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diff --git a/26656.txt b/26656.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ffd562e --- /dev/null +++ b/26656.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1649 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Birds Illustrated by Color Photography +[August, 1897], by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Birds Illustrated by Color Photography [August, 1897] + A Monthly Serial designed to Promote Knowledge of Bird-Life + +Author: Various + +Release Date: September 19, 2008 [EBook #26656] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BIRDS ILLUSTRATED BY COLOR *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Anne Storer and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + BIRDS + + A MONTHLY SERIAL + + ILLUSTRATED BY COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY + + DESIGNED TO PROMOTE + + KNOWLEDGE OF BIRD-LIFE + + + VOLUME II. + + + CHICAGO. + NATURE STUDY PUBLISHING COMPANY. + + + + + COPYRIGHT, 1897 + BY + NATURE STUDY PUBLISHING CO. + CHICAGO. + + + + +INTRODUCTION. + + +This is the second volume of a series intended to present, in accurate +colored portraiture, and in popular and juvenile biographical text, a +very considerable portion of the common birds of North America, and +many of the more interesting and attractive specimens of other +countries, in many respects superior to all other publications which +have attempted the representation of birds, and at infinitely less +expense. The appreciative reception by the public of Vol. I deserves +our grateful acknowledgement. Appearing in monthly parts, it has been +read and admired by thousands of people, who, through the life-like +pictures presented, have made the acquaintance of many birds, and have +since become enthusiastic observers of them. It has been introduced +into the public schools, and is now in use as a text book by hundreds +of teachers, who have expressed enthusiastic approval of the work and +of its general extension. The faithfulness to nature of the pictures, +in color and pose, have been commended by such ornithologists and +authors as Dr. Elliott Coues, Mr. John Burroughs, Mr. J. W. Allen, +editor of _The Auk_, Mr. Frank M. Chapman, Mr. J. W. Baskett, and +others. + +The general text of BIRDS--the biographies--has been conscientiously +prepared from the best authorities by a careful observer of the +feather-growing denizens of the field, the forest, and the shore, +while the juvenile autobiographies have received the approval of the +highest ornithological authority. + +The publishers take pleasure in the announcement that the general +excellence of BIRDS will be maintained in subsequent volumes. The +subjects selected for the third and fourth volumes--many of them--will +be of the rare beauty in which the great Audubon, the limner _par +excellence_ of birds, would have found "the joy of imitation." + + NATURE STUDY PUBLISHING COMPANY. + + + + + BIRDS. + ILLUSTRATED BY COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY + ================================ + VOL. II. AUGUST NO. 2 + ================================ + + + + +BIRD SONG. + + +We made several early morning excursions into the woods and fields +during the month of June, and were abundantly rewarded in many +ways--by beholding the gracious awakening of Nature in her various +forms, kissed into renewed activity by the radiance of morn; by the +sweet smelling air filled with the perfume of a multitude of opening +flowers which had drunk again the dew of heaven; by the sight of +flitting clouds across the bluest of skies, patching the green earth +with moving shadows, and sweetest of all, by the twittering, calling, +musical sounds of love and joy which came to the ear from the throats +of the feathered throng. How pleasant to lie prone on one's back on +the cool grass, and gaze upward through the shady green canopy of +boughs, watching the pretty manoeuvers, the joyous greetings, the +lively anxieties, the graceful movements, and even the sorrowful +happenings of the bird-life above us. + +Listen to the variety of their tones, as manifest as the difference of +form and color. What more interesting than to observe their habits, +and discover their cosy nests with their beautiful eggs in the +green foliage? Strange that so many persons think only of making a +collection of them, robbing the nests with heartless indifference to +the suffering of the parents, to say nothing of the invasion which +they make of the undoubted rights the birds have from nature to +protection and perpetuation. + +Strictly speaking, there are few birds to which the word "singing" +can properly be applied, the majority of them not having more than +two or three notes, and they with little suggestion of music in them. +Chanticleer crows, his spouse cackles or clucks, as may be suitable to +the occasion. To what ear are these noises musical? They are rather +language, and, in fact, the varying notes of every species of bird +have a significance which can alone be interpreted by its peculiar +habits. If careful note be made of the immediate conduct of the male +or female bird, as the case may be, after each call or sound, the +meaning of it becomes plain. + +A hen whose chicks are scattered in search of food, upon seeing a +hawk, utters a note of warning which we have all heard, and the young +scamper to her for protection beneath her wings. When she has laid an +egg, _Cut-cut-cut-cut-ot-cut!_ announces it from the nest in the barn. +When the chicks are hatched, her _cluck, cluck, cluck_, calls them +from the nest in the wide world, and her _chick, chick, chick_, +uttered quickly, selects for them the dainty which she has found, or +teaches them what is proper for their diet. A good listener will +detect enough intonations in her voice to constitute a considerable +vocabulary, which, if imitated + +[CONTINUED ON PAGE 57.] + + + + +THE AMERICAN OSPREY. + + +Here is the picture of a remarkable bird. We know him better by the +name Fish Hawk. He looks much like the Eagle in July "BIRDS." The +Osprey has no use for Mr. Eagle though. + +You know the Bald Eagle or Sea Eagle is very fond of fish. Well, he is +not a very good fisherman and from his lofty perch he watches for the +Fish Hawk or Osprey. Do you ask why? Well, when he sees a Fish Hawk +with his prey, he is sure to chase him and take it from him. It is for +this reason that Ospreys dislike the Bald Eagle. + +Their food is fish, which as a rule they catch alive. + +It must be interesting to watch the Osprey at his fishing. He wings +his way slowly over the water, keeping a watch for fish as they appear +near the surface. + +When he sees one that suits him, he hovers a moment, and then, closing +his wings, falls upon the fish. + +Sometimes he strikes it with such force that he disappears in the +water for a moment. Soon we see him rise from the water with the prey +in his claws. + +He then flies to some tall tree and if he has not been discovered by +his enemy, the Eagle, can have a good meal for his hard work. + +Look at his claws; then think of them striking a fish as they must +when he plunges from on high. + +A gentleman tells of an Osprey that fastened his claws in a fish that +was too large for him. + +The fish drew him under and nothing more was seen of Mr. Osprey. The +same gentleman tells of a fish weighing six pounds that fell from the +claws of a Fish Hawk that became frightened by an Eagle. + +The Osprey builds his nest much like the Bald Eagle. It is usually +found in a tall tree and out of reach. + +Like the Eagle, he uses the same nest each year, adding to it. +Sometimes it measures five feet high and three feet across. One nest +that was found, contained enough sticks, cornstalks, weeds, moss, and +the like, to fill a cart, and made a load for a horse to draw. Like +the Crows and Blackbirds they prefer to live together in numbers. Over +three hundred nests have been found in the trees on a small island. + +One thing I want you to remember about the Osprey. They usually remain +mated for life. + + [Illustration: From col. F. M. Woodruff. + OSPREY.] + + + + +THE AMERICAN OSPREY. + + +An interesting bird, "Winged Fisher," as he has been happily called, +is seen in places suited to his habits, throughout temperate North +America, particularly about islands and along the seacoast. At Shelter +Island, New York, they are exceedingly variable in the choice of a +nesting place. On Gardiner's Island they all build in trees at a +distance varying from ten to seventy-five feet from the ground; on +Plum Island, where large numbers of them nest, many place their nests +on the ground, some being built up to a height of four or five feet +while others are simply a few sticks arranged in a circle, and the +eggs laid on the bare sand. On Shelter Island they build on the +chimneys of houses, and a pair had a nest on the cross-bar of a +telegraph pole. Another pair had a nest on a large rock. These were +made of coarse sticks and sea weed, anything handy, such as bones, +old shoes, straw, etc. A curious nest was found some years ago on the +coast of New Jersey. It contained three eggs, and securely imbedded +in the loose material of the Osprey's nest was a nest of the Purple +Grackle, containing five eggs, while at the bottom of the Hawk's nest +was a thick, rotten limb, in which was a Tree Swallow's nest of seven +eggs. + +In the spring and early autumn this familiar eagle-like bird can be +seen hovering over creek, river, and sound. It is recognized by its +popular name of Fish-Hawk. Following a school of fish, it dashes from +a considerable height to seize its prey with its stout claws. If the +fish is small it is at once swallowed, if it is large, (and the Osprey +will occasionally secure shad, blue fish, bass, etc., weighing five or +six pounds,) the fish is carried to a convenient bluff or tree and +torn to bits. The Bald Eagle often robs him of the fish by seizing it, +or startling him so that he looses his hold. + +The Osprey when fishing makes one of the most breezy, spirited +pictures connected with the feeding habits of any of our birds, as +often there is a splashing and a struggle under water when the fish +grasped is too large or the great talons of the bird gets entangled. +He is sometimes carried under and drowned, and large fish have been +washed ashore with these birds fastened to them by the claws. + +Mrs. Mabel Osgood Wright says: "I found an Osprey's nest in a crooked +oak on Wakeman's Island in late April, 1893. As I could not get close +to the nest (the island is between a network of small creeks, and the +flood tides covered the marshes,) I at first thought it was a +monstrous crow's nest, but on returning the second week in May I saw a +pair of Ospreys coming and going to and fro from the nest. I hoped the +birds might return another season, as the nest looked as if it might +have been used for two or three years, and was as lop-sided as a +poorly made haystack. The great August storm of the same year broke +the tree, and the nest fell, making quite a heap upon the ground. +Among the debris were sticks of various sizes, dried reeds, two bits +of bamboo fishing rod, seaweeds, some old blue mosquito netting, and +some rags of fish net, also about half a bushel of salt hay in various +stages of decomposition, and malodorous dirt galore." + +It is well known that Ospreys, if not disturbed, will continue +indefinitely to heap rubbish upon their nests till their bulk is very +great. Like the Owls they can reverse the rear toe. + + + + +THE SORA RAIL. + + +Various are the names required to distinguish the little slate-colored +Carolina Rail from its brethren, Sora, Common Rail, and, on the +Potomac river, Ortolan, being among them. He is found throughout +temperate North America, in the weedy swamps of the Atlantic states in +great abundance, in the Middle states, and in California. In Ohio he +is a common summer resident, breeding in the extensive swamps and wet +meadows. The nest is a rude affair made of grass and weeds, placed on +the ground in a tussock of grass in a boggy tract of land, where there +is a growth of briers, etc., where he may skulk and hide in the wet +grass to elude observation. The nest may often be discovered at a +distance by the appearance of the surrounding grass, the blades of +which are in many cases interwoven over the nest, apparently to shield +the bird from the fierce rays of the sun, which are felt with +redoubled force on the marshes. + +The Rails feed on both vegetable and animal food. During the months of +September and October, the weeds and wild oats swarm with them. They +feed on the nutricious seeds, small snail shells, worms and larvae of +insects, which they extract from the mud. The habits of the Sora Rail, +its thin, compressed body, its aversion to take wing, and the +dexterity with which it runs or conceals itself among the grass and +sedge, are exactly similar to those of the more celebrated Virginia +Rail. + +The Sora frequents those parts of marshes preferably where fresh water +springs rise through the morass. Here it generally constructs its +nest, "one of which," says an observer, "we had the good fortune to +discover. It was built in the bottom of a tuft of grass in the midst +of an almost impenetrable quagmire, and was composed altogether of old +wet grass and rushes. The eggs had been flooded out of the nest by the +extraordinary rise of the tide in a violent northwest storm, and lay +scattered about the drift weed. The usual number of eggs is from six +to ten. They are of a dirty white or pale cream color, sprinkled with +specks of reddish and pale purple, most numerous near the great end." + +When on the wing the Sora Rail flies in a straight line for a short +distance with dangling legs, and suddenly drops into the water. + +The Rails have many foes, and many nests are robbed of their eggs by +weasels, snakes, Blackbirds, and Marsh Hawks, although the last cannot +disturb them easily, as the Marsh Hawk searches for its food while +flying and a majority of the Rails' nests are covered over, making it +hard to distinguish them when the Hawk is above. + + + + + [Illustration: From col. Chi. Acad. Sciences. + SORA RAIL.] + +THE SORA RAIL. + + +This is one of our fresh-water marsh birds. I show you his picture +taken where he spends most of his time. + +If it were not for the note calls, these tall reeds and grasses would +keep from us the secret of the Rail's home. + +Like most birds, though, they must be heard, and so late in the +afternoon you may hear their clear note, ker-wee. + +From all parts of the marsh you will hear their calls which they keep +up long after darkness has set in. + +This Rail was just about to step out from the grasses to feed when the +artist took his picture. See him--head up, and tail up. He steps along +carefully. He feels that it is risky to leave his shelter and is ready +at the first sign of danger, to dart back under cover. + +There are very few fresh-water marshes where the Rail is not found. + +When a boy, I loved to hear their note calls and would spend hours on +the edge of a marsh near my home. + +It seemed to me there was no life among the reeds and cat-tails of the +marsh, but when I threw a stone among them, the Rails would always +answer with their _peeps_ or _keeks_. + +And so I used to go down to the marsh with my pockets filled with +stones. Not that I desired or even expected to injure one of these +birds. Far from it. It pleased me to hear their calls from the reeds +and grass that seemed deserted. + +Those of you who live near wild-rice or wild-oat marshes have a good +chance to become acquainted with this Rail. + +In the south these Rails are found keeping company with the Bobolinks +or Reed-birds as they are called down there. + + + + +THE KENTUCKY WARBLER. + + +Although this bird is called the Kentucky Warbler, we must not think +he visits that state alone. + +We find him all over eastern North America. And a beautiful bird he +is. + +As his name tells you he is one of a family of Warblers. + +I told you somewhere else that the Finches are the largest family of +birds. Next to them come the Warblers. + +Turn back now and see how many Warblers have been pictured so far. + +See if you can tell what things group them as a family. Notice their +bills and feet. + +This bird is usually found in the dense woods, especially where there +are streams of water. + +He is a good singer, and his song is very different from that of any +of the other Warblers. + +I once watched one of these birds--olive-green above and yellow +beneath. His mate was on a nest near by and he was entertaining her +with his song. + +He kept it up over two hours, stopping only a few seconds between his +songs. When I reached the spot with my field-glass I was attracted by +his peculiar song. I don't know how long he had been singing. I stayed +and spent two hours with him and he showed no signs of stopping. He +may be singing yet. I hope he is. + +You see him here perched on a granite cliff. I suppose his nest is +near by. + +He makes it of twigs and rootlets, with several thicknesses of leaves. +It is neatly lined with fine rootlets and you will always find it on +or near the ground. + +In the September and October number of "BIRDS" you will find several +Warblers and Finches. Try to keep track of them and may be you can do +as many others have done--tell the names of new birds that come along +by their pictures which you have seen in "BIRDS." + + [Illustration: From col. F. M. Woodruff. + KENTUCKY WARBLER.] + + + + +THE KENTUCKY WARBLER. + + +Between sixty and seventy warblers are described by Davie in his +"Nests and Eggs of North American Birds," and the Kentucky Warbler is +recognized as one of the most beautiful of the number, in its manners +almost the counterpart of the Golden Crowned Thrush (soon to delight +the eyes of the readers of BIRDS), though it is altogether a more +conspicuous bird, both on account of its brilliant plumage and +greater activity, the males being, during the season of nesting, very +pugnacious, continually chasing one another about the woods. It lives +near the ground, making its artfully concealed nest among the low +herbage and feeding in the undergrowth, the male singing from some old +log or low bush, his song recalling that of the Cardinal, though much +weaker. + +The ordinary note is a soft _schip_, somewhat like the common call of +the Pewee. Considering its great abundance, says an observer, the nest +of this charmer is very difficult to find; the female, he thought, +must slyly leave the nest at the approach of an intruder, running +beneath the herbage until a considerable distance from the nest, when, +joined by her mate, the pair by their evident anxiety mislead the +stranger as to its location. + +It has been declared that no group of birds better deserves the +epithet "pretty" than the Warblers. Tanagers are splendid, Humming +Birds refulgent, others brilliant, gaudy, or magnificent, but Warblers +alone are pretty. + +The Warblers are migratory birds, the majority of them passing rapidly +across the United States in spring on the way to their northern +nesting grounds, and in autumn to their winter residence within the +tropics. When the apple trees bloom they revel among the flowers, +vieing in activity and numbers with the bees; "now probing the +recesses of a blossom for an insect, then darting to another, where, +poised daintily upon a slender twig, or suspended from it, they +explore hastily but carefully for another morsel. Every movement is +the personification of nervous activity, as if the time for their +journey was short; as, indeed, appears to be the case, for two or +three days at most suffice some species in a single locality." + +We recently saw a letter from a gentleman living at Lake Geneva, in +which he referred with enthusiasm to BIRDS, because it had enabled him +to identify a bird which he had often seen in the apple trees among +the blossoms, particularly the present season, with which he was +unacquainted by name. It was the Orchard Oriole, and he was glad to +have a directory of nature which would enable him to add to his +knowledge and correct errors of observation. The idea is a capitol +one, and the beautiful Kentucky Warbler, unknown to many who see it +often, may be recognized in the same way by residents of southern +Indiana and Illinois, Kansas, some localities in Ohio, particularly in +the southwestern portion, in parts of New York and New Jersey, in the +District of Columbia, and in North Carolina. It has not heretofore +been possible, even with the best painted specimens of birds in the +hand, to satisfactorily identify the pretty creatures, but with BIRDS +as a companion, which may readily be consulted, the student cannot be +led into error. + + + + +THE RED BREASTED MERGANSER. + + +Why this duck should be called red-breasted is not at first apparent, +as at a distance the color can not be distinguished, but seen near, +the reason is plain. It is a common bird in the United States in +winter, where it is found in suitable localities in the months of May +and June. It is also a resident of the far north, breeding abundantly +in Newfoundland, Labrador, Greenland, and Iceland. It is liberally +supplied with names, as Red-Breasted Goosander or Sheldrake, Garbill, +Sea Robin, etc. + +There is a difference in opinion as to the nesting habits of the +Red-Breast, some authorities claiming that, like the Wood Duck, the +nest is placed in the cavity of a tree, others that it is usually +found on the ground among brushwood, surrounded with tall grasses and +at a short distance from water. Davie says that most generally it is +concealed by a projecting rock or other object, the nest being made of +leaves and mosses, lined with feathers and down, which are plucked +from the breast of the bird. The observers are all probably correct, +the bird adapting itself to the situation. + +Fish is the chief diet of the Merganser, for which reason its flesh is +rank and unpalatable. The Bird's appetite is insatiable, devouring its +food in such quantities that it has frequently to disgorge several +times before it is able to rise from the water. This Duck can swallow +fishes six or seven inches in length, and will attempt to swallow +those of a larger size, choking in the effort. + +The term Merganser is derived from the plan of the bird's bill, which +is furnished with saw teeth fitting into each other. + +The eggs of the Red-Breasted Merganser vary from six to twelve, are +oval in shape, and are of a yellowish or reddish-drab, sometimes a +dull buffy-green. + +You may have seen pictures of this Duck, which frequently figures in +dining rooms on the ornamental panels of stuffed game birds, but none +which could cause you to remember its life-like appearance. You here +see before you an actual Red-Breasted Merganser. + + [Illustration: From col. J. G. Parker, Jr. + RED-BREASTED MERGANSER.] + + + + +BIRD SONG--Continued from page 41. + + +with exactness, will deceive Mistress Pullet herself. + +To carry the idea further, we will take the notes of some of the birds +depicted in this number of BIRDS. The Osprey, or Fish-Hawk, has been +carefully observed, and his only discovered note is a high, rapidly +repeated whistle, very plaintive. Doubtless this noise is agreeable +and intelligible to his mate, but cannot be called a song, and has no +significance to the listener. + +The Vulture utters a low, hissing sound when disturbed. This is its +only note. Not so with the Bald Eagle, whose scream emulates the rage +of the tempest, and implies courage, the quality which associates him +with patriotism and freedom. In the notes of the Partridge there is a +meaning recognizable by every one. After the nesting season, when the +birds are in bevies, their notes are changed to what sportsmen term +"scatter calls." Not long after a bevy has been flushed, and perhaps +widely scattered, the members of the disunited family may be heard +signaling to one another in sweet minor calls of two and three notes, +and in excitement, they utter low, twittering notes. + +Of the Sora Rails, Mr. Chapman says, "knowing their calls, you have +only to pass a May or June evening near a marsh to learn whether they +inhabit it. If there, they will greet you late in the afternoon with +a clear whistled _ker-wee_, which soon comes from dozens of invisible +birds about you, and long after night has fallen, it continues like a +springtime chorus of piping hylas. Now and again it is interrupted by +a high-voiced, rolling whinney, which, like a call of alarm, is taken +up and repeated by different birds all over the marsh." + +Poor Red-Breasted Merganser! He has only one note, a croak. Perhaps +it was of him that Bryant was thinking when he wrote the stanzas "To +a Water-Fowl." + +"The sentiment of feeling awakened by any of the aquatic fowls is +pre-eminently one of loneliness," says John Burroughs. "The Wood Duck +(see July BIRDS) which you approach, starts from the pond or the +marsh, the Loon neighing down out of the April sky, the Wild Goose, +the Curlew, the Stork, the Bittern, the Sandpiper, etc., awaken quite +a different train of emotions from those awakened by the land birds. +They all have clinging to them some reminiscence and suggestion of the +sea. Their cries echo its wildness and desolation; their wings are the +shape of its billows." + +But the Evening Grosbeak, the Kentucky Warbler, the Skylark, land +birds all, are singers. They have music in their throats and in their +souls, though of varying quality. The Grosbeak's note is described by +different observers as a shrill _cheepy tee_ and a frog-like _peep_, +while one writer remarks that the males have a single metallic cry +like the note of a trumpet, and the females a loud chattering like the +large Cherry Birds. + +The Kentucky Warbler's song is entirely unlike that of any other +Warbler, and is a loud, clearly whistled performance of five, six, or +seven notes, _turdle, turdle, turdle_, resembling in tone some of the +calls of the Carolina Wren. He is so persistent in his singing, +however, that the Red-Breasted Merganser's simple croak would +sometimes be preferable to it. + +But the Skylark-- + + "All the earth and air + With thy voice is loud, + As, when night is bare + From one lonely cloud + The moon rains out her beams and heaven is over-flowed." + + --C. C. MARBLE. + + + + +THE YELLOW LEGS. + + +Yellow Legs, or Lesser Tell tale sometimes called Yellow-leg Snipe, +and Little Cucu, inhabits the whole of North America, nesting in the +cold temperate and subarctic districts of the northern continent, +migrating south in winter to Argentine and Chili. It is much rarer in +the western than eastern province of North America, and is only +accidental in Europe. It is one of the wading birds, its food +consisting of larvae of insects, small shell fish and the like. + +The nest of the Lesser Yellow Shanks, which it is sometimes called, +is a mere depression in the ground, without any lining. Sometimes, +however, it is placed at the foot of a bush, with a scanty lining +of withered leaves. Four eggs of light drab, buffy or cream color, +sometimes of light brown, are laid, and the breast of the female is +found to be bare of feathers when engaged in rearing the young. The +Lesser Yellow legs breeds in central Ohio and Illinois, where it is +a regular summer resident, arriving about the middle of April, the +larger portion of flocks passing north early in May and returning +about the first of September to remain until the last of October. + +A nest of this species of Snipe was found situated in a slight +depression at the base of a small hillock near the border of a prairie +slough near Evanston, Illinois, and was made of grass stems and +blades. The color of the eggs in this instance was a deep grayish +white, three of which were marked with spots of dark brown, and the +fourth egg with spots and well defined blotches of a considerably +lighter shade of the same. + + [Illustration: From col. F. M. Woodruff. + YELLOW LEGS.] + + + + + [Illustration: From col. F. M. Woodruff. + SKY LARK.] + +THE SKYLARK. + + +This is not an American bird. I have allowed his picture to be taken +and placed here because so many of our English friends desired it. + +The skylark is probably the most noted of birds in Europe. He is found +in all of the countries of Europe, but England seems to claim it. Here +it stays during the summer, and goes south in the winter. + +Like our own Meadow Lark, he likes best to stay in the fields. Here +you will find it when not on the wing. + +Early in the spring the Skylark begins his song, and he may be heard +for most of the year. + +Sometimes he sings while on the ground, but usually it is while he is +soaring far above us. + +Skylarks do not often seek the company of persons. There are some +birds, you know, that seem happy only when they are near people. Of +course, they are somewhat shy, but as a rule they prefer to be near +people. While the Skylark does not seek to be near persons, yet it is +not afraid of them. + +A gentleman, while riding through the country, was surprised to see +a Skylark perch on his saddle. When he tried to touch it, the Lark +moved along on the horse's back, and finally dropped under the horse's +feet. Here it seemed to hide. The rider, looking up, saw a hawk flying +about. This explained the cause of the skylark's strange actions. + +A pair of these Larks had built their nest in a meadow. When the time +came for mowing the grass, the little ones were not large enough to +leave the nest. The mother bird laid herself flat on the ground, with +her wings spread out. The father bird took one of the little ones from +the nest and placed it on the mother's back. She flew away, took the +baby bird to a safe place, and came back for another. + +This time the father took his turn. In this way they carried the +little ones to a safe place before the mowers came. + +Like our Meadow Lark, the Skylark builds her nest on the ground--never +in bushes or trees. Usually it is built in a hole below the surface of +the ground. It is for this reason that it is hard to find. + +Then, too, the color of the nest is much like that of the ground. + +Four or five eggs are usually laid, and in two weeks the little larks +crack the shells, and come into the world crying for worms and bugs. + + + + +THE SKYLARK. + + +The English Skylark has been more celebrated in poetry than any +other song-bird. Shelley's famous poem is too long to quote and too +symmetrical to present in fragmentary form. It is almost as musical as +the sweet singer itself. + +"By the first streak of dawn," says one familiar with the Skylark, "he +bounds from the dripping herbage, and on fluttering wings mounts the +air for a few feet ere giving forth his cheery notes. Then upward, +apparently without effort he sails, sometimes drifting far away as he +ascends, borne as it were by the ascending vapors, so easily he mounts +the air. His notes are so pure and sweet, and yet so loud and varied +withal, that when they first disturb the air of early morning all the +other little feathered tenants of the fields and hedgerows seem +irresistibly compelled to join him in filling the air with melody. +Upwards, ever upwards, he mounts, until like a speck in the highest +ether he appears motionless; yet still his notes are heard, lovely +in their faintness, now gradually growing louder and louder as he +descends, until within a few yards of the earth they cease, and he +drops like a fragment hurled from above into the herbage, or flits +about it for a short distance ere alighting." The Lark sings just as +richly on the ground as when on quivering wing. When in song he is +said to be a good guide to the weather, for whenever we see him rise +into the air, despite the gloomy looks of an overcast sky, fine +weather is invariably at hand. + +The nest is most frequently in the grass fields, sometimes amongst +the young corn, or in places little frequented. It is made of dry +grass and moss, and lined with fibrous roots and a little horse hair. +The eggs, usually four or five in number, are dull white, spotted, +clouded, and blotched over the entire surface with brownish green. +The female Lark, says Dixon, like all ground birds, is a very close +sitter, remaining faithful to her charge. She regains her nest by +dropping to the ground a hundred yards or more from its concealment. + +The food of the Lark is varied,--in spring and summer, insects and +their larvae, and worms and slugs, in autumn and winter, seeds. + +Olive Thorne Miller tells this pretty anecdote of a Skylark which +she emancipated from a bird store: "I bought the skylark, though I +did not want him. I spared no pains to make the stranger happy. I +procured a beautiful sod of uncut fresh grass, of which he at once took +possession, crouching or sitting low among the stems, and looking most +bewitching. He seemed contented, and uttered no more that appealing +cry, but he did not show much intelligence. His cage had a broad base +behind which he delighted to hide, and for hours as I sat in the room +I could see nothing of him, although I would hear him stirring about. +If I rose from my seat he was instantly on the alert, and stretched +his head up to look over at me. I tried to get a better view of him by +hanging a small mirror at an angle over his cage, but he was so much +frightened by it that I removed it." + +"This bird," Mrs. Miller says "never seemed to know enough to go home. +Even when very hungry he would stand before his wide open door, where +one step would take him into his beloved grass thicket, and yet that +one step he would not take. When his hunger became intolerable he ran +around the room, circled about his cage, looking in, recognizing his +food dishes, and trying eagerly to get between the wires to reach +them; and yet when he came before the open door he would stand and +gaze, but never go in. After five months' trial, during which he +displayed no particular intelligence, and never learned to enter his +cage, he passed out of the bird room, but not into a store." + + + + + [Illustration: From col. F. M. Woodruff. + WILSON'S PHALAROPE.] + +WILSON'S PHALAROPE. + + +Perhaps the most interesting, as it is certainly the most uncommon, +characteristic of this species of birds is that the male relieves +his mate from all domestic duties except the laying of the eggs. He +usually chooses a thin tuft of grass on a level spot, but often in an +open place concealed by only a few straggling blades. He scratches a +shallow depression in the soft earth, lines it with a thin layer of +fragments of old grass blades, upon which the eggs, three or four, +are laid about the last of May or first of June. Owing to the low +situation in which the nest is placed, the first set of eggs are often +destroyed by a heavy fall of rain causing the water to rise so as to +submerge the nest. The instinct of self preservation in these birds, +as in many others, seems lacking in this respect. A second set, +numbering two or three, is often deposited in a depression scratched +in the ground, as at first, but with no sign of any lining. + +Wilson's Phalarope is exclusively an American bird, more common in +the interior than along the sea coast. The older ornithologists knew +little of it. It is now known to breed in northern Illinois, Iowa, +Wisconsin, Minnesota, the Dakotas, Utah, and Oregon. It is recorded as +a summer resident in northern Indiana and in western Kansas. Mr. E. W. +Nelson states that it is the most common species in northern Illinois, +frequenting grassy marshes and low prairies, and is not exceeded in +numbers even by the ever-present Spotted Sandpiper. While it was one +of our most common birds in the Calumet region it is now becoming +scarce. + +The adult female of this beautiful species is by far the handsomest of +the small waders. The breeding plumage is much brighter and richer +than that of the male, another peculiar characteristic, and the male +alone possesses the naked abdomen. The female always remains near the +nest while he is sitting, and shows great solicitude upon the approach +of an intruder. The adults assume the winter plumage during July. + + + + +THE EVENING GROSBEAK. + + +Handsomer birds there may be, but in the opinion of many this visitant +to various portions of western North America is in shape, color, and +markings one of the most exquisite of the feather-wearers. It has for +its habitation the region extending from the plains to the Pacific +ocean and from Mexico into British America. Toward the North it ranges +further to the east; so that, while it appears to be not uncommon +about Lake Superior, it has been reported as occuring in Ohio, New +York, and Canada. In Illinois it was observed at Freeport during the +winter of 1870 and 1871, and at Waukegan during January, 1873. It is a +common resident of the forests of the State of Washington, and also of +Oregon. In the latter region Dr. Merrill observed the birds carrying +building material to a huge fir tree, but was unable to locate the +nest, and the tree was practically inaccessable. Mr. Walter E. Bryant +was the first to record an authentic nest and eggs of the Evening +Grosbeak. In a paper read before the California Academy of Sciences he +describes a nest of this species containing four eggs, found in Yolo +county, California. The nest was built in a small live oak, at a +height of ten feet, and was composed of small twigs supporting a thin +layer of fibrous bark and a lining of horse hair. The eggs are of a +clear greenish-ground color, blotched with pale brown. According to +Mr. Davie, one of the leading authorities on North American birds, +little if any more information has been obtained regarding the nests +and eggs of the Evening Grosbeak. + +As to its habits, Mr. O. P. Day says, that about the year 1872, +while hunting during fine autumn weather in the woods about Eureka, +Illinois, he fell in with a number of these Grosbeaks. They were +feeding in the tree tops on the seeds of the sugar maple, just then +ripening, and were excessively fat. They were very unsuspicious, and +for a long time suffered him to observe them. They also ate the buds +of the cottonwood tree in company with the Rose-Breasted Grosbeak. + +The song of the Grosbeak is singularly like that of the Robin, and to +one not thoroughly familiar with the notes of the latter a difference +would not at first be detected. There is a very decided difference, +however, and by repeatedly listening to both species in full voice it +will be discovered more and more clearly. The sweet and gentle strains +of music harmonize delightfully, and the concert they make is well +worth the careful attention of the discriminating student. The value +of such study will be admitted by all who know how little is known +of the songsters. A gentleman recently said to us that one day in +November the greater part of the football field at the south end of +Lincoln Park was covered with Snow Birds. There were also on the field +more than one hundred grammar and high school boys waiting the arrival +of the football team. There was only one person present who paid any +attention to the birds which were picking up the food, twittering, +hopping, and flying about, and occasionally indulging in fights, and +all utterly oblivious of the fact that there were scores of shouting +school boys around and about them. The gentleman called the attention +of one after another of ten of the high school boys to the snow birds +and asked what they were. They one and all declared they were English +Sparrows, and seemed astounded that any one could be so ignorant as +not to know what an English Sparrow was. So much for the city-bred +boy's observation of birds. + + + + + [Illustration: EVENING GROSBEAK.] + +THE EVENING GROSBEAK. + + +In the far Northwest we find this beautiful bird the year around. +During the winter he often comes farther south in company with his +cousin, the Rose-Breasted Grosbeak. + +What a beautiful sight it must be to see a flock of these +birds--Evening Grosbeaks and Rose-Breasted in their pretty plumage. + +Grosbeaks belong to a family called Finches. The Sparrows, Buntings, +and Crossbills belong to the same family. It is the largest family +among birds. + +You will notice that they all have stout bills. Their food is mostly +grains and their bills are well formed to crush the seeds. + +Look at your back numbers of "BIRDS" and notice the pictures of the +other Finches I have named. Don't you think Dame Nature is very +generous with her colors sometimes? + +Only a few days ago while strolling through the woods with my field +glass, I saw a pretty sight. On one tree I saw a Redheaded Woodpecker, +a Flicker, an Indigo Bunting, and a Rose-Breasted Grosbeak. I thought +then, if we could only have the Evening Grosbeak our group of colors +would be complete. + +Have you ever wondered at some birds being so prettily dressed while +others have such dull colors? + +Some people say that the birds who do not sing must have bright +feathers to make them attractive. We cannot believe this. Some of our +bright colored birds are sweet singers, and surely many of our dull +colored birds cannot sing very well. + +Next month you will see the pictures of several home birds. See if +dull colors have anything to do with sweet song. + + + + +THE TURKEY VULTURE. + + +This bird is found mostly in the southern states. Here he is known by +the more common name of Turkey Buzzard. + +He looks like a noble bird but he isn't. While he is well fitted for +flying, and might, if he tried, catch his prey, he prefers to eat dead +animals. + +The people down south never think of burying a dead horse or cow. They +just drag it out away from their homes and leave it to the Vultures +who are sure to dispose of it. + +It is very seldom that they attack a live animal. + +They will even visit the streets of the cities in search of dead +animals for food, and do not show much fear of man. Oftentimes they +are found among the chickens and ducks in the barn-yard, but have +never been known to kill any. + +One gentleman who has studied the habits of the Vulture says that +it has been known to suck the eggs of Herons. This is not common, +though. As I said they prefer dead animals for their food and even eat +their own dead. + +The Vulture is very graceful while on the wing. He sails along and you +can hardly see his wings move as he circles about looking for food on +the ground below. + +Many people think the Vulture looks much like our tame turkey. + +If you know of a turkey near by, just compare this picture with it and +you won't think so. + +See how chalk-white his bill is. No feathers on his head, but a bright +red skin. + +What do you think of the young chick? It doesn't seem as though he +could ever be the large, heavy bird his parent seems to be. + +Now turn back to the first page of July "BIRDS" and see how he differs +from the Eagle. + + [Illustration: From col. F. M. Woodruff. + TURKEY VULTURE.] + + + + +THE TURKEY VULTURE. + + +Turkey Buzzard is the familiar name applied to this bird, on account +of his remarkable resemblance to our common Turkey. This is the only +respect however, in which they are alike. It inhabits the United +States and British Provinces from the Atlantic to the Pacific, south +through Central and most of South America. Every farmer knows it to +be an industrious scavenger, devouring at all times the putrid or +decomposing flesh of carcasses. They are found in flocks, not only +flying and feeding in company, but resorting to the same spot to +roost; nesting also in communities; depositing their eggs on the +ground, on rocks, or in hollow logs and stumps, usually in thick woods +or in a sycamore grove, in the bend or fork of a stream. The nest is +frequently built in a tree, or in the cavity of a sycamore stump, +though a favorite place for depositing the eggs is a little depression +under a small bush or overhanging rock on a steep hillside. + +Renowned naturalists have long argued that the Vulture does not have +an extraordinary power of smell, but, according to Mr. Davie, an +excellent authority, it has been proven by the most satisfactory +experiments that the Turkey Buzzard does possess a keen sense of smell +by which it can distinguish the odor of flesh at a great distance. + +The flight of the Turkey Vulture is truly beautiful, and no landscape +with its patches of green woods and grassy fields, is perfect without +its dignified figure high in the air, moving round in circles, steady, +graceful and easy, and apparently without effort. "It sails," says +Dr. Brewer, "with a steady, even motion, with wings just above the +horizontal position, with their tips slightly raised, rises from the +ground with a single bound, gives a few flaps of the wings, and then +proceeds with its peculiar soaring flight, rising very high in the +air." + +The Vulture pictured in the accompanying plate was obtained between +the Brazos river and Matagorda bay. With it was found the Black +Vulture, both nesting upon the ground. As the nearest trees were +thirty or forty miles distant these Vultures were always found in this +situation. The birds selected an open spot beneath a heavy growth of +bushes, placing the eggs upon the bare ground. The old bird when +approached would not attempt to leave the nest, and in the case of the +young bird in the plate, the female to protect it from harm, promptly +disgorged the putrid contents of her stomach, which was so offensive +that the intruder had to close his nostrils with one hand while he +reached for the young bird with the other. + +The Turkey Vulture is a very silent bird, only uttering a hiss of +defiance or warning to its neighbors when feeding, or a low gutteral +croak of alarm when flying low overhead. + +The services of the Vultures as scavengers in removing offal render +them valuable, and almost a necessity in southern cities. If an animal +is killed and left exposed to view, the bird is sure to find out the +spot in a very short time, and to make its appearance as if called by +some magic spell from the empty air. + + "Never stoops the soaring Vulture + On his quarry in the desert, + On the sick or wounded bison, + But another Vulture, watching, + From his high aerial lookout, + Sees the downward plunge and follows; + And a third pursues the second, + Coming from the invisible ether, + First a speck, and then a Vulture, + Till the air is dark with pinions." + + + + +TO A WATER-FOWL. + + + Whither, 'midst falling dew + While glow the heavens with the last steps of day, + Far through their rosy depths dost thou pursue + Thy solitary way? + + Vainly the fowler's eye + Might mark thy distant flight to do thee wrong, + As, darkly painted on the crimson sky, + Thy figure floats along. + + Seek'st thou the plashy brink + Of weedy lake, or marge of river wide, + Or where the rocky billows rise and sink + On the chafed ocean side. + + There is a Power whose care + Teaches thy way along that pathless coast-- + The desert and illimitable air-- + Lone wandering, but not lost. + + All day thy wings have fanned, + At that far height, the cold thin atmosphere, + Yet stoop not, weary, to the welcome land + Though the dark night is near. + + And soon that toil shall end; + Soon shalt thou find a summer home, and nest, + And scream among thy fellows; reeds shall bend, + Soon o'er thy sheltered nest. + + Thou'rt gone, the abyss of heaven + Hath swallowed up thy form; yet on my heart + Deeply has sunk the lesson thou hast given, + And shall not soon depart. + + He who from zone to zone, + Guides through the boundless sky thy certain flight, + In the long way that I must tread alone, + Will lead my steps aright. + + WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT. + + + + + [Illustration: From col. F. M. Woodruff. + GAMBEL'S PARTRIDGE.] + +GAMBEL'S PARTRIDGE. + + +Gambel's Partridge, of which comparatively little is known, is a +characteristic game bird of Arizona and New Mexico, of rare beauty, +and with habits similar to others of the species of which there are +about two hundred. Mr. W. E. D. Scott found the species distributed +throughout the entire Catalina region in Arizona below an altitude of +5,000 feet. The bird is also known as the Arizona Quail. + +The nest is made in a depression in the ground sometimes without any +lining. From eight to sixteen eggs are laid. They are most beautifully +marked on a creamy-white ground with scattered spots and blotches of +old gold, and sometimes light drab and chestnut red. In some specimens +the gold coloring is so pronounced that it strongly suggests to the +imagination that this quail feeds upon the grains of the precious +metal which characterizes its home, and that the pigment is imparted +to the eggs. + +After the nesting season these birds commonly gather in "coveys" or +bevies, usually composed of the members of but one family. As a rule +they are terrestrial, but may take to trees when flushed. They are +game birds _par excellence_, and, says Chapman, trusting to the +concealment afforded by their dull colors, attempt to avoid detection +by hiding rather than by flying. The flight is rapid and accompanied +by a startling whirr, caused by the quick strokes of their small, +concave, stiff-feathered wings. They roost on the ground, tail to +tail, with heads pointing outward; "a bunch of closely huddled +forms--a living bomb whose explosion is scarcely less startling than +that of dynamite manufacture." + +The Partridge is on all hands admitted to be wholly harmless, and at +times beneficial to the agriculturist. It is an undoubted fact that it +thrives with the highest system of cultivation, and the lands that are +the most carefully tilled, and bear the greatest quantity of grain and +green crops, generally produce the greatest number of Partridges. + + + + +SUMMARY. + + +Page 43. + +#AMERICAN OSPREY.#--_Pandion paliaetus carolinensis._ + +RANGE--North America; breeds from Florida to Labrador; winters from +South Carolina to northern South America. + +NEST--Generally in a tree, thirty to fifty feet from the ground, +rarely on the ground. + +EGGS--Two to four; generally buffy white, heavily marked with +chocolate. + + * * * * * + +Page 48. + +#SORA RAIL.#--_Porzana carolina._ + +RANGE--Temperate North America, south to the West Indies and northern +South America. + +NEST--Of grass and reeds, placed on the ground in a tussock of grass, +where there is a growth of briers. + +EGGS--From seven to fourteen; of a ground color, of dark cream or +drab, with reddish brown spots. + + * * * * * + +Page 51. + +#KENTUCKY WARBLER.#--_Geothlypis formosa._ + +RANGE--Eastern United States; breeds from the Gulf States to Iowa and +Connecticut; winters in Central America. + +NEST--Bulky, of twigs and rootlets, firmly wrapped with leaves, on or +near the ground. + +EGGS--Four or five; white or grayish white, speckled or blotched with +rufous. + + * * * * * + +Page 55. + +#RED-BREASTED MERGANSER.#--_Merganser Serrator._ + +RANGE--Northern parts of the Northern Hemisphere; in America breeds +from northern Illinois and New Brunswick northward to the arctic +regions; winters southward to Cuba. + +NEST--Of leaves, grasses, mosses, etc., lined with down, on the ground +near water, among rocks or scrubby bushes. + +EGGS--Six to twelve; creamy buff. + + * * * * * + +Page 60. + +#YELLOW LEGS.#--_Totanus flavipes._ + +RANGE--North America, breeding chiefly in the interior from Minnesota, +northern Illinois, Ontario County, N. Y., northward to the Arctic +regions; winters from the Gulf States to Patagonia. + +EGGS--Three or four; buffy, spotted or blotched with dark madder--or +van dyke--brown and purplish gray. + + * * * * * + +Page 61. + +#SKYLARK.#--_Alauda arvensis._ + +RANGE--Europe and portions of Asia and Africa; accidental in the +Bermudas and in Greenland. + +NEST--Placed on the ground, in meadows or open grassy places, +sheltered by a tuft of grass; the materials are grasses, plant stems, +and a few chance leaves. + +EGGS--Three to five, of varying form, color, and size. + + * * * * * + +Page 66. + +#WILSON'S PHALAROPE.#--_Phalaropus tricolor._ + +RANGE--Temperate North America, breeding from northern Illinois and +Utah northward to the Saskatchewan region; south in winter to Brazil +and Patagonia. + +NEST--A shallow depression in soft earth, lined with a thin layer of +fragments of grass. + +EGGS--Three to four; cream buff or buffy white, heavily blotched with +deep chocolate. + + * * * * * + +Page 70. + +#EVENING GROSBEAK.#--_Cocothraustes vespertina._ + +RANGE--Interior of North America, from Manitoba northward; +southeastward in winter to the upper Mississippi Valley and casually +to the northern Atlantic States. + +NEST--Of small twigs, lined with bark, hair, or rootlets, placed +within twenty feet of the ground. + +EGGS--Three or four; greenish, blotched with pale brown. + + * * * * * + +Page 73. + +#TURKEY VULTURE.#--_Catharista Atrata._ + +RANGE--Temperate America, from New Jersey southward to Patagonia. + +NEST--In hollow stump or log, or on ground beneath bushes or +palmettos. + +EGGS--One to three; dull white, spotted and blotched with chocolate +marking. + + * * * * * + +Page 78. + +#GAMBEL'S PARTRIDGE.#--_Callipepla gambeli._ + +RANGE--Northwestern Mexico, Arizona, New Mexico, southern Utah, and +western Utah and western Texas. + +NEST--Placed on the ground, sometimes without any lining. + +EGGS--From eight to sixteen. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Birds Illustrated by Color Photography +[August, 1897], by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BIRDS ILLUSTRATED BY COLOR *** + +***** This file should be named 26656.txt or 26656.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/6/6/5/26656/ + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Anne Storer and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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