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diff --git a/26665-8.txt b/26665-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f410291 --- /dev/null +++ b/26665-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1093 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Cause of it All, by Leo Tolstoy + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Cause of it All + +Author: Leo Tolstoy + +Translator: Louise Maude + Aylmer Maude + +Release Date: September 20, 2008 [EBook #26665] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CAUSE OF IT ALL *** + + + + +Produced by Bryan Ness, Jana Srna and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + [ Transcriber's Note: + This e-book belongs to Tolstoy's Plays (Complete Edition). The + front matter, including the table of contents, can be found in + e-book #26660; it lists the other plays in the collection. + + Every effort has been made to replicate this text as faithfully as + possible; changes (corrections of spelling and punctuation) made to + the original text are listed at the end of this file. + ] + + + + + THE CAUSE OF IT ALL + + A PLAY IN TWO ACTS + + + + +CHARACTERS + + +AKULÍNA. An old woman of seventy, brisk, dignified, old-fashioned. + +MICHAEL. Her son, thirty-five years old, passionate, self-satisfied, +vain and strong. + +MARTHA. Her daughter-in-law, a grumbler, speaks much and rapidly. + +PARÁSHKA. Ten years old, daughter of Martha and Michael. + +TARÁS. The village elder's assistant, speaks slowly and gives himself +airs. + +A TRAMP. Forty years old, restless, thin, speaks impressively; when +drunk is particularly free and easy. + +IGNÁT. Forty years old, a buffoon, merry and stupid. + + + + + THE CAUSE OF IT ALL + + + + +ACT I + + Autumn. A peasant's hut, with a small room partitioned off. Akulína + sits spinning; Martha the housewife is kneading bread; little + Paráshka is rocking a cradle. + + +MARTHA. Oh dear, my heart feels heavy! I know it means trouble; there's +nothing to keep him there. It will again be like the other day, when he +went to town to sell the firewood and drank nearly half of it. And he +blames me for everything. + +AKULÍNA. Why look for trouble? It is still early, and the town is a long +way off. For the present ... + +MARTHA. What do you mean by early? Akímych is back already. He started +after Michael but Michael's not back yet! It's worry worry all day long; +that's all the pleasure one gets. + +AKULÍNA. Akímych took his load straight to a customer; but our man took +his to sell at the market. + +MARTHA. If he were alone I shouldn't worry, but Ignát is with him; and +when he's with that lousy hound (God forgive me!), he's sure to get +drunk. Early and late one toils and moils. Everything is on our +shoulders! If one only got anything by it! But no! hustling about all +day long is all the pleasure one gets. + + Door opens and Tarás enters with a ragged Tramp. + +TARÁS. Good day to you! I've brought a man who wants a night's +lodging.[1] + + [1] It is customary for the village authorities to quarter tramps on + each peasant household in a village in turn, or in such order as + appears convenient. + +TRAMP [bows] My respects to you. + +MARTHA. Why do you bring them to us so often? We put up a tramp last +Wednesday night; you always bring them to us. You should make Stepanída +put them up; there are no children there. It's more than I can do to +look after my own family, and you always bring these people to us. + +TARÁS. Everyone in turn has to put them up. + +MARTHA. It's all very well to say "everyone in turn," but I have +children, and besides, the master is not at home to-day. + +TARÁS. Never mind, let the fellow sleep here to-night; he'll not wear +out the place he lies on. + +AKULÍNA [to Tramp] Come in and sit down, and be our guest. + +TRAMP. I tender my gratitude. I should like a bite of something, if +possible. + +MARTHA. You haven't had time to look round, and want to eat already. +Didn't you beg anything in the village? + +TRAMP [sighs] I'm not in the habit of begging because of my position, +and having no producks of my own ... + + Akulína rises, goes to the table, takes a loaf of bread, cuts a + slice, and gives it to the Tramp. + +TRAMP [taking the bread] Merci.[2] [Sits down on the bench and eats +greedily]. + + [2] The tramp, who has had some acquaintance with educated + Revolutionaries, tries to introduce foreign words, or words not + generally used by workmen, into his talk. In this instance he used the + French word _merci_ instead of the plain "thank you." + +TARÁS. And where is Michael? + +MARTHA. Why, he took hay to the town. It's time he was back, but he's +not here. Something must have happened. + +TARÁS. Why, what should happen? + +MARTHA. What indeed? Not anything good; it's only bad one has to expect. +As soon as he's out of the house he forgets all about us! I expect he'll +come back tipsy! + +AKULÍNA [sitting down to spin, points at Martha and says to Tarás] It's +not in her to be quiet. As I always say, we women must find something to +grumble about. + +MARTHA. If he were alone I should not be afraid, but he went with Ignát. + +TARÁS [smiling] Ah well, Ignát Ivánovich certainly is fond of a drop of +vódka. + +AKULÍNA. Doesn't he know what Ignát is like! Ignát is one man, and our +Michael's another. + +MARTHA. It's all very well for you to talk, mother; but I'm sick of his +drinking. While he is sober it would be a sin to complain of him, but +when he's drunk, you know what he is like. One can't say a word; +everything is wrong. + +TARÁS. Yes, but look at you women too; a man has a drink. Well, he +swaggers about a bit, and sleeps it off, and everything goes on all +right; but then the likes of you keep on nagging at him. + +MARTHA. When he's drunk there's no pleasing him, do what you will. + +TARÁS. But you should understand that we can't help having a drop now +and then. Your woman's business is at home, but the likes of us must +have a drop when we're on business, or for company's sake. Well, so one +drinks, and where is the harm? + +MARTHA. You may talk, but it's hard on us women. Oh, how hard it is! If +one harnessed you men to our work just for a week, you would sing a +different tune. Kneading, cooking, baking, spinning, weaving, and the +cattle to look after, and all the rest of it, and the brats to keep +washed and clothed and fed; it's all on our shoulders, and if anything +is the least bit not to his fancy, there you are, especially when he's +drunk. Oh dear, what a life ours is! + +TRAMP [chewing] That's quite correct. It's the cause of it all; I mean +all the catastrophes of life proceed from alcoholic liquors. + +TARÁS. It seems to have bowled you over too! + +TRAMP. No, not exactly that, though I have suffered from that too. The +career of my life might have been different but for the drink. + +TARÁS. Now, to my thinking, if you drink reasonably, there's no manner +of harm in it. + +TRAMP. But I say that it is so strong that it may completely ruin a man. + +MARTHA. That's what I say: you worry and do your best, and the only +comfort you get is to be scolded and beaten like a dog. + +TRAMP. And that's not all. There are some people, persons I mean, that +are quite deprived of their reason through it and commit entirely +inappropriate actions. While he does not drink, give him anything you +like and he won't take what is not his; but when drunk, he grabs +whatever comes handy. Many a time one gets beaten and put in prison. As +long as I don't drink, all goes honestly and honourably, but as soon as +I drink, I mean as soon as that same person drinks, he at once begins +grabbing whatever comes his way. + +AKULÍNA. And I think it's all in oneself. + +TRAMP. Of course it's in oneself as long as one is well, but this is a +kind of disease. + +TARÁS. A nice kind of disease. A good hiding would soon cure that +disease. Well, goodbye for the present. [Exit]. + +MARTHA [wipes her hands and turns to go]. + +AKULÍNA [sees that the Tramp has finished his bread] Martha, I say, +Martha! Cut him another piece. + +MARTHA. Bother him, I must get the samovár to boil. [Exit]. + + Akulína rises, goes to the table, cuts a chunk of bread and gives it + to the Tramp. + +TRAMP. _Merci_, I have acquired a great appetite. + +AKULÍNA. Are you a workman? + +TRAMP. Who? I? I was a mechanic. + +AKULÍNA. And what wages did you get? + +TRAMP. I used to get fifty, and even seventy roubles, a month. + +AKULÍNA. That's a good lot! Then how have you come down so low? + +TRAMP. Come down! I'm not the only one. I've come down because the times +are such that it is impossible for an honest man to live. + +MARTHA [brings in the samovár] Oh Lord! it's certain sure he'll come +home drunk. I feel it in my heart. + +AKULÍNA. I'm afraid he must really have gone on the spree. + +MARTHA. There it is. One struggles and struggles and kneads and bakes +and cooks and spins and weaves and tends the cattle; everything on one's +own shoulders. [The baby in the cradle cries] Paráshka, rock the boy. Oh +dear, what a life it is for us women. And when he is drunk, nothing is +right!... If one only says a word he doesn't like ... + +AKULÍNA [making the tea] And this is the last of the tea. Did you tell +him to get some? + +MARTHA. Of course. He said he would, but he'll have forgotten all about +his home!... [She puts the samovár on the table]. + + The Tramp moves away. + +AKULÍNA. Why do you leave the table? We are going to drink tea. + +TRAMP. I tender my gratitude for the hearty hospitality. [Throws away +the cheap cigar[3] he was smoking and comes to the table]. + + [3] The "cigar" will have probably consisted of some bad tobacco + rolled up in a bit of newspaper. + +MARTHA. And what sort do you belong to? Peasants, or some other? + +TRAMP. Well, I'm not of the peasant class, nor of the aristocracy. I'm +of the double-edged class. + +MARTHA. What's that? [hands him a cup of tea]. + +TRAMP. _Merci._ Why this; that my father was a Polish Count, and besides +him I had many others; and I also had two mothers. In general my +biography presents many difficulties. + +MARTHA. Have another cup? Well, did you get any learning? + +TRAMP. My learning has also been very uncircumstantial. Not my mother, +but my godmother apprenticed me to a blacksmith. That blacksmith was my +first perdagogue; and his perdagogy consisted in this--that he did not +beat his anvil as often as he beat my unfortunate head. Nevertheless, +however much he hit me, he could not deprive me of talent. Then I went +to a locksmith's, and there I was appreciated, and became foreman. I +made acquaintance with educated people, and belonged to a political +faction. I was able to master intellectual literature; and my life might +have been elevated for I possessed immense talent. + +AKULÍNA. Of course. + +TRAMP. But here came an upset. The despotic yoke oppressing the life of +the people! I got into prison; I mean, I suffered the incarceration of +freedom. + +MARTHA. What for? + +TRAMP. For our rights. + +MARTHA. What rights? + +TRAMP. What rights? Why the rights that the bourgeois should not feast +continually, and that the labouring proletariat might reap the rewards +of labour. + +AKULÍNA. And get back the land, I suppose? + +TRAMP. Well naturally. The Agromoric question too. + +AKULÍNA. May God and the Holy Queen of Heaven grant it. We are that +pressed for land. Well, and how are things now? + +TRAMP. Now? I am off to Moscow. I shall go to an exploiter of labour. +Can't be helped; I shall humble myself and say--give me what work you +will, only take me. + +AKULÍNA. Well, have some more tea. + +TRAMP. Thank you; _merci_ I mean. + + Noise and talk in the passage outside. + +AKULÍNA. Here's Michael, just in time for tea. + +MARTHA [rises] Oh, my goodness, Ignát is with him! That means he's +drunk. + + Michael and Ignát stagger in. + +IGNÁT. How are you all? [Crosses himself before the icon] Here we are, +damn you, just in time for tea. We went to church, service was done; we +went to dine, all eaten and gone; to the pub, we went in, just time to +begin. Ha, ha, ha! You give us some tea and we'll give you some vódka. +That's fair. [Laughs]. + +MICHAEL. Where has this swell come from? [Points to Tramp. Takes a +bottle from the bosom of his coat and puts it on the table] Bring some +cups. + +AKULÍNA. Well, did you get on all right? + +IGNÁT. Nothing could be better, damn you; drank, and had a spree, and +have brought some home. + +MICHAEL [fills the cups with vódka, hands one to his mother and then one +to the Tramp] Drink, you too! + +TRAMP [taking cup] I offer most heartfelt thanks. Your health. [Empties +the cup]. + +IGNÁT. Fine fellow, how he swills, damn him! I should think hunger makes +it run through all his veins. [Pours out some more]. + +TRAMP [drinks] I wish you success in all your undertakings. + +AKULÍNA. Well, did you get a good price for the hay? + +IGNÁT. Good or bad, we've drunk it all, damn you! Am I right, Michael? + +MICHAEL. Why, of course. It's not made to be looked at! One must have +some fun once in a hundred years. + +MARTHA. What are you swaggering for? There's not much good in that. +We've nothing to eat at home, and see what you're doing. + +MICHAEL [threateningly] Martha! + +MARTHA. Well, what of Martha? I know I'm Martha. Oh, it makes me sick to +look at you. + +MICHAEL. Martha, look! + +MARTHA. There's nothing to see. I don't want to look. + +MICHAEL. Pour out the vódka and serve it round to our visitors. + +MARTHA. Faugh, you bleary-eyed hound. I don't want to speak to you. + +MICHAEL. You don't? Ah, you baggage, what did you say? + +MARTHA [rocks cradle. Paráshka is frightened and comes to her] What I +said? I said I do not want to talk to you, that's all. + +MICHAEL. Have you forgotten? [Jumps up from the table, strikes her on +the head and knocks off her kerchief] One! + +MARTHA. Oh! Oh! Oh! [Runs crying to the door]. + +MICHAEL. You'll not get away, you jade! [Rushes at her]. + +TRAMP [jumps up from the table and seizes his arm] You have no kind of +complete right. + +MICHAEL [stops and looks at Tramp with surprise] Is it long since you +had a thrashing? + +TRAMP. You have no complete right to subject the female sex to insults. + +MICHAEL. Oh, you son of a bitch! Do you see this? [Shows his fist]. + +TRAMP. I will not allow exploitations to be performed on the female sex. + +MICHAEL. I'll give you such an extolpation that you'll not know which +end you stand on.... + +TRAMP. Go on, strike away! Why don't you? [Holds out his face]. + +MICHAEL [shrugs his shoulders and spreads out his arms] Suppose I really +go for you? + +TRAMP. I tell you, strike! + +MICHAEL. Well, you are a rum chap, now I come to look at you. [Drops his +arms and shakes his head]. + +IGNÁT [to Tramp] One sees at once that you're pretty sweet on the women, +damn you! + +TRAMP. I stand up for their rights. + +MICHAEL [to Martha as, breathing heavily, he steps to the table] Well +Martha, you must set a big candle before the saints for his sake. But +for him, I'd have beaten you to a jelly. + +MARTHA. What else can one expect of you. One worries all one's life, +baking and cooking; and as soon as ... + +MICHAEL. Now, have done, have done! [Offers vódka to the Tramp] Drink. +[To his wife] And what are you slobbering for? Mayn't a fellow have his +joke? There you are [gives her money], put it away. Here are two +three-rouble notes and two twenty-copeck pieces. + +MARTHA. And the tea and sugar I wanted? + +MICHAEL [takes parcel from his pocket and hands it to his wife. Martha +takes the money and the parcel and goes into the little room, silently +arranging the kerchief on her head] What an unreasonable lot these women +are. [He again offers vódka to the Tramp] There, drink. + +TRAMP [declining it] Drink it yourself. + +MICHAEL. Come now, don't fuss. + +TRAMP [drinking] Success to you. + +IGNÁT [to Tramp] You must have seen many a strange sight, I suppose. +Oh, what a fine coat you've got! Latest fashion. Where did you get it +from? [pointing to Tramp's tattered jacket]. Don't you mend it, it's +fine as it is! It's getting on in years, I fancy. Well, it can't be +helped. If I had one like it, the women would be sweet on me too! [To +Martha] Ain't that true? + +AKULÍNA. You should not, Ignát Iványch. Before seeing anything of him, +why go and hold up a man to laughter? + +TRAMP. It comes of his uneducatedness. + +IGNÁT. I'm doing it friendly-like. Drink [offers vódka]. + +AKULÍNA. He says himself--it's the cause of all evil--and he's been in +prison because of it. + +MICHAEL. What were you in prison for? + +TRAMP [very drunk] I've suffered for expropriation. + +MICHAEL. What's that? + +TRAMP. Why, this way. Came up to a fat paunch: "Give up your money, else +here's a levolver."[4] He tries this way and that, but forks out 2,300 +roubles. + + [4] As usual he mispronounces his word and calls a "revolver" "a + levolver." + +AKULÍNA. Oh Lord! + +TRAMP. We meant to dispose of it the proper way. Zembrikóf was our +leader. Then those ravens swooped down on us. At once under arrest, and +into prison. + +IGNÁT. And took the money away? + +TRAMP. Of course. Only they could not convict me. At the trial the +procurator said these words to me: "You've stolen money" says he; and I +answer him straight: "Thieves steal, but we have performed an +expropriation for our Party." And he didn't know what to say. He tried +this way and that, but couldn't answer me. "Lead him," says he, "to +prison," that is--to the incarceration of free life. + +IGNÁT. Clever dog! A regular brick! [Offering vódka] Drink, damn you. + +AKULÍNA. Fie, how nastily you speak! + +IGNÁT. I, Grannie? I don't mean it for abuse; it's a manner of speech of +mine. Damn you, damn you!... Your good health, Grannie. + +MARTHA [returns and stands at the table pouring out tea]. + +MICHAEL. That's right. Fancy taking offence! I say, it's thanks to him. +[To Tramp] What do you think? [Embraces Martha] I cherish my old woman. +See, how I cherish her. In a word, my old woman is first-rate. I would +not change her for anybody. + +IGNÁT. There, that's good. Grannie, drink! I stand treat. + +TRAMP. What it means--the power of enershy! One was in a state of +melancholy, and now there's nothing but pleasantness and friendly +disposition. Grannie, I feel much love for you and for everybody. +Brothers dear [sings revolutionary song]. + +MICHAEL. It has got right hold of him in his hunger. + + + + +ACT II + + Same hut. Morning + + Martha and Akulína. Michael is asleep + + +MARTHA [takes hatchet] I must go and chop some firewood. + +AKULÍNA [with a pail] He'd have beaten you black and blue yesterday, had +it not been for that fellow. I don't see him. Has he gone? I suppose he +has. [Exit one after the other]. + +MICHAEL [climbs down from the top of the oven] Just look, the sun's +already quite high. [Puts on his boots] She must have gone to fetch +water with mother. How my head aches! I won't do it again; the devil +take it! [Crosses himself before the icon, prays, and then washes his +hands and face] I'll go and harness. + + Enter Martha with firewood. + +MARTHA. And yesterday's beggar? Has he gone? + +MICHAEL. Must have gone. Can't see him. + +MARTHA. Oh well, let him go. He seemed a clever chap though. + +MICHAEL. He took your part! + +MARTHA. What of that! + + Michael puts on his coat. + +MARTHA. And the tea and sugar? Did you put them away last night, eh? + +MICHAEL. I thought you did. + + Enter Akulína with a pail of water. + +MARTHA [to Akulína] Mother, have you taken the parcel? + +AKULÍNA. No, I know nothing about it. I haven't seen it. + +MARTHA. Last night, I put it on the window-sill. + +AKULÍNA. Yes, I saw it there. + +MARTHA. Where can it be? [They look for it]. + +AKULÍNA. Dear me, what a shame! + + Enter Neighbour. + +NEIGHBOUR. Well Michael Tikhónych, are we to go for the wood? + +MICHAEL. Yes, of course. I'm just going to harness; but you see we've +lost something. + +NEIGHBOUR. Dear me! What is it? + +MARTHA. Why, you see, my old man brought a parcel from town yesterday, +with tea and sugar in it, and I put it down here on the window-sill and +didn't remember to put it away; and now it's gone. + +MICHAEL. And we're committing the sin of suspecting a tramp who spent +the night here. + +NEIGHBOUR. What sort of tramp? + +MARTHA. Well, he's rather thin and has no beard. + +MICHAEL. His coat's all in rags. + +NEIGHBOUR. Curly hair and rather hooked nose? + +MICHAEL. Yes, yes! + +NEIGHBOUR. I've just met him, and wondered why he was stepping out so +fast. + +MICHAEL. It must be him. Where was he? + +NEIGHBOUR. I don't think he can have crossed the bridge yet. + +MICHAEL [snatches up his cap and goes out quickly, followed by the +Neighbour] I'll catch the knave. It's him. + +MARTHA. Oh, what a shame, what a shame! It's surely him. + +AKULÍNA. And suppose it's not. It happened once, some twenty years ago, +that they accused a man of having stolen a horse. A crowd collected. One +says: "I myself saw him catching it." Another says he saw him leading +it. It was a big piebald horse, easily noticed. All the people began +searching for it, and in the forest they found the lad. "It's you," they +say. He protests and swears it was not him. They say: "What's the good +of listening to him; the women said quite certainly it's him." Then he +said something rude. George Lapúshkin (he's dead now) was a hot-tempered +man. He dashed at him slap bang, and struck him on the mouth. "It was +you," said he, and hit out at him. Then all the others fell on him and +began beating him with sticks and fists till they killed him. And what +do you think!.... Next day the real thief was found. The lad they killed +had only gone into the forest to choose a tree to cut down. + +MARTHA. Yes, of course, we may be sinning against him. He has come down +very low, but seemed a good fellow. + +AKULÍNA. Yes, he has sunk very low. One can't expect much from the likes +of him. + +MARTHA. They're shouting. I expect they're bringing him back. + + Enter Michael, Neighbour, an old man and a lad, pushing the Tramp + before them. + +MICHAEL [with the parcel in his hands, excitedly to his wife] It was +found on him. [To Tramp] You thief! You dog! + +AKULÍNA [to Martha] It's him, poor soul. See how he hangs his head. + +MARTHA. It seems it was himself he spoke about yesterday that grabs +anything that's handy when he's had some drink. + +TRAMP. I'm not a thief; I'm an expropriator. I am a worker and must +live. You can't understand it. Do what you like with me. + +NEIGHBOUR. Take him to the village Elder or straight to the police! + +TRAMP. I tell you, do whatever you like. I am not afraid, and am ready +to suffer for my convictions. If you were educated you would understand. + +MARTHA [to her husband] Suppose we let him go, in God's name. We've got +the parcel back. Let him go and let's not commit another sin. + +MICHAEL [repeating] "Another sin!" Taken to teaching? One wouldn't know +what to do without you, eh? + +MARTHA. Why not let him go? + +MICHAEL. "Let him go!" One knows what to do without you, you fool. "Let +him go!" Go he may, but he must hear a word or two so that he should +feel. [To Tramp] Well then, listen, you sir, to what I have to say to +you. Though you are in a very low state, still you have done very +wrong--very wrong. Another man would have caved your ribs in, and have +taken you to the police; but I will only say this. You've done wrong, as +wrong as may be; only you are in a very bad way and I don't want to hurt +you. [Pauses. Everyone is silent. Then he continues solemnly] Go, and +God be with you, and do not do it again. [Looks at his wife] And you +want to teach me! + +NEIGHBOUR. You shouldn't, Michael; oh, you should not. You're +encouraging that sort of thing. + +MICHAEL [the parcel still in his hand] Whether I should or not is my +business. [To his wife] And you tried to teach me! [Stops, looks at the +parcel, then at his wife, and gives it to the Tramp with decision] Take +it, you can drink it on the way. [To wife] And you wanted to teach me! +[To Tramp] Go, you've been told to go. Then go, and no palavering. + +TRAMP [takes parcel. Silence] You think I don't understand. [His voice +trembles] I fully understand. Had you beaten me like a dog, it would +have felt less hard. Don't I understand what I am? I am a rascal, a +degenerate, I mean. Forgive me for the Lord's sake. [Sobs, throws the +parcel on the table, and goes out hurriedly]. + +MARTHA. A good thing he didn't take the tea, or we should have had none +to drink. + +MICHAEL [to wife] And you wanted to teach me! + +NEIGHBOUR. How he cried, poor soul. + +AKULÍNA. He too was a man. + +[ Transcriber's Note: + + The following is a list of corrections made to the original. The first + line is the original line, the second the corrected one. + +when he's with that lousey hound (God forgive me!), he's sure to get +when he's with that lousy hound (God forgive me!), he's sure to get + +went to dine, all eaten and gone; to the pub. we went in, just time to +went to dine, all eaten and gone; to the pub, we went in, just time to + +MICHAEL. It has got right hold of him in his hunger +MICHAEL. It has got right hold of him in his hunger. +] + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Cause of it All, by Leo Tolstoy + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CAUSE OF IT ALL *** + +***** This file should be named 26665-8.txt or 26665-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/6/6/6/26665/ + +Produced by Bryan Ness, Jana Srna and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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