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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Making a Fireplace, by Henry H. Saylor
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Making a Fireplace
+
+Author: Henry H. Saylor
+
+Release Date: September 19, 2008 [EBook #26670]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MAKING A FIREPLACE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Markus Brenner and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                               MAKING A
+                               FIREPLACE
+
+
+                         _By_ HENRY H. SAYLOR
+
+                               AUTHOR OF
+                 BUNGALOWS, MAKING A ROSE GARDEN, ETC.
+
+                            [Illustration]
+
+
+                               NEW YORK
+                        McBRIDE, NAST & COMPANY
+                                 1913
+
+
+
+                          Copyright, 1913, by
+                          MCBRIDE, NAST & CO.
+
+                       Published, January, 1913
+
+
+
+    [Illustration: The fireplace of long ago, made large enough to
+    accommodate most of the kitchen's pots and pans beside the fire]
+
+
+
+
+                               CONTENTS
+
+
+                                                      PAGE
+  INTRODUCTION                                           1
+
+  CONSTRUCTION                                           7
+
+  MISCELLANEOUS ODD FORMS                               22
+
+  FACINGS AND MANTELS                                   25
+
+  MENDING POOR FIREPLACES                               31
+
+  FIREPLACE ACCESSORIES                                 36
+
+  BUILDING THE FIRE                                     45
+
+
+
+
+                           THE ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+  THE FIREPLACE OF LONG AGO                 _Frontispiece_
+
+                                             FACING PAGE
+  AN ENGLISH BASKET GRATE IN BRASS                       4
+
+  A MODERN ENGLISH FIRE CORNER IN CONTRASTING TILES      4
+
+  AN INGLENOOK WITH STONE HEARTH                        22
+
+  CAEN STONE MANTEL FOR THE FORMAL TYPE                 26
+
+  AN INFORMAL FIREPLACE IN FIELD STONE                  30
+
+  THE MODERN COLONIAL TYPE WITH BRICK FACING AND
+  WHITE WOOD MANTEL                                     38
+
+  A CRAFTSMAN TYPE IN BRICK WITH COPPER HOOD            46
+
+  A RECESSED FIREPLACE IN BRICK AND ROUGH PLASTER       50
+
+
+
+
+                             INTRODUCTION
+
+
+In a book of this kind there is no particular need for dwelling at
+length on the desirability of having a fireplace. That will be taken for
+granted. It is enough to say that in these days a home can scarcely be
+considered worthy of the name if it does not contain at least one
+hearth. There is some inexplicable quality in a wood fire that exerts
+almost a hypnotic influence upon those who eagerly gather about it. The
+smoldering glow of the logs induces a calm and introspective mood that
+banishes all the trivialities and distractions of the day's work and
+gives one an opportunity to replenish his store of energy for the coming
+day.
+
+The open fire, unlike most of the comforts that we demand in a modern
+home, has been associated with the race as far back almost as the home
+itself. At first, of course, it was as a necessity and the development
+from that to a luxury has been an exceedingly slow one extending over
+the years down to the present time.
+
+There are two forms of the open fire--a possible third one, the gas log,
+being a subject on which the less said the better. We have, therefore, a
+choice between the open fireplace designed for wood and the basket grate
+in which to burn coal, preferably cannel coal. This latter fuel is not
+nearly so well known in this country as in England where the scarcity of
+wood necessarily makes coal the more commonly used fuel. With our own
+abundance of wood, however, there will perhaps be little hesitancy in
+choosing the open fireplace rather than the basket grate for coal,
+although in certain cases, for example an apartment where the flue has
+been built too small, or in a house where an available chimney offers
+only a small flue area for fireplace use, the basket grate will prove a
+welcome solution of the problem. Of course there is no excuse whatever
+for building a modern home with a chimney too small for the sort of
+fireplace you want, but where the chimney has already been built without
+this provision it may possibly be found that a small terra cotta flue
+lining may be inserted in the larger flue without seriously damaging the
+latter's power of draft. In that event the addition of a basket grate
+fireplace to an old house would be an interesting possibility.
+
+However fully we may appreciate the desirability of some sort of
+fireplace, there seems to be a rather widespread impression that the
+attainment is largely a matter of chance. Too many home-builders have
+instructed their architects to provide a fireplace or two in the fond
+hope that the matter was then practically closed--a mere matter of time
+until they might be sitting before the fire's cheerful glow. Too
+frequently the result has been a disappointment when the first few
+trials introduced into the room more smoke than heat or cheer. The
+reason for this is that there is a scientific basis for fireplace
+building which is frequently ignored absolutely by an over-confident and
+stupid mason. Where the work of building the home has been entrusted to
+an architect's hands the latter usually appreciates the fact that the
+building of the fireplaces is liable more than any other part of the
+house to be taken into the mason's own hands with, if he is not watched,
+disastrous results. Undoubtedly every mason would resent most
+strongly any insinuation as to his lack of knowledge regarding fireplace
+construction. Each mason not only thinks that he knows how a fireplace
+should be built, but it is almost as general a rule that he feels that
+his particular method is the only correct one.
+
+    [Illustration: One of the best forms of the basket grate in
+    brass. The splayed sides send out more heat]
+
+    [Illustration: A modern English fire corner. Facing and hearth
+    have been worked out in a rather startling contrast of tiles]
+
+
+In view of this it might be well for any man building his own home to
+give some attention to the matter of his fireplaces, to insist on
+knowing how they are designed and to follow their construction
+throughout so that there is no chance for a blunder; and this chance is
+not so slight as might be supposed. In a house in which the author had
+carefully shown every detail of construction in the drawings, it was
+found when the building was nearly completed that the cast-iron throat
+flues, which ordinarily prevent any possible mistake of construction on
+the mason's part, had been put in reversed and it was necessary to tear
+down the whole face of the chimney breast in each case to replace them
+properly.
+
+The matter of construction is not at all a complicated affair, as the
+next chapter will aim to show.
+
+
+
+
+                             CONSTRUCTION
+
+
+The chief difficulty in attaining a successful fireplace design does not
+lie in securing an abundant draft. In fact it is an easy matter to make
+a fireplace draw if the flue is large enough and the opening from the
+fire chamber into the flue unobstructed. There will never be any
+question of getting a roaring blaze the moment the fire is lighted.
+
+This is, in a way, the type of fireplace that our Colonial ancestors
+built--great cavernous openings and generous flues, with the result that
+the more wood was piled upon the blaze the more they blistered their
+toes and at the same time chilled their backs. For it is evident that
+when we secure such a strong, unobstructed current of hot air up the
+chimney, enough cool air to take its place must be drawn into the room
+through every opening and crevice. The result is a mighty draft that
+rushes past those unfortunate enough to be sitting about the fire and
+carries rapidly up the chimney almost all of the heat of combustion.
+
+In the fireplace of our Colonial ancestors probably ninety per cent. of
+the heat was entirely lost, being carried up the chimney. However, cord
+wood was then to be had for the cutting.
+
+We want a different sort of a fire in these days--one that will burn
+with a steady, constant blaze or glow, conserving most of its heat,
+which the back and sides of the fire chamber will reflect out into the
+room.
+
+Such a fireplace will not necessarily be a large one. It is amusing to
+hear how universally the demand goes up for large fireplaces--"great
+big fellows that will burn full cord wood." It is hard to see just why
+this is. It may be based on the assumption that if a small fireplace is
+desirable a large one is more so. This is a fallacy that the architect
+and fireplace builder find it hard to dispel. There is no objection
+whatever to a large fireplace in a summer camp or informal shack of that
+sort. In fact a small one would in such a place be ridiculous, but when
+we come to our year-round living-room or dining-room or den, where the
+walls of the room are tight and the whole atmosphere quieter and more
+restrained, a large fireplace would be distinctly a disturbing element.
+Such a room as this, unless very poorly built, would not permit the
+in-take of sufficient air for the draft of a big fireplace, whereas in
+our slab cabin or log bungalow the conditions are quite different.
+
+    [Illustration: A section through the fireplace and chimney. The
+    broad cross-hatching represents brickwork]
+
+For the ordinary room, therefore, a fair average size for the fireplace
+opening is three feet in width by two and a half feet high, with a depth
+half the width. From such a fireplace it is possible to get a maximum of
+heat with a minimum of draft.
+
+There are two vital principles that should be observed in the design of
+any fireplace. One of these is the relation between the size of the
+opening into the room and the size of the flue itself. A cross-section
+of the flue--which incidentally should be kept the same throughout its
+extent--should be one-tenth of the area of the opening into the room.
+The second vital consideration is the introduction of what are known as
+a "smoke shelf" and a "smoke chamber." The reason for constructing a
+fireplace with these two features will appear more readily by reference
+to the diagram. This is drawn to show that when a fire is kindled on the
+hearth the warm air current, which is generated immediately, begins to
+rise through the throat (the opening between the fire chamber and the
+smoke chamber) and at once induces a down-draft of cold air. If the back
+of the fireplace were on the same continuous plane with the rear side of
+the chimney flue, this downward current of cold air would strike
+directly upon the fire itself and force smoke out into the room. The
+smoke shelf is built just where it will prevent this action. The
+sectional diagram does not perhaps make quite clear the shape of this
+smoke chamber, but the accompanying perspective outline sketch will
+indicate the fact that the throat and the smoke chamber at the bottom
+must extend across the full width of the fire chamber. This width in
+the smoke chamber immediately diminishes in rising until it joins the
+flue at the flue's own area.
+
+The sectional diagram indicates a cast-iron damper built in the throat.
+This is not necessary, for it contributes nothing to the efficiency of
+the fire itself. Its one great advantage is that by furnishing the mason
+with an unalterable form, it forces him to build the throat properly
+rather than in one of the wrong ways that his own judgment might
+dictate. Such a cast-iron damper also forms a support for the flat arch
+of brick over the opening if bricks are used. If the damper is not built
+in, it is necessary to use an iron supporting bar to carry this flat
+arch. Then too, in case the damper is not used, there is lost the
+advantage of being able quite readily to close the throat entirely,
+which is highly desirable in the summertime and frequently in the winter
+when the fireplace is acting too strenuously as a ventilator. If the
+cast-iron throat is not used, therefore, it will be well to lay an iron
+plate on the smoke shelf in such a way that it could be drawn forward
+across the opening to close it.
+
+    [Illustration: Perspective view of the fireplace, showing the
+    shape of the various parts as built without a cast-iron throat
+    damper]
+
+There are other types of dampers, most of them patented and all of them
+aiming to provide an adjustable opening in the throat in some way. One
+or two of these have a knob or handle projecting through the brickwork
+of the arch, permitting the convenient adjustment of the damper from
+outside. As a general principle, however, it is well to choose the
+simplest possible device that will secure the desired result.
+
+The terra cotta flue lining which is shown in the sectional diagram is
+not absolutely necessary, of course, as it is a rather modern
+introduction and unnumbered fireplaces have served their purpose without
+it. There is no question, however, regarding its worth, for it provides
+a flue with smooth, regular sides that will not clog nearly so readily
+as an ordinary brick flue. Besides that, it has the advantage of
+permitting a thinner wall for the chimney. It is dangerous to build a
+chimney with a single four-inch thickness of brick between the flue and
+whatever may adjoin the chimney. Of course no wood should be allowed to
+come within an inch or two of the brickwork in any event, but with a
+single thickness of brick, unlined, there is always the danger that the
+mortar will crumble from a joint and leave an opening through which it
+would be an easy matter for sparks or flame to do considerable damage.
+The introduction of a flue lining, however, into the chimney built in
+this way makes it entirely safe, provided the joints between sections of
+flue lining are carefully filled and made smooth with cement mortar.
+
+The sectional diagram, it will be noticed, indicates a difference
+between the main back wall of the chimney, eight inches thick, and the
+brickwork laid inside the fire chamber to form the hearth and the back.
+The reason for this separation is that the rough brickwork of the
+chimney is always laid first as simply as possible, leaving the fire
+chamber with its sloping back and sides and the hearth to be filled in
+later with a better grade of brick or perhaps another kind. Frequently,
+also, tile will be combined with the brick finish as a hearth or facing.
+
+    [Illustration: A cross-section showing the construction of a
+    large stone fireplace with slightly arched opening]
+
+A support for the hearth is usually obtained as indicated--by bringing
+what is called a "row-lock" or "trimmer" arch between the foundation
+masonry of the chimney and a pair of floor joists set out at the proper
+distance, depending upon the desired width of the hearth. While this is
+the customary method, occasionally a support is secured in some other
+way, such as corbeling out from the masonry foundation, or by extending
+two short projections of this masonry from the bottom up at either end
+of the hearth and throwing an arch across between these. Upon a bed of
+cement the hearth bricks themselves are laid, usually flush with the
+floor, although occasionally enough higher to permit a beveled molding
+strip to cover the joint between brick and floor more closely. In some
+cases the hearth itself is raised the full thickness of a brick above
+the floor, as in one of the photographic illustrations shown.
+
+The width of the hearth is ordinarily made about sixteen or eighteen
+inches beyond the face of the opening with the average size fireplace,
+twenty inches or even more with larger ones. This width should be
+increased, of course, if the opening is made considerably larger. The
+question of materials for the hearth and facing will be discussed in the
+next chapter.
+
+The chimney itself should extend at least a foot or two above any nearby
+roof ridge and it should work without any cowl, whirligig or other
+device of that type on the top. There is no great objection to having
+the opening a horizontal one at the top of the chimney, although in that
+case if the flue is nearly straight throughout its course, some rain
+will find its way down to the hearth in a hard storm. In most cases
+there is enough bend in the flue to prevent this, and if not it may be
+avoided by covering the top of the chimney with a stone and having the
+openings vertical ones on all four sides just under this.
+
+All of the brickwork throughout chimney and fireplace should be laid in
+first-class cement mortar which consists of one part Portland cement to
+three parts clean, sharp sand. Although lime mortar was used in all
+brickwork up to recent years, it is not durable, particularly in the
+vicinity of heat.
+
+
+
+
+                        MISCELLANEOUS ODD FORMS
+
+
+There are many unusual forms of fireplace with which we are not
+particularly concerned. For example, one sees occasionally an opening
+shaped like an inverted heart or like an ace of spades. It is possible
+to make a fireplace of this kind work satisfactorily, but it is by no
+means certain that this result can be accomplished at the first trial
+nor that the fire will continue to work properly under all conditions.
+It is safer always to adhere to the established type of rectangular
+opening, or to depart from this only to the extent of having the top an
+arch of large radius. Whenever the top is permitted to vary more than a
+slight extent from the horizontal there is the danger of having the
+smoke escape into the room at the top.
+
+    [Illustration: The inglenook seldom fails as a dispenser of home
+    cheer. Frequently the seats are placed too close to the fire]
+
+There is one other type that deserves special mention and that is the
+double fireplace, where two openings in adjacent rooms are served by a
+single flue between them. The only way in which this affects the two
+vital principles mentioned above is that the cross-section area of the
+flue should be one-tenth of the combined areas of the openings. The
+throat will in this case be in the middle of the chimney with the smoke
+shelf on either side of it. It is essential in a fireplace of this kind
+that there be no disturbing draft tending to pass through the opening
+from one room to the other.
+
+Still another type which is even more rarely seen is the open fire in
+the middle of a room, such as may be desired occasionally in the
+lounging room of a large club. Such an apparent anomaly could be
+secured by suspending a metal flue and hood from the roof, so that the
+lower edge of the truncated pyramidal form at the bottom would form the
+upper side of the fireplace "opening" at a convenient height above the
+hearth of brick, stone, tile or concrete. It is conceivable that an
+effective and thoroughly practical fireplace could be thus devised,
+having the flue and hood of wrought iron or copper, suspended and
+steadied by chains or bars from the ceiling and surrounding walls. In
+such a form the same principle of a fixed ratio between opening (here
+the entire perimeter of the hood multiplied by the distance above the
+hearth) and cross-section of flue would have to be observed, and here
+also it would be well to provide as fully as possible against the
+presence of disturbing drafts.
+
+
+
+
+                          FACINGS AND MANTELS
+
+
+There is not a particularly wide choice of materials available for the
+finish of the hearth and fireplace. Stone, brick, cement and tile
+exhaust the possibilities, although with combinations of these we have
+all the variety that we could wish.
+
+Stone is suitable only in certain environments--the informal shack or
+log cabin chiefly, though of course it is impossible to make any hard
+and fast rule in the matter.
+
+Brick is almost never out of place. Perhaps it is the association with
+the fireplaces that have been built by our fathers and grandfathers, or
+perhaps it is the inherent worth and fitness of the material itself
+that puts it forward as a first choice. Undoubtedly the practical
+consideration that it is easier and more economical to build has
+something to do with the matter.
+
+Concrete is a newcomer in the field of fireplace facing and as yet it
+cannot be said to have shown any particular reason why it should
+displace the other materials. With the ordinary heat developed in an
+open fire of wood there is no likelihood of cracking the concrete facing
+if the material has been properly mixed and applied, although there
+seems to be a vague impression that this might be a real danger. The
+color of concrete gives it no particular recommendation, for it is one
+that remains unchanged by fire, though not unstained by smoke. Brick, on
+the other hand, and tile, have the very closest possible association
+with fire in the making, which gives them a peculiar fitness for this
+purpose.
+
+    [Illustration: Caen stone or its clever representation in cement
+    serves well for the more formal type of mantel and facing]
+
+Tile, the last of the four materials, gives more latitude in design than
+any of the others, sometimes too much latitude we feel. If
+understandingly used, nothing could be more appropriate and attractive,
+but tile has been used so carelessly that somehow we have a feeling that
+the tiled fireplace is for show rather than for use. In any case, there
+is no question whatever regarding the unfitness of the glazed tiles
+which have made horrors of thousands of pseudo fireplace openings. It is
+only the mat-glazed or unglazed tiles that have any right to be used in
+such a place.
+
+Since this little volume has for its subject the fireplace rather than
+the mantel, little need be said regarding the latter outward form,
+though there is no doubt that a whole book on the subject might
+profitably be written. To touch upon the subject as lightly as space
+will permit, we can probably do no better than to suggest the obvious
+type of mantel for one or two of the more common architectural styles,
+and recommend that in other styles the architect be allowed sufficient
+latitude in design and expense to distinguish this important feature of
+hall, living-room, dining-room or library with the characteristics of
+the style he has worked out for the house itself.
+
+The modern home along Colonial lines is perhaps the commonest problem,
+and incidentally the easiest, for the old models of delicately detailed
+white-painted wood mantels are so well known and so universally admired
+that modern reproductions along good lines and reasonable cost are
+easily obtained.
+
+For the English plaster or half-timber house the architect will
+doubtless design a special mantel, in scale and in harmony with the dark
+paneling and other architectural woodwork, probably with a paneled
+over-mantel if the cost is not too rigorously held down.
+
+In a house which breaks away from the historic architectural styles, as
+so many of the stucco buildings of the day do, the mantel treatment
+offers particularly interesting possibilities. Frequently the mantel is
+done away with entirely and the chimney breast treated independently as
+a whole.
+
+With the very informal type of summer home where a rough stone for
+facing and chimney is employed, the mantel treatment can hardly be kept
+too simple and unobtrusive in its rugged strength. A heavy log, planed
+to a smooth top surface and resting on two projecting stone brackets,
+is frequently used with good effect. The chimney breast may be stepped
+back at the shelf height to form a narrow stone ledge, or the breast
+left without any shelf. Many simple variations with the informal brick
+chimney breast will occur to everyone. In general, with these summer
+shacks or bungalows, the fireplace is the chief architectural feature of
+the living-room and for that reason will stand a moderate amount of
+embellishment, but this latter should take the form of a slightly better
+finish of the materials used throughout the room rather than the
+introduction of more elaborate and costly ones.
+
+    [Illustration: A fireplace and chimney breast of field stone,
+    chosen with care and laid with more than average skill]
+
+
+
+
+                        MENDING POOR FIREPLACES
+
+
+It is well enough to say just how a fireplace should be built so that it
+will work satisfactorily, but that does not go far in helping the man
+who has a fireplace that will not work. Frequently it is possible
+without any very great expense and trouble to correct a fireplace that
+has been improperly built. If one has in mind a clear comprehension of
+the few elementary principles of fireplace construction it will usually
+be an easy matter to determine the reason why a fireplace smokes or
+fails to draw.
+
+The cross-section area of the flue is likely to prove the most common
+difficulty. Usually this cannot be seen from inside the fireplace,
+because of the narrow throat and the smoke chamber which in some form
+may be above the shelf. If, therefore, the apparent essentials--such as
+shape of opening, narrow throat across the whole width, and preferably
+the slanting back--have been followed out it would be well to determine
+the area of the flue itself. To do this it will be necessary to reach
+the top of the chimney and, by lowering a weight on a line, find which
+flue leads to the fireplace in question. Its area at the top will in all
+probability be its area throughout. If the flue happens to be the only
+one in that particular chimney it may sometimes be determined more
+easily by counting the bricks in its two horizontal directions and in
+this way estimating what would probably be the inside flue. This
+conclusion is by no means sure, however, since the chimney may be built
+with eight-inch walls or it may be simply a four-inch wall with the
+flue lining. To one with a knowledge of bricklaying, however, the way in
+which the chimney is laid up will usually indicate the size of the flue.
+
+Having determined the size of the fireplace opening and the
+cross-section area of the flue itself, it will in many cases be found
+that the latter is too small for the former. The easiest way to remedy
+this difficulty naturally would be to decrease the size of the opening
+in the face of the fireplace. In order to check up the diagnosis,
+however, it would be well to fit a pair of thin boards to wedge fairly
+tightly into the opening at the top, one of which boards could be drawn
+down past the other one so that the fireplace opening may be decreased
+anywhere from six to twelve inches in height--using two six-inch boards.
+By testing the fireplace in action in this way it will be readily
+determined by what amount the opening must be decreased. The boards
+then being removed, a wrought-iron curtain or decorative projecting hood
+of wrought iron or copper may be fitted permanently to the front.
+
+It is possible, however, that the opening of the fireplace and the flue
+area are properly related, in which case it may be found that the
+trouble is due to the lack of a narrow throat and smoke shelf. This too
+could be constructed in the fireplace without disturbing anything
+outside, such as the mantel or chimney breast, unless the fireplace is
+not large enough to permit the addition of four inches of brick at the
+back. If it is not, it will be well to examine carefully the thickness
+of the wall at the back of the fireplace and if this is sufficient, part
+of it could be taken away where the slope of the back joins the upright
+wall--about a foot above the hearth surface--and the sloping back built
+in from there up to form the throat. Or, to make perfectly sure of the
+result, the mantel itself could be removed--this is usually merely
+nailed to the plaster--and enough of the chimney breast taken down to
+permit the introduction of a cast-iron throat damper.
+
+
+
+
+                         FIREPLACE ACCESSORIES
+
+
+Just as a turkey dinner depends largely for its success upon the
+"fixin's," so the fireplace is in itself incomplete without its andirons
+and tools. To begin with the most nearly indispensable appurtenances, we
+must name the andirons--or, if the fuel is to be coal, then the basket
+grate. I have wondered sometimes why the philosophers have not hit upon
+the andiron as a particularly fitting subject for pleasurable
+rumination. There are so few things which combine to such a degree the
+purely utilitarian with the eminently decorative qualities. Most things
+which do combine the two in any real measure have been developed on the
+side of one at the expense of the other quality. Take man's dress coat,
+for example, the cut-away front of which, with the two buttons at the
+back, was designed to permit the gentleman to loop the skirts up to his
+waist when he mounted his horse. Or, take the modern lighting fixture
+with its little pan still waiting to catch the drip of the tallow
+beneath the flame, which has long since been displaced by gas tip or
+incandescent filament. How few things there are, after all, which ages
+ago--probably through a long evolution--were designed to meet a real
+need in the best possible manner and which still meet that need and
+combine true beauty with their usefulness. The wrought-iron shoe of a
+horse occurs to us, perhaps a ship's anchor, a string-bow or an axe
+helve.
+
+Some support is needed to raise the fuel so that the air may find a
+clear passage under and through it to the flames, and nothing could well
+be devised to serve the purpose better than the pair of horizontal
+wrought bars, each with its single rear foot and its steadying front,
+the upper continuation of which serves to hold the burning logs in
+place.
+
+One is not likely to go wrong in making a choice of andirons for any
+given type of fireplace. The simply turned brass patterns belong so
+obviously to the Colonial brick opening with its surrounding white
+woodwork; the rougher wrought-iron types are so evidently at home in the
+craftsman fireplace or the rough opening of stonework, that misfits are
+hardly possible.
+
+Fortunately the old brass andirons of Colonial days have proven
+themselves fitted to survive, and many of them are still to be found in
+old cobwebby attics or in the more accessible shop of the dealer in
+antiques. One of these confided to me his way of distinguishing the
+really old andirons from artificially aged reproductions: the old ones
+have the turned brass of the front post held in place by a wrought-iron
+bar that attaches to the horizontal member by a screw thread on the bar
+itself; on the modern examples this upright bar is drilled with a
+threaded hole into which an ordinary short screw engages through a hole
+in the horizontal member.
+
+    [Illustration: The good old dependable Colonial type, with its
+    simple brick facing framed by the delicately detailed white wood
+    mantel]
+
+Next after the andirons in importance are the tools--the three most
+nearly essential ones being the poker, tongs and shovel. There is no
+need of saying that these should harmonize with the andirons and
+preferably be of brass if they are of brass; wrought iron if the
+andirons are of wrought iron. There are two ways of taking care of
+them--the ordinary method of using a stand which, if the tools are
+bought together, will probably come with them; or in some of the
+fireplace types where the whole chimney breast is of brick, concrete or
+stone, sometimes a combination of three or more hooks is wrought in the
+same metal as the tools and fixed securely in the chimney breast at the
+side of the opening.
+
+A brush for the hearth, although not so frequently seen, is exceedingly
+useful in sweeping back the ashes and small embers. Then there is the
+time-honored bellows, now hardly more than an ornament, for with a
+scientifically built fireplace it should never need to be called into
+action.
+
+A screen of some sort comes nearer to being classed with the necessities
+than with the merely decorative accessories, for it is hardly safe to
+leave a fire or even the smoldering embers without some protection
+against the damage that is so quickly caused by sparks. The usual type
+of screen is the woven wire one in several forms. Probably the most
+convenient type is that made up of a number of flat sections which fold
+upon one another into a compact mass which will not be in the way when
+not in use. In recent years, however, there is another sort of screen
+that is coming to be regarded with very high favor and that is the
+screen made up of glass in combination with other materials. There is
+the simple French screen of glass panes in a gilded frame, and there are
+wonderful possibilities for the employment of the craftsman's skill in
+combining with plain or lightly tinted glass more decorative features in
+the way of stained glass and leading or in the combination of glass and
+metals.
+
+The design of a fire screen depends, of course, on the purpose it is
+intended to serve. If it is desired to secure a screen that will cut off
+the heat but not the light of the fire, the craftsman will work with
+larger areas of clear glass. On the other hand, it may be felt desirable
+to make a nearly opaque screen to cut off both light and heat. These, of
+course, are usually small rectangles on some sort of a pedestal and are
+not intended to take the place of spark screens.
+
+A wood receptacle of some form is a convenient accessory, as one will
+avoid the task of carrying fuel up from the cellar or in from the
+woodpile whenever a fire is desired. There is a broad field from which
+to choose--brass-bound boxes of many sizes and forms, sturdy baskets and
+the metal wood baskets which are made for holding the logs themselves.
+There are those who prefer not to encumber the vicinity of the
+fireplace with these rather bulky receptacles, but who find it
+convenient to have a box built in near by in the form of a window-seat
+or perhaps as a part of built-in bookcases. Two or three houses that I
+have known had a very simple rough dumbwaiter running from the cellar up
+into a window-seat. This could be loaded with fuel, hoisted into
+position and locked there until the fuel was needed.
+
+There are two other fireplace accessories that we must not overlook, and
+these are the crane and the trivet. The crane is a very picturesque
+feature in a fireplace that is large enough to hold it comfortably, but
+it does seem unfortunate that in a great many fireplaces the crane is
+dragged in with the idea of making it a decorative feature but without
+any expectation of putting it to practical use. There are
+fireplaces--in a summer camp, for example--where a crane could be put to
+good use. Used elsewhere it is too often merely an affectation.
+
+The trivet is not nearly so well known as the crane and yet it might be
+put to use in a modern fireplace much more frequently. In England it is
+found in various ingenious forms, most of which show, however, some form
+of low stool which is stood upon the hearth, as near as may be
+convenient to the fire, to keep warm a teakettle or perhaps even a plate
+of toast. There are some rather interesting antique brass trivets to be
+found in many of the larger antique shops.
+
+
+
+
+                           BUILDING THE FIRE
+
+
+I have no doubt that the majority of the readers who have patiently
+found their way thus far through this little book will feel like closing
+it with a sigh of impatience at the sight of the chapter heading above.
+"Who doesn't know how to build a wood fire? We might as well seek
+instruction as to the most approved method of striking a match!" But if
+you will bear with me for a moment I would say most emphatically that as
+a matter of fact very few people really do know how to build a fire. It
+is easy enough to assemble a bunch of newspapers, twigs, kindling and
+logs so that it is possible to _start_ a fire, but perhaps you have
+noticed that while many fires are kindled few burn out. If you are
+seeking for the greatest amount of comfort and enjoyment from your wood
+fire you will secure it only by sitting at the feet of that greatest of
+all teachers, experience, or perhaps more quickly by experimenting a bit
+with one or two of the simple expedients which I shall try to show are
+based on the wood fire's way of working. While there are those who would
+not for worlds give up the pleasure of tinkering with the tongs and
+poker while the fire burns, it will perhaps not detract from this
+enjoyment if the tinkering is not actually the result of necessity to
+keep the logs burning. Fire-mending is a delightful recreation only when
+it is not imposed upon us by becoming an alternative to having the
+glowing embers become discouraged and give up the fight.
+
+    [Illustration: There is a splendid opportunity for home
+    craftsmanship of a high order in making the copper hood for an
+    example of this type]
+
+First of all, there is the need of having fuel that is really dry. It
+is not essential that the woodpile be kept indoors, but it should at
+least have shelter above it and on three sides. The woodsheds of New
+England farmhouses offer a practical and efficient solution of the
+problem. Usually you will find these as an extension to the house, a
+shed open only to the south, in which the cord wood is piled neatly to
+the roof with sawn ends to the front. Two long logs are laid on the
+floor or ground, at right angles to the firewood, so as to encourage a
+circulation of air for drying.
+
+In addition to the heavier logs which are cut to fit the fireplace
+opening, there should be almost an equal quantity of twigs, brush and
+smaller pieces, or else split kindling, to serve as starting fuel.
+
+To lay a fire on the hearth, select first a heavy log which should be
+placed close against the back of the fire chamber on the hearth and not
+on the andirons. This is the traditional "backlog." It will serve
+through several fires and is intended mainly as a protection of the back
+brickwork. Stand the andirons with their rear ends close up against the
+backlog, and if the latter is of the best size its top will be well
+above the horizontal bars of the andirons. Now select a smaller
+log--preferably not a split piece--and lay it across the andirons. If a
+big fire is desired, keep this log--the "forelog"--well to the front,
+just back of the andiron upright posts, leaving plenty of space between
+backlog and forelog for the main body of the fire. The distance between
+these two logs will govern the size of the fire. In this space put a few
+crumpled sheets of newspaper, some of the lighter twigs and small
+branches, and one, two or three logs or split pieces, as may be required
+to fill the space. The diagrams will make clearer this arrangement for a
+small fire or a large one.
+
+    [Illustration: Section showing the arrangement of andirons and
+    wood for a large fire (at the left) and a smaller one]
+
+As the central portion of the fire burns away, keep the forelog pushed
+back against it, unless a less active fire is desired. It is well to
+remember that where one isolated log will not burn, two close together
+probably will, and a pyramid of three will do still better.
+
+Many fireplaces show a tendency to smoke only when first lighted; this
+is probably due to a cold chimney, and can usually be prevented or made
+less objectionable by burning a newspaper just under the throat, thus
+starting the proper action of the up and down drafts.
+
+If it is possible for us to choose between various kinds of wood for our
+open fire fuel there is opened up one of the most interesting phases of
+the whole subject. To most people probably a wood fire is a wood fire,
+whether the logs be of cherry wood, pine, hickory or anything else. For
+the wood fire connoisseur, if we may call him by that name, there is no
+difficulty whatever in telling with a glance at the fire just what wood
+is burned. The crackle and explosive nature of hickory, the hiss of
+pine, the steady flame from cherry, the hot and rapid disintegration of
+sycamore, and the steady and thorough combustion of soft apple wood
+soon become familiar characteristics to those who have the opportunity
+to lay the fire in variety. Then there is, of course, the fascination
+and the weird coloring in a driftwood fire--most spectacular of all but
+unfortunately denied to most of us.
+
+    [Illustration: A simple and exceedingly effective recessed
+    design in brick and rough plaster. The hearth is raised above
+    the floor]
+
+Finally, the most important factor of all in the management of a wood
+fire is an ample bed of ashes for its foundation. It is impossible for
+anyone who has not actually tried fires both ways to appreciate the
+immense advantage that a bed of wood ashes gives. It unquestionably
+doubles the fire's efficiency in throwing heat out into the room, it
+halves the care and attention needed to keep the fire burning, and it
+increases beyond measure the beauty of a wood fire, when it is nearing
+its end, by rekindling itself with the embers and keeping alive for a
+long time the quiet, dull red glow. Stop your ears to the importunities
+of the over-zealous housekeeper and steel yourself against the pricks of
+the conscience of cleanliness. If need be, fight for the retention of
+that bed of ashes. You can scarcely get it too large or too deep. The
+accumulation of two years is a priceless treasure. One of my own
+fireplaces has a bank that has to be depleted about twice a year to make
+room for the fire. A peck or two of the fine white powder is then
+carried out to bring joy to the rose garden.
+
+To one who loves a wood fire and knows its possibilities the mention of
+such a thing as an ash-drop is as a red flag to a bull. Peace be to the
+ashes of the man who invented this easy method of robbing the hearth of
+half its charm. May he be forgiven it.
+
+
+
+
+                                 _THE
+                            HOUSE & GARDEN
+                                MAKING
+                                BOOKS_
+
+
+It is the intention of the publishers to make this series of little
+volumes, of which _Making a Fireplace_ is one, a complete library of
+authoritative and well illustrated handbooks dealing with the activities
+of the home-maker and amateur gardener. Text, pictures and diagrams
+will, in each respective book, aim to make perfectly clear the
+possibility of having, and the means of having, some of the more
+important features of a modern country or suburban home. Among the
+titles already issued or planned for early publication are the
+following: _Making a Rose Garden_; _Making a Lawn_; _Making a Tennis
+Court_; _Making a Water Garden_; _Making Paths and Driveways_; _Making a
+Poultry House_; _Making a Garden with Hotbed and Coldframe_; _Making
+Built-in Furniture_; _Making a Rock Garden_; _Making a Garden to Bloom
+this Year_; _Making a Garden of Perennials_; _Making the Grounds
+Attractive with Shrubbery_; _Making a Bulb Garden_, _Making a Garage_,
+_Making and Furnishing Outdoor Rooms and Porches_; with others to be
+announced later.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Making a Fireplace, by Henry H. Saylor
+
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