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| author | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 02:32:03 -0700 |
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| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 02:32:03 -0700 |
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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/26656-h.zip b/26656-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..c7b6a58 --- /dev/null +++ b/26656-h.zip diff --git a/26656-h/26656-h.htm b/26656-h/26656-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..98a3eb0 --- /dev/null +++ b/26656-h/26656-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,2533 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Birds Illustrated by Colour Photography Vol. Two, No. 2, August 1897, by Birds (Periodical). + </title> + <style type="text/css"> +/*<![CDATA[ XML blockout */ +<!-- + p { margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + + .sml {font-size: .8em;} + + h1,h2,h3,h4 { text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; + } + + h5 { text-align: center; font-size: 3em; + clear: both; + } + + h6 { text-align: center; font-size: 4em; + clear: both; + } + + hr { width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; + } + + + .vlouter { width: 100%; border-top: 1px black solid; + border-bottom: 1px black solid; padding-top: 0.25em; + padding-bottom: 0.25em; } + .volumeline { width: 100%; border-top: 1px black solid; + border-bottom: 1px black solid; padding-top: 0.25em; + padding-bottom: 0.25em; } + .volumeleft { float:left; width:33%; text-align:left; } + .volumeright { float:right; text-align:right; width:33%; } + .spacer { clear: both; } + + body{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + + .box { width: 700px; + margin: 0 auto; + text-align: center; + padding: 1em; + border-style: none; } + + a { text-decoration: none; } + + .pagenum { visibility: hidden; + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; + } /* page numbers */ + + .center {text-align: center;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + + .caption {font-weight: bold; font-variant: small-caps;} + + .figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center;} + + .figleft {float: left; clear: left; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: + 0em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 0; text-align: center;} + + // --> + /* XML end ]]>*/ + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Birds Illustrated by Color Photography +[August, 1897], by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Birds Illustrated by Color Photography [August, 1897] + A Monthly Serial designed to Promote Knowledge of Bird-Life + +Author: Various + +Release Date: September 19, 2008 [EBook #26656] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BIRDS ILLUSTRATED BY COLOR *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Anne Storer and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<div class="box"> + +<h6>BIRDS</h6> + +<p> </p> + +<h1>A MONTHLY SERIAL</h1> + +<p> </p> + +<h3>ILLUSTRATED BY COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY</h3> + +<p> </p> + +<h4>DESIGNED TO PROMOTE</h4> + +<p> </p> + +<h2>KNOWLEDGE OF BIRD-LIFE</h2> + +<p> </p> + +<hr style="width: 15%;" /> + +<p> </p> + +<p class="center"><strong>VOLUME II.</strong></p> + +<p> </p> + +<hr style="width: 15%;" /> + +<p> </p> + +<p class="center"><strong>CHICAGO</strong><br /> +<span class="smcap">Nature Study Publishing Company</span></p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">copyright, 1897</span></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">by</span></p> + +<p class="center"><strong><span class="smcap">Nature Study Publishing Co.</span></strong></p> + +<p class="center"><strong><span class="smcap">chicago.</span></strong></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>INTRODUCTION.</h2> + + +<p>This is the second volume of a series intended to present, in accurate +colored portraiture, and in popular and juvenile biographical text, a very +considerable portion of the common birds of North America, and many of the +more interesting and attractive specimens of other countries, in many respects +superior to all other publications which have attempted the representation of +birds, and at infinitely less expense. The appreciative reception by the public of +Vol. I deserves our grateful acknowledgement. Appearing in monthly parts, +it has been read and admired by thousands of people, who, through the +life-like pictures presented, have made the acquaintance of many birds, +and have since become enthusiastic observers of them. It has been introduced +into the public schools, and is now in use as a text book by hundreds of +teachers, who have expressed enthusiastic approval of the work and of its +general extension. The faithfulness to nature of the pictures, in color and +pose, have been commended by such ornithologists and authors as Dr. Elliott +Coues, Mr. John Burroughs, Mr. J. W. Allen, editor of <em>The Auk</em>, Mr. Frank M. +Chapman, Mr. J. W. Baskett, and others.</p> + +<p>The general text of <span class="smcap">Birds</span>—the biographies—has been conscientiously +prepared from the best authorities by a careful observer of the feather-growing +denizens of the field, the forest, and the shore, while the juvenile autobiographies +have received the approval of the highest ornithological authority.</p> + +<p>The publishers take pleasure in the announcement that the general excellence +of <span class="smcap">Birds</span> will be maintained in subsequent volumes. The subjects +selected for the third and fourth volumes—many of them—will be of the rare +beauty in which the great Audubon, the limner <em>par excellence</em> of birds, would +have found “the joy of imitation.”</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 18em; font-size: 1.1em;" class="center"><strong><span class="smcap">Nature Study Publishing Company.</span></strong></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span></p> + +<h5>BIRDS.</h5> + +<p class="center"><strong><span class="smcap">Illustrated by</span> COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY.</strong></p> + +<p> </p> + +<div class="vlouter"> +<div class="volumeline"> +<div class="volumeleft"><span class="smcap">Vol</span>. II.</div> +<div class="volumeright"><span class="smcap">No</span>. 2.</div> +<div class="center">AUGUST.</div> +<div class="spacer"><!-- empty for spacing purposes --></div> +</div> +</div> + +<p> </p> + + +<h2>BIRD SONG.</h2> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 116px;"> +<img src="images/imgw.png" width="116" height="80" alt="W" title="" /> +</div> +<p>E made several early morning +excursions into the +woods and fields during +the month of June, and +were abundantly rewarded in many +ways—by beholding the gracious +awakening of Nature in her various +forms, kissed into renewed activity by +the radiance of morn; by the sweet +smelling air filled with the perfume of +a multitude of opening flowers which +had drunk again the dew of heaven; +by the sight of flitting clouds across +the bluest of skies, patching the green +earth with moving shadows, and sweetest +of all, by the twittering, calling, +musical sounds of love and joy which +came to the ear from the throats of the +feathered throng. How pleasant to +lie prone on one’s back on the cool +grass, and gaze upward through the +shady green canopy of boughs, watching +the pretty manoeuvers, the joyous +greetings, the lively anxieties, the +graceful movements, and even the +sorrowful happenings of the bird-life +above us.</p> + +<p>Listen to the variety of their tones, +as manifest as the difference of form +and color. What more interesting +than to observe their habits, and discover +their cosy nests with their beautiful +eggs in the green foliage? Strange +that so many persons think only of +making a collection of them, robbing +the nests with heartless indifference to +the suffering of the parents, to say +nothing of the invasion which they +make of the undoubted rights the birds +have from nature to protection and +perpetuation.</p> + +<p>Strictly speaking, there are few +birds to which the word “singing” +can properly be applied, the majority +of them not having more than two or +three notes, and they with little suggestion +of music in them. Chanticleer +crows, his spouse cackles or +clucks, as may be suitable to the +occasion. To what ear are these +noises musical? They are rather language, +and, in fact, the varying notes of +every species of bird have a significance +which can alone be interpreted by its +peculiar habits. If careful note be +made of the immediate conduct of the +male or female bird, as the case may +be, after each call or sound, the meaning +of it becomes plain.</p> + +<p>A hen whose chicks are scattered in +search of food, upon seeing a hawk, +utters a note of warning which we +have all heard, and the young scamper +to her for protection beneath her +wings. When she has laid an egg, +<em>Cut-cut-cut-cut-ot-cut!</em> announces it from +the nest in the barn. When the chicks +are hatched, her <em>cluck, cluck, cluck</em>, +calls them from the nest in the wide +world, and her <em>chick, chick, chick</em>, uttered +quickly, selects for them the dainty +which she has found, or teaches them +what is proper for their diet. A good +listener will detect enough intonations +in her voice to constitute a considerable +vocabulary, which, if imitated</p> + +<p class="center">[<span class="smcap">continued on page <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</span>]</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE AMERICAN OSPREY.</h2> + + +<p>Here is the picture of a +remarkable bird. We know +him better by the name Fish +Hawk. He looks much like the +Eagle in July “<span class="smcap">Birds.</span>” The +Osprey has no use for Mr. Eagle +though.</p> + +<p>You know the Bald Eagle or +Sea Eagle is very fond of fish. +Well, he is not a very good +fisherman and from his lofty +perch he watches for the Fish +Hawk or Osprey. Do you ask +why? Well, when he sees a +Fish Hawk with his prey, he is +sure to chase him and take it +from him. It is for this reason +that Ospreys dislike the Bald +Eagle.</p> + +<p>Their food is fish, which as a +rule they catch alive.</p> + +<p>It must be interesting to watch +the Osprey at his fishing. He +wings his way slowly over the +water, keeping a watch for fish +as they appear near the surface.</p> + +<p>When he sees one that suits +him, he hovers a moment, and +then, closing his wings, falls +upon the fish.</p> + +<p>Sometimes he strikes it with +such force that he disappears in +the water for a moment. Soon +we see him rise from the water +with the prey in his claws.</p> + +<p>He then flies to some tall tree +and if he has not been discovered +by his enemy, the Eagle, can +have a good meal for his hard +work.</p> + +<p>Look at his claws; then think +of them striking a fish as they +must when he plunges from on +high.</p> + +<p>A gentleman tells of an Osprey +that fastened his claws in a fish +that was too large for him.</p> + +<p>The fish drew him under and +nothing more was seen of Mr. +Osprey. The same gentleman +tells of a fish weighing six +pounds that fell from the claws +of a Fish Hawk that became +frightened by an Eagle.</p> + +<p>The Osprey builds his nest +much like the Bald Eagle. It is +usually found in a tall tree and +out of reach.</p> + +<p>Like the Eagle, he uses the +same nest each year, adding to +it. Sometimes it measures five +feet high and three feet across. +One nest that was found, contained +enough sticks, cornstalks, +weeds, moss, and the like, to fill +a cart, and made a load for a +horse to draw. Like the Crows +and Blackbirds they prefer to +live together in numbers. Over +three hundred nests have been +found in the trees on a small +island.</p> + +<p>One thing I want you to +remember about the Osprey. +They usually remain mated for +life.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 467px;"> +<img src="images/img10.jpg" width="467" height="600" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">osprey.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: -22em;" class="sml"><strong>From col. F. M. Woodruff.</strong></span> +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE AMERICAN OSPREY.</h2> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 93px;"> +<img src="images/imga1.png" width="93" height="80" alt="A" title="" /> +</div> +<p>N interesting bird, “Winged +Fisher,” as he has been happily +called, is seen in places +suited to his habits, +throughout temperate +North America, particularly about +islands and along the seacoast. At +Shelter Island, New York, they are +exceedingly variable in the choice of +a nesting place. On Gardiner’s Island +they all build in trees at a distance +varying from ten to seventy-five feet +from the ground; on Plum Island, +where large numbers of them nest, +many place their nests on the ground, +some being built up to a height of four +or five feet while others are simply a +few sticks arranged in a circle, and the +eggs laid on the bare sand. On Shelter +Island they build on the chimneys of +houses, and a pair had a nest on the +cross-bar of a telegraph pole. Another +pair had a nest on a large rock. These +were made of coarse sticks and sea +weed, anything handy, such as bones, +old shoes, straw, etc. A curious nest +was found some years ago on the coast +of New Jersey. It contained three +eggs, and securely imbedded in the +loose material of the Osprey’s nest +was a nest of the Purple Grackle, +containing five eggs, while at the +bottom of the Hawk’s nest was a thick, +rotten limb, in which was a Tree +Swallow’s nest of seven eggs.</p> + +<p>In the spring and early autumn this +familiar eagle-like bird can be seen +hovering over creek, river, and sound. +It is recognized by its popular name of +Fish-Hawk. Following a school of +fish, it dashes from a considerable +height to seize its prey with its stout +claws. If the fish is small it is at once +swallowed, if it is large, (and the Osprey +will occasionally secure shad, +blue fish, bass, etc., weighing five or +six pounds,) the fish is carried to a +convenient bluff or tree and torn to bits. +The Bald Eagle often robs him of +the fish by seizing it, or startling him +so that he looses his hold.</p> + +<p>The Osprey when fishing makes one +of the most breezy, spirited pictures +connected with the feeding habits of +any of our birds, as often there is a +splashing and a struggle under water +when the fish grasped is too large +or the great talons of the bird gets +entangled. He is sometimes carried +under and drowned, and large fish +have been washed ashore with these +birds fastened to them by the claws.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Mabel Osgood Wright says: “I +found an Osprey’s nest in a crooked +oak on Wakeman’s Island in late April, +1893. As I could not get close to the +nest (the island is between a network +of small creeks, and the flood tides +covered the marshes,) I at first thought +it was a monstrous crow’s nest, but on +returning the second week in May I +saw a pair of Ospreys coming and going +to and fro from the nest. I hoped +the birds might return another season, +as the nest looked as if it might have +been used for two or three years, and +was as lop-sided as a poorly made haystack. +The great August storm of the +same year broke the tree, and the nest +fell, making quite a heap upon the +ground. Among the debris were +sticks of various sizes, dried reeds, two +bits of bamboo fishing rod, seaweeds, +some old blue mosquito netting, and +some rags of fish net, also about half +a bushel of salt hay in various stages +of decomposition, and malodorous dirt +galore.”</p> + +<p>It is well known that Ospreys, +if not disturbed, will continue indefinitely +to heap rubbish upon their nests +till their bulk is very great. Like the +Owls they can reverse the rear toe.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE SORA RAIL.</h2> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 87px;"> +<img src="images/imgv.png" width="87" height="80" alt="V" title="" /> +</div> +<p>ARIOUS are the names required +to distinguish the +little slate-colored Carolina +Rail from its brethren, Sora, +Common Rail, and, on the Potomac +river, Ortolan, being among them. +He is found throughout temperate +North America, in the weedy swamps +of the Atlantic states in great abundance, +in the Middle states, and in California. +In Ohio he is a common summer +resident, breeding in the extensive +swamps and wet meadows. The +nest is a rude affair made of grass and +weeds, placed on the ground in a tussock +of grass in a boggy tract of land, +where there is a growth of briers, etc., +where he may skulk and hide in the +wet grass to elude observation. The +nest may often be discovered at a distance +by the appearance of the surrounding +grass, the blades of which +are in many cases interwoven over the +nest, apparently to shield the bird +from the fierce rays of the sun, which +are felt with redoubled force on the +marshes.</p> + +<p>The Rails feed on both vegetable +and animal food. During the months +of September and October, the weeds +and wild oats swarm with them. +They feed on the nutricious seeds, +small snail shells, worms and larvae of +insects, which they extract from the +mud. The habits of the Sora Rail, +its thin, compressed body, its aversion +to take wing, and the dexterity with +which it runs or conceals itself among +the grass and sedge, are exactly similar +to those of the more celebrated +Virginia Rail.</p> + +<p>The Sora frequents those parts of +marshes preferably where fresh water +springs rise through the morass. Here +it generally constructs its nest, “one +of which,” says an observer, “we had +the good fortune to discover. It was +built in the bottom of a tuft of grass +in the midst of an almost impenetrable +quagmire, and was composed altogether +of old wet grass and rushes. +The eggs had been flooded out of the +nest by the extraordinary rise of the +tide in a violent northwest storm, and +lay scattered about the drift weed. +The usual number of eggs is from six +to ten. They are of a dirty white or +pale cream color, sprinkled with specks +of reddish and pale purple, most numerous +near the great end.”</p> + +<p>When on the wing the Sora Rail flies +in a straight line for a short distance +with dangling legs, and suddenly +drops into the water.</p> + +<p>The Rails have many foes, and +many nests are robbed of their eggs by +weasels, snakes, Blackbirds, and Marsh +Hawks, although the last cannot +disturb them easily, as the Marsh +Hawk searches for its food while flying +and a majority of the Rails’ nests +are covered over, making it hard to +distinguish them when the Hawk is +above.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/img19.jpg" width="600" height="444" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">sora rail.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: -32em;" class="sml"><strong>From col. Chi. Acad. Sciences.</strong></span> +</div><p> </p> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE SORA RAIL.</h2> + + +<p>This is one of our fresh-water +marsh birds. I show you his +picture taken where he spends +most of his time.</p> + +<p>If it were not for the note +calls, these tall reeds and grasses +would keep from us the secret +of the Rail’s home.</p> + +<p>Like most birds, though, they +must be heard, and so late in the +afternoon you may hear their +clear note, ker-wee.</p> + +<p>From all parts of the marsh +you will hear their calls which +they keep up long after darkness +has set in.</p> + +<p>This Rail was just about to +step out from the grasses to +feed when the artist took his +picture. See him—head up, and +tail up. He steps along carefully. +He feels that it is risky +to leave his shelter and is ready +at the first sign of danger, to +dart back under cover.</p> + +<p>There are very few fresh-water +marshes where the Rail is +not found.</p> + +<p>When a boy, I loved to hear +their note calls and would spend +hours on the edge of a marsh +near my home.</p> + +<p>It seemed to me there was no +life among the reeds and cat-tails +of the marsh, but when I +threw a stone among them, the +Rails would always answer with +their <em>peeps</em> or <em>keeks</em>.</p> + +<p>And so I used to go down to +the marsh with my pockets filled +with stones. Not that I desired +or even expected to injure +one of these birds. Far from it. +It pleased me to hear their calls +from the reeds and grass that +seemed deserted.</p> + +<p>Those of you who live near +wild-rice or wild-oat marshes +have a good chance to become +acquainted with this Rail.</p> + +<p>In the south these Rails are +found keeping company with +the Bobolinks or Reed-birds as +they are called down there.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE KENTUCKY WARBLER.</h2> + + +<p>Although this bird is called +the Kentucky Warbler, we must +not think he visits that state +alone.</p> + +<p>We find him all over eastern +North America. And a beautiful +bird he is.</p> + +<p>As his name tells you he is +one of a family of Warblers.</p> + +<p>I told you somewhere else +that the Finches are the largest +family of birds. Next to them +come the Warblers.</p> + +<p>Turn back now and see how +many Warblers have been pictured +so far.</p> + +<p>See if you can tell what things +group them as a family. Notice +their bills and feet.</p> + +<p>This bird is usually found in +the dense woods, especially +where there are streams of +water.</p> + +<p>He is a good singer, and his +song is very different from that +of any of the other Warblers.</p> + +<p>I once watched one of these +birds—olive-green above and +yellow beneath. His mate was +on a nest near by and he was +entertaining her with his song.</p> + +<p>He kept it up over two hours, +stopping only a few seconds +between his songs. When I +reached the spot with my field-glass +I was attracted by his +peculiar song. I don’t know +how long he had been singing. +I stayed and spent two hours +with him and he showed no +signs of stopping. He may be +singing yet. I hope he is.</p> + +<p>You see him here perched on +a granite cliff. I suppose his +nest is near by.</p> + +<p>He makes it of twigs and +rootlets, with several thicknesses +of leaves. It is neatly lined +with fine rootlets and you will +always find it on or near the +ground.</p> + +<p>In the September and October +number of “<span class="smcap">Birds</span>” you will find +several Warblers and Finches. +Try to keep track of them and +may be you can do as many +others have done—tell the names +of new birds that come along by +their pictures which you have +seen in “<span class="smcap">Birds</span>.”</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 418px;"> +<img src="images/img26.jpg" width="418" height="600" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">kentucky warbler.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: -20em;" class="sml"><strong>From col. F. M. Woodruff.</strong></span> +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE KENTUCKY WARBLER.</h2> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 81px;"> +<img src="images/imgb.png" width="81" height="80" alt="B" title="" /> +</div> +<p>ETWEEN sixty and seventy +warblers are described by +Davie in his “Nests and +Eggs of North American +Birds,” and the Kentucky +Warbler is recognized as one of the +most beautiful of the number, in its +manners almost the counterpart of the +Golden Crowned Thrush (soon to +delight the eyes of the readers of +<span class="smcap">Birds</span>), though it is altogether a +more conspicuous bird, both on +account of its brilliant plumage and +greater activity, the males being, +during the season of nesting, very +pugnacious, continually chasing one +another about the woods. It lives +near the ground, making its artfully +concealed nest among the low herbage +and feeding in the undergrowth, the +male singing from some old log or +low bush, his song recalling that of +the Cardinal, though much weaker.</p> + +<p>The ordinary note is a soft +<em>schip</em>, somewhat like the common +call of the Pewee. Considering its +great abundance, says an observer, the +nest of this charmer is very difficult +to find; the female, he thought, must +slyly leave the nest at the approach of +an intruder, running beneath the +herbage until a considerable distance +from the nest, when, joined by her +mate, the pair by their evident anxiety +mislead the stranger as to its location.</p> + +<p>It has been declared that no group +of birds better deserves the epithet +“pretty” than the Warblers. Tanagers +are splendid, Humming Birds refulgent, +others brilliant, gaudy, or magnificent, +but Warblers alone are pretty.</p> + +<p>The Warblers are migratory birds, +the majority of them passing rapidly +across the United States in spring on +the way to their northern nesting +grounds, and in autumn to their winter +residence within the tropics. When +the apple trees bloom they revel +among the flowers, vieing in activity +and numbers with the bees; “now +probing the recesses of a blossom for +an insect, then darting to another, +where, poised daintily upon a slender +twig, or suspended from it, they +explore hastily but carefully for +another morsel. Every movement is +the personification of nervous activity, +as if the time for their journey was +short; as, indeed, appears to be the +case, for two or three days at most suffice +some species in a single locality.”</p> + +<p>We recently saw a letter from a +gentleman living at Lake Geneva, in +which he referred with enthusiasm to +<span class="smcap">Birds</span>, because it had enabled him to +identify a bird which he had often +seen in the apple trees among the +blossoms, particularly the present +season, with which he was unacquainted +by name. It was the Orchard +Oriole, and he was glad to have a +directory of nature which would enable +him to add to his knowledge and correct +errors of observation. The idea is a +capitol one, and the beautiful Kentucky +Warbler, unknown to many who see +it often, may be recognized in the +same way by residents of southern +Indiana and Illinois, Kansas, some +localities in Ohio, particularly in the +southwestern portion, in parts of New +York and New Jersey, in the District +of Columbia, and in North Carolina. +It has not heretofore been possible, +even with the best painted specimens +of birds in the hand, to satisfactorily +identify the pretty creatures, but with +<span class="smcap">Birds</span> as a companion, which may +readily be consulted, the student cannot +be led into error.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE RED BREASTED MERGANSER.</h2> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 116px;"> +<img src="images/imgw.png" width="116" height="80" alt="W" title="" /> +</div> +<p>HY this duck should be +called red-breasted is not +at first apparent, as at +a distance the color can +not be distinguished, but seen near, the +reason is plain. It is a common bird +in the United States in winter, where +it is found in suitable localities in the +months of May and June. It is also +a resident of the far north, breeding +abundantly in Newfoundland, Labrador, +Greenland, and Iceland. It is +liberally supplied with names, as Red-Breasted +Goosander or Sheldrake, Garbill, +Sea Robin, etc.</p> + +<p>There is a difference in opinion as +to the nesting habits of the Red-Breast, +some authorities claiming that, like +the Wood Duck, the nest is placed in +the cavity of a tree, others that it is +usually found on the ground among +brushwood, surrounded with tall +grasses and at a short distance from +water. Davie says that most generally +it is concealed by a projecting +rock or other object, the nest being +made of leaves and mosses, lined with +feathers and down, which are plucked +from the breast of the bird. The observers +are all probably correct, the +bird adapting itself to the situation.</p> + +<p>Fish is the chief diet of the Merganser, +for which reason its flesh is rank +and unpalatable. The Bird’s appetite +is insatiable, devouring its food in +such quantities that it has frequently +to disgorge several times before it is +able to rise from the water. This +Duck can swallow fishes six or seven +inches in length, and will attempt to +swallow those of a larger size, choking +in the effort.</p> + +<p>The term Merganser is derived from +the plan of the bird’s bill, which is +furnished with saw teeth fitting into +each other.</p> + +<p>The eggs of the Red-Breasted Merganser +vary from six to twelve, are +oval in shape, and are of a yellowish +or reddish-drab, sometimes a dull +buffy-green.</p> + +<p>You may have seen pictures of this +Duck, which frequently figures in +dining rooms on the ornamental panels +of stuffed game birds, but none which +could cause you to remember its life-like +appearance. You here see before +you an actual Red-Breasted Merganser.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/img34.jpg" width="600" height="430" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">red-breasted merganser.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: -32em;" class="sml"><strong>From col. J. G. Parker, Jr.</strong></span> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span></p> + +<h2>BIRD SONG—<span class="sml">Continued from page <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</span></h2> + + +<p>with exactness, will deceive Mistress +Pullet herself.</p> + +<p>To carry the idea further, we will +take the notes of some of the birds +depicted in this number of <span class="smcap">Birds</span>. +The Osprey, or Fish-Hawk, has been +carefully observed, and his only discovered +note is a high, rapidly repeated +whistle, very plaintive. Doubtless +this noise is agreeable and intelligible +to his mate, but cannot be called a song, +and has no significance to the listener.</p> + +<p>The Vulture utters a low, hissing +sound when disturbed. This is its +only note. Not so with the Bald +Eagle, whose scream emulates the rage +of the tempest, and implies courage, +the quality which associates him with +patriotism and freedom. In the notes +of the Partridge there is a meaning +recognizable by every one. After the +nesting season, when the birds are in +bevies, their notes are changed to what +sportsmen term “scatter calls.” Not +long after a bevy has been flushed, +and perhaps widely scattered, the +members of the disunited family may +be heard signaling to one another in +sweet minor calls of two and three +notes, and in excitement, they utter +low, twittering notes.</p> + +<p>Of the Sora Rails, Mr. Chapman +says, “knowing their calls, you have +only to pass a May or June evening +near a marsh to learn whether they +inhabit it. If there, they will greet +you late in the afternoon with a clear +whistled <em>ker-wee</em>, which soon comes +from dozens of invisible birds about +you, and long after night has fallen, it +continues like a springtime chorus of +piping hylas. Now and again it is +interrupted by a high-voiced, rolling +whinney, which, like a call of alarm, +is taken up and repeated by different +birds all over the marsh.”</p> + +<p>Poor Red-Breasted Merganser! He +has only one note, a croak. Perhaps +it was of him that Bryant was thinking +when he wrote the stanzas “<a href="#Page_76">To a Water-Fowl</a>.”</p> + +<p>“The sentiment of feeling awakened +by any of the aquatic fowls is pre-eminently +one of loneliness,” says John +Burroughs. “The Wood Duck (see +July <span class="smcap">Birds</span>) which you approach, +starts from the pond or the marsh, the +Loon neighing down out of the April +sky, the Wild Goose, the Curlew, the +Stork, the Bittern, the Sandpiper, etc., +awaken quite a different train of emotions +from those awakened by the land +birds. They all have clinging to them +some reminiscence and suggestion of +the sea. Their cries echo its wildness +and desolation; their wings are the +shape of its billows.”</p> + +<p>But the Evening Grosbeak, the +Kentucky Warbler, the Skylark, land +birds all, are singers. They have +music in their throats and in their +souls, though of varying quality. The +Grosbeak’s note is described by different +observers as a shrill <em>cheepy tee</em> and +a frog-like <em>peep</em>, while one writer remarks +that the males have a single +metallic cry like the note of a trumpet, +and the females a loud chattering like +the large Cherry Birds.</p> + +<p>The Kentucky Warbler’s song is +entirely unlike that of any other +Warbler, and is a loud, clearly whistled +performance of five, six, or seven +notes, <em>turdle, turdle, turdle</em>, resembling +in tone some of the calls of the Carolina +Wren. He is so persistent in his +singing, however, that the Red-Breasted +Merganser’s simple croak would sometimes +be preferable to it.</p> + +<p>But the Skylark—</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 15em;"> + “All the earth and air<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">With thy voice is loud,</span><br /> + As, when night is bare<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">From one lonely cloud</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: -5.5em;">The moon rains out her beams and heaven is over-flowed.”</span></p> + +<p style="margin-left: 20em;">—<span class="smcap">C. C. Marble</span>.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE YELLOW LEGS.</h2> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 98px;"> +<img src="images/imgy.png" width="98" height="80" alt="Y" title="" /> +</div> +<p>ELLOW LEGS, or Lesser +Tell tale sometimes called +Yellow-leg Snipe, and Little +Cucu, inhabits the whole of +North America, nesting in the cold +temperate and subarctic districts of the +northern continent, migrating south +in winter to Argentine and Chili. It +is much rarer in the western than +eastern province of North America, +and is only accidental in Europe. It +is one of the wading birds, its food consisting +of larvae of insects, small shell +fish and the like.</p> + +<p>The nest of the Lesser Yellow +Shanks, which it is sometimes called, +is a mere depression in the ground, +without any lining. Sometimes, however, +it is placed at the foot of a bush, +with a scanty lining of withered leaves. +Four eggs of light drab, buffy or cream +color, sometimes of light brown, are +laid, and the breast of the female is +found to be bare of feathers when engaged +in rearing the young. The +Lesser Yellow legs breeds in central +Ohio and Illinois, where it is a regular +summer resident, arriving about the +middle of April, the larger portion of +flocks passing north early in May and +returning about the first of September +to remain until the last of October.</p> + +<p>A nest of this species of Snipe was +found situated in a slight depression at +the base of a small hillock near the +border of a prairie slough near Evanston, +Illinois, and was made of grass +stems and blades. The color of the +eggs in this instance was a deep grayish +white, three of which were marked +with spots of dark brown, and the +fourth egg with spots and well defined +blotches of a considerably lighter shade +of the same.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/img43.jpg" width="600" height="452" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">yellow legs.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: -32em;" class="sml"><strong>From col. F. M. Woodruff.</strong></span> +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/img44.jpg" width="600" height="425" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">sky lark.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: -32em;" class="sml"><strong>From col. F. M. Woodruff.</strong></span> +</div> + + +<p> </p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE SKYLARK.</h2> + + +<p>This is not an American bird. +I have allowed his picture to be +taken and placed here because +so many of our English friends +desired it.</p> + +<p>The skylark is probably the +most noted of birds in Europe. +He is found in all of the countries +of Europe, but England +seems to claim it. Here it stays +during the summer, and goes +south in the winter.</p> + +<p>Like our own Meadow Lark, +he likes best to stay in the fields. +Here you will find it when not +on the wing.</p> + +<p>Early in the spring the Skylark +begins his song, and he may +be heard for most of the year.</p> + +<p>Sometimes he sings while on +the ground, but usually it is +while he is soaring far above us.</p> + +<p>Skylarks do not often seek +the company of persons. There +are some birds, you know, that +seem happy only when they are +near people. Of course, they +are somewhat shy, but as a rule +they prefer to be near people. +While the Skylark does not seek +to be near persons, yet it is not +afraid of them.</p> + +<p>A gentleman, while riding +through the country, was surprised +to see a Skylark perch on +his saddle. When he tried to +touch it, the Lark moved along +on the horse’s back, and finally +dropped under the horse’s feet. +Here it seemed to hide. The +rider, looking up, saw a hawk +flying about. This explained the +cause of the skylark’s strange +actions.</p> + +<p>A pair of these Larks had +built their nest in a meadow. +When the time came for mowing +the grass, the little ones +were not large enough to leave +the nest. The mother bird laid +herself flat on the ground, with +her wings spread out. The +father bird took one of the little +ones from the nest and placed +it on the mother’s back. She +flew away, took the baby bird +to a safe place, and came back +for another.</p> + +<p>This time the father took his +turn. In this way they carried +the little ones to a safe place before +the mowers came.</p> + +<p>Like our Meadow Lark, the +Skylark builds her nest on the +ground—never in bushes or +trees. Usually it is built in a +hole below the surface of the +ground. It is for this reason +that it is hard to find.</p> + +<p>Then, too, the color of the nest +is much like that of the ground.</p> + +<p>Four or five eggs are usually +laid, and in two weeks the little +larks crack the shells, and come +into the world crying for worms +and bugs.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE SKYLARK.</h2> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 86px;"> +<img src="images/imgt.png" width="86" height="80" alt="T" title="" /> +</div> +<p>HE English Skylark has been +more celebrated in poetry than +any other song-bird. Shelley’s +famous poem is too long +to quote and too symmetrical to present +in fragmentary form. It is almost as +musical as the sweet singer itself.</p> + +<p>“By the first streak of dawn,” says +one familiar with the Skylark, “he +bounds from the dripping herbage, +and on fluttering wings mounts the +air for a few feet ere giving forth his +cheery notes. Then upward, apparently +without effort he sails, sometimes +drifting far away as he ascends, borne +as it were by the ascending vapors, so +easily he mounts the air. His notes +are so pure and sweet, and yet so loud +and varied withal, that when they first +disturb the air of early morning all the +other little feathered tenants of the +fields and hedgerows seem irresistibly +compelled to join him in filling the +air with melody. Upwards, ever upwards, +he mounts, until like a speck +in the highest ether he appears motionless; +yet still his notes are heard, +lovely in their faintness, now gradually +growing louder and louder as he +descends, until within a few yards of +the earth they cease, and he drops like +a fragment hurled from above into the +herbage, or flits about it for a short +distance ere alighting.” The Lark +sings just as richly on the ground as +when on quivering wing. When in +song he is said to be a good guide to +the weather, for whenever we see him +rise into the air, despite the gloomy +looks of an overcast sky, fine weather +is invariably at hand.</p> + +<p>The nest is most frequently in the +grass fields, sometimes amongst the +young corn, or in places little frequented. +It is made of dry grass and +moss, and lined with fibrous roots and +a little horse hair. The eggs, usually +four or five in number, are dull white, +spotted, clouded, and blotched over the +entire surface with brownish green. +The female Lark, says Dixon, like all +ground birds, is a very close sitter, +remaining faithful to her charge. She +regains her nest by dropping to the +ground a hundred yards or more from +its concealment.</p> + +<p>The food of the Lark is varied,—in +spring and summer, insects and their +larvae, and worms and slugs, in autumn +and winter, seeds.</p> + +<p>Olive Thorne Miller tells this pretty +anecdote of a Skylark which she +emancipated from a bird store: “I +bought the skylark, though I did not +want him. I spared no pains to make +the stranger happy. I procured a +beautiful sod of uncut fresh grass, of +which he at once took possession, +crouching or sitting low among the +stems, and looking most bewitching. +He seemed contented, and uttered no +more that appealing cry, but he did +not show much intelligence. His cage +had a broad base behind which he +delighted to hide, and for hours as I +sat in the room I could see nothing of +him, although I would hear him stirring +about. If I rose from my seat he +was instantly on the alert, and stretched +his head up to look over at me. I +tried to get a better view of him by +hanging a small mirror at an angle +over his cage, but he was so much +frightened by it that I removed it.”</p> + +<p>“This bird,” Mrs. Miller says “never +seemed to know enough to go home. +Even when very hungry he would +stand before his wide open door, where +one step would take him into his +beloved grass thicket, and yet that one +step he would not take. When his +hunger became intolerable he ran +around the room, circled about his +cage, looking in, recognizing his food +dishes, and trying eagerly to get +between the wires to reach them; and +yet when he came before the open door +he would stand and gaze, but never +go in. After five months’ trial, during +which he displayed no particular +intelligence, and never learned to enter +his cage, he passed out of the bird +room, but not into a store.”</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/img53.jpg" width="600" height="451" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">wilson’s phalarope.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: -32em;" class="sml"><strong>From col. F. M. Woodruff.</strong></span> +</div> + +<p> </p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span></p> +<h2>WILSON’S PHALAROPE.</h2> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 79px;"> +<img src="images/imgp.png" width="79" height="80" alt="P" title="" /> +</div> +<p>ERHAPS the most interesting, +as it is certainly the +most uncommon, characteristic +of this species of +birds is that the male relieves +his mate from all domestic duties +except the laying of the eggs. He +usually chooses a thin tuft of grass on +a level spot, but often in an open +place concealed by only a few straggling +blades. He scratches a shallow +depression in the soft earth, lines it +with a thin layer of fragments of old +grass blades, upon which the eggs, +three or four, are laid about the last of +May or first of June. Owing to the +low situation in which the nest is +placed, the first set of eggs are often +destroyed by a heavy fall of rain causing +the water to rise so as to submerge +the nest. The instinct of self preservation +in these birds, as in many others, +seems lacking in this respect. A +second set, numbering two or three, is +often deposited in a depression +scratched in the ground, as at first, but +with no sign of any lining.</p> + +<p>Wilson’s Phalarope is exclusively +an American bird, more common in +the interior than along the sea coast. +The older ornithologists knew little of +it. It is now known to breed in +northern Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin, +Minnesota, the Dakotas, Utah, and +Oregon. It is recorded as a summer +resident in northern Indiana and in +western Kansas. Mr. E. W. Nelson +states that it is the most common +species in northern Illinois, frequenting +grassy marshes and low prairies, +and is not exceeded in numbers even by +the ever-present Spotted Sandpiper. +While it was one of our most common +birds in the Calumet region it is now +becoming scarce.</p> + +<p>The adult female of this beautiful +species is by far the handsomest of the +small waders. The breeding plumage +is much brighter and richer than that +of the male, another peculiar characteristic, +and the male alone possesses +the naked abdomen. The female +always remains near the nest while he +is sitting, and shows great solicitude +upon the approach of an intruder. +The adults assume the winter plumage +during July.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE EVENING GROSBEAK.</h2> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 96px;"> +<img src="images/imgh.png" width="96" height="80" alt="H" title="" /> +</div> +<p>ANDSOMER birds there +may be, but in the opinion +of many this visitant to +various portions of western +North America is +in shape, color, and markings one of the +most exquisite of the feather-wearers. +It has for its habitation the region +extending from the plains to the Pacific +ocean and from Mexico into British +America. Toward the North it ranges +further to the east; so that, while it +appears to be not uncommon about +Lake Superior, it has been reported as +occuring in Ohio, New York, and Canada. +In Illinois it was observed at +Freeport during the winter of 1870 +and 1871, and at Waukegan during +January, 1873. It is a common resident +of the forests of the State of +Washington, and also of Oregon. In the +latter region Dr. Merrill observed the +birds carrying building material to a +huge fir tree, but was unable to locate +the nest, and the tree was practically +inaccessable. Mr. Walter E. Bryant +was the first to record an authentic +nest and eggs of the Evening Grosbeak. +In a paper read before the California +Academy of Sciences he describes +a nest of this species containing +four eggs, found in Yolo county, California. +The nest was built in a small +live oak, at a height of ten feet, and +was composed of small twigs supporting +a thin layer of fibrous bark and a +lining of horse hair. The eggs are of +a clear greenish-ground color, blotched +with pale brown. According to Mr. +Davie, one of the leading authorities +on North American birds, little if any +more information has been obtained +regarding the nests and eggs of the +Evening Grosbeak.</p> + +<p>As to its habits, Mr. O. P. Day says, +that about the year 1872, while hunting +during fine autumn weather in the +woods about Eureka, Illinois, he fell +in with a number of these Grosbeaks. +They were feeding in the tree tops on +the seeds of the sugar maple, just then +ripening, and were excessively fat. +They were very unsuspicious, and for +a long time suffered him to observe +them. They also ate the buds of +the cottonwood tree in company with +the Rose-Breasted Grosbeak.</p> + +<p>The song of the Grosbeak is singularly +like that of the Robin, and to +one not thoroughly familiar with the +notes of the latter a difference would +not at first be detected. There is a very +decided difference, however, and by +repeatedly listening to both species in +full voice it will be discovered more +and more clearly. The sweet and +gentle strains of music harmonize delightfully, +and the concert they make +is well worth the careful attention of +the discriminating student. The value +of such study will be admitted by all +who know how little is known of the +songsters. A gentleman recently said +to us that one day in November +the greater part of the football field +at the south end of Lincoln Park +was covered with Snow Birds. There +were also on the field more than +one hundred grammar and high school +boys waiting the arrival of the football +team. There was only one +person present who paid any attention +to the birds which were picking +up the food, twittering, hopping, and +flying about, and occasionally indulging +in fights, and all utterly oblivious +of the fact that there were scores of +shouting school boys around and +about them. The gentleman called +the attention of one after another of +ten of the high school boys to the snow +birds and asked what they were. They +one and all declared they were English +Sparrows, and seemed astounded +that any one could be so ignorant as +not to know what an English Sparrow +was. So much for the city-bred boy’s +observation of birds.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/img61.jpg" width="600" height="447" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">evening grosbeak.</span> +</div> + +<p> </p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE EVENING GROSBEAK.</h2> + + +<p>In the far Northwest we find +this beautiful bird the year +around. During the winter he +often comes farther south in +company with his cousin, the +Rose-Breasted Grosbeak.</p> + +<p>What a beautiful sight it +must be to see a flock of these +birds—Evening Grosbeaks and +Rose-Breasted in their pretty +plumage.</p> + +<p>Grosbeaks belong to a family +called Finches. The Sparrows, +Buntings, and Crossbills belong +to the same family. It is the +largest family among birds.</p> + +<p>You will notice that they all +have stout bills. Their food is +mostly grains and their bills are +well formed to crush the seeds.</p> + +<p>Look at your back numbers of +“<span class="smcap">Birds</span>” and notice the pictures +of the other Finches I have +named. Don’t you think Dame +Nature is very generous with +her colors sometimes?</p> + +<p>Only a few days ago while +strolling through the woods with +my field glass, I saw a pretty +sight. On one tree I saw a Redheaded +Woodpecker, a Flicker, +an Indigo Bunting, and a Rose-Breasted +Grosbeak. I thought +then, if we could only have the +Evening Grosbeak our group of +colors would be complete.</p> + +<p>Have you ever wondered at +some birds being so prettily +dressed while others have such +dull colors?</p> + +<p>Some people say that the birds +who do not sing must have +bright feathers to make them +attractive. We cannot believe +this. Some of our bright colored +birds are sweet singers, and +surely many of our dull colored +birds cannot sing very well.</p> + +<p>Next month you will see the +pictures of several home birds. +See if dull colors have anything +to do with sweet song.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE TURKEY VULTURE.</h2> + + +<p>This bird is found mostly in +the southern states. Here he is +known by the more common +name of Turkey Buzzard.</p> + +<p>He looks like a noble bird but +he isn’t. While he is well fitted +for flying, and might, if he tried, +catch his prey, he prefers to eat +dead animals.</p> + +<p>The people down south never +think of burying a dead horse or +cow. They just drag it out +away from their homes and +leave it to the Vultures who are +sure to dispose of it.</p> + +<p>It is very seldom that they +attack a live animal.</p> + +<p>They will even visit the streets +of the cities in search of dead +animals for food, and do not +show much fear of man. Oftentimes +they are found among the +chickens and ducks in the barn-yard, +but have never been known +to kill any.</p> + +<p>One gentleman who has +studied the habits of the Vulture +says that it has been known to +suck the eggs of Herons. This +is not common, though. As I +said they prefer dead animals +for their food and even eat their +own dead.</p> + +<p>The Vulture is very graceful +while on the wing. He sails +along and you can hardly see +his wings move as he circles +about looking for food on the +ground below.</p> + +<p>Many people think the Vulture +looks much like our tame turkey.</p> + +<p>If you know of a turkey near +by, just compare this picture +with it and you won’t think so.</p> + +<p>See how chalk-white his bill +is. No feathers on his head, but +a bright red skin.</p> + +<p>What do you think of the young +chick? It doesn’t seem as +though he could ever be the +large, heavy bird his parent +seems to be.</p> + +<p>Now turn back to the first +page of July “<span class="smcap">Birds</span>” and see +how he differs from the Eagle.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/img68.jpg" width="600" height="430" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">turkey vulture.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: -32em;" class="sml"><strong>From col. F. M. Woodruff.</strong></span> +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE TURKEY VULTURE.</h2> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 86px;"> +<img src="images/imgt.png" width="86" height="80" alt="T" title="" /> +</div> +<p>URKEY BUZZARD is the +familiar name applied to this +bird, on account of his remarkable +resemblance to our common +Turkey. This is the only respect +however, in which they are alike. It +inhabits the United States and British +Provinces from the Atlantic to the +Pacific, south through Central and +most of South America. Every farmer +knows it to be an industrious scavenger, +devouring at all times the putrid +or decomposing flesh of carcasses. +They are found in flocks, not only +flying and feeding in company, but +resorting to the same spot to roost; +nesting also in communities; depositing +their eggs on the ground, on rocks, +or in hollow logs and stumps, usually +in thick woods or in a sycamore grove, +in the bend or fork of a stream. The +nest is frequently built in a tree, or in +the cavity of a sycamore stump, though +a favorite place for depositing the +eggs is a little depression under a small +bush or overhanging rock on a steep +hillside.</p> + +<p>Renowned naturalists have long +argued that the Vulture does not have +an extraordinary power of smell, but, +according to Mr. Davie, an excellent +authority, it has been proven by the +most satisfactory experiments that the +Turkey Buzzard does possess a keen +sense of smell by which it can distinguish +the odor of flesh at a great +distance.</p> + +<p>The flight of the Turkey Vulture is +truly beautiful, and no landscape with +its patches of green woods and grassy +fields, is perfect without its dignified +figure high in the air, moving round in +circles, steady, graceful and easy, and +apparently without effort. “It sails,” +says Dr. Brewer, “with a steady, even +motion, with wings just above the +horizontal position, with their tips +slightly raised, rises from the ground +with a single bound, gives a few flaps +of the wings, and then proceeds with +its peculiar soaring flight, rising very +high in the air.”</p> + +<p>The Vulture pictured in the accompanying +plate was obtained between the +Brazos river and Matagorda bay. With +it was found the Black Vulture, both +nesting upon the ground. As the +nearest trees were thirty or forty miles +distant these Vultures were always +found in this situation. The birds +selected an open spot beneath a heavy +growth of bushes, placing the eggs +upon the bare ground. The old bird +when approached would not attempt +to leave the nest, and in the case of +the young bird in the plate, the female +to protect it from harm, promptly disgorged +the putrid contents of her +stomach, which was so offensive that +the intruder had to close his nostrils +with one hand while he reached for +the young bird with the other.</p> + +<p>The Turkey Vulture is a very silent +bird, only uttering a hiss of defiance +or warning to its neighbors when feeding, +or a low gutteral croak of alarm +when flying low overhead.</p> + +<p>The services of the Vultures as scavengers +in removing offal render them +valuable, and almost a necessity in +southern cities. If an animal is killed +and left exposed to view, the bird is +sure to find out the spot in a very short +time, and to make its appearance as if +called by some magic spell from the +empty air.</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 15em;"> +“Never stoops the soaring Vulture<br /> +On his quarry in the desert,<br /> +On the sick or wounded bison,<br /> +But another Vulture, watching,<br /> +From his high aerial lookout,<br /> +Sees the downward plunge and follows;<br /> +And a third pursues the second,<br /> +Coming from the invisible ether,<br /> +First a speck, and then a Vulture,<br /> +Till the air is dark with pinions.”</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span></p> +<h2>TO A WATER-FOWL.</h2> + + +<p style="margin-left: 12em;"> +Whither, ’midst falling dew<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">While glow the heavens with the last steps of day,</span><br /> +Far through their rosy depths dost thou pursue<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thy solitary way?</span></p> + +<p style="margin-left: 12em;"> +Vainly the fowler’s eye<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Might mark thy distant flight to do thee wrong,</span><br /> +As, darkly painted on the crimson sky,<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thy figure floats along.</span></p> + +<p style="margin-left: 12em;"> +Seek’st thou the plashy brink<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Of weedy lake, or marge of river wide,</span><br /> +Or where the rocky billows rise and sink<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">On the chafed ocean side.</span></p> + +<p style="margin-left: 12em;"> +There is a Power whose care<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Teaches thy way along that pathless coast—</span><br /> +The desert and illimitable air—<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lone wandering, but not lost.</span></p> + +<p style="margin-left: 12em;"> +All day thy wings have fanned,<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">At that far height, the cold thin atmosphere,</span><br /> +Yet stoop not, weary, to the welcome land<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Though the dark night is near.</span></p> + +<p style="margin-left: 12em;"> +And soon that toil shall end;<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Soon shalt thou find a summer home, and nest,</span><br /> +And scream among thy fellows; reeds shall bend,<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Soon o’er thy sheltered nest.</span></p> + +<p style="margin-left: 12em;"> +Thou’rt gone, the abyss of heaven<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hath swallowed up thy form; yet on my heart</span><br /> +Deeply has sunk the lesson thou hast given,<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">And shall not soon depart.</span></p> + +<p style="margin-left: 12em;"> +He who from zone to zone,<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Guides through the boundless sky thy certain flight,</span><br /> +In the long way that I must tread alone,<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Will lead my steps aright.</span></p> + +<p style="margin-left: 22em;"><span class="smcap">William Cullen Bryant.</span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 439px;"> +<img src="images/img75.jpg" width="439" height="600" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">gambel’s partridge.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: -22em;" class="sml"><strong>From col. F. M. Woodruff.</strong></span> +</div> + +<p> </p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span></p> +<h2>GAMBEL’S PARTRIDGE.</h2> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 99px;"> +<img src="images/imgg.png" width="99" height="80" alt="G" title="" /> +</div> +<p>AMBEL’S PARTRIDGE, of +which comparatively little +is known, is a characteristic +game bird of Arizona and +New Mexico, of rare beauty, and with +habits similar to others of the species +of which there are about two hundred. +Mr. W. E. D. Scott found the species +distributed throughout the entire Catalina +region in Arizona below an altitude +of 5,000 feet. The bird is also +known as the Arizona Quail.</p> + +<p>The nest is made in a depression in +the ground sometimes without any +lining. From eight to sixteen eggs +are laid. They are most beautifully +marked on a creamy-white ground +with scattered spots and blotches of +old gold, and sometimes light drab and +chestnut red. In some specimens the +gold coloring is so pronounced that it +strongly suggests to the imagination +that this quail feeds upon the grains +of the precious metal which characterizes +its home, and that the pigment +is imparted to the eggs.</p> + +<p>After the nesting season these birds +commonly gather in “coveys” or bevies, +usually composed of the members of +but one family. As a rule they are +terrestrial, but may take to trees when +flushed. They are game birds <em>par excellence</em>, +and, says Chapman, trusting +to the concealment afforded by their +dull colors, attempt to avoid detection +by hiding rather than by flying. The +flight is rapid and accompanied by a +startling whirr, caused by the quick +strokes of their small, concave, stiff-feathered +wings. They roost on the +ground, tail to tail, with heads pointing +outward; “a bunch of closely +huddled forms—a living bomb whose +explosion is scarcely less startling +than that of dynamite manufacture.”</p> + +<p>The Partridge is on all hands admitted +to be wholly harmless, and at +times beneficial to the agriculturist. +It is an undoubted fact that it thrives +with the highest system of cultivation, +and the lands that are the most carefully +tilled, and bear the greatest quantity +of grain and green crops, generally +produce the greatest number of Partridges.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 95%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span></p> +<h2>SUMMARY.</h2> + + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</p> + +<p><strong>AMERICAN OSPREY.</strong>—<em>Pandion paliaetus carolinensis.</em></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Range</span>—North America; breeds from Florida +to Labrador; winters from South Carolina +to northern South America.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nest</span>—Generally in a tree, thirty to fifty feet +from the ground, rarely on the ground.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Eggs</span>—Two to four; generally buffy white, +heavily marked with chocolate.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</p> + +<p><strong>SORA RAIL.</strong>—<em>Porzana carolina.</em></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Range</span>—Temperate North America, south to +the West Indies and northern South America.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nest</span>—Of grass and reeds, placed on the +ground in a tussock of grass, where there is a +growth of briers.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Eggs</span>—From seven to fourteen; of a ground +color, of dark cream or drab, with reddish +brown spots.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.</p> + +<p><strong>KENTUCKY WARBLER.</strong>—<em>Geothlypis formosa.</em></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Range</span>—Eastern United States; breeds from +the Gulf States to Iowa and Connecticut; +winters in Central America.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nest</span>—Bulky, of twigs and rootlets, firmly +wrapped with leaves, on or near the ground.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Eggs</span>—Four or five; white or grayish white, +speckled or blotched with rufous.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</p> + +<p><strong>RED-BREASTED MERGANSER.</strong>—<em>Merganser Serrator.</em></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Range</span>—Northern parts of the Northern +Hemisphere; in America breeds from northern +Illinois and New Brunswick northward to the +arctic regions; winters southward to Cuba.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nest</span>—Of leaves, grasses, mosses, etc., lined +with down, on the ground near water, among +rocks or scrubby bushes.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Eggs</span>—Six to twelve; creamy buff.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</p> + +<p><strong>YELLOW LEGS.</strong>—<em>Totanus flavipes.</em></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Range</span>—North America, breeding chiefly in +the interior from Minnesota, northern Illinois, +Ontario County, N. Y., northward to the Arctic +regions; winters from the Gulf States to +Patagonia.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Eggs</span>—Three or four; buffy, spotted or +blotched with dark madder—or van dyke—brown +and purplish gray.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</p> + +<p><strong>SKYLARK.</strong>—<em>Alauda arvensis.</em></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Range</span>—Europe and portions of Asia and +Africa; accidental in the Bermudas and in +Greenland.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nest</span>—Placed on the ground, in meadows or +open grassy places, sheltered by a tuft of grass; +the materials are grasses, plant stems, and a +few chance leaves.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Eggs</span>—Three to five, of varying form, color, +and size.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</p> + +<p><strong>WILSON’S PHALAROPE.</strong>—<em>Phalaropus tricolor.</em></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Range</span>—Temperate North America, breeding +from northern Illinois and Utah northward to +the Saskatchewan region; south in winter to +Brazil and Patagonia.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nest</span>—A shallow depression in soft earth, +lined with a thin layer of fragments of grass.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Eggs</span>—Three to four; cream buff or buffy +white, heavily blotched with deep chocolate.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</p> + +<p><strong>EVENING GROSBEAK.</strong>—<em>Cocothraustes vespertina.</em></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Range</span>—Interior of North America, from +Manitoba northward; southeastward in winter +to the upper Mississippi Valley and casually to +the northern Atlantic States.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nest</span>—Of small twigs, lined with bark, hair, +or rootlets, placed within twenty feet of the +ground.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Eggs</span>—Three or four; greenish, blotched +with pale brown.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</p> + +<p><strong>TURKEY VULTURE.</strong>—<em>Catharista Atrata.</em></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Range</span>—Temperate America, from New +Jersey southward to Patagonia.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nest</span>—In hollow stump or log, or on ground +beneath bushes or palmettos.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Eggs</span>—One to three; dull white, spotted and +blotched with chocolate marking.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</p> + +<p><strong>GAMBEL’S PARTRIDGE.</strong>—<em>Callipepla gambeli.</em></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Range</span>—Northwestern Mexico, Arizona, New +Mexico, southern Utah, and western Utah and +western Texas.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nest</span>—Placed on the ground, sometimes +without any lining.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Eggs</span>—From eight to sixteen.</p> + +</div> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Birds Illustrated by Color Photography +[August, 1897], by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BIRDS ILLUSTRATED BY COLOR *** + +***** This file should be named 26656-h.htm or 26656-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/6/6/5/26656/ + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Anne Storer and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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0000000..59329d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/26656-page-images/p0080.png diff --git a/26656.txt b/26656.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ffd562e --- /dev/null +++ b/26656.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1649 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Birds Illustrated by Color Photography +[August, 1897], by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Birds Illustrated by Color Photography [August, 1897] + A Monthly Serial designed to Promote Knowledge of Bird-Life + +Author: Various + +Release Date: September 19, 2008 [EBook #26656] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BIRDS ILLUSTRATED BY COLOR *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Anne Storer and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + BIRDS + + A MONTHLY SERIAL + + ILLUSTRATED BY COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY + + DESIGNED TO PROMOTE + + KNOWLEDGE OF BIRD-LIFE + + + VOLUME II. + + + CHICAGO. + NATURE STUDY PUBLISHING COMPANY. + + + + + COPYRIGHT, 1897 + BY + NATURE STUDY PUBLISHING CO. + CHICAGO. + + + + +INTRODUCTION. + + +This is the second volume of a series intended to present, in accurate +colored portraiture, and in popular and juvenile biographical text, a +very considerable portion of the common birds of North America, and +many of the more interesting and attractive specimens of other +countries, in many respects superior to all other publications which +have attempted the representation of birds, and at infinitely less +expense. The appreciative reception by the public of Vol. I deserves +our grateful acknowledgement. Appearing in monthly parts, it has been +read and admired by thousands of people, who, through the life-like +pictures presented, have made the acquaintance of many birds, and have +since become enthusiastic observers of them. It has been introduced +into the public schools, and is now in use as a text book by hundreds +of teachers, who have expressed enthusiastic approval of the work and +of its general extension. The faithfulness to nature of the pictures, +in color and pose, have been commended by such ornithologists and +authors as Dr. Elliott Coues, Mr. John Burroughs, Mr. J. W. Allen, +editor of _The Auk_, Mr. Frank M. Chapman, Mr. J. W. Baskett, and +others. + +The general text of BIRDS--the biographies--has been conscientiously +prepared from the best authorities by a careful observer of the +feather-growing denizens of the field, the forest, and the shore, +while the juvenile autobiographies have received the approval of the +highest ornithological authority. + +The publishers take pleasure in the announcement that the general +excellence of BIRDS will be maintained in subsequent volumes. The +subjects selected for the third and fourth volumes--many of them--will +be of the rare beauty in which the great Audubon, the limner _par +excellence_ of birds, would have found "the joy of imitation." + + NATURE STUDY PUBLISHING COMPANY. + + + + + BIRDS. + ILLUSTRATED BY COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY + ================================ + VOL. II. AUGUST NO. 2 + ================================ + + + + +BIRD SONG. + + +We made several early morning excursions into the woods and fields +during the month of June, and were abundantly rewarded in many +ways--by beholding the gracious awakening of Nature in her various +forms, kissed into renewed activity by the radiance of morn; by the +sweet smelling air filled with the perfume of a multitude of opening +flowers which had drunk again the dew of heaven; by the sight of +flitting clouds across the bluest of skies, patching the green earth +with moving shadows, and sweetest of all, by the twittering, calling, +musical sounds of love and joy which came to the ear from the throats +of the feathered throng. How pleasant to lie prone on one's back on +the cool grass, and gaze upward through the shady green canopy of +boughs, watching the pretty manoeuvers, the joyous greetings, the +lively anxieties, the graceful movements, and even the sorrowful +happenings of the bird-life above us. + +Listen to the variety of their tones, as manifest as the difference of +form and color. What more interesting than to observe their habits, +and discover their cosy nests with their beautiful eggs in the +green foliage? Strange that so many persons think only of making a +collection of them, robbing the nests with heartless indifference to +the suffering of the parents, to say nothing of the invasion which +they make of the undoubted rights the birds have from nature to +protection and perpetuation. + +Strictly speaking, there are few birds to which the word "singing" +can properly be applied, the majority of them not having more than +two or three notes, and they with little suggestion of music in them. +Chanticleer crows, his spouse cackles or clucks, as may be suitable to +the occasion. To what ear are these noises musical? They are rather +language, and, in fact, the varying notes of every species of bird +have a significance which can alone be interpreted by its peculiar +habits. If careful note be made of the immediate conduct of the male +or female bird, as the case may be, after each call or sound, the +meaning of it becomes plain. + +A hen whose chicks are scattered in search of food, upon seeing a +hawk, utters a note of warning which we have all heard, and the young +scamper to her for protection beneath her wings. When she has laid an +egg, _Cut-cut-cut-cut-ot-cut!_ announces it from the nest in the barn. +When the chicks are hatched, her _cluck, cluck, cluck_, calls them +from the nest in the wide world, and her _chick, chick, chick_, +uttered quickly, selects for them the dainty which she has found, or +teaches them what is proper for their diet. A good listener will +detect enough intonations in her voice to constitute a considerable +vocabulary, which, if imitated + +[CONTINUED ON PAGE 57.] + + + + +THE AMERICAN OSPREY. + + +Here is the picture of a remarkable bird. We know him better by the +name Fish Hawk. He looks much like the Eagle in July "BIRDS." The +Osprey has no use for Mr. Eagle though. + +You know the Bald Eagle or Sea Eagle is very fond of fish. Well, he is +not a very good fisherman and from his lofty perch he watches for the +Fish Hawk or Osprey. Do you ask why? Well, when he sees a Fish Hawk +with his prey, he is sure to chase him and take it from him. It is for +this reason that Ospreys dislike the Bald Eagle. + +Their food is fish, which as a rule they catch alive. + +It must be interesting to watch the Osprey at his fishing. He wings +his way slowly over the water, keeping a watch for fish as they appear +near the surface. + +When he sees one that suits him, he hovers a moment, and then, closing +his wings, falls upon the fish. + +Sometimes he strikes it with such force that he disappears in the +water for a moment. Soon we see him rise from the water with the prey +in his claws. + +He then flies to some tall tree and if he has not been discovered by +his enemy, the Eagle, can have a good meal for his hard work. + +Look at his claws; then think of them striking a fish as they must +when he plunges from on high. + +A gentleman tells of an Osprey that fastened his claws in a fish that +was too large for him. + +The fish drew him under and nothing more was seen of Mr. Osprey. The +same gentleman tells of a fish weighing six pounds that fell from the +claws of a Fish Hawk that became frightened by an Eagle. + +The Osprey builds his nest much like the Bald Eagle. It is usually +found in a tall tree and out of reach. + +Like the Eagle, he uses the same nest each year, adding to it. +Sometimes it measures five feet high and three feet across. One nest +that was found, contained enough sticks, cornstalks, weeds, moss, and +the like, to fill a cart, and made a load for a horse to draw. Like +the Crows and Blackbirds they prefer to live together in numbers. Over +three hundred nests have been found in the trees on a small island. + +One thing I want you to remember about the Osprey. They usually remain +mated for life. + + [Illustration: From col. F. M. Woodruff. + OSPREY.] + + + + +THE AMERICAN OSPREY. + + +An interesting bird, "Winged Fisher," as he has been happily called, +is seen in places suited to his habits, throughout temperate North +America, particularly about islands and along the seacoast. At Shelter +Island, New York, they are exceedingly variable in the choice of a +nesting place. On Gardiner's Island they all build in trees at a +distance varying from ten to seventy-five feet from the ground; on +Plum Island, where large numbers of them nest, many place their nests +on the ground, some being built up to a height of four or five feet +while others are simply a few sticks arranged in a circle, and the +eggs laid on the bare sand. On Shelter Island they build on the +chimneys of houses, and a pair had a nest on the cross-bar of a +telegraph pole. Another pair had a nest on a large rock. These were +made of coarse sticks and sea weed, anything handy, such as bones, +old shoes, straw, etc. A curious nest was found some years ago on the +coast of New Jersey. It contained three eggs, and securely imbedded +in the loose material of the Osprey's nest was a nest of the Purple +Grackle, containing five eggs, while at the bottom of the Hawk's nest +was a thick, rotten limb, in which was a Tree Swallow's nest of seven +eggs. + +In the spring and early autumn this familiar eagle-like bird can be +seen hovering over creek, river, and sound. It is recognized by its +popular name of Fish-Hawk. Following a school of fish, it dashes from +a considerable height to seize its prey with its stout claws. If the +fish is small it is at once swallowed, if it is large, (and the Osprey +will occasionally secure shad, blue fish, bass, etc., weighing five or +six pounds,) the fish is carried to a convenient bluff or tree and +torn to bits. The Bald Eagle often robs him of the fish by seizing it, +or startling him so that he looses his hold. + +The Osprey when fishing makes one of the most breezy, spirited +pictures connected with the feeding habits of any of our birds, as +often there is a splashing and a struggle under water when the fish +grasped is too large or the great talons of the bird gets entangled. +He is sometimes carried under and drowned, and large fish have been +washed ashore with these birds fastened to them by the claws. + +Mrs. Mabel Osgood Wright says: "I found an Osprey's nest in a crooked +oak on Wakeman's Island in late April, 1893. As I could not get close +to the nest (the island is between a network of small creeks, and the +flood tides covered the marshes,) I at first thought it was a +monstrous crow's nest, but on returning the second week in May I saw a +pair of Ospreys coming and going to and fro from the nest. I hoped the +birds might return another season, as the nest looked as if it might +have been used for two or three years, and was as lop-sided as a +poorly made haystack. The great August storm of the same year broke +the tree, and the nest fell, making quite a heap upon the ground. +Among the debris were sticks of various sizes, dried reeds, two bits +of bamboo fishing rod, seaweeds, some old blue mosquito netting, and +some rags of fish net, also about half a bushel of salt hay in various +stages of decomposition, and malodorous dirt galore." + +It is well known that Ospreys, if not disturbed, will continue +indefinitely to heap rubbish upon their nests till their bulk is very +great. Like the Owls they can reverse the rear toe. + + + + +THE SORA RAIL. + + +Various are the names required to distinguish the little slate-colored +Carolina Rail from its brethren, Sora, Common Rail, and, on the +Potomac river, Ortolan, being among them. He is found throughout +temperate North America, in the weedy swamps of the Atlantic states in +great abundance, in the Middle states, and in California. In Ohio he +is a common summer resident, breeding in the extensive swamps and wet +meadows. The nest is a rude affair made of grass and weeds, placed on +the ground in a tussock of grass in a boggy tract of land, where there +is a growth of briers, etc., where he may skulk and hide in the wet +grass to elude observation. The nest may often be discovered at a +distance by the appearance of the surrounding grass, the blades of +which are in many cases interwoven over the nest, apparently to shield +the bird from the fierce rays of the sun, which are felt with +redoubled force on the marshes. + +The Rails feed on both vegetable and animal food. During the months of +September and October, the weeds and wild oats swarm with them. They +feed on the nutricious seeds, small snail shells, worms and larvae of +insects, which they extract from the mud. The habits of the Sora Rail, +its thin, compressed body, its aversion to take wing, and the +dexterity with which it runs or conceals itself among the grass and +sedge, are exactly similar to those of the more celebrated Virginia +Rail. + +The Sora frequents those parts of marshes preferably where fresh water +springs rise through the morass. Here it generally constructs its +nest, "one of which," says an observer, "we had the good fortune to +discover. It was built in the bottom of a tuft of grass in the midst +of an almost impenetrable quagmire, and was composed altogether of old +wet grass and rushes. The eggs had been flooded out of the nest by the +extraordinary rise of the tide in a violent northwest storm, and lay +scattered about the drift weed. The usual number of eggs is from six +to ten. They are of a dirty white or pale cream color, sprinkled with +specks of reddish and pale purple, most numerous near the great end." + +When on the wing the Sora Rail flies in a straight line for a short +distance with dangling legs, and suddenly drops into the water. + +The Rails have many foes, and many nests are robbed of their eggs by +weasels, snakes, Blackbirds, and Marsh Hawks, although the last cannot +disturb them easily, as the Marsh Hawk searches for its food while +flying and a majority of the Rails' nests are covered over, making it +hard to distinguish them when the Hawk is above. + + + + + [Illustration: From col. Chi. Acad. Sciences. + SORA RAIL.] + +THE SORA RAIL. + + +This is one of our fresh-water marsh birds. I show you his picture +taken where he spends most of his time. + +If it were not for the note calls, these tall reeds and grasses would +keep from us the secret of the Rail's home. + +Like most birds, though, they must be heard, and so late in the +afternoon you may hear their clear note, ker-wee. + +From all parts of the marsh you will hear their calls which they keep +up long after darkness has set in. + +This Rail was just about to step out from the grasses to feed when the +artist took his picture. See him--head up, and tail up. He steps along +carefully. He feels that it is risky to leave his shelter and is ready +at the first sign of danger, to dart back under cover. + +There are very few fresh-water marshes where the Rail is not found. + +When a boy, I loved to hear their note calls and would spend hours on +the edge of a marsh near my home. + +It seemed to me there was no life among the reeds and cat-tails of the +marsh, but when I threw a stone among them, the Rails would always +answer with their _peeps_ or _keeks_. + +And so I used to go down to the marsh with my pockets filled with +stones. Not that I desired or even expected to injure one of these +birds. Far from it. It pleased me to hear their calls from the reeds +and grass that seemed deserted. + +Those of you who live near wild-rice or wild-oat marshes have a good +chance to become acquainted with this Rail. + +In the south these Rails are found keeping company with the Bobolinks +or Reed-birds as they are called down there. + + + + +THE KENTUCKY WARBLER. + + +Although this bird is called the Kentucky Warbler, we must not think +he visits that state alone. + +We find him all over eastern North America. And a beautiful bird he +is. + +As his name tells you he is one of a family of Warblers. + +I told you somewhere else that the Finches are the largest family of +birds. Next to them come the Warblers. + +Turn back now and see how many Warblers have been pictured so far. + +See if you can tell what things group them as a family. Notice their +bills and feet. + +This bird is usually found in the dense woods, especially where there +are streams of water. + +He is a good singer, and his song is very different from that of any +of the other Warblers. + +I once watched one of these birds--olive-green above and yellow +beneath. His mate was on a nest near by and he was entertaining her +with his song. + +He kept it up over two hours, stopping only a few seconds between his +songs. When I reached the spot with my field-glass I was attracted by +his peculiar song. I don't know how long he had been singing. I stayed +and spent two hours with him and he showed no signs of stopping. He +may be singing yet. I hope he is. + +You see him here perched on a granite cliff. I suppose his nest is +near by. + +He makes it of twigs and rootlets, with several thicknesses of leaves. +It is neatly lined with fine rootlets and you will always find it on +or near the ground. + +In the September and October number of "BIRDS" you will find several +Warblers and Finches. Try to keep track of them and may be you can do +as many others have done--tell the names of new birds that come along +by their pictures which you have seen in "BIRDS." + + [Illustration: From col. F. M. Woodruff. + KENTUCKY WARBLER.] + + + + +THE KENTUCKY WARBLER. + + +Between sixty and seventy warblers are described by Davie in his +"Nests and Eggs of North American Birds," and the Kentucky Warbler is +recognized as one of the most beautiful of the number, in its manners +almost the counterpart of the Golden Crowned Thrush (soon to delight +the eyes of the readers of BIRDS), though it is altogether a more +conspicuous bird, both on account of its brilliant plumage and +greater activity, the males being, during the season of nesting, very +pugnacious, continually chasing one another about the woods. It lives +near the ground, making its artfully concealed nest among the low +herbage and feeding in the undergrowth, the male singing from some old +log or low bush, his song recalling that of the Cardinal, though much +weaker. + +The ordinary note is a soft _schip_, somewhat like the common call of +the Pewee. Considering its great abundance, says an observer, the nest +of this charmer is very difficult to find; the female, he thought, +must slyly leave the nest at the approach of an intruder, running +beneath the herbage until a considerable distance from the nest, when, +joined by her mate, the pair by their evident anxiety mislead the +stranger as to its location. + +It has been declared that no group of birds better deserves the +epithet "pretty" than the Warblers. Tanagers are splendid, Humming +Birds refulgent, others brilliant, gaudy, or magnificent, but Warblers +alone are pretty. + +The Warblers are migratory birds, the majority of them passing rapidly +across the United States in spring on the way to their northern +nesting grounds, and in autumn to their winter residence within the +tropics. When the apple trees bloom they revel among the flowers, +vieing in activity and numbers with the bees; "now probing the +recesses of a blossom for an insect, then darting to another, where, +poised daintily upon a slender twig, or suspended from it, they +explore hastily but carefully for another morsel. Every movement is +the personification of nervous activity, as if the time for their +journey was short; as, indeed, appears to be the case, for two or +three days at most suffice some species in a single locality." + +We recently saw a letter from a gentleman living at Lake Geneva, in +which he referred with enthusiasm to BIRDS, because it had enabled him +to identify a bird which he had often seen in the apple trees among +the blossoms, particularly the present season, with which he was +unacquainted by name. It was the Orchard Oriole, and he was glad to +have a directory of nature which would enable him to add to his +knowledge and correct errors of observation. The idea is a capitol +one, and the beautiful Kentucky Warbler, unknown to many who see it +often, may be recognized in the same way by residents of southern +Indiana and Illinois, Kansas, some localities in Ohio, particularly in +the southwestern portion, in parts of New York and New Jersey, in the +District of Columbia, and in North Carolina. It has not heretofore +been possible, even with the best painted specimens of birds in the +hand, to satisfactorily identify the pretty creatures, but with BIRDS +as a companion, which may readily be consulted, the student cannot be +led into error. + + + + +THE RED BREASTED MERGANSER. + + +Why this duck should be called red-breasted is not at first apparent, +as at a distance the color can not be distinguished, but seen near, +the reason is plain. It is a common bird in the United States in +winter, where it is found in suitable localities in the months of May +and June. It is also a resident of the far north, breeding abundantly +in Newfoundland, Labrador, Greenland, and Iceland. It is liberally +supplied with names, as Red-Breasted Goosander or Sheldrake, Garbill, +Sea Robin, etc. + +There is a difference in opinion as to the nesting habits of the +Red-Breast, some authorities claiming that, like the Wood Duck, the +nest is placed in the cavity of a tree, others that it is usually +found on the ground among brushwood, surrounded with tall grasses and +at a short distance from water. Davie says that most generally it is +concealed by a projecting rock or other object, the nest being made of +leaves and mosses, lined with feathers and down, which are plucked +from the breast of the bird. The observers are all probably correct, +the bird adapting itself to the situation. + +Fish is the chief diet of the Merganser, for which reason its flesh is +rank and unpalatable. The Bird's appetite is insatiable, devouring its +food in such quantities that it has frequently to disgorge several +times before it is able to rise from the water. This Duck can swallow +fishes six or seven inches in length, and will attempt to swallow +those of a larger size, choking in the effort. + +The term Merganser is derived from the plan of the bird's bill, which +is furnished with saw teeth fitting into each other. + +The eggs of the Red-Breasted Merganser vary from six to twelve, are +oval in shape, and are of a yellowish or reddish-drab, sometimes a +dull buffy-green. + +You may have seen pictures of this Duck, which frequently figures in +dining rooms on the ornamental panels of stuffed game birds, but none +which could cause you to remember its life-like appearance. You here +see before you an actual Red-Breasted Merganser. + + [Illustration: From col. J. G. Parker, Jr. + RED-BREASTED MERGANSER.] + + + + +BIRD SONG--Continued from page 41. + + +with exactness, will deceive Mistress Pullet herself. + +To carry the idea further, we will take the notes of some of the birds +depicted in this number of BIRDS. The Osprey, or Fish-Hawk, has been +carefully observed, and his only discovered note is a high, rapidly +repeated whistle, very plaintive. Doubtless this noise is agreeable +and intelligible to his mate, but cannot be called a song, and has no +significance to the listener. + +The Vulture utters a low, hissing sound when disturbed. This is its +only note. Not so with the Bald Eagle, whose scream emulates the rage +of the tempest, and implies courage, the quality which associates him +with patriotism and freedom. In the notes of the Partridge there is a +meaning recognizable by every one. After the nesting season, when the +birds are in bevies, their notes are changed to what sportsmen term +"scatter calls." Not long after a bevy has been flushed, and perhaps +widely scattered, the members of the disunited family may be heard +signaling to one another in sweet minor calls of two and three notes, +and in excitement, they utter low, twittering notes. + +Of the Sora Rails, Mr. Chapman says, "knowing their calls, you have +only to pass a May or June evening near a marsh to learn whether they +inhabit it. If there, they will greet you late in the afternoon with +a clear whistled _ker-wee_, which soon comes from dozens of invisible +birds about you, and long after night has fallen, it continues like a +springtime chorus of piping hylas. Now and again it is interrupted by +a high-voiced, rolling whinney, which, like a call of alarm, is taken +up and repeated by different birds all over the marsh." + +Poor Red-Breasted Merganser! He has only one note, a croak. Perhaps +it was of him that Bryant was thinking when he wrote the stanzas "To +a Water-Fowl." + +"The sentiment of feeling awakened by any of the aquatic fowls is +pre-eminently one of loneliness," says John Burroughs. "The Wood Duck +(see July BIRDS) which you approach, starts from the pond or the +marsh, the Loon neighing down out of the April sky, the Wild Goose, +the Curlew, the Stork, the Bittern, the Sandpiper, etc., awaken quite +a different train of emotions from those awakened by the land birds. +They all have clinging to them some reminiscence and suggestion of the +sea. Their cries echo its wildness and desolation; their wings are the +shape of its billows." + +But the Evening Grosbeak, the Kentucky Warbler, the Skylark, land +birds all, are singers. They have music in their throats and in their +souls, though of varying quality. The Grosbeak's note is described by +different observers as a shrill _cheepy tee_ and a frog-like _peep_, +while one writer remarks that the males have a single metallic cry +like the note of a trumpet, and the females a loud chattering like the +large Cherry Birds. + +The Kentucky Warbler's song is entirely unlike that of any other +Warbler, and is a loud, clearly whistled performance of five, six, or +seven notes, _turdle, turdle, turdle_, resembling in tone some of the +calls of the Carolina Wren. He is so persistent in his singing, +however, that the Red-Breasted Merganser's simple croak would +sometimes be preferable to it. + +But the Skylark-- + + "All the earth and air + With thy voice is loud, + As, when night is bare + From one lonely cloud + The moon rains out her beams and heaven is over-flowed." + + --C. C. MARBLE. + + + + +THE YELLOW LEGS. + + +Yellow Legs, or Lesser Tell tale sometimes called Yellow-leg Snipe, +and Little Cucu, inhabits the whole of North America, nesting in the +cold temperate and subarctic districts of the northern continent, +migrating south in winter to Argentine and Chili. It is much rarer in +the western than eastern province of North America, and is only +accidental in Europe. It is one of the wading birds, its food +consisting of larvae of insects, small shell fish and the like. + +The nest of the Lesser Yellow Shanks, which it is sometimes called, +is a mere depression in the ground, without any lining. Sometimes, +however, it is placed at the foot of a bush, with a scanty lining +of withered leaves. Four eggs of light drab, buffy or cream color, +sometimes of light brown, are laid, and the breast of the female is +found to be bare of feathers when engaged in rearing the young. The +Lesser Yellow legs breeds in central Ohio and Illinois, where it is +a regular summer resident, arriving about the middle of April, the +larger portion of flocks passing north early in May and returning +about the first of September to remain until the last of October. + +A nest of this species of Snipe was found situated in a slight +depression at the base of a small hillock near the border of a prairie +slough near Evanston, Illinois, and was made of grass stems and +blades. The color of the eggs in this instance was a deep grayish +white, three of which were marked with spots of dark brown, and the +fourth egg with spots and well defined blotches of a considerably +lighter shade of the same. + + [Illustration: From col. F. M. Woodruff. + YELLOW LEGS.] + + + + + [Illustration: From col. F. M. Woodruff. + SKY LARK.] + +THE SKYLARK. + + +This is not an American bird. I have allowed his picture to be taken +and placed here because so many of our English friends desired it. + +The skylark is probably the most noted of birds in Europe. He is found +in all of the countries of Europe, but England seems to claim it. Here +it stays during the summer, and goes south in the winter. + +Like our own Meadow Lark, he likes best to stay in the fields. Here +you will find it when not on the wing. + +Early in the spring the Skylark begins his song, and he may be heard +for most of the year. + +Sometimes he sings while on the ground, but usually it is while he is +soaring far above us. + +Skylarks do not often seek the company of persons. There are some +birds, you know, that seem happy only when they are near people. Of +course, they are somewhat shy, but as a rule they prefer to be near +people. While the Skylark does not seek to be near persons, yet it is +not afraid of them. + +A gentleman, while riding through the country, was surprised to see +a Skylark perch on his saddle. When he tried to touch it, the Lark +moved along on the horse's back, and finally dropped under the horse's +feet. Here it seemed to hide. The rider, looking up, saw a hawk flying +about. This explained the cause of the skylark's strange actions. + +A pair of these Larks had built their nest in a meadow. When the time +came for mowing the grass, the little ones were not large enough to +leave the nest. The mother bird laid herself flat on the ground, with +her wings spread out. The father bird took one of the little ones from +the nest and placed it on the mother's back. She flew away, took the +baby bird to a safe place, and came back for another. + +This time the father took his turn. In this way they carried the +little ones to a safe place before the mowers came. + +Like our Meadow Lark, the Skylark builds her nest on the ground--never +in bushes or trees. Usually it is built in a hole below the surface of +the ground. It is for this reason that it is hard to find. + +Then, too, the color of the nest is much like that of the ground. + +Four or five eggs are usually laid, and in two weeks the little larks +crack the shells, and come into the world crying for worms and bugs. + + + + +THE SKYLARK. + + +The English Skylark has been more celebrated in poetry than any +other song-bird. Shelley's famous poem is too long to quote and too +symmetrical to present in fragmentary form. It is almost as musical as +the sweet singer itself. + +"By the first streak of dawn," says one familiar with the Skylark, "he +bounds from the dripping herbage, and on fluttering wings mounts the +air for a few feet ere giving forth his cheery notes. Then upward, +apparently without effort he sails, sometimes drifting far away as he +ascends, borne as it were by the ascending vapors, so easily he mounts +the air. His notes are so pure and sweet, and yet so loud and varied +withal, that when they first disturb the air of early morning all the +other little feathered tenants of the fields and hedgerows seem +irresistibly compelled to join him in filling the air with melody. +Upwards, ever upwards, he mounts, until like a speck in the highest +ether he appears motionless; yet still his notes are heard, lovely +in their faintness, now gradually growing louder and louder as he +descends, until within a few yards of the earth they cease, and he +drops like a fragment hurled from above into the herbage, or flits +about it for a short distance ere alighting." The Lark sings just as +richly on the ground as when on quivering wing. When in song he is +said to be a good guide to the weather, for whenever we see him rise +into the air, despite the gloomy looks of an overcast sky, fine +weather is invariably at hand. + +The nest is most frequently in the grass fields, sometimes amongst +the young corn, or in places little frequented. It is made of dry +grass and moss, and lined with fibrous roots and a little horse hair. +The eggs, usually four or five in number, are dull white, spotted, +clouded, and blotched over the entire surface with brownish green. +The female Lark, says Dixon, like all ground birds, is a very close +sitter, remaining faithful to her charge. She regains her nest by +dropping to the ground a hundred yards or more from its concealment. + +The food of the Lark is varied,--in spring and summer, insects and +their larvae, and worms and slugs, in autumn and winter, seeds. + +Olive Thorne Miller tells this pretty anecdote of a Skylark which +she emancipated from a bird store: "I bought the skylark, though I +did not want him. I spared no pains to make the stranger happy. I +procured a beautiful sod of uncut fresh grass, of which he at once took +possession, crouching or sitting low among the stems, and looking most +bewitching. He seemed contented, and uttered no more that appealing +cry, but he did not show much intelligence. His cage had a broad base +behind which he delighted to hide, and for hours as I sat in the room +I could see nothing of him, although I would hear him stirring about. +If I rose from my seat he was instantly on the alert, and stretched +his head up to look over at me. I tried to get a better view of him by +hanging a small mirror at an angle over his cage, but he was so much +frightened by it that I removed it." + +"This bird," Mrs. Miller says "never seemed to know enough to go home. +Even when very hungry he would stand before his wide open door, where +one step would take him into his beloved grass thicket, and yet that +one step he would not take. When his hunger became intolerable he ran +around the room, circled about his cage, looking in, recognizing his +food dishes, and trying eagerly to get between the wires to reach +them; and yet when he came before the open door he would stand and +gaze, but never go in. After five months' trial, during which he +displayed no particular intelligence, and never learned to enter his +cage, he passed out of the bird room, but not into a store." + + + + + [Illustration: From col. F. M. Woodruff. + WILSON'S PHALAROPE.] + +WILSON'S PHALAROPE. + + +Perhaps the most interesting, as it is certainly the most uncommon, +characteristic of this species of birds is that the male relieves +his mate from all domestic duties except the laying of the eggs. He +usually chooses a thin tuft of grass on a level spot, but often in an +open place concealed by only a few straggling blades. He scratches a +shallow depression in the soft earth, lines it with a thin layer of +fragments of old grass blades, upon which the eggs, three or four, +are laid about the last of May or first of June. Owing to the low +situation in which the nest is placed, the first set of eggs are often +destroyed by a heavy fall of rain causing the water to rise so as to +submerge the nest. The instinct of self preservation in these birds, +as in many others, seems lacking in this respect. A second set, +numbering two or three, is often deposited in a depression scratched +in the ground, as at first, but with no sign of any lining. + +Wilson's Phalarope is exclusively an American bird, more common in +the interior than along the sea coast. The older ornithologists knew +little of it. It is now known to breed in northern Illinois, Iowa, +Wisconsin, Minnesota, the Dakotas, Utah, and Oregon. It is recorded as +a summer resident in northern Indiana and in western Kansas. Mr. E. W. +Nelson states that it is the most common species in northern Illinois, +frequenting grassy marshes and low prairies, and is not exceeded in +numbers even by the ever-present Spotted Sandpiper. While it was one +of our most common birds in the Calumet region it is now becoming +scarce. + +The adult female of this beautiful species is by far the handsomest of +the small waders. The breeding plumage is much brighter and richer +than that of the male, another peculiar characteristic, and the male +alone possesses the naked abdomen. The female always remains near the +nest while he is sitting, and shows great solicitude upon the approach +of an intruder. The adults assume the winter plumage during July. + + + + +THE EVENING GROSBEAK. + + +Handsomer birds there may be, but in the opinion of many this visitant +to various portions of western North America is in shape, color, and +markings one of the most exquisite of the feather-wearers. It has for +its habitation the region extending from the plains to the Pacific +ocean and from Mexico into British America. Toward the North it ranges +further to the east; so that, while it appears to be not uncommon +about Lake Superior, it has been reported as occuring in Ohio, New +York, and Canada. In Illinois it was observed at Freeport during the +winter of 1870 and 1871, and at Waukegan during January, 1873. It is a +common resident of the forests of the State of Washington, and also of +Oregon. In the latter region Dr. Merrill observed the birds carrying +building material to a huge fir tree, but was unable to locate the +nest, and the tree was practically inaccessable. Mr. Walter E. Bryant +was the first to record an authentic nest and eggs of the Evening +Grosbeak. In a paper read before the California Academy of Sciences he +describes a nest of this species containing four eggs, found in Yolo +county, California. The nest was built in a small live oak, at a +height of ten feet, and was composed of small twigs supporting a thin +layer of fibrous bark and a lining of horse hair. The eggs are of a +clear greenish-ground color, blotched with pale brown. According to +Mr. Davie, one of the leading authorities on North American birds, +little if any more information has been obtained regarding the nests +and eggs of the Evening Grosbeak. + +As to its habits, Mr. O. P. Day says, that about the year 1872, +while hunting during fine autumn weather in the woods about Eureka, +Illinois, he fell in with a number of these Grosbeaks. They were +feeding in the tree tops on the seeds of the sugar maple, just then +ripening, and were excessively fat. They were very unsuspicious, and +for a long time suffered him to observe them. They also ate the buds +of the cottonwood tree in company with the Rose-Breasted Grosbeak. + +The song of the Grosbeak is singularly like that of the Robin, and to +one not thoroughly familiar with the notes of the latter a difference +would not at first be detected. There is a very decided difference, +however, and by repeatedly listening to both species in full voice it +will be discovered more and more clearly. The sweet and gentle strains +of music harmonize delightfully, and the concert they make is well +worth the careful attention of the discriminating student. The value +of such study will be admitted by all who know how little is known +of the songsters. A gentleman recently said to us that one day in +November the greater part of the football field at the south end of +Lincoln Park was covered with Snow Birds. There were also on the field +more than one hundred grammar and high school boys waiting the arrival +of the football team. There was only one person present who paid any +attention to the birds which were picking up the food, twittering, +hopping, and flying about, and occasionally indulging in fights, and +all utterly oblivious of the fact that there were scores of shouting +school boys around and about them. The gentleman called the attention +of one after another of ten of the high school boys to the snow birds +and asked what they were. They one and all declared they were English +Sparrows, and seemed astounded that any one could be so ignorant as +not to know what an English Sparrow was. So much for the city-bred +boy's observation of birds. + + + + + [Illustration: EVENING GROSBEAK.] + +THE EVENING GROSBEAK. + + +In the far Northwest we find this beautiful bird the year around. +During the winter he often comes farther south in company with his +cousin, the Rose-Breasted Grosbeak. + +What a beautiful sight it must be to see a flock of these +birds--Evening Grosbeaks and Rose-Breasted in their pretty plumage. + +Grosbeaks belong to a family called Finches. The Sparrows, Buntings, +and Crossbills belong to the same family. It is the largest family +among birds. + +You will notice that they all have stout bills. Their food is mostly +grains and their bills are well formed to crush the seeds. + +Look at your back numbers of "BIRDS" and notice the pictures of the +other Finches I have named. Don't you think Dame Nature is very +generous with her colors sometimes? + +Only a few days ago while strolling through the woods with my field +glass, I saw a pretty sight. On one tree I saw a Redheaded Woodpecker, +a Flicker, an Indigo Bunting, and a Rose-Breasted Grosbeak. I thought +then, if we could only have the Evening Grosbeak our group of colors +would be complete. + +Have you ever wondered at some birds being so prettily dressed while +others have such dull colors? + +Some people say that the birds who do not sing must have bright +feathers to make them attractive. We cannot believe this. Some of our +bright colored birds are sweet singers, and surely many of our dull +colored birds cannot sing very well. + +Next month you will see the pictures of several home birds. See if +dull colors have anything to do with sweet song. + + + + +THE TURKEY VULTURE. + + +This bird is found mostly in the southern states. Here he is known by +the more common name of Turkey Buzzard. + +He looks like a noble bird but he isn't. While he is well fitted for +flying, and might, if he tried, catch his prey, he prefers to eat dead +animals. + +The people down south never think of burying a dead horse or cow. They +just drag it out away from their homes and leave it to the Vultures +who are sure to dispose of it. + +It is very seldom that they attack a live animal. + +They will even visit the streets of the cities in search of dead +animals for food, and do not show much fear of man. Oftentimes they +are found among the chickens and ducks in the barn-yard, but have +never been known to kill any. + +One gentleman who has studied the habits of the Vulture says that +it has been known to suck the eggs of Herons. This is not common, +though. As I said they prefer dead animals for their food and even eat +their own dead. + +The Vulture is very graceful while on the wing. He sails along and you +can hardly see his wings move as he circles about looking for food on +the ground below. + +Many people think the Vulture looks much like our tame turkey. + +If you know of a turkey near by, just compare this picture with it and +you won't think so. + +See how chalk-white his bill is. No feathers on his head, but a bright +red skin. + +What do you think of the young chick? It doesn't seem as though he +could ever be the large, heavy bird his parent seems to be. + +Now turn back to the first page of July "BIRDS" and see how he differs +from the Eagle. + + [Illustration: From col. F. M. Woodruff. + TURKEY VULTURE.] + + + + +THE TURKEY VULTURE. + + +Turkey Buzzard is the familiar name applied to this bird, on account +of his remarkable resemblance to our common Turkey. This is the only +respect however, in which they are alike. It inhabits the United +States and British Provinces from the Atlantic to the Pacific, south +through Central and most of South America. Every farmer knows it to +be an industrious scavenger, devouring at all times the putrid or +decomposing flesh of carcasses. They are found in flocks, not only +flying and feeding in company, but resorting to the same spot to +roost; nesting also in communities; depositing their eggs on the +ground, on rocks, or in hollow logs and stumps, usually in thick woods +or in a sycamore grove, in the bend or fork of a stream. The nest is +frequently built in a tree, or in the cavity of a sycamore stump, +though a favorite place for depositing the eggs is a little depression +under a small bush or overhanging rock on a steep hillside. + +Renowned naturalists have long argued that the Vulture does not have +an extraordinary power of smell, but, according to Mr. Davie, an +excellent authority, it has been proven by the most satisfactory +experiments that the Turkey Buzzard does possess a keen sense of smell +by which it can distinguish the odor of flesh at a great distance. + +The flight of the Turkey Vulture is truly beautiful, and no landscape +with its patches of green woods and grassy fields, is perfect without +its dignified figure high in the air, moving round in circles, steady, +graceful and easy, and apparently without effort. "It sails," says +Dr. Brewer, "with a steady, even motion, with wings just above the +horizontal position, with their tips slightly raised, rises from the +ground with a single bound, gives a few flaps of the wings, and then +proceeds with its peculiar soaring flight, rising very high in the +air." + +The Vulture pictured in the accompanying plate was obtained between +the Brazos river and Matagorda bay. With it was found the Black +Vulture, both nesting upon the ground. As the nearest trees were +thirty or forty miles distant these Vultures were always found in this +situation. The birds selected an open spot beneath a heavy growth of +bushes, placing the eggs upon the bare ground. The old bird when +approached would not attempt to leave the nest, and in the case of the +young bird in the plate, the female to protect it from harm, promptly +disgorged the putrid contents of her stomach, which was so offensive +that the intruder had to close his nostrils with one hand while he +reached for the young bird with the other. + +The Turkey Vulture is a very silent bird, only uttering a hiss of +defiance or warning to its neighbors when feeding, or a low gutteral +croak of alarm when flying low overhead. + +The services of the Vultures as scavengers in removing offal render +them valuable, and almost a necessity in southern cities. If an animal +is killed and left exposed to view, the bird is sure to find out the +spot in a very short time, and to make its appearance as if called by +some magic spell from the empty air. + + "Never stoops the soaring Vulture + On his quarry in the desert, + On the sick or wounded bison, + But another Vulture, watching, + From his high aerial lookout, + Sees the downward plunge and follows; + And a third pursues the second, + Coming from the invisible ether, + First a speck, and then a Vulture, + Till the air is dark with pinions." + + + + +TO A WATER-FOWL. + + + Whither, 'midst falling dew + While glow the heavens with the last steps of day, + Far through their rosy depths dost thou pursue + Thy solitary way? + + Vainly the fowler's eye + Might mark thy distant flight to do thee wrong, + As, darkly painted on the crimson sky, + Thy figure floats along. + + Seek'st thou the plashy brink + Of weedy lake, or marge of river wide, + Or where the rocky billows rise and sink + On the chafed ocean side. + + There is a Power whose care + Teaches thy way along that pathless coast-- + The desert and illimitable air-- + Lone wandering, but not lost. + + All day thy wings have fanned, + At that far height, the cold thin atmosphere, + Yet stoop not, weary, to the welcome land + Though the dark night is near. + + And soon that toil shall end; + Soon shalt thou find a summer home, and nest, + And scream among thy fellows; reeds shall bend, + Soon o'er thy sheltered nest. + + Thou'rt gone, the abyss of heaven + Hath swallowed up thy form; yet on my heart + Deeply has sunk the lesson thou hast given, + And shall not soon depart. + + He who from zone to zone, + Guides through the boundless sky thy certain flight, + In the long way that I must tread alone, + Will lead my steps aright. + + WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT. + + + + + [Illustration: From col. F. M. Woodruff. + GAMBEL'S PARTRIDGE.] + +GAMBEL'S PARTRIDGE. + + +Gambel's Partridge, of which comparatively little is known, is a +characteristic game bird of Arizona and New Mexico, of rare beauty, +and with habits similar to others of the species of which there are +about two hundred. Mr. W. E. D. Scott found the species distributed +throughout the entire Catalina region in Arizona below an altitude of +5,000 feet. The bird is also known as the Arizona Quail. + +The nest is made in a depression in the ground sometimes without any +lining. From eight to sixteen eggs are laid. They are most beautifully +marked on a creamy-white ground with scattered spots and blotches of +old gold, and sometimes light drab and chestnut red. In some specimens +the gold coloring is so pronounced that it strongly suggests to the +imagination that this quail feeds upon the grains of the precious +metal which characterizes its home, and that the pigment is imparted +to the eggs. + +After the nesting season these birds commonly gather in "coveys" or +bevies, usually composed of the members of but one family. As a rule +they are terrestrial, but may take to trees when flushed. They are +game birds _par excellence_, and, says Chapman, trusting to the +concealment afforded by their dull colors, attempt to avoid detection +by hiding rather than by flying. The flight is rapid and accompanied +by a startling whirr, caused by the quick strokes of their small, +concave, stiff-feathered wings. They roost on the ground, tail to +tail, with heads pointing outward; "a bunch of closely huddled +forms--a living bomb whose explosion is scarcely less startling than +that of dynamite manufacture." + +The Partridge is on all hands admitted to be wholly harmless, and at +times beneficial to the agriculturist. It is an undoubted fact that it +thrives with the highest system of cultivation, and the lands that are +the most carefully tilled, and bear the greatest quantity of grain and +green crops, generally produce the greatest number of Partridges. + + + + +SUMMARY. + + +Page 43. + +#AMERICAN OSPREY.#--_Pandion paliaetus carolinensis._ + +RANGE--North America; breeds from Florida to Labrador; winters from +South Carolina to northern South America. + +NEST--Generally in a tree, thirty to fifty feet from the ground, +rarely on the ground. + +EGGS--Two to four; generally buffy white, heavily marked with +chocolate. + + * * * * * + +Page 48. + +#SORA RAIL.#--_Porzana carolina._ + +RANGE--Temperate North America, south to the West Indies and northern +South America. + +NEST--Of grass and reeds, placed on the ground in a tussock of grass, +where there is a growth of briers. + +EGGS--From seven to fourteen; of a ground color, of dark cream or +drab, with reddish brown spots. + + * * * * * + +Page 51. + +#KENTUCKY WARBLER.#--_Geothlypis formosa._ + +RANGE--Eastern United States; breeds from the Gulf States to Iowa and +Connecticut; winters in Central America. + +NEST--Bulky, of twigs and rootlets, firmly wrapped with leaves, on or +near the ground. + +EGGS--Four or five; white or grayish white, speckled or blotched with +rufous. + + * * * * * + +Page 55. + +#RED-BREASTED MERGANSER.#--_Merganser Serrator._ + +RANGE--Northern parts of the Northern Hemisphere; in America breeds +from northern Illinois and New Brunswick northward to the arctic +regions; winters southward to Cuba. + +NEST--Of leaves, grasses, mosses, etc., lined with down, on the ground +near water, among rocks or scrubby bushes. + +EGGS--Six to twelve; creamy buff. + + * * * * * + +Page 60. + +#YELLOW LEGS.#--_Totanus flavipes._ + +RANGE--North America, breeding chiefly in the interior from Minnesota, +northern Illinois, Ontario County, N. Y., northward to the Arctic +regions; winters from the Gulf States to Patagonia. + +EGGS--Three or four; buffy, spotted or blotched with dark madder--or +van dyke--brown and purplish gray. + + * * * * * + +Page 61. + +#SKYLARK.#--_Alauda arvensis._ + +RANGE--Europe and portions of Asia and Africa; accidental in the +Bermudas and in Greenland. + +NEST--Placed on the ground, in meadows or open grassy places, +sheltered by a tuft of grass; the materials are grasses, plant stems, +and a few chance leaves. + +EGGS--Three to five, of varying form, color, and size. + + * * * * * + +Page 66. + +#WILSON'S PHALAROPE.#--_Phalaropus tricolor._ + +RANGE--Temperate North America, breeding from northern Illinois and +Utah northward to the Saskatchewan region; south in winter to Brazil +and Patagonia. + +NEST--A shallow depression in soft earth, lined with a thin layer of +fragments of grass. + +EGGS--Three to four; cream buff or buffy white, heavily blotched with +deep chocolate. + + * * * * * + +Page 70. + +#EVENING GROSBEAK.#--_Cocothraustes vespertina._ + +RANGE--Interior of North America, from Manitoba northward; +southeastward in winter to the upper Mississippi Valley and casually +to the northern Atlantic States. + +NEST--Of small twigs, lined with bark, hair, or rootlets, placed +within twenty feet of the ground. + +EGGS--Three or four; greenish, blotched with pale brown. + + * * * * * + +Page 73. + +#TURKEY VULTURE.#--_Catharista Atrata._ + +RANGE--Temperate America, from New Jersey southward to Patagonia. + +NEST--In hollow stump or log, or on ground beneath bushes or +palmettos. + +EGGS--One to three; dull white, spotted and blotched with chocolate +marking. + + * * * * * + +Page 78. + +#GAMBEL'S PARTRIDGE.#--_Callipepla gambeli._ + +RANGE--Northwestern Mexico, Arizona, New Mexico, southern Utah, and +western Utah and western Texas. + +NEST--Placed on the ground, sometimes without any lining. + +EGGS--From eight to sixteen. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Birds Illustrated by Color Photography +[August, 1897], by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BIRDS ILLUSTRATED BY COLOR *** + +***** This file should be named 26656.txt or 26656.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/6/6/5/26656/ + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Anne Storer and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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