tagaraw</i>, <i>Niogniogan</i>, Tag.; <i>Tangolon</i>, Vis.; <i>Babebabe</i>, Pam.; <i>Tartaraw</i>, Iloc.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The fruit contains a kernel that tastes much like cacao, for which reason the Tagalogs call it &#8220;niogniogan&#8221; (like cacao).
+This kernel is a powerful anthelmintic, used also in India, the dose for a child of 4 years being 2&#8211;4, pulverized and mixed
+with a little molasses or sugar. A large dose produces hiccough, a fact well known to the natives. Dr. Bouton <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb113" href="#pb113">113</a>]</span>states that they may cause convulsions and other similar nervous disorders.
+
+</p>
+<p>They yield a light green, fixed oil, probably the active principle of the plant.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A climbing shrub, 6&#8211;9&deg; high, whose stem is thickly set with long, opposite thorns. Leaves in stars of 3, oblong, acute, entire,
+glabrous. Petioles very short. Flowers white, veined with red, in axillary spikes. Calyx very long, nearly cylindrical, 5-toothed.
+Corolla, 5 petals, inserted between the teeth of the calyx. Stamens 10, inserted on the calyx-tube, shorter than the corolla,
+arranged in 2 series, 5 higher than the rest. Style the same length as the stamens, united throughout nearly its entire length
+with the wall of the calyx-tube from which it separates near the stigma. Stigma rather bulky. Fruit 1&#8242; long, ovoid, 5 sharp
+ridges in the woody, fragile, mahogany-colored pericarp, which contains a pointed kernel at one end.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;San Mateo, and along the shores of Luzon. Blooms in May.
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e6511">
+<h3 class="normal">Myrtace&aelig;.</h3>
+<p>Myrtle Family.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Psidium pomiferum</b>, L. (<i>P. aromaticum</i> and <i>P. pyriferum</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Guayabas</i>, Sp.; <i>Bayabas</i>, <i>Guayabas</i>, <i>Tayabas</i>, Tag., and other dialects; <i>Guava</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The green fruit is acid and very astringent. The stage of development when it is best eaten raw, is just before it ripens,
+for then its acidity has lessened, it is not astringent and does not emit the strong odor, so disagreeable to many, that characterizes
+the ripe fruit. When fully ripe it is sweet, non-astringent and very bland, and this is the stage when it is best for making
+the jellies and preserves so popular in the Philippines.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb114" href="#pb114">114</a>]</span></p>
+<p>The bark, especially that of the root, is highly astringent and a decoction of it is used for diarrh&#339;a and as a wash for ulcers.
+Dr. Waitz has successfully used the following formula in treating the chronic diarrh&#339;a of children:
+
+</p>
+<div class="table" style="width:60%">
+<table width="100%">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Root bark of guava </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 15 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Water </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">180 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p>Boil till reduced one half. Dose, a tablespoonful every 2 or 3 hours according to age.
+
+</p>
+<p>A decoction of the shoots is very useful in stomatitis, cutaneous eruptions and ulcers. Dr. Waitz advises his formula in prolapsus
+recti of children. It is also of value as an injection in diarrh&#339;a and dysentery.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A tree, about 10&deg; high, branches square and somewhat winged towards the ends. Leaves opposite, oblong, obtuse, downy, aromatic
+in odor. Petiole very short. Flowers axillary, solitary, white and fragrant. Calyx adherent, the border breaking in 3, 4 or
+more unequal parts when the flower expands. Corolla, 5&#8211;6 petals, inserted on the calyx, curved downward. Stamens numerous,
+inserted in the calyx, as long as the corolla. Style same length as stamens, awl-shaped. Fruit somewhat pear-shaped, with
+4 or 5 ribs that disappear at maturity, 4 or more cells each with many small, hard, irregular seeds. In the Philippines the
+fruit grows to the size of a small pear.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Eugenia Jambolana</b>, Lam. (<i>Calyptranthes Jambolana</i>, Willd. and Blanco; <i>Syzygium Jambolanum</i>, DC. and Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Lomboy</i>, <i>Duhat</i>, <i>Duat</i>, Tag., Pam., Vis.; <i>Jambul</i> or <i>Black Plum</i>, Indo-Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The ripe fruit, so dark a purple in color that it seems black, is edible and very popular in the Philippines, though not
+considered choice. Some suppose it to be harmful, but it is in reality very easy of digestion.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb115" href="#pb115">115</a>]</span></p>
+<p>The syrup of the fruit juice, and the decoction of the trunk bark are both very efficacious in the treatment of diarrh&#339;a and
+dysentery.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Syrup of Jambul.</span>&#8212;
+
+
+</p>
+<div class="table" style="width:60%">
+<table width="100%">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Juice of ripe fruit </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">500 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">White sugar </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">950 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div><p>
+
+
+</p>
+<p>Dissolve in a covered water-bath, strain through woolen cloth and put aside.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Dose.</span>&#8212;60&#8211;200 grams a day.
+
+</p>
+<p>The juice of the leaves is also used to treat diarrh&#339;a. A Hindoo physician, Bhavaprakasa, advises the following receipt:
+
+
+</p>
+<div class="table" style="width:60%">
+<table width="100%">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Juice of leaves of lomboy }</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Juice of leaves of manga } </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">&#257;&#257; 4 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Pulp of <i>Terminalia chebula</i> }
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div><p>
+
+
+</p>
+<p>Give in one dose in a little goat&#8217;s milk and honey.
+
+</p>
+<p>A sort of wine of very agreeable taste is made from the fruit juice. Lately the powdered seed has been recommended in the
+treatment of glycosuria or at least it has been stated that its internal use lessens and finally abolishes the glucose from
+the urine of the patient. It has even been affirmed that while under this treatment the patient may eat glucose-forming foods
+without fear of glycosuria supervening.
+
+</p>
+<p>The chemical composition of the seeds are as follows:
+
+
+</p>
+<div class="table" style="width:60%">
+<table width="100%">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Essential oil </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">Traces.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Chlorophyl and fatty matters </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 0.37</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Resin soluble in alcohol and ether </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 0.30</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Gallic acid </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 1.65</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Albumin </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 1.25</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Pigment soluble in water </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 2.70</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Water </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 10.00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Insoluble residuum </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 83.73
+
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top" class="&#xA; alignright&#xA; "> </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright" style="padding-top: 2px; border-top: solid black 1px;"> 100.00</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div><p>
+
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb116" href="#pb116">116</a>]</span></p>
+<p>Dujardin-Beaumetz has tested the therapeutic value of these seeds in diabetes but with negative results. Scott has maintained
+that by adding the powdered seed to a mixture of malt and starch, fermentation is impeded; but Dr. Villy in the laboratory
+of Dujardin-Beaumetz has demonstrated that such is not the case. Contrary to the opinions of those physicians who stated that
+&#8220;jambul&#8221; was capable of causing the glucose to disappear from the urine of diabetic patients without concurrent diabetic regimen,
+Dujardin-Beaumetz observed in his trials of the drug that the slightest relaxation of the regimen was followed by an increase
+of glucose. Under the influence of the medicine in doses of 2&#8211;10 grams daily, at the same time maintaining a strict diabetic
+diet, the Parisian therapeutist noted that the glucose disappears from the third to the fifth day; but this occurred only
+in cases of medium intensity, whereas in severe cases the medication produced no effect. Upon stopping the treatment the sugar
+reappeared.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A tree, 15&#8211;20&deg; high, with leaves opposite, acute, entire, ovate, lustrous, very smooth. Flowers in racemose panicles with
+peduncles opposite. Calyx superior, with 5 small teeth and a deciduous cover composed of many orbicular pieces joined below.
+Corolla none. Stamens numerous, inserted on the edge of the calyx. Stigma pointed. Fruit black, oval, crowned with the calyx;
+one long cylindrical seed with membranaceous epidermis.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Common all over the Archipelago. Blooms in February.
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e6730">
+<h3 class="normal">Melastomace&aelig;.</h3>
+<p class="tb"></p>
+<p><b>Melastoma malabatrichum</b>, L. (<i>M. obvolutum</i>, Jack.; <i>M. aspera</i> and <i>obvoluta</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Granatis</i>, Tag.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;A decoction of the leaves is of use as an astringent in diarrh&#339;a and dysentery. A decoction of the bark is used as <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb117" href="#pb117">117</a>]</span>a gargle for aphth&aelig; and catarrhal sore throat, and as a wash for ulcers and the itch.
+
+</p>
+<p>The fruit is edible, resembling slightly the currant; it has doubtless received the name &#8220;granatis&#8221; on account of its many
+seeds.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description</span>.&#8212;Small tree, with opposite branches, their ends covered with hairs. Leaves opposite, 3-nerved, 1&#8242; long, very rough with short
+hairs. Flowers carmine, in terminal panicles. Stamens 10. Filaments alternating violet and straw-color.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat</span>.&#8212;Mountains of Angat and San Mateo.
+
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e6770">
+<h3 class="normal">Lythrace&aelig;.</h3>
+<p>Loosestrife Family.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Ammannia vesicatoria,</b> Roxb. (<i>A. baccifera</i>, L.; <i>A. Indica</i>, Lam.; <i>A. debilis</i> and <i>Celosia mana</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg</span>.&#8212;<i>Bias pogo</i>, Tag.; <i>Blistering Ammannia</i>, Indo-Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses</span>.&#8212;The leaves contain an irritant and acrid principle that renders them vesicant when applied to the skin. The Pharmacop&#339;ia
+of India quotes Sir W. O&#8217;Shaughnessy to the effect that plasters made of the bruised leaves even when renewed every half hour
+require 24 hours to raise a blister and at the same time cause severe pain. He found it much more painful than cantharides
+and much less prompt to act. Dr. Dymock has prepared an ethereal tincture of the leaves and obtained with it results very
+different from those just mentioned; this is not surprising in view of the fact that the tincture holds in solution in a small
+quantity of ether, a considerable amount of the vesicant principle. This tincture has the same color as the &#8220;epispastic&#8221; of
+the English Pharmacop&#339;ia, causes less pain and rapidly raises a good blister, facts of which I have convinced myself by the
+use of a small quantity sent me from Bombay in 1891.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb118" href="#pb118">118</a>]</span></p>
+<p>Dr. Bholanauth Bose recommends the internal use of the juice of the leaves as a remedy for chronic diseases of the spleen;
+this treatment, however, has caused severe pain and is absolutely uncertain in effect.
+
+</p>
+<p>In Concan the juice of the leaves is given mixed with food to animals in heat, for its anaphrodisiac action. The fresh or
+dried plant is given in decoction mixed with ginger in intermittent fevers.
+
+</p>
+<p>If the ethereal tincture be evaporated a resinous residue remains that has not been studied, but appears to be the vesicant
+principle. This tincture should be made from the dried leaves to avoid hydration of the ether.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description</span>.&#8212;A small plant with stem red, straight, quadrate, ramose. Leaves opposite, lanceolate, and fringed with hairs. Flowers axillary,
+small, red, solitary. Peduncles short. Calyx inferior, bell-shaped, with 8-toothed border, the 4 alternate teeth larger. Corolla
+none. Nectary bell-shaped, surrounding the ovary, shorter than the calyx, with 4 toothlets which lengthening form the filaments
+of as many stamens. Anthers 4-celled. Ovary of 4 pluriovulate locules. Style almost wanting. Stigma fluted. Seed vessel glabrous,
+horizontally dehiscent, containing 15 or more angular seeds joined to a common axis.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat</span>.&#8212;It grows in the marshes of Mandaloyon.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Lawsonia alba</b>, Lam. (<i>L. spinosa</i>, L.; <i>L. inermis</i>, Roxb.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg</span>.&#8212;<i lang="es">Cinamomo del pa&iacute;s</i> (<i>native cinnamon</i>), Sp.-Fil.; <i>Henna</i>, <i>Camphire</i>, <i>Samphire</i>, Indo-Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses</span>.&#8212;This is a very popular plant in the Orient, for many races use its leaves to impart a reddish-yellow stain to the nails,
+finger tips and palms of the hands. There is a tradition among the Mohammedans that the Prophet once called this plant &#8220;the
+best of all herbs.&#8221; The leaf in form of a dry powder is sold in the bazars of India under the name of &#8220;henna&#8221;; mixed <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb119" href="#pb119">119</a>]</span>with water it gives it a yellow color, and when boiled the tone of the liquid becomes darker; the addition of an alkali turns
+it brown. In Persia they add indigo to this solution and use it as a hair dye.
+
+</p>
+<p>The Hindoos apply the bruised leaves to the soles of the feet of small-pox patients, their purpose being to prevent the spread
+of the eruption to the eyes. They also use it locally in a disease known among them as &#8220;burning of the feet.&#8221; Grierson and
+Waring obtained good results in this disease by making a paste of the bruised leaves and vinegar; cases that resisted such
+treatment yielded completely to a brisk rubbing of the feet with a simple paste of the leaf. The decoction and the bruised
+leaves are also used locally for contusions.
+
+</p>
+<p>The bark has been given in jaundice, hypertrophy of the spleen, calculi of various sorts, leprosy and stubborn skin diseases,
+as an alterative. In decoction it is applied to burns.
+
+</p>
+<p>An English physician, Dr. Newton, made an extract of the leaves and flowers with which he pretended to cure leprosy; it was
+but one more useless drug in the long list used to combat that terrible disease. The dose of the extract is a teaspoonful
+daily, given in 2 doses.
+
+</p>
+<p>The juice of the leaves is given in sweetened water in some countries as a remedy for spermatorrh&#339;a.
+
+</p>
+<p>The flowers are given in decoction for headache and the fruit is emmenagogue.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description</span>.&#8212;A small tree, about 12&deg; high. Leaves opposite, lanceolate, broad, entire, glabrous and tough, the edges turned downwards.
+Flowers yellowish-white, terminal in racemose panicles with opposite peduncles. Calyx inferior, bell-shaped, 4 acute sepals.
+Corolla, 4 petals, longer than the calyx. Stamens 8, inserted by pairs on the segments of the calyx, alternating with and
+longer than the petals. Anther kidney-shaped. Ovary at the bottom of the calyx. Styles of the same length as the stamens.
+Stigma obtuse. Seed vessel <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb120" href="#pb120">120</a>]</span>a little larger than a pea, globose, 4 chambers, many seeds.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat</span>.&#8212;Common all over the Archipelago. Blooms in July.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Punica Granatum</b>, L.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg</span>.&#8212;<i>Granada</i>, Sp. and Fil. dialects; <i>Pomegranate</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses</span>.&#8212;The decoction of the tender leaves is used as a gargle and wash in angina, aphth&aelig;, and wounds within the buccal cavity.
+
+</p>
+<p>The peel of the fruit is highly astringent and in decoction is a useful agent in treating chronic diarrh&#339;a, and locally in
+injections of lotions for leucorrh&#339;a and inflamed h&aelig;morrhoids. It should not be given when rectal tenesmus exists. The Pharmacop&#339;ia
+of India contains the following formula for preparing the decoction of the peel:
+
+</p>
+<div class="table" style="width:60%">
+<table width="100%">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Pulp of the fruit, mashed </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 60 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Water </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">600 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p>Boil for 15 minutes in a covered vessel, cool, filter and add water enough to make a liter. Dose, 30&#8211;50 grams per diem.
+
+</p>
+<p>This preparation is also used in astringent gargles and injections. For internal use the decoction is rendered more active
+by adding a small quantity of cloves or cinnamon. This mixture with the addition of opium gives excellent results in the treatment
+of diarrh&#339;a among the natives of India and is highly recommended by Dr. Kirkpatrick.
+
+</p>
+<p>The most important part of the pomegranate, however, is its root, the bark of which is a very efficient t&aelig;nifuge and the most
+astringent portion of the plant. It should be used fresh, as drying destroys its activity and gives negative results. Many
+failures to expel the t&aelig;nia are probably due to this fact. According to B&eacute;ranger-F&eacute;raud the root gives 25% to 40% of cures,
+whereas pumpkin seeds give but 5% to 10%.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb121" href="#pb121">121</a>]</span></p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Decoction</span>.&#8212;(French Codex.)
+
+</p>
+<div class="table" style="width:60%">
+<table width="100%">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Fresh bark of pomegranate root </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 60 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Water </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">750 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p>Macerate 6 hours, boil over slow fire till reduced to 500 grams. Strain. Administer fasting, in 3 doses half an hour apart.
+The evening before the patient should eat a light meal and take a cathartic in order that the intestinal canal may contain
+the smallest possible quantity of f&aelig;cal matter. After taking the third dose of the decoction the patient should take a mild
+purgative such as 30 grams of castor oil to expel the t&aelig;nia. This preparation has a most disagreeable taste. It is better
+to give the &#8220;tannate of pelletierine,&#8221; a compound of tannin and one of the alkaloids that Tanret discovered in pomegranate
+root. A sufficient dose of tannate of pelletierine is 30&#8211;40 centigrams in wafer form, followed by a purge and with the other
+precautions and preparatory measures mentioned above. It causes toxic symptoms similar to those produced by curare, according
+to the experimental studies of Dujardin-Beaumetz and Rocheni&egrave;re. Its action is upon the ends of the motor nerves. A dose of
+40 centigrams may cause in man such symptoms of intoxication as vertigo, inverted vision and muscular paralysis. Pelletierine
+should not be administered to children, but B&eacute;ranger-F&eacute;raud states that the tannate may be safely given them, as follows:
+
+</p>
+<div class="table" style="width:60%">
+<table width="100%">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Tannate of pelletierine </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 0.30 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Sweetened water </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">40.00 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p>A coffee-spoonful of this solution contains 0.03 gram of the tannate, and this quantity may be given to a child, in a little
+milk. If no symptoms supervene within one-half hour give another similar dose and so on up to 3 or 4 doses or .12 gm. in all.
+After the last dose give the purgative as a routine. It is certainly imprudent to trust the administration of such a drug
+to any one incapable of recognizing the symptoms of intoxication, and as no one but a physician can judge the effects of the
+alkaloid he himself should remain with the patient until the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb122" href="#pb122">122</a>]</span>efficient dose has been absorbed. This is manifestly impractical and we therefore maintain that the alkaloid is not suited
+for the treatment of children.
+
+</p>
+<p>An analysis of the root bark made by the French chemist Tanret revealed the presence of four alkaloids: pelletierine, isopelletierine
+(C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>15</sub>NO), pseudo-pelletierine (C<sub>9</sub>H<sub><span class="corr" id="xd0e6978" title="Source: 16">15</span></sub>NO), and methylpeletierine (C<sub>9</sub>H<sub>17</sub>NO).
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description</span>.&#8212;A shrub 6&#8211;9&deg; high with branches terminating in thorns; some of the branches abort and form thorns. Leaves simple, oval,
+oblong, without stipules, with short petioles. Flowers axillary, solitary or in pauciflorous cymes. Calyx, 4&#8211;8 sepals, persistent,
+fleshy, yellow or red. Corolla, 4&#8211;8 petals, imbricated. Stamens numerous, free. Style 1. Stigma thick. Fruit with leathery
+rind, about size of small apple, packed with seeds, each imbedded in a small amount of crisp, juicy pulp.
+
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e6991">
+<h3 class="normal">Onagrace&aelig;.</h3>
+<p>Evening Primrose Family.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Jussi&aelig;a suffruticosa</b>, L. (<i>J. villosa</i>, Lam.; <i>J. erecta</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg</span>.&#8212;<i>Malapoko</i>, Tag.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses</span>.&#8212;The entire plant reduced to a pulp and mixed with milk is used in India to treat dysentery. Ainslie states that the decoction
+is employed as a vermifuge and purgative.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description</span>.&#8212;An herb with square stem, leaves alternate, lanceolate, nearly entire, glabrous. Flowers axillary, yellow, solitary. Calyx
+of 4&#8211;5 lobules. Corolla, 4 lanceolate petals inserted between the divisions of the calyx. Stamens 8, of these 4 alternate
+being shorter. Ovary very long, inferior, with 4 many-ovuled locules. Style the same length as the stamens. Stigma 4-lobuled.
+Seed vessels very long, with faint longitudinal ridges, crowned by the remains of the calyx, 4 pluriovulate locules.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb123" href="#pb123">123</a>]</span></p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat</span>.&#8212;In the arable fields and along the banks of rivers. Blooms in January and March.
+
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e7028">
+<h3 class="normal">Passiflorace&aelig;.</h3>
+<p>Passion Flower Family.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Carica Papaya</b>, L.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg</span>.&#8212;<i>Papaya</i>, in many Phil. dialects; <i>Papaya</i>, <i>Papaw</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses</span>.&#8212;The decoction of the leaves is used locally in sores and atonic ulcers, followed by a poultice of the boiled and mashed
+leaves. The natives use the cold infusion of the leaves to wash clothes spotted with blood and the spots disappear rapidly
+by virtue of the ferment papain which digests the fibrin. The infusion is also very useful as a wash for sores and gangrenous
+ulcers, modifying their appearance very rapidly.
+
+</p>
+<p>Before proceeding further it is desirable to give a description of papain, a digestive ferment which exists throughout the
+whole plant, fruit, trunk, leaves and petioles; it is contained in the milky juice which exudes from all these parts when
+cut. This juice was studied simultaneously by Wurtz in France and Peckolt in Brazil. The best method of collecting it is to
+make several superficial, longitudinal incisions in the green fruit without removing it from the tree; immediately an abundance
+of juice appears in the incisions and coagulates rapidly. The best time to do this is the early morning. The fruit does not
+suffer by this process but continues developing and ripens perhaps more rapidly, at the same time improving in flavor, becoming
+sweeter; the seeds, however, atrophy and lose their power of germination. Peckolt gives the following as the composition of
+the juice:
+
+</p>
+<div class="table" style="width:60%">
+<table width="100%">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">A substance analogous to caoutchouc </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">4.525</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Awa </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">2.424<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb124" href="#pb124">124</a>]</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Soft resin </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 0.110</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Brown resin </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 2.776</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Albuminoids </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 0.006</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Papayotin (Papain of Wurtz) </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 1.059</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Extractive matter </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 5.303</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Malic acid </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 0.443</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Peptic material and salts </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 7.100</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Water </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">74.971</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p>The milky juice is neutral and coagulates rapidly, separating in two parts: a kind of insoluble pulp and a limpid colorless
+serum. If combined with fibrin, raw meat, white of egg or gluten it gradually softens them and completely dissolves them in
+3 or 4 hours <i>in vitro</i> at 40&deg; C. Combined with milk it coagulates it and soon precipitates the casein which is also dissolved a little later. It
+digests lumbricoids and tape-worms and the false membrane of croup, in a few hours. According to Wurtz and Bouchut papain
+is prepared as follows:
+
+</p>
+<p>The fluid juice or the aqueous solution of the milky exudate is precipitated by the addition of ten times the volume of alcohol.
+The precipitate, after treating again with concentrated alcohol, is dissolved in water and the addition of sub-acetate of
+lead eliminates the albuminoids and peptones but does not precipitate the papain. The liquid is filtered and the lead salts
+separated by means of a current of hydrogen sulphide. It is filtered again and alcohol added gradually, which process first
+precipitates whatever sulphate of lead may have passed through the filter, and then the papain.
+
+</p>
+<p>Papain is an amorphous substance, perfectly white, soluble in water, insipid, odorless. An aqueous solution, if shaken violently,
+foams like a solution of soap. Boiling makes it turbid and when concentrated it has a slightly astringent taste. It is precipitated
+by hydrochloric, nitric, picric and the metaphosphoric acids. Trommer&#8217;s test gives it a beautiful blue violet color which,
+on boiling, changes to a red violet.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb125" href="#pb125">125</a>]</span></p>
+<p>It is an extremely active digestive ferment, comparable with pepsin, but superior to the latter because it does not require
+an acid medium, as its digestive action takes place even in the presence of an alkaline medium and of antiseptic substances
+such as boric acid, phenol, etc. It is given in doses of 10&#8211;40 centigrams in different vehicles such as water, wine, etc.
+It should be given after meals carefully and properly diluted, in order that its action may not be exerted upon the gastric
+mucous membrane itself. Its use is contraindicated in gastric ulcer.
+
+</p>
+<p>A watery solution prepared by macerating the green fruit has been used effectively to remove blemishes from the face, leaving
+the skin clean and smooth. The natives use little pieces of the green fruit to remove freckles (which they call <i>pecas</i>). The ripe fruit is edible and its taste quite agreeable; in some of the Malay Islands it is given for dysentery, but it
+must be remembered that the ripe fruit does not contain papain.
+
+</p>
+<p>The pure exudate is given to children as an anthelmintic in doses of 2&#8211;6 grams with a little molasses, but it is not so harmless
+that it may be used with impunity in this form, Moncorvo and others having reported cases of peritonitis with symptoms suggestive
+of cholera following its use. It is drastic and digestive in addition to its anthelmintic action, but according to Rabuteau,
+boiling destroys the first property without affecting the others. Dr. Lemarchand of the island of Mauritius gives the following
+anthelmintic prescription:
+
+</p>
+<div class="table" style="width:60%">
+<table width="100%">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Juice of papaya and molasses </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">&#257;&#257; 1 tablespoon.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p>Add gradually while shaking the mixture.
+
+</p>
+<div class="table" style="width:60%">
+<table width="100%">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Boiling water </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">4 tablespoons.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p>Cool and administer in one dose followed immediately by 30 grams of castor oil. For a child, one-half dose.
+
+</p>
+<p>This treatment frequently causes colic, for the relief of which the author advises an injection of sweetened water. Sir O&#8217;Shaughnessy&#8217;s
+prescription is preferable:
+
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb126" href="#pb126">126</a>]</span>
+</p>
+<div class="table" style="width:60%">
+<table width="100%">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">20&#8211;60 drops of the exudate in a little sweetened water.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div><p>
+
+
+</p>
+<p>This dose cannot cause any untoward symptoms and is efficient in expelling both lumbricoids and t&aelig;ni&aelig;.
+
+</p>
+<p>The triturated seeds may be given internally in doses of 1&#8211;2 grams with milk or molasses to expel lumbricoids. Analysis has
+revealed in the seeds the presence of a resinous oil, an oleaginous material of disagreeable odor and taste called by Peckolt
+<i>caricin</i>, a fatty acid, papayic acid and a resin. In India the seeds are considered emmenagogue. In some countries they wrap meat
+in papaya leaves for several hours before eating in order to soften it. For the same purpose they sometimes boil the meat
+in water containing a few leaves or pieces of the green fruit; some even go to the length of saying that it is only necessary
+to hang a piece of meat in a papaya tree for a time in order to soften it.
+
+</p>
+<p>The decoction of the green fruit is given internally for indigestion, a treatment common in the provinces of Bulacan and Pampanga.
+The milky juice is used to remove corns and Dr. Daruty offers the following prescription for eczema and psoriasis:
+
+</p>
+<div class="table" style="width:60%">
+<table width="100%">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Exudate of papaya </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 1.00 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Borax (powdered) </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 0.60 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Water </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">16.00 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p>Mix.
+
+</p>
+<p>Paint the affected part with feather or brush, 2&#8211;3 times a day. The same solution may be used for softening corns.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;Trees 15&deg; in height, trunk covered with large leaf scars, wood soft and brittle, the long-petioled, palmately-lobed leaves
+growing in a crown and giving the tree the general appearance of a palm. Flowers di&#339;cious. Staminate tree: Flowers loosely
+clustered on long, hanging stems. Calyx, 5&#8211;6 teeth. Corolla tubular, 1&#8242; long, limb divided into 5 oval parts. Stamens 10,
+inserted in the throat. Style short, awl-shaped. Pistillate tree: Flowers much larger, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb127" href="#pb127">127</a>]</span>sessile, in axils of leaves. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla large, 5 lanceolate petals curved outward, fleshy. Stigmas 5, fringed.
+Fruit about size of child&#8217;s head or smaller, somewhat pear-shaped, juicy, pulp melon-like, 1 compartment with numerous seeds,
+each in a mucilaginous aril.
+
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e7207">
+<h3 class="normal">Cucurbitace&aelig;.</h3>
+<p>Gourd Family.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Trichosanthes palmata</b>, Roxb. (<i>T. tricuspis</i>, Mig.; <i>T. lucioniana</i>, Bares.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;(?).
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;Roxburgh states that the fruit is toxic and sometimes used to kill crows. Dymock states that the leaf is smoked in Bombay
+as a remedy for asthma.
+
+</p>
+<p>The extremely bitter taste of the fruit and rind induced Sir W. O&#8217;Shaughnessy to examine it for tonic and purgative properties;
+doses as high as 0.20 gram 3 times a day failed to exert a purgative effect. The root is used in veterinary medicine particularly
+for pneumonia. Mixed with equal parts of colocynth it is applied to carbuncles. In combination with equal parts of <i>Terminalia chebula</i> and ginger it is made into a sweetened infusion for internal use in gonorrh&#339;a.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A climber with broad, heart-shaped, serrate, 7-lobulate leaves. Flowers mon&#339;cious; staminate white and racemose; pistillate
+solitary, growing at the base of the staminate racemes. Staminate receptacle tubular, calyx inserted on the border of the
+receptacle, 5 sepals. Corolla, 5 petals. Stamens 5, of which 4 are in pairs. Pistillate: the receptacle dilates in its lower
+part in form of a globose vase and encloses the unilocular pluriovulate ovary. Fruit ovoid or pyriform, scarlet when fresh,
+orange-yellow when dry. Seeds of irregular form, somewhat triangular. Kernel oily.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Luzon.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb128" href="#pb128">128</a>]</span></p>
+<p><b>T. anguina</b>, L. (<i>T. amara</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Salagsalag</i>, <i>Pakupis</i>, <i>Salimpokot</i>, <i>Kukubitan</i>, <i>Halahala</i>, <i>Buyokbuyok</i>, Tag.; <i>Tabobog</i>, <i>Kukubitan</i>, <i>Pukopukot</i>, <i>Kuragda</i>, Vis., Pam.
+
+</p>
+<p><b>T. cucumerina</b>, L.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;Probably the same as <i>T. anguina</i>.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The fruit of <i>T. anguina</i> is purgative, emetic and anthelmintic. The natives use an infusion of the filamentous, reticulate portion surrounding the
+seeds, in doses of 0.50&#8211;0.60 gm., according to P. Blanco.
+
+</p>
+<p>The second species, <i>T. cucumerina</i>, has a wider use. In India it is regarded as a febrifuge and laxative and is commonly given with some aromatic. Ainslie notes
+that the leaves, as well as the fruit, are bitter and purgative and that the Tamuls use them for their laxative and stomachic
+effect. Drury states that on the Malabar coast the seeds have a considerable reputation as a remedy for functional disorders
+of the stomach. Although the green fruit is very bitter the natives of that region use it as a condiment. The tender stems
+and the dry capsules, both bitter and purgative, are given in infusion and in a sweetened solution, as an aid to digestion.
+The seeds are febrifuge and anthelmintic. The juice of the leaves is emetic and that of the roots purgative. The decoction
+of the stem is expectorant.
+
+</p>
+<p>In Bombay the plant is considered febrifuge, and is given in decoction with ginger, <i>Swertia chirata</i>, and sugar. The Mohammedan authors say that the <i>T. cucumerina</i> is effective in expelling lumbricoids and one of them mentions the following as a cure for stubborn fevers:
+
+
+</p>
+<div class="table" style="width:60%">
+<table width="100%">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Seeds of <i>T. cucumerina</i>
+</td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">No. 180.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Seeds of coriander or cumin </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">No. 180.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Boiling water </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">200 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div><p>
+
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb129" href="#pb129">129</a>]</span></p>
+<p>Let stand over night, filter, add a little sugar, administer in
+2 doses morning and evening.
+
+</p>
+<p>In Concan they use the juice of the leaves as a liniment in remittent fevers, rubbing the hepatic region and in fact the entire
+body.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description</span>.&#8212;<i>T. anguina</i>, L., is a vine with 5-angled stem, bearing tendrils and spattered with white dots. Leaves heart-shaped, with 5 acute lobules,
+spiny-toothed. Petioles with a bifid swelling at their bases. Flowers white, mon&#339;cious. Staminate: calyx 5-toothed with dotted
+borders; corolla, 5 fringed petals; stamens 3; anthers 3, entirely united and forming a cylinder. Pistillate: 3 glandules
+in the corolla tube; style long; stigmas 3. Fruit ribbed, long, the compartments formed by reticular partitions; contains
+many irregular seeds, one border sharp, the other obtuse, covered by a very thin aril.
+
+</p>
+<p>The <i>T. cucumerina</i>, L., is less common, bears a spindle-shaped or obovate fruit, is hairy and lacks ribs. Its seeds are ovoid, very smooth,
+encircled by a narrow wing. The reticulum within the fruit is similar to that of the foregoing species.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat</span>.&#8212;Common in all parts of the islands. Blooms in October.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Lagenaria vulgaris</b>, Ser.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Common Gourd</i>, <i>Bottle Gourd</i>, <i>Calabash</i>, Eng.
+
+
+</p>
+<p>Var. <b>Lagenaria Gourda</b>, Ser. (<i>Cucurbita lagenaria oblonga</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Calabaza de peregrino</i>, Sp.; <i>Pilgrim&#8217;s Gourd</i>, Eng.
+
+
+</p>
+<p>Var. <b>L. courgourda</b>, Ser.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Tabayag</i>, Tag.
+
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb130" href="#pb130">130</a>]</span></p>
+<p>Var. <b>L. clavata</b>, Ser. (<i>C. lagenaria villosa</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Calabaza blanca</i>, Sp.; <i>Opo</i>, Tag.; <i>White Gourd</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The three above-mentioned varieties of <i>L. vulgaris</i>, Ser., are commonly grouped under the name calabaza (gourd). All have the same action and hence the same therapeutic application.
+The green portion of the rind is bitter and possesses purgative and emetic properties. The decoction of the tender shoots
+is expectorant; in addition it appears to possess purgative properties and in India is used in jaundice.
+
+</p>
+<p>The part of the plant most generally used is the seeds, the t&aelig;nifuge properties of which are well known. Its action, however,
+is not always certain, which may be as truly said of all other known t&aelig;nifuges. The seeds have the advantage of lacking the
+disgusting taste characteristic of other remedies of the same class; the taste is almost neutral and a little sugar conceals
+it completely. The dose is unlimited; some take 15 grams, others as high as 100, and no unpleasant symptoms of any kind have
+been reported. The only precaution to be observed is to give the patient a purgative 1&#8211;2 hours after his dose.
+
+</p>
+<p>Heckel has analyzed the seeds and found a resin which he calls <i>pepo-resina</i>; it exists in the greenish pellicle that envelopes the embryo and appears to be the active principle of the seeds. Its dose
+is 0.80&#8211;1.00 gram (Dujardin-Beaumetz), the product of 250 grams of the seeds. The dose of 100 grams of the seeds mentioned
+above is very small, if the pepo-resin represents the entire active principle, for 100 grams of the seeds would only contain
+about 40 centigrams.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A very familiar vine, clammy, pubescent and musk-scented; large leaves, long-stalked flowers, white petals, greenish veiny
+fruit usually club-shaped or enlarged at the apex, the hard rind used for vessels, dippers, and so forth. It is noteworthy
+that none of the t&aelig;nifuge varieties mentioned bears yellow fruit.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb131" href="#pb131">131</a>]</span></p>
+<p><b>Luffa &AElig;gyptiaca</b>, Mill. (<i>L. pentandra</i>, Roxb.; <i>L. petola</i>, Ser.; <i>Momordica operculata</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;Probably bears the same names as the <i>Trichosanthes</i>.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The root is a hydragogue cathartic even in minute doses. The fruit is emollient by virtue of the large quantity of mucilage
+it contains, but it is more interesting for other properties. When cut in two, deprived of epidermis and seeds, and washed
+until none of the mucilage remains, there is left a fibrous skeleton, a sort of skein of interwoven nets that constitutes
+the so-called vegetable sponge. It serves the same purpose as a sponge and has the advantages that its fibers do not rot and
+that they are easily kept clean. In view of its cheapness and plentifulness in the Philippines the above advantages should
+suffice to bring it into universal use for the toilet, for surgical purposes and for cleaning in general.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A vine with square, glabrous stem. Leaves alternate, cordate, 3&#8211;5-lobulate, dentate, rough, 5&#8211;7-nerved. Petioles short. Flowers
+mon&#339;cious. Staminate in axillary panicles; calyx bell-shaped; corolla yellow, 5 oval petals, borders entire; stamens 3; filaments
+short; two thick ones divide high up in 2 parts, thus giving the appearance of 5 stamens in all. Pistillate axillary, calyx
+adherent, 5 pointed sepals; corolla, 5 nearly triangular petals, finely dentate; style thick, short, the base encircled by
+3 glandules; stigma cordate. Ovary, 3 pseudo-locules formed by the central union of the placentas; pluriovulate. Fruit oblong,
+terminating at the apex in a deciduous lid or cover, marked with 8 or 10 black longitudinal lines; the interior reticulate,
+3 compartments with many seeds, oval, black, flat with thin borders. The natives do not distinguish between this specimen
+and the <i>Trichosanthes</i>, but it is to be noted that the corolla of the former is not ravelled or fringed.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span><span class="corr" id="xd0e7489" title="Not in source">&#8212;</span>Common in Luzon and Panay. Blooms in January.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb132" href="#pb132">132</a>]</span></p>
+<p><b>Momordica balsamina</b>, L.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Ampalaya</i>, <i>Ampalea</i>, Tag.; <i>Amargoso</i>, Sp.-Fil.; <i>Paria</i>, Iloc.; <i>Apalia</i>, Pam.; <i>Balsamina</i>, Sp.; <i>Balsam Apple</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><b>M. charanta</b>, L. (<i>M. muricata</i>, Willd.; <i>M. cylindrica</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;The same as of <i>M. balsamina</i>.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The fruit of both varieties is edible, though a bitter principle gives it such an intensely bitter taste that it is intolerable
+to the unaccustomed palate. It is eaten raw as a salad, or cooked with meat or fish. The juice of the leaves is prescribed
+internally as a purgative and anthelmintic. In Concan it is given alone or combined with aromatics, in bilious disorders as
+an emetic and purgative; externally they use it as an ointment for the itch and other skin diseases; in India it is mixed
+with cinnamon, pepper, rice and oil of <i>Hydnocarpus inebrians</i>, Vahl.
+
+</p>
+<p>The fruit and leaves are used internally for worms and externally for leprosy. Some Hindoo writers state that the fruit is
+tonic and stomachic, and that it is useful in rheumatism, gout, diseases of the liver and spleen.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;The first variety, <i>M. balsamina</i>, more common than the second, is a vine with angular stem and simple tendrils. Leaves, many serrate lobules with white dots
+on the ends. Flowers yellow, mon&#339;cious. Staminate solitary, peduncles very long, involucre cordate; calyx 5-lobed; corolla
+5 petals; filaments simple, one separate, 2 approximated; anthers joined at their bases. Pistillate solitary; ovary, 3 locules
+and numerous ovules; stigma, 3 bifid divisions; fruit globose, narrowing at the ends, covered with tubercles; seeds numerous,
+lacking albumen, having red aril.
+
+</p>
+<p>The second variety, <i>M. cylindrica</i>, has a downy stem, 5-angled with simple tendrils. The leaves are 5-lobuled, cordate, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb133" href="#pb133">133</a>]</span>serrate, with short hairs on under surface. Melon hollow, glabrous, very long, cylindrical, tapering at the ends, covered
+with tubercles, some elevated in longitudinal lines, others depressed; seeds in 3 rows, enveloped in pulpy arils, white, long
+quadrangular, truncate above, encircled by 2 rows of obtuse toothlets.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Both grow in all parts and are well known.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Citrullus Colocynthis</b>, Schard. (<i>Cucumis Colocynthis</i>, L.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Coloqu&iacute;ntida</i>, Sp.; <i>Colocynth</i>, <i>Bitter Apple</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The part employed is the fruit pulp, official in all the pharmacop&#339;ias as a very energetic hydragogue cathartic. It is seldom
+given alone, but in combination with other drugs to modify its energy and its action.
+
+</p>
+<p>In large doses it causes vomiting, bloody diarrh&#339;a and a series of nervous phenomena that may end in death. Six to ten grams
+constitute a toxic dose. It operates with most force upon the large intestines and sympathetically upon the uterus.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Dose.</span>&#8212;Extract, 0.10&#8211;0.30 gram; powder, 0.30&#8211;1.00 gram.
+
+</p>
+<p>The pulp contains a yellow, intensely bitter substance, quite soluble in water and in alcohol, discovered by Hubschmann and
+named by him <i>coloquintina</i>. The seeds contain 17% of an insipid oil.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;An herb with long, prostrate stems covered with stiff hairs. Leaves alternate, triangular, deeply cleft in 3 lobules that
+subdivide. Petioles long. The color of the leaves is pale green above, whitish or gray and covered with white hairs underneath.
+Flowers yellow, mon&#339;cious, solitary, axillary, with long peduncles. Staminate: receptacle cup-formed, 5 sepals and 5 free,
+yellow petals; 5 stamens in pairs, one free. Pistillate: the receptacle globose, covering the lower part of the ovary; 3 staminodes
+take the place of the stamens. Ovary unilocular, uniovulate, with a <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb134" href="#pb134">134</a>]</span>short style bearing 3 lobules at its apex. Fruit globose, 6&#8211;8 centimeters in diameter, smooth, greenish, later yellow with
+white spots; it is full of a whitish pulp that becomes dry and pithy and that contains the obovate seeds, smooth, flattened,
+brown, lacking albumen.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Manila.
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e7615">
+<h3 class="normal">Ficoide&aelig;.</h3>
+<p class="tb"></p>
+<p><b>Trianthema monogyna</b>, L. (<i>T. obcordata</i>, Roxb.; <i>Portulaca toston</i> and <i>axiflora</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Toston</i>, Tag.; <i>Alusiman</i>, <i>Ayam</i>, Vis.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;This plant is edible, the natives eating it boiled, fried or in salad. The root is cathartic and is used powdered.
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Botanical Description.</i>&#8212;A plant with prostrate stems, radiating branches. Leaves ensheathing the stem, opposite, oval, red-bordered, glabrous. Petioles
+with 2 stipules at the base and 2 small teeth near the middle. Flowers axillary, solitary, sessile. Calyx, 2 pointed sepals.
+Corolla, 5 oval petals. Stamens 15&#8211;20. Style simple. Seed vessels inversely pyramidal, dehiscence horizontal. Seeds numerous.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Very common in the rice fields. Blooms in January.
+
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e7657">
+<h3 class="normal">Umbellifer&aelig;.</h3>
+<p>Parsley Family.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Hydrocotyle Asiatica</b>, L.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Takip kohol</i>, <i>Takip suso</i>, Tag.; <i>Rabasa</i>, Sp.; <i>Indian Pennywort</i>, Indo-Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;Dr. Daruty, of Mauritius, has published a study of this plant, giving a r&eacute;sum&eacute; of its composition, therapeutic uses and physiological
+action. The writers of antiquity recognized the plant as a powerful alterative, tonic, diuretic, stimulant and vermifuge,
+especially effective in secondary syphilis and in ulcerative diseases of the skin.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb135" href="#pb135">135</a>]</span></p>
+<p>L&eacute;pine and Boileau used it experimentally to treat leprosy and reported favorably; but later experience demonstrated that
+it did not exercise any specific effect, but benefited an&aelig;sthetic leprosy simply by improving the general condition of the
+patient.
+
+</p>
+<p>The plant is official in the Pharmacop&#339;ia of India, as alterative, tonic and stimulant. It states that the drug has been found
+very useful in the treatment of secondary and constitutional syphilis, when the disease attacks the skin and subcutaneous
+tissue.
+
+</p>
+<p>In Bombay it is a popular remedy for the mild dysentery of children, given as a decoction of 3 or 4 leaves with a little cumin
+seed and sugar; the bruised leaves are then applied to the umbilical region. In the Philippines the decoction of the leaves
+is given as a purge.
+
+</p>
+<p>Dr. Dervegie reports good results in the treatment of eczema, administering the powdered leaf in dozes of 0.10 gram and applying
+locally the powder or an ointment of the same. The most marked and constant effects of the drug are a considerable increase
+of the urinary secretion, elevation of the temperature of the skin and profuse diaphoresis.
+
+</p>
+<p>Dr. Boileau, quoted above, himself contracted leprosy of which he died; he experimented on himself with &#8220;hydrocotyle&#8221; and
+on one occasion a dose of 3 grams nearly proved fatal; tetanic symptoms supervened with suffocation, palpitation, epistaxis
+and rectal hemorrhage, abating finally with profuse sweating and diuresis.
+
+</p>
+<p>Dr. L&eacute;pine, a pharmacist of Pondicherry, has analyzed the plant and isolated a substance that seems to be the active principle;
+he has named it <i>vallarin</i>, from &#8220;vallarai,&#8221; the Tamul name of the plant. &#8220;Vallarin&#8221; is a thick, pale yellow oil of a piquant and persistent taste and
+an odor peculiar to the plant. It changes under the influence of air, moisture or heat and volatilizes at 120&deg;. It is soluble
+in alcohol. The plant contains 8/10 to 1% of this oil, a dark resin and a green resin.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb136" href="#pb136">136</a>]</span></p>
+<p>The Pharmacop&#339;ia of India gives 2 official formul&aelig;, a powder and a cataplasm. The powdered leaf is given internally in doses
+of 0.30 to 1.50 grams and is applied locally to superficial ulcers.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;Plant herbaceous with reniform or heart-shaped leaves, forming a sort of funnel, dotted with little hairs, dentate with white
+tips. Petioles very long, ensheathing each other by 2 wings at their bases. Flowers 3&#8211;4, sessile, springing directly from
+the root, greenish-white, growing in horizontal rows on either side of a short, common peduncle. Common involucre of 2&#8211;3 leaflets.
+Calyx adherent, flattened, faintly toothed. Corolla, 5 small petals, ovate. Stamens 5, equal in height, inserted on the receptacle,
+alternating with the petals. Filaments short. Anthers globose, cleft at the base in 2 diverging parts. Ovary inferior, cordate,
+much flattened. Styles 2, short. Stigmas simple. Fruit truncate, oval, downy, indehiscent, marked with furrows, with 2 compartments
+each containing a seed inserted on the wall.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Grows in shady and moist places. Blooms in July.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Carum copticum</b>, Benth. (<i>C. ajowan</i>, DC.; <i>Ammi copticum</i>, L.; <i>A. glaucifolium</i>, Blanco; <i>Daucus opticus</i>, Pers.; <i>D. anisodorus</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Lamudio</i>, <i>Damoro</i>, Tag.; <i>Lamudio</i>, Vis.; <i>Caraway</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The fruit, of which both form and taste remind one of anise, is official in the Pharmacop&#339;ia of India as a carminative, stimulant
+and antispasmodic. It is indicated in flatulent colic, atonic dyspepsia and diarrh&#339;a and gives very good results. It has been
+used in cholera, but is of little value in that disease. In moderate doses it increases salivary and gastric secretion.
+
+</p>
+<p>The P. of India contains the 2 following official formul&aelig;: <i>Oleum</i>&#8212;obtained from the fruit by distillation; is colorless <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb137" href="#pb137">137</a>]</span>when fresh but soon turns yellow; possesses the odor of the fruit and an acrid, burning taste. <i>Aqua</i>&#8212;600 grams of the fruit ground and mixed with 9 liters of water; this is distilled till 4&frac12; liters have gone over, these constituting
+the &#8220;aqua cari.&#8221;
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Dose.</span>&#8212;1&#8211;2 drops of the essential oil in emulsion or on a piece of sugar. Of the &#8220;aqua,&#8221; 30&#8211;60 grams as a carminative or to disguise
+the taste of other drugs (such as castor oil), thus frequently preventing nausea or vomiting.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;Leaves finely pinnately compound. Common petiole clasps the stem at the base. Flowers white, in flat compound umbels. The
+secondary peduncles 12. Flowerets of each partial umbel about 16. Calyx of flowerets superior, 5 globose sepals. Corolla,
+5 equal petals, with rounded lobules. Stamens 5. Ovary tuberculate. Styles 2, very short. Seeds 2, united, furrowed and nearly
+glabrous at maturity.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Cultivated in gardens. Blooms in October.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>F&#339;niculum vulgare</b>, Gaertn. (<i>F. officinale</i>, Allion; <i>F. panmorium</i>, DC.; <i>Anethum f&#339;niculum</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Anis</i>, Sp.; <i>Fennel</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Coriandrum sativum</span>, L. (<i>Cuminum cynimum</i>, Wall.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg</span>.&#8212;<i>Cominos</i>, <i>Calantro</i>, Sp.; <i>Coriander</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The fruit of both species has the same therapeutical application being stomachic and carminative par excellence. It yields
+an aromatic essential oil with stimulant properties, popular because of its agreeable odor and taste.
+
+</p>
+<p>As a rule the infusion is given in doses of one liter a day (15&#8211;30 grams of the seeds to one liter of water). The essence
+and the alcoholate are also employed, the former obtained by distillation, the latter by macerating the fresh seeds in alcohol.
+The dose of the essence, 4&#8211;8 drops on a piece of sugar or in <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb138" href="#pb138">138</a>]</span>potion; the alcoholate, 2&#8211;10 grams in sweetened water or infusion of aromatic herbs.
+
+</p>
+<p>Both plants are official in the Spanish Pharmacop&#339;ia and they and their preparations are common in all drug stores.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Common, cultivated in the gardens and well known.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;<i>F. vulgare</i>: Aromatic, stout, smooth herb, 4&#8211;6&deg; high. Leaves with many slender thread-like divisions. Large umbel of yellow flowers,
+no involucre and no involucels. <i>C. sativum</i>: Low aromatic herb, leaves pinnately compound, small umbels with few rays, flowers white.
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e7847">
+<h3 class="normal">Cornace&aelig;.</h3>
+<p>Dogwood Family.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Alangium Lamarkii</b>, Thwaites. (<i>A. decapetalum</i>, <i>hexapetalum</i> and <i>tomentosum</i>, Lam.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;(?)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;According to Mooden Sheriff, the root bark is an efficient emetic in doses of 3 grams. In smaller doses it is febrifuge and
+produces nausea. The bark is extremely bitter; its reputation in the treatment of skin diseases is undeserved. It is a good
+substitute for ipecac, having given good results in all conditions in which the latter is indicated, with the exception of
+dysentery.
+
+</p>
+<p>The febrifuge dose is 0.35&#8211;0.60 gram; alterative, 0.15&#8211;0.30 gram.
+
+</p>
+<p>It is furthermore prescribed in India for syphilis and leprosy and is one of the many remedies used for the bites of rabid
+animals. The bruised leaves are applied to the joints of rheumatic patients.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A tree 20&#8211;30 meters high, leaves alternate, persistent, petiolate, no stipules, oblong, dentate, acuminate, pinnately nerved.
+Flowers whitish, regular, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb139" href="#pb139">139</a>]</span>hermaphrodite, in terminal cymes. Receptacle concave. Calyx short, 10-toothed. Corolla, 10 narrow, elongated ribbon-like petals.
+Stamens 30&#8211;40, filaments free and glabrous. Ovary inferior, held in the concavity of the receptacle, one-celled, with 1 seed,
+crowned by an epigynous disc, above which rises a simple style with dilated stigma. Fruit a globose drupe, crowned by the
+calyx, with 10 inconspicuous ribs. The putamen encloses an albuminous kernel.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat</span>.&#8212;The mountains of San Mateo. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb140" href="#pb140">140</a>]</span>
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnotes">
+<hr class="fnsep">
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" href="#xd0e1121src" id="xd0e1121">1</a></span> A ward or Barrio of Manila.
+</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" href="#xd0e2762src" id="xd0e2762">2</a></span> In the U. S. P. and P. G. Marsh Mallow is a synonym for <i>Alth&aelig;a officinalis</i>, the root being the part of the plant which is used.
+</p>
+<p class="footnote" lang="fr"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" href="#xd0e2778src" id="xd0e2778">3</a></span> Journal de Phar. et de Chim., XX., p. 3811.
+</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" href="#xd0e2961src" id="xd0e2961">4</a></span> Daruty, loc. cit., p. xxvi.
+</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" href="#xd0e5340src" id="xd0e5340">5</a></span> Official in the U. S. P. under the name of <i>Santalum rubrum</i>, and used only for coloring alcoholic solutions.
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="xd0e7891" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">
+[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]
+</span><h2 class="normal">Dicotyledonous, Gamopetalous.</h2>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e7894">
+<h3 class="normal">Rubiace&aelig;.</h3>
+<p>Madder Family.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Hymenodictyon excelsum</b>, Wall. (<i>H. Horsfieldii</i>, Miq.; <i>Chinchona excelsa</i>, Roxb.; <i>Exostema Philippicum</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg</span>.&#8212;<i>Huligaga</i>, Tag.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses</span>.&#8212;The bark of this tree has a wide reputation in India as a tonic and febrifuge. The inner layer of the bark possesses astringent
+and bitter properties much like quinine. Ainslie states that it is used in India to tan hides and therapeutically where an
+astringent is required. O&#8217;Shaughnessy experimented with it in the hospital of the Medical College of Calcutta and reported
+good tonic and antipyretic effects.
+
+</p>
+<p>In 1870, according to Dymock, Broughton analyzed the fresh bark and reported that the bitter taste was due to <i>esculin</i>, which after drying and coming in contact with decomposing organic matter is transformed into the almost tasteless <i>esculetin</i>. Naylor studied the bark at a later period, and attributed the bitterness to an alkaloid that he named <i>hymenodictyonine</i>. This substance exists in the form of a gelatinous mass, cream-colored, very hygroscopic. An ethereal solution, carefully
+evaporated, deposits it in the form of crystals. Its empirical form is C<sub>23</sub>H<sub>40</sub>N<sub>2</sub>; it is probably volatile and is notable for its lack of oxygen. It differs from <i>quinoidine</i> in that it is inactive (?) and that in combination with platinum it retains less of this metal than does quinoidine. It differs
+from <i>paricine</i> in its proportion of hydrogen, and from <i>berberine</i> in containing more carbon. In the presence of sulphuric acid its solution assumes a yellow color, changing to wine-red and
+then to dark red. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb141" href="#pb141">141</a>]</span>Naylor extracted another principle which he found combined with the alkaloid in a soda precipitate of the latter; it is a
+product of the decomposition of a glucose, the formula of which is C<sub>25</sub>H<sub>49</sub>O<sub>7</sub>. This compound remains insoluble when the alkaloid is treated with ether. Repeated boiling in alcohol renders it colorless.
+It is bitter, soluble in alcohol and dilute acids; insoluble in ether and chloroform. Reaction, neutral.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A large tree, with leaves opposite, oval, entire, acute, downy. Petioles long, flat above, with 2 stipules. Flowers axillary,
+in compound verticillate racemes. Calyx adherent, with 5 promptly deciduous teeth which leave a scar that also disappears.
+Corolla much longer than the calyx, funnel-form, the limb 5-cleft. Stamens 5, inserted near the middle of the tube. Filaments
+rudimentary. Anthers 2-celled. Style longer than the corolla. Stigma globose. Seed-vessel rather rough, ovoid, flattened,
+of 2 compartments, where are inserted numerous seeds, imbricated, circular, encircled by an entire wing.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Angat and the woods of San Mateo. Blooms in August. (P. Blanco states further that this tree grows to a height of about 3
+yards in Angat and that it exhales a strong odor resembling that of vinegar at times, and again like that of tobacco.)
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Oldenlandia corymbosa</b>, L. (<i>O. biflora</i>, Lam.; <i>O. ramosa</i>, Roxb.; <i>O. herbacea</i> and <i>serabrida</i>, DC.; <i>O. burmaniana</i>, Mig.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;Doubtful.
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Uses.</i>&#8212;The Sanscrit writers often mention this plant as an important remedy for the fevers due, according to their theories, to
+disordered bile, <i>i. e.</i>, remittent fevers, accompanied by gastric irritability and nervous depression. The entire plant is used to make a decoction,
+often combined with aromatics. Dymock observed in Goa that this plant could be gotten in all the shops of the herb-venders,
+and that it was widely used as <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb142" href="#pb142">142</a>]</span>an alterative in mild fevers in combination with <i>&#8220;Hydrocotyle Asiatica</i> and <i>Adiantum lunulatum</i>.&#8221;
+
+</p>
+<p>In Concan they apply the juice to the hands and feet in fevers, giving at the same time a dose of one &#8220;tola&#8221; (6.80 grams)
+in sweetened water or milk. This juice is obtained by soaking the bruised plant in water. In remittent fever the decoction
+is also used as a liniment for the whole body. It is given internally for skin eruptions due to excessive heat, especially
+&#8220;lichen tropicus.&#8221;
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description</span>.&#8212;A small herb, stem straight, about 30 centimeters high, glabrous, dichotomous. Leaves opposite, linear, green, lanceolate,
+stipulate. Flowers small, hermaphrodite, axillary, solitary, or in pairs, alternate or opposite. Calyx gamosepalous with 5
+short teeth. Corolla gamopetalous, funnel-shaped. Stamens 5, free, inserted in the tube of the corolla. Ovary inserted in
+the hollow of the receptacle, 2 many-ovuled locules. Style simple, ending in a bifid stigma. Capsule rounded-oval, membranous.
+Seeds numerous, polyhedrous, albuminous, surface granular.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat</span>.&#8212;In the rice fields.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Randia dumetorum</b>, Lam. (<i>R. longispina</i>, DC.; <i>R. aculata</i>, Blanco; <i>R. stipulosa</i>, Miq.; <i>Gardenia spinosa</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg</span>.&#8212;<i>Sinampaga</i>, Tag.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses</span>.&#8212;The fruit is used in some parts of India to kill the fish in ponds and sluggish rivers, the same use to which they sometimes
+put the &#8220;Cocculus Indicus.&#8221; It is prescribed as an emetic by the Sanscrit and Arabic medical authors of India. Mooden Sheriff
+ascribes its emetic properties to the pulp alone, the epicarp and seeds being inactive according to his authority. It is a
+substitute for ipecac even in the treatment of dysentery in which case the decoction of the trunk bark is also used.
+
+</p>
+<p>The dried and powdered pulp is given in dose of 2.50 grams as an emetic and 1&#8211;2 grams as an antidysenteric. To prepare <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb143" href="#pb143">143</a>]</span>the fresh fruit for administration as an emetic, mash 2&#8211;3, macerate 15 minutes in 150&#8211;200 grams of water and filter. It acts
+in a few minutes and its effect may be hastened by giving tepid water or tickling the fauces.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A shrub with straight, thorny stem, leaves sessile, springing from the buds, occurring in threes, obtusely lanceolate, entire,
+glabrous. Flowers solitary or in pairs, very fragrant. Calyx gamosepalous with 10 toothlets. Corolla twisted, arched, cleft
+in the middle, throat nude, limb slashed in 5 large glabrous parts. Stamens 5. Filaments short, inserted on corolla. Style
+1. Stigma bifid. Fruit inferior, about the size of a crab apple, crowned by the remains of the calyx, smooth, yellow, fleshy,
+1-celled with many seeds.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;On the coast of Luzon. Blooms in May.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Ixora coccinea</b>, L. (<i>I. bandhuca</i>, Roxb.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Santan</i>, Tag.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The handsome red flowers are used in decoction for h&aelig;moptysis and catarrhal bronchitis. Both root and flower are astringent
+and are given for dysentery. In Concan they cook 2 &#8220;tolas&#8221; (13.60 grams) of the flowers in lard, together with coriander and
+&#8220;mesua ferrea,&#8221; add a little candied sugar and divide the mass into large pills to be given twice a day.
+
+</p>
+<p>The fresh root in the form of an alcoholic tincture has been recommended by Deb for dysentery, the dose 2&#8211;4 grams in an appropriate
+potion. The tincture of the fresh plant is prepared by macerating 126 grams of the fresh root 15 days in 473 grams alcohol.
+The plant has been used in intermittent fevers and various skin diseases.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A shrub cultivated in all gardens, 6&#8211;8&deg; high. Leaves oval, entire, glabrous. Flowers in terminal umbels, white, pink or red.
+Corolla tubular with <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb144" href="#pb144">144</a>]</span>limb cleft in 4 rounded lobes. The plant is so well known that further description would be superfluous.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Coffea Arabica</b>, L.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Cafe</i>, Sp.; <i>Coffee</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The infusion of roasted and ground coffee seeds constitutes a beverage of Arabic origin, but now common all over the world.
+In the Philippines, where a few years ago the coffee plant was only cultivated in gardens, the harvest has assumed such proportions
+that it now constitutes one of the greatest sources of agricultural wealth. Its use is becoming more general every day and
+the discovery of its alkaloid &#8220;caffeine&#8221; the therapeutical use of which is also steadily increasing, has given new importance
+to the seed on account of its increasing demand in the drug trade. When newly harvested its taste is not very agreeable, for
+it needs considerable time&#8212;2 or 3 years&#8212;in which to dry completely, before it acquires the aromatic properties and the savor
+of which it is susceptible. General Morin relates an incident of having drunk a delicious infusion of coffee made from authentic
+Moka that had been kept for fifty years, of course under ideal conditions of preservation.
+
+</p>
+<p>In civilized countries coffee is an article of prime necessity as a food; here we shall consider it therapeutically under
+two heads, as a tonic-stimulant and as an antiseptic. As caffeine is the principle that acts upon the heart we shall consider
+the cardiac properties of coffee under the head of that alkaloid, so important that it may best be studied separately.
+
+</p>
+<p>There are two preparations of coffee, the decoction used by the Arabs and the infusion, used in Europe and adopted in the
+Philippines. The decoction forms a tonic and aromatic drink devoid of any excitant properties, but the infusion is highly
+excitant and should not be taken in such large amounts as the decoction, for its action may be powerful enough to cause headache,
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb145" href="#pb145">145</a>]</span>nausea, trembling of the extremities and disorders of vision and hearing. These phenomena however are not dangerous and rapidly
+subside as soon as the urine eliminates the substances that cause them.
+
+</p>
+<p>Infusion of coffee stimulates especially the cerebral functions and the circulation; as to its digestive properties, opinion
+is divided but it is more probable that it lacks them and that coffee taken after meals owes its reputation as a digestive
+aid to two distinct factors&#8212;the temperature and the sugar. Without doubt it exerts an anaphrodisiac action, on account of
+which the illustrious <span class="corr" id="xd0e8120" title="Source: Linneus">Linn&aelig;us</span> called it the &#8220;drink of eunuchs.&#8221; This action seems incompatible with the fact that the Arabs, who are so much given to the
+abuse of the pleasures forbidden to eunuchs are most addicted to the use and abuse of coffee. The explanation rests in the
+form in which they consume their coffee, namely the decoction, which is free from the sedative principle of the seed, that
+undoubtedly resides in the aromatic ingredient &#8220;cafeol.&#8221;
+
+</p>
+<p>Coffee is contraindicated in hysterical and nervous persons, in children and in those who suffer with insomnia or palpitation.
+It counteracts sleep and coma, being very useful in poisoning by opium or its alkaloids. Its stimulant action is as rapid
+as that of alcohol. On several occasions it has yielded me marked results when given by stomach or by enema in cases of nervous
+and cardiac depression. Indeed it is a remedy that I cannot recommend too highly and each day leaves me more convinced of
+its therapeutic activity and certainty.
+
+</p>
+<p>Attention has only lately been directed to the antiseptic property of coffee though we have long been availing ourselves of
+that property without knowing it; this is true of many other medicinal agents, indeed of all that the modern studies of bacteriology
+have presented to us as antifermentives and microbicides. Roasted coffee in powder form gives good results if dusted over
+ulcers and gangrenous sores, rapidly improving their appearance <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb146" href="#pb146">146</a>]</span>and destroying the f&#339;tid odor. It corrects the unhygienic properties of non-potable water and therefore enters into the army
+and navy ration of nearly all the nations of Europe. In epidemics of disease every physician should advise its use in mild
+infusion as a regular beverage.
+
+</p>
+<p>Dr. Luderitz, experimenting in the Hygienic Institute of Berlin, reported that no bacteria could resist the action of coffee
+in infusion. He attributed this action not only to the tannin, which is present in high percentage, but principally to the
+empyreumatic substances formed by the roasting. The caffeine takes no part in this action. Dr. Luderitz exposed the coffee
+to the open air for six days and found it free from bacteria at the end of that time. Whatever may be the explanation of its
+activity the fact remains that coffee is highly antiseptic, and this should be kept in mind by physicians not only because
+it is everywhere easily obtained and an infusion easily prepared, but because it in addition possesses the great advantage
+of being nontoxic.
+
+</p>
+<p>The chemical analysis of the seed is as follows:
+
+</p>
+<div class="table" style="width:60%">
+<table width="100%">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Cellulose </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">34.000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Water </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">12.000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Fatty matters </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">10 to 13.000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Glucose, dextrin, undetermined acid </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">15.500</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Legumin, caffeine </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">10.000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Chlorogenate of caffeine and potassa </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 3.500 to 5.000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Albuminoids </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 3.000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Caffeine, free </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> .800</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Essential oil, solid </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> .001</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Essential oil, liquid </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> .002</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Mineral substances </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">6.697</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p>Caffeine, the only one of the ingredients that interests us, was discovered by Hunge in 1821 and recognized as an alkaloid
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb147" href="#pb147">147</a>]</span>by Herzog. It also exists in tea, formerly known as &#8220;theine&#8221; which is now known to be identical with caffeine; both are expressed
+by the formula C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>10</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>+H<sub>2</sub>O. It crystallizes in fine, silky needles, is colorless, odorless and slightly bitter.
+
+</p>
+<p>It is considered a substitute for digitalis, especially valuable as a diuretic and where cerebral anemia exists. Germain See
+values it as a preventive medicine, acting principally upon the heart and thus preventing fatigue; with this end in view he
+advises its use before long marches, violent exercise and all conditions where the heart will be called upon to do a greatly
+increased amount of work. Dose 0.25 gram to 1 or 2 grams a day given by stomach or hypodermic injection.
+
+</p>
+<p>Caffeine is also useful in headache, neuralgia, and asthma and as a general tonic. For the latter action it is best given
+in pill form, 0.02&#8211;0.04 gram a day, with the extract of cinchona or other bitter tonic.
+
+</p>
+<p>&#8220;Etoxy-caffeine,&#8221; which is caffeine in which an atom of H has been replaced by the C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>O, exists as white, needle-like crystals, slightly soluble in water; it is narcotic and sedative to the cerebro-spinal system.
+In doses of 0.24 gram it is useful in headache.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description</span>.&#8212;&#8220;A small tree that reaches a height of 8&#8211;9&deg;. It grows readily in the province of Batangas without cultivation,&#8221; Blanco.
+
+</p>
+<p>A small tree or shrub with leaves opposite, smooth, glossy, rich green, oval, edges fluted. Flowers fragrant, white, growing
+in small clusters in the axils of the leaves. Calyx 4&#8211;5-toothed. Corolla short-tubed with 4&#8211;5 spreading lobes of about the
+same length. Berry red, containing two plano-convex seeds enveloped in arils.
+
+</p>
+<p>The plant is widely cultivated in gardens. It finds ideal conditions for growth in some of the hilly and mountainous regions
+of Luzon, notably in Benguet and Batangas.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb148" href="#pb148">148</a>]</span></p>
+<p><b>Morinda citrifolia</b>, L.; variety: <b>bracteata</b>, Hoock, Jr.
+(<i>M. ligulata</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Bankundo</i>, <i>Pankundo</i>, <i>Bag&#771;kuro</i>, <i>Nino</i>, <i>Kulit</i>, <i>Tumbog&#771;aso</i>, <i>Lino</i>, <i>Mambog</i>, <i>Takpus</i>, Tag. and Vis.; <i>Taliantar</i>, Pam.; <i>Apalot</i>, Iloc.; <i>Indian Mulberry</i>, Indo-Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;In the Philippines, as well as in India, the root of the plant is widely used as a red dye. As a medicine the Tamul physicians
+use it in decoction to treat diarrh&#339;a and dysentery. The fruit is emmenagogue and perhaps aperient. In Bombay the mashed leaves
+are applied to wounds and ulcers to hasten cicatrization; they also use the decoction internally as a febrifuge and tonic,
+10 grams to 500 of water, a wineglassful twice a day.
+
+</p>
+<p>The root bark contains a crystalline substance called by Anderson <i>morindin</i>, C<sub>28</sub>H<sub>30</sub>O<sub>15</sub>. It is a glucoside and exists in the form of yellow needles, soluble in alcohol and in cold water, insoluble in ether; dissolves
+in alkalies producing an orange-red color.
+
+</p>
+<p>There is another species, <i>M. tinctoria</i>, Roxb.; <i>M. Royoc</i>, Blanco, called in Tagalog <i>Tumboug&#771; aso kapay</i>, the roots of which are used by the Filipinos for the same purposes as the leaves of the former species; the dose, 8 grams
+a day. The powder is also applied to ulcers and sores, especially those of gangrenous aspect.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A small tree 11 or more feet high, branches opposite, quadrate at the extremities. Leaves opposite, oval, oblong, smooth,
+entire, glabrous. Petioles very short, with 2 broad, lanceolate stipules curved outward. Flowers white, opposite the leaves,
+fixed on globose, solitary receptacles from which spring the flowerets. Calyx proper, very short, monophyllous, a lanceolate
+leaflet springing from the border. Corolla tubular, woolly inside about the middle, with 5 lobules. Stamens 5, inserted on
+the walls of the corolla. Anthers thin, incumbent. Pistil somewhat longer than the corolla. Stigma cleft in 2 lamin&aelig;. Fruit:
+the receptacle of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb149" href="#pb149">149</a>]</span>the flowerets ripens to a globe bristling with the remains of the calyces, like a berry covered with many smaller ones, each
+containing 2 monospermous, quadrangular seeds.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>M. tinctoria</b>, Roxb., is a climbing shrub with leaves opposite, ovate, keeled; petioles very short; flower and fruit like the foregoing
+species.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat</span>.&#8212;In Luzon and, especially the M. tinctoria, in Malinta, Calauan and Tanauan.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>P&aelig;deria f&#339;tida</b>, L. (<i>P. sessiflora</i>, DC.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg</span>.&#8212;<i>Kantutan</i>, <i>Kantut&aelig;</i>, Tag.; <i>Lilitan</i>, <i>T&aelig;-t&aelig;</i>, Vis.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses</span>.&#8212;The f&#339;tid odor of this plant has suggested both the technical and common names for it. The natives regard it as a cure for
+rheumatism. The root is emetic. The leaves, boiled and mashed, are applied to the abdomen in retention of urine; the decoction
+of the leaves is used for the same purpose and also has some reputation as a solvent for vesical calculus. For fever, cloths
+soaked in the decoction are applied to the head, the same preparation being given internally at the same time.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description</span>.&#8212;A slender, twining plant with leaves 3&#8242; by 1&#8242;, opposite, oval, acute, entire, long petioles and caducous stipules. Flowers
+dark rose color, in compound axillary and terminal cymes. Calyx of 5 persistent lobules. Corolla tubular, pubescent, 5 lobules.
+Stamens 5, free. Ovary inferior, flattened, 2 uniovulate locules. Style with 2 stigma-bearing branches.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat</span>.&#8212;Luzon, Mindanao, Cebu, Panay.
+
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e8368">
+<h3 class="normal">Composit&aelig;.</h3>
+<p class="tb"></p>
+<p><b>Eupatorium Ayapana</b>, Vent.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg</span>.&#8212;<i>Aya-pana</i>, Sp.; <i>Ayapana</i>, <i>Apana</i>, Tag.; <i>Ayapan</i>, Indo-Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses</span>.&#8212;A native plant of Brazil now naturalized and well known in the Philippines and many other tropical countries; <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb150" href="#pb150">150</a>]</span>it is called by its Brazilian name, Aya-pana, more or less modified. The entire plant is aromatic and its infusion has an
+agreeable, bitter taste. Its virtues have been much exaggerated, but it is certainly a good stimulant, diaphoretic and tonic.
+An infusion, 30 grams of the leaves to 1 liter of water, is given in dyspepsia, a small cup after each meal. In the island
+of Mauritius this infusion was widely used as a stimulant and aromatic in the cholera epidemics of 1854 and 1856.
+
+</p>
+<p>It is used internally and locally for the bites of venomous snakes and insects. The leaf-juice is a good application for foul
+ulcers, as is also the decoction of the entire plant. &#8220;It appears probable that this plant has fallen into unmerited neglect.&#8221;&#8212;Pharm.
+of India.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;An aromatic plant 3&deg; high, leaves opposite, sessile, coherent at the base, lanceolate, entire, glabrous. Flowers in racemose
+panicles. Common calyx cylindrical, of many imbricated, awl-shaped scales, the lower ones smaller; within are 20 or more hermaphrodite
+disk-flowers. Corollas are funnel-form, 5-lobed. Style a little longer than the stamens. Stigmas 2, long. Seed 1, quadrangular,
+with simple, downy, sessile pappus. Receptacle nude.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Common in fields and gardens. Blooms in January.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Blumea balsamifera</b>, DC. (<i>Conyza balsamifera</i>, L.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Sambon</i>, Tag.; <i>Lakbandulan</i>, <i>Hamlibon</i>, <i>Lalakdan</i>, <i>Lakadbulan</i>, <i>Gintingintin</i>, <i>Gabuen</i>, <i>Ayoban</i>, <i>Alibun</i>, Vis.; <i>Sobsob</i>, Iloc.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;Sambon is a panacea among the Filipinos; its virtues are prodigious according to the ignorant natives who wear the leaves
+in the hat or the &#8220;salakod&#8221; (rain hat), to prevent &#8220;tabardillo&#8221; (&#8220;burning fever&#8221;; tabardillo pintado = spotted fever). They
+use the decoction to bathe convalescents, and for rheumatism they vaporize it in an improvised bath-cabinet <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb151" href="#pb151">151</a>]</span>consisting of a chair in which the patient sits enveloped in blankets that reach to the floor and retain the steam.
+
+</p>
+<p>The hot infusion of the leaves is a good diaphoretic taken by the mouth, especially useful in catarrhal bronchitis, and prized
+as an expectorant by the Chinese and Javanese. Furthermore it is stomachic, antispasmodic and emmenagogue.
+
+</p>
+<p>The camphorous odor of the plant suggested to me its application as an antiseptic lotion for varicose ulcers and my results
+have been very satisfactory. The infusion for internal use is 30 grams to the liter of water.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description</span>.&#8212;A woody plant 6&#8211;9&deg; high. Leaves 1&deg; long, 3&#8242; wide, oblong, lanceolate, acutely serrate, rugose, soft, downy, whitish. Flowers
+yellow in panicles. Involucre conical, of many linear scales, enclosing 15 or more hermaphrodite disk-flowers and several
+pistillate ray-flowers. Hermaphrodite: corolla infundibuliform, 5-toothed. Pistillate: corolla very minute, infundibuliform,
+obscurely 4-toothed. One seed crowned with a simple hairy pappus.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat</span>.&#8212;Grows universally in the islands and is well known. Blooms in January.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Sph&#339;ranthus Indicus</b>, L. (<i>S. hirtus</i>, Willd.; <i>S. mollis</i>, Roxb.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg</span>.&#8212;<i>Sambog&#771;-gala</i>, Tag.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses</span>.&#8212;This plant seems to possess anthelmintic properties and for this purpose it is administered in powder, 2&#8211;4 grams with a
+little molasses or syrup. It is bitter and aromatic and is given in diseases of the stomach and intestines for its tonic and
+stimulant effect. The odor of the drug is transmitted to both urine and sweat. In India it is used in &#8220;bilious diseases&#8221; and
+to dissipate all sorts of tumors. The Hindoos cook it with flour, lard and sugar and eat the mixture as a tonic and to prevent
+gray hair and baldness. They also give the seed, fried in oil, as an aphrodisiac. The aqueous distillate is a <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb152" href="#pb152">152</a>]</span>good preparation as it contains the active principle of the plant, a yellow, viscid, essential oil.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A plant about 1&deg; high, stem and branches bearing 3 serrate wings. Leaves premorse, lanceolate, decurrent, downy. Flowers
+white, in a globose head, divided into 50 or more groups each with its own calyx of 9 or 10 leaflets surrounding 2 or 3 hermaphrodite,
+5-toothed, campanulate flowers. Anthers 5, united. Style 1, thick at extremity. Stigma none. Corolla of pistillate flowers
+very minute, with 3 obscure teeth. Stigma of 2 down-curved divisions. One seed, 4-angled, imbricated.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;The rice fields. Blooms in January.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Spilanthes Acmella</b>, L.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Hagonog</i>, Tag.; <i>Agonoy</i>, Sp.-Fil., Vis.(?); <i>Palunay</i>, Pam.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;Some native herb-doctors use the root as a purgative, giving a decoction of 4&#8211;8 grams to a cup of water. The infusion is
+used locally for itch and psoriasis. Internally it has a diuretic effect and is reputed to be a solvent of vesical calculi.
+The leaf juice and the bruised leaves are applied to wounds and atonic ulcers. These leaves with those of &#8220;sambon&#8221; and &#8220;sampaloc&#8221;
+(tamarind) are used to prepare aromatic baths for convalescents, rheumatics and pregnant women.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A plant with stem drooping, square, grooved, covered with drops of gum resin. Leaves opposite, cordate, oval, lanceolate,
+serrate, 3 prominent nerves covered with short down. Petioles short, grooved. Flowers yellow, in a sort of umbel, with 3 or
+more flowerets on long peduncles. Common calyx, 9&#8211;11 narrow sepals, concave, fleshy, in 2 rows. Hermaphrodite disk-flowers
+40 or more. Corolla tubular, 5-toothed. Anthers longer than corolla. Pistil longer than stamens. Style bifid. Pistillate flowers,
+15 or more, forming the rays. Corolla monopetalous, 3-toothed. Style and <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb153" href="#pb153">153</a>]</span>stigma as in hermaphrodite flowers. Seeds of hermaphrodite flowers quadrangular, crowned by one long awn, and the rudiment
+of another. Seeds of ray flowers small and sometimes flattened, 2 awns, of which one alone lengthens and becomes conspicuous.
+Receptacle covered with concave scales.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Grows along the shores of the sea and of rivers. It is very well known.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Artemisia vulgaris</b>, L. (<i>A. Indica</i>, Willd.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Ka-Mar&iacute;a</i>, <i>Santa Mar&iacute;a</i>, <i>Tinisas</i>, Tag.; <i>Indian Wormwood</i>, Indo-Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The native women use the infusion of its aromatic leaves to induce menstruation. It is also used as an abortifacient, but
+is too mild a uterine stimulant to be reliable for that purpose. Its stomachic and tonic properties are common knowledge in
+the Philippines. The Hindoos use it for those effects and as an antispasmodic in amenorrh&#339;a and hysteria. Dr. Wight states
+that the leaves and tops are useful in nervous troubles resulting from debility and that a decoction of them makes a good
+fomentation for phagedenic ulcers.
+
+</p>
+<p>The infusion is prepared in the proportion of 10&#8211;30 grams of leaves to 1 liter of water and the powdered leaves are given
+in doses of 4&#8211;8 grams; the aqueous extract 30&#8211;40 grams a day. For amenorrh&#339;a the drug is given daily for a week preceding
+the menstrual date.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A plant 3&deg; high, stem straight, woody, square toward ends of branches. Leaves alternate, tomentose, decurrent, divided in
+several places, medium lanceolate. Flowers straw-colored, in axillary and terminal, 1-ranked spikes. Common calyx cylindrical,
+2 circles of oval, scarious leaflets around its border, 11 hermaphrodite disk-flowers and about 5 pistillate ray-flowers.
+Hermaphrodite: Corolla bell-shaped, 5 obtuse teeth; stigmas 2, bent to the sides. Pistillate: Corolla diminutive, 5 toothlets;
+anther none; stigmas 2. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb154" href="#pb154">154</a>]</span>Seeds of both small and quadrate, smaller in the latter. Receptacle nude.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Grows throughout the islands and is well known.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Carthamus tinctorius</b>, L.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Azafr&aacute;n de la tierra</i>, Sp.; <i>Biri</i>, <i>Kasubha</i>, <i>Katsumba</i>, <i>Lago</i>, Tag.; <i>Kasabba</i>, Vis.; <i>Kasubha</i>, <i>Kastumba</i>, Pam.; <i>Bastard Saffron</i>, <i>Dyer&#8217;s Safflower</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;This plant must not be confounded with <i>Curcuma longa</i>, L., whose tuber is also frequently called saffron (azafr&aacute;n), and is used to color food.
+
+</p>
+<p>The flower is the part employed as a condiment coloring the food yellow. Some use them internally in doses of 4 grams to cure
+icterus. The leaves coagulate milk. The seeds are purgative in dose of 8&#8211;16 grams, bruised and taken in emulsion, or 15&#8211;30
+grams in decoction.
+
+</p>
+<p>The following is the chemical analysis of the plant:
+
+</p>
+<div class="table" style="width:60%">
+<table width="100%">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Yellow coloring matter, soluble </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">26.1&#8211;36.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Carthamic acid </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 0.3&#8211; 0.6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Extractive matter </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 3.6&#8211; 6.5</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Albumin </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 1.5&#8211; 8.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Wax </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 0.6&#8211; 1.5</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Cellulose, pectin </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">38.4&#8211;56.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Silica </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 1.0&#8211; 8.4</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Oxide of iron, aluminum, oxide of manganese </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">0.4&#8211; 4.6</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p class="alignright">(Salvetat.)
+
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A plant 3&deg; high, root gray and spindle-shaped. Stem straight, few branches. Leaves scattered, sessile, partially embracing
+the stem, lanceolate, serrate with hooked teeth. Flowers yellow, terminal in a sort of corymb. Common calyx semiglobose, with
+imbricated scales, the border often bearing thorns; numerous hermaphrodite disk <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb155" href="#pb155">155</a>]</span>flowers, with corolla very long, funnel-form, 5-toothed. Style longer than the stamens. Stigma bifid. Seed large, lacking
+pappus.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Cultivated in the gardens.
+
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e8683">
+<h3 class="normal">Plumbagine&aelig;.</h3>
+<p>Leadwort Family.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Plumbago Zeylanica</b>, L. (<i>P. viscosa</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Sagdikit</i>, Tag.; <i>Bagbag</i>, <i>Talankaw</i>, Iloc.; <i>White-flowered Leadwort</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The root is vesicant and is used by the natives for this purpose. (<i>P. rosea</i>, L., common in India, is more powerful. The Pharmacop&#339;ia of India states that both species are worthy of further investigation.)
+According to the Sanscrit authors it increases the appetite and is useful in dyspepsia, piles, dropsy, diarrh&#339;a and skin diseases.
+The Filipinos use the infusion locally for itch with good results. A favorite medicine of the Hindoos for flatulence is the
+old recipe of Susrutas, composed of equal parts of the following substances in powder:
+
+</p>
+<p>Leadwort root, root of <i>Cissampelos Pareira</i>, <i>Picrorrhiza kurroa</i>,<a class="noteref" id="n155.1src" href="#n155.1">1</a> <i>Aconitum heterophyllum</i>,<a class="noteref" href="#n155.1">1</a> and <i>Terminalia Chebula</i> in dose of 4 grams a day.
+
+</p>
+<p>Dr. Oswald has employed the alcoholic tincture of leadwort in the intermittents, with satisfactory results, and claims that
+it is a powerful diaphoretic.<a class="noteref" id="xd0e8742src" href="#xd0e8742">2</a> The mashed root is mixed with rice flour and made into a caustic paste to apply to buboes, destroy warts, etc. Women also
+use the scraped root to induce abortion, introducing it through the vagina into the <i lang="la">os uteri</i>. This practice should be strongly condemned on account of its dangerous consequences&#8212;metritis, peritonitis and often death.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb156" href="#pb156">156</a>]</span></p>
+<p>The chemical composition of the root has been studied by Dulong.<a class="noteref" id="xd0e8751src" href="#xd0e8751">3</a> It includes a non-nitrogenous principle, plumbagin, existing in the form of orange-yellow needles, bitter, acrid, volatile,
+neutral, slightly soluble in cold water, more soluble in ether, alcohol and hot water. The aqueous solution becomes cherry-red
+on the addition of an alkali, which color is changed to yellow by acids. Basic acetate of lead causes the same color change.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;Plant with stem declined, angular. Leaves lanceolate, entire, rather downy. Petioles at their base embrace the stem. Flowers
+white, in axillary spikes. Individual involucres, 3 oval leaflets, the lower larger. Calyx long, cleft almost to the base
+in 5 lineal parts thickly set with small glands, exuding a sticky gum. Corolla salver-shaped, the tube long, square, throat
+bare, limb divided into 5 obovate parts, ending in stylets. Stamens 5, inserted near the base of the corolla, almost as long
+as the tube. Style a little shorter than the stamens. Stigma, 5 parts. One long seed enclosed within the calyx, pentangular,
+covered with a membranaceous skin.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;In Tanauan (Batangas).
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e8762">
+<h3 class="normal">Sapotace&aelig;.</h3>
+<p>Sapodilla Family.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Achras Sapota</b>, L.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Chico</i>, Sp.-Fil.; <i>Tsiku</i>, Tag.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The <i>chico</i> is one of the popular fruits of the Philippines, much appreciated by Europeans as well as the natives. When not entirely
+ripe it yields a resinous juice that sticks to the lips and affords a disagreeable taste; but when once thoroughly ripe it
+has a slightly vinous, sweetish taste and is easily digested. Therapeutically its seeds are used as a diuretic, but <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb157" href="#pb157">157</a>]</span>large doses should be avoided as they contain a small proportion of hydrocyanic acid. The proper dose is 5&#8211;6 mashed seeds
+in sweetened water. They contain, in addition to the above, a fatty substance of the consistency of butter.
+
+</p>
+<p>The trunk bark is tonic and febrifuge; Mr. Bernon<a class="noteref" id="xd0e8794src" href="#xd0e8794">4</a> has isolated from it a crystalline alkaloid, <i>sapotine</i>, soluble in ether, chloroform or alcohol, but not in water; a large per cent. of <i>sapotanic acid</i> and two resins.
+
+</p>
+<p>The trunk exudes, when incised, a milky resin, closely resembling guttapercha and possibly susceptible of the same uses.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;Trees, about 11&deg; high, with leaves lanceolate, keeled, entire, glabrous. Flowers pure white, solitary or by twos, terminal,
+very long peduncles. Calyx, 6 sepals, 3 within the others, inferior persistent. Corolla jug-shaped, the border divided into
+12 parts, the 6 smaller ones alternating and within the others. Stamens 6, inserted near the border of the inner petals and
+opposite the outer circle. Filaments very short. Style long. Stigma obtuse, fruit globose, resembling a small pear, russet
+brown, crowned with the hardened style, more than 10 compartments, each containing a seed. Seed oval, flattened, joined to
+a central fleshy axis.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Common all over the Archipelago. Blooms in April.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Mimusops Elengi</b>, L.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Kabiki</i>, Tag.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;Its flowers are fragrant and generally well known. The trunk bark is astringent, and in decoction is given by mouth for fevers
+and diarrh&#339;a. Locally is used as an injection for blenorrh&#339;a, as a gargle for sore throat or relaxed uvula, and a mouth wash
+to harden the gums. Horsfield states that the Javanese use it as a tonic and antiperiodic. In India an aqueous distillate
+is employed as a perfume and therapeutically as a stimulant. In Concan they chew the green fruit for toothache <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb158" href="#pb158">158</a>]</span>and to harden relaxed gums. The decoction of the green fruit serves the same purpose and besides is used to wash wounds and
+ulcers.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A large ornamental tree with leaves alternate, oblong, coriaceous, green. Flowers small, straw-colored, star-shaped, very
+fragrant. Calyx, 8 sepals. Corolla gamopetalous, 16 oblong, lanceolate divisions. Stamens 8, free, short, alternating with
+8 petaloid, conical, pubescent staminodia. Ovary free, many ovules. Fruit fleshy, oval, smooth, yellow when ripe, with one
+or several locules according to the number of matured seeds. Seeds solitary, oblong, flattened.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Cultivated in the gardens.
+
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e8840">
+<h3 class="normal">Oleace&aelig;.</h3>
+<p>Olive Family.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Jasminum Sambac</b>, Aiton. (<i>Nyctanthes Sambac</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Sampaga</i>, Tag.; <i>Sampaguitas</i>, Sp.-Fil.; <i>Arabian Jasmin</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The flower is the most popular and beloved of any in the Philippines (and is commonly referred to as the national flower).
+In decoction it is used as an eye-wash in catarrhal conjunctivitis. In India the flowers and the leaves have a merited reputation
+as a lactifuge; 2 handfuls of flowers bruised and applied without moistening, once or twice a day, sometimes checks the secretion
+of the milk within 24 hours, but generally 2 or 3 days are required for a complete effect.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;Stems scarcely climbing, flattened, pubescent. Leaves opposite, cordate base, lanceolate-ovate, entire, glabrous. Flowers
+in small, close clusters, white, fragrant. Calyx-teeth 8&#8211;9, long and awl-shaped. Corolla, long tube, 7&#8211;8 rounded lobes. Stamens
+2. Style 1. Stigma cleft in 2 lamin&aelig;.
+
+
+
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb159" href="#pb159">159</a>]</span></p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e8876">
+<h3 class="normal">Apocynace&aelig;.</h3>
+<p>Dogbane Family.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Allamanda cathartica</b>, L.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;Not known.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;As this plant has no common name in the Philippines it is most probable that the natives do not use it. The Portuguese introduced
+it into India from Brazil. A decoction of the leaves is purgative and is used in lead colic. The milky juice of the plant
+is emetic and cathartic in large doses, but simply laxative when given in doses of 8 or 10 drops. On account of its possible
+violent cathartic action great prudence should be exercised in prescribing it.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A twining shrub with leaves in fours, bright green, oblong, covered with rough hairs. Flowers in compound spikes, yellow.
+Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla 5-lobed, funnel-form. Stamens 5, inserted in throat of corolla, which above them is closed by a crown
+of hairs. Ovary 1-celled with 2 many-ovuled placent&aelig;. Style cylindrical, terminating in a bilobulate cone. Capsule globular,
+about the size of a pea, black, coriaceous, thorny, bivalvate. Seeds numerous, each encircled by a broad membranous wing.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;In Calauang and other parts of Luzon and Panay.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Thevetia nerifolia</b>, Suss. (<i>Cerbera Thevetia</i>, L. and Blanco)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Campanelo</i>, Sp.-Fil.; <i>Exile or Yellow Oleander</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;This shrub is very common in gardens, well known by its pretty yellow, bell-shaped flowers. The trunk bark possesses antiperiodic
+properties first described by Descourtilz and confirmed later by Dr. G. Bidie and Dr. J. Short. Both the latter used the tincture
+in 10&#8211;15-drop doses 3 times a <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb160" href="#pb160">160</a>]</span>day. This tincture was prepared by macerating for one week in 150 grams of alcohol 30 grams of fresh bark finely divided.
+This preparation operates as an emetic and purgative in doses of 30&#8211;60 drops. It is evident that the plant possesses very
+active, even poisonous properties and should be employed with great caution. The decoction of the bark is given as an emetic
+and cathartic, but very imprudently because there is no means of determining the quantity of active principle, shown by chemical
+analysis to be a dangerous product.
+
+</p>
+<p>The fruit is very bitter and acrid. The seeds yield by expression 35 to 41% oil (De Vry) and 57% when treated with benzol.
+It has an agreeable odor resembling that of sweet almonds, its density is 0.9148 at 25&deg; and it is perfectly clear and transparent
+at that temperature. At 15&deg; it thickens and at 13&deg; solidifies. According to Oudemans it consists of 63% triolein and 37% tripalmin
+and tristearin; it is not poisonous. After expression De Vry obtained from the caked residue 4% of a crystalline glucoside
+called by him <i>thevetin</i>. Blas, of the Academy of Medicine of Belgium, studied it later and described it as a white powder of small colorless scales,
+odorless, very bitter, soluble at 14&deg; in 122 parts of water, in alcohol, in crystallizable acetic acid, insoluble in ether;
+formula C<sub>54</sub>H<sub>34</sub>O<sub>24</sub>. Concentrated sulphuric acid dissolves it, producing a dark red color that changes to cherry red and then after several hours
+to violet. The color disappears if water be added. Boiled in acid solution the glucoside changes to a new substance, <i>theveresin</i> (C<sub>48</sub>H<sub>70</sub>O<sub>17</sub>), white, amorphous, slightly soluble in boiling water and in alcohol, insoluble in benzine or chloroform, soluble in alkalies,
+very bitter. Both substances are energetic narcotic poisons; but the plant contains another even more powerful poison isolated
+by Warden, of Calcutta; it does not form crystals, it is very bitter, freely soluble in water, and is turned yellow by sulphuric
+and nitric acids.
+
+</p>
+<p>Thevetin and theveresin exercise a marked toxic effect on the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb161" href="#pb161">161</a>]</span>heart. The former induces emetic and cathartic phenomena, trembling and progressive weakness. The latter does not cause vomiting
+or diarrh&#339;a, but an&aelig;sthesia and rigidity of the limbs. Both poisons arrest the heart in systole. Injected hypodermically they
+are irritant, are eliminated by the liver, but are not found in the urine.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A shrub, about 10&deg; high, with leaves nearly sessile, somewhat bunched at the ends of the branches and overlapping, lanceolate,
+entire, glabrous. Flowers about 2&#8242; long. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla straw-colored, cylindrical, very narrow below, but the limb
+very large, spreading into 5 lobes with greenish, superimposed borders. Stamens 5, inserted in the throat, anthers lanceolate.
+Ovaries 2, united at base, free above, unilocular. Style simple, enlarging at the base in a bilobed stigma. Fruit a fleshy
+drupe resembling somewhat a small apple, the pit very hard, semilunar, flattened, with 4 compartments and as many solitary
+seeds.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Common in all gardens and on the seashore.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Cerbera Odallam</b>, Gaertn. (<i>C. manghas</i>, Bl. &amp; Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Toktok-kal&oacute;</i>, Tag.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The milky juice of the plant is emetic and purgative. The chemist De Vry has isolated from it a poisonous alkaloid analogous
+to &#8220;thevetin,&#8221; which has just been considered. The seeds are likewise emetic and toxic. The Javanese call the fruit &#8220;bimaro&#8221;
+and affirm that it possesses the same properties as &#8220;datura.&#8221; The bruised leaves are used locally for hepatic eruptions; the
+bark is used for the same purpose and is purgative.
+
+</p>
+<p>The use of the plant is dangerous and is condemned by the Pharmacop&#339;ia of India.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A small shrub with forked branches. Leaves (overlapping) at ends of branches, lanceolate, entire, glabrous. Flowers in umbellate
+spikes. Calyx, 5 <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb162" href="#pb162">162</a>]</span>caducous lobules. Corolla white, twisted, cylindrical, with salver-shaped limb divided in 5 rhomboid lobes, throat stellate
+and woolly. Stamens 5. Filaments joined to the corolla, their ends thickened. Anthers arrow-shaped. Ovary, 2 uniovulate locules.
+Style, same length as stamens. Stigma thick, conical, lobulate. Two drupes joined at the base (one usually aborted), brown,
+large, oval, fleshy, with woody fibrous nut of a single flattened seed.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Luzon. Blooms in July.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Plumeria acutifolia</b>, Poir. (<i>P. alba</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Calachuche</i>, Sp.-Fil.; <i>Kalatsutsi</i>, <i>Kalasusi</i>, Tag.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;This tree, beloved for its fragrant flowers, has a wide therapeutic use in India and the Philippines. The bark is a bitter
+hydragogue cathartic and is given in decoction (5&#8211;10 grams to 200 water) principally for dropsy; however the milky juice of
+the trunk is preferable for this purpose, given in emulsion in doses of 0.50&#8211;0.80 grams. The bark and the tips of the branches
+are given as an emmenagogue.
+
+</p>
+<p>The bark of the root and of the trunk is an excellent remedy for blenorrhagia. The fresh bark is thoroughly comminuted and
+mixed with sweetened water in the proportion of 60 grams to 4 liters; this mixture is put in the sun for 4 days, and shaken
+from time to time. It is then strained and given in doses of 4&#8211;5 glassfuls a day, at the same time with refreshing and emollient
+drinks, and prolonged tepid baths. At first this preparation exerts a purgative action, but later acts upon the urinary organs,
+rapidly lessening the suppurative process in urethritis. The bark may also be associated with wine or beer, in the proportion
+of 30 grains to the liter, the dose being 2&#8211;4 small cupfuls a day and Dr. Grosourdy employs the extract of the bark in doses
+aggregating 0.20&#8211;0.25 gram a day, gradually increased till at the end of a week 6 grams are taken daily (Dr. J. Amadeo).
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb163" href="#pb163">163</a>]</span></p>
+<p>The bruised leaves are applied locally to contusions to reduce the swelling. The juice is used externally as a rubefacient
+in rheumatic affections of the joints. In Concan they use a decoction of the root for diarrh&#339;a. The flower buds are chewed
+with <i>buyo</i>, for intermittent fever and the juice is applied locally for itch.
+
+</p>
+<p>Peckolt and Geuther isolated from the bark the glucoside, <i>agoniadin</i> (C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>14</sub>O<sub>6</sub>), which crystallizes in silky crystals fusible at 155&deg;, slightly soluble in water, alcohol, bisulphuret of carbon, ether
+and benzine; soluble in nitric or sulphuric acids. In solution it is a golden yellow soon changing to green. Boiled in a dilute
+acid it splits into glucose and an undetermined substance. Oudeman obtained <i>plumieric</i> acid (C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>10</sub>O<sub>5</sub>) from the milky juice deprived of its resin; the acid exists as microscopic, needle-like crystals, soluble in boiling water,
+alcohol and ether. It melts and decomposes at 130&deg;.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A tree, 12&#8211;18&deg; high, commonly cultivated for ornament, well known in the islands, almost constantly bearing fragrant flowers,
+but rarely bearing fruit. Branches forked and peculiarly stumpy at the ends. Leaves alternate, broad lanceolate, entire, glabrous,
+the apices curved downward. Petioles short. Flowers creamy white, light yellow in the throat. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla twisted,
+funnel-form, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, hidden in depths of the tube. Anthers dart- or arrow-formed. Style very short, thickened
+above. Stigma 2-parted. Two horizontal, cylindrical and long follicles joined at their bases, with numerous seeds in hollow
+receptacles, each seed encircled by a wing.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Alstonia scholaris</b>, Br. (<i>Echites scholaris</i>, L. and Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Dita</i>, Tag.; <i>Dallopawen</i>, Iloc.; <i>Dita</i> or <i>Alstonia Tree</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The trunk bark is a febrifuge of great importance; it is official in the Pharmacop&#339;ia of India and is widely used <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb164" href="#pb164">164</a>]</span>in the Philippines. Personally I have had occasion to use it in several cases of malarial fever in the town of San Mateo near
+Manila. It is astringent, anthelmintic and antiperiodic, highly useful in chronic diarrh&#339;a and dysentery, not only for its
+astringent effects but for its tonic and restorative action. As a tonic it gives as good results as quinine. The dry powdered
+bark is given internally in wafers of 20&#8211;30 centigrams. The infusion is prepared from 15 grams of the dry comminuted bark
+to 300 of water. The dose is 30&#8211;60 grams 2 or 3 times a day.
+
+</p>
+<p>Another convenient preparation is the tincture, 75 grams of the powdered bark macerated 7 days in 500 grams of alcohol, shaking
+from time to time. It is then filtered and enough alcohol added to make up the 500 cc. The dose is 4&#8211;8 grams a day.
+
+</p>
+<p>I have often used the following wine as a tonic for convalescents and patients suffering from general debility: Finely powdered
+bark, 25 grams, muscatel or dry sherry one bottle; macerate a week, shaking every day, and filter; dose &frac12; wineglass with equal
+parts water a few minutes before each meal; children or very weak patients should take it after eating; it should always be
+diluted.
+
+</p>
+<p>G. Grupe, a Manila pharmacist, treating the bark in 1883 by the same process as that used in the preparation of quinine, obtained
+a bitter substance which he named <i>Ditaine</i>. According to Grupe Dr. Pina used this substance with great success in the treatment of malarial fevers, but neither Grupe&#8217;s
+report nor Pina&#8217;s experiment are of any scientific value, inasmuch as they have neglected to mention the doses in which the
+so-called alkaloid was employed. Later analyses by Hesse and Jobst revealed several principles: two alkaloids <i>ditamine</i> (C<sub>16</sub>H<sub>19</sub>NO<sub>2</sub>), soluble in ether; <i>Ditaine</i> or <i>Echitamine</i> (C<sub>22</sub>H<sub>28</sub>NO<sub>4</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O) insoluble in ether, soluble in water; acetic acid and two amorphous substances dextrogyrous in ethereal solution, one of
+them <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb165" href="#pb165">165</a>]</span>a resin, <i>Echicauchina</i> (C<sub>25</sub>H<sub>40</sub>O<sub>2</sub>), the other neutral, <i>Echiretin</i> (C<sub>35</sub>H<sub>56</sub>O<sub>2</sub>); two crystallizable principles, dextrogyrous: <i>Echicerin</i> (C<sub>30</sub>H<sub>48</sub>O<sub>2</sub>), <i>Echitein</i> (C<sub>42</sub>H<sub>70</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) and <i>Echitin</i> (C<sub>32</sub>H<sub>52</sub>O<sub>2</sub>).
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Ditaine</i> is employed under the same circumstances and in the same dose as quinine. (The Hindoo writer, K. L. Dey, states that the
+plant yields an inferior quality of gutta-percha.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description</span>.&#8212;A tree, 50 or more feet high, the trunk covered with small eminences resembling the scars of thorns. Branches radiating.
+Leaves radiating, 5, 6 or more, somewhat elliptical in form, pointed at the apex. Petioles very short, with a pointed glandule
+on the inner surface of the base. Flowers white, terminal, in umbellate racemes. Calyx very short, 5-toothed. Corolla twisted,
+tubular, the limb 5-lobuled; throat open, encircled with down. Stamens 5, hidden within the throat and inserted on the tube.
+Filaments almost wanting. Anthers arrow-shaped. Style as long as the stamens, somewhat flattened, a scarcely visible line
+throughout its length. Stigma bifid, placed above a cylindrical zone, two follicles, 1&deg; long and 1&#8243; thick, twisted like a
+string, containing the seeds in a row. Seeds cylindrical with a hairy awn at both ends.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat</span>.&#8212;In the forests of Luzon, especially in Batangas. Blooms in April.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Nerium odorum</b>, Aiton. (<i>N. oleander</i>, L. and Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg</span>.&#8212;<i>Adelfa</i>, Sp.; <i>Baladri</i>, Tag.; <i>Sweet-scented Oleander</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses</span>.&#8212;In the Philippines and in Spain this plant is well known to be poisonous. The bark and the leaves of both the red-flowered
+and white-flowered varieties are boiled in cocoanut oil and the product is used for inunction in itch and other skin diseases.
+The bruised root is a useful application for chancroids.
+
+</p>
+<p>We have stated that the plant is poisonous, and indeed it is actively so in the tropics. It is now recognized as an energetic
+cardiac poison, comparable with strophanthus, destined to play <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb166" href="#pb166">166</a>]</span>an important part in therapeutics. Dr. Pouloux has made a study of the hydro-alcoholic extract of oleander and reports that
+it exerts a marked effect on the heart of frogs and rabbits, arresting them in systole. Where there is asystolia, such as
+we encounter in Bright&#8217;s disease, without compensation, it stimulates the heart and increases the urine in the same manner
+as digitalis. No contraindications to its use are as yet known. It occasions no disagreeable symptoms and may be used many
+days consecutively provided that the daily dose does not exceed 10&#8211;15 centigrams.
+
+</p>
+<p>The poisonous properties of the plant reside in two alkaloids isolated by Lukowsky from the leaves: <i>oleandrine</i>, extremely toxic and <i>pseudo-curarine</i>, as its name indicates, resembling curare in its action. Oleandrin is yellow, semicrystalline, soluble in water, alcohol,
+ether, chloroform and olive oil; fusible at 70&#8211;75&deg; and changing to a greenish oil. With HCl it forms a crystalline salt. It
+is a violent irritant of the mucous membranes and given internally it causes emesis, diarrh&#339;a, tetanic convulsions and death.
+It arrests the cardiac movements in doses of 25 milligrams.
+
+</p>
+<p>Loiseleur-Deslongchamps experimented with the drug on his own person, using a solution of 30 grams of the extract in 120 grams
+of wine. He began by taking three drops of this preparation four times a day, adding a drop to each dose every day, so that
+at the end of 12 days he was taking 48 drops between 6 a. m. and 9 p. m. He reached a maximum of 64 drops a day but was forced
+to abandon his experiment at that point on account of the unpleasant symptoms induced&#8212;loss of appetite, great weakness and
+muscular pains. His deduction was that the plant contained a &#8220;destructive and irritant principle.&#8221; The experiment is of interest
+as demonstrating the maximum dose of the drug.
+
+</p>
+<p>The active principles of the plant reside principally in the leaves and bark, but that they are abundantly present in other
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb167" href="#pb167">167</a>]</span>parts is proved by the death of several soldiers in Corsica from having eaten meat roasted on a spit of oleander wood.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A small tree, about 6&deg; high. Leaves coriaceous, lanceolate, entire, glabrous. Flowers in terminal cymes, rose-color or white,
+single or double. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 15 petals, the inner ones larger, disposed in 3 groups of 5. Stamens 10, fixed on
+receptacle; filaments short. Style shorter than stamens. Two follicles, sharp-pointed, channeled, containing many imbricated
+seeds each with an awn.
+
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e9254">
+<h3 class="normal">Asclepiadace&aelig;.</h3>
+<p>Milkweed Family.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Calotrops gigantea</b>, R. Br. (<i>Asclepias gigantea</i>, Willd. and Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Kapal-kapal</i>, Tag.; <i>Swallow-Wort</i>, Eng.; <i>Mudar</i>, Indo-Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;This plant is official in the Pharmacop&#339;ia of India as an alterative, tonic, diaphoretic and emetic. J. J. Durant, having
+observed that the natives used it for dysentery, experimented with it quite successfully in that disease. For adults he gradually
+raised the dose from 1.10 to 4 grams, preferring smaller doses, however, for mild cases. To children he prescribed 5&#8211;10 centigrams
+for each year of age, 3 or 4 times a day. He remarked that the effects produced were identical with those of ipecac administered
+in Brazilian fashion.
+
+</p>
+<p>The part of the plant used is the dry root powdered. The usual dose is 15&#8211;50 centigrams 3 times a day, gradually increased;
+as an emetic 2&#8211;4 grams.
+
+</p>
+<p>The milky juice that escapes from the stem on the slightest abrasion is a drastic purgative, given commonly in dropsy, lumbricoids,
+etc. Pledgets of cotton impregnated with the juice and packed in the cavities of carious teeth, relieve toothache. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb168" href="#pb168">168</a>]</span>It is applied locally for various skin diseases, including syphilitic ulcers, and as a depilatory.
+
+</p>
+<p>Some races of India, such as the Rajputs of the districts of Allahab and of Khangor, use this milk-juice to poison their female
+infants whom they are accustomed to regard as a vexatious burden. Therapeutically they use it with honey, locally for sore
+throat.
+
+</p>
+<p>The dry and powdered juice has been used in small doses as an alterative in the treatment of tuberculous leprosy, but it has
+not given results any better than many other drugs. In syphilis and mercurial cachexia its results are less doubtful.
+
+</p>
+<p>In 1881 Dr. Riddell obtained a sort of gutta-percha from the juice, previously observed by Professor Redwood.
+
+</p>
+<p>Mooden Sheriff states that the most active parts of the plant are the root bark and the dried juice. He adds that the action
+of the juice is irregular and even dangerous, and that the bark is active in direct proportion to its age. He recommends that
+the inert tuberous layer of the bark be removed; prepared thus and powdered it is emetic in doses of 2.50&#8211;3 grams.
+
+</p>
+<p>Duncan claims to have isolated from the bark an active principle which he called <i>mudarin</i> from &#8220;mudar,&#8221; the Indian name of the plant. Following the same process Fl&uuml;ckiger was unable to obtain the substance, but
+did isolate 1&frac12;% of an acrid resin, soluble in ether and in alcohol; a mucilage and a bitter principle decolorized by chloroform
+and ether. It is probable that this is the active principle of the &#8220;Calotropis gigantea.&#8221;
+
+</p>
+<p>Warden and Waddell in 1881 isolated a substance crystallizable in nodular masses, with the formula C<sub>17</sub>H<sub>28</sub>O, analogous to the <i>albana</i> of gutta-percha.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description</span>.&#8212;A small tree, 7&#8211;8&deg; high, with straight stem, branched and woody. Leaves sessile, opposite, cleft at the base, oval, fleshy
+and woolly. Flowers lateral in simple umbels of 3 or more flowerets. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb169" href="#pb169">169</a>]</span>monopetalous, 5 acute lobes, white, of rare and beautiful form. Nectaries 5, united throughout their length with the receptacle,
+their bases curved like the sides of the fleur de lis.
+
+</p>
+<p>Above the nectaries is a 5-angled crown, the extremity of the receptacle; in each angle a black anther. Two large follicles
+narrowed at the ends, woolly, the apex somewhat curved to one side, containing many imbricated seeds, each with a tuft of
+long hairs.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Bauang, Taal and the volcanic island of Taal. Blossoms in April.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Tylophora asthmatica</b>, Wight. (<i>Asclepias asthmatica</i>, Roxb.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;(?)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses</span>.&#8212;We are ignorant of the uses the Filipinos make of this plant. It is official in the Pharmacop&#339;ia of India, the dry powdered
+leaf being the part employed, and its emetic, diaphoretic and expectorant properties are well known in that country. Roxburgh
+has used the root as an emetic and Anderson has employed it in the same manner as ipecac in dysentery. Later the experience
+of Anderson was confirmed by O&#8217;Shaughnessy; though in place of the root he used the leaf, the properties of which he regards
+as more certain and uniform.
+
+</p>
+<p>Dr. J. Kirkpatrick has noted that the juice of the root and its powder are used by the natives of Mysore as an emetic, and
+adds that he himself has used it for that purpose in a thousand cases with good results. In its effect on dysentery as well
+as in its emetic effect it resembles ipecacuanha. He used the powder in doses of 1.20&#8211;1.80 gr., to which he added 3&#8211;6 centigrams
+of tartar emetic when he desired to obtain an energetic emetic action. Like O&#8217;Shaughnessy he prefers the powdered leaves.
+He considers it a good substitute for ipecac, not only as an emetic, but as a remedy in asthma, dysentery and catarrhal affections;
+Drs. Oswald and Mooden Sheriff have made the same observations. The latter <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb170" href="#pb170">170</a>]</span>advises the administration of the juice of the plant for snake bites till vomiting is produced; then follow with diffusible
+stimulants.
+
+</p>
+<p>The emetic dose of the powdered leaves is 1.20&#8211;1.80 grams, the expectorant and diaphoretic dose 10&#8211;30 centigrams. The concentrated
+infusion of the leaves has an acrid taste. Tannic acid, the neutral acetate of lead and caustic potash produce with it an
+abundant precipitate; the perchloride of iron colors it a dark green. Broughton, of Ootaemund (India), informed Hanbury and
+Fl&uuml;ckiger, from whom we quote, that in 1872 he obtained a very small quantity of crystals from a large quantity of leaves.
+He had not enough to make an analysis, but injected a solution of the crystals into a dog with resulting vomiting and diarrh&#339;a.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A vigorous plant with scandent stem 2&#8211;4 meters long, the more recent growth woolly. Leaves opposite, entire, 5&#8211;12 centimeters
+long and 2&#8211;6 broad, oval or rounded. Petiole striated and short. Flowers in umbelliferous cymes, compound, axillary, solitary
+and alternate, with woolly peduncles; hermaphrodite, regular, small, of a pale green color inside and a light purple outside.
+Calyx gamosepalous, with 5 lobules. Corolla gamopetalous, 5 oval, twisted lobules. Staminal crown composed of 5 fleshy scales,
+joined to the staminal tube. Stamens 5, inserted on the throat of the corolla, filaments joined to form a very short tube
+with anthers straight, short and crowned by a membranous bilocular appendix. The gyn&#339;cium consists of 2 unilocular ovaries
+each containing an indefinite number of ovules. Style with a pentagonal stigma which bears in each angle a glandular body.
+Fruits compound with two separate follicles, large, lanceolate, smooth, 8&#8211;10 centimeters long and 5 in circumference. Each
+encloses a seed, hairy, albuminous with straight embryo and flattened cotyledons.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Mountains of San Mateo.
+
+
+
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb171" href="#pb171">171</a>]</span></p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e9359">
+<h3 class="normal">Loganiace&aelig;.</h3>
+<p>Logania Family.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Strychnos Ignatii</b>, Berg. (<i>S. Philippensis</i>, Blanco; <i>Ignatia amara</i>, L.; <i>Ignatia Philippinea</i>, Lour.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Pepita Fruta</i>, Sp.-Fil.; <i>Pepita sa katbalog&#771;an</i>, <i>Kabalog&#771;an</i>, Tag., Pam.; <i>Pangaguason</i>, <i>Aguason</i>, <i>Kanlara</i>, <i>Mananaog</i>, <i>Dankagi</i>, <i>Katalog&#771;a</i>, <i>Igasud</i>, Vis.; <i>St. Ignatius Bean</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The part of the plant employed is the seed, known in addition to the above common names as Pepita de San Ignacio and Pepita
+de Cabalonga (for <i>katbolog&#771;an</i>). The natives handle it with the greatest imprudence, selling everywhere in the markets and in the Chinese shops, called
+<i>tindag&#771;-bayag&#771;</i>. It is not only a remedy among them, but a sort of panacea, to which they attribute, among other virtues, that of expelling
+evil spirits, simply worn about the neck. They grate it with a piece of earthen pot, mix with a little &#8220;tuba&#8221; vinegar and
+apply it to the temples for headache. In bites of poisonous animals they advise the application of the powdered seed over
+the wound, a treatment which instead of being beneficent might easily be harmful to the patient. Before proceeding further,
+let us give the chemical composition of the seeds in order that their uses may be the better understood.
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Strychnine</i> is found in them in the proportion of &frac12;&#8211;1&frac12; and <i>brucine</i> &frac12;%&#8211;1.4%. Fl&uuml;ckiger and Hanbury by drying it over sulphuric acid and burning it with &#8220;cal s&ograve;dica&#8221; obtained 1.78% of nitrogen
+which represents 10% of albuminoid material. Strychnine and brucine exist in combination with igasuric acid discovered by
+Ludwig in 1873. The proportion of both the alkaloids is greater than in the seeds of nux vomica which contain only .25&#8211;.50%
+strychnine and .12&#8211;.05% brucin, although some authors give it as high as 1.01%. Strychnine can be obtained more readily and
+in larger proportions from St. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb172" href="#pb172">172</a>]</span>Ignatius bean, but it is generally obtained from nux vomica seeds on account of the cheapness of the latter.
+
+</p>
+<p>It is more energetic than nux vomica and its use in medicine should be condemned, preference, however, being given to the
+official preparations among which the best known is that commonly called &#8220;Bitter Drops of Beaum&eacute;,&#8221; of which the following
+is the composition:
+
+</p>
+<div class="table" style="width:60%">
+<table width="100%">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Grated St. Ignatius&#8217; beans </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">500 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Potassium carbonate </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 5 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Soot (?) </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 1 gram.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">60% alcohol </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">1,000 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p>Macerate for 10 days, strain, express and filter. Dose, 1&#8211;16 drops in a little water or wine before each meal, for dyspepsia,
+an&aelig;mia, convalescence from fevers, and other conditions in which a tonic is indicated. The indications for the use of this
+drug are the same as those for nux vomica, keeping in mind the difference in dose.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;This plant grows in the deep forests of Samar and Masbate. That industrious and distinguished botanist, D. Regino Garc&iacute;a,
+found it growing abundantly in Paranas, Island of Samar. It is a robust vine, the trunk sometimes as thick as a man&#8217;s thigh,
+climbing to the tops of the highest trees, apparently without preference as to its host, inasmuch as he saw it growing indifferently
+on <i>Ficus</i>, <i>Dipterocarpus</i>, <i>Litsaca</i>, etc. The seed which most interests us and is very common, is about the size of an olive, round and convex on one side, angulose
+and flattened on the other by being compressed with many others within the fruit which contains 50 of them. Its surface is
+blackish with a gray-blue tinge. It is hard and corneous. Its taste is extremely bitter.
+
+</p>
+<p>Branches opposite, smooth, the ends square. Leaves opposite, oval, much pointed at the apex, entire, glabrous, with 3 prominent
+nerves. Petioles very short. Flowers in panicles <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb173" href="#pb173">173</a>]</span>of many flowerets. Calyx inferior, 5-cleft, very short. Corolla 6&#8211;7 times longer than the calyx, funnel-form, 5-lobed. Anthers
+5, sessile, fixed in the throat of the corolla. Ovary very small. Style filiform, same length as the stamens. Stigma truncate
+and thick. Drupe globose, often oval, large, smooth, with thick, woody shell of a single compartment containing seeds as described
+above.
+
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e9486">
+<h3 class="normal">Boraginace&aelig;.</h3>
+<p>Borage Family.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Ehretia buxifolia</b>, Roxb. (<i>Carmonea heterophylla</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Mag&#771;it</i>, <i>Alag&#771;itg&#771;it</i>, Tag., Vis.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The leaves dried in the shade are used in some Visayan towns, in infusion to take the place of tea. The root is used by the
+Hindoo physicians as an alterative. Dr. R. Ross has employed it for that purpose in a decoction of 60 grams to 500 cc. of
+water; 60 cc. a day of this preparation gave him good results in secondary and constitutional syphilis. The Mohammedans of
+India consider the root an antidote for vegetable poisons.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;Small tree, 5&#8211;6&deg; high, trunk straight. Leaves alternate or bunched in 3&#8242;s or 4&#8242;s at the nodes, lanceolate or spatulate, 3-toothed
+at apex, sometimes serrate toward the apex, set with short, stiff hairs. Petioles very short. Flowers axillary, in racemose
+panicles of a few flowers each. Common peduncle long, pedicel short. Calyx free, bell-shaped, persistent, divided almost to
+base into 5 narrow, downy parts. Corolla bell-shaped, 5 oval lobules. Stamens 5. Ovary oval, within the flower. Style bifid.
+Stigmas simple, truncate. Drupe globose, with hard, slightly furrowed putamen of 6 locules and solitary seeds.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Malinta and many other parts of the Visayas. Blooms in January.
+
+
+
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb174" href="#pb174">174</a>]</span></p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e9523">
+<h3 class="normal">Convolvulace&aelig;.</h3>
+<p>Convolvulus Family.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Ipom&#339;a hederacea</b>, Jacq. (<i>I. nil</i>, Roth.; <i>Convolvulus nil</i>, L. and Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Bulakan</i>, Tag.; <i>Kala-Danah</i>, Indo-Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;This plant is not used as a medicine by the Filipinos, but is official in the Pharmacop&#339;ia of India from which we copy its
+indications and official preparations.
+
+</p>
+<p>The seed is the part employed, its cathartic properties being much like those of jalap, though less energetic. An excellent
+substitute for the latter is 2 or 3 grams of <i>kala-danah</i> seeds in powder form, and no unpleasant effects attend its operation.
+
+</p>
+<p>The official preparations are:
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Extract of Kaladana.</span>&#8212;Dose, 30&#8211;60 centigrams in pill.
+
+</p>
+<div class="table" style="width:60%">
+<table width="100%">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Powdered seeds </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">500 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Alcohol </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 2 liters.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Water </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 4&frac12; liters.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Tincture of Kaladana.</span>&#8212;Dose, 8&#8211;12 grams.
+
+</p>
+<div class="table" style="width:60%">
+<table width="100%">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Seeds </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 75 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Alcohol </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">500 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Compound Powder of Kaladana.</span>&#8212;Dose, 3&#8211;3&frac12; grams.
+
+</p>
+<div class="table" style="width:60%">
+<table width="100%">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Powdered seeds </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">150 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Acid tartrate of potassium </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">270 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Powdered ginger </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 30 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p>The last is an excellent substitute for the corresponding preparation of jalap.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Resin of Kaladana.</span>&#8212;Dose, 30&#8211;50 centigrams. It is prepared like resin of jalap and is a safe and sure purgative. In mass it has a dark color,
+but is gray when powdered. The odor is rather unpleasant, the taste sweetish and then acrid, nauseous, persistent, exciting
+the saliva and irritating the fauces. It was introduced into practice by Dr. G. Vidie.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb175" href="#pb175">175</a>]</span></p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A twiner with round, downy stem. Leaves heart-shaped, 3-lobed, the middle one broad-lanceolate, the lateral ones rather rectangular
+with petioles of equal length with the leaves. Flowers large, rose color or pale blue, in axillary cymes of 2 or 3 flowers
+each. Calyx, 5 long, downy parts. Corolla bell-shaped, 5 faint lobes. Stamens 5, free, inserted in the corolla. Ovary free,
+3 biovulate locules. Style simple. Stigma trilobed. Seed vessels globose with 3 locules each containing 2 seeds. Seeds convex
+on dorsum, 1/2 cm. broad by 1 cm. long, testa black.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Manila. Blooms in August.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Ipom&#339;a pes-capr&aelig;</b>, Roth. (<i>Convolvulus pes-capr&aelig;</i> L. and Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Katagkatag</i>, <i>Lagayray</i>, <i>Lampayog</i>, <i>Bagasoa</i>, <i>Kamigag</i>, <i>Daripay</i>, <i>Tagaray</i>, <i>Arodayday</i>, <i>Lambayog</i>, Tag., Vis.; <i>Lambayog</i>, Iloc.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The dry, powdered leaves are dusted over bruises and ulcers. The entire plant is very mucilaginous and the bruised fresh
+leaves are applied like poultices to cancers and ulcerating tumors. In India the boiled leaves are applied locally in colic
+and in rheumatism; the juice is given internally in dropsy as a diuretic, the pounded leaves at the same time serving as a
+poultice to the &#339;dematous parts.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A plant that creeps extensively, the stem taking root. Leaves with 2 well-marked lobules. Flowers rose-lilac color, in axillary
+panicles with long pedicels. Corolla very large, bell-shaped, the limb 5-angled and 5-nerved. Stamens 5, unequal in height.
+Stigma globose, marked by a line; later it divides in two. Seed vessel ovate, 2-celled, in each cell 2 downy seeds convex
+on one side, angular on the other.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Very common on the seashore. Blooms in January.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb176" href="#pb176">176</a>]</span></p>
+<p><b>Ipom&#339;a Turpethum</b>, R. Br. (<i>Convolvulus Turpethum</i>, L.;
+<i>C. maximus</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Albohol</i>, Sp.; <i>Turpeth Root</i>, <i>Indian Jalap</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The root, known in the Philippines as &#8220;turbita,&#8221; is a purgative and is a component part of the tincture of jalap, one of
+the most positive and active of known cathartics. But turpeth root is seldom used alone, for its action is so uncertain that
+Sir W. O&#8217;Shaughnessy pronounced the plant unworthy of a place in the Pharmacop&#339;ia of India. The dose of the powder is 1&#8211;4
+grams, the resin 40&#8211;50 cgms., the decoction of the root 4&#8211;12 grams. The active principle is a resin soluble in ether and a
+glucoside, <i>turpethin</i>, C<sub>34</sub>H<sub>56</sub>O<sub>16</sub>.
+
+</p>
+<p>In the east of India they make offerings of the flowers to the god Shiva, and also put them to more practical use by applying
+them to the head for neuralgic headache.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A vine with quadrangular stem. Leaves heart-shaped. Flowers axillary, numerous, in umbels. Calyx deeply cleft in 5 imbricated,
+ovate, fleshy parts. Corolla bell-shaped, folded. Stamens 5, unequal in height. Ovary inserted on an hypogynous disk, with
+2 biovulate compartments. Style same length as stamens. Stigma bilobulate, globose. Seed vessel square, encircled by calyx,
+2 locules each with 2 seeds.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Common in Bauang and Pasig. Blooms in November.
+
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e9755">
+<h3 class="normal">Solanace&aelig;<span class="corr" id="xd0e9758" title="Not in source">.</span></h3>
+<p>Nightshade Family.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Solanum nigrum</b>, L.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Hierba mora</i>, Sp.; <i>Konty</i>, <i>Onty</i>, <i>Gamagamatisan</i>, Tag.; <i>Lagpakon</i>, <i>Bolagtob</i>, <i>Lubilubi</i>, Vis.; <i>Kuty</i>, <i>Lubilubi</i>, Bic.; <i>Black</i> or <i>Common Nightshade</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;In the Philippines the entire plant is boiled and used for food, with the precaution of pouring off the first 2 or <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb177" href="#pb177">177</a>]</span>3 waters in which it is cooked, which contain an active principle capable of causing such disagreeable symptoms as vertigo
+and nausea. A decoction of the leaves serves to cleanse chronic sores and in fact improves their condition; it is also used
+as a lotion for various forms of dermatitis, for erysipelas and old burns.
+
+</p>
+<p>The plant is narcotic, antispasmodic and like belladonna it dilates the pupil.
+
+</p>
+<p>In India the decoction is given internally, 200&#8211;250 grams, for hypertrophy of the liver, and it is considered a good diuretic
+and alterative. For such uses they heat the above dose in a clay vessel till the color changes from green to brown, when it
+is cooled and given next day. Its action is diuretic and hydragogue-cathartic. Mooden Sheriff recommends this treatment highly,
+and for dropsy further advises the aqueous extract, 12 grams during the day divided into 3 or 4 doses. Small doses of 30&#8211;60
+grams of the decoction prepared as above described, are of use in some chronic skin diseases such as psoriasis.
+
+</p>
+<p>In 1821 Defosses, of Besan&ccedil;on, obtained <i>solanine</i> from the fruit, previously isolated from the <i>S. Dulcamara</i>.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A plant about 2&deg; high, stem straight, 3&#8211;4-angled, with white dots. Leaves lanceolate. Flowers white, in 2-ranked racemes.
+Calyx inferior, 5 persistent teeth. Corolla, 5 petals somewhat down-curved. Berry small, black when ripe.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Universally common. Blooms in January.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Capsicum fastigiatum</b>, Bl. (<i>C. minimum</i>, Roxb.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Chili picante</i>, Sp.-Fil.; <i>Sili</i>, Tag.; <i>Capsicum</i>, <i>Red Pepper</i>, etc., Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The fruit of this species of pepper plant is called <i>ag&iacute;</i> in Cuba and Porto Rico; it is in common use as a condiment in the Philippines. As a tonic and stimulant it is a <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb178" href="#pb178">178</a>]</span>useful article of food in hot countries where the digestive functions become sluggish. Used in moderation it prevents dyspepsia
+and consequent diarrh&#339;a. It is used as a gargle for hoarseness, decreasing the congestion of the larynx and vocal cords.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Gargle.</span>&#8212;
+
+</p>
+<div class="table" style="width:60%">
+<table width="100%">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Tincture of capsicum </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 8 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Water </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">160 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p>Mix.
+
+
+</p>
+<p>Recently capsicum in powder, extract, or tincture, has been recommended internally in the treatment of incipient hemorrhoids.
+The dose is .50 to 3 grams of the powder in pills or capsules; watery extract, 0.30&#8211;0.60; tincture, 10&#8211;30 drops.
+
+</p>
+<p>The <i>C. annuum</i>, L., and other varieties of red pepper serve the same uses as the above.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;Stem 4-angled. Leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate, entire. Petioles short. Flowers greenish-white in little clusters, drooping.
+Corolla wheel-shaped. Fruit straight, conical, slender, scarcely 1&#8242; long.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Universally common in the islands. Blooms at all times.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Datura alba</b>, Nees. (<i>D. Metel</i>, Roxb. and Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Talamponay</i>, Tag., Pam.; <i>Takbibug&#771;</i>, Vis.; <i>Dhatura</i>, Indo-Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The applications of this species are identical with those of <i>D. Stramonium</i> and it is official in the Pharmacop&#339;ia of India. It is antispasmodic, narcotic and toxic, and is used quite commonly with
+criminal intent in India and Indo-China. The cooked and bruised leaves make an efficient poultice in articular rheumatism.
+
+</p>
+<p>The symptoms of poisoning by &#8220;dhatura&#8221; are: dilatation of the pupil, general malaise, dryness of the fauces and skin, hallucinations,
+rapid pulse, coma and death or permanent mania.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb179" href="#pb179">179</a>]</span></p>
+<p>The dry leaf is smoked to abort asthma, and though its action is uncertain, it is one of the many remedies that should be
+tried, which though ineffective in one case may in another afford positive relief in this distressing disease. Not more than
+1.50 grams should be smoked in one day and their use should be discontinued if any symptom of intoxication supervenes. The
+Pharmacop&#339;ia of India contains a tincture made from 75 grams of the ground seeds and 500 grams of alcohol. Dr. Waring states
+that 20 drops of this tincture are equivalent to 6 centigrams of opium and that in some cases it has given him better narcotic
+results than the opium. The extract is made from 500 grams of the powdered seeds, 500 cc. ether, 500 cc. alcohol and 500 cc.
+water. Dose, 5&#8211;20 centigrams a day in 4 doses.
+
+</p>
+<p>The <i>D. fastuosa</i>, L., known in Manila by the common name of <i>Talamponay na itim</i>, Tag., possesses the same properties as the above. The Filipino physician, Sr. Zamora, successfully employed a poultice of
+bruised leaves cooked in vinegar and applied to the forehead and backs of the hands to reduce the fever of tuberculous patients.
+
+</p>
+<p>Neither the leaves nor seeds of these two varieties of <i>Datura</i> have been studied from a chemical standpoint, but there is little doubt that the active principle is the <i>daturine</i> (atropine and hyoscyamine) that exists so abundantly in <i>D. Stramonium</i>.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;Plant 5&#8211;6&deg; high, with nodose branches, forked. Leaves ovate, angled, somewhat downy. Flowers large, white, axillary, solitary.
+Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped, the limb 5-angled and 5-folded. Stamens 5, same length as calyx. Anthers
+long, flattened. Stigma thick, oblong, divisible in 2 leaves. Seed vessel globose, thorny, 4-valved over the base of the calyx.
+Seeds numerous, flattened, kidney-shaped. (Resembles closely the common Jamestown Weed of America, though much taller with
+much larger flowers.)
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb180" href="#pb180">180</a>]</span></p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Common on the shores of the sea. The <i>D. fastuosa</i> is differentiated by its violet flowers and double corolla.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Nicotiana Tabacum, L.</b>
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Tabaco</i>, Sp.; <i>Tobacco</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;Tobacco is a powerful sedative and antispasmodic, but owing to the accidents it may give rise to, its use in therapeutics
+is very limited. Like all the active Solanace&aelig; it is effective against neuralgia and spasm of the muscular tissues and is
+therefore indicated in strangulated hernia and in intestinal obstruction. In these conditions the infusion of 1&#8211;5 grams of
+the dried leaf to 250 grams of water is given by enema. Trousseau advises non-smokers who suffer from chronic constipation
+to smoke a cigarette fasting, a practice which, according to him, stimulates defecation. For the same condition the people
+of southern India are accustomed to apply a poultice of the bruised leaves to the anal region.
+
+</p>
+<p>Tobacco has been used by enema to combat tetanus; Dr. Lesth, of the General Hospital for Europeans, Bombay, claims to have
+obtained excellent results by applying a poultice over the entire length of the spinal column. Dr. Dymock has confirmed this
+practice.
+
+</p>
+<p>A decoction of the leaves is used as a lotion to destroy &#8220;pediculi capitis and pubis,&#8221; and to wash gangrenous ulcers.
+
+</p>
+<p>The daily increasing practice of smoking, like all other subjects, divides mankind into two camps, one for and one against
+the habit. Both parties exaggerate their arguments. The abuse of the plant without doubt sets up disturbances of the digestion,
+the heart and the nervous system. It is furthermore positive that persons of a certain disposition and with certain ailments
+are injured by even a moderate use of tobacco. The above facts serve as arms for the opponents of the habit; the robust who
+smoke and drink to excess and meet with an accidental death on a railroad or from an acute disease that overtakes <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb181" href="#pb181">181</a>]</span>them in the midst of perfect health, serve as arguments for the defenders, to prove the innocence of the custom. The antiseptic
+qualities of the smoke and of the entire plant also lend the smoker a defensive argument, as he may uphold the habit as hygienic
+and highly useful in preventing microbic infection. The antiseptic power of tobacco smoke is undoubted, but it is intolerable
+that a physician under the pretext of avoiding self infection should enter the house of his patient and continue smoking at
+the bedside.
+
+</p>
+<p>Chronic nicotine poisoning is the result of a gradual intoxication by the absorption of the active principle of tobacco, the
+alkaloid nicotine. Excessive smoking conduces to nicotism, more common in Europe than in the tropics, because the natives
+of Europe smoke the pipe and being confined in closed dwellings, breathe continuously an atmosphere of smoke; in the Philippines,
+on the contrary, the pipe is almost unknown and owing to the nature of the dwellings the smoking is carried on practically
+in the open air. An injurious practice of the Filipino smokers is that of &#8220;swallowing the smoke,&#8221; and this is a fitting point
+to call attention to an error of Dujardin-Beaumetz, who states that &#8220;in those who habitually swallow the smoke the nicotine
+acts directly upon the stomach.&#8221; The expression &#8220;swallow smoke&#8221; (<span lang="es">tragar el humo</span>) does not mean to force it into the stomach by an act of deglutition, and I am sure no one attempts to dispose of it in that
+way; but to inspire or breath it into the air passages. It is evident that this latter habit does not involve the stomach,
+but those who practice it expose themselves more to nicotism than those who keep the smoke in the mouth or expel it through
+the nose.
+
+</p>
+<p>The first cigar causes symptoms familiar to nearly everybody; dizziness, malaise, cold sweat, vomiting, diarrh&#339;a, dilatation
+of the pupils and rapid heart action&#8212;an acute intoxication. Chronic intoxication or nicotism manifests itself by disturbances
+of digestion, vision and especially circulation. It has been assigned <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb182" href="#pb182">182</a>]</span>as one of the causes of early atheroma and of angina pectoris. It should therefore be proscribed in persons who present symptoms
+of gastro-intestinal or of heart disease, and in every patient who complains of slight precordial pains, commonly attributed
+to flatus, but in reality cardiac neuralgia, a fugitive symptom announcing the possibility of that grave accident, angina
+pectoris, capable of ending the life of the patient with one stroke.
+
+</p>
+<p>Nicotine (C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>14</sub>N<sub>2</sub>) is an oleaginous liquid heavier than water, colorless, changing to dark yellow on contact with the air. <i>Nicotianin</i> or &#8220;camphor of tobacco&#8221; is another substance found in the leaves, crystalline, tasteless, with an odor resembling tobacco.
+Nicotinic acid is a product of the combustion of nicotine.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;The tobacco plant is so familiar to all Americans that its description here would be superfluous. It grows in all parts of
+the islands, the best qualities being cultivated in the northern provinces of Luzon, especially Cagayan and La Isabela.
+
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e10022">
+<h3 class="normal">Scrophulariace&aelig;.</h3>
+<p>Figwort Family.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Limnophila menthastrum,</b> Benth. (<i>Tala odorata</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Tala</i>, <i>Taramhampam</i>, Tag.; <i>Talatala</i>, Pam.; <i>Taratara</i>, Iloc.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;An infusion of the leaves is given as a diuretic and digestive tonic. The plant is aromatic. It is seldom used, but is given
+for the same troubles and in the same doses as chamomile and <i>Eupatorium Ayapana</i>.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A plant 1&deg; high, with leaves opposite, lanceolate, ovate, serrate, hairy, many small pits on the lower face. Flowers rose
+color, solitary, sessile. Calyx, 5 sharp teeth. Corolla tubular, curved, compressed, downy <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb183" href="#pb183">183</a>]</span>within, limb cleft in 4 unequal lobes. Stamens didynamous. Ovary conical. Style shorter than the stamens. Stigma 3-lobuled.
+Seed vessel, 2 multiovulate chambers.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat</span>.&#8212;Known universally. Blooms in June.
+
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e10069">
+<h3 class="normal">Bignoniace&aelig;.</h3>
+<p>Bignonia Family.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Oroxylum Indicum</b>, Vent. (<i>Bignonia Indica</i>, L.; <i>B. quadripinnata</i>, Blanco; <i>Colosanthes Indica</i>, Bl.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg</span>.&#8212;<i>Pinkapinkahan</i>, <i>Pinkapinka</i>, <i>Taghilaw</i>, <i>Abag&#771;abag&#771;</i>, Tag.; <i>Abag&#771;abag&#771;</i>, Vis.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses</span>.&#8212;The Hindoos consider the trunk bark an astringent and tonic and use it commonly in diarrh&#339;a and dysentery. In Bombay it
+has a wide use in veterinary practice as an application for the sore backs of the domestic cattle. Sarangadhara recommends
+for diarrh&#339;a and dysentery the infusion of the roasted bark mixed with infusion of <i>Bombax malabaricum</i>.
+
+</p>
+<p>Dr. Evers experimented with the powder and an infusion of the bark obtaining a strong diaphoretic action. He obtained the
+same effect with baths containing the bark and reported successful results in thus treating 24 cases of rheumatism. The dose
+of the powder was 0.30&#8211;1 gram a day in 3 doses; the infusion (30 grams bark to 300 boiling water), 90 grams a day in 3 doses.
+Combined with opium it had more pronounced diaphoretic effects than the compounds of opium and ipecac. The plant possesses
+no febrifuge properties.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description</span>.&#8212;A tree, 5&#8211;6 meters high, trunk straight, hollow, the hollow space containing many thin partitions covered with small points;
+branches opposite. Leaves 4 times odd pinnate. Leaflets obliquely ovate, acute, entire, glabrous. Flowers in racemes with
+long, primary peduncles, large, fleshy, lurid, violet color, odor mawkish. Calyx inferior, cylindrical, monophyllous, entire.
+Corolla much longer than <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb184" href="#pb184">184</a>]</span>calyx, fleshy, bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, all fertile, fixed on the corolla, nearly equal in height. Style longer than
+stamens, flattened. Stigma cleft in 2 flat leaves. Silique or pod about 3&deg; long and 2&#8242; wide, flattened, borders grooved and
+curved downward, containing a great number of seeds encircled by a broad, flat, imbricated wing.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Common in many parts of Luzon, in Mindanao, Ceb&uacute; and Paragua.
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e10127">
+<h3 class="normal">Pedaliace&aelig;.</h3>
+<p>Pedalium Family.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Sesamum Indicum</b>, L.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Ajonjoli</i>, Sp.; <i>Lig&#771;&aacute;</i>, Tag.; <i>Log&#771;&aacute;</i>, Vis.; <i>Lag&#771;is</i>, Pam.; <i>Sesam&eacute;</i>, Indo-Eng. (<i>Benn&eacute; Oil</i>, <i>Til Oil</i>, <i>Jinjili Oil</i>.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The leaves are emollient and in the Philippines, India and the Southern States of North America they are commonly used to
+make poultices, as a substitute for linseed.
+
+</p>
+<p>The decoction is prescribed internally as an emmenagogue and demulcent and externally as a lotion. It has the reputation of
+stimulating the growth of the hair and is used for this purpose quite commonly by the women of India.
+
+</p>
+<p>The seeds are emollient, laxative, diuretic and emmenagogue; they contain an oil to which we shall refer presently. In some
+countries they form an article of diet; in the Philippines they are much used as a condiment. Waring reports good results
+in amenorrh&#339;a, adding a handful of the bruised seeds to a hot sitz-bath. Two or 3 dessert-spoonfuls of the seeds eaten fasting
+and washed down with a glass of water, are very efficient in chronic constipation, both by their mechanical effect and the
+oil they contain; being non-irritant they are especially indicated in cases of constipation with hemorrhoids.
+
+</p>
+<p>The seeds contain up to 45% of oil known in the Philippines under the name of <i>lana</i>, an Ilocano word meaning &#8220;oil.&#8221; It <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb185" href="#pb185">185</a>]</span>is bright yellow, viscid, does not easily become rancid and is used for illuminating purposes in some Philippine provinces.
+In Japan and among the poor of India it serves as a food; in the latter country it is also very commonly used as a cosmetic,
+perfumed with various essences and used to anoint the hair and the body after the bath. In America it is given in place of
+castor oil in doses of 30&#8211;60 grams. In pharmacy it may be properly substituted for olive oil, especially in Linimentum Calcis
+prepared for burns.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A plant 2&#8211;4&deg; high, stem straight, square, grooved. Leaves trifoliate. Leaflets lanceolate, serrate, slightly downy. Common
+petiole long; secondary petiole very short. Flowers pinkish white, in spikes, each flower bearing 2 small glands. Calyx with
+2 bracts at the base, top-shaped, monophyllous, 5 lanceolate teeth. Corolla large, 5-lobed, bell-shaped, expanded in the middle
+where it is spattered with small spots. Stamens didynamous. Anthers long. Ovary downy, quadrangular. Style same length as
+stamens. Stigma bifid. Seed vessel quadrangular, elongated, 4 opposite grooves, 4 chambers each containing many small ovoid
+seeds.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Universal. Blooms in October.
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e10189">
+<h3 class="normal">Acanthace&aelig;.</h3>
+<p>Acanthus Family.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Acanthus ilicifolius, L.</b>
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Diliwariw</i>, <i>Dolo-ariw</i>, <i>Tig&#771;log</i>, <i>Lagiwlagiw</i>, Tag.; <i>Titiw</i>, Vis.; <i>Dulawari</i>, Pam.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;We are not familiar with the medicinal uses of this plant in the Philippines, but believe that its sole use is in the soap-making
+industry; the ash of the plant is rich in soda and potash salts and lye is prepared from it.
+
+</p>
+<p>In Goa the leaves, rich in mucilage, are used locally in fomentations for rheumatism and neuralgia. Rheede mentions <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb186" href="#pb186">186</a>]</span>as useful the application of the bruised sprouts to snake bites. Bontius attributes expectorant properties to the plant. The
+natives of Siam and Cochin China use it as a cordial and as a medicine for paralysis and asthma.
+
+</p>
+<p>In Concan the sweetened decoction of the plant with a little cumin seed is given for dyspepsia with pyrosis.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A plant about 3&deg; high, stem straight, beset with sharp eminences. Leaves opposite, membranaceous, lanceolate, pinnatifid,
+large teeth ending in prickles. Petioles very short, 2 thorns at the base. Flowers purplish white in spikes. Calyx double;
+the outer one of 2 parts, the inner 4. Corolla bell-shaped, lower lip broad, keeled, fleshy, notched above. Upper lip wanting,
+a notch in its place. Stamens 4, didynamous. Ovary superior, conical. Style of equal length with stamens. Stigma bifid. Seed
+vessels 2-celled, each cell with 2 heart-shaped, flattened, rough seeds.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Very common in regions inundated by salt water.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Barleria Prionitis, L.</b> (<i>Barreliera Prionitis</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Kokog&#771;manok</i>, <i>Kulanta</i>, Tag.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;This plant is not used medicinally in the Philippines. The natives of Bombay are accustomed to use its juice to anoint the
+soles of their feet during the rainy season in order to toughen the skin and prevent fissures due to prolonged maceration.
+
+</p>
+<p>The leaf juice is bitter and acid; it is a favorite with the natives of India in the treatment of the catarrhal fevers common
+among their children, administered in doses of 2 tablespoonfuls a day mixed with sweetened water.
+
+</p>
+<p>In Concan the dry bark is given for whooping-cough and the juice of the fresh bark in doses of 2 &#8220;tolas&#8221; (7.60 grams) for
+anasarca. Dr. Bidie states that the action is diaphoretic and expectorant.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb187" href="#pb187">187</a>]</span></p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A plant 2&#8211;3&deg; high, stem creeping, the ends rising; enlarged at the joints, glabrous. Leaves smooth, opposite, lanceolate,
+finely serrate, fringed, somewhat downy below, glabrous above. Petioles short, 4 axillary spines. Flowers straw-color, axillary,
+sessile, solitary. Calyx deeply cleft in 4 parts, ovate, ending in spines. Corolla funnel-shaped, tube short, throat nude,
+limb 5-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous. Ovary 2-celled. Style same length as stamens. Seed-vessel ovate, flattened and sharp-pointed,
+2-celled, each cell with a flat, heart-shaped seed.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;In Guadalupe, Mandaloyon and San Juan del Monte. Blooms in April.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Justicia Gendarussa</b>, L. (<i>Gandarussa vulgaris</i>, Nees.; <i>Dianthera subserrata</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Kapanitulot</i>, Tag.; <i>Bunlaw</i>, Vis.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;In the Philippines this plant has the same applications as the <i>Lagundi</i> or <i>Vitex</i>, soon to be described. In India they give a decoction of the leaves for chronic rheumatism, the action probably being diaphoretic.
+The juice is employed for the coughs of childhood and externally as a resolvent for enlarged cervical glands. The bark of
+the young branches has a purplish color; in Java it is considered a good emetic.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A shrub 5&#8211;6&deg; high, stem straight, branches smooth, obscurely 4-angled. Stems and leaves violet color, emitting a disagreeable
+odor (Blanco). Leaves opposite, lanceolate, acute, glabrous, obtusely serrate. Flowers terminal, white-green, in racemes of
+3 sessile flowers with lanceolate bracts. Calyx, 5 long teeth. Corolla, short tube, 2-lipped, upper lip notched, lower lip
+broad with palate, ending in 3 lobules. Seed vessel with 4 seeds in its lower part.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Luzon, Mindanao, Panay.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb188" href="#pb188">188</a>]</span></p>
+<p><b>Adhatoda vasica</b>, Nees. (<i>Justicia Adhatoda</i>, L.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;(?)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The Filipinos are but slightly familiar with this plant and it has no place in their therapeutical armamentarium. In India,
+however, it is very common and enjoys much reputation in the treatment of catarrhs, the grip, asthma and non-febrile, especially
+chronic, bronchial affections. The flowers, leaves and roots, but especially the flowers, possess antispasmodic properties
+and are prescribed in certain forms of asthma; they are bitter and slightly aromatic, and are given in infusion or electuary.
+
+</p>
+<p>Drs. Jackson and Dott have testified from their own experience to the usefulness of the drug in chronic bronchitis, asthma
+and afebrile catarrh. Dr. Watt states that the natives of Bengal find relief for asthma in smoking the leaves. In Bombay its
+expectorant action is commonly known and its juice is used, mixed with borax and honey.
+
+</p>
+<p>The dose of the aqueous extract made by evaporating the juice of the leaves, is .25&#8211;1 gram. The tincture is preferable, made
+by dissolving this extract in alcohol; dose 2&#8211;4 grams. Its efficiency is increased by the addition of pepper seeds (Waring).
+The Sanscrit writers recommend for cough, 3.80 grams of the leaf juice with honey. &#8220;It is very desirable that further trials
+be made to test the value of this remedy.&#8221;&#8212;Pharmacop&#339;ia of India.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A shrub with straight, smooth, ashy-gray trunk. Branches of same color but smoother. Leaves opposite, lanceolate, acute,
+smooth on both faces, 12&#8211;15 cm. long by 3&#8211;4 broad, petioles short. Flowers irregular and hermaphrodite in axillary spikes
+with long peduncles, opposite, large, white, covered with rusty spots, the lower part of the 2 lips purple. Calyx gamosepalous,
+regular, five deep clefts. Corolla gamopetalous, irregular, short tube, limb 2-lipped, the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb189" href="#pb189">189</a>]</span>lower lip ending in a spur. Ovary free, 2-celled, each cell containing 2 ovules. Style filiform, long, inserted in a sort
+of canal formed by the upper lip of the corolla. Stigma bilobulate. Seed vessel depressed, 4 flattened, lenticular seeds.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Luzon and Panay.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Rhinacanthus communis</b>, Nees. (<i>Justicia nasuta</i>, L.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Tagaktagak</i>, Tag.; <i>Nagamulli</i>, Indo-Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The plant has much reputation in India in the treatment of skin diseases, and indeed its efficiency is great in the stubborn
+<i>Tinea circinata tropica</i>, known throughout the Orient as &#8220;dhobie-itch.&#8221; In this disease it is applied for several days to the affected part in the
+form of a paste composed of the bruised leaves, the juice of the leaves and lemon juice. The fresh root also may be employed.
+The Hindoo physicians state that the root decoction in milk is aphrodisiac; the root is also regarded as an antidote for the
+bite of the &#8220;cobra da cabelho,&#8221; but its virtue is purely imaginary. Of late years the plant has been used in Europe under
+the name of &#8220;tong-pang-chong,&#8221; to treat chronic eczema.
+
+</p>
+<p>Liborius made an analysis of the root in the laboratory of Dorpat, separating 13.51% ash and 1.87% <i>rhinocanthin</i>, as well as other ingredients. Rhinocanthin (C<sub>14</sub>H<sub>18</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) is supposed to be the active principle of the root. It is analogous to quinon and resembles in many particulars chrysophanic
+and frangulic acids. It forms a resinous, amorphous mass, cherry red, odorless and tasteless, slightly soluble in water, forming
+a mildly alkaline solution in alcohol. It does not yield glucose when boiled with dilute hydrochloric acid. Liborius believes
+that it exists only in the intercellular spaces of the &#8220;root bark.&#8221;
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A shrub, about 4&deg; high, stem ash-colored, no spines. Leaves lanceolate, undulate, downy. Flowers white in spikes. Calyx gamosepalous,
+5-toothed. Corolla long, filiform, limb 4-lobed, the 3 lower lobes ovate, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb190" href="#pb190">190</a>]</span>the upper pointed. Stamens 2. Ovary free, 2 biovulate locules. Style simple. Stigma bifid. Seed vessel club-shaped, 4 seeds
+in the upper part.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Common in the gardens of Manila.
+
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e10398">
+<h3 class="normal">Verbenace&aelig;.</h3>
+<p>Vervain Family.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Lippia nodiflora</b>, Rich. (<i>Verbena nodiflora</i>, L.; <i>V. capitata</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg</span>.&#8212;<i>Tsatsatsatsahan</i>, <i>Chachachachahan</i>, Tag.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The Filipinos drink an infusion of the leaves in place of tea, the long Tagalog name meaning &#8220;resembling tea.&#8221; In India they
+drink the hot infusion to aid digestion. In some places the decoction of the leaves is given internally as an emollient and
+diuretic for gonorrh&#339;a.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description</span>.&#8212;A small plant with creeping stem taking root where it touches the ground, obscurely angular, covered with short down. Leaves
+opposite, smooth, clasping the stem, inversely ovate, serrate only above, slightly downy. Flowers white, slightly purplish,
+axillary on a common peduncle, in a rough conical head. Corolla somewhat bowed, funnel-form, gaping, throat narrow, limb 4-lobed,
+one lobe shorter than the rest. Stamens 4, 2 longer. Filament almost wanting. Anthers 4, fertile. Ovary superior, style very
+short. Stigma semi-globose. Fruit, 2 seeds covered by the pellicle of the ovary.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat</span>.&#8212;Very common in the rice fields.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Tectona grandis</b>, L.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Teca</i>, Sp.; <i>Tikla</i>, Tag.; <i>Dalond&oacute;n</i>, <i>Yate</i>, <i>Kalayati</i>, Vis.; <i>Teak Tree</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses</span>.&#8212;The powdered wood made into a paste with water is undoubtedly a useful application in acute dermatitis, especially <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb191" href="#pb191">191</a>]</span>that due to contact with the caustic oleo-resin of the cashew nut (<i>Anacardium</i>). A decoction of the powder gives good results as a gargle for aphth&aelig;, gingivitis, and other inflammations within the buccal
+cavity. In India they give internally 6&#8211;12 grams as a vermifuge, and for dyspepsia with &#8220;heartburn.&#8221;
+
+</p>
+<p>The flowers are diuretic according to Endlicher; the bark is astringent; the leaves and the seeds are purgative, the latter
+yielding an oil which they use in India to stimulate the growth of the hair. Gibson considers the seeds diuretic and quotes
+two cases where abundant diuresis immediately followed by the application of a poultice of the bruised seeds over the pubis.
+In Concan they make a sort of extract from the wood and apply it to the yoke sores of the cattle to prevent the growth of
+maggots. This disinfectant action marks the plant as worthy of further experiment.
+
+</p>
+<p>Rumphius is authority for the statement that the infusion of the leaves is used in cholera. The Chinese make vessels of the
+wood to preserve their drinking water at sea; the first and second waters are bitter and are thrown away, but after that the
+water has no disagreeable taste and is said to aid digestion.
+
+</p>
+<p>It has been said that the wood was poisonous because at one time several workmen died from the effects of wounds caused by
+splinters of the wood, but the statement has not been confirmed by later cases and the deaths were most probably due to a
+septic infection independent of the chemical composition of the splinters.
+
+</p>
+<p>R. Romanis has extracted a resin from the wood by alcohol; it is soft, and on distillation yields a crystalline body called
+by the author <i>tectoquinon</i> (C<sub>18</sub>H<sub>10</sub>O<sub>2</sub>), on account of its resemblance to the quinons. It melts at 171&deg; and volatilizes slightly at ordinary temperature.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description</span>.&#8212;A tree with leaves almost round, oval, entire, 30&#8211;60 centimeters by 20&#8211;40, the under surface covered with hoary down. Petioles
+very short, flattened. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb192" href="#pb192">192</a>]</span>Flowers in panicles. Primary peduncle square. Calyx inferior, bell-shaped, very large when ripe, 5-cleft. Corolla white, longer
+than calyx, covered with a mealy substance, bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5 or 6, inserted in the corolla. Filaments flattened,
+somewhat longer than the corolla. Anthers semi-globose, a yellow zone below and a black circle above. Ovary free, rounded,
+4 locules each with 1 seed. Style same length as stamens. Stigma bilobulate. Drupe globose, woolly, spongy, depressed, covered
+by the membranous inflated calyx; contains one nut, very hard, 4 apartments each containing one seed.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;The mountains of Morong and Tanay (of La Laguna Province) bear some specimens. Very common in the island of Negros and in
+Mindanao. It also grows in the Visayas, Mindora and Paragua. Blooms in September.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Vitex trifolia</b>, L. (<i>V. repens</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Lagundi</i>, Tag.; <i>Gapasgapas</i>, Vis.; <i>Dangla</i>, Iloc.
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Vitex Negundo</b>, L. (<i>V. Leucoxylon</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Lagundi</i>, <i>Malawin</i>, Tag.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;Both species are used medicinally in the Philippines and both enjoy high repute. A variety of the first that seems to possess
+the same virtues is the <i>V. repens</i>, Blanco, called <i>lagundig&#771; gapag&#771;</i> by the Tagalos.
+
+</p>
+<p><i>V. trifolia</i> is regarded in India as the most powerful species and Bontius has extolled it highly, calling attention to the anodyne, diuretic
+and emmenagogue properties of the leaves. These are very effective applied in fomentation to rheumatic joints and their use
+is extensive both in India and the Malay Archipelago. A decoction of the leaves is used locally and as a vapor-bath in the
+treatment of beriberi. A large earthen pot is filled with leaves and water and brought to a boil; the pot is then placed under
+a chair in which the patient sits enveloped <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb193" href="#pb193">193</a>]</span>in a sheet or blanket. If necessary the pot may be removed 2 or 3 times, heated and replaced until abundant sweating is induced.
+An apparatus to conduct the steam under the chair would be much handier, but it is unsafe to place a small stove or lamp under
+the chair for fear of setting fire to the cloth.
+
+</p>
+<p>In India and the Philippines there is a peculiar inflammation localized in the soles of the feet and characterized by an intense
+burning rather than pain, not described in the textbooks, but called by the natives &#8220;burning of the feet&#8221; (&#8220;quemadura del
+pi&eacute;&#8221; or &#8220;ignipedites&#8221;); in our own experience and according to the consensus of the physicians of India, the application of
+these leaves 3 or 4 times a day to the soles of the feet has afforded marked relief. The leaves are heated in an earthen pot
+without the addition of water, and when sufficiently hot are applied and held in place by a bandage.
+
+</p>
+<p>Dr. W. Ingledew states that the natives of Mysore (south of India) treat rheumatism and febrile catarrhs by steam baths of
+the decoction of vitex. A decoction of the leaves is in common use in the Philippines, Malay Islands and India as a bath for
+women in the puerperal state.
+
+</p>
+<p>The dry leaves are smoked for headache and catarrh. According to creditable authority the application of the heated leaves
+in orchitis produces good results. The root is tonic, febrifuge and expectorant and the fruit nervine and emmenagogue according
+to the Sanscrit writer.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;<i>V. trifolia</i> is a small tree, 3&#8211;4 meters high. The fruit and leaves are said to emit the odor of rosemary. Leaves ternate. Leaflets oval,
+entire, hoary below, no secondary petioles. Flowers purplish in forked panicle. Corolla bell-shaped with palate. The lower
+lip 3-lobed, the middle lobe larger; upper lip smaller, 2-lobed. Stamens 4, free, didynamous. Ovary free. Style simple, with
+stigma-bearing lobules. Berry-like drupe, with 4-celled nut, one seed in each cell.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb194" href="#pb194">194</a>]</span></p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Common on the seashore. Blooms in June.
+
+</p>
+<p>The <i>V. Negundo</i> is a small tree like the preceding, but when it grows in the forest it develops to a tree of the first order, yielding a
+valuable building wood called <i>molave</i> (Sp.) or more properly <i>molawin</i>. Leaves compound with 5 leaflets. Secondary petioles short. Flowers in dichotomous panicle. Fruit like that of the foregoing
+species.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Clerodendron infortunatum</b>, L. (<i>C. fortunatum</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Kasupag&#771;it</i>, <i>Gubat</i>, Tag.; <i>Salig&#771;-wak</i>, Vis.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The fresh juice of the leaves is used in India as a vermifuge, according to K. L. Dey; it is also used as a bitter tonic
+in malarial fever, especially of children. As a tonic and antipyretic it is certainly worthy of recommendation.
+
+</p>
+<p>Dr. Bholanauth Bose calls attention to this plant as a good substitute for <i>Ophelia chirata</i>, DC. as a tonic and antipyretic.
+
+</p>
+<p>The infusion of the bruised leaves (10 grams to water 300 cc.) is given up to 200 cc. a day in 3 or 4 doses; the tincture
+(leaves 60 grams, alcohol 90 %, 500 cc.) is given up to 10 grams a day in 5 or 6 doses.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A shrub with nearly round stem; leaves opposite, ovate, oblong; acute, entire, slightly downy. Flowers terminal in umbellate
+panicles, the umbellets opposite and each bearing 3 flowerets. Calyx bluish, long, tubular, somewhat expanded in the middle,
+divided in 5 parts. Corolla twice as long as the calyx, tube filiform, limb 5-lobed. Stamens didynamous, their lower parts
+grown to the tube of the corolla. Filaments longer than the corolla. Ovary conical. Style of same length as the stamens. Stigma
+bifid. Berry dry, quadrate, depressed, the shell hard, 4 grooves, 4 cells, each containing a seed.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Very common in Manila and in the forests.
+
+
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb195" href="#pb195">195</a>]</span></p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e10630">
+<h3 class="normal">Labiat&aelig;.</h3>
+<p>Mint Family.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Ocimum basilicum</b>, L. (<i>O. Americanum</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Solasi</i>, Tag., Pam.; <i>Bonak</i>, Vis.; <i>Sweet Basil</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Ocimum gratissimum</b>, L. (<i>O. virgatum</i> Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Lokoloko</i>, Tag., Pam.; <i>Kolonkogon</i>, Vis.
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Ocimum sanctum</b>, L. (<i>O. flexuosum</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Balanay</i>, Tag.; <i>Sacred Basil</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;All three species possess a characteristic camphoraceous odor and are commonly grouped under the one name, <i>albahacas</i> (sweet basil). Some natives call them <i>solasi</i> and others <i>balanay</i>, but many are able to distinguish the various species correctly. All three have analogous properties, but the most widely
+used is the <i>O. basilicum</i>. These properties are stimulant, diaphoretic, and expectorant, and the infusion is used commonly for flatulent colic and
+painful dyspepsia. The dry powdered leaves of the <i>O. sanctum</i> are taken as snuff by the natives of India in the treatment of a curious endemic disease characterized by the presence of
+small maggots in the nasal secretion; this disease is called peenash, and possibly exists in the Philippines though I have
+never encountered it.
+
+</p>
+<p>Martins states that in Brazil they use a decoction of the mucilaginous leaves of the <i>O. gratissimum</i> in the treatment of gonorrh&#339;a and Dr. Waitz highly recommends a strong decoction of these leaves for the aphth&aelig; of children,
+which he claims to have cured by this means after all European drugs had failed. This fact and the action of the snuff above
+mentioned, demonstrate the antiseptic properties of the plant, due doubtless to its abundant aromatic principles.
+
+</p>
+<p><i>O. basilicum</i> contains a green essential oil, very aromatic, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb196" href="#pb196">196</a>]</span>becoming solid; it is a sort of camphor (C<sub>20</sub>H<sub>16</sub>6HO, Raybaud) and crystallizes in 4-faced prisms.
+
+</p>
+<p>All the plants are used to prepare aromatic baths for cases of atrophy and debility in children (Waitz) and for the treatment
+of rheumatism and paralysis.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;<i>O. gratissimum</i> is a plant 2&#8211;3&deg; high, stem straight, downy. Leaves medium lanceolate, finely serrate from the middle upwards, with short
+hairs and transparent dots. Flowers in long terminal racemes. Calyx, upper lip horizontal, round; lower lip 3 pointed parts,
+the middle one subdivided in two. Corolla yellowish, inverted, one lip cleft in 4 obtuse lobes; the other longer, narrow,
+serrate. Stamens didynamous, 2 shorter. Anthers semilunar. Stigma bifid. Seeds 4.
+
+</p>
+<p>The <i>O. Americanum</i> has leaves lanceolate, ovate, acute, full of pores, somewhat downy. It is more fragrant than the other species and its flowers
+are bluish-white in racemes.
+
+</p>
+<p>The <i>O. sanctum</i> is the most sacred plant of the Hindoos, dedicated to Vishnu; its branches are wavy or cauliflexuous, leaves obliquely ovate,
+obtuse, serrate, nearly glabrous.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;All species are very common and universally known.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Coleus aromaticus</b>, Benth. (<i>C. suganda</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Or&eacute;gano</i>, Sp.-Fil.; <i>Suganda</i>, Tag.; <i>Marjoram</i>, Eng. (The Sp. and Eng. names are incorrect.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The fleshy, aromatic leaves of this plant are bruised and applied locally for the bites of centipedes and scorpions. They
+are also applied to the temples and forehead for headache, held in place by a bandage. In Cochin China they are used in asthma,
+chronic bronchitis, epilepsy and other convulsive diseases. The juice of the leaves is a carminative and is given to children
+suffering with wind colic. Dr. Wight claims to have observed occasional intoxicating effects following its <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb197" href="#pb197">197</a>]</span>use, but Dymock states that he has never observed such effects. The plant contains a coloring matter, <i>colein</i> (C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>10</sub>O<sub>3</sub>), red, insoluble in ether, soluble in alcohol, slightly soluble in water. On the addition of ammonia the solution changes
+to purple, then violet, indigo, green, and, finally, greenish-yellow.
+
+</p>
+<p>Another species, the <i>C. atropurpureus</i>, Benth. (<i>C. grandifolius</i>, Blanco), well known in the Philippines by its common name <i>mayana</i>, is used in the treatment of bruises, the bruised fleshy leaves being the part employed; these leaves are downy and dark
+violet in color.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;Leaves opposite, nearly sessile, cordate, obtuse, downy and very fleshy. Flowers in a quadrangular raceme, each group of
+these flowerets having a concave scale at the base. Calyx bell-shaped, 2-lipped; the upper lip longer and entire; the lower
+with 4 narrow teeth. Corolla a pale violet, 5 times longer than the calyx. Stamens didynamous, straight, longer than the corolla.
+Style bifid. Seeds 4.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Universally abundant.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Rosmarinus officinalis</b>, L.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Romero</i>, Sp.; <i>Rosemary</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;This is one of the plants most valued by the Filipinos. Its infusion is used as an eye-wash for slight catarrhal conjunctivitis,
+applied 3 or 4 times a day. It is one of the aromatic plants used so commonly to bathe women in the puerperal state, and in
+vapor baths for rheumatism, paralysis and incipient catarrhs. The entire plant is a stimulant and carminative but little used
+internally; in atonic dyspepsia it has given good results taken in the same form as the infusion of manzanilla.
+
+</p>
+<p>It contains a large per cent. of an essential oil which gives the plant its agreeable odor. This oil enters into the composition
+of &#8220;Cologne Water&#8221;; it is said to arrest falling of the hair and is a diffusible stimulant which may be given internally <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb198" href="#pb198">198</a>]</span>in doses of 3&#8211;5 drops. It is colorless and liquid when fresh, but in time becomes dark and viscid. It combines freely with
+alcohol and its density is 0.885.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A plant from 2 to 3&deg; high. Leaves sessile, linear, obtuse, margins revolute, white-hoary beneath. Calyx tubular, 2-lipped.
+Corolla rose-violet color, gaping; the upper lip concave, 2-lobed; the lower lip longer, 3-lobed. Stamens, 2 fertile and 2
+sterile. Style, same length as the stamens. Stigma simple. Fruit, 4 seeds in the depths of the calyx.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;It is carefully cultivated throughout the Philippines.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Anisomeles ovata</b>, R. Br. (<i>Phlomis alba</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Taligharap</i>, Tag.; <i>Jerusalem Sage</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The infusion of the leaves is bitter and aromatic and is used in catarrhal inflammations of the stomach and intestines and
+in intermittent fevers. Used as a vapor-bath it produces abundant diaphoresis, and the infusion given internally has a like
+effect. The leaves, when distilled, yield an oil which is used as an external application in rheumatism.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A plant 6&deg; or more high. Root fibrous, trunk and branches enlarged at the joints. Leaves opposite, ovate, obtusely serrate,
+soft and downy. Flowers pink, verticillate, in opposite clusters around the stem, with several linear and hairy involucres
+at the base of each cluster. Calyx, 5 sharp teeth. Corolla, 2-lipped; the lower much larger, downy within, 3-lobed, the middle
+lobe larger and broader, notched at the extremity, and its borders turned downward; the other 2 lateral lobes very small,
+narrow; the upper lip much shorter and smaller, entire, enveloping the stamens. Stamens didynamous. Style about the same length
+as the stamens. Stigma bifid. Fruit, 4 small seeds.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Very common on the fields of Manila Province.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb199" href="#pb199">199</a>]</span></p>
+<p><b>Leucas aspera</b>, Spreng. (<i>Phlomis Zeylanica</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Pansipansi</i>, <i>Solasolasian</i>, <i>Karukansoli</i>, Tag.; <i>Pansipansi</i>, <i>Paypaysi</i>, Vis.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The bruised leaves are applied to the bites of serpents or poisonous insects. In India they are similarly used. The juice
+of the leaves is very useful in the treatment of certain skin diseases, especially psoriasis.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A plant about 2&deg; high, very well known to the natives. Leaves sessile, lanceolate, finely serrate and covered with short
+hairs. Flowers terminal, white, verticillate, with the characteristics of the mint family.
+
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e10909">
+<h3 class="normal">Plantaginace&aelig;.</h3>
+<p>Plantain Family.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Plantago erosa</b>, Wall. (<i>P. crenata</i> and <i>media</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Llant&eacute;n</i>, Sp.-Fil.; <i>Lant&iacute;n</i>, Tag.; <i>Plantain</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The leaves of this popular plant are the commonest remedy in the Philippines for abscess of the gums. They are bruised and
+applied with a little lard over the swollen cheek. It is emollient and, in decoction, is used as a substitute for flaxseed.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;This plant is so universally known that there is no fear of confusing it with others. It flourishes as a common weed in the
+U. S. as well as the Philippines.
+
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e10947">
+<h3 class="normal">Nyctaginace&aelig;.</h3>
+<p>Four-O&#8217;Clock Family.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Mirabilis Jalapa</b>, L. (<i>M. longiflora</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Maravillas</i>, <i>Suspiros</i>, Sp.-Fil.; <i>Gilalas</i>, Tag.; <i>Four O&#8217;Clock</i>, <i>Marvel of Peru</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The root is purgative and possesses the same active <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb200" href="#pb200">200</a>]</span> principles, the same properties and is given in the same dose as jalap. According to the experience of Shoolbred, Hunter,
+W. O&#8217;Shaughnessy and Ainslie, its purgative action is weak and uncertain and therefore unworthy of use as a substitute for
+jalap. The bruised leaves are used as poultices to hasten suppuration, but according to Waring they are capable of causing
+dermatitis.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;The flowers open toward the end of the day and close again at sunrise. The root is blackish and spindle-shaped. The stem
+smooth, branches forked. Leaves opposite, lanceolate-cordate, acute, somewhat downy along the borders and the upper surface.
+Petioles short. Flowers fragrant, almost constantly blooming, of different colors even in the same plant, terminal, in umbels.
+Pedicels very short. Calyx persistent, 5-toothed. Corolla superior, very long, its tube downy, funnel-form, limb 5-lobed.
+Stamens 5, longer than the corolla. Style longer than the stamens. Stigma globose. Nut small, black, globose, many-ribbed,
+full of a mealy substance.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Common in gardens.
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e10994">
+<h3 class="normal">Amaranthace&aelig;.</h3>
+<p>Amaranth Family.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Amaranthus spinosus</b>, L.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Kilitis</i>, <i>Orayi</i>, Tag.; <i>Ayantoto</i>, Pam.; <i>Kalitis</i>, <i>Tilites</i>, <i>Bayag&#771;-bayag&#771;</i>, Vis.; <i>Kuanton</i>, Iloc.; <i>Thorny Amaranth</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The entire plant is emollient and its principal use is as a poultice for inflammations, bruises, etc. The decoction of the
+root is diuretic and antiphlogistic and is used in Mauritius (30 grams root to 750 cc. water) as an internal remedy for gonorrh&#339;a;
+indeed it is there regarded as a specific for that disease, checking the discharge and the &#8220;ardor urin&aelig;.&#8221; It should be continued
+till the cure is complete.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb201" href="#pb201">201</a>]</span></p>
+<p>The bruised leaves are used locally for eczema.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A plant 2&#8211;3&deg; high of a reddish color. Leaves alternate, lanceolate, broad, notched at the apex, wavy, glabrous. Petioles
+with a pair of spines in their axils. Flowers small, yellow-green, in round axillary clusters and in long terminal spikes.
+The pistillate flowers are sometimes separated from the staminate, sometimes mixed with them in the lower part of the spike.
+Staminate: No corolla, calyx 2&#8211;5 parts, stamens 4&#8211;5. Pistillate: Style and stigma 2 or 3, otherwise the same as the staminate.
+Seed vessel with 1 seed.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Common in all parts. Blooms in October.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Achyranthes obtusifolia</b>, Lam. (<i>A. aspera</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Hangor</i>, <i>Hangot</i>, <i>Dokotdekot</i>, <i>Libay</i>, Tag.; <i>Angod</i>, Pam.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The plant has astringent and diuretic properties; the latter were observed by Dr. Cornish, who communicated the facts to
+Waring, calling special attention to the good service the drug had afforded him in dropsy. Other physicians in India have
+confirmed these observations of Cornish. The decoction is made of 60 grams of the entire plant to 750 cc. water, boiled till
+reduced one-half and strained under pressure. Dose, 60 cc. every 2 hours till diuresis is induced.
+
+</p>
+<p>The ashes of this plant, like those of the <i>Amaranthus spinosus</i>, L., contain a large quantity of potassa, and are used for washing clothes; on this account it has received its Sanscrit
+name <i>Apamarga</i> (the washer). The ashes are also mixed in an infusion of ginger and given internally in dropsy.
+
+</p>
+<p>The flowers are bruised and applied to the bites of snakes and other poisonous animals. In India there is a superstition that
+carrying these flowers about the person will keep off scorpions.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A plant about 3&deg; high, the stem angular and downy. Leaves opposite, downy, clasping the stem, lanceolate, very obtuse and
+wavy. Flowers bent <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb202" href="#pb202">202</a>]</span>downward in a long spike bearing many flowerets. Calyx, 5 tough scales. Corolla wanting. Nectary much smaller than the calyx,
+monophyllous, 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Ovary top-shaped, upper part somewhat concave. Style same length as stamens. Stigma coarse,
+bifid. Fruit, a seed covered with 2 membranes, one enveloping it completely, the outer one adherent in only one part.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Common in Luzon. Blooms in November.
+
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e11100">
+<h3 class="normal">Chenopodiac&aelig;.</h3>
+<p>Goosefoot Family.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Chenopodium ambrosioides</b>, L.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Alpasotes</i>, Sp.-Fil.; <i>Pasotis</i>, <i>Apasotis</i>, Tag.; <i>American Worm-seed</i>, <i>Mexican Tea</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;This plant is a native of Mexico. It has a peculiar, somewhat offensive odor and an acrid, aromatic taste due to an essential
+oil resembling peppermint (?). According to Padre Mercado, &#8220;When the seeds are taken with wine, sensation is so dulled that
+the drinker may be whipped without feeling the lashes, and even if put to the torment, does not feel it.&#8221; These properties,
+if true, make this plant one of the most useful in the Philippines. The entire plant is stimulant. The infusion, given internally,
+causes sweating, excites the circulation, is diuretic, tonic, stomachic, and useful as well as an antispasmodic in nervous
+troubles. The leaves are employed in making the infusion, 8 grams to 200 of boiling water. It is widely used in bronchial
+catarrhs and in asthma on account of its sudorific and expectorant action. It seems also to possess emmenagogue properties.
+The seeds yield on distillation a yellow essential oil with a strong and disagreeable odor, density 0.908. Both seeds and
+flowers are vermifuge, and are used as such in Brazil in doses of 8 grams in infusion or with an equal dose of castor oil.
+The anthelmintic dose of the essential oil is 5&#8211;15 drops with powdered sugar.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb203" href="#pb203">203</a>]</span></p>
+<p>Rilliet and Barthez recommend the following potion for infantile chorea:
+
+
+</p>
+<div class="table" style="width:60%">
+<table width="100%">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Leaves of chenopodium </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 4 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Water </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">500 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div><p>
+
+
+</p>
+<p>Make an infusion and add syrup of orange flowers 50 grams. Dose, several tablespoonfuls a day.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A plant 2&deg; high; stem beset with hairs, many-angled. Leaves lanceolate, varying from entire to cut-pinnatifid. Flowers green,
+sessile, axillary, in small clusters. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wanting. Stamens 5. Filaments flattened, inserted near the center
+of the flowers opposite the parts of the calyx. Anthers in 2 globose parts. Ovary superior, globose, depressed, unilocular,
+uniovulate. Style none. Stigmas, 2, 3 or 4, short, divergent. Fruit a lenticular seed covered by the membrane of the ovary.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Common in gardens and fields. Blooms in May.
+
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e11163">
+<h3 class="normal">Aristolochiace&aelig;.</h3>
+<p>Birthwort Family.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Aristolochia Indica</b>, L.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Timbag&#771;an</i>, <i>Malaubi</i>, Tag.; <i>Indian Birthwort</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The root has a wide use in medicine in the Philippines; it is bitter, of a nauseating odor and has the reputation of being
+a powerful antidote for the bites of poisonous serpents and insects. It has further use in the treatment of malarial fever,
+in dyspepsia, and in the flatulent colic of teething children. It is regarded as tonic and emmenagogue. In various forms of
+diarrh&#339;a it appears to be effective and Dr. Gibson states that it is useful in intestinal disorders. In the Philippines it
+is not only given internally but also externally applied over the abdomen, mixed with hot cocoanut oil (10 grams of the powdered
+root to 100 oil).
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb204" href="#pb204">204</a>]</span></p>
+<p>The first Portuguese settlers in India called the drug &#8220;Cobra Root,&#8221; because the natives regarded it as an antidote for the
+bite of the terrible &#8220;Cobra da Capello.&#8221; This reputation, however, seems not to have been deserved, judging from the fearful
+mortality in India and Ceylon due to the bite of the cobra.
+
+</p>
+<p>Dr. Imlach, a surgeon of Singapore, states that in one season in one collectorate, Shikapore, no less than 306 cases of snake
+bites were officially reported, the mortality being 63, or about 20.58 per cent. Other reports make it safe to conclude that
+in the entire province during the year no less than 300 deaths were due to this cause alone. Dr. Waring believes that if an
+antidote for snake bite exist in the vegetable kingdom it will most probably be found in the natural order Aristolochiace&aelig;.
+
+</p>
+<p>In North India this drug is used as emmenagogue and anti-arthritic, and in Banda for intermittent fevers and intestinal disorders.
+The juice of the leaves is emetic. The dose of the powdered root is 3&#8211;5 grams daily.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description</span>.&#8212;A twining shrub, with leaves heart-shaped, ovate, acute, glabrous. Petioles short. Flowers dark reddish-gray, in panicles.
+Calyx wanting. Corolla globose below, the tube cylindrical, expanding at the top. Anthers 6, in pairs. Filaments, none. Styles
+6, very coarse, a membrane at the base including all. Stigmas simple. Seed vessel inferior, 6-ribbed, 6 cells and many winged
+seeds. The seed vessel after casting the seeds resembles a pair of balance scales with its little plates or pans. Hence the
+Tagalo name <i>Timbag&#771;an</i> meaning &#8220;balance.&#8221;
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat</span>.&#8212;In Luzon and Panay. Blooms in November.
+
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e11209">
+<h3 class="normal">Piperace&aelig;.</h3>
+<p>Pepper Family.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Piper Betle</b>, L. (<i>Chavica Betle</i> and <i>C. auriculata</i>, Miq.; <i>Piper Betel</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg</span>.&#8212;<i>Hojas de buyo</i>, Sp.-Fil.; <i>Itm&oacute;</i>, Tag.; <i>Mamin</i>, Bic.; <i>Buyo</i>, <i>Mam&oacute;n</i>, Vis.; <i>Samat</i>, Pam.; <i>Betel Pepper</i>, Eng.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb205" href="#pb205">205</a>]</span></p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses</span>.&#8212;A masticatory, used all over the extreme Orient, is composed of the leaves of this plant, a little slaked oyster-shell lime
+and a rounded slice of the bonga or areca nut; the Filipinos call this combination <i>bayo</i>, though the name is not of native origin; the Tagalos call it <i>hits&uacute;</i>. The use of buyo by careless persons is decidedly repugnant, for the mixture of the lime and the pigment of the bonga imparts
+a blood-red or rather brick-red color to the saliva which they spit in mouthfuls into the streets and other public places
+with no thought of the feelings of others. Unless the mouth is carefully cleaned the teeth become encrusted with a sort of
+black enamel and the breath assumes a detestable odor. When used in small quantities and with proper toilet of the mouth,
+and this is the common practice among the Filipinos, buyo seems to be a very useful preservative of the teeth and a gingival
+and stomachic tonic. These properties are readily understood when we consider that the lime is antacid, the bonga astringent
+and tonic and the betel aromatic and stimulant.
+
+</p>
+<p>The buyo leaf plays a very important part in the therapeutics of the infant of the Philippines: in its indigestions, colics
+and diarrh&#339;as the heated leaves are applied to the abdomen previously anointed with hot cocoanut oil. In bronchitis and laryngitis
+the heated leaves are applied over the chest or neck after rubbing the parts with oil. It undoubtedly produces good effects
+and the physicians of India recommend it in the same cases and in the same form as in the Philippines. Applied to the breasts
+of parturient women it dries up the milk and in the same way tends to reduce any glandular enlargement.
+
+</p>
+<p>Dr. Kleinst&uuml;ck of Java recommends the essence of the leaves in all sorts of catarrhs and as an antiseptic in doses of one
+drop to 140 of the vehicle. This essence is obtained by distillation; it is dark in color, has an acrid taste and an odor
+resembling that of tea. Its density is 1.020. The dried leaves contain one-half per cent. of the essence and it is probable
+that the fresh ones contain a greater proportion.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb206" href="#pb206">206</a>]</span></p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description</span>.&#8212;A plant with yellow flowers and scandent stem, climbing straight up trees or artificial supports. Leaves cleft at the base,
+acute, entire, glabrous, dark green. According to Blanco it is cultivated best in somewhat sandy soil. Pasay, near Manila,
+and Bauang, in Batangas, furnish a leaf most highly appreciated.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Piper nigrum</b>, L.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Pimienta</i>, Sp.; <i>Paminta</i>, <i>Malisa</i>, Tag.; <i>Black Pepper</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses</span>.&#8212;The berry-like fruit of the pepper is more extensively used as a condiment in cooking than in the treatment of disease.
+Used in moderation, however, it is of considerable value as a convenient stomachic and aid to digestion in tropical countries
+where the digestive functions readily become sluggish. Its abuse may lead to serious consequences, such as inflammation of
+the gastro-intestinal mucous membrane, of the portal system and the liver itself.
+
+</p>
+<p>Pepper is used as a febrifuge in the various forms of malarial fevers, in the form of granules of 8 or 10 berries in a cup
+of brandy and anise (Spanish); this is taken by the patient in one dose at the beginning of the cold stage and followed by
+large quantities of water to relieve the thirst caused by the pepper. This treatment causes the cold stage to rapidly subside
+and more rapidly induces and intensifies the sweating stage. It is said that no further attack of fever follows.
+
+</p>
+<p>Piperin (C<sub>17</sub>H<sub>19</sub>NO<sub>3</sub>) is febrifuge and is given in pill form internally in doses of 30&#8211;60 centigrams; the action of the crude drug is evidently
+due to this neutral principle.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;The plant is a perennial, climbing shrub. Leaves oval, tapering at both extremities, 7-nerved. Flowers yellow, in a spike.
+Stigmas 2, bifid. Fruit globose, with one seed.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb207" href="#pb207">207</a>]</span></p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;The dried fruit of the pepper is universally familiar. It was at one time cultivated in the Philippines, especially in Batangas,
+and Gen. Basco promulgated a series of orders to encourage its cultivation. Padre Gainza, afterward Bishop of Nueva C&aacute;ceres,
+wrote a report about its cultivation, but since then the subject has entirely disappeared from notice.
+
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e11322">
+<h3 class="normal">Chloranthace&aelig;.</h3>
+<p>Chloranth Family.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Chloranthus officinalis</b>, Bl. (<i>C. Indicus</i>, Wight.; <i>C. inconspicuus</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg</span>.&#8212;Unknown.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;All parts of the plant are aromatic. The leaves and stems lose this property after drying, but the roots, if properly dried,
+preserve it for a long time. They have a camphoraceous odor and bitter, aromatic taste, reminding one of that of <i>Aristolochia Serpentaria</i>. The mountaineers of Java use an infusion of the powdered root and the bark of the <i>Cinnamomum Culilowan</i> to treat puerperal eclampsia. Combined with carminatives like anise and onion, they use it with some success in virulent
+small-pox of children. The infusion seems to be efficacious in fevers accompanied by debility and suppression of the function
+of the skin. It has also been prescribed in the intermittent fevers of Java, mixed with an infusion of the leaves of the <i>Cedrela Toona</i>. Blume states that it is one of the most powerful stimulants known.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description</span>.&#8212;A plant 3&#8211;4&deg; high. Stem quadrangular. Leaves opposite, broad, lanceolate, serrate, with stiff-pointed teeth and somewhat
+scaly beneath. Petioles very short, clasping the stem at their base, with 2 intermediate stipules ending in two awl-shaped
+points. Flowers compound in axillary spikes, which bear the flowerets in 2 ranks, each flower with a keeled bract. The corolla
+(if it may be so called) a <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb208" href="#pb208">208</a>]</span>fleshy, 3-lobed lamina. Perianth wanting. Receptacle dome-shaped. Anthers 4, inserted on the surface of the lamina, 2-valved.
+Ovary 1-celled, with 1 ovule. Style short. Berry-like fruit, globose, with 1 seed covered by a somewhat brittle membrane.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;La Laguna and other provinces of Luzon. Blooms in September.
+
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e11366">
+<h3 class="normal">Laurace&aelig;.</h3>
+<p>Laurel Family.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Cinnamomum pauciflorum</b>, Nees. (<i>Laurus culilaban</i>, Var., Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><b>C. tamala</b>, Nees. (<i>L. culilaban</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span> (of both).&#8212;<i>Kalig&#771;ag</i>, <i>Makalig&#771;ag</i>, Tag., Vis.; <i>Kandaroma</i>, Iloc; <i>Cassia Lignea</i> or <i>Cassia</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The bark of both species is known in pharmacy as Chinese cassia or Chinese cinnamon (cassia cinnamon). Indeed it is very
+like the cinnamon of Ceylon, comes in curled quills, has the same odor and taste though not so delicate; but it is darker
+in color, with a surface less clean and smooth. Its chemical composition is identical with that of the latter and nowadays
+it forms an important article of commerce.
+
+</p>
+<p>Cinnamon renders good service in therapeutics as a stimulant of the digestive tract and a heart tonic. In the atonic diarrh&#339;as
+so common in the Philippines a tincture of cinnamon in doses of 8&#8211;10 grams a day, or the powder in cases where alcohol was
+contraindicated, have given me unhoped-for results.
+
+</p>
+<p>In Spain and the Philippines it is very popular as a condiment in the kitchen of the confectionery and as a flavor for chocolate;
+in fact in those countries it takes the place of vanilla in France. It enters into the composition of several elixirs and
+compound tinctures, such as &#8220;Botot&#8217;s Water&#8221; <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb209" href="#pb209">209</a>]</span>(dentifrice), &#8220;Elixir of Garus&#8221; (tonic stimulant), &#8220;Balsam of Fioraventi&#8221; (external stimulant), laudanum and the elixir of
+the Grande Chartreuse (diffusible stimulant).
+
+</p>
+<p>Lately it has been demonstrated that the essence is a powerful antiseptic, in the presence of which typhoid fever bacilli
+cannot develop.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A tree, 15&#8211;20&deg; high. Leaves opposite, lanceolate, 3-nerved, entire, glabrous. Flowers yellow, paniculate, umbellate. Common
+peduncles very long, those of the flowerets long. Calyx none. Corolla, 6 ovate, hairy petals. Stamens 9; 6 external to the
+rest and bearing the anthers, 4 on each filament, 2 below the others; the 3 inner stamens bear 2 anthers each.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="corr" id="xd0e11423" title="Source: Ine th">In the</span> second species the flowers form loose, terminal panicles. Stamens 9; 6 filaments inserted on the receptacle, spatulate, each
+bearing 4 anthers on the inferior face; the other 3 filaments thick, each bearing 4 anthers. Between the last filaments are
+8 nearly globose glandules.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Both species are common in the forests of Luzon. The first species blooms in May, the second in January.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Cassytha filiformis</b>, L.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Malabohok.</i>
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;This plant has no therapeutical uses in the Philippines. In Senegal it is employed, according to Dujardin-Beaumetz, mixed
+with lard to treat urethritis; its action is to decrease the ardor urin&aelig;. It is not stated whether this mixture is used internally
+or externally.
+
+</p>
+<p>In Cochin China the same writer states that it is used as an antisyphilitic. In India it is used for the piles and as an alterative
+for bilious disorders. It possibly acts as a circulatory stimulant.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A slender, thread-like, cylindrical vine, without leaves, that covers the trees like a mantle, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb210" href="#pb210">210</a>]</span>so luxuriant is its growth. Flowers yellow, in axillary spikes. Calyx small, 3 sepals. Corolla, 3 fleshy concave petals. Stamens
+12 in 4 verticils, 9 fertile and 3 inner sterile. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Style cylindrical. Drupe globose, 1&#8211;2&#8243; in diameter,
+covered by a fleshy envelope, formed by the receptacle. Seeds without albumen.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat</span>.&#8212;Luzon, Mindanao, Ceb&uacute;, on the seashore.
+
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e11459">
+<h3 class="normal">Euphorbiace&aelig;.</h3>
+<p>Spurge Family.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Euphorbia pilulifera</b>, L. (<i>E. capitata</i>, Lam.; <i>E. hirta</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg</span>.&#8212;<i>Golondrina</i>, Sp.-Fil.; <i>Gatasgatas</i>, <i>Batobatonis</i>, <i>Sayikan</i>, Tag.; <i>Buyayawa</i>, <i>Tawawa</i>, <i>Bowi</i>, Vis.; <i>Malismalis</i>, <i>Sisiwhan</i>, <i>Bolobotones</i>, <i>Magatas</i>, Pam.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses</span>.&#8212;This plant has a reputation in the Philippines as a h&aelig;mostatic of great efficiency, for which purpose the whole plant is
+crushed and applied as a poultice over the wound. Like all members of this family it abounds in milky juice. We have had no
+occasion to employ it as a h&aelig;mostatic, but do not doubt its action in view of the effect that it exercises on the circulation
+and the heart when given internally. In toxic doses experiment has demonstrated that it kills animals by suspension of the
+respiratory movements and those of the heart, which at first beats faster but gradually more slowly. It has no effect upon
+any other organ and is eliminated by the liver.
+
+</p>
+<p>Matheson recommends it as an antispasmodic and has employed it also in dyspn&#339;a of cardiac origin. I have used it in both these
+conditions in Manila with highly satisfactory results. I have found the most convenient form of administration to be the tincture
+in doses of 15&#8211;40 drops a day given in an infusion of alth&aelig;a every 3 or 4 hours; the vehicle should be used liberally as it
+diminishes the irritant action of the euphorbia on the stomach. A decoction of 15 grams of the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb211" href="#pb211">211</a>]</span>plant to 2 liters of water may be given in doses of from 6 to 12 tablespoonfuls daily. A proper dose of the alcoholic extract
+is 10 centigrams in 24 hours. Dr. Daruty, of Mauritius, gives the following formula:
+
+</p>
+<div class="table" style="width:60%">
+<table width="100%">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top"><i>Euphorbia pilulifera</i> dried in the shade
+</td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">30 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Water </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">1&frac12; liters.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top" colspan="2">Boil till reduced to 1 liter, cool and add:</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Rum or cognac </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">30 grams.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Dose</span>.&#8212;1 wineglassful 3 times a day.
+
+</p>
+<p>This decoction relieves the most obstinate asthma, as well as cough and bronchial irritation. It is necessary to use the entire
+plant. The decoction is usually given in the morning, fasting, in the middle of the afternoon and at bedtime. In very stubborn
+cases another dose may be given in the middle of the night. Frequently the relief is immediate and in some cases a liter of
+the decoction is enough to effect a cure. If the symptoms return, it is easy to abort them; they are less distressing and,
+according to the statements of patients, the medicine &#8220;gives them air.&#8221;
+
+</p>
+<p>Dr. Hicks Bunting found, in an analysis of the drug, 60 per cent. of insoluble residue, wax, &#8220;caucho,&#8221; resin, tannin, sugar,
+albuminoids, oxalate of calcium and other salts.
+
+</p>
+<p>Dr. Marsset states that the active principle is soluble in water, in dilute alcohol; insoluble in ether, chloroform, bisulphide
+of carbon, and turpentine, but does not give the reaction.
+
+</p>
+<p>The toxic dose is 1 gram of dried plant for each kilogram of weight of the animal.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description</span>.&#8212;A small creeping plant with milky juice. Stem 1&#8211;2&deg; high, cylindrical, hairy and reddish in color. Leaves opposite, obliquely
+ovate, rhomboid, serrate, hairy. Petioles very short. Two pointed stipules at the base. Flowers yellowish in hemispherical
+umbels of 5 divisions, each subdivided in 2. Involucre universal. Calyx bell-shaped, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb212" href="#pb212">212</a>]</span>laciniate, in 5 parts. Corolla, 5 petals, inserted on the divisions of the calyx, fleshy, orbicular, with an orbicular appendix
+at the base, concave and differing from the corolla in color. Stamens 8, inserted on the base of the calyx; filaments unequal
+in length, each bearing 2 anthers. Four filaments lacking anthers. Ovary with stalk longer than the flower, curved downward.
+Styles 3, bifid. Stigmas simple. Seed vessels 3, united, hairy, 3-angled, each bearing 1 red globose seed with a wrinkled
+surface.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat</span>.&#8212;Common in all parts of the islands and well known to the natives. The name by which it is best known in Manila is &#8220;golondrina.&#8221;
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Euphorbia neriifolia</b>, L. (<i>E. ligularia</i>, Roxb.; <i>E. pentagona</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg</span>.&#8212;<i>Sorosoro</i>, <i>Sorog-sorog</i>, <i>Bait</i>, Tag., Pam.; <i>Karambauaya</i>, Iloc.; <i>Lengua de perro</i>, Sp.-Fil.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses</span>.&#8212;The principal medicinal use of this plant in the Philippines is the introduction of the hot juice of its fleshy leaves into
+the external auditory canal in cases of otorrh&#339;a or of simple earache, whatever its cause.
+
+</p>
+<p>The root is regarded in India as an antidote for snake bite and, indeed, the plant is sacred to Munsa, the snake divinity.
+During the months of July and August in some parts of India the natives make offerings of rice, milk and sugar to this sacred
+tree every Tuesday and Thursday, praying for protection from the bites of serpents.
+
+</p>
+<p>The leaves contain an abundance of milky juice, acrid and very active, used in the treatment of several skin diseases. Like
+the species <i>E. pilulifera</i> it possesses antiasthmatic properties; Dr. S. C. Amcobury reports 6 cases treated with satisfactory results. Owing to the
+acrid quality of the juice great care should be maintained both in its internal and external use. The Sanscrit authors regard
+it as purgative and usually administer <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb213" href="#pb213">213</a>]</span>it with other drugs of the same action to increase its effect. Ainslie states that the native herb-doctors of India give the
+juice in intestinal obstruction and in the &#339;dema of malarial cachexia. The dose is 1.25 grams in 24 hours given in 300 cc.
+of sweetened water in divided doses. This dose is, in my opinion, dangerous; 40&#8211;60 centigrams a day is more prudent.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description</span>.&#8212;A small tree, from 5 to 6&deg; high. Trunk erect, jointed, 5-sided, at the angles 2 rows of thorns. Leaves spatulate, fleshy.
+Flowers yellowish. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Corolla, numerous imbricated, spatulate petals with ravelled or fringed ends.
+Stamens in groups. Styles 3. Stigma coarse. Seed vessel, 3 carpels on a stalk.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat</span>.&#8212;In all parts of Luzon.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Euphorbia Tirucalli</b>, L.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg</span>.&#8212;<i>Consuelda</i>, Sp.-Fil.; <i>Katwit</i>, <i>Suelda</i>, Tag.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses</span>.&#8212;The milky juice of this species is very caustic. It is used chiefly in India mixed with oil as an embrocation for rheumatism;
+given internally it is regarded as an antisyphilitic. Dr. J. Shortt states that it is an excellent alterant in syphilis in
+dose of 30 centigrams, morning and evening. It is further employed in malarial hypertrophy of the spleen, in asthma and as
+a purgative; in a word the same virtues are attributed to it as to the foregoing species.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description</span>.&#8212;Small trees, 9&#8211;12&deg; high. Trunk erect. Branches cylindrical, stumpy (not tapering), several very small leaves at the ends.
+Flowers yellowish, in umbels. Calyx, 5 rounded, fleshy sepals. Corolla, 5 groups of woolly hairs on the divisions of the calyx.
+Stamens 5, inserted on the sepals, with double or irregular anthers. Seed vessel, 3 carpels each with one seed.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat</span>.&#8212;Very common, especially in the suburbs of Manila where they serve as hedges.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb214" href="#pb214">214</a>]</span></p>
+<p><b>Phyllanthus reticulatus</b>, M&uuml;ll. (<i>Cica decandra</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Tinatinaan</i>, <i>Tintatintahan</i>, <i>Malinta</i>, Tag.; <i>Sug&#771;ot-olag&#771;</i>, Vis.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The natives eat the little berries of this species, which are dark purple before and black after maturity, and use their
+juice for ink. The leaves are diuretic and refreshing; the bark alterant. In the bazaars of India the bark is sold commonly
+in pieces 1&deg; long and as thick as the wrist; its taste is slightly sweet, color dark and the alterative dose of its decoction
+is 120&#8211;150 grams a day. In Concan they make a compound pill of the leaf-juice, powdered cubebs and camphor, to be dissolved
+in the mouth for ulcerated, bleeding or scorbutic gums. The juice is also given internally for urticaria.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;Small trees, 12&deg; or more high, with leaves pinnate, oval, entire, alternate, glabrous, downy when young. Common petiole,
+2 stipules at the base. Flowers mon&#339;cious. Staminate: calyx, 5 colored sepals; no corolla; filaments 4, coarse, somewhat shorter
+than the calyx, the middle one thicker and 2-parted; anthers 10, 4 on the middle filament and two on each of the others. Pistillate:
+calyx and corolla same as staminate; nectary, 5 glandules on the base of the ovary. Fruit, a black berry seated within the
+calyx, crowned with 2 erect styles, 6 or 8 compartments each with a single seed.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Grows everywhere and is well known.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Phyllanthus Niruri</b>, L.
+
+</p>
+<p><b>P. urinaria</b>, L.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Hierba de San Pablo, de San Pedro</i>, Sp.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;This species is not used medicinally in the Philippines, but in India is given for its diuretic effect and has great repute
+in the treatment of genito-urinary diseases, dropsy and gonorrh&#339;a. The infusion of the leaves of <i>P. Niruri</i> with <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb215" href="#pb215">215</a>]</span>Fenugreek seeds is a highly prized remedy for chronic dysentery, mentioned by Ainslie. The leaves are bitter and tonic and
+in Bombay they are in common use in gonorrh&#339;a to correct the acidity of the urine. Bruised and mixed with salt they make a
+sort of jelly frequently used as an application for itch; without salt the same is used for contusions.
+
+</p>
+<p>The dose of the leaf juice of both species, for internal use, is 15 grams a day in divided doses.
+
+</p>
+<p>A decoction of the entire plant well dried and powdered, is given for jaundice in doses of 5 grams a day.
+
+</p>
+<p>The milky juice of the stem is useful in the local treatment of ulcers. The bruised root is employed in Concan for neuralgia.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description</span>.&#8212;<i>P. Niruri</i> is an herb with straight stem. Leaves alternate, pinnate with stylet in place of the odd leaflet. Leaflets nearly oval, glabrous,
+2 stipules at the base. Flowers mon&#339;cious, greenish, axillary; the staminate growing along the common petiole above the pistillate.
+Staminate: Calyx, 5 lanceolate, entire sepals; no corolla; 1 filament with 1 anther. Pistillate: Calyx and corolla as above;
+ovary free, 3 biovulate cells; style with 2 stigma-bearing branches. Fruit capsular, globose.
+
+</p>
+<p><i>P. urinaria</i> may be distinguished by its sessile flowers and reddish stem.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat</span>.&#8212;Very common in Manila and all over Luzon.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Jatropha Curcas</b>, L.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg</span>.&#8212;<i>Tuba</i>, Tag.; <i>Kasla</i>, Vis.; <i>Tawatawa</i>, Iloc. (Seeds called &#8220;English Physic Nuts&#8221; in India.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses</span>.&#8212;The milky juice of the trunk and branches is a drastic purgative, too active for safety as a physic. Mixed with water it
+is used as a wash for atonic ulcers.
+
+</p>
+<p>The seeds yield 25&#8211;30 per cent. of a yellowish oil, more active than castor oil as a purgative but less certain. Ten or <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb216" href="#pb216">216</a>]</span>twelve of the former equal in effect 30 to 40 drops of the latter. Its density is 0.919, and it differs from castor oil in
+being only slightly soluble in absolute alcohol. In some parts of the Philippines it is used for purposes of illumination,
+and it is exported to Europe to adulterate soaps and candles. It contains a little stearin which begins to be deposited at
+9&deg; and is entirely solidified at 0&deg;.
+
+</p>
+<p>The fruit is strongly purgative, and this action is not due to the oil but to a peculiar resin so active that 3 fruits produce
+drastic effects. Whatever purgative action the oil possesses is due to the resin which it contains in solution. It seems,
+therefore, preferable to treat the seeds with alcohol, thus dissolving the resin, and use the tincture thus obtained in place
+of the oil.
+
+</p>
+<p>The natives use the plant to intoxicate the fish in ponds and sluggish streams.
+
+</p>
+<p>The seeds of the species <i>J. multifida</i>, L., also called <i>tuba</i> in Tag., and <i>mana</i>, are likewise purgative in their action. Dr. Waring saw a case of poisoning with the fruit; the patient, a young man, suffered
+violent vomiting, intense pain in the stomach and head, and marked prostration. He recovered under the use of lime juice and
+stimulants.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description</span>.&#8212;The <i>J. Curcas</i> is a small tree growing as high as 9&deg;. Leaves alternate, cordate, glabrous, 3&#8211;5 cut-lobed. Flowers yellowish-green, mon&#339;cious,
+in terminal umbels, staminate and pistillate flowers mingled without order. Staminate: Calyx, 5 unequal sepals; corolla bell-shaped,
+5 petals, woolly within, a small notch at the end, bent downward; stamens 10, in 2 whorls of 5. Pistillate: Calyx and corolla
+as above; several tongue-like staminodes replace the stamens; ovary free, oblong, 3-celled, 1 ovule in each cell; style 3-branched.
+Seed vessel fleshy, of 3 capsules, each bearing 1 oval, coriaceous seed.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat</span>.&#8212;Luzon and Visayas.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb217" href="#pb217">217</a>]</span></p>
+<p><b>Aleurites Moluccana</b>, Willd. (<i>A. triloba</i>, Forst. and Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Lumb&aacute;n</i>, <i>Kapili</i>, Tag.; <i>Belgaum</i> or <i>Indian Walnut</i>, Indo-Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The kernels are rich in oil which is used for illumination and the manufacture of soap. For industrial purposes it is superior
+to linseed oil, according to the report of the Madras Drug Committee.
+
+</p>
+<p>Dr. O&#8217;Rocke states that in doses of 1&#8211;2 ounces it acts as a gentle and sure purgative, producing copious bilious evacuations
+after 3&#8211;6 hours, without causing nausea, colic or other similar effects. The municipal physician of Sampaloc, Se&ntilde;or Xerez,
+states that he has frequently used this oil in Manila, as a purgative, and he agrees perfectly with Dr. O&#8217;Rocke as to its
+effect.
+
+</p>
+<p>D. Anacleto del Rosario, the distinguished Filipino chemist, tells me that he once witnessed a case of poisoning by the fruit
+of the <i>lumb&aacute;n</i>, the patient being a native boy. Doubtless the milky juice, so active in all the Euphorbiace&aelig;, was the cause of the symptoms.
+It is true that the kernel causes colic and copious alvine discharges.
+
+</p>
+<p>Nellino&#8217;s chemical analysis of the seeds is as follows:
+
+</p>
+<div class="table" style="width:60%">
+<table width="100%">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Water </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 5.25</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Fatty matter </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">62.97</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Cellulose </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">28.99</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Mineral matter </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 2.79</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p>The ashes contain the following matters:
+
+</p>
+<div class="table" style="width:60%">
+<table width="100%">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Lime </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">28.69%</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Magnesia </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 6.01%</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Potash </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">11.23%</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Phosphoric acid </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">20.30%</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p>The oil is yellow, syrupy, transparent, odorless, insipid.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A tree with leaves bunched or clustered, 3&#8211;5 lobulate with as many nerves. Petioles about <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb218" href="#pb218">218</a>]</span>as long as the leaves. Flowers white, terminal in panicles, the pistillate mixed with the more numerous staminate flowers.
+Staminate: Calyx monophyllous, cylindrical, 2-toothed; corolla, 5 linear petals twice as long as the calyx; stamens 20 or
+more, joined in a column at their bases. Pistillate: Calyx and corolla as above; ovary of 2 or 3 uniovulate locules, encircled
+by a disk; style 2-or 3-branched. Seed vessel large, ovate, compressed, fleshy, 2 sutures at right angles, 2 compartments,
+in each a hard nut.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Grows all over Luzon and is well known to the natives.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Croton Tiglium</b>, L. (<i>C. glandulosum</i>, <i>C. muricatum</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Tuba kamaisa</i>, Tag.; <i>The Purging Croton</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The fruit is used by the Filipinos to intoxicate the fish in ponds and sluggish streams. The seeds contain an oil that is
+official in all Pharmacop&#339;ias as one of the most powerful hydragogue cathartics. As it is intensely irritating it should never
+be administered alone but combined with other substances, such as castor oil, or in pill form. The internal dose is 1 to 2
+drops. It is considered a specific for lead colic and is indicated when not only purgation but active irritation of the digestive
+canal is desired.
+
+</p>
+<p>Applied to the skin it is a strong irritant causing rapid and painful vesication. Great care should be exercised not to raise
+the hands to the eyes after touching the oil, as serious inflammation might result.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A small tree, 8&#8211;9&deg; high, with rough trunk. Leaves alternate, ovate, acute, minutely serrate, both surfaces beset with sharp
+hairs. Flowers yellowish-white, mon&#339;cious. Staminate: Fewer than the pistillate, growing above them; calyx 5-toothed; corolla,
+5 woolly petals; stamens 16, joined in the center. Pistillate: Calyx 5-toothed; <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb219" href="#pb219">219</a>]</span>corolla much less developed than in the staminate; ovary free, 3 uniovulate locules; styles 3, bifid. Seed vessel dry, with
+thin envelope bristling with stiff hairs; 3 carpels each containing a seed.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Common in Luzon.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Acalypha Indica</b>, L. (<i>A. Caroliniana</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;Not known.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;This plant is not used medicinally in the Philippines, but is very common in India. Dr. G. Bidie, of Madras, states that
+the expressed juice of the leaves is in great repute, wherever the plant grows, as an emetic for children and is safe, certain
+and speedy in its action. Like ipecacuanha it seems to have little tendency to act on the bowels or depress the vital powers,
+and it decidedly increases the secretion of the pulmonary organs. Probably an infusion of the dried leaves or an extract prepared
+from the green plant would retain all its active properties. The dose of the expressed juice for an infant is a teaspoonful.
+
+</p>
+<p>Dr. A. E. Ross speaks highly of its use as an expectorant, ranking it in this respect with senega; he found it especially
+useful in the bronchitis of children. He also makes favorable report of a cataplasm of the leaves as a local application to
+syphilitic ulcers and as a means of relieving the pain attendant on the bites of venomous insects.
+
+</p>
+<p>The alleged purgative action of the root noticed by Ainslie is confirmed by Dr. H. E. Busteed, who reports having used the
+expressed juice of the root and leaves as a laxative for children.
+
+</p>
+<p>Langley, a military surgeon, states that in Canara the natives employ the leaf juice in congestive headache, soaking pledgets
+of cotton with it and introducing them into the nasal foss&aelig;; the resultant nose bleed relieves the headache. The powder of
+the dry leaves is dusted on ulcers and putrid sores. In asthma <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb220" href="#pb220">220</a>]</span>and bronchitis, both of children and adults, Langley has used this plant with good results, and he recommends 1.25&#8211;3.50 grams
+of the tincture (100 grams of the fresh plant to 500 of alcohol, 90&deg;) repeated several times a day; the effect is expectorant,
+nauseant and, in large doses, emetic.
+
+</p>
+<p>It must be noted that only the young, growing plants are active.
+
+</p>
+<p>The flowers of another species, <i>A. hispida</i>, Burm., called <i>bugos</i> in Tag. and Vis., is used in India for the dysentery.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A little plant, about 3&deg; high. Leaves alternate, broad, lanceolate, 5-nerved, serrate from middle to apex. Petioles much
+longer than the leaves, 2 stipules at their bases. Flowers greenish, mon&#339;cious in axillary spikes, pedunculate, as long as
+the leaves, crowned by a prolongation of the axis in the form of a cross. Staminate: Numerous, in upper part of spike; calyx
+4 parts; no corolla; stamens 8&#8211;16, small, free. Pistillate: Less in number, at the base of the spike; perianth of 3 imbricated
+leaflets; ovary, 3 uniovulate locules; style, 3 branches which also subdivide. Capsule 3-celled, each cell containing a globose
+seed with cicatrix.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Luzon, Panay and Mindanao. Blooms in October.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Echinus Philippensis</b>, H. Baillon. (<i>Croton Philippense</i>, Lamk.; <i>Rottlera tinctoria</i>, Roxb.; <i>Mallotus Philippensis</i>, M&uuml;ll.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Banato</i>, Tag.; <i>Buas</i>, <i>Vuas</i>, Iloc.; <i>Monkey-face Tree</i>, <i>Kamala</i> or <i>Kamala Dye</i>, Indo-Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The capsular fruit of this plant is thickly beset with reddish glands and hairs, which, when brushed off and gathered in
+powder form, constitute the <i>kamala dye</i> of the Hindoos. It was mentioned by the Arabian physicians of the tenth century under the names of <i>Kanbil</i> and <i>Wars</i>. In India the powder is highly valued as a yellow dye-stuff for silk. Medicinally it <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb221" href="#pb221">221</a>]</span>is used as an anthelmintic, the English physician Mackinnon, of the Bengal Hospital, having been the first to scientifically
+prove this property; he reported that it was successful in expelling the tape-worm. It is now official in the Pharmacop&#339;ia
+of India and also in the U. S. P. as an anthelmintic and purgative; in Switzerland it is commonly given to expel the bothriocephalus
+which abounds there, the lake fish acting as hosts.
+
+</p>
+<p>The dose recommended by the Pharmacop&#339;ia of India is 8&#8211;12 grams, divided in 3 or 4 doses. This amount sometimes causes nausea
+and colic; in the third or fourth stool the t&aelig;nia is commonly expelled in a lifeless condition. Dujardin-Beaumetz advises
+a dose of 30 grams of castor oil in case the t&aelig;nia has not been expelled 2 hours after the last dose of kamala. The powder
+is efficacious but the tincture seems to be surer; the dose is 6 grams for children and 20 for adults, given in divided doses
+in aromatic water every hour for 6 hours. This tincture is prepared by macerating 200 grams of kamala in 500 cc. alcohol for
+7 days; then filtering with expression and adding enough alcohol to complete the 500 cc.
+
+</p>
+<p>The powder is also used in India as a local application in herpes circinata. It is insoluble in water; in ether and alcohol
+it yields 80% of a red resin. Anderson noted that a concentrated ethereal solution of kamala after a few days formed a solid
+crystalline mass, yellow, very soluble in ether; this substance he named <i>rottlerin</i>, C<sub>11</sub>H<sub>10</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description</span>.&#8212;A tree, 6&#8211;8 meters high, covered with stellate groups of short yellow hairs. Leaves alternate, petiolate, rhomboid-oval
+or lanceolate, acuminate, 3-nerved, entire or slightly dentate, upper surface glabrous, lower surface covered with woolly
+hairs and powdery red glands. Flowers yellowish-green, small, di&#339;cious, apetalous, in spikes. Staminate: By 3&#8242;s in the axil
+of each bract; perianth, 3 or 5 deeply cut, lanceolate lobules; stamens 15&#8211;25, free, inserted in the center of the flower.
+Pistillate: In the axil of each bract; <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb222" href="#pb222">222</a>]</span>ovary, 3 locules each with 1 ovule, covered like the leaves with hairs and yellow, granular glands. Seed vessel globose, 3-celled,
+like ovary covered with hairs and glands.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat</span>.&#8212;Mountains of Morong, San Mateo, Tarlak, Bosoboso, Ilocos Norte, Albay and Batangas.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Ricinus communis</b>, L. (Variety <i>microcarpus</i>, M&uuml;ll.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Tag&#771;antag&#771;an</i>, <i>Lig&#771;asina</i>, Tag.; <i>Tag&#771;antag&#771;an</i>, <i>Tawatawasig&#771;a</i>, Iloc.; <i>Castor Oil Plant</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses</span>.&#8212;A purgative oil is expressed from the seeds, called &#8220;<span lang="es">Aceite de Ricino</span>&#8221; (castor oil). It operates mechanically in the intestinal tract and its action is rapid and is indicated whenever it is desired
+simply to empty the intestines without producing any irritating effect; it is, therefore, a purgative indicated in diseases
+of children, in pregnancy, and in hemorrhoidal congestions where a non-irritating evacuation of the rectum is desired. It
+is an anthelmintic, though not ordinarily given alone, but in combination with other drugs of a purely anthelmintic action,
+the object being to expel the worms which have been attacked by the specific.
+
+</p>
+<p>Oil extracted simply by expression is less purgative than that obtained by treating the seeds with bisulphide of carbon and
+absolute alcohol; also less purgative than the seeds themselves, because it contains only a very small proportion of a drastic
+principle existing exclusively in the seeds; this principle is completely dissolved in the oil extracted by chemical process.
+
+</p>
+<p>It is pale yellow in color, very viscid, with a characteristic mouldy odor. The purgative dose is 10&#8211;30 grams. A small dose
+may purge as actively as a larger one provided that the patient drink abundantly after the administration of the drug. The
+best method of disguising its taste is by giving it in half a cup of very strong, hot coffee. Just before the dose, take a
+swallow of coffee to disguise the taste even more effectually.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb223" href="#pb223">223</a>]</span></p>
+<p>Castor oil enters into the composition of elastic collodion (simple collodion, 30 grams, castor oil, 2 grams). The leaves
+pounded and boiled are applied as a poultice to foul ulcers.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description</span>.&#8212;There are two forms of this variety in the Philippines, possessing the same properties and known by the same common name:
+<i>R. viridis</i>, M&uuml;ll. (<i>R. communis</i>, Blanco) and <i>R. subpurpurascens</i>, M&uuml;ll.; the former is the more common and has a glabrous, fistular stem. Leaves peltate, palmately cleft in 7 or 9 lobules,
+lanceolate, serrate. Petioles long. Flowers greenish, mon&#339;cious, the staminate ones in large panicled clusters below the pistillate.
+Filaments numerous, subdivided into several anther-bearing branches. Pistillate flowers, 3 sepals, 3 styles. Seed vessel,
+3 prickly capsules, containing solitary seeds.
+
+</p>
+<p>The <i>R. subpurpurascens</i> is distinguished from the former by bearing 2 glandules at the base of the leaves, the mulberry color of which latter suggests
+its common name, <i>Tag&#771;antag&#771;an na morado</i>, Tag., Vis.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat</span>.&#8212;Very common in Luzon, Mindanao and other islands.
+
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e12121">
+<h3 class="normal">Urticace&aelig;.</h3>
+<p>Nettle Family.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Artocarpus integrifolia</b>, Willd.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Nag&#771;ka</i>, Tag.; <i>Jack Fruit Tree</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The huge fruit of this tree is well known to the Filipinos and well liked by them as an article of food, eaten fresh or in
+sweet preserves. The arils and pulpy envelopes of the seeds are the parts eaten, also the seeds themselves, boiled or roasted.
+According to Padre Mercado the roasted seeds have an aphrodisiac action.
+
+</p>
+<p>The heated and powdered leaves are applied to wounds and given internally for congestions. The resin of the trunk is a useful
+application to ulcers and in India they give it internally <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb224" href="#pb224">224</a>]</span>to cure la melena, the dose, one &#8220;tola&#8221; mixed with the same amount of <i>manga</i> resin and a little lime water. The same resin if heated makes an excellent cement for broken china.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description</span>.&#8212;A tree, 20&deg; or more in height, with abundant milky sap. Leaves alternate, oval, acute at both ends, slightly wavy and revolute
+borders, tough, glabrous and dark green upper surface; light green, slightly rough under surface. Petioles short. Flowers
+greenish, mon&#339;cious, growing on root, trunk and branches. Calyx very small, monophyllous, of about 7 deciduous lobules. Staminate:
+On a club-shaped receptacle, 3&#8242; or 4&#8242; long, bristling with the stamens; filaments very short, anthers 2-celled. Pistillate:
+On a common, oblong receptacle which ripens to the great fruit; style 1, short; rarely 2 divergent styles; stigmas acute.
+Fruit about size and shape of a small watermelon, beset with many sharp eminences, containing many seeds enveloped in thick
+arils.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat</span>.&#8212;It grows in all parts of the Archipelago and is commonly known.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Laportea gaudichaudiana</b>, Wedd. (<i>Urtica umbellata</i>, <i>U. ferox</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg</span>.&#8212;<i>Lig&#771;aton</i>, <i>Lipa</i>, <i>Apariagua</i> (?), Tag., Vis.; <i>Lipag&#771;doton</i>, Pam.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses</span>.&#8212;The Padre Mercado writes as follows concerning the properties of this plant: &#8220;The leaves, applied with salt in the form
+of a plaster, purify dog bites, foul, putrid, malignant and cankerous ulcers; they cure boils, contusions and all abscesses;
+mixed with wax they may be applied for obstruction of the spleen; mashed with the juice and inserted in the nose they arrest
+nose-bleed; cooked with snails they soften the stomach, excite the secretion of urine and dissipate flatus; the juice given
+as a gargle aborts inflammation of the epiglottis. The seeds <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb225" href="#pb225">225</a>]</span>mixed with wine are a sexual excitant and &#8220;clear out&#8221; the womb; taken with syrup they relieve dyspn&#339;a, pain in the side and
+inflammation of the lungs and force up the humors from the chest; it may be mixed with medicines that corrupt the flesh (sic).
+The grated root drunk with wine relieves painful flatulence. I myself (continues the Padre Mercado) have experimented with
+a woman who suffered with painful flatulence and this remedy relieved her.&#8221;
+
+</p>
+<p>We repeat that all the foregoing is copied from the writings of Padre Mercado and we offer it as a therapeutic curiosity.
+
+</p>
+<p>P. Blanco states that merely to touch the leaves causes an intolerable itching.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description</span>.&#8212;A small tree, 12&#8211;15&deg; high, trunk richly branched. Leaves opposite, bunched at the ends of the branches, notched at the base,
+long, ovate, serrate, hairy on both surfaces. Flowers yellowish-white, di&#339;cious. Staminate: In compound racemes; calyx 4 parts;
+corolla none; stamens 4, inserted on the base of the calyx. Pistillate: Flowers in 2-forked umbel, flat, very large; calyx,
+none; stamens none; stigma 1; seed heart-shaped.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat</span>.&#8212;Very common in all the fields and in the mountains. Blooms in June.
+
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e12207">
+<h3 class="normal">Casuarine&aelig;.</h3>
+<p>Beefwood Family.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Casuarina Sumatrana</b>, Jung. (<i>C. equisetifolia</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg</span>.&#8212;<i>Agoho</i>, Tag.; <i>Malabohok</i>, <i>Agoho</i>, Vis.; <i>Aro</i>, <i>Karo</i>, <i>Ago&oacute;</i>, Iloc.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses</span>.&#8212;The bark is astringent by virtue of the large quantity of tannin it contains. Its principal use is in decoction in the treatment
+of diarrh&#339;a, dysentery and h&aelig;moptysis; it is also given in amenorrh&#339;a, though it is apt to increase the pain. Externally it
+is used as a wash for contusions and ulcers.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb226" href="#pb226">226</a>]</span></p>
+<p>Another species, <i>C. equisetifolia</i>, Forst., confounded with the former species by the natives, has the same therapeutic applications.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description</span>.&#8212;A tree with stellately arranged straight branches. Leaves stellate, long, narrow, linear, 4-grooved. They have been compared
+to the tail of a horse and the tail of a certain bird&#8212;the casobar. Staminate and pistillate flowers greenish, on different
+parts of the same stalk. Staminate, in small aments. Pistillate on small globose aments; calyx proper of the floweret, a coarse
+scale; corolla none; ovary conical; styles 2, flattened, divergent; stigmas acute. Fruit: Each floweret produces a woody seed-vessel,
+bivalved, ovate, glabrous, with a small seed ending in an oval wing; all these seed vessels joined form a small cone about
+1&#8242; long.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat</span>.&#8212;Very common in Ilocos, Tarlak, Binangonang of Lampong and N. Ecija.
+
+
+
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb227" href="#pb227">227</a>]</span></p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnotes">
+<hr class="fnsep">
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" href="#n155.1src" id="n155.1">1</a></span> Do not grow in the Philippines.
+</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" href="#xd0e8742src" id="xd0e8742">2</a></span> Waring, loc. cit., p. 170.
+</p>
+<p class="footnote" lang="fr"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" href="#xd0e8751src" id="xd0e8751">3</a></span> Journal de Pharmacie, Vol. XIV., p. 441.
+</p>
+<p class="footnote" lang="fr"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" href="#xd0e8794src" id="xd0e8794">4</a></span> L&#8217;Union Pharm., Vol. XXIII., p. 291.
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="xd0e12262" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">
+[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]
+</span><h2 class="normal">Monocotyledons.</h2>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e12265">
+<h3 class="normal">Musace&aelig;.</h3>
+<p>Banana Family.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Musa paradisiaca</b>, L.
+
+</p>
+<p><b>M. sapientum</b>, L.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg</span>. <i>Pl&aacute;tano</i>, Sp.; <i>Sagig&#771;</i>, Tag., etc.; <i>Banana</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses</span>.&#8212;The fruit produced by the various varieties of the banana plant constitutes one of the most wholesome and delicious of foods,
+appreciated by natives and Europeans alike. According to Boussingaul its nutritive value is greater than that of the potato
+and it may be used constantly without ill effects. Bananas contain a large percentage of sugar and mucilage. In India they
+dry them in the sun, as figs and grapes are treated in other countries and thus preserve them for long voyages by sea or land;
+eaten in conjunction with animal food they are a strong preventive of scurvy. If eaten when thoroughly ripe they have a laxative
+effect.
+
+</p>
+<p>The young and tender leaves are used in the Philippines as a protective dressing for ulcers, dermatitis, burns and cantharidal
+or other artificial blisters. Before applying to the affected surface the leaf is heated to make it more flexible and coated
+with a thin layer of cocoanut oil or other fatty substance.
+
+</p>
+<p>In the dispensaries of India they also use the leaves in this way, thus protecting and at the same time maintaining the moisture
+of the part. Dr. Waring recommends the practice and Dr. Van Someren follows it in the application of water dressings, having
+substituted banana leaves for gutta-percha.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb228" href="#pb228">228</a>]</span></p>
+<p>In Mauritius the fruit is used for dysentery, and the flowers, together with an equal quantity of those of <i>Spilanthes Acmella</i>, are made into a decoction and prescribed for dropsy.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description</span>.&#8212;The banana plant with its huge waving leaves and succulent stem is universally familiar. The flower stalk rises through
+the center developing a drooping spike, the flowers in short rows in the axils of its large purplish bracts. According to
+Blanco there are 57 varieties of this plant in the Philippines, the following being the most common edible varieties: <i>bug&#771;ulag&#771;</i>, <i>lakatan</i>, <i>letondag&#771;</i>, <i>obispo</i>, <i>higo</i>, <i>morado</i>, <i>butuan</i>, <i>bentikohol</i>, <i>sab&aacute;</i>, <i>tampuhig&#771;</i>.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat</span>.&#8212;Common everywhere in the islands.
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e12345">
+<h3 class="normal">Zingiberace&aelig;.</h3>
+<p>Ginger Family.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Zingiber officinale</b>, L. (<i>Amomum zingiber</i>, L. and Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg</span>.&#8212;<i>Ajengibre</i>, <i>Jengibre</i>, Sp.; <i>Luya</i>, Tag.; <i>Laya</i>, Bic.; <i>Ginger</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses</span>.&#8212;The rhizome is used principally as a condiment in the Philippines. Its flavor is extremely agreeable, much appreciated in
+Europe by the English who are the greatest consumers of the condiment. In the Philippines a decoction is made of ginger and
+brown sugar, called <i>tahu</i> by the Chinese who drink it regularly as we do coffee in the early hours of the morning. It is an excellent drink, aromatic,
+tonic, stomachic and stimulant, and would probably be highly useful as well as economical as a part of the ration of European
+and native troops in the field. Hot <i>tah&uacute;</i> or <i>tahu</i> is an active diuretic; and during the last epidemic of cholera in Manila some physicians used it with very satisfactory results.
+
+</p>
+<p>Ginger is a good carminative and is official in the pharmacop&#339;ias of Europe, America and India. It is used with good effect
+in flatulent colic, atonic diseases of the intestines so common in the Philippines and in chronic rheumatism.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb229" href="#pb229">229</a>]</span></p>
+<p>The tincture is given in doses of 2&#8211;4 grams. The official infusion 30&#8211;60 grams.
+
+</p>
+<p>The rhizome contains a volatile oil<a class="noteref" id="xd0e12398src" href="#xd0e12398">1</a> (25 per cent.), a pale yellow liquid, specific gravity 0.878, the odor like that of the rhizome but lacking its strong and
+piquant taste. Its reaction is not acid; it dissolves slowly in alcohol. The burning taste is due to a resin that produces
+protocatechuic acid when melted with potassa.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description</span>.&#8212;The only part employed is the rhizome, well known all over the islands and found in all their pharmacies and shops.
+
+</p>
+<p>Several stems rise 2&#8211;3&deg; directly from the peculiar, branched rhizome; long-lanceolate, acuminate, entire, glabrous, alternate
+leaves diverge stiffly from the sides of the stem; petiole proper very short, its broader extension ensheathing the stem;
+general appearance of a single stem is much like that of the Solomon&#8217;s seal so familiar in the U. S.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Curcuma longa</b>, L.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg</span>.&#8212;<i>Dilaw</i>, Tag.; <i>Dulaw</i>, <i>Kalawaga</i>, <i>Kinamboy</i>, Vis.; <i>Ag&#771;ay</i>, Pam.; <i>Turmeric Plant</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses</span>.&#8212;The yellow rhizome called by some <i>azafr&aacute;n</i> (saffron), is used as a condiment; its odor is remotely suggestive of vanilla. The Philippine herb-doctors give it internally
+for h&aelig;moptysis, externally as a plaster or in infusion for acute dermatitis. The juice is prescribed in doses of 30&#8211;60 grams
+in bronchial catarrh. In India they inhale the fumes of burning turmeric paper for coryza, and with good effect according
+to the testimony of Dr. Waring.
+
+</p>
+<p>The drug is official in the Pharmacop&#339;ia of India. It is carminative, stimulant and probably antiseptic. Its decoction is
+used as an eye-wash in catarrhal and purulent conjunctivitis. The Mohammedans of <span class="corr" id="xd0e12444" title="Source: Decan">Deccan</span> use it for jaundice upon the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb230" href="#pb230">230</a>]</span>theory that the yellow color of the skin in that disease is an indication for a remedy of the same color. The juice is also
+used in many parts of India to stain the face, nails and other parts of the body.
+
+</p>
+<p>The tincture is prepared by macerating 30 grams of bruised rhizome in 200 cc. alcohol for seven days, then filtering. Turmeric
+paper is prepared by impregnating unsized paper with this tincture, and then drying. Both tincture and paper are used to test
+for alkalies.
+
+</p>
+<p>The rhizomes contain a pigment called curcumin, an essential oil and f&aelig;cula. Curcumin (C<sub>14</sub>H<sub>14</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) is crystalline, yellow by direct light and blue by reflected light; it was studied by Jackson and Menke.
+
+</p>
+<p>In the Philippines it is used extensively as a diaphoretic and emmenagogue and in icterus, intestinal colic and dysmenorrh&#339;a;
+externally for skin diseases, contusions and atonic ulcers.
+
+</p>
+<p>Gubler regards it as a diffusible stimulant. Its use is more extensive in England than in France and Spain; in India it forms
+an ingredient of <i>curry</i>, called <i>car&iacute;</i> in Manila. Curcumin is eliminated by the urine, which it colors yellow, and if at the same time an alkali be taken by the
+patient, especially a salt of calcium, the urine becomes red and may communicate this stain to the clothes. This fact should
+be borne in mind to avoid embarrassing mistakes in diagnosis or prognosis. Dose of powder, 2&#8211;5 grams.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description</span>.&#8212;Leaves 2&#8211;4&deg; long, rising in bush-like bunches directly from the rhizome, broad-lanceolate, acuminate, gradually tapering
+down the long petioles; numerous prominent nerves give a ribbed appearance to the blade. Rhizome cylindrical, irregular, bright
+yellow within.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Elettaria Cardamomum</b>, White.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg</span>.&#8212;<i>Lag&#771;kuas</i>, <i>Lag&#771;kawas</i>, Vis.; <i>Cardamon</i>, Eng.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb231" href="#pb231">231</a>]</span></p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;This plant, though official in several pharmacop&#339;ias, is not used as a medicine in the Philippines, probably on account of
+its scarcity here. The seeds are used as a condiment; they are stimulant and carminative and yield good results in atonic
+dyspepsia, nervous depression and spasmodic or flatulent affections of the intestine. The dose of the powdered seeds is from
+0.60&#8211;1.50 grams in pill form; the tincture is, however, more convenient and is given in doses of from 4 to 8 grams.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A plant with a scaly rhizome and adventitious roots from which spring the stems, some of which bear leaves and others flowers.
+The leaves are alternate, in pairs; extended, lanceolate blade, with a short petiole. Branches bearing flowers, short, flexible
+and scaly. The flowers spring from the sheaths of the leaves. Calyx tubular, 3-toothed; second calyx with limb divided into
+3 unequal lobules. Stamens 3. Ovary inferior, 3 many-ovuled compartments. Style simple. Stigma rounded. Fruit an oblong, ovoid
+capsule, 3-celled, trivalvate. Seeds blackish, albuminous.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;<span class="corr" id="xd0e12508" title="Source: Visaya">Visayan</span> Islands.
+
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e12511">
+<h3 class="normal">Amaryllidace&aelig;.</h3>
+<p>Amaryllis Family.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Crinum Asiaticum, L.</b> (<i>C. giganteum</i>, Blanco.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Bakog&#771;</i>, Tag.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The decoction of the leaves is used in the Philippines as an expectorant. The plant is official in the Pharmacop&#339;ia of India
+as an emetic and in small doses is nauseant and diaphoretic. As an emetic the dose of the fresh juice of the root is 8&#8211;16
+grams every 10 minutes till vomiting occurs. Dr. W. O&#8217;Shaughnessy, writing from Bengal, states that this is the only indigenous
+and abundant emetic plant of which he has experience, which acts without producing griping, purging, or other unpleasant symptoms.
+In a communication to Dr. Waring he <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb232" href="#pb232">232</a>]</span>remarks that it is a good emetic and diaphoretic whenever ipecacuanha is not at hand but that it should be regarded not so
+much as a substitute for that article as a resource in case of need.
+
+</p>
+<p>The leaf juice is used in India to drop into the ears for disease of these organs.
+
+</p>
+<p>One of the infinite remedies used by the Filipinos under the name of &#8220;contrapoisons,&#8221; without specifying or knowing what poison,
+is the powdered root of <i>Crinum</i>, given internally with a little water. They also use the leaves locally for the itch, bruising them and rubbing the affected
+parts energetically with them. I may note here in passing, what I have written before: that the Filipinos have from time immemorial
+been familiar with the sarcopt of scabies (Kahaw) which they pick out with a needle or spine of some fish or vegetable.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A plant with globose, scaly root. Leaves keeled or ridged. Flowers white, on a flattened stalk, on a spathe of 2 leaflets
+and several dry threads enclosing 4 flowerets. Corolla funnel-form, tube long and triangular; limb cut in 6 horizontal lanceolate
+lobes. Stamens 6, shorter than corolla. Anthers long. Stigma with 3 points. Seed vessel inferior, 3-celled, each cell containing
+a seed.
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Habitat.</i>&#8212;Very common on the seashore and in groves of mangrove trees. Blooms in July.
+
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e12553">
+<h3 class="normal">Liliace&aelig;.</h3>
+<p>Lily Family.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Aloes Barbadensis</b>, Mill. (<i>A. humilis</i>, Blanco; <i>A. vera</i>, L.; <i>A. vulgaris</i>, Banck.; <i>A. Indica</i>, Royl.)
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Sabila</i>, Tag.; <i>Dilag&#771; boaya</i>, Vis.; <i>Aloes</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;This species is one of those which produce the substance known in pharmacy as <i>aloes</i>, which is the juice of the leaf evaporated to the consistency of an extract. It is official <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb233" href="#pb233">233</a>]</span>in all pharmacopoeias and its properties are known to the Filipino herb-doctors. They use the fresh juice of the leaves as
+a stimulant of the scalp in baldness and locally in contusions. Aloes is a slow purgative and its irritating action on the
+lower portion of the large intestine extends to the genito-urinary organs. It is, therefore, an emmenagogue and its prolonged
+use causes hemorrhoids, especially in man. It is contraindicated where there is disease of the genito-urinary organs or rectum.
+As it increases the secretion of bile it is useful in certain hepatic diseases. It is used in small doses as a tonic in dyspepsia.
+The tonic dose is &frac12;&#8211;20 centigrams; purgative, 15&#8211;50 of the extract, preferably in pill form. It is customary to associate
+it with other purgatives.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A stemless plant, the leaves springing immediately from the root as in the pineapple, joined at the base, straight, ligulate,
+very fleshy and becoming thinner toward the end, with stiff thorns along the edges. Flowers between yellow and red outside
+and straw-colored inside, in racemes on a cylindrical scape 3&deg; or more high, sometimes ramose, peduncles very short. Corolla
+cylindrical, somewhat incurved, cleft to the middle in 6 parts, 3 external, acute and superposed on the others, obtuse at
+the apex and of different color. Stamens 6, inserted at the nectiferous base of the ovary and of the same length as the corolla.
+Anthers erect. Ovary cylindrical with 6 furrows. Stigma obtuse, with raveled edges. The seed vessel ovoid, 3-valved, 3-celled,
+with 2 seeds in each, furnished with 3 spongy wings.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Common in gardens.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Allium sativum</b>, L.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Ajo</i>, Sp.; <i>Bawag&#771;</i>, Tag.; <i>Garlic</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Allium Cepa</b>, L.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Cebolla</i>, Sp.; <i>Lasuna</i>, <i>Sibuyas</i>, Tag.; <i>Onion</i>, Eng.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb234" href="#pb234">234</a>]</span></p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The garlic and the onion are used to excess as condiments in Philippine as well as Spanish cooking. Both are difficult of
+digestion and communicate a very disagreeable odor to the breath, intolerable to those who are unaccustomed to it. Garlic
+possesses the singular property, familiar to many students and soldiers, of inducing a transient fever if introduced within
+the anus. When bruised and applied to the skin it has a counter-irritant action which makes it useful in the treatment of
+rheumatism, but the odor is so disagreeable that it is not worth while to use it for that purpose when we have so many other
+medicines which produce the same effect without being objectionable. It is also used locally for the bites of venomous animals.
+
+</p>
+<p>The onion is used cooked as a poultice over the bladder and internally for various catarrhs. It is better to abstain from
+the therapeutic and culinary use of products so indigestible and so malodorous.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;These plants are so well known in all parts of the world that a description of them would be superfluous.
+
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e12656">
+<h3 class="normal">Palm&aelig;.</h3>
+<p>Palm Family.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Areca Catechu</b>, L.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Bog&#771;a</i>, Tag.; <i>Betel-nut Palm</i>, <i>Areca</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The seeds form part of a masticatory very common throughout the extreme Orient, known as <i>Buyo</i> and composed of a betel leaf, a little slaked lime, and a slice of the fruit of the bonga, known as <i>Siri</i> in Indo-China and among the Malays. It is so common that it is hard to find a man or woman who does not use it. The saliva
+of those who use it is red and of a strong odor, and its careless use in time blackens the teeth and makes the breath extremely
+disagreeable. Habitual chewers consider it a tonic of the mouth and stomach and a <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb235" href="#pb235">235</a>]</span>general stimulant as well. It probably does possess these properties but they are reversed in the case of persons who use
+it immoderately for they lose appetite, become salivated, and the whole organism degenerates. The carbonized and powdered
+fruit is used as a dentifrice but its virtues are doubtless identical with those of any vegetable charcoal, <i>i. e.</i>, absorbent and antiseptic.
+
+</p>
+<p>One unaccustomed to the use of bonga and chewing it for the first time, usually experiences a most disagreeable combination
+of symptoms; constriction of the &#339;sophagus, a sensation of heat in the head and face, the latter becoming red and congested;
+at the same time dizziness and precordial distress are experienced. The same phenomena occur in certain persons after eating
+palmito salad or the tender central portion of the bonga and of other palms.
+
+</p>
+<p>The flowers are eaten in salad like the above-mentioned <i>palmito</i>. The seed is astringent and t&aelig;nifuge; for the latter purpose it is given internally as a powder in a dose of from 16 to 24
+grams. Its action is uncertain. The catechu which is obtained in India from the Bonga differs from that obtained from the
+<i>Acacia Catechu</i> and is a tonic analogous to rhatany and cinchona.
+
+</p>
+<p>The seeds contain about 14% of a fatty crystalline material which melts at 39&deg;, and after saponification yields a crystalline,
+fatty acid that may be regarded as a mixture of lauric and muriatic acids. They also contain about 14% of a red, amorphous
+tonic material which, after drying, is but slightly soluble in cold or hot water.
+
+</p>
+<p>The lower part of the petiole of the leaves is thin and broad, ensheathing the trunk, is as tough as pasteboard when dry and
+is used in the Philippines as wrapping paper; Dr. Bholanauth Bose and other physicians of India use it as a material for splints
+in fractures, a practice which might well be imitated in Manila and especially in the country.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb236" href="#pb236">236</a>]</span></p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A well-known palm with slender stem, surrounded by many circles; it grows to about the same height as the coco-nut palm or
+less. The flowers spring in bunches of long, thread-like spikes from the trunk a little below the crown of leaves at the base
+of the long, smooth, green, sheath-like petioles which clasp the trunk; each spike bears many staminate and a few pistillate
+flowers. The fruit is about the size and shape of a hen&#8217;s egg, the husk tow-like or filamentose, the kernel pinkish or light
+red.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Grows throughout the islands.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Cocos nucifera</b>, L.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Coco</i>, Sp.-Fil.; <i>Niog</i>, Tag.; <i>Coco-nut Palm</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;This plant is, perhaps, the most useful in the Philippines. Without it and the bamboo plant the people of the Archipelago
+would not know how to live. It produces vinegar, an alcoholic drink called <i>tuba</i> or <i>coco-wine</i>, an oil, an edible nut, and its leaves are used instead of nipa to roof the huts.
+
+</p>
+<p>Tuba is an opaline, slightly sweet liquid, with an agreeable taste, which rapidly becomes acid under the influence of the
+heat. A flowering or fruit-bearing stalk, which has not been incised before, is chosen and encircled with several rings of
+rope or rattan. The stalk is then cut and a bamboo vessel called a <i>bomb&oacute;n</i> is hung to receive the sap which escapes during the night. This liquid is valuable as a drink for those who are debilitated,
+suffering from pulmonary catarrh, and even for consumptives, who are accustomed to drink it every morning, sometimes with
+marvelous results, according to reports. The heat of the day rapidly ferments the tuba, converting it into a mild vinegar,
+which is widely used for domestic purposes in the Philippines. When fermented and distilled it produces a weak alcohol of
+disagreeable taste called coco-wine.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb237" href="#pb237">237</a>]</span></p>
+<p>The ripe fruit contains a rather soft and savory meat which is generally eaten mixed with the clear, sweet coco-nut milk.
+Later the meat becomes firmer and is used as a food and an oil much used in the islands is extracted from it. To extract the
+oil the meat is grated and pressed until all the juice is extracted. This is called the milk and when boiled is converted
+almost completely into oil. Cocoanut milk has an agreeable taste and may in some cases take the place of cow&#8217;s milk. It is
+apt to produce diarrh&#339;a, however, which action may be bad for some but on the other hand good for others, such as the habitually
+constipated. Both the meat and the milk are widely used by the natives in making sweets.
+
+</p>
+<p>In the greater part of the islands it is the only oil used for illumination. As a medicine it is employed internally as a
+purgative and externally in the treatment of scores of troubles in which the good results obtained are due, not to the oil
+but to the massage used in rubbing it in. It has the reputation of stimulating the growth of the hair and all the natives
+and some Europeans use it lavishly as a hair ointment. When fresh its odor is agreeable, but it easily becomes rancid and
+assumes a most disagreeable odor. In the Visayan Islands they make an oil of a nauseous odor which they call in Manila <i>Caracoa</i>. It is used only for illumination and by the poor.
+
+</p>
+<p>At a temperature of 20&deg; or more the oil remains liquid; it is colorless when fresh and properly extracted. It solidifies at
+18&deg; and two kinds of soap are made of it; one soft and exceedingly cheap called &#8220;Quiapo&#8221;; the other hard, white, of a high
+quality, but as a rule containing an excess of lime which in time is deposited in a fluorescent film on its surface.
+
+</p>
+<p>In India the root is employed in the treatment of dysentery.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A tree most familiar to every one.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Common in all parts of the Archipelago.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb238" href="#pb238">238</a>]</span></p>
+<p><b>Nipa fruticans</b>, Wurmb.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Nipa</i>, Sp.-Fil.; <i>Sasa</i>, Tag.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The dry leaves of this palm are generally used in the villages of Manila Province, <span class="corr" id="xd0e12793" title="Source: Pampanag">Pampanga</span>, Bulacan and other provinces in the construction of roofs and walls of houses, which are therefore called &#8220;nipa houses.&#8221;
+The decoction of the fresh leaves is used as a lotion for indolent ulcers, and a popular preserve is made from the fruit.
+
+</p>
+<p>Like the coco and following the same process the nipa yields a liquid also called tuba and possessing properties identical
+with those of the former plant. The weak alcohol distilled from it has some repute in the treatment of conjunctivitis, for
+which purpose a few drops are mixed with a small quantity of water and the eyes are washed with it several times a day. This
+alcohol, improperly called wine of nipa, has a characteristically unpleasant odor which makes it impracticable for medicinal
+or industrial use. Several chemists have attempted to remove the characteristic odor from nipa alcohol, but their results
+had always been negative because the odorous principle was distilled over at the same temperature as the alcohol. Finally
+a distinguished Filipino chemist, D. Anacleto del Rosario, perfected a process of producing from the nipa tuba an absolute
+alcohol perfectly free from the characteristic odor; an alcohol, in fact, possessing all the qualities of chemically pure
+alcohol, and of such a high grade that it was awarded the first prize at the last World&#8217;s Fair in Paris.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;A palm about 6&deg; high with long, pinnate leaves with leaflets which separate, at maturity, like those of the coco palm. Flowers
+mon&#339;cious, in a spathe. Fruit, many pyramidal drupes joined together, but easily separable. The outer covering of each drupe
+is hard, the inner part tow-like; seed enveloped in a sort of fleshy white meat.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Salt water marshes, especially in Pampanga and the Visayan Islands.
+
+
+
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb239" href="#pb239">239</a>]</span></p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e12807">
+<h3 class="normal">Cyperace&aelig;.</h3>
+<p>Sedge Family.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Cyperus rotundus</b>, L.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Mutha</i>, Tag.; <i>Botobotones</i>, Vis.; <i>Mota</i>, <i>Malaapolid</i>, <i>Sursur</i>, <i>Onoran</i>, <i>Kusug&#771;</i>, <i>Omadiug&#771;</i>, <i>Galonalpas</i>, Pam.; <i>Nutgrass</i> or <i>Coco-grass</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The root possesses stimulant, diaphoretic, diuretic and emmenagogue properties. In the Philippines it is used internally
+for dysentery, and in India for the same purpose and as a vermifuge. It is given as a tonic in gastro-intestinal diseases,
+and General Hardwick has reported good results with it in cholera; as he reported only two cases, his testimony is not of
+much value.
+
+</p>
+<p>The Chinese use the dry or roasted root, especially in inflammation of the viscera and uterine diseases. They also attribute
+to it diuretic, emmenagogue and anthelmintic properties. In Java and India they use it for gonorrh&#339;a, and in Mauritius as
+a diaphoretic and astringent. In the Philippines the bruised root is applied to the face for toothache.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;The root is ovoid, ranging in size from that of a hazel-nut to that of a walnut, composed of a white, spongy substance. Leaves
+sword-shaped, ensheathing the stem. Flowers in a compound umbel on the end of the stalk which is naked, long and triangular.
+The umbellets are alternate, awl-shaped, with distinct flowers. Calyx universal, with 2 sword-shaped leaflets. Calyx proper,
+a very small, ridged scale. Corolla none. Stamens 3. Filaments long, inserted on the base of the ovary. Anthers long and straight.
+Style 1. Stigmas 3, simple, revolute. Fruit 1. Seed oblong, 3-sided, glabrous.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Common in Luzon and Panay. Blooms in June and July.
+
+
+
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb240" href="#pb240">240</a>]</span></p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e12870">
+<h3 class="normal">Gramine&aelig;.</h3>
+<p>Grass Family.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Zea Mays</b>, L.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Ma&iacute;z</i>, Sp.; <i>Maize</i>, <i>Corn</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;Corn is an extensive article of diet in the Philippines, but has the reputation of being indigestible. This is true when
+it is eaten in the grain, but in the form of meal it is easily digested and highly nutritious. The tassels have been used
+in the Philippines from time immemorial in decoction as a diuretic, for which property they received notice in the <i>Medical World</i> of Paris about the year 1876. The entire plant is diuretic and the natives give the decoction of the stalk for various diseases
+of the bladder and kidneys. An extract of the tassels has been put on the market, but it is better to administer a decoction
+made from 20 grams of tassel to 1 liter of water to be taken at will during the day. Rademaker and Fischer give the following
+chemical composition:
+
+</p>
+<div class="table" style="width:60%">
+<table width="100%">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Fixed oil </td>
+<td valign="top" class="&#xA; alignright&#xA; "> 5.25</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Resin, crystalline matter and chlorophyl </td>
+<td valign="top" class="&#xA; alignright&#xA; "> 3.25</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Maizenic acid </td>
+<td valign="top" class="&#xA; alignright&#xA; "> 2.25</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Sugar and gum </td>
+<td valign="top" class="&#xA; alignright&#xA; ">19.50</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Albuminoids </td>
+<td valign="top" class="&#xA; alignright&#xA; "> 3.50</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Salts and extracts </td>
+<td valign="top" class="&#xA; alignright&#xA; "> 5.50</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Cellulose </td>
+<td valign="top" class="&#xA; alignright&#xA; ">37.00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Water </td>
+<td valign="top" class="&#xA; alignright&#xA; ">20.00</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div><p>
+
+</p>
+<p>The fixed oil is bright yellow, saponifiable by potash, soluble in chloroform and ether, insoluble in alcohol, solidifies
+at 10&deg;.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Very common in all parts of the islands.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Andropogon Schoenanthes</b>, L.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Salay</i>, <i>Tag&#771;lad</i>, Tag.; <i>Paja de Meca</i>, Sp.-Fil.; <i>Baliyoko</i>, Vis.; <i>Geranium Grass</i>, Eng.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb241" href="#pb241">241</a>]</span></p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The Filipino women use the leaves to perfume their gogo hair-wash. The decoction of the leaves is used internally as a diuretic
+(10 grams to a liter of water) and also to bathe pregnant women. The roots also are diuretic.
+
+</p>
+<p>A Manila pharmacist, D. Rosendo Garc&iacute;a, has obtained a good quality of the fixed oil of this plant. In India they call this
+essence <i>rusa</i>, <i>geranium</i> and <i>gin-gembre</i> (nimar oil, Eng.); the annual export from Bombay is over 40,000 English pounds. It is dextrogyrous and its formula is C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>4</sub>.
+
+</p>
+<p>Another species, the <i>A. nardus</i>, L., commonly called &#8220;raiz de mora&#8221; (mulberry root), &#8220;citronella,&#8221; Eng., possesses the same therapeutic properties as the
+former. It also possesses an agreeable perfume and yields an essential oil, which, like rusa, is used to adulterate Attar
+of Roses.
+
+</p>
+<p>The dried root is widely used in the Philippines and in Europe as well, to preserve clothing from moths and other destructive
+insects, at the same time giving them a sweet odor. In India the decoction is used internally, 10 grams to a liter of water,
+in the treatment of rheumatism and as a diuretic.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;An indigenous grass with sword-shaped leaves about 4&deg; high, tapering at the base, possessing a sweet odor. Root thick, irregular,
+rough, formed by the union of several small rootlets.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Saccharum officinarum</b>, L.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Ca&ntilde;amiel</i>, <i>Ca&ntilde;a de az&uacute;car</i>, <i>Ca&ntilde;a dulc</i>, Sp.; <i>Tubo</i>, Tag.; <i>Sugar Cane</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;The Filipinos are very fond of the fresh cane. The juice, which is extracted by means of primitive wooden presses, is used
+as a drink mixed with lemon juice or vino and is sold in markets and public places as a popular beverage on hot days. A tepid
+juice, extracted from heated cane is given for catarrhal troubles. This use of the juice is the only one peculiar to the Philippines.
+Its general use and properties <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb242" href="#pb242">242</a>]</span>are universally familiar and are amply treated in the materia medica.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Botanical Description.</span>&#8212;This plant is so universally familiar that it is unnecessary to describe it. More than 20 varieties are found in the Philippines.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;Throughout the islands, especially in the Island of Negros and the Luzon Provinces of Pampanga, Bulacan and Nueva Ecija.
+
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Oriza</b>, L.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Arroz</i>, Sp.; <i>Palay</i>, Tag. (the plant and the unhusked rice); <i>Bigas</i>, Tag. (the husked rice); <i>Rice</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Uses.</span>&#8212;All the people of Indo-China, China, Japan and the greater part of the Indian Archipelago eat rice as Europeans do bread.
+
+</p>
+<p>In the Philippines an immense variety of rice grows and in the World&#8217;s Fair at Paris, in 1889, Se&ntilde;or D. Regino Garc&iacute;a, of
+Manila, presented a unique collection of 147 varieties. The rice grown in high lands above irrigation is called &#8220;arroz de
+secano&#8221; and mountain rice, and that grown in low and irrigated land is called &#8220;arroz de sementera&#8221; and swamp rice. The two
+kinds are equally valuable as food.
+
+</p>
+<p>The proportion of starch in rice is large, but it contains but a small amount of gluten, and therefore a large amount must
+be eaten in order to obtain sufficient nutritive elements.
+
+</p>
+<div class="table" style="width:60%">
+<table width="100%">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Water </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 5.00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Starch </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">85.07</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Parenchyma </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 4.80</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Nitrogenous matter </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 3.68</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Crystallizable sugar </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 0.29</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Gummy matter </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 1.71</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Oil </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 0.13</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Phosphate of lime </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 0.40</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Chloride of potash, phosphate of potash, acetic acid, calcareous vegetable salt, salt of potash, sulphur
+
+</td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">Traces.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div><p>
+
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb243" href="#pb243">243</a>]</span></p>
+<p>In the Filipino therapeutics rice has an extensive use, especially in the form of a decoction called <i>cange</i>, which is commonly given in the treatment of diarrh&#339;a and dysentery, with good results. Cooked as a sort of mush it may be
+used as a substitute for linseed poultices and has the great advantage of not becoming rancid. Roasted and powdered it is
+dusted upon wounds or abrasions of the skin and forms a dry and absorbent covering under which they heal rapidly.
+
+</p>
+<p>It has lately been claimed that beriberi is due to a microorganism found in rice under certain abnormal conditions; this claim
+is not yet firmly established and beriberi is still one of the many problems in medicine which are awaiting solution.
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Habitat.</span>&#8212;All parts of the Archipelago.
+
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e13137">
+<h3 class="normal">Bambuse&aelig;.</h3>
+<p>Bamboo Family.
+
+
+</p>
+<p><span class="smallcaps">Nom. Vulg.</span>&#8212;<i>Ca&ntilde;a</i>, Sp.; <i>Bamboo</i>, Eng.
+
+</p>
+<p>Linn&aelig;us and Blanco include in the genus <i>Bambus</i> all the different species of bamboo to which the Spaniards have given the general name of <i>ca&ntilde;a</i>. The plant is of incomparable value to the natives of the Philippines; they build their houses of it, make agricultural and
+industrial instruments of it, use it in all the varied apparatus of their fisheries and for a multitude of household utensils
+and furniture.
+
+</p>
+<p>The variety <i>B. arundinacea</i>, Retz. (<i>B. arundo</i>, Blanco), <i>Kawayag-tot&oacute;o</i>, Tag., is the largest and most generally employed in making houses and furniture. The tender shoots prepared in lime water
+are edible but have the deserved reputation of being difficult of digestion.
+
+</p>
+<p>The variety <i>Schizostachyum acutiflorum</i>, Munro (<i>B. diffusa</i>, Blanco), <i>Osiw</i>, <i>Bokawy</i>, Tag., is less used. The shoots are used to treat opacity of the cornea, for which purpose they are cut when about a palm
+in height, the outer leaves removed, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb244" href="#pb244">244</a>]</span>and the center soaked over night with a little sugar candy. The following day the water in the bottom of the jar is collected
+and used to paint the cornea.
+
+</p>
+<p>The variety <i>Dendrocalamus sericens</i>, Munro (<i>B. mitis</i>, Blanco), <i>Taywanak</i>, Tag., is also used in medicine. Its abundant sap is given internally in the treatment of phthisis.
+
+</p>
+<p>All of the above species and the <i>Dendrocalamus flagellifer</i>, Munro (<i>B. levis</i>, Blanco), <i>Boho</i>, Tag., produce at their joints a hard porcelain-like substance, friable, of opaline color, called &#8220;bamboo stone&#8221; or &#8220;tabashir&#8221;
+in India, where, as well as in the Philippines and Indo-China, it has great repute among the popular remedies. It is given
+in venereal diseases, hiccough, hemorrhage, fevers and other diseases. As a matter of fact, it is an almost inert substance,
+the imaginary virtues of which originated, doubtless, in the apparently remarkable fact that a stone (?) was produced inside
+of a vegetable.
+
+</p>
+<p>The analysis of M. Guibourt is as follows:
+
+</p>
+<div class="table" style="width:60%">
+<table width="100%">
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Silicon </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">96.04</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Water </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 2.94</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Lime and potassium </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright"> 0.13</td>
+</tr>
+<tr valign="top">
+<td valign="top">Organic material </td>
+<td valign="top" class="alignright">Traces.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div><p>
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnotes">
+<hr class="fnsep">
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" href="#xd0e12398src" id="xd0e12398">1</a></span> European analyses make the amount 1&#8211;2.2 per cent.
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="back"><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb245" href="#pb245">245</a>]</span><div id="xd0e13237" class="div1 index"><span class="pagenum">
+[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]
+</span><h2 class="normal">Index of Plants</h2>
+<h2 class="sub">According to Therapeutic Properties.</h2>
+<p class="tb"></p>
+<p><b>Alteratives.</b>&#8212;Anona muricata.&#8212;Tinospora crispa.&#8212;Raphanus sativus.&#8212;Bombax malabaricus.&#8212;Oxalis corniculata.&#8212;Citrus acida and C. Bigaradia.&#8212;Mangifera
+Indica.&#8212;Pongamia glabra.&#8212;Lawsonia alba.&#8212;Hydrocotyle Asiatica.&#8212;Alangium Lamarkii.&#8212;Oldenlandia corymbosa.&#8212;Calotropis gigantea.&#8212;Ehretia
+buxifolia.&#8212;Solanum nigrum.&#8212;Cassytha filiformis&#8212;Euphorbia Tirucalli.&#8212;Phyllanthus reticulatus.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Anthelmintics.</b><a class="noteref" id="xd0e13252src" href="#xd0e13252">1</a>&#8212;Cleome viscosa.&#8212;Pangium edule.&#8212;Ruta graveolens.&#8212;Melia Azedarach.&#8212;Dysoxylum Blancoi.&#8212;Mangifera Indica.&#8212;Anacardium occidentale.&#8212;Mucuna
+pruriens.&#8212;Quisqualis Indica.&#8212;<i>Punica Granatum.</i><a class="noteref" id="xd0e13257src" href="#xd0e13257">2</a>&#8212;Jussi&aelig;a suffruticosa.&#8212;Carica Papaya.&#8212;Trichosanthes anguina and T. cucumerina.&#8212;Lagenaria.&#8212;Momordica.&#8212;Hydrocotyle Asiatica.&#8212;Sph&aelig;ranthus
+Indicus.&#8212;Calotropis gigantea.&#8212;Tectona grandis.&#8212;Clerodendron infortunatum.&#8212;Chenopodium ambrosioides.&#8212;Echinus Philippinensis.&#8212;Cyperus
+rotundus.&#8212;<i>Rhinacanthus communis.</i>
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Antispasmodics.</b>&#8212;Sida carpinifolia.&#8212;Hibiscus Abelmoschus.&#8212;Ruta graveolens.&#8212;Citrus acida and C. Bigaradia.&#8212;Cedrela Toona.&#8212;Celastrus paniculata.&#8212;Cassia
+occidentalis.&#8212;Carum copticum.&#8212;Blumea balsamifera.&#8212;Artemisia vulgaris.&#8212;Solanum nigrum.&#8212;Datura alba.&#8212;Nicotiana Tabacum.&#8212;Adhatoda
+vasica.&#8212;Chenopodium ambrosioides.&#8212;Chloranthus officinalis.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Antiseptics.</b>&#8212;Ruta graveolens.&#8212;Citrus acida and C. Bigaradia.&#8212;Mangifera Indica.&#8212;Anacardium occidentale.&#8212;Erythrina Indica.&#8212;Pongamia glabra.&#8212;Entada
+scandens.&#8212;<i>Coffea Arabica.</i>&#8212;Blumea balsamifera.&#8212;Spilanthes Acmella.&#8212;Nerium odorum.&#8212;Solanum nigrum.&#8212;Nicotiana Tabacum.&#8212;Tectona grandis.&#8212;Ocimum.&#8212;Piper
+Betle.&#8212;<i>Cinnamomum.</i>&#8212;Acalypha Indica.&#8212;Curcuma longa.&#8212;Areca Catechu.&#8212;Nipa fruticans.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb246" href="#pb246">246</a>]</span></p>
+<p><b>Astringents.</b>&#8212;Tetracera macrophylla.&#8212;Michelia Champaca.&#8212;Anona squamosa, A. reticulata and A. muricata.&#8212;Nelumbium nucifera.&#8212;Bixa Orellana.&#8212;Garcinia
+mangostana, G. Cambogia.&#8212;Ochrocarpus pentapetalus.&#8212;Sida carpinifolia.&#8212;Thespesia populnea.&#8212;Bombax malabaricus.&#8212;Sterculia f&#339;tida.&#8212;Murraya
+exotica.&#8212;&AElig;gle decandra.&#8212;Feronia elephantum.&#8212;Melia Azedarach.&#8212;Sandoricum Indicum.&#8212;Caropa Moluccensis.&#8212;Rhamnus Wightii.&#8212;Mangifera
+Indica.&#8212;Odina Wodier.&#8212;Pterocarpus.&#8212;C&aelig;salpinia Sappan.&#8212;Acacia Farnesiana.&#8212;Terminalia Catappa and T. Chebula.&#8212;Psidium pomiferum.&#8212;Melastoma
+malabatrichum.&#8212;Punica Granatum.&#8212;Hymenodictyon Indicum.&#8212;Tectona grandis.&#8212;Achyranthes obtusifolia.&#8212;Artocarpus integrifolia.&#8212;Casuarina
+Sumatrana.&#8212;Areca Catechu.&#8212;Cyperus rotundus.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Acids or Refrigerants.</b>&#8212;Oxalis corniculata.&#8212;<i>Averrhoa Bilimbi</i> and <i>A. Carambola</i>.&#8212;<i>Citrus acida</i> and <i>C. Bigaradia</i>.&#8212;Feronia elephantum.&#8212;Amaranthus spinosus.&#8212;Phyllanthus reticulatus.&#8212;<i>Tamarindus Indica.</i>
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Balsams.</b>&#8212;Calophyllum Inophyllum.&#8212;Dipterocarpus turbinatus. Garuga pinnata.&#8212;Canarium commune.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Carminatives.</b>&#8212;Illicium anisatum.&#8212;Cleome viscosa.&#8212;Helicteres <span class="corr" id="xd0e13319" title="Source: Isoara">Isora</span>.&#8212;Abroma fastuosa.&#8212;Feronia elephantum.&#8212;Terminalia Chebula.&#8212;Carum copticum.&#8212;F&#339;niculum vulgare.&#8212;Plumbago Zeylanica.&#8212;Coleus aromaticus.&#8212;Rosmarinus
+officinalis.&#8212;Aristolochia Indica.&#8212;Zingiber officinale.&#8212;Curcuma longa.&#8212;Elettaria Cardamomum.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Convulsives.</b>&#8212;<i>Strychnos Ignatii.</i>
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Cosmetics.</b>&#8212;Eriodendrum anfractuosum.&#8212;Cocos nucifera.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Diaphoretics.</b>&#8212;Cissampelos Pareira.&#8212;Sida carpinifolia.&#8212;Hibiscus Rosa-Sinensis.&#8212;Gossypium herbaceum.&#8212;Ruta graveolens.&#8212;Xanthoxylum oxyphyllum.&#8212;Celastrus
+paniculata.&#8212;Hydrocotyle Asiatica. Eupatorium Ayapana.&#8212;Blumea balsamifera.&#8212;Plumbago Zeylanica. Calotropis gigantea.&#8212;Tylophora
+asthmatica.&#8212;Oroxylum Indicum.&#8212;Barleria Prionitis.&#8212;Justicia Gendarussa.&#8212;Ocimum.&#8212;Anisomeles ovata.&#8212;Crinum Asiaticum.&#8212;Cyperus
+rotundus.&#8212;Andropogon Schoenanthus and A. nardus.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Digestives.</b>&#8212;<i>Carica Papaya.</i>
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Diuretics.</b>&#8212;Cissampelos Pareira.&#8212;Abutilon Indicum.&#8212;Anacardium occidentale.&#8212;Abrus precatorius.&#8212;Erythrina Indica.&#8212;Clitoria ternata.&#8212;Cassia
+occidentalis.&#8212;Hydrocotyle Asiatica.&#8212;P&aelig;deria f&#339;tida.&#8212;Spilanthes Acmella.&#8212;Achras Sapota.&#8212;Ipom&#339;a pes-capr&aelig;.&#8212;Solanum nigrum.&#8212;Limnophila
+Menthastrum.&#8212;Sesamum Indicum.&#8212;<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb247" href="#pb247">247</a>]</span>Lippia nodiflora.&#8212;Tectona grandis.&#8212;Vitex.&#8212;Amaranthus spinosa.&#8212;<i>Achyranthes obtusifolia.</i>&#8212;Chenopodium ambrosioides.&#8212;Phyllanthus reticulatus and P. Niruri.&#8212;Allium Cepa.&#8212;Cyperus rotundus.&#8212;Zea Mays.&#8212;Andropogon Schoenanthus.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Emmenagogues.</b>&#8212;Michelia Champaca.&#8212;Artabotrys odoratissimus.<span class="corr" id="xd0e13369" title="Not in source">&#8212;</span>Anamirta Cocculus.&#8212;Cissampelos Pareira.&#8212;Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis.&#8212;Gossypium herbaceum.&#8212;Abroma fastuosa.&#8212;Ruta graveolens.&#8212;Dysoxylum
+Blancoi.&#8212;C&aelig;salpinia Sappan and C. pulcherrima.&#8212;Citrullus Colocynthis.&#8212;Morinda citrifolia.&#8212;Blumea balsamifera.&#8212;Artemisia vulgaris.&#8212;Plumbago
+Zeylanica.&#8212;Plumeria acutifolia.&#8212;Sesamum Indicum.&#8212;Vitex.&#8212;Chenopodium ambrosioides.&#8212;Aristolochia Indica.&#8212;Casuarina Sumatrana.&#8212;Aloes
+Barbadensis.&#8212;Cyperus rotundus.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Emetics.</b>&#8212;Hibiscus tiliaceus.&#8212;Dysoxylum Blancoi.&#8212;Moringa pterygosperma.&#8212;Clitoria ternatea.&#8212;Entada scandens.&#8212;Trichosanthes anguina.&#8212;Lagenaria.&#8212;Alangium
+Lamarkii.&#8212;Randia dumetorum.&#8212;P&aelig;deria f&#339;tida.&#8212;Allamanda cathartica.&#8212;Thevetia neriifolia.&#8212;Cerbera Odallam.&#8212;Calotropis gigantea.&#8212;Tylophora
+asthmatica.&#8212;Justicia Gendarussa.&#8212;<i>Acalypha Indica.</i>&#8212;<i>Crinum Asiaticum.</i>
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Emollients.</b>&#8212;Sida carpinifolia.&#8212;Abutilon Indicum.&#8212;Urena sinuata.&#8212;Hibiscus Rosa-Sinensis.&#8212;Gossypium herbaceum.&#8212;Eriodendron anfractuosum.&#8212;Helicteres
+<span class="corr" id="xd0e13390" title="Source: Ixora">Isora</span>.&#8212;Biophytum sensitivum.&#8212;Zizyphus Jujuba.&#8212;Abrus precatorius.&#8212;Clitoria ternata.&#8212;C&aelig;salpinia pulcherrima.&#8212;Lawsonia alba.&#8212;Luffa
+&AElig;gyptiaca.&#8212;Ipom&#339;a pes-capr&aelig;.&#8212;Sesamum Indicum.&#8212;Acanthus ilicifolius.&#8212;Lippia nodiflora.&#8212;Plantago erosa.&#8212;Musa paradisiaca and
+M. sapientum.&#8212;Curcuma longa.&#8212;Allium Cepa.&#8212;Cocos nucifera.&#8212;Oriza.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Stimulants.</b>&#8212;Illicium anisatum.&#8212;Artabotrys odoratissimus.&#8212;Brassica juncea.&#8212;Raphanus sativus.&#8212;Mesua ferrea.&#8212;Hibiscus Abelmoschus.&#8212;Helicteres
+<span class="corr" id="xd0e13399" title="Source: Ixora">Isora</span>.&#8212;Ruta graveolens.&#8212;Xanthoxylum oxyphyllum.&#8212;Citrus acida.&#8212;Celastrus paniculata.&#8212;Moringa pterygosperma.&#8212;C&aelig;salpinia pulcherrima.&#8212;Hydrocotyle
+Asiatica.&#8212;Carum copticum.&#8212;F&#339;niculum vulgare.&#8212;<i>Coffea Arabica.</i>&#8212;Eupatorium Ayapana.&#8212;Blumea balsamifera.&#8212;Sph&aelig;ranthus Indicus.&#8212;Spilanthes Acmella.&#8212;Artemisia vulgaris.&#8212;Mimusops Elengi.&#8212;Jasminum
+Sambac.&#8212;<i>Capsicum fastigiatum.</i>&#8212;Ocimum.&#8212;Rosmarinus officinalis.&#8212;Chenopodium ambrosioides.&#8212;Piper Betle and P. nigrum.&#8212;Chloranthus officinalis.&#8212;<i>Cinnamomum.</i>&#8212;<i>Zingiber officinale.</i>&#8212;Curcuma longa.&#8212;Allium sativum and A. Cepa.&#8212;Cyperus rotundus.&#8212;Andropogon Schoenanthus and A. nardus.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb248" href="#pb248">248</a>]</span></p>
+<p><b>Expectorants.</b>&#8212;Hibiscus Rosa-Sinensis.&#8212;Biophytum sensitivum.&#8212;Trichosanthes cucumerina.&#8212;Blumea balsamifera.&#8212;Tylophora asthmatica.&#8212;Acanthus
+ilicifolius.&#8212;Barleria Prionitis.&#8212;Adhatoda vasica.&#8212;Vitex.&#8212;Ocimum.&#8212;<i>Acalypha Indica.</i>&#8212;<i>Crinum Asiaticum.</i>
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Febrifuges.</b>&#8212;Michelia Champaca.&#8212;Tinospora crispa.&#8212;Anamirta Cocculus.&#8212;Sida carpinifolia.&#8212;Melia Azedarach.&#8212;Dysoxylum Blancoi.&#8212;Carapa Moluccensis.&#8212;Cedrela
+Toona.&#8212;Erythrina Indica.&#8212;C&aelig;salpinia Bonducella and C. pulcherrima.&#8212;Cassia occidentalis.&#8212;Ammannia vesicatoria.&#8212;Trichosanthes
+cucumerina.&#8212;Hymenodictyon excelsum.&#8212;Ixora coccinea.&#8212;Morinda citrifolia.&#8212;Achras Sapota.&#8212;Mimusops Elengi.&#8212;Thevetia neriifolia.&#8212;Plumeria
+acutifolia.&#8212;Alstonia scholaris.&#8212;Vitex.&#8212;Clerodendron infortunatum.&#8212;Anisomeles ovata.&#8212;Aristolochia Indica.&#8212;Piper nigrum.&#8212;Chloranthus
+officinalis.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Galactagogues.</b>&#8212;Gossypium herbaceum.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Antigalactagogues.</b>&#8212;Jasminum Sambac.&#8212;Piper Betle.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Hemostatics.</b>&#8212;Portulaca oleracea.&#8212;Tetracera macrophylla.&#8212;Mangifera Indica.&#8212;Pterocarpus.&#8212;C&aelig;salpinia Sappan.&#8212;Euphorbia pilulifera.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Narcotics</b> (<i>sedatives and anodynes</i>).&#8212;Anamirta Cocculus.&#8212;Argemone Mexicana.&#8212;Pangium edule.&#8212;Cassia occidentalis.&#8212;Solanum nigrum.&#8212;<i>Datura alba.</i>&#8212;Nicotiana Tabacum.&#8212;Vitex.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Nutritive Plants.</b>&#8212;<i>Anona squamosa</i>, A. reticulata and A. muricata.&#8212;Nelumbium nucifera.&#8212;Pangium edule.&#8212;Portulaca oleracea.&#8212;Garcinia mangostana and G. Cambogia.&#8212;Sterculia
+f&#339;tida.&#8212;<i>Theobroma Cacao.</i>&#8212;<i>Averrhoa Bilimbi</i>, <i>A. Carambola.</i>&#8212;Feronia elephantum.&#8212;Garuga pinnata.&#8212;Canarium commune.&#8212;Sandoricum Indicum.&#8212;Zizyphus Jujuba.&#8212;<i>Mangifera Indica.</i>&#8212;Anacardium occidentale.&#8212;Moringa pterygosperma.&#8212;Agati grandiflora.&#8212;<i>Tamarindus Indica.</i>&#8212;Bauhinia malabarica.&#8212;Parkia Roxburghii.&#8212;Psidium pomiferum.&#8212;Eugenia Jambolana.&#8212;Trichosanthes.&#8212;Lagenaria.&#8212;Momordica.&#8212;Achras
+Sapota.&#8212;Solanum nigrum.&#8212;Sesamum Indicum.&#8212;Artocarpus integrifolia.&#8212;<i>Musa paradisiaca</i> and <i>M. sapientum</i>.&#8212;Areca Catechu.&#8212;<i>Cocos nucifera.</i>&#8212;<i>Zea Mays.</i>&#8212;<i>Saccharum officinarum.</i>&#8212;<i>Oriza.</i>&#8212;Bambuse&aelig;.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Purgatives.</b>&#8212;Argemone Mexicana.&#8212;Garcinia morella.&#8212;Mesua ferrea.&#8212;Agati grandiflora.&#8212;Erythrina Indica.&#8212;Clitoria ternatea.&#8212;C&aelig;salpinia pulcherrima.&#8212;Cassia
+fistula and C. alata.&#8212;Tamarindus Indica.&#8212;Entada scandens.&#8212;Terminalia Chebula.&#8212;Jussi&aelig;a suffruticosa.&#8212;Carica Papaya.&#8212;Trichosanthes
+anguina and T. cucumerina.&#8212;<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb249" href="#pb249">249</a>]</span>Lagenaria.&#8212;Luffa &AElig;gyptiaca.&#8212;Momordica.&#8212;<i>Citrullus Colocynthis.</i>&#8212;Trianthema monogyna.&#8212;Morinda citrifolia.&#8212;Spilanthes Acmella.&#8212;Carthamus tinctorius.&#8212;Allamanda cathartica.&#8212;Cerbera Odallam.&#8212;Plumeria
+acutifolia.&#8212;Calotropis gigantea.&#8212;Ipom&#339;a hederacea.&#8212;Ipom&#339;a Turpethum.&#8212;Solanum nigrum.&#8212;Sesamum Indicum.&#8212;Tectona grandis.&#8212;Samadera
+Indica.&#8212;Mirabilis Jalapa.&#8212;Amaranthus spinosus.&#8212;Euphorbia neriifolia.&#8212;Euphorbia Tirucalli.&#8212;Jatropha Curcas.&#8212;Aleurites moluccana.&#8212;Croton
+Tiglium.&#8212;Acalypha Indica.&#8212;<i>Ricinus communis</i>.&#8212;<i>Aloes Barbadensis.</i>
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Sialagogues.</b>&#8212;Carum copticum.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Bitter Tonics.</b>&#8212;Michelia Champaca.&#8212;Tinospora crispa.&#8212;Cissampelos Pareira.&#8212;Crat&aelig;va religiosa.&#8212;Mesua ferrea.&#8212;Sida carpinifolia.&#8212;Murraya exotica.&#8212;Citrus
+Bigaradia.&#8212;Samadera Indica.&#8212;Melia Azedarach.&#8212;Rhamnus Wightii.&#8212;Agati grandiflora.&#8212;C&aelig;salpinia Bonducella.&#8212;Cassia occidentalis.&#8212;Terminalia
+Chebula.&#8212;Trichosanthes cucumerina.&#8212;Momordica.&#8212;Hymenodictyon excelsum.&#8212;Morinda citrifolia.&#8212;Sph&aelig;ranthus Indicus.&#8212;Achras Sapota.&#8212;Mimusops
+Elengi.&#8212;Alstonia scholaris.&#8212;Calotropis gigantea.&#8212;<i>Strychnos Ignatii.</i>&#8212;Limnophila Menthastrum.&#8212;Oroxylum Indicum.&#8212;Vitex.&#8212;Clerodendron infortunatum.&#8212;Anisomeles ovata.&#8212;Phyllanthus Niruri.&#8212;Aloes Barbadensis.&#8212;<i>Areca Catechu.</i>&#8212;<i>Nerium odorum</i> (cardiac).
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Aromatic Tonics.</b>&#8212;Feronia elephantum.&#8212;Sandoricum Indicum.&#8212;F&#339;niculum.&#8212;<i>Coffea Arabica.</i>&#8212;Eupatorium Ayapana.&#8212;Artemisia vulgaris.&#8212;Chenopodium ambrosioides, Cinnamomum.&#8212;<i>Zingiber officinale.</i>
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Vesicants.</b>&#8212;Anacardium occidentale.&#8212;Moringa pterygosperma.&#8212;Ammannia vesicatoria.&#8212;Plumbago Zeylanica.&#8212;Calotropis gigantea.&#8212;Euphorbia Tirucalli.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Rubefacients or Revulsives.</b>&#8212;Moringa pterygosperma.&#8212;Plumeria acutifolia.&#8212;Croton Tiglium.&#8212;Jatropha Curcas.&#8212;Allium sativum.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Stimulants.</b>&#8212;Sterculia urens.&#8212;Argemone Mexicana.&#8212;Kleinhovia hospitata.&#8212;Celastrus paniculata.&#8212;Pongamia glabra.&#8212;Cassia alata.&#8212;Entada scandens.&#8212;Kalanchoe
+laciniata.&#8212;Elettaria Cardamomum.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Antiherpetics, etc.</b>&#8212;Sterculia f&#339;tida.&#8212;Canarium commune.&#8212;Trichosanthes palmata.
+
+
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb251" href="#pb251">251</a>]</span></p>
+<div class="footnotes">
+<hr class="fnsep">
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" href="#xd0e13252src" id="xd0e13252">1</a></span> Including t&aelig;nifuges.
+</p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" href="#xd0e13257src" id="xd0e13257">2</a></span> Names in italics are considered of especial importance by the author.
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="xd0e13578" class="div1 index"><span class="pagenum">
+[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]
+</span><h2 class="normal">Index of Plants</h2>
+<h2 class="sub">According to Special Diseases.</h2>
+<p class="tb"></p>
+<p><b>Aphth&aelig;, Stomatitis, Glossitis.</b><a class="noteref" id="xd0e13587src" href="#xd0e13587">1</a>&#8212;Tetracera macrophylla.&#8212;Feronia elephantum.&#8212;Pterocarpus santalinus, Indicus and erinaceus.&#8212;Melastoma malabatrichum.&#8212;<i>Punica Granatum.</i>&#8212;Mimusops Elengi.&#8212;Calotropis gigantea.&#8212;Tectona grandis.&#8212;Ocimum.&#8212;Achyranthes obtusifolia.&#8212;Phyllanthus reticulatus.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Hemorrhoids.</b>&#8212;Mesua ferrea.&#8212;Thespesia populnea.&#8212;Terminalia Chebula.&#8212;Punica Granatum.&#8212;Plumbago Zeylanica.&#8212;Capsicum fastigiatum.&#8212;Sesamum
+Indicum.&#8212;Aloes Barbadensis (for inducing the hemorrhoids).
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Amenorrh&#339;a and Dysmenorrh&#339;a.</b>&#8212;Abroma fastuosa.&#8212;Dysoxylum Blancoi.&#8212;C&aelig;salpinia Sappan.&#8212;C&aelig;salpinia pulcherrima.&#8212;Blumea balsamifera.&#8212;Artemisia vulgaris.&#8212;Plumeria
+acutifolia.&#8212;Sesamum Indicum.&#8212;Chenopodium ambrosioides.&#8212;Casuarina Sumatrana.&#8212;Aloes Barbadensis.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Anasarca.</b>&#8212;Plumbago Zeylanicum.&#8212;Coffea Arabica.&#8212;Plumeria acutifolia.&#8212;Calotropis gigantea.&#8212;Ipom&#339;a pes-capr&aelig;.&#8212;Solanum nigrum.&#8212;Barlonia
+Prionitis.&#8212;Achyranthes obtusifolia.&#8212;Euphorbia neriifolia.&#8212;Phyllanthus Niruri.&#8212;Cissampelos Pareira.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Anal Fistula.</b>&#8212;Pterocarpus.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Asthma.</b>&#8212;Gossypium herbaceum.&#8212;Garuga pinnata.&#8212;Dysoxylum Blancoi.&#8212;Erythrina Indica.&#8212;C&aelig;salpinia pulcherrima.&#8212;Entada scandens.&#8212;Trichosanthes
+palmata.&#8212;Coffea Arabica.&#8212;Tylophora asthmatica.&#8212;Datura alba.&#8212;Acanthus ilicifolius.&#8212;<i>Adhatoda vasica.</i>&#8212;Coleus aromaticus.&#8212;<i>Euphorbia pilulifera.</i>&#8212;Euphorbia Tirucalli.&#8212;Euphorbia neriifolia.&#8212;Phyllanthus Niruri.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Spleen, Affections of.</b>&#8212;Ammannia vesicatoria.&#8212;Lawsonia alba.&#8212;Momordica.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Beriberi.</b>&#8212;Celastrus paniculata.&#8212;Vitex.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb252" href="#pb252">252</a>]</span></p>
+<p><b>Blenorrh&#339;a, Gonorrh&#339;a, Urethritis.</b>&#8212;Nymph&aelig;a Lotus.&#8212;Argemone Mexicana.&#8212;Dipterocarpus turbinatus.&#8212;Sterculia f&#339;tida.&#8212;Clitoria ternata.&#8212;Pterocarpus.&#8212;Trichosanthes
+palmata.&#8212;Mimusops Elengi.&#8212;Plumeria acutifolia.&#8212;Lippia nodiflora.&#8212;<i>Ocimum.</i>&#8212;<i>Amaranthus spinosus.</i>&#8212;Cassytha filiformis.&#8212;Cyperus rotundus.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Bronchi and Lungs, Diseases of.</b>&#8212;Anona muricata.&#8212;Calophyllum Inophyllum.&#8212;Dipterocarpus turbinatus.&#8212;Canarium commune.&#8212;Zizyphus Jujuba.&#8212;Abrus precatorius.&#8212;Erythrina
+Indica.&#8212;C&aelig;salpinia pulcherrima.&#8212;Trichosanthes cucumerina.&#8212;Lagenaria.&#8212;Ixora coccinea.&#8212;Blumea balsamifera.&#8212;Tylophora asthmatica.&#8212;Sesamum
+Indicum.&#8212;Barleria Prionitis.&#8212;<i>Adhatoda vasica.</i>&#8212;Vitex.&#8212;Coleus aromaticus.&#8212;Anisomeles ovata.&#8212;<i>Chenopodium ambrosioides.</i>&#8212;<i>Euphorbia pilulifera.</i>&#8212;Acalypha Indica.&#8212;Curcuma longa.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Cholera.</b>&#8212;Artabotrys odoratissimus.&#8212;Samadera Indica.&#8212;Carum copticum.&#8212;Eupatorium Ayapana.&#8212;<i>Zingiber officinale.</i>&#8212;Cyperus rotundus.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Colic.</b>&#8212;(<i>a</i>) <i>Flatulent: Illicium anisatum.</i>&#8212;Argemone Mexicana.&#8212;Cleome viscosa.&#8212;Helicteres <span class="corr" id="xd0e13688" title="Source: Ixora">Isora</span>.&#8212;Dysoxylum Blancoi.&#8212;Terminalia Chebula.&#8212;<i>Carum copticum.</i>&#8212;<i>F&#339;niculum.</i>&#8212;Plumbago Zeylanica.&#8212;Ipom&#339;a pes-capr&aelig;.&#8212;Ocimum.&#8212;Coleus aromaticus.&#8212;Rosmarinus officinalis.&#8212;Aristolochia Indica.&#8212;<i>Piper Betle.</i>&#8212;<i>Elettaria Cardamomum.</i>
+
+(<i>b</i>) <i>Lead</i>: Allamanda cathartica.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Contusions.</b>&#8212;Samadera Indica.&#8212;Plumeria acutifolia.&#8212;Aloes Barbadensis.&#8212;Casuarina sumatrana.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Heart, Diseases of.</b>&#8212;Helicteres <span class="corr" id="xd0e13721" title="Source: Ixora">Isora</span>.&#8212;Coffea Arabica.&#8212;Cinnamomum.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Coryza</b> (<i>rhinitis</i>, <i>nasal catarrh</i>, <i>oz&#339;na</i>).&#8212;Agati grandiflora.&#8212;Ocimum.&#8212;Curcuma longa.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Diabetes.</b>&#8212;Eugenia Jambolana.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Diarrh&#339;a, Dysentery.</b>&#8212;Anona squamosa.&#8212;Anona reticulata and A. muricata.&#8212;Nelumbium nucifera.&#8212;Bixa Orellana.&#8212;Garcinia mangostana.&#8212;Ochrocarpus pentapetalus.&#8212;Thespesia
+populnea.&#8212;Gossypium herbaceum.&#8212;Bombax malabaricum.&#8212;Averrhoa Bilimbi.&#8212;<i>Averrhoa Carambola.</i>&#8212;Murraya exotica.&#8212;<i>&AElig;gle decandra.</i>&#8212;<i>Feronia elephantum.</i>&#8212;Sandoricum Indicum.&#8212;Carapa Moluccensis.&#8212;Cedrela Toona.<span class="corr" id="xd0e13760" title="Not in source">&#8212;</span>Rhamnus Wightii.&#8212;Mangifera Indica.&#8212;Pterocarpus.&#8212;C&aelig;salpinia Bonducella.&#8212;Bauhinia malabarica.&#8212;Kalanchoe laciniata.&#8212;Terminalia
+Catappa.&#8212;Psidium pomiferum.&#8212;Eugenia Jambolana.&#8212;Punica Granatum.&#8212;Jussi&aelig;a suffruticosa.&#8212;<i>Carica Papaya.</i>&#8212;Carum copticum.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb253" href="#pb253">253</a>]</span></p>
+<p><i>Randia dumetorum.</i>&#8212;Ixora coccinea.&#8212;Morinda citrifolia.&#8212;Sph&aelig;ranthus Indicus.&#8212;Plumbago Zeylanica.&#8212;Mimusops Elengi.&#8212;Plumeria acutifolia.&#8212;Calotropis
+gigantea.&#8212;Tylophora asthmatica.&#8212;Oroxylum Indicum.&#8212;Anisomeles ovata.&#8212;Aristolochia Indica.&#8212;Piper Betle.&#8212;Phyllanthus Niruri.&#8212;Casuarina
+Sumatrana.&#8212;<i>Zingiber officinale.</i>&#8212;Cyperus rotundus.&#8212;Oriza.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Dyspepsia.</b>&#8212;Illicium anisatum.&#8212;Sida carpinifolia.&#8212;<i>&AElig;gle decandra.</i>&#8212;Samadera Indica.&#8212;Sandoricum Indicum.&#8212;Rhamnus Wightii.&#8212;Agati grandiflora.&#8212;C&aelig;salpinia Bonducella.&#8212;Cassia occidentalis.&#8212;<i>Terminalia Chebula.</i>&#8212;<i>Carica Papaya.</i>&#8212;Trichosanthes cucumerina.&#8212;Momordica.&#8212;Carum copticum.&#8212;Eupatorium Ayapana.&#8212;Blumea balsamifera.&#8212;Sph&aelig;ranthus Indicus.&#8212;Artemisia
+vulgaris.&#8212;Alstonia scholaris.&#8212;<i>Strychnos Ignatii.</i>&#8212;Capsicum fastigiatum.&#8212;Acanthus ilicifolius.&#8212;Lippia nodiflora.&#8212;Tectona grandis.&#8212;Ocimum.&#8212;Rosmarinus officinalis.&#8212;Anisomeles
+ovata.&#8212;Chenopodium ambrosioides.&#8212;Aristolochia Indica.&#8212;Piper Betle.&#8212;Zingiber officinale.&#8212;Elettaria Cardamomum.&#8212;Aloes Barbadensis.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Gingivitis, Hemorrhage, etc.</b>&#8212;Feronia elephantum.&#8212;Tectona grandis.&#8212;Plantago erosa.&#8212;Phyllanthus reticulatus. (See &#8220;Sore-throat.&#8221;)
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Scorbutics.</b>&#8212;Anona muricata.&#8212;Raphanus sativus.&#8212;<i>Oxalis corniculata.</i>&#8212;Phyllanthus reticulatus.&#8212;<i>Musa paradisiaca</i> and <i>M. sapientum</i>.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Spermatorrh&#339;a.</b>&#8212;Sida carpinifolia.&#8212;Lawsonia alba.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Constipation.</b>&#8212;&AElig;gle decandra.&#8212;Helicteres Isora.&#8212;Nicotiana Tabacum.&#8212;Sesamum Indicum.&#8212;Musa paradisiaca and M. sapientum. (See &#8220;Purgatives.&#8221;)
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Fevers.</b>&#8212;Michelia Champaca.&#8212;Sida carpinifolia.&#8212;Tinospora crispa.&#8212;Anamirta Cocculus.&#8212;Samadera Indica.&#8212;Melia Azedarach.&#8212;Dysoxylum Blancoi.&#8212;Carapa
+moluccensis.&#8212;Cedrela Toona.&#8212;Erythrina Indica.&#8212;<i>Cassia occidentalis</i> (malarial).&#8212;Ammannia vesicatoria.&#8212;Trichosanthes cucumerina.&#8212;Hymenodictyon excelsum.&#8212;Morinda citrifolia.&#8212;P&aelig;deria f&#339;tida.&#8212;Plumbago
+Zeylanica.&#8212;Mimusops Elengi.&#8212;<i>Alstonia scholaris.</i>
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Fracture.</b>&#8212;Sterculia urens.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Throat, Diseases of</b> (<i>anginas</i>, <i>amygdalitis</i>, <i>pharyngitis</i>).&#8212;Feronia elephantum.&#8212;Mangifera Indica.&#8212;Odina Wodier.&#8212;Melastoma malabatrichum.&#8212;Punica Granatum.&#8212;Mimusops Elengi.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Gout.</b>&#8212;Celastrus paniculata.&#8212;Momordica.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Hemorrhage.</b>&#8212;Bixa Orellana.&#8212;Bombax malabaricum.&#8212;Mangifera Indica.&#8212;Pterocarpus.&#8212;C&aelig;salpinia Sappan.
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb254" href="#pb254">254</a>]</span></p>
+<p><b>Hemoptysis.</b>&#8212;Tetracera macrophylla.&#8212;Portulaca oleracea.&#8212;C&aelig;salpinia Sappan.&#8212;Casuarina Sumatrana.&#8212;Curcuma longa.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Herni&aelig;.</b>&#8212;Nicotiana Tabacum.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Liver, Diseases of.</b>&#8212;Anona muricata.&#8212;Kalanchoe laciniata.&#8212;Lawsonia alba.&#8212;Lagenaria.&#8212;Momordica.&#8212;Oldenlandia corymbosa.&#8212;Sph&aelig;ranthus Indicus.&#8212;Carthamus
+tinctorius.&#8212;Solanum nigrum.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Cephalalgia.</b>&#8212;Portulaca oleracea.&#8212;Coffea Arabica.&#8212;Blumea balsamifera.&#8212;Vitex.&#8212;Colus aromaticus.&#8212;Acalypha Indica.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Laryngitis.</b>&#8212;Mangifera Indica.&#8212;Capsicum fastigiatum.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Leucorrh&#339;a.</b>&#8212;Garcinia mangostana.&#8212;Sandoricum Indicum.&#8212;Mangifera Indica.&#8212;Pterocarpus.&#8212;Acacia Farnesiana.&#8212;Terminalia Chebula.&#8212;Punica Granatum.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Bloody Flux.</b>&#8212;Artocarpus integrifolia.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Menorrhagia, Metrorrhagia.</b> See &#8220;Hemorrhages.&#8221;
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Bites of Insects and Poisonous Animals.</b>&#8212;Feronia elephantum.&#8212;Carapa moluccensis.&#8212;Eupatorium Ayapana.&#8212;Tylophora asthmatica.&#8212;Rhinocanthus communis.&#8212;Coleus aromaticus.&#8212;Leucas
+aspera.&#8212;<i>Aristolochia Indica.</i>&#8212;<i>Euphorbia neriifolia.</i>&#8212;Acalypha Indica.&#8212;Allium sativum.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Nervous Diseases</b> (<i>chorea</i>, <i>epilepsy</i>, <i>convulsions</i>, <i>hysteria</i>, etc.).&#8212;Sida carpinifolia.&#8212;Ruta graveolens.&#8212;Blumea balsamifera.&#8212;Artemisia vulgaris.&#8212;Solanum nigrum.&#8212;Datura alba.&#8212;Nicotiana
+Tabacum.&#8212;Coleus aromaticus.&#8212;Chenopodium ambrosioides.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Neuralgia.</b>&#8212;Coffea Arabica.&#8212;Acanthus ilicifolius.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Odontalgia.</b>&#8212;Murraya exotica and M. Koenigi.&#8212;Pterocarpus.&#8212;Calotropis gigantea.&#8212;Plantago erosa.&#8212;Cyperus rotundus. (See &#8220;Ears.&#8221;)
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Intestinal Obstruction.</b>&#8212;Nicotiana Tabacum. (See &#8220;Purgatives.&#8221;)
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Ears, Affections of.</b>&#8212;Cleome viscosa.&#8212;Hibiscus tiliaceus.&#8212;Helicteres Isora.&#8212;Crinum Asiaticum. (See &#8220;Odontalgia.&#8221;)
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Eyes, Affections of.</b>&#8212;Argemone Mexicana.&#8212;Portulaca oleracea.&#8212;Calophyllum Inophyllum.&#8212;Garuga pinnata.&#8212;Abrus precatorius.&#8212;Erythrina Indica.&#8212;Jasminum
+Sambac.&#8212;Rosmarinus officinalis.&#8212;Curcuma longa.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Orchitis.</b>&#8212;Calophyllum Inophyllum.&#8212;Sterculia urens.&#8212;Vitex.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Paralysis.</b>&#8212;Celastrus paniculata.&#8212;Acanthus ilicifolius.&#8212;Ocimum.&#8212;Rosmarinus officinalis.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Parasites</b> (<i>pediculi</i>, etc.).&#8212;Anona squamosa.&#8212;Anamirta Cocculus.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Skin, Affections of</b> (<i>lepra</i>, <i>itch</i>, <i>eczema</i>, <i>psoriasis</i>).&#8212;Argemone Mexicana.&#8212;Pangium <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb255" href="#pb255">255</a>]</span>edule.&#8212;Portulaca oleracea.&#8212;Urena sinuata.&#8212;Thespesia populnea.&#8212;Sterculia f&#339;tida.&#8212;Kleinhovia hospitata.&#8212;Helicteres Isora.&#8212;Canarium
+commune.&#8212;Celastrus paniculata.&#8212;Mangifera Indica.&#8212;Anacardium occidentale.&#8212;Odina Wodier.&#8212;<i>Pongamia glabra</i> (itch).&#8212;Cassia fistula.&#8212;<i>Cassia alata</i> (herpes).&#8212;Entada scandens.&#8212;Psidium pomiferum.&#8212;Melastoma malabatrichum.&#8212;Lawsonia alba.&#8212;Carica Papaya.&#8212;Momordica.&#8212;<i>Hydrocotyle Asiatica.</i>&#8212;Alangium Lamarkii.&#8212;Oldenlandia corymbosa.&#8212;Ixora coccinea.&#8212;Spilanthes Acmella.&#8212;Plumbago Zeylanica.&#8212;Plumeria acutifolia.&#8212;Nerium
+odorum.&#8212;Calotropis gigantea.&#8212;Solanum nigrum.&#8212;Rhinacanthus communis.&#8212;Tectona grandis.&#8212;Leucas aspera.&#8212;Amaranthus spinosus.&#8212;Echinus
+Philippinensis.&#8212;Curcuma longa.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Burns.</b>&#8212;Eriodendron anfractuosum.&#8212;Lawsonia alba.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Rectum, Prolapsed.</b>&#8212;Pterocarpus.&#8212;Acacia Farnesiana.&#8212;Psidium pomiferum.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Rheumatism.</b>&#8212;Tinospora crispa.&#8212;Crat&aelig;va religiosa.&#8212;Ochrocarpus pentapetalus.&#8212;Mesua ferrea.&#8212;Sida carpinifolia.&#8212;Samadera Indica.&#8212;Celastrus
+paniculata.&#8212;Erythrina Indica.&#8212;Pongamia glabra.&#8212;Momordica.&#8212;Alangium Lamarkii.&#8212;P&aelig;deria f&#339;tida.&#8212;Blumea balsamifera.&#8212;Spilanthes
+Acmella.&#8212;Plumeria acutifolia.&#8212;Calotropis gigantea.&#8212;Ipom&#339;a pes-capr&aelig;.&#8212;Datura alba.&#8212;Oroxylum Indicum.&#8212;Acanthus ilicifolius.&#8212;Justicia
+Gendarussa.&#8212;Vitex.&#8212;Ocimum.&#8212;Rosmarinus officinalis.&#8212;Anisomeles ovata.&#8212;Euphorbia Tirucalli.&#8212;Zingiber officinale.&#8212;Allium sativum.&#8212;Andropogon
+Schoenanthus and A. nardus.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Kidneys, Affections of.</b>&#8212;Sida carpinifolia.&#8212;<i>Zea Mays.</i>
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Syphilis.</b>&#8212;Tinospora crispa.&#8212;Erythrina Indica.&#8212;Hydrocotyle Asiatica.&#8212;Alangium Lamarkii.&#8212;Nerium odorum.&#8212;Calotropis gigantea.&#8212;Ehretia
+buxifolia.&#8212;Cassytha filiformis.&#8212;Euphorbia Tirucalli.&#8212;Acalypha Indica.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>T&aelig;ni&aelig;.</b> (See &#8220;Anthelmintics.&#8221;)
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Phthisis.</b>&#8212;Garuga pinnata.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Tumors.</b>&#8212;Trichosanthes palmata.&#8212;Sph&aelig;ranthus Indicus.&#8212;Ipom&#339;a pes-capr&aelig;.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Ulcers, Wounds, Sores, etc.</b>&#8212;Tinospora crispa.&#8212;Dipterocarpus turbinatus.&#8212;Hibiscus tiliaceus.&#8212;Sterculia f&#339;tida.&#8212;Canarium commune.&#8212;Melia Azedarach.&#8212;Cedrela
+Toona.&#8212;Mangifera Indica.&#8212;Anacardium occidentale.&#8212;Odina Wodier.&#8212;Erythrina Indica.&#8212;Pongamia glabra.&#8212;Kalanchoe laciniata.&#8212;Terminalia
+Catappa and T. Chebula.&#8212;Psidium pomiferum.&#8212;Melastoma malabatrichum.&#8212;Hydrocotyle <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb256" href="#pb256">256</a>]</span>Asiatica.&#8212;Morinda citrifolia.&#8212;Eupatorium Ayapana.&#8212;Blumea balsamifera.&#8212;Spilanthes Acmella.&#8212;Artemisia vulgaris.&#8212;Mimusops Elengi.&#8212;Ipom&#339;a
+pes-capr&aelig;.&#8212;Solanum nigrum.&#8212;Nicotiana Tabacum.&#8212;Tectona grandis.&#8212;Phyllanthus Niruri.&#8212;Acalypha Indica.&#8212;Ricinus communis.&#8212;Artocarpus
+integrifolia.&#8212;Casuarina Sumatrana.&#8212;Nipa fruticans.&#8212;<i>Carica Papaya.</i>
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Urticaria.</b>&#8212;Phyllanthus reticulatus.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Bladder, Affections of.</b>&#8212;<i>Cissampelos Pareira.</i>&#8212;Portulaca oleracea.&#8212;Dipterocarpus turbinatus.&#8212;Urena sinuata.&#8212;Abrus precatorius.&#8212;Clitoria ternata.&#8212;Pterocarpus.&#8212;Lawsonia alba.&#8212;P&aelig;deria
+f&#339;tida.&#8212;Spilanthus Acmella.&#8212;Allium sativum.&#8212;Zea Mays.
+</p>
+<p class="tb"></p><p>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Vermes.</b> (See &#8220;Anthelmintics.&#8221;)
+
+
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb257" href="#pb257">257</a>]</span></p>
+<div class="footnotes">
+<hr class="fnsep">
+<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" href="#xd0e13587src" id="xd0e13587">1</a></span> I do not join these diseases because I consider them identical or due to the same pathogenic agent but because the plants
+that follow are used indifferently for the diseases.
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="xd0e14111" class="div1 index"><span class="pagenum">
+[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]
+</span><h2 class="normal">Alphabetical Index</h2>
+<h2 class="sub">Of Systematic and Common Names of Plants</h2>
+<div class="transcribernote">
+<div style="text-align: center"><a href="#xd0e14118">A</a> | <a href="#xd0e14981">B</a> | <a href="#xd0e15719">C</a> | <a href="#xd0e16639">D</a> | <a href="#xd0e16973">E</a> | <a href="#xd0e17096">F</a> | <a href="#xd0e17162">G</a> | <a href="#xd0e17499">H</a> | <a href="#xd0e17669">I</a> | <a href="#xd0e17752">J</a> | <a href="#xd0e17838">K</a> | <a href="#xd0e18433">L</a> | <a href="#xd0e18903">M</a> | <a href="#xd0e19570">N</a> | <a href="#xd0e19758">O</a> | <a href="#xd0e19955">P</a> | <a href="#xd0e20512">Q</a> | <a href="#xd0e20528">R</a> | <a href="#xd0e20707">S</a> | <a href="#xd0e21341">T</a> | <a href="#xd0e22060">U</a> | <a href="#xd0e22109">V</a> | <a href="#xd0e22157">W</a> | <a href="#xd0e22216">X</a> | <a href="#xd0e22233">Y</a> | <a href="#xd0e22250">Z</a></div>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e14117">
+<h3 id="xd0e14118" class="normal">A</h3>
+<p><i>Abag&#771;abag&#771;</i>, <a href="#pb183">183</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Abilo</i>, <a href="#pb73">73</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Abroma angulata, <a href="#pb55">55</a><br>
+&#8195;augusta, <a href="#pb55">55</a><br>
+&#8195;communis, <a href="#pb55">55</a><br>
+&#8195;fastuosa, <a href="#pb55">55</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Abrus precatorius, <a href="#pb88">88</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Abutilon Indicum, <a href="#pb43">43</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Acacia Arabica, <a href="#pb108">108</a><br>
+&#8195;Catechu, <a href="#pb235">235</a><br>
+&#8195;Farnesiana, <a href="#pb108">108</a><br>
+&#8195;Indica, <a href="#pb108">108</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Acalypha Caroliniana, <a href="#pb219">219</a><br>
+&#8195;hispida, <a href="#pb220">220</a><br>
+&#8195;Indica, <a href="#pb219">219</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Acanthace&aelig;, <a href="#pb185">185</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Acanthus ilicifolius, <a href="#pb185">185</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Acapulco</i>, <a href="#pb102">102</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Achiote</i>, <i>achuete</i>, <a href="#pb32">32</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Achras Sapota, <a href="#pb156">156</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Achuiti</i>, <a href="#pb32">32</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Achyranthes aspera, <a href="#pb201">201</a><br>
+&#8195;obtusifolia, <a href="#pb201">201</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Aconitum heterophyllum, <a href="#pb155">155</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Adelfa</i>, <a href="#pb165">165</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Adhatoda vasica, <a href="#pb188">188</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Adiantum lunulatum, <a href="#pb142">142</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>&AElig;gle decandra, <a href="#pb67">67</a><br>
+&#8195;Marmelos, <a href="#pb70">70</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Agati grandiflora, <a href="#pb88">88</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Ag&#771;ay</i>, <a href="#pb229">229</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Ag&iacute;</i>, <a href="#pb177">177</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Agiw</i>, <a href="#pb76">76</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Agoho</i>, <i>ag&oacute;o</i>, <a href="#pb225">225</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Agonoy</i>, <a href="#pb152">152</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Aguason</i>, <a href="#pb171">171</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Ajengibre</i>, <a href="#pb228">228</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Ajo</i>, <a href="#pb233">233</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Ajonjol&igrave;</i>, <a href="#pb184">184</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Alag&#771;-ilag&#771; Sonson</i>, <a href="#pb20">20</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Alag&#771;itg&#771;it</i>, <a href="#pb173">173</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Alangium decapetalum, <a href="#pb138">138</a><br>
+&#8195;hexapetalum, <a href="#pb138">138</a><br>
+&#8195;Lamarkii, <a href="#pb138">138</a><br>
+&#8195;tomentosum, <a href="#pb138">138</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Albahaca</i>, <a href="#pb195">195</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Albohol</i>, <a href="#pb176">176</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Aleurites Moluccana, <a href="#pb217">217</a><br>
+&#8195;triloba, <a href="#pb217">217</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Algod&oacute;n</i>, <a href="#pb48">48</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Alibag&#771;bag&#771;</i>, <a href="#pb105">105</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Alibun</i>, <a href="#pb150">150</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Allamanda cathartica, <a href="#pb159">159</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Allium Cepa, <a href="#pb233">233</a><br>
+&#8195;sativum, <a href="#pb233">233</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Almendro</i>, <a href="#pb110">110</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Almond, Indian</b>, <a href="#pb110">110</a><br>
+&#8195;<b>tree, Java</b>, <a href="#pb73">73</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Aloes</b>, <a href="#pb232">232</a><br>
+&#8195;Barbadensis, <a href="#pb232">232</a><br>
+&#8195;humilis, <a href="#pb232">232</a><br>
+&#8195;Indica, <a href="#pb232">232</a><br>
+&#8195;vera, <a href="#pb232">232</a><br>
+&#8195;vulgaris, <a href="#pb232">232</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Alpasotes</i>, <a href="#pb202">202</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Alstonia scholaris, <a href="#pb163">163</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Alth&aelig;a officinalis, <a href="#pb45">45</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Alusiman</i>, <a href="#pb134">134</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Amaranth, thorny</b>, <a href="#pb200">200</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Amaranthace&aelig;, <a href="#pb200">200</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Amaranthus spinosus, <a href="#pb200">200</a>, <a href="#pb201">201</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Amargoso</i>, <a href="#pb132">132</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Amaryllidace&aelig;, <a href="#pb231">231</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Ammannia baccifera, <a href="#pb117">117</a><br>
+&#8195;<b>blistering</b>, <a href="#pb117">117</a><br>
+&#8195;debilis, <a href="#pb117">117</a><br>
+&#8195;Indica, <a href="#pb117">117</a><br>
+&#8195;vesicatoria, <a href="#pb117">117</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Ammi copticum, <a href="#pb136">136</a><br>
+&#8195;glaucifolium, <a href="#pb136">136</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Amomum zingiber, <a href="#pb228">228</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Ampalaya, ampalea</i>, <a href="#pb132">132</a>
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb258" href="#pb258">258</a>]</span></p>
+<p><i>Amugis</i>, <a href="#pb86">86</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Anabo</i>, <a href="#pb55">55</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Anacardiace&aelig;, <a href="#pb82">82</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Anacardium occidentale, <a href="#pb84">84</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Anamirta Cocculus, <a href="#pb24">24</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Ananag&#771;tag&#771;</i>, <a href="#pb76">76</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Andropogon nardus, <a href="#pb241">241</a><br>
+&#8195;Schoenanthes, <a href="#pb240">240</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Anethum f&#339;niculum, <a href="#pb137">137</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Angod</i>, <a href="#pb201">201</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Anibog&#771;</i>, <a href="#pb55">55</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Anis</i>, <a href="#pb137">137</a><br>
+&#8195;<i>estrellado</i>, <a href="#pb18">18</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Anise, star</b>, <a href="#pb18">18</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Anisomeles ovata, <a href="#pb198">198</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Annatto</b>, <a href="#pb32">32</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Anona muricata, <a href="#pb22">22</a><br>
+&#8195;reticulata, <a href="#pb21">21</a><br>
+&#8195;squamosa, <a href="#pb20">20</a><br>
+&#8195;tuberosa, <a href="#pb20">20</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Anonace&aelig;, <a href="#pb20">20</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Anonag&#771;</i>, <a href="#pb21">21</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Anonas</i>, <a href="#pb21">21</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Apalia</i>, <a href="#pb132">132</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Apalit</i>, <a href="#pb93">93</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Apalot</i>, <a href="#pb148">148</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Apamarga</i>, <a href="#pb201">201</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Apana</i>, <a href="#pb149">149</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Apariagua</i>, <a href="#pb224">224</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Apasotis</i>, <a href="#pb202">202</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Apocynace&aelig;, <a href="#pb159">159</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Apoyapoyan</i>, <a href="#pb31">31</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Apple, balsam</b>, <a href="#pb132">132</a><br>
+&#8195;<b>bitter</b>, <a href="#pb133">133</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Areca</b>, <a href="#pb234">234</a><br>
+&#8195;Catechu, <a href="#pb234">234</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Argemone Mexicana, <a href="#pb29">29</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Aristolochia Indica, <a href="#pb203">203</a><br>
+&#8195;Serpentaria, <a href="#pb207">207</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Aristolochiace&aelig;, <a href="#pb203">203</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Aro</i>, <a href="#pb225">225</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Arodayday</i>, <a href="#pb175">175</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Arog&#771;anan</i>, <a href="#pb46">46</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Aroma</i>, <a href="#pb108">108</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Arroz</i>, <a href="#pb242">242</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Artabotrys hamatus, <a href="#pb20">20</a><br>
+&#8195;odoratissimus, <a href="#pb20">20</a><br>
+&#8195;suaveolens, <a href="#pb20">20</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Artemisia Indica, <a href="#pb153">153</a><br>
+&#8195;vulgaris, <a href="#pb153">153</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Artocarpus integrifolia, <a href="#pb223">223</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Asana</i>, <a href="#pb93">93</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Asclepiadace&aelig;, <a href="#pb167">167</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Asclepias asthmatica, <a href="#pb169">169</a><br>
+&#8195;gigantea, <a href="#pb167">167</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Ates</i>, <a href="#pb20">20</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Atsuiti</i>, <a href="#pb32">32</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Averrhoa Bilimbi, <a href="#pb60">60</a><br>
+&#8195;Carambola, <a href="#pb60">60</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Ayam</i>, <a href="#pb134">134</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Ayantoto</i>, <a href="#pb200">200</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Ayapan</b>, <a href="#pb149">149</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Ayapana</i>, <a href="#pb149">149</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Ayo</i>, <a href="#pb58">58</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Ayoban</i>, <a href="#pb150">150</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Azafr&aacute;n</i>, <a href="#pb229">229</a><br>
+&#8195;<i>de la tierra</i>, <a href="#pb154">154</a>
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e14980">
+<h3 id="xd0e14981" class="normal">B</h3>
+<p><i>Babebabe</i>, <a href="#pb112">112</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Babay gubat</i>, <a href="#pb47">47</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Badiana</i>, <a href="#pb18">18</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Bael fruit tree</b>, <a href="#pb67">67</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Bag&#771;ar</i>, <a href="#pb51">51</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Bagasoa</i>, <a href="#pb175">175</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Bag&#771;ati, bag&#771;ati gikosgikos</i>, <a href="#pb88">88</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Bagbag</i>, <a href="#pb155">155</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Bag&#771;kuro</i>, <a href="#pb148">148</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Bait</i>, <a href="#pb212">212</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Bakog&#771;</i>, <a href="#pb231">231</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Bakugan</i>, <a href="#pb76">76</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Balabalanoyan</i>, <a href="#pb31">31</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Baladri</i>, <a href="#pb165">165</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Balanoy</i>, <a href="#pb195">195</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Balasin</i>, <a href="#pb24">24</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Balay-namuk</i>, <a href="#pb32">32</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Balibago</i>, <a href="#pb46">46</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Balikbalik</i>, <a href="#pb95">95</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Balimbin</i>, <a href="#pb60">60</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Baliyoko</i>, <a href="#pb240">240</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Balogo</i>, <a href="#pb106">106</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Balotag&#771;aso</i>, <a href="#pb100">100</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Baloyog&#771;</i>, <a href="#pb99">99</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Balsamina</i>, <a href="#pb132">132</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Bamboo</b>, <a href="#pb243">243</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Bambus arundinacea, <a href="#pb243">243</a><br>
+&#8195;arundo, <a href="#pb243">243</a><br>
+&#8195;diffusa, <a href="#pb243">243</a><br>
+&#8195;levis, <a href="#pb244">244</a><br>
+&#8195;mitis, <a href="#pb244">244</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Bambuseae, <a href="#pb243">243</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Banana</b>, <a href="#pb227">227</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Banato</i>, <a href="#pb220">220</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Banilad</i>, <a href="#pb52">52</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Banilak</i>, <a href="#pb110">110</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Bankundo</i>, <a href="#pb148">148</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Barbadoes flower-fence</b>, <a href="#pb98">98</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Barleria Prionitis, <a href="#pb186">186</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Barreliera Prionitis, <a href="#pb186">186</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Basil, sacred</b>, <a href="#pb195">195</a><br>
+&#8195;<b>sweet</b>, <a href="#pb195">195</a>
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb259" href="#pb259">259</a>]</span></p>
+<p><i>Basiloag</i>, <a href="#pb76">76</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Batobatonis</i>, <a href="#pb210">210</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Bauhinia malabarica, <a href="#pb105">105</a><br>
+&#8195;tomentosa, <a href="#pb105">105</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Bayabas</i>, <a href="#pb113">113</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Bayag&#771;-bayag&#771;</i>, <a href="#pb200">200</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Bayag-, Bayan-kambig&#771;</i>, <a href="#pb96">96</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Bayati</i>, <a href="#pb24">24</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Bayno</i>, <a href="#pb28">28</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Bayogo</i>, <a href="#pb106">106</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Bawag&#771;</i>, <a href="#pb233">233</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Belgaum</b>, <a href="#pb217">217</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Bentikohol</i>, <a href="#pb228">228</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Bergera Koenigi, <a href="#pb65">65</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Betel-nut palm</b>, <a href="#pb234">234</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Betel pepper</b>, <a href="#pb204">204</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Bias pogo</i>, <a href="#pb117">117</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Bigas</i>, <a href="#pb242">242</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Bignonia Indica, <a href="#pb183">183</a><br>
+&#8195;quadripinnata, <a href="#pb183">183</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Bignoniace&aelig;, <a href="#pb183">183</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Bilimbin</i>, <a href="#pb60">60</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Bilogo</i>, <a href="#pb80">80</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Binukaw</i>, <a href="#pb36">36</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Biophytum cumiagiunum, <a href="#pb59">59</a><br>
+&#8195;sensitivum, <a href="#pb59">59</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Biri</i>, <a href="#pb154">154</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Birthwort, Indian</b>, <a href="#pb203">203</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Bitanhol</i>, <a href="#pb38">38</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Bitaog</i>, <a href="#pb38">38</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Bitnog&#771;</i>, <a href="#pb53">53</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Bixa Orellana, <a href="#pb32">32</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Bixine&aelig;, <a href="#pb32">32</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Blumea balsamifera, <a href="#pb150">150</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Boboy</i>, <a href="#pb50">50</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Bobuy-gubat</i>, <a href="#pb50">50</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Bog&#771;a</i>, <a href="#pb234">234</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Boho</i>, <a href="#pb244">244</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Bokawy</i>, <a href="#pb243">243</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Bolagtob</i>, <a href="#pb176">176</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Bolobotones</i>, <a href="#pb210">210</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Bombax Ceiba, <a href="#pb50">50</a><br>
+&#8195;malabaricum, <a href="#pb50">50</a>, <a href="#pb183">183</a><br>
+&#8195;pentandrum, <a href="#pb50">50</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Bonak</i>, <a href="#pb195">195</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Bonduc seeds</b>, <a href="#pb96">96</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Boraginace&aelig;, <a href="#pb173">173</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Botobotones</i>, <a href="#pb239">239</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Bowi</i>, <a href="#pb210">210</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Brassica juncea, <a href="#pb30">30</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Brea blanca</i>, <a href="#pb73">73</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Bryophyllum serratum, <a href="#pb109">109</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Buas</i>, <a href="#pb220">220</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Bucida cuminata, <a href="#pb111">111</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Bugayon</i>, <a href="#pb88">88</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Bugo</i>, <a href="#pb72">72</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Bugos</i>, <a href="#pb220">220</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Bulak</i>, <a href="#pb48">48</a><br>
+&#8195;<i>kastila</i>, <a href="#pb50">50</a><br>
+&#8195;<i>na bundok</i>, <a href="#pb49">49</a><br>
+&#8195;<i>na totoo</i>, <a href="#pb49">49</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Bug&#771;ulag&#771;</i>, <a href="#pb228">228</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Bulakan</i>, <a href="#pb47">47</a>, <a href="#pb174">174</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Bunlaw</i>, <a href="#pb187">187</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Burserace&aelig;, <a href="#pb72">72</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Butog&#771;</i>, <a href="#pb95">95</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Butterfly pea</b>, <a href="#pb92">92</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Butuan</i>, <a href="#pb228">228</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Buyayawa</i>, <a href="#pb210">210</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Buyo</i>, <a href="#pb204">204</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Buyok-buyok</i>, <a href="#pb128">128</a>
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e15718">
+<h3 id="xd0e15719" class="normal">C</h3>
+<p><i>Cabalonga</i>, <a href="#pb171">171</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Caballero</i>, <a href="#pb98">98</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Cacao</i>, <a href="#pb55">55</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Cafe</i>, <a href="#pb144">144</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Cagel</i>, <a href="#pb66">66</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>C&aelig;salpinia Bonduc, <a href="#pb96">96</a><br>
+&#8195;Bonducella, <a href="#pb96">96</a><br>
+&#8195;pulcherrima, <a href="#pb98">98</a><br>
+&#8195;Sappan, <a href="#pb97">97</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Calabash</b>, <a href="#pb129">129</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Calabaza blanca</i>, <a href="#pb130">130</a><br>
+&#8195;<i>de peregrino</i>, <a href="#pb129">129</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Calachuche</i>, <a href="#pb162">162</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Calophyllum apetalum, <a href="#pb39">39</a><br>
+&#8195;Calaba, <a href="#pb39">39</a><br>
+&#8195;Inophyllum, <a href="#pb38">38</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Calotrops gigantea, <a href="#pb167">167</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Calyptranthes Jambolana, <a href="#pb114">114</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Cambogia binucao, <a href="#pb36">36</a><br>
+&#8195;venulosa, <a href="#pb36">36</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Campanelo</i>, <a href="#pb159">159</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Camphire</b>, <a href="#pb118">118</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Canarium album, <a href="#pb73">73</a><br>
+&#8195;commune, <a href="#pb73">73</a>, <a href="#pb110">110</a><br>
+&#8195;Luzonicum, <a href="#pb73">73</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Ca&ntilde;a</i>, <a href="#pb243">243</a><br>
+&#8195;<i>de az&uacute;car</i>, <a href="#pb241">241</a><br>
+&#8195;<i>dulc</i>, <a href="#pb241">241</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Ca&ntilde;amiel</i>, <a href="#pb241">241</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Ca&ntilde;af&iacute;stula</i>, <a href="#pb99">99</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Capparidace&aelig;, <a href="#pb31">31</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Capsicum</b>, <a href="#pb177">177</a><br>
+&#8195;annuum, <a href="#pb178">178</a><br>
+&#8195;fastigiatum, <a href="#pb177">177</a><br>
+&#8195;minimum, <a href="#pb177">177</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Carapa Moluccensis, <a href="#pb78">78</a><br>
+&#8195;Guianensis, <a href="#pb78">78</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Caraway</b>, <a href="#pb136">136</a>
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb260" href="#pb260">260</a>]</span></p>
+<p><b>Cardamon</b>, <a href="#pb230">230</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Carica Papaya, <a href="#pb123">123</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Carmonea heterophylla, <a href="#pb173">173</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Carpopogon pruriens, <a href="#pb90">90</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Carthamus tinctorius, <a href="#pb154">154</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Carum ajowan, <a href="#pb136">136</a><br>
+&#8195;copticum, <a href="#pb136">136</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Cashew nut</b>, <a href="#pb84">84</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Cassia</b>, <a href="#pb208">208</a><br>
+&#8195;alata, <a href="#pb102">102</a><br>
+&#8195;fistula, <a href="#pb99">99</a><br>
+&#8195;<b>lignea</b>, <a href="#pb208">208</a><br>
+&#8195;occidentalis, <a href="#pb99">99</a><br>
+&#8195;<b>purging</b>, <a href="#pb99">99</a><br>
+&#8195;sophera, <a href="#pb103">103</a><br>
+&#8195;tora, <a href="#pb103">103</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Cassie flower</b>, <a href="#pb108">108</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Cassuvium reniforme, <a href="#pb84">84</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Cassytha filiformis, <a href="#pb209">209</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Castor oil plant</b>, <a href="#pb222">222</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Casuarina equisetifolia, <a href="#pb225">225</a><br>
+&#8195;Sumatrana, <a href="#pb225">225</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Casuarine&aelig;, <a href="#pb225">225</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Cavallium urens, <a href="#pb52">52</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Ceanothus Wightiana, <a href="#pb82">82</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Cebolla</i>, <a href="#pb233">233</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Cedrela odorata, <a href="#pb79">79</a><br>
+&#8195;Toona, <a href="#pb79">79</a>, <a href="#pb207">207</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Celastrace&aelig;, <a href="#pb80">80</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Celastrus alnifolia, <a href="#pb80">80</a><br>
+&#8195;paniculata, <a href="#pb80">80</a><br>
+&#8195;Rothiana, <a href="#pb80">80</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Celosia mana, <a href="#pb117">117</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Cerbera manghas, <a href="#pb161">161</a><br>
+&#8195;Odallam, <a href="#pb161">161</a><br>
+&#8195;Thevetia, <a href="#pb159">159</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Chachachachahan</i>, <a href="#pb190">190</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Champaca</i>, <a href="#pb19">19</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Chavica auriculata, <a href="#pb204">204</a><br>
+&#8195;Betle, <a href="#pb204">204</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Chenopodiace&aelig;, <a href="#pb202">202</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Chenopodium ambrosioides, <a href="#pb202">202</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Chico, chiko</i>, <a href="#pb156">156</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Chili picante</i>, <a href="#pb177">177</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>China tree</b>, <a href="#pb75">75</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Chinchaochinchauan</i>, <a href="#pb26">26</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Chinchona excelsa, <a href="#pb140">140</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Chloranthace&aelig;, <a href="#pb207">207</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Chloranthus inconspicuus, <a href="#pb207">207</a><br>
+&#8195;Indicus, <a href="#pb207">207</a><br>
+&#8195;officinalis, <a href="#pb207">207</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Chondrodendron tomentosum, <a href="#pb26">26</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Cica decandra, <a href="#pb214">214</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Cinamomo del pa&iacute;s</i>, <a href="#pb118">118</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Cinnamomum Culilowan, <a href="#pb207">207</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Cinnamomum pauciflorum, <a href="#pb208">208</a><br>
+&#8195;tamala, <a href="#pb208">208</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Cissampelos Pareira, <a href="#pb26">26</a>, <a href="#pb155">155</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Citrullus Colocynthis, <a href="#pb133">133</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Citrus acida, <a href="#pb65">65</a><br>
+&#8195;aurantium, <a href="#pb66">66</a><br>
+&#8195;Bigaradia, <a href="#pb66">66</a><br>
+&#8195;Decumana, <a href="#pb67">67</a><br>
+&#8195;notissima, <a href="#pb65">65</a><br>
+&#8195;reticulata, <a href="#pb67">67</a><br>
+&#8195;vulgaris, <a href="#pb66">66</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Cleome alliacea, <a href="#pb31">31</a><br>
+&#8195;alliodora, <a href="#pb31">31</a><br>
+&#8195;icosandra, <a href="#pb31">31</a><br>
+&#8195;pentaphylla, <a href="#pb31">31</a><br>
+&#8195;viscosa, <a href="#pb31">31</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Clerodendron fortunatum, <a href="#pb194">194</a><br>
+&#8195;infortunatum, <a href="#pb194">194</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Clitoria ternatea, <a href="#pb92">92</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Clompanus major, <a href="#pb51">51</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Cocas de Levante</i>, <a href="#pb24">24</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Cocculus crispus, <a href="#pb22">22</a><br>
+&#8195;lacunosus, <a href="#pb24">24</a><br>
+&#8195;suberosus, <a href="#pb24">24</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Coco</i>, <a href="#pb236">236</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Coco-grass</b>, <a href="#pb239">239</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Coconut</b>, <a href="#pb236">236</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Cocos nucifera, <a href="#pb236">236</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Coffea Arabica, <a href="#pb144">144</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Coffee</b>, <a href="#pb144">144</a><br>
+&#8195;<b>Negro</b>, <a href="#pb100">100</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Coleus aromaticus, <a href="#pb196">196</a><br>
+&#8195;atropurpureus, <a href="#pb197">197</a><br>
+&#8195;grandifolius, <a href="#pb197">197</a><br>
+&#8195;suganda, <a href="#pb196">196</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Colocynth</b>, <a href="#pb133">133</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Coloqu&iacute;ntida</i>, <a href="#pb133">133</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Colosanthes Indica, <a href="#pb183">183</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Combretace&aelig;, <a href="#pb110">110</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Cominos</i>, <a href="#pb137">137</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Composit&aelig;, <a href="#pb149">149</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Connarus f&#339;tens, <a href="#pb64">64</a><br>
+&#8195;santaloides, <a href="#pb64">64</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Consuelda</i>, <a href="#pb213">213</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Convolvulace&aelig;, <a href="#pb174">174</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Convolvulus maximus, <a href="#pb176">176</a><br>
+&#8195;nil, <a href="#pb174">174</a><br>
+&#8195;pes-capr&aelig;, <a href="#pb175">175</a><br>
+&#8195;Turpethum, <a href="#pb176">176</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Conyza balsamifera, <a href="#pb150">150</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Coral tree, Indian</b>, <a href="#pb91">91</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Coriander</b>, <a href="#pb137">137</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Coriandrum sativum, <a href="#pb137">137</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Corn</b>, <a href="#pb240">240</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Cornace&aelig;, <a href="#pb138">138</a>
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb261" href="#pb261">261</a>]</span></p>
+<p><b>Cotton</b>, <a href="#pb48">48</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Cotyledon laciniata, <a href="#pb109">109</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Crassulace&aelig;, <a href="#pb109">109</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Crat&aelig;va religiosa, <a href="#pb32">32</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Crinum Asiaticum, <a href="#pb231">231</a><br>
+&#8195;giganteum, <a href="#pb231">231</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Croton glandulosum, <a href="#pb218">218</a><br>
+&#8195;muricatum, <a href="#pb218">218</a><br>
+&#8195;Philippense, <a href="#pb220">220</a><br>
+&#8195;<b>purging</b>, <a href="#pb218">218</a><br>
+&#8195;Tiglium, <a href="#pb218">218</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Crucifer&aelig;, <a href="#pb30">30</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Cucumis Colocynthis, <a href="#pb133">133</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Cucurbita lagenaria oblonga, <a href="#pb129">129</a><br>
+&#8195;villosa, <a href="#pb130">130</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Cucurbitace&aelig;, <a href="#pb127">127</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Culantro</i>, <a href="#pb137">137</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Cuminum cynimum, <a href="#pb137">137</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Curcuma longa, <a href="#pb229">229</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Custard apple</b>, <a href="#pb20">20</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Cyamus mysticus, <a href="#pb28">28</a><br>
+&#8195;Nelumbo, <a href="#pb28">28</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Cyperace&aelig;, <a href="#pb239">239</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Cyperus rotundus, <a href="#pb239">239</a>
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e16638">
+<h3 id="xd0e16639" class="normal">D</h3>
+<p><i>Dalaw</i>, <a href="#pb229">229</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Dallapawen</i>, <a href="#pb163">163</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Dalond&oacute;n</i>, <a href="#pb190">190</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Dalugdug</i>, <a href="#pb96">96</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Dalupan</i>, <a href="#pb45">45</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Damog&#771;hiya</i>, <a href="#pb59">59</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Damoro</i>, <a href="#pb136">136</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Dangla</i>, <a href="#pb192">192</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Dankagi</i>, <a href="#pb171">171</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Dankalan</i>, <a href="#pb38">38</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Dapdap</i>, <a href="#pb91">91</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Daraput</i>, <a href="#pb71">71</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Darasig</i>, <a href="#pb58">58</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Daripay</i>, <a href="#pb175">175</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Datura alba, <a href="#pb178">178</a><br>
+&#8195;fastuosa, <a href="#pb179">179</a><br>
+&#8195;Metel, <a href="#pb178">178</a><br>
+&#8195;Stramonium, <a href="#pb178">178</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Daucus anisodorus, <a href="#pb136">136</a><br>
+&#8195;copticus, <a href="#pb136">136</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Dayap</i>, <a href="#pb65">65</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Daytanag</i>, <a href="#pb93">93</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Dendrocalamus flagellifer, <a href="#pb244">244</a><br>
+&#8195;sericens, <a href="#pb244">244</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Dhatura</i>, <a href="#pb178">178</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Dianthera subserrata, <a href="#pb187">187</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Dicotyledonous, Gamopetalous, <a href="#pb140">140</a><br>
+&#8195;Polypetalous, <a href="#pb17">17</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Diglas, dig&#771;las</i>, <a href="#pb111">111</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Dilag&#771; boaya</i>, <a href="#pb232">232</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Dilaw</i>, <a href="#pb229">229</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Diliwariw</i>, <a href="#pb185">185</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Dilleniace&aelig;, <a href="#pb17">17</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Dinkalin</i>, <a href="#pb38">38</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Diosma serrata, <a href="#pb80">80</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Dipterocarpe&aelig;, <a href="#pb40">40</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Dipterocarpus alatus, <a href="#pb40">40</a><br>
+&#8195;incanus, <a href="#pb40">40</a><br>
+&#8195;Indicus, <a href="#pb40">40</a><br>
+&#8195;Mayapis, <a href="#pb40">40</a><br>
+&#8195;trinervis, <a href="#pb40">40</a><br>
+&#8195;turbinatus, <a href="#pb40">40</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Dita</i>, <a href="#pb163">163</a><br>
+&#8195;<b>tree</b>, <a href="#pb163">163</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Dokotdekot</i>, <a href="#pb201">201</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Doldol</i>, <a href="#pb50">50</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Dolichos pruriens, <a href="#pb90">90</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Dolo-ariw</i>, <a href="#pb185">185</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Dool</i>, <a href="#pb86">86</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Duhat, duat</i>, <a href="#pb114">114</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Dukum</i>, <a href="#pb45">45</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Dulawari</i>, <a href="#pb185">185</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Dulupag&#771;</i>, <a href="#pb43">43</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Dysoxylum Blancoi, <a href="#pb76">76</a><br>
+&#8195;salutare, <a href="#pb76">76</a><br>
+&#8195;schizochitoides, <a href="#pb77">77</a>
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e16972">
+<h3 id="xd0e16973" class="normal">E</h3>
+<p>Echinus Philippinensis, <a href="#pb220">220</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Echites scholaris, <a href="#pb163">163</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Ehretia buxifolia, <a href="#pb173">173</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Elemi, East Indian</b>, <a href="#pb73">73</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Elettaria Cardamomum, <a href="#pb230">230</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Entada Purs&aelig;tha, <a href="#pb106">106</a><br>
+&#8195;scandens, <a href="#pb106">106</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Eriodendron anfractuosum, <a href="#pb50">50</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Erythrina carnea, <a href="#pb91">91</a><br>
+&#8195;corallodendron, <a href="#pb91">91</a><br>
+&#8195;Indica, <a href="#pb91">91</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Eskobag&#771;haba</i>, <a href="#pb42">42</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Eugenia Jambolana, <a href="#pb114">114</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Eupatorium Ayapana, <a href="#pb149">149</a>, <a href="#pb182">182</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Euphorbia capitata, <a href="#pb210">210</a><br>
+&#8195;hirta, <a href="#pb210">210</a><br>
+&#8195;ligularia, <a href="#pb212">212</a><br>
+&#8195;neriifolia, <a href="#pb212">212</a><br>
+&#8195;pentagona, <a href="#pb212">212</a><br>
+&#8195;pilulifera, <a href="#pb210">210</a><br>
+&#8195;Tirucalli, <a href="#pb213">213</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Euphorbiace&aelig;, <a href="#pb210">210</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Exile, the</b>, <a href="#pb159">159</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Exostema Philippicum, <a href="#pb140">140</a>
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e17095">
+<h3 id="xd0e17096" class="normal">F</h3>
+<p>Fagara piperita, <a href="#pb63">63</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Fennel</b>, <a href="#pb137">137</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Fever nut</b>, <a href="#pb96">96</a>
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb262" href="#pb262">262</a>]</span></p>
+<p>F&#339;niculum panmorium, <a href="#pb137">137</a>
+<br>
+&#8195;officinale, <a href="#pb137">137</a>
+<br>
+&#8195;vulgare, <a href="#pb137">137</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Feronia elephantum, <a href="#pb69">69</a><br>
+&#8195;ternata, <a href="#pb67">67</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Ficoide&aelig;, <a href="#pb134">134</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Flores y Rosas Caballero</i>, <a href="#pb98">98</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Four o&#8217;clock</b>, <a href="#pb199">199</a>
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e17161">
+<h3 id="xd0e17162" class="normal">G</h3>
+<p><i>Gabuen</i>, <a href="#pb150">150</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Gadelupa maculata, <a href="#pb95">95</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Galonalpas</i>, <a href="#pb239">239</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Gamagamatisan</i>, <a href="#pb176">176</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Gamboge tree</b>, <a href="#pb136">136</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Gamut sa buni</i>, <a href="#pb102">102</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Gandarussa vulgaris, <a href="#pb187">187</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Gapasgapas</i>, <a href="#pb192">192</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Garcinia Cambogia, <a href="#pb36">36</a><br>
+&#8195;Hanburii, <a href="#pb37">37</a><br>
+&#8195;mangostana, <a href="#pb35">35</a><br>
+&#8195;morella, <a href="#pb36">36</a><br>
+&#8195;pedicellata, <a href="#pb36">36</a><br>
+&#8195;venulosa, <a href="#pb36">36</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Gardenia spinosa, <a href="#pb142">142</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Garlic</b>, <a href="#pb233">233</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Garuga floribunda, <a href="#pb72">72</a><br>
+&#8195;Madagascarensis, <a href="#pb72">72</a><br>
+&#8195;pinnata, <a href="#pb72">72</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Gatasan pul&aacute;</i>, <a href="#pb36">36</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Gatasgatas</i>, <a href="#pb210">210</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Gaway-gaway</i>, <a href="#pb27">27</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Geraniace&aelig;, <a href="#pb58">58</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Geranium grass</b>, <a href="#pb240">240</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Gikosgikos</i>, <a href="#pb88">88</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Gilalas</i>, <a href="#pb199">199</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Gilig&#771;-gilig&#771;an</i>, <a href="#pb43">43</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Gilla nuts</b>, <a href="#pb106">106</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Ginger</b>, <a href="#pb228">228</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Gintingintin</i>, <a href="#pb150">150</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Gogo</i>, <a href="#pb106">106</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Gohog&#771; bakay</i>, <a href="#pb106">106</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Golondrina</i>, <a href="#pb210">210</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Gossypium arboreum, <a href="#pb49">49</a><br>
+&#8195;Barbadense, <a href="#pb48">48</a><br>
+&#8195;Capas, <a href="#pb48">48</a><br>
+&#8195;herbaceum, <a href="#pb48">48</a><br>
+&#8195;Indicum, <a href="#pb48">48</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Gourd, bottle</b>, <a href="#pb129">129</a><br>
+&#8195;<b>common</b>, <a href="#pb129">129</a><br>
+&#8195;<b>pilgrim&#8217;s</b>, <a href="#pb129">129</a><br>
+&#8195;<b>white</b>, <a href="#pb130">130</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Goyabano, guyabano</i>, <a href="#pb22">22</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Gramine&aelig;, <a href="#pb240">240</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Granada</i>, <a href="#pb120">120</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Granatis</i>, <a href="#pb116">116</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Guan&aacute;bano</i>, <a href="#pb22">22</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Guava</b>, <a href="#pb113">113</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Guayabas</i>, <a href="#pb113">113</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Gubat</i>, <a href="#pb194">194</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Guilandina Bonducella, <a href="#pb96">96</a><br>
+&#8195;Moringa, <a href="#pb86">86</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Gumamila</i>, <a href="#pb46">46</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Gurjun</b>, <a href="#pb40">40</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Guttifer&aelig;, <a href="#pb35">35</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Gynandropsis pentaphylla, <a href="#pb31">31</a>
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e17498">
+<h3 id="xd0e17499" class="normal">H</h3>
+<p><i>Hagonog</i>, <a href="#pb152">152</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Halahala</i>, <a href="#pb128">128</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Hamitanago</i>, <a href="#pb53">53</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Hamlibon</i>, <a href="#pb150">150</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Hangor</i>, <a href="#pb201">201</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Hangot</i>, <a href="#pb201">201</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Helicteres chrysocalyx, <a href="#pb54">54</a><br>
+&#8195;<span class="corr" id="xd0e17549" title="Source: Ixora">Isora</span>, <a href="#pb54">54</a><br>
+&#8195;Roxburghii, <a href="#pb54">54</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Hemp, perennial Indian</b>, <a href="#pb55">55</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Hibiscus Abelmoschus, <a href="#pb45">45</a><br>
+&#8195;Rosa-Sinensis, <a href="#pb46">46</a><br>
+&#8195;tiliaceus, <a href="#pb46">46</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Hierba de San Pablo, de San Pedro</i>, <a href="#pb214">214</a><br>
+&#8195;<i>mora</i>, <a href="#pb176">176</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Higo</i>, <a href="#pb228">228</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Higotbalato</i>, <a href="#pb42">42</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Himamaw</i>, <a href="#pb77">77</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Hitam</i>, <a href="#pb110">110</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Hojas de buyo</i>, <a href="#pb204">204</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Horse radish tree</b>, <a href="#pb86">86</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Huligaga</i>, <a href="#pb140">140</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Hydnocarpus inebrians, <a href="#pb132">132</a><br>
+&#8195;polyandra, <a href="#pb33">33</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Hydrocotyle Asiatica, <a href="#pb134">134</a>, <a href="#pb142">142</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Hymenodictyon excelsum, <a href="#pb140">140</a><br>
+&#8195;Horsfieldii, <a href="#pb140">140</a>
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e17668">
+<h3 id="xd0e17669" class="normal">I</h3>
+<p><i>Ibabaw</i>, <a href="#pb99">99</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Icica Abilo, <a href="#pb72">72</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Igasud</i>, <a href="#pb171">171</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Igiw</i>, <a href="#pb76">76</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Ignatia amara, <a href="#pb171">171</a><br>
+&#8195;Philippinea, <a href="#pb171">171</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Ilag&#771;-ilag&#771; de China</i>, <a href="#pb20">20</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Illicium anisatum, <a href="#pb18">18</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Ipom&#339;a hederacea, <a href="#pb174">174</a><br>
+&#8195;nil, <a href="#pb174">174</a><br>
+&#8195;pes-capr&aelig;, <a href="#pb175">175</a><br>
+&#8195;Turpethem, <a href="#pb176">176</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Itm&oacute;</i>, <a href="#pb204">204</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Ixora bandhuca, <a href="#pb143">143</a><br>
+&#8195;coccinea, <a href="#pb143">143</a>
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e17751">
+<h3 id="xd0e17752" class="normal">J</h3><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb263" href="#pb263">263</a>]</span><p><b>Jalap, Indian</b>, <a href="#pb176">176</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Jambul</b>, <a href="#pb114">114</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Jasmine, Arabian</b>, <a href="#pb158">158</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Jasmium Sambac, <a href="#pb158">158</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Jatropha Curcas, <a href="#pb215">215</a><br>
+&#8195;multifida, <a href="#pb216">216</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Jengibre</i>, <a href="#pb228">228</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Jequirity</b>, <a href="#pb88">88</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Jujube tree</b>, <a href="#pb81">81</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Jussi&aelig;a erecta, <a href="#pb122">122</a><br>
+&#8195;suffruticosa, <a href="#pb122">122</a><br>
+&#8195;villosa, <a href="#pb122">122</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Justicia adhatoda, <a href="#pb188">188</a><br>
+&#8195;Gendarussa, <a href="#pb187">187</a><br>
+&#8195;nasuta, <a href="#pb189">189</a>
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e17837">
+<h3 id="xd0e17838" class="normal">K</h3>
+<p><i>Kabalog&#771;an</i>, <a href="#pb171">171</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kabatiti</i>, <a href="#pb82">82</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kabiki</i>, <a href="#pb157">157</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kabrab</i>, <a href="#pb91">91</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kahel</i>, <i>kahil</i>, <a href="#pb66">66</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kala-danah</i>, <a href="#pb174">174</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kalambibit</i>, <a href="#pb96">96</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kalamias</i>, <a href="#pb60">60</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Kalanchoe laciniata, <a href="#pb109">109</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kalantas</i>, <a href="#pb79">79</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kalasusi</i>, <a href="#pb162">162</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kalatsutsi</i>, <a href="#pb162">162</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kalawaga</i>, <a href="#pb229">229</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kalayati</i>, <a href="#pb190">190</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kalig&#771;ag</i>, <a href="#pb208">208</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kalisay</i>, <a href="#pb110">110</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kalitis</i>, <a href="#pb200">200</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kalug&#771;ay</i>, <a href="#pb86">86</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kalumpag&#771;</i>, <a href="#pb51">51</a><br>
+&#8195;<i>sa lati</i>, <a href="#pb78">78</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kamala</i>, <a href="#pb220">220</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kamalagi</i>, <a href="#pb104">104</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kamalug&#771;ay</i>, <a href="#pb86">86</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Ka-Mar&iacute;a</i>, <a href="#pb153">153</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Kamela</b>, <a href="#pb220">220</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kamias</i>, <a href="#pb60">60</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kamigag</i>, <a href="#pb175">175</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kamot-kabag</i>, <a href="#pb96">96</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kamunig&#771;</i>, <a href="#pb64">64</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kanaasaga</i>, <a href="#pb88">88</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kanbil</i>, <a href="#pb220">220</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kandaroma</i>, <a href="#pb208">208</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kanlara</i>, <a href="#pb171">171</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kantut&aelig;</i>, <i>Kantutan</i>, <a href="#pb149">149</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Kanyin</b>, <a href="#pb40">40</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kapal-kapal</i>, <a href="#pb167">167</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kapanitulot</i>, <a href="#pb187">187</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kapili</i>, <a href="#pb217">217</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Karambauaya</i>, <a href="#pb212">212</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Karo</i>, <a href="#pb225">225</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Karukansoli</i>, <a href="#pb199">199</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kasabba</i>, <a href="#pb154">154</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kasindik</i>, <a href="#pb91">91</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kasit&aacute;s</i>, <a href="#pb102">102</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kasla</i>, <a href="#pb215">215</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kastio</i>, <i>kastiogan</i>, <a href="#pb45">45</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kastuli</i>, <a href="#pb45">45</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kastumba</i>, <a href="#pb154">154</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kasubha</i>, <a href="#pb154">154</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kasubhag&#771;-&#257;so</i>, <a href="#pb29">29</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kasupag&#771;it</i>, <a href="#pb194">194</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kasuy</i>, <a href="#pb84">84</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Katagkatag</i>, <a href="#pb175">175</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Katakatak&#257;</i>, <a href="#pb109">109</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Katalog&#771;a</i>, <a href="#pb171">171</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Katand&aacute;</i>, <a href="#pb102">102</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Katbolog&#771;an</i>, <a href="#pb171">171</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Katsumba</i>, <a href="#pb154">154</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Katuray</i>, <a href="#pb88">88</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Katwit</i>, <a href="#pb213">213</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kayag&#771;a</i>, <a href="#pb46">46</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kayutana</i>, <a href="#pb63">63</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kawayag-tot&oacute;o</i>, <a href="#pb243">243</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kilingiwa</i>, <a href="#pb60">60</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kilitis</i>, <a href="#pb200">200</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kinamboy</i>, <a href="#pb229">229</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Kleinhovia hospitata, <a href="#pb53">53</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kokog&#771;manok</i>, <a href="#pb186">186</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kolasiman</i>, <a href="#pb34">34</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kolokantig&#771;</i>, <i>kolokatig&#771;</i>, <a href="#pb92">92</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kolonkogon</i>, <a href="#pb195">195</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kongi</i>, <a href="#pb58">58</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Konty</i>, <a href="#pb176">176</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kopag&#771;</i>, <a href="#pb107">107</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kuakuakohan</i>, <a href="#pb43">43</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kuanton</i>, <a href="#pb200">200</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kukubitan</i>, <a href="#pb128">128</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kulanta</i>, <a href="#pb186">186</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kulit</i>, <a href="#pb148">148</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kulutan</i>, <i>kulutkulutan</i>, <a href="#pb44">44</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kuragda</i>, <a href="#pb128">128</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kusug&#771;</i>, <a href="#pb239">239</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Kuty</i>, <a href="#pb176">176</a>
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e18432">
+<h3 id="xd0e18433" class="normal">L</h3>
+<p>Labiat&aelig;, <a href="#pb195">195</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Lagayray</i>, <a href="#pb175">175</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Lagenaria clavata, <a href="#pb130">130</a><br>
+&#8195;courgourda, <a href="#pb129">129</a><br>
+&#8195;Gourda, <a href="#pb129">129</a><br>
+&#8195;vulgaris, <a href="#pb129">129</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Lag&#771;is</i>, <a href="#pb184">184</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Lagiwlagiw</i>, <a href="#pb185">185</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Lag&#771;kawas</i>, <a href="#pb230">230</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Lag&#771;kuas</i>, <a href="#pb230">230</a>
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb264" href="#pb264">264</a>]</span></p>
+<p><i>Lago</i>, <a href="#pb154">154</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Lagpakon</i>, <a href="#pb176">176</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Lagundi</i>, <a href="#pb192">192</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Lagundig&#771; gayag&#771;</i>, <a href="#pb192">192</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Lakadbulan</i>, <a href="#pb150">150</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Lakatan</i>, <a href="#pb228">228</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Lakbanbulan</i>, <a href="#pb150">150</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Laktag&#771;</i>, <a href="#pb24">24</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Lalakdan</i>, <a href="#pb150">150</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Lambayog</i>, <a href="#pb175">175</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Lampayog</i>, <a href="#pb175">175</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Lamudio</i>, <a href="#pb136">136</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Lanigpa</i>, <a href="#pb79">79</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Lanta</i>, <a href="#pb24">24</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Lant&iacute;n</i>, <i>llant&eacute;n</i>, <a href="#pb199">199</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Laportea Gaudichaudiana, <a href="#pb224">224</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Lasuna</i>, <a href="#pb233">233</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Laurace&aelig;, <a href="#pb208">208</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Laurus culilaban, <a href="#pb208">208</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Lawas</i>, <a href="#pb27">27</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Lawsonia alba, <a href="#pb118">118</a><br>
+&#8195;inermis, <a href="#pb118">118</a><br>
+&#8195;spinosa, <a href="#pb118">118</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Laya</i>, <a href="#pb228">228</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Leadwort, white-flowered</b>, <a href="#pb155">155</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Leguminos&aelig;, Cesalpinace&aelig;, <a href="#pb96">96</a><br>
+&#8195;Mimose&aelig;, <a href="#pb106">106</a><br>
+&#8195;Papilionace&aelig;, <a href="#pb88">88</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Lemon</b>, <a href="#pb65">65</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Lengua de perro</i>, <a href="#pb212">212</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Letondag&#771;</i>, <a href="#pb228">228</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Leucas aspera, <a href="#pb199">199</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Lib&aacute;y</i>, <a href="#pb201">201</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Lig&#771;&aacute;</i>, <a href="#pb184">184</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Lig&#771;aton</i>, <a href="#pb224">224</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Lig&#771;asina</i>, <a href="#pb222">222</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Liktag&#771;</i>, <a href="#pb24">24</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Liliace&aelig;, <a href="#pb232">232</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Lilitan</i>, <a href="#pb149">149</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Limnophila menthastrum, <a href="#pb182">182</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Lim&oacute;n</i>, <a href="#pb65">65</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Linatoganak</i>, <a href="#pb71">71</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Lino</i>, <a href="#pb148">148</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Lintag&#771; bagin</i>, <a href="#pb24">24</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Lipa</i>, <a href="#pb224">224</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Lipag&#771;doton</i>, <a href="#pb224">224</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Lipay</i>, <a href="#pb90">90</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Lippia nodiflora, <a href="#pb190">190</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Live-for-ever</b>, <a href="#pb109">109</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Log&#771;&aacute;</i>, <a href="#pb184">184</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Loganiace&aelig;, <a href="#pb171">171</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Lokoloko</i>, <a href="#pb195">195</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Lombayog&#771;</i>, <a href="#pb99">99</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Lomboy</i>, <a href="#pb114">114</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Lotus, sacred</b>, <a href="#pb28">28</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Lubilubi</i>, <a href="#pb176">176</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Luffa &AElig;gyptiaca, <a href="#pb131">131</a><br>
+&#8195;pentandra, <a href="#pb131">131</a><br>
+&#8195;petola, <a href="#pb131">131</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Lugo</i>, <a href="#pb110">110</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Lukban</i>, <a href="#pb67">67</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Lumban</i>, <a href="#pb217">217</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Luya</i>, <a href="#pb228">228</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Lythrace&aelig;, <a href="#pb117">117</a>
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e18902">
+<h3 id="xd0e18903" class="normal">M</h3>
+<p><i>Magatas</i>, <a href="#pb210">210</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Magnoliace&aelig;, <a href="#pb18">18</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Mag&#771;it</i>, <a href="#pb173">173</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Mahihiin</i>, <a href="#pb59">59</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Ma&iacute;z</i>, <a href="#pb240">240</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Maize</b>, <a href="#pb240">240</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Makabuhay</i>, <a href="#pb22">22</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Makahiya</i>, <a href="#pb59">59</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Makalig&#771;ag</i>, <a href="#pb208">208</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Makasili</i>, <a href="#pb76">76</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Malaapolid</i>, <a href="#pb239">239</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Malabag&#771;aw</i>, <a href="#pb76">76</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Malabago</i>, <a href="#pb46">46</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Malabalugbug-dagis</i>, <a href="#pb58">58</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Malabohok</i>, <a href="#pb209">209</a>, <a href="#pb225">225</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Malabukbuk</i>, <a href="#pb39">39</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Malakabuyaw</i>, <a href="#pb67">67</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Malakatm&oacute;n</i>, <a href="#pb17">17</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Malapoko</i>, <a href="#pb122">122</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Malaubi</i>, <a href="#pb203">203</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Malawin</i>, <a href="#pb192">192</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Malinta</i>, <a href="#pb214">214</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Malis</i>, <a href="#pb43">43</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Malisa</i>, <a href="#pb206">206</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Malismalis</i>, <a href="#pb210">210</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Mallotus Philippensis, <a href="#pb220">220</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Malug&#771;ay</i>, <a href="#pb86">86</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Malug&#771;it</i>, <a href="#pb86">86</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Malvace&aelig;, <a href="#pb42">42</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Malvas de Castilla</i>, <a href="#pb43">43</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Mamalis</i>, <a href="#pb42">42</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Mambog</i>, <a href="#pb148">148</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Mamin</i>, <a href="#pb204">204</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Mam&oacute;n</i>, <a href="#pb204">204</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Mana</i>, <a href="#pb216">216</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Mananaog</i>, <a href="#pb171">171</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Manga</i>, <a href="#pb82">82</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Mangifera Indica, <a href="#pb82">82</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Mangost&aacute;n</i>, <a href="#pb35">35</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Mangosteen</b>, <a href="#pb35">35</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Manimanikan</i>, <a href="#pb103">103</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Manungal</i>, <i>manunagl</i>, <a href="#pb71">71</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Manungala pendula, <a href="#pb71">71</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Manzanitas</i>, <a href="#pb81">81</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Marapoto</i>, <a href="#pb45">45</a>
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb265" href="#pb265">265</a>]</span></p>
+<p><i>Maravillas</i>, <a href="#pb199">199</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Marikum</i>, <i>marukum</i>, <a href="#pb45">45</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Marjoram</b>, <a href="#pb196">196</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Marsh mallow</b>, <a href="#pb45">45</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Marvel of Peru</b>, <a href="#pb199">199</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Mayana</i>, <a href="#pb197">197</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Mayapis</i>, <a href="#pb40">40</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Melastomace&aelig;, <a href="#pb116">116</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Melastoma aspera, <a href="#pb116">116</a><br>
+&#8195;malabatrichum, <a href="#pb116">116</a><br>
+&#8195;obvoluta, <a href="#pb116">116</a><br>
+&#8195;obvolutum, <a href="#pb116">116</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Melia Azedarach, <a href="#pb75">75</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Meliace&aelig;,75
+
+</p>
+<p>Menispermace&aelig;, <a href="#pb22">22</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Menispermum Cocculus, <a href="#pb22">22</a><br>
+&#8195;crispum, <a href="#pb24">24</a><br>
+&#8195;lacunosum, <a href="#pb24">24</a><br>
+&#8195;rimosum, <a href="#pb22">22</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Mesua ferrea, <a href="#pb39">39</a>, <a href="#pb143">143</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Michelia Champaca, <a href="#pb19">19</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Migi</i>, <a href="#pb78">78</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Mimosa Farnesiana, <a href="#pb108">108</a><br>
+&#8195;peregrina, <a href="#pb107">107</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Mimusops Elengi, <a href="#pb157">157</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Mirabilis Jalapa, <a href="#pb199">199</a><br>
+&#8195;longiflora, <a href="#pb199">199</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Molawin</i>, <a href="#pb194">194</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Molopolo</i>, <a href="#pb44">44</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Momordica balsamina, <a href="#pb132">132</a><br>
+&#8195;Charanta, <a href="#pb132">132</a><br>
+&#8195;cylindrica, <a href="#pb132">132</a><br>
+&#8195;muricata, <a href="#pb132">132</a><br>
+&#8195;operculata, <a href="#pb131">131</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Monkey-face tree</b>, <a href="#pb220">220</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Monocotyledons, <a href="#pb227">227</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Morado</i>, <a href="#pb228">228</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Morinda bracteata, <a href="#pb148">148</a><br>
+&#8195;citrifolia, <a href="#pb148">148</a><br>
+&#8195;ligulata, <a href="#pb148">148</a><br>
+&#8195;Royoc, <a href="#pb148">148</a><br>
+&#8195;tinctoria, <a href="#pb149">149</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Moringa oleifera, <a href="#pb86">86</a><br>
+&#8195;poligona, <a href="#pb86">86</a><br>
+&#8195;pterigosperma, <a href="#pb86">86</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Moringe&aelig;, <a href="#pb86">86</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Mostaza</i>, <a href="#pb30">30</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Mota</i>, <a href="#pb239">239</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Mucuma pruriens, <a href="#pb90">90</a><br>
+&#8195;prurita, <a href="#pb90">90</a><br>
+&#8195;utilis, <a href="#pb90">90</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Mudar</b>, <a href="#pb167">167</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Mulberry, Indian</b>, <a href="#pb148">148</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Murraya exotica, <a href="#pb64">64</a><br>
+&#8195;Koenigi, <a href="#pb65">65</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Murraya odorata, <a href="#pb69">69</a><br>
+&#8195;paniculata, <a href="#pb64">64</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Musa paradisiaca, <a href="#pb227">227</a><br>
+&#8195;sapientum, <a href="#pb227">227</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Musace&aelig;, <a href="#pb227">227</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Musla-samul, <a href="#pb50">50</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Mustard</b>, <a href="#pb30">30</a><br>
+&#8195;<b>wild</b>, <a href="#pb31">31</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Mutha</i>, <a href="#pb239">239</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Myrobalans</i>, <a href="#pb111">111</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Myrtace&aelig;</i>, <a href="#pb113">113</a>
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e19569">
+<h3 id="xd0e19570" class="normal">N</h3>
+<p><i>Naga</i>, <a href="#pb93">93</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Nagamulli</i>, <a href="#pb189">189</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Nagesur</i>, <i>Nag-kasar</i>, <a href="#pb40">40</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Nag&#771;ka</i>, <a href="#pb223">223</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Namakpakan</i>, <a href="#pb38">38</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Naranjas</i>, <a href="#pb67">67</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Naranjas del pa&iacute;s</i>, <a href="#pb66">66</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Naranjita</i>, <a href="#pb67">67</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Narra</i>, <a href="#pb93">93</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Nato</i>, <a href="#pb110">110</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Nelumbium Asiaticum, <a href="#pb28">28</a><br>
+&#8195;nucifera, <a href="#pb28">28</a><br>
+&#8195;speciosum, <a href="#pb28">28</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Nerium odorum, <a href="#pb165">165</a><br>
+&#8195;oleander, <a href="#pb165">165</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Nicotiana Tabacum, <a href="#pb180">180</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Nightshade, black or common</b>, <a href="#pb176">176</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Nigi</i>, <a href="#pb78">78</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Nino</i>, <a href="#pb148">148</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Niog</i>, <a href="#pb236">236</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Niogniogan</i>, <a href="#pb112">112</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Niota tetrapela, <a href="#pb71">71</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Nipa</i>, <a href="#pb238">238</a><br>
+&#8195;fruticans, <a href="#pb238">238</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Nipay</i>, <a href="#pb90">90</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Nutgrass</b>, <a href="#pb239">239</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Nyctaginace&aelig;, <a href="#pb199">199</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Nyctanthes Sambac, <a href="#pb158">158</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Nymph&aelig;a Lotus, <a href="#pb27">27</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Nymph&aelig;ace&aelig;, <a href="#pb27">27</a>
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e19757">
+<h3 id="xd0e19758" class="normal">O</h3>
+<p><i>Obispo</i>, <a href="#pb228">228</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Ochrocarpus pentapetalus, <a href="#pb38">38</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Ocimum Americanum, <a href="#pb195">195</a><br>
+&#8195;basilicum, <a href="#pb195">195</a><br>
+&#8195;flexuosum, <a href="#pb195">195</a><br>
+&#8195;gratissimum, <a href="#pb195">195</a><br>
+&#8195;sanctum, <a href="#pb195">195</a><br>
+&#8195;virgatum, <a href="#pb195">195</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Odina Wodier, <a href="#pb86">86</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Olasiman</i>, <a href="#pb34">34</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Oldenlandia biflora, <a href="#pb141">141</a><br>
+&#8195;burmaniana, <a href="#pb141">141</a>
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb266" href="#pb266">266</a>]</span></p>
+<p>Oldenlandia corymbosa, <a href="#pb141">141</a>
+<br>
+&#8195;herbacea, <a href="#pb141">141</a>
+<br>
+&#8195;ramosa, <a href="#pb141">141</a>
+<br>
+&#8195;scabrida, <a href="#pb141">141</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Oleace&aelig;, <a href="#pb158">158</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Oleander, sweet-scented</b>, <a href="#pb165">165</a><br>
+&#8195;<b>Yellow</b>, <a href="#pb159">159</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Omadiug&#771;</i>, <a href="#pb239">239</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Onagrace&aelig;, <a href="#pb122">122</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Onion</b>, <a href="#pb233">233</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Onoran</i>, <a href="#pb239">239</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Onty</i>, <a href="#pb176">176</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Ophelia chirata, <a href="#pb194">194</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Opo</i>, <a href="#pb130">130</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Orange</b>, <a href="#pb66">66</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Orayi</i>, <a href="#pb200">200</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Or&eacute;gano</i>, <a href="#pb196">196</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Oriza, <a href="#pb242">242</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Oroxylum Indicum, <a href="#pb183">183</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Osiw</i>, <a href="#pb243">243</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Oxalis Acetosella, <a href="#pb58">58</a><br>
+&#8195;corniculata, <a href="#pb58">58</a><br>
+&#8195;sensitivum, <a href="#pb59">59</a>
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e19954">
+<h3 id="xd0e19955" class="normal">P</h3>
+<p>P&aelig;deria f&#339;tida, <a href="#pb149">149</a><br>
+&#8195;sessiflora, <a href="#pb149">149</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Paja de Meca</i>, <a href="#pb240">240</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Pakayomkon-kastila</i>, <a href="#pb102">102</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Pakupis</i>, <a href="#pb128">128</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Palagarium</i>, <a href="#pb71">71</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Palay</i>, <a href="#pb242">242</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Palm&aelig;, <a href="#pb234">234</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Palo del Brasil</i>, <a href="#pb97">97</a><br>
+&#8195;<i>Maria</i>, <a href="#pb38">38</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Palunay</i>, <a href="#pb152">152</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Pamalis</i>, <a href="#pb42">42</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Paminta</i>, <a href="#pb206">206</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Pamunoan</i>, <a href="#pb69">69</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Panampat</i>, <a href="#pb53">53</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Pandan</i>, <a href="#pb110">110</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Pangaguason</i>, <a href="#pb171">171</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Pangi</i>, <a href="#pb33">33</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Pangium edule, <a href="#pb33">33</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Pankundo</i>, <a href="#pb148">148</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Panoan</i>, <a href="#pb69">69</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Pansipansi</i>, <a href="#pb199">199</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Papaverace&aelig;, <a href="#pb29">29</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Papaw</b>, <a href="#pb123">123</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Papaya</b>, <a href="#pb123">123</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Paraiso</i>, <a href="#pb75">75</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Pareira brava, <a href="#pb26">26</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Paria</i>, <a href="#pb132">132</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Parkia biglobosa, <a href="#pb107">107</a><br>
+&#8195;Brunonis, <a href="#pb107">107</a><br>
+&#8195;Roxburghii, <a href="#pb107">107</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Pasotis</i>, <a href="#pb202">202</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Passiflorace&aelig;, <a href="#pb123">123</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Paypaysi</i>, <a href="#pb199">199</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Pedaliace&aelig;, <a href="#pb184">184</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Pennywort, Indian</b>, <a href="#pb134">134</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Pepita</i>, <a href="#pb171">171</a><br>
+&#8195;<i>sa katbalog&#771;an</i>, <a href="#pb171">171</a><br>
+&#8195;<i>sa katbolog&#771;an</i>, <a href="#pb171">171</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Pepper, black</b>, <a href="#pb206">206</a><br>
+&#8195;<b>red</b>, <a href="#pb177">177</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Pernambuko</i>, <a href="#pb49">49</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Phlomis alba, <a href="#pb198">198</a><br>
+&#8195;Zeylanica, <a href="#pb199">199</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Phyllanthus Niruri, <a href="#pb214">214</a><br>
+&#8195;reticulatus, <a href="#pb214">214</a><br>
+&#8195;urinaria, <a href="#pb214">214</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Physic nuts, English</b>, <a href="#pb96">96</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Pias</i>, <a href="#pb60">60</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Picrorrhiza kurroa, <a href="#pb155">155</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Pili</i>, <i>pilis</i>, <a href="#pb43">43</a>, <a href="#pb73">73</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Pimienta</i>, <a href="#pb206">206</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Pinkapinka</i>, <a href="#pb183">183</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Pinkapinkahan</i>, <a href="#pb183">183</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Piper Betel, <a href="#pb204">204</a><br>
+&#8195;Betle, <a href="#pb204">204</a><br>
+&#8195;nigrum, <a href="#pb206">206</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Piperace&aelig;, <a href="#pb204">204</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Plantaginace&aelig;, <a href="#pb199">199</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Plantago crenata, <a href="#pb199">199</a><br>
+&#8195;erosa, <a href="#pb199">199</a><br>
+&#8195;media, <a href="#pb199">199</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Plantain</b>, <a href="#pb199">199</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Pl&aacute;tano</i>, <a href="#pb227">227</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Plum, black</b>, <a href="#pb114">114</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Plumbagine&aelig;, <a href="#pb155">155</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Plumbago viscosa, <a href="#pb155">155</a><br>
+&#8195;Zeylanica, <a href="#pb155">155</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Plumeria acutifolia, <a href="#pb162">162</a><br>
+&#8195;alba, <a href="#pb162">162</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Poinciana pulcherrima, <a href="#pb98">98</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Polanisia viscosa, <a href="#pb31">31</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Pomegranate</b>, <a href="#pb120">120</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Pongamia glabra, <a href="#pb95">95</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Poppy, Mexican</b>, <a href="#pb29">29</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Portulaca axiflora, <a href="#pb134">134</a><br>
+&#8195;oleracea, <a href="#pb34">34</a><br>
+&#8195;toston, <a href="#pb134">134</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Portulace&aelig;, <a href="#pb34">34</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Prayerbeads</b>, <a href="#pb88">88</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Pride of India</b>, <a href="#pb75">75</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Psidium aromaticum, <a href="#pb113">113</a><br>
+&#8195;pomiferum, <a href="#pb113">113</a><br>
+&#8195;pyriferum, <a href="#pb113">113</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Pterocarpus echinatus, <a href="#pb93">93</a><br>
+&#8195;erinaceus, <a href="#pb93">93</a>
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb267" href="#pb267">267</a>]</span></p>
+<p>Pterocarpus Indicus, <a href="#pb93">93</a>
+<br>
+&#8195;marsupium, <a href="#pb94">94</a>
+<br>
+&#8195;pallidus, <a href="#pb93">93</a>
+<br>
+&#8195;santalinus, <a href="#pb93">93</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Pukingag&#771;</i>, <a href="#pb92">92</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Pukopukot</i>, <a href="#pb128">128</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Punica Granatum, <a href="#pb120">120</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Purslane</b>, <a href="#pb34">34</a>
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e20511">
+<h3 id="xd0e20512" class="normal">Q</h3>
+<p>Quisqualis Indica, <a href="#pb112">112</a><br>
+&#8195;spinosa, <a href="#pb112">112</a><br>
+&#8195;villosa, <a href="#pb112">112</a>
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e20527">
+<h3 id="xd0e20528" class="normal">R</h3>
+<p><i>R&aacute;bano</i>, <a href="#pb30">30</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Rabasa</i>, <a href="#pb134">134</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Radish</b>, <a href="#pb30">30</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Raiz de mora</i>, <a href="#pb241">241</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Randia aculeata, <a href="#pb142">142</a><br>
+&#8195;dumetorum, <a href="#pb54">54</a>, <a href="#pb142">142</a><br>
+&#8195;longispina, <a href="#pb142">142</a><br>
+&#8195;stipulosa, <a href="#pb142">142</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Raphanus sativus, <a href="#pb30">30</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Rhamnace&aelig;, <a href="#pb81">81</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Rhamnus Carolinianus, <a href="#pb81">81</a><br>
+&#8195;Jujuba, <a href="#pb81">81</a><br>
+&#8195;Wightii, <a href="#pb82">82</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Rhinacanthus communis, <a href="#pb189">189</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Rice</b>, <a href="#pb242">242</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Ricinus communis, <a href="#pb222">222</a><br>
+&#8195;microcarpus, <a href="#pb222">222</a><br>
+&#8195;Subpurpurascens, <a href="#pb223">223</a><br>
+&#8195;viridis, <a href="#pb223">223</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Robinia mitis, <a href="#pb95">95</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Romero</i>, <a href="#pb197">197</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Rosas-Caballero</i>, <a href="#pb116">116</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Rose of China</b>, <a href="#pb46">46</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Rosemary</b>, <a href="#pb197">197</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Rosmarinus officinalis, <a href="#pb197">197</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Rottlera tinctoria, <a href="#pb220">220</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Rubiace&aelig;, <a href="#pb140">140</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Ruda</i>, <a href="#pb61">61</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Rue</b>, <a href="#pb61">61</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Ruta angustifolia, <a href="#pb61">61</a><br>
+&#8195;graveolens, <a href="#pb61">61</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Rutace&aelig;, <a href="#pb61">61</a>
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e20706">
+<h3 id="xd0e20707" class="normal">S</h3>
+<p><i>Sab&aacute;</i>, <a href="#pb228">228</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Sabila</i>, <a href="#pb232">232</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Saccharum officinarum, <a href="#pb241">241</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Sacred lotus</b>, <a href="#pb28">28</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Safflower, dyer&#8217;s</b>, <a href="#pb154">154</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Saffron, bastard</b>, <a href="#pb154">154</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Saga</i>, <a href="#pb88">88</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Sagamamin</i>, <a href="#pb88">88</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Sagdikit</i>, <a href="#pb155">155</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Sagig&#771;</i>, <a href="#pb227">227</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Sage, Jerusalem</b>, <a href="#pb198">198</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Sag&#771;ki</i>, <a href="#pb18">18</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>St. Ignatius&#8217; bean</b>, <a href="#pb171">171</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>S&agrave;laday</i>, <a href="#pb63">63</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Salagsalag</i>, <a href="#pb128">128</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Salay</i>, <a href="#pb63">63</a>, <a href="#pb240">240</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Salig&#771;bobag</i>, <a href="#pb32">32</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Salig&#771;-wok</i>, <a href="#pb194">194</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Salimpokot</i>, <a href="#pb128">128</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Samadera Indica, <a href="#pb71">71</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Samat</i>, <a href="#pb204">204</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Sambak</i>, <a href="#pb104">104</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Sambog&#771;-gala</i>, <a href="#pb151">151</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Sambon</i>, <a href="#pb150">150</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Sampaga</i>, <a href="#pb158">158</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Sampaguitas</i>, <a href="#pb158">158</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Sampaka</i>, <a href="#pb19">19</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Sampalok</i>, <a href="#pb104">104</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Samphire</b>, <a href="#pb118">118</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Sandalwood tree, red</b>, <a href="#pb93">93</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Sandoricum Indicum, <a href="#pb77">77</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Sansawsansawan</i>, <a href="#pb26">26</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Santa Mar&iacute;a</i>, <a href="#pb153">153</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Santalum rubrum, <a href="#pb93">93</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Santan</i>, <a href="#pb143">143</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Santol</i>, <a href="#pb77">77</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Sapag&#771;</i>, <a href="#pb97">97</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Sapotace&aelig;, <a href="#pb156">156</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Sappan wood</b>, <a href="#pb97">97</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Sasa</i>, <a href="#pb238">238</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Saunders, red</b>, <a href="#pb93">93</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Sayikan</i>, <a href="#pb210">210</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Schizostachyum acutiflorum, <a href="#pb243">243</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Screw tree, Indian</b>, <a href="#pb54">54</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Senna, western</b>, <a href="#pb100">100</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Sesam&eacute;</b>, <a href="#pb184">184</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Sesamum Indicum, <a href="#pb184">184</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Sesbania grandiflora, <a href="#pb88">88</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Sibukao</i>, <a href="#pb97">97</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Sibuyas</i>, <a href="#pb233">233</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Sida acuta, <a href="#pb42">42</a><br>
+&#8195;carpinifolia, <a href="#pb42">42</a><br>
+&#8195;frutescens, <a href="#pb42">42</a><br>
+&#8195;Indica, <a href="#pb43">43</a><br>
+&#8195;stipulata, <a href="#pb42">42</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Siempreviva</i>, <a href="#pb109">109</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Sili</i>, <a href="#pb177">177</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Simarubace&aelig;, <a href="#pb71">71</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Sinampaga</i>, <a href="#pb142">142</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Sinapis alba, <a href="#pb30">30</a><br>
+&#8195;juncea, <a href="#pb30">30</a><br>
+&#8195;nigra, <a href="#pb30">30</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Sisiwhan</i>, <a href="#pb210">210</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Sobsob</i>, <a href="#pb150">150</a>
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb268" href="#pb268">268</a>]</span></p>
+<p>Solanace&aelig;, <a href="#pb176">176</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Solanum Dulcamara, <a href="#pb177">177</a><br>
+&#8195;nigrum, <a href="#pb176">176</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Solasi</i>, <a href="#pb195">195</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Solasolasian</i>, <a href="#pb199">199</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Sontig&#771;</i>, <i>suntig&#771;</i>, <a href="#pb102">102</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Sorog-sorog, sorosoro</i>, <a href="#pb212">212</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Sorrel, Indian</b>, <a href="#pb58">58</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Sph&#339;ranthus hirtus, <a href="#pb151">151</a><br>
+&#8195;Indicus, <a href="#pb151">151</a><br>
+&#8195;mollis, <a href="#pb151">151</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Spilanthes Acmella, <a href="#pb152">152</a>, <a href="#pb228">228</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Star anise</b>, <a href="#pb18">18</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Sterculiace&aelig;, <a href="#pb51">51</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Sterculia cordifolia, <a href="#pb52">52</a><br>
+&#8195;f&#339;tida, <a href="#pb51">51</a><br>
+&#8195;polyphilla, <a href="#pb51">51</a><br>
+&#8195;urens, <a href="#pb52">52</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Strychnos Ignatii, <a href="#pb171">171</a><br>
+&#8195;Philippensis, <a href="#pb171">171</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Suelda</i>, <a href="#pb213">213</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Suganda</i>, <a href="#pb196">196</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Sugar cane</b>, <a href="#pb241">241</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Sug&#771;ot-olag&#771;</i>, <a href="#pb214">214</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Suha</i>, <a href="#pb67">67</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Sukaw</i>, <a href="#pb28">28</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Sulbag&#771;</i>, <a href="#pb91">91</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Suma</i>, <a href="#pb24">24</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Sumalagi</i>, <a href="#pb104">104</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Sursur</i>, <a href="#pb239">239</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Susog&#771; damulog</i>, <a href="#pb20">20</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Susokayoli</i>, <a href="#pb58">58</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Suspiros</i>, <a href="#pb199">199</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Swallow-wort</b>, <a href="#pb167">167</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Swertia Chirata, <a href="#pb128">128</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Syzygium Jambolanum, <a href="#pb114">114</a>
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e21340">
+<h3 id="xd0e21341" class="normal">T</h3>
+<p><i>Tabaco</i>, <a href="#pb180">180</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Tabayag</i>, <a href="#pb129">129</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Tabig&#771;</i>, <a href="#pb43">43</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Tabigi</i>, <a href="#pb78">78</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Tabobog</i>, <a href="#pb128">128</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Tabog</i>, <a href="#pb67">67</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Tacamahaca</i>, <a href="#pb39">39</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>T&#339;-t&#339;</i>, <a href="#pb149">149</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Tagaktagak</i>, <a href="#pb189">189</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Tagaraw</i>, <a href="#pb112">112</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Tagaray</i>, <a href="#pb175">175</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Taghilaw</i>, <a href="#pb183">183</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Taglinaw</i>, <a href="#pb50">50</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Tag&#771;antag&#771;an</i>, <a href="#pb222">222</a><br>
+&#8195;<i>na morado</i>, <a href="#pb223">223</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Tag&#771;lad</i>, <a href="#pb240">240</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Tagudin</i>, <a href="#pb38">38</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Taig&#771;an dog&aacute;</i>, <a href="#pb58">58</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Takbibug&#771;</i>, <a href="#pb178">178</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Takip kohol</i>, <a href="#pb134">134</a><br>
+&#8195;<i>suso</i>, <a href="#pb134">134</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Taklag&#771;-anak</i>, <a href="#pb36">36</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Takpus</i>, <a href="#pb148">148</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Takurag&#771;an</i>, <a href="#pb46">46</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Tala</i>, <a href="#pb182">182</a><br>
+&#8195;odorata, <a href="#pb182">182</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Talatala</i>, <a href="#pb182">182</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Talamponay</i>, <a href="#pb178">178</a><br>
+&#8195;<i>na itim</i>, <a href="#pb179">179</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Talankaw</i>, <a href="#pb155">155</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Talaylo</i>, <a href="#pb27">27</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Taliantar</i>, <a href="#pb148">148</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Taliatan</i>, <a href="#pb76">76</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Taligharap</i>, <a href="#pb198">198</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Talisay</i>, <a href="#pb110">110</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Talutu</i>, <a href="#pb50">50</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Tamarind</b>, <a href="#pb104">104</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Tamarindo</i>, <a href="#pb104">104</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Tamarindus Indica, <a href="#pb104">104</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Tamawian</i>, <a href="#pb38">38</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Tambalisa</i>, <a href="#pb101">101</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Tampuhig&#771;</i>, <a href="#pb228">228</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Tanag</i>, <a href="#pb53">53</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Tangolon</i>, <a href="#pb112">112</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Tapulag&#771;a</i>, <a href="#pb46">46</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Taramhampam</i>, <a href="#pb182">182</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Taratara</i>, <a href="#pb182">182</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Tartaraw</i>, <a href="#pb112">112</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Tawatawa, <a href="#pb215">215</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Tawatawasig&#771;a</i>, <a href="#pb222">222</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Tawawa</i>, <a href="#pb210">210</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Tayabas</i>, <a href="#pb113">113</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Taywanak</i>, <a href="#pb244">244</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Tea, Mexican</b>, <a href="#pb202">202</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Teak tree</b>, <a href="#pb190">190</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Teca</i>, <a href="#pb190">190</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Tectona grandis, <a href="#pb190">190</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Terminalia Catappa, <a href="#pb110">110</a><br>
+&#8195;Chebula, <a href="#pb111">111</a>, <a href="#pb115">115</a>, <a href="#pb127">127</a>, <a href="#pb155">155</a><br>
+&#8195;mauriciana, <a href="#pb110">110</a><br>
+&#8195;moluccana, <a href="#pb110">110</a><br>
+&#8195;reticulata, <a href="#pb111">111</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Tetracera Assa, <a href="#pb17">17</a><br>
+&#8195;macrophylla, <a href="#pb17">17</a><br>
+&#8195;monocarpa, <a href="#pb17">17</a><br>
+&#8195;Rheedi, <a href="#pb17">17</a><br>
+&#8195;sarmentosa, <a href="#pb17">17</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Theobroma Cacao, <a href="#pb55">55</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Thespesia populnea, <a href="#pb47">47</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Thevetia nerifolia, <a href="#pb159">159</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Tighiman</i>, <a href="#pb100">100</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Tig&#771;log</i>, <a href="#pb185">185</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Tikla</i>, <a href="#pb190">190</a>
+<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb269" href="#pb269">269</a>]</span></p>
+<p><i>Tilites</i>, <a href="#pb200">200</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Timbag&#771;an</i>, <a href="#pb203">203</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Tinatinaan</i>, <a href="#pb214">214</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Tindag&#771;-bayag&#771;</i>, <a href="#pb171">171</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Tinisas</i>, <a href="#pb153">153</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Tinospora cordifolia, <a href="#pb23">23</a><br>
+&#8195;crispa, <a href="#pb22">22</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Tintatintahan</i>, <a href="#pb214">214</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Titiw</i>, <a href="#pb185">185</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Tobacco</b>, <a href="#pb180">180</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Toktok-kal&oacute;</i>, <a href="#pb161">161</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Toronjas</i>, <a href="#pb67">67</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Toston</i>, <a href="#pb134">134</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Tovomita pentapetala, <a href="#pb38">38</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Tree, alstonia or dita</b>, <a href="#pb163">163</a><br>
+&#8195;<b>Black Myrobalan</b>, <a href="#pb111">111</a><br>
+&#8195;<b>Jack fruit</b>, <a href="#pb223">223</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Trianthema monogyna, <a href="#pb134">134</a><br>
+&#8195;obcordata, <a href="#pb134">134</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Trichosanthes amara, <a href="#pb128">128</a><br>
+&#8195;anguina, <a href="#pb128">128</a><br>
+&#8195;cucumerina, <a href="#pb128">128</a><br>
+&#8195;lucioniana, <a href="#pb127">127</a><br>
+&#8195;palmata, <a href="#pb127">127</a><br>
+&#8195;tricuspis, <a href="#pb127">127</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Tsampaka, <a href="#pb19">19</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Tsatsatsatsahan</i>, <a href="#pb190">190</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Tsiku</i>, <a href="#pb156">156</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Tuba</i>, <a href="#pb24">24</a>, <a href="#pb215">215</a><br>
+&#8195;<i>kamaisa</i>, <a href="#pb218">218</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Tub&oacute;</i>, <a href="#pb241">241</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Tumbog&#771;aso</i>, <a href="#pb148">148</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Tumboug&#771; aso, kapay</i>, <a href="#pb148">148</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Tunas</i>, <a href="#pb27">27</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Turmeric plant</b>, <a href="#pb229">229</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Turpeth root</b>, <a href="#pb216">216</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Turroea octandra, <a href="#pb77">77</a><br>
+&#8195;virens, <a href="#pb76">76</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Tylophora asthmatica, <a href="#pb169">169</a>
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e22059">
+<h3 id="xd0e22060" class="normal">U</h3>
+<p>Umbellifer&aelig;, <a href="#pb134">134</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Unona uncinata, <a href="#pb20">20</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Urena morifolia, <a href="#pb44">44</a><br>
+&#8195;multifida, <a href="#pb44">44</a><br>
+&#8195;muricata, <a href="#pb44">44</a><br>
+&#8195;sinuata, <a href="#pb44">44</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Urticace&aelig;, <a href="#pb223">223</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Urtica ferox, <a href="#pb224">224</a><br>
+&#8195;umbellata, <a href="#pb224">224</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Uvaria Sinensis, <a href="#pb20">20</a>
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e22108">
+<h3 id="xd0e22109" class="normal">V</h3>
+<p>Verbena capitata, <a href="#pb190">190</a><br>
+&#8195;nodiflora, <a href="#pb190">190</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Verbenace&aelig;, <a href="#pb190">190</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Verdolagas</i>, <a href="#pb34">34</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Vitex Leucoxylon, <a href="#pb192">192</a><br>
+&#8195;Negundo, <a href="#pb192">192</a><br>
+&#8195;repens, <a href="#pb192">192</a><br>
+&#8195;trifolia, <a href="#pb192">192</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Vuas</i>, <a href="#pb220">220</a>
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e22156">
+<h3 id="xd0e22157" class="normal">W</h3>
+<p><b>Walnut, Indian</b>, <a href="#pb217">217</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Wars</b>, <a href="#pb220">220</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Water lily</b>, <a href="#pb27">27</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Wawalisan</i>, <a href="#pb42">42</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Weed, styptic</b>, <a href="#pb100">100</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Wood apple</b>, <a href="#pb69">69</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Wormseed, American</b>, <a href="#pb202">202</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><b>Wormwood, Indian</b>, <a href="#pb153">153</a>
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e22215">
+<h3 id="xd0e22216" class="normal">X</h3>
+<p>Xanthoxylum oxyphyllum, <a href="#pb63">63</a><br>
+&#8195;violaceum, <a href="#pb63">63</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Xylocarpus granatum, <a href="#pb78">78</a>
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e22232">
+<h3 id="xd0e22233" class="normal">Y</h3>
+<p><i>Yate</i>, <a href="#pb190">190</a>
+
+</p>
+<p><i>Yayo</i>, <a href="#pb58">58</a>
+
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="div2" id="xd0e22249">
+<h3 id="xd0e22250" class="normal">Z</h3>
+<p>Zea Mays, <a href="#pb240">240</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Zingiberace&aelig;, <a href="#pb228">228</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Zingiber officinale, <a href="#pb228">228</a>
+
+</p>
+<p>Zizyphus Jujuba, <a href="#pb81">81</a><br>
+&#8195;Mauritania, <a href="#pb81">81</a>
+
+
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="div1">
+<h2 class="normal">Table of Contents</h2>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="#notice">Notice</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e172">Translator&#8217;s Preface.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e190">Preface.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#toc">Contents.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e1017">Explanation.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e1049">Abbreviations.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e1088">Dicotyledonous, Polypetalous.</a><ul>
+<li><a href="#xd0e1093">Dilleniace&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e1154">Magnoliace&aelig;</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e1240">Anonace&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e1379">Menispermace&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e1705">Nymph&aelig;ace&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e1815">Papaverace&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e1853">Crucifer&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e1914">Capparidace&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e2026">Bixine&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e2109">Portulacace&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e2149">Guttifer&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e2441">Dipterocarpe&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e2570">Malvace&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e3144">Sterculiace&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e3481">Geraniace&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e3651">Rutace&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e4125">Simarubace&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e4209">Burserace&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e4331">Meliace&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e4616">Celastrace&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e4667">Rhamnace&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e4743">Anacardiace&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e4940">Moringe&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e5071">Leguminos&aelig;. (Papilionace&aelig;.)</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e5494">Leguminos&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e6141">Leguminos&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e6265">Crassulace&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e6309">Combretace&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e6511">Myrtace&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e6730">Melastomace&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e6770">Lythrace&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e6991">Onagrace&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e7028">Passiflorace&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e7207">Cucurbitace&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e7615">Ficoide&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e7657">Umbellifer&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e7847">Cornace&aelig;.</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e7891">Dicotyledonous, Gamopetalous.</a><ul>
+<li><a href="#xd0e7894">Rubiace&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e8368">Composit&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e8683">Plumbagine&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e8762">Sapotace&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e8840">Oleace&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e8876">Apocynace&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e9254">Asclepiadace&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e9359">Loganiace&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e9486">Boraginace&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e9523">Convolvulace&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e9755">Solanace&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e10022">Scrophulariace&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e10069">Bignoniace&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e10127">Pedaliace&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e10189">Acanthace&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e10398">Verbenace&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e10630">Labiat&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e10909">Plantaginace&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e10947">Nyctaginace&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e10994">Amaranthace&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e11100">Chenopodiac&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e11163">Aristolochiace&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e11209">Piperace&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e11322">Chloranthace&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e11366">Laurace&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e11459">Euphorbiace&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e12121">Urticace&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e12207">Casuarine&aelig;.</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e12262">Monocotyledons.</a><ul>
+<li><a href="#xd0e12265">Musace&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e12345">Zingiberace&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e12511">Amaryllidace&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e12553">Liliace&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e12656">Palm&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e12807">Cyperace&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e12870">Gramine&aelig;.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e13137">Bambuse&aelig;.</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e13237">Index of Plants: According to Therapeutic Properties.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e13578">Index of Plants: According to Special Diseases.</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e14111">Alphabetical Index: Of Systematic and Common Names of Plants</a><ul>
+<li><a href="#xd0e14117">A</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e14980">B</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e15718">C</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e16638">D</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e16972">E</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e17095">F</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e17161">G</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e17498">H</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e17668">I</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e17751">J</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e17837">K</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e18432">L</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e18902">M</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e19569">N</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e19757">O</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e19954">P</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e20511">Q</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e20527">R</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e20706">S</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e21340">T</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e22059">U</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e22108">V</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e22156">W</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e22215">X</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e22232">Y</a></li>
+<li><a href="#xd0e22249">Z</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="transcribernote">
+<h2>Colophon</h2>
+<h3>Availability</h3>
+<p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give
+it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/">www.gutenberg.org</a>.
+
+</p>
+<p>This eBook is produced by Bryan Ness, Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at <a href="https://www.pgdp.net/">www.pgdp.net</a>.
+
+</p>
+<p>Scans of this book are available at <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=oXISCO2ABd8C">Google Books</a>, and at the Internet Archive (<a href="http://www.archive.org/details/medicinalplantso00parduoft">first copy</a>, <a href="http://www.archive.org/details/medicinalplantso00pardrich">second copy</a>).
+
+</p>
+<p>U. S. P. = <a href="http://www.usp.org/">United States Pharmacopeia</a>, still issued today.
+
+</p>
+<h3>Encoding</h3>
+<p></p>
+<h3>Revision History</h3>
+<ol class="lsoff">
+<li>2008-06-18 Started.
+
+</li>
+</ol>
+<h3>External References</h3>
+<p>This Project Gutenberg eBook contains external references. These links may not work for you.</p>
+<h3>Corrections</h3>
+<p>The following corrections have been applied to the text:</p>
+<table width="75%">
+<tr>
+<th>Location</th>
+<th>Source</th>
+<th>Correction</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td width="20%"><a href="#xd0e407">Page xiii</a></td>
+<td width="40%">Ixora</td>
+<td width="40%">Isora</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td width="20%"><a href="#xd0e906">Page xv</a></td>
+<td width="40%">Echimus</td>
+<td width="40%">Echinus</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td width="20%"><a href="#xd0e1313">Page 21</a></td>
+<td width="40%">irrritant</td>
+<td width="40%">irritant</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td width="20%"><a href="#xd0e2563">Page 42</a></td>
+<td width="40%">receptable</td>
+<td width="40%">receptacle</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td width="20%"><a href="#xd0e2672">Page 44</a></td>
+<td width="40%">it</td>
+<td width="40%">is</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td width="20%"><a href="#xd0e3259">Page 54</a></td>
+<td width="40%">Ixora</td>
+<td width="40%">Isora</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td width="20%"><a href="#xd0e4393">Page 76</a></td>
+<td width="40%">;</td>
+<td width="40%">:</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td width="20%"><a href="#xd0e5569">Page 96</a></td>
+<td width="40%">Schlagdenhaussen</td>
+<td width="40%">Schlagdenhauffen</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td width="20%"><a href="#xd0e5829">Page 101</a></td>
+<td width="40%">Schlagdenhaufen</td>
+<td width="40%">Schlagdenhauffen</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td width="20%"><a href="#xd0e6978">Page 122</a></td>
+<td width="40%">16</td>
+<td width="40%">15</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td width="20%"><a href="#xd0e7489">Page 131</a></td>
+<td width="40%">
+[<i>Not in source</i>]
+
+</td>
+<td width="40%">&#8212;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td width="20%"><a href="#xd0e8120">Page 145</a></td>
+<td width="40%">Linneus</td>
+<td width="40%">Linn&aelig;us</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td width="20%"><a href="#xd0e9758">Page 176</a></td>
+<td width="40%">
+[<i>Not in source</i>]
+
+</td>
+<td width="40%">.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td width="20%"><a href="#xd0e11423">Page 209</a></td>
+<td width="40%">Ine th</td>
+<td width="40%">In the</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td width="20%"><a href="#xd0e12444">Page 229</a></td>
+<td width="40%">Decan</td>
+<td width="40%">Deccan</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td width="20%"><a href="#xd0e12508">Page 231</a></td>
+<td width="40%">Visaya</td>
+<td width="40%">Visayan</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td width="20%"><a href="#xd0e12793">Page 238</a></td>
+<td width="40%">Pampanag</td>
+<td width="40%">Pampanga</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td width="20%"><a href="#xd0e13319">Page 246</a></td>
+<td width="40%">Isoara</td>
+<td width="40%">Isora</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td width="20%"><a href="#xd0e13369">Page 247</a></td>
+<td width="40%">
+[<i>Not in source</i>]
+
+</td>
+<td width="40%">&#8212;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td width="20%"><a href="#xd0e13390">Page 247</a></td>
+<td width="40%">Ixora</td>
+<td width="40%">Isora</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td width="20%"><a href="#xd0e13399">Page 247</a></td>
+<td width="40%">Ixora</td>
+<td width="40%">Isora</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td width="20%"><a href="#xd0e13688">Page 252</a></td>
+<td width="40%">Ixora</td>
+<td width="40%">Isora</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td width="20%"><a href="#xd0e13721">Page 252</a></td>
+<td width="40%">Ixora</td>
+<td width="40%">Isora</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td width="20%"><a href="#xd0e13760">Page 252</a></td>
+<td width="40%">
+[<i>Not in source</i>]
+
+</td>
+<td width="40%">&#8212;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td width="20%"><a href="#xd0e17549">Page 262</a></td>
+<td width="40%">Ixora</td>
+<td width="40%">Isora</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Medicinal Plants of the Philippines, by 
+T. H. Pardo de Tavera
+
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diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt
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+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #26393 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/26393)