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| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 02:32:03 -0700 |
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diff --git a/26656-h/26656-h.htm b/26656-h/26656-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..98a3eb0 --- /dev/null +++ b/26656-h/26656-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,2533 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Birds Illustrated by Colour Photography Vol. Two, No. 2, August 1897, by Birds (Periodical). + </title> + <style type="text/css"> +/*<![CDATA[ XML blockout */ +<!-- + p { margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + + .sml {font-size: .8em;} + + h1,h2,h3,h4 { text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; + } + + h5 { text-align: center; font-size: 3em; + clear: both; + } + + h6 { text-align: center; font-size: 4em; + clear: both; + } + + hr { width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; + } + + + .vlouter { width: 100%; border-top: 1px black solid; + border-bottom: 1px black solid; padding-top: 0.25em; + padding-bottom: 0.25em; } + .volumeline { width: 100%; border-top: 1px black solid; + border-bottom: 1px black solid; padding-top: 0.25em; + padding-bottom: 0.25em; } + .volumeleft { float:left; width:33%; text-align:left; } + .volumeright { float:right; text-align:right; width:33%; } + .spacer { clear: both; } + + body{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + + .box { width: 700px; + margin: 0 auto; + text-align: center; + padding: 1em; + border-style: none; } + + a { text-decoration: none; } + + .pagenum { visibility: hidden; + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; + } /* page numbers */ + + .center {text-align: center;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + + .caption {font-weight: bold; font-variant: small-caps;} + + .figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center;} + + .figleft {float: left; clear: left; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: + 0em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 0; text-align: center;} + + // --> + /* XML end ]]>*/ + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Birds Illustrated by Color Photography +[August, 1897], by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Birds Illustrated by Color Photography [August, 1897] + A Monthly Serial designed to Promote Knowledge of Bird-Life + +Author: Various + +Release Date: September 19, 2008 [EBook #26656] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BIRDS ILLUSTRATED BY COLOR *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Anne Storer and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<div class="box"> + +<h6>BIRDS</h6> + +<p> </p> + +<h1>A MONTHLY SERIAL</h1> + +<p> </p> + +<h3>ILLUSTRATED BY COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY</h3> + +<p> </p> + +<h4>DESIGNED TO PROMOTE</h4> + +<p> </p> + +<h2>KNOWLEDGE OF BIRD-LIFE</h2> + +<p> </p> + +<hr style="width: 15%;" /> + +<p> </p> + +<p class="center"><strong>VOLUME II.</strong></p> + +<p> </p> + +<hr style="width: 15%;" /> + +<p> </p> + +<p class="center"><strong>CHICAGO</strong><br /> +<span class="smcap">Nature Study Publishing Company</span></p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">copyright, 1897</span></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">by</span></p> + +<p class="center"><strong><span class="smcap">Nature Study Publishing Co.</span></strong></p> + +<p class="center"><strong><span class="smcap">chicago.</span></strong></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>INTRODUCTION.</h2> + + +<p>This is the second volume of a series intended to present, in accurate +colored portraiture, and in popular and juvenile biographical text, a very +considerable portion of the common birds of North America, and many of the +more interesting and attractive specimens of other countries, in many respects +superior to all other publications which have attempted the representation of +birds, and at infinitely less expense. The appreciative reception by the public of +Vol. I deserves our grateful acknowledgement. Appearing in monthly parts, +it has been read and admired by thousands of people, who, through the +life-like pictures presented, have made the acquaintance of many birds, +and have since become enthusiastic observers of them. It has been introduced +into the public schools, and is now in use as a text book by hundreds of +teachers, who have expressed enthusiastic approval of the work and of its +general extension. The faithfulness to nature of the pictures, in color and +pose, have been commended by such ornithologists and authors as Dr. Elliott +Coues, Mr. John Burroughs, Mr. J. W. Allen, editor of <em>The Auk</em>, Mr. Frank M. +Chapman, Mr. J. W. Baskett, and others.</p> + +<p>The general text of <span class="smcap">Birds</span>—the biographies—has been conscientiously +prepared from the best authorities by a careful observer of the feather-growing +denizens of the field, the forest, and the shore, while the juvenile autobiographies +have received the approval of the highest ornithological authority.</p> + +<p>The publishers take pleasure in the announcement that the general excellence +of <span class="smcap">Birds</span> will be maintained in subsequent volumes. The subjects +selected for the third and fourth volumes—many of them—will be of the rare +beauty in which the great Audubon, the limner <em>par excellence</em> of birds, would +have found “the joy of imitation.”</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 18em; font-size: 1.1em;" class="center"><strong><span class="smcap">Nature Study Publishing Company.</span></strong></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span></p> + +<h5>BIRDS.</h5> + +<p class="center"><strong><span class="smcap">Illustrated by</span> COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY.</strong></p> + +<p> </p> + +<div class="vlouter"> +<div class="volumeline"> +<div class="volumeleft"><span class="smcap">Vol</span>. II.</div> +<div class="volumeright"><span class="smcap">No</span>. 2.</div> +<div class="center">AUGUST.</div> +<div class="spacer"><!-- empty for spacing purposes --></div> +</div> +</div> + +<p> </p> + + +<h2>BIRD SONG.</h2> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 116px;"> +<img src="images/imgw.png" width="116" height="80" alt="W" title="" /> +</div> +<p>E made several early morning +excursions into the +woods and fields during +the month of June, and +were abundantly rewarded in many +ways—by beholding the gracious +awakening of Nature in her various +forms, kissed into renewed activity by +the radiance of morn; by the sweet +smelling air filled with the perfume of +a multitude of opening flowers which +had drunk again the dew of heaven; +by the sight of flitting clouds across +the bluest of skies, patching the green +earth with moving shadows, and sweetest +of all, by the twittering, calling, +musical sounds of love and joy which +came to the ear from the throats of the +feathered throng. How pleasant to +lie prone on one’s back on the cool +grass, and gaze upward through the +shady green canopy of boughs, watching +the pretty manoeuvers, the joyous +greetings, the lively anxieties, the +graceful movements, and even the +sorrowful happenings of the bird-life +above us.</p> + +<p>Listen to the variety of their tones, +as manifest as the difference of form +and color. What more interesting +than to observe their habits, and discover +their cosy nests with their beautiful +eggs in the green foliage? Strange +that so many persons think only of +making a collection of them, robbing +the nests with heartless indifference to +the suffering of the parents, to say +nothing of the invasion which they +make of the undoubted rights the birds +have from nature to protection and +perpetuation.</p> + +<p>Strictly speaking, there are few +birds to which the word “singing” +can properly be applied, the majority +of them not having more than two or +three notes, and they with little suggestion +of music in them. Chanticleer +crows, his spouse cackles or +clucks, as may be suitable to the +occasion. To what ear are these +noises musical? They are rather language, +and, in fact, the varying notes of +every species of bird have a significance +which can alone be interpreted by its +peculiar habits. If careful note be +made of the immediate conduct of the +male or female bird, as the case may +be, after each call or sound, the meaning +of it becomes plain.</p> + +<p>A hen whose chicks are scattered in +search of food, upon seeing a hawk, +utters a note of warning which we +have all heard, and the young scamper +to her for protection beneath her +wings. When she has laid an egg, +<em>Cut-cut-cut-cut-ot-cut!</em> announces it from +the nest in the barn. When the chicks +are hatched, her <em>cluck, cluck, cluck</em>, +calls them from the nest in the wide +world, and her <em>chick, chick, chick</em>, uttered +quickly, selects for them the dainty +which she has found, or teaches them +what is proper for their diet. A good +listener will detect enough intonations +in her voice to constitute a considerable +vocabulary, which, if imitated</p> + +<p class="center">[<span class="smcap">continued on page <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</span>]</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE AMERICAN OSPREY.</h2> + + +<p>Here is the picture of a +remarkable bird. We know +him better by the name Fish +Hawk. He looks much like the +Eagle in July “<span class="smcap">Birds.</span>” The +Osprey has no use for Mr. Eagle +though.</p> + +<p>You know the Bald Eagle or +Sea Eagle is very fond of fish. +Well, he is not a very good +fisherman and from his lofty +perch he watches for the Fish +Hawk or Osprey. Do you ask +why? Well, when he sees a +Fish Hawk with his prey, he is +sure to chase him and take it +from him. It is for this reason +that Ospreys dislike the Bald +Eagle.</p> + +<p>Their food is fish, which as a +rule they catch alive.</p> + +<p>It must be interesting to watch +the Osprey at his fishing. He +wings his way slowly over the +water, keeping a watch for fish +as they appear near the surface.</p> + +<p>When he sees one that suits +him, he hovers a moment, and +then, closing his wings, falls +upon the fish.</p> + +<p>Sometimes he strikes it with +such force that he disappears in +the water for a moment. Soon +we see him rise from the water +with the prey in his claws.</p> + +<p>He then flies to some tall tree +and if he has not been discovered +by his enemy, the Eagle, can +have a good meal for his hard +work.</p> + +<p>Look at his claws; then think +of them striking a fish as they +must when he plunges from on +high.</p> + +<p>A gentleman tells of an Osprey +that fastened his claws in a fish +that was too large for him.</p> + +<p>The fish drew him under and +nothing more was seen of Mr. +Osprey. The same gentleman +tells of a fish weighing six +pounds that fell from the claws +of a Fish Hawk that became +frightened by an Eagle.</p> + +<p>The Osprey builds his nest +much like the Bald Eagle. It is +usually found in a tall tree and +out of reach.</p> + +<p>Like the Eagle, he uses the +same nest each year, adding to +it. Sometimes it measures five +feet high and three feet across. +One nest that was found, contained +enough sticks, cornstalks, +weeds, moss, and the like, to fill +a cart, and made a load for a +horse to draw. Like the Crows +and Blackbirds they prefer to +live together in numbers. Over +three hundred nests have been +found in the trees on a small +island.</p> + +<p>One thing I want you to +remember about the Osprey. +They usually remain mated for +life.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 467px;"> +<img src="images/img10.jpg" width="467" height="600" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">osprey.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: -22em;" class="sml"><strong>From col. F. M. Woodruff.</strong></span> +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE AMERICAN OSPREY.</h2> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 93px;"> +<img src="images/imga1.png" width="93" height="80" alt="A" title="" /> +</div> +<p>N interesting bird, “Winged +Fisher,” as he has been happily +called, is seen in places +suited to his habits, +throughout temperate +North America, particularly about +islands and along the seacoast. At +Shelter Island, New York, they are +exceedingly variable in the choice of +a nesting place. On Gardiner’s Island +they all build in trees at a distance +varying from ten to seventy-five feet +from the ground; on Plum Island, +where large numbers of them nest, +many place their nests on the ground, +some being built up to a height of four +or five feet while others are simply a +few sticks arranged in a circle, and the +eggs laid on the bare sand. On Shelter +Island they build on the chimneys of +houses, and a pair had a nest on the +cross-bar of a telegraph pole. Another +pair had a nest on a large rock. These +were made of coarse sticks and sea +weed, anything handy, such as bones, +old shoes, straw, etc. A curious nest +was found some years ago on the coast +of New Jersey. It contained three +eggs, and securely imbedded in the +loose material of the Osprey’s nest +was a nest of the Purple Grackle, +containing five eggs, while at the +bottom of the Hawk’s nest was a thick, +rotten limb, in which was a Tree +Swallow’s nest of seven eggs.</p> + +<p>In the spring and early autumn this +familiar eagle-like bird can be seen +hovering over creek, river, and sound. +It is recognized by its popular name of +Fish-Hawk. Following a school of +fish, it dashes from a considerable +height to seize its prey with its stout +claws. If the fish is small it is at once +swallowed, if it is large, (and the Osprey +will occasionally secure shad, +blue fish, bass, etc., weighing five or +six pounds,) the fish is carried to a +convenient bluff or tree and torn to bits. +The Bald Eagle often robs him of +the fish by seizing it, or startling him +so that he looses his hold.</p> + +<p>The Osprey when fishing makes one +of the most breezy, spirited pictures +connected with the feeding habits of +any of our birds, as often there is a +splashing and a struggle under water +when the fish grasped is too large +or the great talons of the bird gets +entangled. He is sometimes carried +under and drowned, and large fish +have been washed ashore with these +birds fastened to them by the claws.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Mabel Osgood Wright says: “I +found an Osprey’s nest in a crooked +oak on Wakeman’s Island in late April, +1893. As I could not get close to the +nest (the island is between a network +of small creeks, and the flood tides +covered the marshes,) I at first thought +it was a monstrous crow’s nest, but on +returning the second week in May I +saw a pair of Ospreys coming and going +to and fro from the nest. I hoped +the birds might return another season, +as the nest looked as if it might have +been used for two or three years, and +was as lop-sided as a poorly made haystack. +The great August storm of the +same year broke the tree, and the nest +fell, making quite a heap upon the +ground. Among the debris were +sticks of various sizes, dried reeds, two +bits of bamboo fishing rod, seaweeds, +some old blue mosquito netting, and +some rags of fish net, also about half +a bushel of salt hay in various stages +of decomposition, and malodorous dirt +galore.”</p> + +<p>It is well known that Ospreys, +if not disturbed, will continue indefinitely +to heap rubbish upon their nests +till their bulk is very great. Like the +Owls they can reverse the rear toe.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE SORA RAIL.</h2> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 87px;"> +<img src="images/imgv.png" width="87" height="80" alt="V" title="" /> +</div> +<p>ARIOUS are the names required +to distinguish the +little slate-colored Carolina +Rail from its brethren, Sora, +Common Rail, and, on the Potomac +river, Ortolan, being among them. +He is found throughout temperate +North America, in the weedy swamps +of the Atlantic states in great abundance, +in the Middle states, and in California. +In Ohio he is a common summer +resident, breeding in the extensive +swamps and wet meadows. The +nest is a rude affair made of grass and +weeds, placed on the ground in a tussock +of grass in a boggy tract of land, +where there is a growth of briers, etc., +where he may skulk and hide in the +wet grass to elude observation. The +nest may often be discovered at a distance +by the appearance of the surrounding +grass, the blades of which +are in many cases interwoven over the +nest, apparently to shield the bird +from the fierce rays of the sun, which +are felt with redoubled force on the +marshes.</p> + +<p>The Rails feed on both vegetable +and animal food. During the months +of September and October, the weeds +and wild oats swarm with them. +They feed on the nutricious seeds, +small snail shells, worms and larvae of +insects, which they extract from the +mud. The habits of the Sora Rail, +its thin, compressed body, its aversion +to take wing, and the dexterity with +which it runs or conceals itself among +the grass and sedge, are exactly similar +to those of the more celebrated +Virginia Rail.</p> + +<p>The Sora frequents those parts of +marshes preferably where fresh water +springs rise through the morass. Here +it generally constructs its nest, “one +of which,” says an observer, “we had +the good fortune to discover. It was +built in the bottom of a tuft of grass +in the midst of an almost impenetrable +quagmire, and was composed altogether +of old wet grass and rushes. +The eggs had been flooded out of the +nest by the extraordinary rise of the +tide in a violent northwest storm, and +lay scattered about the drift weed. +The usual number of eggs is from six +to ten. They are of a dirty white or +pale cream color, sprinkled with specks +of reddish and pale purple, most numerous +near the great end.”</p> + +<p>When on the wing the Sora Rail flies +in a straight line for a short distance +with dangling legs, and suddenly +drops into the water.</p> + +<p>The Rails have many foes, and +many nests are robbed of their eggs by +weasels, snakes, Blackbirds, and Marsh +Hawks, although the last cannot +disturb them easily, as the Marsh +Hawk searches for its food while flying +and a majority of the Rails’ nests +are covered over, making it hard to +distinguish them when the Hawk is +above.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/img19.jpg" width="600" height="444" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">sora rail.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: -32em;" class="sml"><strong>From col. Chi. Acad. Sciences.</strong></span> +</div><p> </p> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE SORA RAIL.</h2> + + +<p>This is one of our fresh-water +marsh birds. I show you his +picture taken where he spends +most of his time.</p> + +<p>If it were not for the note +calls, these tall reeds and grasses +would keep from us the secret +of the Rail’s home.</p> + +<p>Like most birds, though, they +must be heard, and so late in the +afternoon you may hear their +clear note, ker-wee.</p> + +<p>From all parts of the marsh +you will hear their calls which +they keep up long after darkness +has set in.</p> + +<p>This Rail was just about to +step out from the grasses to +feed when the artist took his +picture. See him—head up, and +tail up. He steps along carefully. +He feels that it is risky +to leave his shelter and is ready +at the first sign of danger, to +dart back under cover.</p> + +<p>There are very few fresh-water +marshes where the Rail is +not found.</p> + +<p>When a boy, I loved to hear +their note calls and would spend +hours on the edge of a marsh +near my home.</p> + +<p>It seemed to me there was no +life among the reeds and cat-tails +of the marsh, but when I +threw a stone among them, the +Rails would always answer with +their <em>peeps</em> or <em>keeks</em>.</p> + +<p>And so I used to go down to +the marsh with my pockets filled +with stones. Not that I desired +or even expected to injure +one of these birds. Far from it. +It pleased me to hear their calls +from the reeds and grass that +seemed deserted.</p> + +<p>Those of you who live near +wild-rice or wild-oat marshes +have a good chance to become +acquainted with this Rail.</p> + +<p>In the south these Rails are +found keeping company with +the Bobolinks or Reed-birds as +they are called down there.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE KENTUCKY WARBLER.</h2> + + +<p>Although this bird is called +the Kentucky Warbler, we must +not think he visits that state +alone.</p> + +<p>We find him all over eastern +North America. And a beautiful +bird he is.</p> + +<p>As his name tells you he is +one of a family of Warblers.</p> + +<p>I told you somewhere else +that the Finches are the largest +family of birds. Next to them +come the Warblers.</p> + +<p>Turn back now and see how +many Warblers have been pictured +so far.</p> + +<p>See if you can tell what things +group them as a family. Notice +their bills and feet.</p> + +<p>This bird is usually found in +the dense woods, especially +where there are streams of +water.</p> + +<p>He is a good singer, and his +song is very different from that +of any of the other Warblers.</p> + +<p>I once watched one of these +birds—olive-green above and +yellow beneath. His mate was +on a nest near by and he was +entertaining her with his song.</p> + +<p>He kept it up over two hours, +stopping only a few seconds +between his songs. When I +reached the spot with my field-glass +I was attracted by his +peculiar song. I don’t know +how long he had been singing. +I stayed and spent two hours +with him and he showed no +signs of stopping. He may be +singing yet. I hope he is.</p> + +<p>You see him here perched on +a granite cliff. I suppose his +nest is near by.</p> + +<p>He makes it of twigs and +rootlets, with several thicknesses +of leaves. It is neatly lined +with fine rootlets and you will +always find it on or near the +ground.</p> + +<p>In the September and October +number of “<span class="smcap">Birds</span>” you will find +several Warblers and Finches. +Try to keep track of them and +may be you can do as many +others have done—tell the names +of new birds that come along by +their pictures which you have +seen in “<span class="smcap">Birds</span>.”</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 418px;"> +<img src="images/img26.jpg" width="418" height="600" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">kentucky warbler.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: -20em;" class="sml"><strong>From col. F. M. Woodruff.</strong></span> +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE KENTUCKY WARBLER.</h2> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 81px;"> +<img src="images/imgb.png" width="81" height="80" alt="B" title="" /> +</div> +<p>ETWEEN sixty and seventy +warblers are described by +Davie in his “Nests and +Eggs of North American +Birds,” and the Kentucky +Warbler is recognized as one of the +most beautiful of the number, in its +manners almost the counterpart of the +Golden Crowned Thrush (soon to +delight the eyes of the readers of +<span class="smcap">Birds</span>), though it is altogether a +more conspicuous bird, both on +account of its brilliant plumage and +greater activity, the males being, +during the season of nesting, very +pugnacious, continually chasing one +another about the woods. It lives +near the ground, making its artfully +concealed nest among the low herbage +and feeding in the undergrowth, the +male singing from some old log or +low bush, his song recalling that of +the Cardinal, though much weaker.</p> + +<p>The ordinary note is a soft +<em>schip</em>, somewhat like the common +call of the Pewee. Considering its +great abundance, says an observer, the +nest of this charmer is very difficult +to find; the female, he thought, must +slyly leave the nest at the approach of +an intruder, running beneath the +herbage until a considerable distance +from the nest, when, joined by her +mate, the pair by their evident anxiety +mislead the stranger as to its location.</p> + +<p>It has been declared that no group +of birds better deserves the epithet +“pretty” than the Warblers. Tanagers +are splendid, Humming Birds refulgent, +others brilliant, gaudy, or magnificent, +but Warblers alone are pretty.</p> + +<p>The Warblers are migratory birds, +the majority of them passing rapidly +across the United States in spring on +the way to their northern nesting +grounds, and in autumn to their winter +residence within the tropics. When +the apple trees bloom they revel +among the flowers, vieing in activity +and numbers with the bees; “now +probing the recesses of a blossom for +an insect, then darting to another, +where, poised daintily upon a slender +twig, or suspended from it, they +explore hastily but carefully for +another morsel. Every movement is +the personification of nervous activity, +as if the time for their journey was +short; as, indeed, appears to be the +case, for two or three days at most suffice +some species in a single locality.”</p> + +<p>We recently saw a letter from a +gentleman living at Lake Geneva, in +which he referred with enthusiasm to +<span class="smcap">Birds</span>, because it had enabled him to +identify a bird which he had often +seen in the apple trees among the +blossoms, particularly the present +season, with which he was unacquainted +by name. It was the Orchard +Oriole, and he was glad to have a +directory of nature which would enable +him to add to his knowledge and correct +errors of observation. The idea is a +capitol one, and the beautiful Kentucky +Warbler, unknown to many who see +it often, may be recognized in the +same way by residents of southern +Indiana and Illinois, Kansas, some +localities in Ohio, particularly in the +southwestern portion, in parts of New +York and New Jersey, in the District +of Columbia, and in North Carolina. +It has not heretofore been possible, +even with the best painted specimens +of birds in the hand, to satisfactorily +identify the pretty creatures, but with +<span class="smcap">Birds</span> as a companion, which may +readily be consulted, the student cannot +be led into error.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE RED BREASTED MERGANSER.</h2> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 116px;"> +<img src="images/imgw.png" width="116" height="80" alt="W" title="" /> +</div> +<p>HY this duck should be +called red-breasted is not +at first apparent, as at +a distance the color can +not be distinguished, but seen near, the +reason is plain. It is a common bird +in the United States in winter, where +it is found in suitable localities in the +months of May and June. It is also +a resident of the far north, breeding +abundantly in Newfoundland, Labrador, +Greenland, and Iceland. It is +liberally supplied with names, as Red-Breasted +Goosander or Sheldrake, Garbill, +Sea Robin, etc.</p> + +<p>There is a difference in opinion as +to the nesting habits of the Red-Breast, +some authorities claiming that, like +the Wood Duck, the nest is placed in +the cavity of a tree, others that it is +usually found on the ground among +brushwood, surrounded with tall +grasses and at a short distance from +water. Davie says that most generally +it is concealed by a projecting +rock or other object, the nest being +made of leaves and mosses, lined with +feathers and down, which are plucked +from the breast of the bird. The observers +are all probably correct, the +bird adapting itself to the situation.</p> + +<p>Fish is the chief diet of the Merganser, +for which reason its flesh is rank +and unpalatable. The Bird’s appetite +is insatiable, devouring its food in +such quantities that it has frequently +to disgorge several times before it is +able to rise from the water. This +Duck can swallow fishes six or seven +inches in length, and will attempt to +swallow those of a larger size, choking +in the effort.</p> + +<p>The term Merganser is derived from +the plan of the bird’s bill, which is +furnished with saw teeth fitting into +each other.</p> + +<p>The eggs of the Red-Breasted Merganser +vary from six to twelve, are +oval in shape, and are of a yellowish +or reddish-drab, sometimes a dull +buffy-green.</p> + +<p>You may have seen pictures of this +Duck, which frequently figures in +dining rooms on the ornamental panels +of stuffed game birds, but none which +could cause you to remember its life-like +appearance. You here see before +you an actual Red-Breasted Merganser.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/img34.jpg" width="600" height="430" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">red-breasted merganser.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: -32em;" class="sml"><strong>From col. J. G. Parker, Jr.</strong></span> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span></p> + +<h2>BIRD SONG—<span class="sml">Continued from page <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</span></h2> + + +<p>with exactness, will deceive Mistress +Pullet herself.</p> + +<p>To carry the idea further, we will +take the notes of some of the birds +depicted in this number of <span class="smcap">Birds</span>. +The Osprey, or Fish-Hawk, has been +carefully observed, and his only discovered +note is a high, rapidly repeated +whistle, very plaintive. Doubtless +this noise is agreeable and intelligible +to his mate, but cannot be called a song, +and has no significance to the listener.</p> + +<p>The Vulture utters a low, hissing +sound when disturbed. This is its +only note. Not so with the Bald +Eagle, whose scream emulates the rage +of the tempest, and implies courage, +the quality which associates him with +patriotism and freedom. In the notes +of the Partridge there is a meaning +recognizable by every one. After the +nesting season, when the birds are in +bevies, their notes are changed to what +sportsmen term “scatter calls.” Not +long after a bevy has been flushed, +and perhaps widely scattered, the +members of the disunited family may +be heard signaling to one another in +sweet minor calls of two and three +notes, and in excitement, they utter +low, twittering notes.</p> + +<p>Of the Sora Rails, Mr. Chapman +says, “knowing their calls, you have +only to pass a May or June evening +near a marsh to learn whether they +inhabit it. If there, they will greet +you late in the afternoon with a clear +whistled <em>ker-wee</em>, which soon comes +from dozens of invisible birds about +you, and long after night has fallen, it +continues like a springtime chorus of +piping hylas. Now and again it is +interrupted by a high-voiced, rolling +whinney, which, like a call of alarm, +is taken up and repeated by different +birds all over the marsh.”</p> + +<p>Poor Red-Breasted Merganser! He +has only one note, a croak. Perhaps +it was of him that Bryant was thinking +when he wrote the stanzas “<a href="#Page_76">To a Water-Fowl</a>.”</p> + +<p>“The sentiment of feeling awakened +by any of the aquatic fowls is pre-eminently +one of loneliness,” says John +Burroughs. “The Wood Duck (see +July <span class="smcap">Birds</span>) which you approach, +starts from the pond or the marsh, the +Loon neighing down out of the April +sky, the Wild Goose, the Curlew, the +Stork, the Bittern, the Sandpiper, etc., +awaken quite a different train of emotions +from those awakened by the land +birds. They all have clinging to them +some reminiscence and suggestion of +the sea. Their cries echo its wildness +and desolation; their wings are the +shape of its billows.”</p> + +<p>But the Evening Grosbeak, the +Kentucky Warbler, the Skylark, land +birds all, are singers. They have +music in their throats and in their +souls, though of varying quality. The +Grosbeak’s note is described by different +observers as a shrill <em>cheepy tee</em> and +a frog-like <em>peep</em>, while one writer remarks +that the males have a single +metallic cry like the note of a trumpet, +and the females a loud chattering like +the large Cherry Birds.</p> + +<p>The Kentucky Warbler’s song is +entirely unlike that of any other +Warbler, and is a loud, clearly whistled +performance of five, six, or seven +notes, <em>turdle, turdle, turdle</em>, resembling +in tone some of the calls of the Carolina +Wren. He is so persistent in his +singing, however, that the Red-Breasted +Merganser’s simple croak would sometimes +be preferable to it.</p> + +<p>But the Skylark—</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 15em;"> + “All the earth and air<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">With thy voice is loud,</span><br /> + As, when night is bare<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">From one lonely cloud</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: -5.5em;">The moon rains out her beams and heaven is over-flowed.”</span></p> + +<p style="margin-left: 20em;">—<span class="smcap">C. C. Marble</span>.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE YELLOW LEGS.</h2> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 98px;"> +<img src="images/imgy.png" width="98" height="80" alt="Y" title="" /> +</div> +<p>ELLOW LEGS, or Lesser +Tell tale sometimes called +Yellow-leg Snipe, and Little +Cucu, inhabits the whole of +North America, nesting in the cold +temperate and subarctic districts of the +northern continent, migrating south +in winter to Argentine and Chili. It +is much rarer in the western than +eastern province of North America, +and is only accidental in Europe. It +is one of the wading birds, its food consisting +of larvae of insects, small shell +fish and the like.</p> + +<p>The nest of the Lesser Yellow +Shanks, which it is sometimes called, +is a mere depression in the ground, +without any lining. Sometimes, however, +it is placed at the foot of a bush, +with a scanty lining of withered leaves. +Four eggs of light drab, buffy or cream +color, sometimes of light brown, are +laid, and the breast of the female is +found to be bare of feathers when engaged +in rearing the young. The +Lesser Yellow legs breeds in central +Ohio and Illinois, where it is a regular +summer resident, arriving about the +middle of April, the larger portion of +flocks passing north early in May and +returning about the first of September +to remain until the last of October.</p> + +<p>A nest of this species of Snipe was +found situated in a slight depression at +the base of a small hillock near the +border of a prairie slough near Evanston, +Illinois, and was made of grass +stems and blades. The color of the +eggs in this instance was a deep grayish +white, three of which were marked +with spots of dark brown, and the +fourth egg with spots and well defined +blotches of a considerably lighter shade +of the same.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/img43.jpg" width="600" height="452" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">yellow legs.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: -32em;" class="sml"><strong>From col. F. M. Woodruff.</strong></span> +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/img44.jpg" width="600" height="425" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">sky lark.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: -32em;" class="sml"><strong>From col. F. M. Woodruff.</strong></span> +</div> + + +<p> </p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE SKYLARK.</h2> + + +<p>This is not an American bird. +I have allowed his picture to be +taken and placed here because +so many of our English friends +desired it.</p> + +<p>The skylark is probably the +most noted of birds in Europe. +He is found in all of the countries +of Europe, but England +seems to claim it. Here it stays +during the summer, and goes +south in the winter.</p> + +<p>Like our own Meadow Lark, +he likes best to stay in the fields. +Here you will find it when not +on the wing.</p> + +<p>Early in the spring the Skylark +begins his song, and he may +be heard for most of the year.</p> + +<p>Sometimes he sings while on +the ground, but usually it is +while he is soaring far above us.</p> + +<p>Skylarks do not often seek +the company of persons. There +are some birds, you know, that +seem happy only when they are +near people. Of course, they +are somewhat shy, but as a rule +they prefer to be near people. +While the Skylark does not seek +to be near persons, yet it is not +afraid of them.</p> + +<p>A gentleman, while riding +through the country, was surprised +to see a Skylark perch on +his saddle. When he tried to +touch it, the Lark moved along +on the horse’s back, and finally +dropped under the horse’s feet. +Here it seemed to hide. The +rider, looking up, saw a hawk +flying about. This explained the +cause of the skylark’s strange +actions.</p> + +<p>A pair of these Larks had +built their nest in a meadow. +When the time came for mowing +the grass, the little ones +were not large enough to leave +the nest. The mother bird laid +herself flat on the ground, with +her wings spread out. The +father bird took one of the little +ones from the nest and placed +it on the mother’s back. She +flew away, took the baby bird +to a safe place, and came back +for another.</p> + +<p>This time the father took his +turn. In this way they carried +the little ones to a safe place before +the mowers came.</p> + +<p>Like our Meadow Lark, the +Skylark builds her nest on the +ground—never in bushes or +trees. Usually it is built in a +hole below the surface of the +ground. It is for this reason +that it is hard to find.</p> + +<p>Then, too, the color of the nest +is much like that of the ground.</p> + +<p>Four or five eggs are usually +laid, and in two weeks the little +larks crack the shells, and come +into the world crying for worms +and bugs.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE SKYLARK.</h2> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 86px;"> +<img src="images/imgt.png" width="86" height="80" alt="T" title="" /> +</div> +<p>HE English Skylark has been +more celebrated in poetry than +any other song-bird. Shelley’s +famous poem is too long +to quote and too symmetrical to present +in fragmentary form. It is almost as +musical as the sweet singer itself.</p> + +<p>“By the first streak of dawn,” says +one familiar with the Skylark, “he +bounds from the dripping herbage, +and on fluttering wings mounts the +air for a few feet ere giving forth his +cheery notes. Then upward, apparently +without effort he sails, sometimes +drifting far away as he ascends, borne +as it were by the ascending vapors, so +easily he mounts the air. His notes +are so pure and sweet, and yet so loud +and varied withal, that when they first +disturb the air of early morning all the +other little feathered tenants of the +fields and hedgerows seem irresistibly +compelled to join him in filling the +air with melody. Upwards, ever upwards, +he mounts, until like a speck +in the highest ether he appears motionless; +yet still his notes are heard, +lovely in their faintness, now gradually +growing louder and louder as he +descends, until within a few yards of +the earth they cease, and he drops like +a fragment hurled from above into the +herbage, or flits about it for a short +distance ere alighting.” The Lark +sings just as richly on the ground as +when on quivering wing. When in +song he is said to be a good guide to +the weather, for whenever we see him +rise into the air, despite the gloomy +looks of an overcast sky, fine weather +is invariably at hand.</p> + +<p>The nest is most frequently in the +grass fields, sometimes amongst the +young corn, or in places little frequented. +It is made of dry grass and +moss, and lined with fibrous roots and +a little horse hair. The eggs, usually +four or five in number, are dull white, +spotted, clouded, and blotched over the +entire surface with brownish green. +The female Lark, says Dixon, like all +ground birds, is a very close sitter, +remaining faithful to her charge. She +regains her nest by dropping to the +ground a hundred yards or more from +its concealment.</p> + +<p>The food of the Lark is varied,—in +spring and summer, insects and their +larvae, and worms and slugs, in autumn +and winter, seeds.</p> + +<p>Olive Thorne Miller tells this pretty +anecdote of a Skylark which she +emancipated from a bird store: “I +bought the skylark, though I did not +want him. I spared no pains to make +the stranger happy. I procured a +beautiful sod of uncut fresh grass, of +which he at once took possession, +crouching or sitting low among the +stems, and looking most bewitching. +He seemed contented, and uttered no +more that appealing cry, but he did +not show much intelligence. His cage +had a broad base behind which he +delighted to hide, and for hours as I +sat in the room I could see nothing of +him, although I would hear him stirring +about. If I rose from my seat he +was instantly on the alert, and stretched +his head up to look over at me. I +tried to get a better view of him by +hanging a small mirror at an angle +over his cage, but he was so much +frightened by it that I removed it.”</p> + +<p>“This bird,” Mrs. Miller says “never +seemed to know enough to go home. +Even when very hungry he would +stand before his wide open door, where +one step would take him into his +beloved grass thicket, and yet that one +step he would not take. When his +hunger became intolerable he ran +around the room, circled about his +cage, looking in, recognizing his food +dishes, and trying eagerly to get +between the wires to reach them; and +yet when he came before the open door +he would stand and gaze, but never +go in. After five months’ trial, during +which he displayed no particular +intelligence, and never learned to enter +his cage, he passed out of the bird +room, but not into a store.”</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/img53.jpg" width="600" height="451" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">wilson’s phalarope.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: -32em;" class="sml"><strong>From col. F. M. Woodruff.</strong></span> +</div> + +<p> </p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span></p> +<h2>WILSON’S PHALAROPE.</h2> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 79px;"> +<img src="images/imgp.png" width="79" height="80" alt="P" title="" /> +</div> +<p>ERHAPS the most interesting, +as it is certainly the +most uncommon, characteristic +of this species of +birds is that the male relieves +his mate from all domestic duties +except the laying of the eggs. He +usually chooses a thin tuft of grass on +a level spot, but often in an open +place concealed by only a few straggling +blades. He scratches a shallow +depression in the soft earth, lines it +with a thin layer of fragments of old +grass blades, upon which the eggs, +three or four, are laid about the last of +May or first of June. Owing to the +low situation in which the nest is +placed, the first set of eggs are often +destroyed by a heavy fall of rain causing +the water to rise so as to submerge +the nest. The instinct of self preservation +in these birds, as in many others, +seems lacking in this respect. A +second set, numbering two or three, is +often deposited in a depression +scratched in the ground, as at first, but +with no sign of any lining.</p> + +<p>Wilson’s Phalarope is exclusively +an American bird, more common in +the interior than along the sea coast. +The older ornithologists knew little of +it. It is now known to breed in +northern Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin, +Minnesota, the Dakotas, Utah, and +Oregon. It is recorded as a summer +resident in northern Indiana and in +western Kansas. Mr. E. W. Nelson +states that it is the most common +species in northern Illinois, frequenting +grassy marshes and low prairies, +and is not exceeded in numbers even by +the ever-present Spotted Sandpiper. +While it was one of our most common +birds in the Calumet region it is now +becoming scarce.</p> + +<p>The adult female of this beautiful +species is by far the handsomest of the +small waders. The breeding plumage +is much brighter and richer than that +of the male, another peculiar characteristic, +and the male alone possesses +the naked abdomen. The female +always remains near the nest while he +is sitting, and shows great solicitude +upon the approach of an intruder. +The adults assume the winter plumage +during July.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE EVENING GROSBEAK.</h2> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 96px;"> +<img src="images/imgh.png" width="96" height="80" alt="H" title="" /> +</div> +<p>ANDSOMER birds there +may be, but in the opinion +of many this visitant to +various portions of western +North America is +in shape, color, and markings one of the +most exquisite of the feather-wearers. +It has for its habitation the region +extending from the plains to the Pacific +ocean and from Mexico into British +America. Toward the North it ranges +further to the east; so that, while it +appears to be not uncommon about +Lake Superior, it has been reported as +occuring in Ohio, New York, and Canada. +In Illinois it was observed at +Freeport during the winter of 1870 +and 1871, and at Waukegan during +January, 1873. It is a common resident +of the forests of the State of +Washington, and also of Oregon. In the +latter region Dr. Merrill observed the +birds carrying building material to a +huge fir tree, but was unable to locate +the nest, and the tree was practically +inaccessable. Mr. Walter E. Bryant +was the first to record an authentic +nest and eggs of the Evening Grosbeak. +In a paper read before the California +Academy of Sciences he describes +a nest of this species containing +four eggs, found in Yolo county, California. +The nest was built in a small +live oak, at a height of ten feet, and +was composed of small twigs supporting +a thin layer of fibrous bark and a +lining of horse hair. The eggs are of +a clear greenish-ground color, blotched +with pale brown. According to Mr. +Davie, one of the leading authorities +on North American birds, little if any +more information has been obtained +regarding the nests and eggs of the +Evening Grosbeak.</p> + +<p>As to its habits, Mr. O. P. Day says, +that about the year 1872, while hunting +during fine autumn weather in the +woods about Eureka, Illinois, he fell +in with a number of these Grosbeaks. +They were feeding in the tree tops on +the seeds of the sugar maple, just then +ripening, and were excessively fat. +They were very unsuspicious, and for +a long time suffered him to observe +them. They also ate the buds of +the cottonwood tree in company with +the Rose-Breasted Grosbeak.</p> + +<p>The song of the Grosbeak is singularly +like that of the Robin, and to +one not thoroughly familiar with the +notes of the latter a difference would +not at first be detected. There is a very +decided difference, however, and by +repeatedly listening to both species in +full voice it will be discovered more +and more clearly. The sweet and +gentle strains of music harmonize delightfully, +and the concert they make +is well worth the careful attention of +the discriminating student. The value +of such study will be admitted by all +who know how little is known of the +songsters. A gentleman recently said +to us that one day in November +the greater part of the football field +at the south end of Lincoln Park +was covered with Snow Birds. There +were also on the field more than +one hundred grammar and high school +boys waiting the arrival of the football +team. There was only one +person present who paid any attention +to the birds which were picking +up the food, twittering, hopping, and +flying about, and occasionally indulging +in fights, and all utterly oblivious +of the fact that there were scores of +shouting school boys around and +about them. The gentleman called +the attention of one after another of +ten of the high school boys to the snow +birds and asked what they were. They +one and all declared they were English +Sparrows, and seemed astounded +that any one could be so ignorant as +not to know what an English Sparrow +was. So much for the city-bred boy’s +observation of birds.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/img61.jpg" width="600" height="447" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">evening grosbeak.</span> +</div> + +<p> </p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE EVENING GROSBEAK.</h2> + + +<p>In the far Northwest we find +this beautiful bird the year +around. During the winter he +often comes farther south in +company with his cousin, the +Rose-Breasted Grosbeak.</p> + +<p>What a beautiful sight it +must be to see a flock of these +birds—Evening Grosbeaks and +Rose-Breasted in their pretty +plumage.</p> + +<p>Grosbeaks belong to a family +called Finches. The Sparrows, +Buntings, and Crossbills belong +to the same family. It is the +largest family among birds.</p> + +<p>You will notice that they all +have stout bills. Their food is +mostly grains and their bills are +well formed to crush the seeds.</p> + +<p>Look at your back numbers of +“<span class="smcap">Birds</span>” and notice the pictures +of the other Finches I have +named. Don’t you think Dame +Nature is very generous with +her colors sometimes?</p> + +<p>Only a few days ago while +strolling through the woods with +my field glass, I saw a pretty +sight. On one tree I saw a Redheaded +Woodpecker, a Flicker, +an Indigo Bunting, and a Rose-Breasted +Grosbeak. I thought +then, if we could only have the +Evening Grosbeak our group of +colors would be complete.</p> + +<p>Have you ever wondered at +some birds being so prettily +dressed while others have such +dull colors?</p> + +<p>Some people say that the birds +who do not sing must have +bright feathers to make them +attractive. We cannot believe +this. Some of our bright colored +birds are sweet singers, and +surely many of our dull colored +birds cannot sing very well.</p> + +<p>Next month you will see the +pictures of several home birds. +See if dull colors have anything +to do with sweet song.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE TURKEY VULTURE.</h2> + + +<p>This bird is found mostly in +the southern states. Here he is +known by the more common +name of Turkey Buzzard.</p> + +<p>He looks like a noble bird but +he isn’t. While he is well fitted +for flying, and might, if he tried, +catch his prey, he prefers to eat +dead animals.</p> + +<p>The people down south never +think of burying a dead horse or +cow. They just drag it out +away from their homes and +leave it to the Vultures who are +sure to dispose of it.</p> + +<p>It is very seldom that they +attack a live animal.</p> + +<p>They will even visit the streets +of the cities in search of dead +animals for food, and do not +show much fear of man. Oftentimes +they are found among the +chickens and ducks in the barn-yard, +but have never been known +to kill any.</p> + +<p>One gentleman who has +studied the habits of the Vulture +says that it has been known to +suck the eggs of Herons. This +is not common, though. As I +said they prefer dead animals +for their food and even eat their +own dead.</p> + +<p>The Vulture is very graceful +while on the wing. He sails +along and you can hardly see +his wings move as he circles +about looking for food on the +ground below.</p> + +<p>Many people think the Vulture +looks much like our tame turkey.</p> + +<p>If you know of a turkey near +by, just compare this picture +with it and you won’t think so.</p> + +<p>See how chalk-white his bill +is. No feathers on his head, but +a bright red skin.</p> + +<p>What do you think of the young +chick? It doesn’t seem as +though he could ever be the +large, heavy bird his parent +seems to be.</p> + +<p>Now turn back to the first +page of July “<span class="smcap">Birds</span>” and see +how he differs from the Eagle.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/img68.jpg" width="600" height="430" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">turkey vulture.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: -32em;" class="sml"><strong>From col. F. M. Woodruff.</strong></span> +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE TURKEY VULTURE.</h2> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 86px;"> +<img src="images/imgt.png" width="86" height="80" alt="T" title="" /> +</div> +<p>URKEY BUZZARD is the +familiar name applied to this +bird, on account of his remarkable +resemblance to our common +Turkey. This is the only respect +however, in which they are alike. It +inhabits the United States and British +Provinces from the Atlantic to the +Pacific, south through Central and +most of South America. Every farmer +knows it to be an industrious scavenger, +devouring at all times the putrid +or decomposing flesh of carcasses. +They are found in flocks, not only +flying and feeding in company, but +resorting to the same spot to roost; +nesting also in communities; depositing +their eggs on the ground, on rocks, +or in hollow logs and stumps, usually +in thick woods or in a sycamore grove, +in the bend or fork of a stream. The +nest is frequently built in a tree, or in +the cavity of a sycamore stump, though +a favorite place for depositing the +eggs is a little depression under a small +bush or overhanging rock on a steep +hillside.</p> + +<p>Renowned naturalists have long +argued that the Vulture does not have +an extraordinary power of smell, but, +according to Mr. Davie, an excellent +authority, it has been proven by the +most satisfactory experiments that the +Turkey Buzzard does possess a keen +sense of smell by which it can distinguish +the odor of flesh at a great +distance.</p> + +<p>The flight of the Turkey Vulture is +truly beautiful, and no landscape with +its patches of green woods and grassy +fields, is perfect without its dignified +figure high in the air, moving round in +circles, steady, graceful and easy, and +apparently without effort. “It sails,” +says Dr. Brewer, “with a steady, even +motion, with wings just above the +horizontal position, with their tips +slightly raised, rises from the ground +with a single bound, gives a few flaps +of the wings, and then proceeds with +its peculiar soaring flight, rising very +high in the air.”</p> + +<p>The Vulture pictured in the accompanying +plate was obtained between the +Brazos river and Matagorda bay. With +it was found the Black Vulture, both +nesting upon the ground. As the +nearest trees were thirty or forty miles +distant these Vultures were always +found in this situation. The birds +selected an open spot beneath a heavy +growth of bushes, placing the eggs +upon the bare ground. The old bird +when approached would not attempt +to leave the nest, and in the case of +the young bird in the plate, the female +to protect it from harm, promptly disgorged +the putrid contents of her +stomach, which was so offensive that +the intruder had to close his nostrils +with one hand while he reached for +the young bird with the other.</p> + +<p>The Turkey Vulture is a very silent +bird, only uttering a hiss of defiance +or warning to its neighbors when feeding, +or a low gutteral croak of alarm +when flying low overhead.</p> + +<p>The services of the Vultures as scavengers +in removing offal render them +valuable, and almost a necessity in +southern cities. If an animal is killed +and left exposed to view, the bird is +sure to find out the spot in a very short +time, and to make its appearance as if +called by some magic spell from the +empty air.</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 15em;"> +“Never stoops the soaring Vulture<br /> +On his quarry in the desert,<br /> +On the sick or wounded bison,<br /> +But another Vulture, watching,<br /> +From his high aerial lookout,<br /> +Sees the downward plunge and follows;<br /> +And a third pursues the second,<br /> +Coming from the invisible ether,<br /> +First a speck, and then a Vulture,<br /> +Till the air is dark with pinions.”</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span></p> +<h2>TO A WATER-FOWL.</h2> + + +<p style="margin-left: 12em;"> +Whither, ’midst falling dew<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">While glow the heavens with the last steps of day,</span><br /> +Far through their rosy depths dost thou pursue<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thy solitary way?</span></p> + +<p style="margin-left: 12em;"> +Vainly the fowler’s eye<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Might mark thy distant flight to do thee wrong,</span><br /> +As, darkly painted on the crimson sky,<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thy figure floats along.</span></p> + +<p style="margin-left: 12em;"> +Seek’st thou the plashy brink<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Of weedy lake, or marge of river wide,</span><br /> +Or where the rocky billows rise and sink<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">On the chafed ocean side.</span></p> + +<p style="margin-left: 12em;"> +There is a Power whose care<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Teaches thy way along that pathless coast—</span><br /> +The desert and illimitable air—<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lone wandering, but not lost.</span></p> + +<p style="margin-left: 12em;"> +All day thy wings have fanned,<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">At that far height, the cold thin atmosphere,</span><br /> +Yet stoop not, weary, to the welcome land<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Though the dark night is near.</span></p> + +<p style="margin-left: 12em;"> +And soon that toil shall end;<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Soon shalt thou find a summer home, and nest,</span><br /> +And scream among thy fellows; reeds shall bend,<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Soon o’er thy sheltered nest.</span></p> + +<p style="margin-left: 12em;"> +Thou’rt gone, the abyss of heaven<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hath swallowed up thy form; yet on my heart</span><br /> +Deeply has sunk the lesson thou hast given,<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">And shall not soon depart.</span></p> + +<p style="margin-left: 12em;"> +He who from zone to zone,<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Guides through the boundless sky thy certain flight,</span><br /> +In the long way that I must tread alone,<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Will lead my steps aright.</span></p> + +<p style="margin-left: 22em;"><span class="smcap">William Cullen Bryant.</span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 439px;"> +<img src="images/img75.jpg" width="439" height="600" alt="image" title="" /> +<span class="caption">gambel’s partridge.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: -22em;" class="sml"><strong>From col. F. M. Woodruff.</strong></span> +</div> + +<p> </p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span></p> +<h2>GAMBEL’S PARTRIDGE.</h2> + + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 99px;"> +<img src="images/imgg.png" width="99" height="80" alt="G" title="" /> +</div> +<p>AMBEL’S PARTRIDGE, of +which comparatively little +is known, is a characteristic +game bird of Arizona and +New Mexico, of rare beauty, and with +habits similar to others of the species +of which there are about two hundred. +Mr. W. E. D. Scott found the species +distributed throughout the entire Catalina +region in Arizona below an altitude +of 5,000 feet. The bird is also +known as the Arizona Quail.</p> + +<p>The nest is made in a depression in +the ground sometimes without any +lining. From eight to sixteen eggs +are laid. They are most beautifully +marked on a creamy-white ground +with scattered spots and blotches of +old gold, and sometimes light drab and +chestnut red. In some specimens the +gold coloring is so pronounced that it +strongly suggests to the imagination +that this quail feeds upon the grains +of the precious metal which characterizes +its home, and that the pigment +is imparted to the eggs.</p> + +<p>After the nesting season these birds +commonly gather in “coveys” or bevies, +usually composed of the members of +but one family. As a rule they are +terrestrial, but may take to trees when +flushed. They are game birds <em>par excellence</em>, +and, says Chapman, trusting +to the concealment afforded by their +dull colors, attempt to avoid detection +by hiding rather than by flying. The +flight is rapid and accompanied by a +startling whirr, caused by the quick +strokes of their small, concave, stiff-feathered +wings. They roost on the +ground, tail to tail, with heads pointing +outward; “a bunch of closely +huddled forms—a living bomb whose +explosion is scarcely less startling +than that of dynamite manufacture.”</p> + +<p>The Partridge is on all hands admitted +to be wholly harmless, and at +times beneficial to the agriculturist. +It is an undoubted fact that it thrives +with the highest system of cultivation, +and the lands that are the most carefully +tilled, and bear the greatest quantity +of grain and green crops, generally +produce the greatest number of Partridges.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 95%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span></p> +<h2>SUMMARY.</h2> + + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</p> + +<p><strong>AMERICAN OSPREY.</strong>—<em>Pandion paliaetus carolinensis.</em></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Range</span>—North America; breeds from Florida +to Labrador; winters from South Carolina +to northern South America.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nest</span>—Generally in a tree, thirty to fifty feet +from the ground, rarely on the ground.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Eggs</span>—Two to four; generally buffy white, +heavily marked with chocolate.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</p> + +<p><strong>SORA RAIL.</strong>—<em>Porzana carolina.</em></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Range</span>—Temperate North America, south to +the West Indies and northern South America.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nest</span>—Of grass and reeds, placed on the +ground in a tussock of grass, where there is a +growth of briers.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Eggs</span>—From seven to fourteen; of a ground +color, of dark cream or drab, with reddish +brown spots.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.</p> + +<p><strong>KENTUCKY WARBLER.</strong>—<em>Geothlypis formosa.</em></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Range</span>—Eastern United States; breeds from +the Gulf States to Iowa and Connecticut; +winters in Central America.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nest</span>—Bulky, of twigs and rootlets, firmly +wrapped with leaves, on or near the ground.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Eggs</span>—Four or five; white or grayish white, +speckled or blotched with rufous.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</p> + +<p><strong>RED-BREASTED MERGANSER.</strong>—<em>Merganser Serrator.</em></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Range</span>—Northern parts of the Northern +Hemisphere; in America breeds from northern +Illinois and New Brunswick northward to the +arctic regions; winters southward to Cuba.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nest</span>—Of leaves, grasses, mosses, etc., lined +with down, on the ground near water, among +rocks or scrubby bushes.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Eggs</span>—Six to twelve; creamy buff.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</p> + +<p><strong>YELLOW LEGS.</strong>—<em>Totanus flavipes.</em></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Range</span>—North America, breeding chiefly in +the interior from Minnesota, northern Illinois, +Ontario County, N. Y., northward to the Arctic +regions; winters from the Gulf States to +Patagonia.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Eggs</span>—Three or four; buffy, spotted or +blotched with dark madder—or van dyke—brown +and purplish gray.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</p> + +<p><strong>SKYLARK.</strong>—<em>Alauda arvensis.</em></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Range</span>—Europe and portions of Asia and +Africa; accidental in the Bermudas and in +Greenland.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nest</span>—Placed on the ground, in meadows or +open grassy places, sheltered by a tuft of grass; +the materials are grasses, plant stems, and a +few chance leaves.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Eggs</span>—Three to five, of varying form, color, +and size.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</p> + +<p><strong>WILSON’S PHALAROPE.</strong>—<em>Phalaropus tricolor.</em></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Range</span>—Temperate North America, breeding +from northern Illinois and Utah northward to +the Saskatchewan region; south in winter to +Brazil and Patagonia.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nest</span>—A shallow depression in soft earth, +lined with a thin layer of fragments of grass.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Eggs</span>—Three to four; cream buff or buffy +white, heavily blotched with deep chocolate.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</p> + +<p><strong>EVENING GROSBEAK.</strong>—<em>Cocothraustes vespertina.</em></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Range</span>—Interior of North America, from +Manitoba northward; southeastward in winter +to the upper Mississippi Valley and casually to +the northern Atlantic States.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nest</span>—Of small twigs, lined with bark, hair, +or rootlets, placed within twenty feet of the +ground.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Eggs</span>—Three or four; greenish, blotched +with pale brown.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</p> + +<p><strong>TURKEY VULTURE.</strong>—<em>Catharista Atrata.</em></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Range</span>—Temperate America, from New +Jersey southward to Patagonia.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nest</span>—In hollow stump or log, or on ground +beneath bushes or palmettos.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Eggs</span>—One to three; dull white, spotted and +blotched with chocolate marking.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</p> + +<p><strong>GAMBEL’S PARTRIDGE.</strong>—<em>Callipepla gambeli.</em></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Range</span>—Northwestern Mexico, Arizona, New +Mexico, southern Utah, and western Utah and +western Texas.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nest</span>—Placed on the ground, sometimes +without any lining.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Eggs</span>—From eight to sixteen.</p> + +</div> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Birds Illustrated by Color Photography +[August, 1897], by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BIRDS ILLUSTRATED BY COLOR *** + +***** This file should be named 26656-h.htm or 26656-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/6/6/5/26656/ + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Anne Storer and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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