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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Genus Pinus, by George Russell Shaw
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Genus Pinus
+
+Author: George Russell Shaw
+
+Illustrator: George Russell Shaw
+
+Release Date: October 7, 2008 [EBook #26798]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GENUS PINUS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, Leonard Johnson and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+produced by Core Historical Literature in Agriculture
+(CHLA), Cornell University)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                           THE GENUS PINUS
+
+               PUBLICATIONS OF THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM No. 5
+
+
+
+
+                                 THE
+
+                             GENUS PINUS
+
+                                 BY
+
+                         GEORGE RUSSELL SHAW
+
+                  [Illustration: Printer's Logo.]
+
+          Es giebt jedoch auch Arten--und dieses ist
+          für den Systematiker wie für den Physiologen
+          gleich wichtig--welche sich den wechselnden
+          Bedingungen der Feuchtigkeit so vollkommen
+          anpassen, dass ihre extremen Formen zu
+          ungleichen Arten zu gehören scheinen.
+
+                                        _Schimper._
+
+
+                              CAMBRIDGE
+                     PRINTED AT THE RIVERSIDE PRESS
+                                1914
+
+               REPRINTED 1958 BY THE MURRAY PRINTING COMPANY
+                      FORGE VILLAGE, MASSACHUSETTS
+
+
+
+
+  CONTENTS
+
+                                                        Page     Plate
+
+  PART 1 CHARACTERS OF THE GENUS                           1
+
+    Cotyledon, Primary Leaf, Bud and Branchlet          1, 2         I
+
+    Secondary Leaves                                       2        II
+
+      External Characters                                  4
+
+      Internal Characters                                  4
+
+    Flowers and Conelet                                    7       III
+
+    Cone                                                   8        IV
+
+      Phyllotaxis                                         12         V
+
+      Cone-tissues and Seeds                           12-16        VI
+
+    Wood                                                  17       VII
+
+    Bark                                                  18
+
+  PART 2 CLASSIFICATION OF THE SPECIES                    22
+
+    Sections, subsections and groups                      25
+
+    Section Haploxylon                                    26
+
+      Subsection Cembra                                   26
+
+        Group Cembrae                                     26
+
+          Pinus Koraiensis, Cembra, Albicaulis        26, 27      VIII
+
+        Group Flexiles                                    28
+
+          Pinus Flexilis, Armandi                     28, 30        IX
+
+        Group Strobi                                      30
+
+          Pinus Ayacahuite, Lambertiana               30, 32         X
+
+                Parviflora, Peuce, Excelsa            32, 34        XI
+
+                Monticola, Strobus                    34, 36       XII
+
+      Subsection Paracembra                               36
+
+        Group Cembroides                                  38
+
+          Pinus Cembroides, Pinceana, Nelsonii        38, 40      XIII
+
+        Group Gerardianae                                 40
+
+          Pinus Bungeana, Gerardiana                  40, 42       XIV
+
+        Group Balfourianae                                42
+
+          Pinus Balfouriana, Aristata                 42, 44        XV
+
+    Section Diploxylon                                    44
+
+      Subsection Parapinaster                             44
+
+        Group Leiophyllae                                 44
+
+          Pinus Leiophylla, Lumholtzii                44, 46       XVI
+
+        Group Longifoliae                                 46
+
+          Pinus Longifolia, Canariensis               46, 48      XVII
+
+        Group Pineae                                      48
+
+          Pinus Pinea                                     48     XVIII
+
+      Subsection Pinaster                                 50
+
+        Group Laricionea                                  51
+
+          Pinus Resinosa, Tropicalis                  51, 52       XIX
+
+                Massoniana, Densiflora                    52        XX
+
+                Sylvestris, Montana                       54       XXI
+
+                Luchuensis, Thunbergii, Nigra         56, 58      XXII
+
+                Merkusii, Sinensis, Insularis         58, 60     XXIII
+
+        Group Australes                                   62
+
+          Pinus Pseudostrobus                             62      XXIV
+
+                Montezumae                                64       XXV
+
+                Ponderosa                                 66      XXVI
+
+                Teocote, Lawsonii                         68     XXVII
+
+                Occidentalis, Palustris                   70    XXVIII
+
+                Caribaea                                  70      XXIX
+
+                Taeda, Glabra, Echinata               72, 74       XXX
+
+        Group Insignes                                    76
+
+          Pinus Pringlei, Oocarpa                     76, 78      XXXI
+
+                Halepensis, Pinaster                  78, 80     XXXII
+
+                Virginiana, Clausa                        80    XXXIII
+
+                Rigida, Serotina, Pungens             82, 84     XXXIV
+
+                Banksiana, Contorta                       84      XXXV
+
+                Greggii, Patula                           86     XXXVI
+
+                Muricata, Attenuata, Radiata          86, 88    XXXVII
+
+        Group Macrocarpae                                 90
+
+          Pinus Torreyana, Sabiniana                      90   XXXVIII
+
+                Coulteri                                  93     XXXIX
+
+
+  INDEX                                                   94
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+This discussion of the characters of Pinus is an attempt to determine
+their taxonomic significance and their utility for determining the
+limits of the species. A systematic arrangement follows, based on the
+evolution of the cone and seed from the comparatively primitive
+conditions that appear in Pinus cembra to the specialized cone and
+peculiar dissemination of Pinus radiata and its associates. This
+arrangement involves no radical change in existing systems. The new
+associations in which some of the species appear are the natural result
+of another point of view.
+
+Experience with Mexican species has led me to believe that a Pine can
+adapt itself to various climatic conditions and can modify its growth in
+response to them. Variations in dimensions of leaf or cone, the number
+of leaves in the fascicle, the presence of pruinose branchlets, etc.,
+which have been thought to imply specific distinctions, are often the
+evidence of facile adaptability. In fact such variations, in correlation
+with climatic variation, may argue, not for specific distinction, but
+for specific identity. The remarkable variation in the species may be
+attributed partly to this adaptability, partly to a participation, more
+or less pronounced, in the evolutionary processes that culminate in the
+serotinous Pines.
+
+
+
+
+PART I
+
+CHARACTERS OF THE GENUS
+
+
+THE COTYLEDON. Plate I, figs. 1-3.
+
+The upper half of the embryo in Pinus is a cylindrical fascicle of 4 to
+15 cotyledons (fig. 1). The cross-section of a cotyledon is, therefore,
+a triangle whose angles vary with the number composing the fascicle.
+Sections from fascicles of 10 and of 5 cotyledons are shown in figs. 2
+and 3. Apart from this difference cotyledons are much alike. Their
+number varies and is indeterminate for all species, while any given
+number is common to so many species that the character is of no value.
+
+
+THE PRIMARY LEAF. Plate I, figs. 4-6.
+
+Primary leaves follow the cotyledons immediately (fig. 4) and assume the
+usual functions of foliage for a limited period, varying from one to
+three years, secondary fascicles appearing here and there in their
+axils. With the permanent appearance of the secondary leaves the green
+primaries disappear and their place is taken by bud-scales, which in the
+spring and summer persist as scarious bracts, each subtending a fascicle
+of secondary leaves. At this stage the bracts present two important
+distinctions.
+
+    1. The bract-base is non-decurrent, like the leaf-base
+         of Abies                                                fig. 5.
+    2. The bract-base is decurrent, like the leaf-base of Picea  fig. 6.
+
+The two sections of the genus, Haploxylon and Diploxylon, established by
+Koehne on the single and double fibro-vascular bundle of the leaf, are
+even more accurately characterized by these two forms of
+bract-insertion. The difference between them, however, is most obvious
+on long branchlets with wide intervals between the leaf-fascicles.
+
+The bracts of spring-shoots are the scarious bud-scales of the previous
+winter; but the bracts of summer-shoots have the form and green color of
+the primary leaf.
+
+
+THE BUD. Plate I, figs. 7-11.
+
+The winter-bud is an aggregate of minute buds, each concealed in the
+axil of a primary leaf converted into a scarious, more or less
+fimbriate, bud-scale. Buds from which normal growth develops appear only
+at the nodes of the branches. On uninodal branchlets they form an apical
+group consisting of a terminal bud with a whorl of subterminal buds
+about its base. On multinodal branchlets the inner nodes bear lateral
+buds which may be latent.
+
+Fig. 7 represents a magnified bud of P. resinosa, first immersed in
+alcohol to dissolve the resin, then deprived of its scales. This bud
+contains both fascicle-buds, destined for secondary leaves, and larger
+paler buds at its base. These last are incipient staminate flowers,
+sufficiently developed for recognition. Such flower-bearing buds are
+characteristic of the Hard Pines in distinction from the Soft Pines
+whose staminate flowers cannot be identified in the bud.
+
+The want of complete data leaves the invariability of this distinction
+in question, but with all species that I have examined, the flowers of
+Hard Pines are further advanced at the end of the summer. In the
+following year they open earlier than those of Soft Pines in the same
+locality. The staminate flowers of some Hard Pines (resinosa,
+sylvestris, etc.,) are not apparent without removing the bud-scales,
+but, with most Hard Pines, they form enlargements of the bud (fig. 9).
+
+Invisible or latent buds are present at the nodes and at the apex of
+dwarf shoots. The former are the origin of the numerous shoots that
+cover the trunk and branches of P. rigida, leiophylla and a few other
+species (fig. 10). The latter develop into shoots in the centre of a
+leaf-fascicle (fig. 11) when the branchlet, bearing the fascicle, has
+been injured.
+
+The size, color and form of buds, the presence of resin in quantity,
+etc., assist in the diagnosis of species. Occasionally a peculiar bud,
+like that of P. palustris, may be recognized at once.
+
+
+THE BRANCHLET. Plate I, figs. 12-14.
+
+The branchlet, as here understood, is the whole of a season's growth
+from a single bud, and may consist of a single internode (uninodal, fig.
+12-a) or of two or more internodes (multinodal, fig. 13), each internode
+being defined by a leafless base and a terminal node of buds.
+
+The spring-shoot is uninodal in all Soft Pines and in many Hard Pines,
+but, in P. taeda and its allies and in species with serotinous cones, it
+is more or less prevalently multinodal.
+
+The uninodal spring-shoot may remain so throughout the growing season
+and become a uninodal branchlet. Or a summer-shoot may appear on
+vigorous branches of any species with the result of converting a
+uninodal spring-shoot into an imperfect multinodal branchlet. The
+summer-shoot may be recognized, during growth, by its green, not
+scarious bracts and, at the end of the season, by the imperfect growth
+of its wood and foliage (fig. 14).
+
+The perfect multinodal branchlet is formed in the winter-bud (fig. 8-a)
+and the spring-shoot is multinodal. It is gradually evolved among the
+Hard Pines, where it may be absent, rare, frequent or prevalent,
+according to the species. In fact there is, in Pinus, an evolutionary
+tendency toward multinodal growth, with its beginnings in the
+summer-shoot and its culmination in the multinodal winter-bud, most
+prevalent among the serotinous Pines.
+
+The multinodal shoot is never invariable in a species, but is rare,
+common or prevalent. This condition prevents its employment for grouping
+species. For Pines are not sharply divided into multinodal and uninodal
+species, and no exact segregation of them, based on this difference, is
+possible. In fact the character is unequally developed among closely
+related species, such as P. palustris and caribaea. Both produce
+multinodal shoots, but the former so rarely that it should be classed as
+a uninodal species, while the latter is characteristically multinodal.
+The multinodal spring-shoot, however, has a certain correlative value in
+its relation to other evolutionary processes that are obvious in the
+genus.
+
+The length of the branchlet is much influenced by different soils and
+climates. In species able to adapt themselves to great changes, the
+length of the internode may vary from 50 cm. or more to 1 cm. or less.
+In the latter case the branch is a series of very short leafless joints
+terminated by a crowded penicillate tuft of leaves (fig. 12-b). Such a
+growth may be seen on any species (ponderosa, albicaulis, resinosa,
+etc.) that can survive exposure and poor nourishment.
+
+The presence of wax, as a bloom on the branchlet, is associated with
+trees in arid localities, especially Mexico, where it is very common.
+With several species the character is inconstant, apparently dependent
+on environment, and is a provision against too rapid transpiration.
+
+The branchlet furnishes evidence of the section to which the species
+belongs, for the bract-bases persist after the bracts have fallen away.
+The color of the branchlet, its lustre, the presence of minute hairs,
+etc., are often suggestions for determining species.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE I. PRIMARY LEAF, BUD AND BRANCHLET]
+
+
+THE SECONDARY LEAF. Plate II.
+
+Secondary leaves, the permanent foliage of Pines, are borne on
+dwarf-shoots in the axils of primary leaves. They form cylindrical
+fascicles, rarely monophyllous, prevalently of 2, 3 or 5 leaves,
+occasionally of 4, 6, 7, or 8 leaves. The scales of the fascicle-bud
+elongate into a basal sheath, deciduous (fig. 15) in all Soft Pines
+except P. Nelsonii, persistent (fig. 16) in all Hard Pines except P.
+leiophylla and Lumholtzii. Inasmuch as these three species are easily
+recognized, the fascicle-sheath is useful for sectional distinctions.
+
+
+EXTERNAL CHARACTERS.
+
+The number of leaves in the fascicle is virtually constant in most
+species, the variations being too rare to be worthy of consideration.
+With some species, however, heteromerous fascicles are normal. The
+influences that cause this variation are not always apparent (echinata,
+etc.), but with P. ponderosa, leiophylla, sinensis and others, the
+number of leaves in the fascicle is, in some degree, dependent on
+climatic conditions, the smaller number occurring in colder regions. In
+Mexico, for example, where snow-capped mountains lie on subtropical
+table-lands and extremes of temperature are in juxtaposition, the
+conditions are favorable for the production of species with heteromerous
+fascicles, and the number of leaves in the fascicle possesses often
+climatic rather than specific significance.
+
+Among conifers, the leaf of Pinus attains extraordinary length with
+great variation, from 5 cm. or less to 50 cm. or more, the maximum for
+each species being usually much more than twice the minimum. Climate is
+the predominating influence; for the shortest leaves occur on alpine and
+boreal species, the longest leaves on species in or near the tropics.
+
+The length of the leaf is complicated by the peculiarities of individual
+trees and by pathological influences; as a general rule, however, the
+length of leaves is less or greater according to unfavorable or
+favorable conditions of temperature, moisture, soil and exposure.
+Therefore the dimensions of the leaf may be misleading. It can be said,
+however, that certain species always produce short leaves, others leaves
+of medium length, and others very long leaves.
+
+Persistence of the leaf varies with the species and with the individual
+tree. But it is noteworthy that the longest persistence is associated
+with short leaves (Balfouriana, albicaulis, montana, etc.).
+
+
+INTERNAL CHARACTERS.
+
+Since the leaf-fascicle is cylindrical, the cross-section of a leaf is a
+sector, its proportional part, of a circle. Theoretically the leaf, in
+section, should indicate the number of leaves composing its fascicle.
+This is absolutely true for fascicles of two leaves only. No fascicle of
+five leaves, that I have examined, is equally apportioned among its five
+members. It may be divided in various ways, one of which is shown in
+fig. 18, where the leaf (a) might be mistaken for one of a fascicle of
+3, and the leaf (b) for one of a fascicle of 6. Therefore if absolute
+certainty is required, a fascicle of triquetral leaves is best
+determined by actual count.
+
+The transverse section of a leaf may be conveniently divided into three
+distinct parts--1, the dermal tissues, epiderm, hypoderm and stomata
+(fig. 17-a)--2, the green tissue, containing the resin-ducts (fig.
+17-b)--3, the stelar tissues, enclosed by the endoderm and containing
+the fibro-vascular bundle (fig. 17-c).
+
+
+THE DERMAL TISSUES OF THE LEAF.
+
+The stomata of Pine leaves are depressed below the surface and interrupt
+the continuity of epiderm and hypoderm. They are wanting on the dorsal
+surface of the leaves of several Soft Pines, constantly in some species,
+irregularly in others. In Hard Pines, however, all surfaces of the leaf
+are stomatiferous. In several species of the Soft Pines the longitudinal
+lines of stomata are very conspicuous from the white bloom which
+modifies materially the general color of the foliage.
+
+Under the action of hydrochloric acid the hypoderm is sharply
+differentiated from the epiderm by a distinct reddish tint, but without
+the aid of a reagent the two tissues do not always differ in appearance.
+The cells of epiderm and hypoderm may be so similar that they appear to
+form a single tissue. In most species, however, the epiderm is distinct,
+while the cells of the hypoderm are either uniform, with equally thin
+or thick walls--or biform, with very thin walls in the outer row of
+cells and very thick walls in the inner row or rows of cells--or
+multiform, with cell-walls gradually thicker toward the centre of the
+leaf. These conditions may be tabulated as follows--
+
+    Cells of epiderm and hypoderm similar              fig. 19.
+    Cells of epiderm and hypoderm distinct.
+      Cells of hypoderm uniform, thin or thick    figs. 20, 21.
+      Cells of hypoderm biform                         fig. 22.
+      Cells of hypoderm multiform                      fig. 23.
+
+The biform hypoderm is not always obvious (clausa, Banksiana, etc.)
+where in some leaves there is but one row of cells. But with the
+examination of other leaves one or more cells of a second row will be
+found with very thick walls. Among Hard Pines there is no Old World
+species with a biform hypoderm. But there are a few American species
+with uniform hypoderm (resinosa, tropicalis, patula and Greggii); while,
+in some leaves of the few American Hard Pines with multiform hypoderm,
+the uniform hypoderm is a variation.
+
+
+THE GREEN TISSUE.
+
+In this tissue are the resin-ducts, each with a border of cells,
+corresponding in appearance and in chemical reaction with the cells of
+the hypoderm and with thinner or thicker walls. With reference to the
+green tissue the foliar duct may be in one of four positions.
+
+    1. External   against the hypoderm                    fig. 24.
+    2. Internal   against the endoderm                    fig. 28.
+    3. Medial     in the green tissue, touching neither
+                    hypoderm nor endoderm                 fig. 26.
+    4. Septal     touching both endoderm and hypoderm,
+                    forming a septum                      fig. 30.
+
+Among the Soft Pines the external duct is invariable in the subsection
+Paracembra. It is also characteristic of the Strobi, where it is
+sometimes associated with a medial duct. In the Cembrae and the
+Flexiles, however, the ducts are external in some species, or medial or
+both in others, without regard to the affinities of these species.
+
+Among the Hard Pines the external duct is characteristic of the Old
+World, there being but two American Pines with this character (resinosa
+and tropicalis). The internal duct is peculiar to Hard Pines of the New
+World, its presence in Old World species being extremely rare. The
+medial duct is common to species of both hemispheres, either alone or in
+association with ducts in other positions (figs. 25, 27). The septal
+duct is peculiar to a few species (oocarpa, tropicalis, and less
+frequently Pringlei and Merkusii). I have also seen it in a leaf of P.
+canariensis. The internal and septal ducts appear to be confined to the
+species of warm-temperate or tropical countries.
+
+The number of resin-ducts of a single leaf may be limited to two or
+three (strobus, koraiensis, etc.), but in many species it is exceedingly
+variable and often large (pinaster, sylvestris, etc.). Eighteen or more
+ducts in a single leaf have been recorded. Such large numbers are
+peculiar to Pinus. Occasionally a single leaf, possibly the leaves of a
+single tree, may be without ducts, but this is never true of all the
+leaves of a species.
+
+
+THE STELAR TISSUES.
+
+The walls of the endoderm are, in most species, uniform, but, with P.
+albicaulis and some species of western North America, the outer walls of
+the cells are conspicuously thickened (fig. 32). Both thin and thick
+walls may be found among the leaves of the group Macrocarpae and of the
+species longifolia.
+
+The fibro-vascular bundle of the leaf is single in Soft Pines, double in
+Hard Pines. This distinction is employed by Koehne as the basis of his
+two sections, Haploxylon and Diploxylon. The double bundle is usually
+obvious even when the two parts are contiguous, but they are sometimes
+completely merged into an apparently single bundle. This condition,
+however, is never constant in a Hard Pine, and a little investigation
+will discover a leaf with a true double bundle.
+
+Some cells about the fibro-vascular bundle acquire thick walls with the
+appearance and chemical reaction of the hypoderm cells. Among the Soft
+Pines this condition is most obvious in the group Cembroides. Among the
+Hard Pines it appears in all degrees of development, being absent (figs.
+24, 25), sometimes in irregular lines above and below the bundle (figs.
+26, 27, 30, 31), or forming a conspicuous tissue between and partly
+enclosing the two parts of the bundle (figs. 28, 29).
+
+The leaf-section furnishes sectional and other lesser distinctions. It
+is often decisive in separating species otherwise difficult to
+distinguish (nigra and resinosa or Thunbergii and sinensis, etc.).
+Sometimes it is sufficiently distinct to determine a species without
+recourse to other characters (tropicalis, oocarpa, Merkusii, etc.). An
+intimate knowledge of the leaf-section, with an understanding of the
+limits of its variation, is a valuable equipment for recognizing
+species.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE II. SECONDARY LEAVES]
+
+
+THE FLOWERS. Plate III, figs. 33-39.
+
+The flowers in Pinus are monoecious, the pistillate in the position of a
+long shoot, taking the place of a subterminal or lateral bud, the
+staminate in the position of a dwarf-shoot, taking the place of a
+leaf-fascicle but confined to the basal part of the internode.
+
+Pistillate flowers are single or verticillate. On multinodal shoots they
+are often multiserial, appearing on two or more nodes of the same
+spring-shoot (fig. 33). On uninodal shoots they are necessarily
+subterminal (fig. 34), the lateral pistillate flower being possible only
+on multinodal shoots (fig. 35) where it is often associated with the
+subterminal flower (fig. 33). Like the multinodal shoot, on which its
+existence depends, the lateral pistillate flower cannot be employed for
+grouping the species. It is merely the frequent, but not the essential,
+evidence of condition of growth that is more perfectly characterized by
+the shoot itself.
+
+Staminate catkins are in crowded clusters, capitate or elongate (figs.
+36, 37), but with much variation in the number of catkins in each
+cluster. In P. rigida I have found single catkins or clusters of all
+numbers from two to seventy or more. In P. Massoniana and P. densiflora
+a cluster attains such unusual length (fig. 37) that this character
+becomes a valuable distinction between these species and P. sinensis,
+which has short-capitate clusters. The catkins differ much in size, the
+largest being found among the Hard Pines.
+
+In the connective of the binate pollen-sacs there is a notable
+difference (figs. 38, 39), the smaller form being characteristic of the
+Soft Pines. But this is not invariable (excelsa, sylvestris, etc.), and
+the absence of complete data does not permit an accurate estimate of its
+importance.
+
+
+THE CONELET. Plate III, figs. 40-45.
+
+After pollination the pistillate flower closes and becomes the conelet,
+the staminate flowers withering and falling away. The conelet makes no
+appreciable growth until the following year. Like the pistillate flower
+it may be subterminal or lateral, but a subterminal pistillate flower
+may become a pseudolateral conelet by reason of a summer-growth (fig.
+40-a). Such a condition may be recognized on the branchlets of the
+present, and of the previous year (fig. 40-b), by the very short
+internode and short leaves beyond the fruit.
+
+The conelet offers some distinctions of form, of color, and of length of
+peduncle, while in some species (sylvestris, caribaea, etc.) its
+reflexed position is an important specific character. The most important
+distinctions, however, are found in its scales, which may be
+
+    1. entire             subsection Cembra          fig. 41.
+    2. tuberculate        tropicalis, etc.           fig. 42.
+    3. short-mucronate    sylvestris, glabra, etc.   fig. 43.
+    4. long-mucronate     aristata, contorta, etc.   fig. 44.
+    5. spinescent         taeda, pungens, etc.       fig. 45.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE III. FLOWERS AND CONELET]
+
+
+THE CONE. Plate IV.
+
+The cone of Pinus shows great differences of color, form and tissue;
+these are useful for specific and sectional distinctions, while the
+gradual change from the primitive conditions of the Cembrae to the
+elaborate form, structure and mode of dissemination of some serotinous
+species are obvious evidence of an evolution among the species of
+remarkable taxonomic range. A form new among Coniferae appears, the
+oblique cone, and a new condition, the serotinous cone, both appearing
+at first alone and, finally, in constant association.
+
+
+COLOR OF THE CONE.
+
+With few exceptions the color of the ripe cone may be classified under
+one of the following shades of brown or yellow.
+
+    Nut-brown     The stain of the walnut-husk.
+    Rufous brown  A pronounced reddish nut-brown.
+    Fulvous brown A yellowish nut-brown.
+    Tawny yellow  The color of the lion.
+    Orange        Ochre-yellow to red-orange.
+
+These colors may be paler or deeper. They may be obscured by a fuscous
+shade or may be modified by a dull or lustrous surface. The presence of
+two or more of these shades in a single species and the inherent
+difficulties of color description lessen the value of the character.
+Nevertheless certain allied species, such as P. nigra and Thunbergii, or
+P. densiflora and Massoniana, may be distinguished by the prevalent
+difference in the color of their cones.
+
+
+DIMENSIONS OF THE CONE.
+
+The cone is small, medium or large in different species, but varies
+greatly under the influences of environment or of individual
+peculiarities. The character possesses relative value only, for great
+variation is possible in the same locality and even on the same tree.
+
+
+THE PEDUNCLE.
+
+All conelets are pedunculate, but in some species the peduncle, even
+when long (patula), may become overgrown and concealed by the basal
+scales of the ripe cone. Articulation usually takes place between the
+peduncle and the branch, sometimes with the loss of a few basal scales
+which remain temporarily on the tree (ponderosa, palustris, etc.). With
+P. Nelsonii, and to a less degree with P. Armandi, there is articulation
+between the cone and its peduncle.
+
+There are several species bearing persistent cones with no articulation.
+This condition appears in other genera, such as Larix and Picea, but
+without obvious significance. In Pinus, however, the gradual appearance
+of the persistent cone, for it is rare, common, prevalent or invariable
+in different species, and its essential association with the serotinous
+cone, suggest an evolution toward a definite end.
+
+
+THE UMBO.
+
+The exposed part of the scale of the conelet is the umbo of the ripe
+cone, a small definite area representing the earlier part of the
+biennial growth of the cone. The position of the umbo on the apophysis
+is the basis of Koehne's subdivision of the section Haploxylon.
+
+    1. Umbo terminal   Subsection Cembra       fig. 46-a.
+    2. Umbo dorsal     Subsection Paracembra   fig. 46-b.
+
+Two other characters assist in establishing these subsections--the
+conelet, unarmed in Cembra, armed in Paracembra--the pits of the
+ray-cells of the wood, large in Cembra, small in Paracembra.
+
+
+THE APOPHYSIS.
+
+The apophysis represents the later and larger growth of the cone-scale.
+With a terminal umbo the margin of the apophysis is free and may be
+rounded (fig. 49) or may taper to a blunt point (fig. 52), and any
+extension of the scale is a terminal extension. With the dorsal umbo all
+sides of the apophysis are confined between other apophyses, and any
+extension is a dorsal thickening of the apophysis or a dorsal
+protuberance. The outline of an apophysis with a dorsal umbo is
+quadrangular, or it is irregularly pentagonal or hexagonal, the
+different forms depending on the arrangement of the contiguous scales,
+whether of definite or indefinite phyllotactic order, a distinction to
+be considered later.
+
+The two positions of the umbo result from the relative growth of the
+dorsal and ventral surfaces of the cone-scale. With the terminal umbo
+the growth of both surfaces is uniform, with the dorsal umbo the growth
+is unequal. A true terminal umbo rests on the surface of the underlying
+scale, although several species with terminal umbos show the first
+stages of the dorsal umbo. The umbo of P. Lambertiana or of P. flexilis
+does not touch the surface of the scale below, and a small portion of
+the under side of the apophysis is brought into view on the closed cone.
+The cone of P. albicaulis (Plate VIII, fig. 90) shows all degrees of
+development between a terminal umbo near the apex of the cone and a
+dorsal umbo near its base.
+
+The growth of the apophysis may be limited and constant (strobus,
+echinata, etc.) or exceedingly variable, ranging from a slight thickness
+to a long protuberance (pseudostrobus, montana, etc.). The protuberance
+is usually reflexed from the unequal growth of the two surfaces. With
+the terminal umbo the protuberance lengthens the scale, with the dorsal
+umbo it thickens the scale. It is sometimes a specific character
+(ayacahuite, longifolia) appearing on all cones of the species,
+sometimes a varietal form, associated in the same species with an
+unprolonged apophysis (sylvestris, montana).
+
+On different parts of the same cone, base, centre or apex, the
+dimensions of the apophyses differ, but at each level the scales may be
+uniform on all sides of the cone. That is to say, the cone is
+symmetrical with reference to any plane passing through its axis. This,
+the symmetrical cone, is characteristic of all other genera of the
+Abietineae, and is invariable among the Soft Pines and in many Hard
+Pines (figs. 47, 48, 52, 54). But among the Hard Pines there is
+gradually developed a new form of cone with smaller flatter apophyses on
+the anterior, and larger thicker apophyses on the posterior surface.
+This is the peculiar oblique cone of Pinus (figs. 50, 51, 53),
+symmetrical with reference to one plane only, which includes the axis of
+both cone and branch. The oblique cone is a gradual development among
+the Hard Pines; in some species it is associated as a varietal form with
+the symmetrical cone, and finally, in some serotinous species, it is the
+constant form.
+
+
+THE OBLIQUE CONE.
+
+When the oblique cone is merely a varietal form (halepensis, etc.), it
+gives the impression of an accident, resulting from the reflexed
+position of the cone and the consequent greater development of the
+scales receiving a greater amount of light and air. But with the
+serotinous cones (radiata, attenuata), the advantages of this form
+become apparent. The cones of these species are in crowded nodal
+clusters, reflexed against the branch (fig. 50). The inner, anterior
+scales are perfectly protected by their position, while the outer,
+posterior scales are exposed to the weather. These last only are very
+thick; that is to say, there is an economical distribution of protective
+tissue, with the greatest amount where it is most needed. The oblique
+form is peculiarly adapted for a cone destined to remain on the tree for
+twenty years or more and to preserve its seeds unimpaired. Like the
+persistent cone, the oblique cone finds in association with the
+serotinous cone a definite reason for existence.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE IV. THE CONE]
+
+
+PHYLLOTAXIS. Plate V.
+
+There is an obvious difference between the cones of the two sections of
+the genus. Those of the Soft Pines (figs. 55, 56) have larger and fewer
+scales, those of the Hard Pines (figs. 57, 58) have more numerous and
+smaller scales, in proportion to the size of the cone. The former
+condition represents a lower, the latter condition represents a higher,
+order of phyllotaxis.
+
+
+DEFINITE PHYLLOTAXIS.
+
+On a cylindrical axis with scales of the same size, the spiral
+arrangement would appear as in fig. 62, where the scales are
+quadrangular and any four adjacent scales are in mutual contact at their
+sides or angles. These four scales lie on four obvious secondary spirals
+(fig. 59, a-a, b-b, c-c, d-d). According to the phyllotactic order of
+the scales these may be the spirals of 2, 3, 5, 8 or of 3, 5, 8, 13 or
+of 5, 8, 13, 21 etc., etc., from which combinations the primary spiral,
+on which the scales are inserted on the cone-axis, can be easily
+deduced. Four quadrangular scales in mutual contact represent the
+condition of definite phyllotaxis. If the cone is conical, definite
+phyllotaxis would be possible among all the scales only when the size of
+the scales diminishes in equal measure with the gradual diminution of
+the cone's diameter. Such a hypothetical cone is shown in fig. 61.
+
+
+INDEFINITE PHYLLOTAXIS.
+
+On an imaginary cone of conical form and with scales of equal size
+throughout, there must be more scales about the base than about the apex
+of the cone. The phyllotactic conditions must differ, and the obvious
+spirals, in passing from base to apex, must undergo readjustment. If the
+scales at the base are in definite phyllotactic order and those at the
+apex are in the next lower order, it is evident that intermediate
+scales, in the gradual change from one condition to the other, must
+represent different conditions of indefinite phyllotaxis, while those in
+a central position on the cone may belong equally to either of two
+orders.
+
+A Pine cone is never absolutely cylindrical nor do its scales vary in
+size proportionately to the change of diameter. Most of the scales of a
+cone are in indefinite phyllotactic relation, while definite phyllotaxis
+is found only at points on the cone.
+
+As an extreme illustration, the cone of P. pinaster (fig. 60) shows four
+mutually contiguous quadrangular apophyses at (a), lying on the obvious
+spirals 5, 8, 13, 21, at (b) four similar apophyses on the spirals 3, 5,
+8, 13, and at (c) four others on the spirals 2, 3, 5, 8. Between these
+three points are apophyses of irregular pentagonal or hexagonal outline,
+with three scales only in mutual contact (figs. 63, 64). Such are the
+majority of the scales of the cone and represent more or less indefinite
+conditions of phyllotaxis.
+
+The cones of Hard Pines, by reason of relatively more and smaller scales
+and of a more conical form, attain a higher phyllotaxis and a more
+complex condition, two or even three orders being represented on a
+single cone; while the cones of Soft Pines, by reason of relatively
+fewer and larger scales and a more cylindrical form, are of lower
+phyllotaxis, with one order only more or less definitely presented.
+Therefore phyllotaxis furnishes another distinction between the two
+sections of the genus, but its further employment is exceedingly
+restricted on account of the constant repetition of the same orders
+among the species.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE V. PHYLLOTAXIS OF THE CONE]
+
+
+THE CONE-TISSUES. Plate VI.
+
+The axis of the cone is a woody shell, enclosing a wide pith and covered
+by a thick cortex traversed by resin-ducts. By removing the scales and
+cortex from the axis (fig. 65) the wood is seen to be in sinuous strands
+uniting above and below fusiform openings, the points of insertion of
+the cone-scales. From the wood, at each insertion, three stout strands
+enter the scale, dividing and subdividing into smaller tapering
+strands whose delicate tips converge toward the umbo. Fig. 70 represents
+a magnified cross-section of half the cone-scale of P. Greggii; at (a)
+is a compact dorsal plate of bast cells; at (e) is a ventral plate of
+the same tissue but of less amount; at (b) is the softer brown tissue
+enclosing the wood-strands (d, d) (the last much more magnified in fig.
+69) and the resin-ducts (e, e).
+
+
+WOOD STRANDS.
+
+The wood-strands, forming the axis of the cone, differ in tenacity in
+the two sections of the genus. Those of the Soft Pines are easily pulled
+apart by the fingers, those of the Hard Pines are tougher in various
+degrees and cannot be torn apart without the aid of a tool. This
+difference is correlated with differences in other tissues, all of them
+combining in a gradual change from a cone of soft yielding texture to
+one of great hardness and durability.
+
+If a cone scale of P. ayacahuite is stripped of its brown and bast
+tissues (fig. 66) and is immersed in water and subsequently dried, there
+is at first a flexion toward the cone-axis (fig. 67) and then away from
+it (fig. 68). The wood-strands are hygroscopic and coöperate with the
+bast tissues in opening and closing the cone. This appears to be true of
+all species excepting the three species of the Cembrae, whose strands
+are so small and weak that they are not obviously affected by
+hygrometric changes.
+
+
+BAST TISSUE.
+
+With the exception of the three species of the Cembrae the inner part of
+the cone-scales is protected by sclerenchymatous cells forming hard
+dorsal and ventral plates (fig. 70, a, c). In Soft Pines these cells are
+subordinate to the more numerous parenchymatous cells, but in Hard Pines
+the sclerenchyma increases in amount until, among the serotinous
+species, it is the predominating tissue of the cone-scale, giving to
+these cones their remarkable strength and durability.
+
+This bast tissue is hygroscopic and, with its greater thickness on the
+dorsal surface, there is a much greater strain on that side of the
+scale, tending to force the scales apart when they are ripe and dry, and
+subsequently closing and opening the cone on rainy and sunny days.
+
+The cone, during the second season's growth, is completely closed, its
+scales adhering together with more or less tenacity. In most species the
+hygroscopic energy of the scales is sufficient to open the cone under
+the dry condition of its maturity, but with several species the adhesion
+is so persistent that some of the cones remain closed for many years.
+These are the peculiar serotinous cones of the genus.
+
+
+THE SEROTINOUS CONE.
+
+As an illustration of the area to which the adhesion is confined, a
+section may be sawed from a cone of P. attenuata (fig. 71). The axis and
+the scales that have been severed from their apophyses (b) can be easily
+pushed out of the annulus (a), which is composed wholly of apophyses so
+firmly adherent that they will successfully resist a strong effort to
+break them apart. When immersed in boiling water, however, the ring
+falls to pieces. An examination of these pieces discovers adhesion only
+on a narrow ventral border under the apophysis and on a corresponding
+dorsal border back of the apophysis. The rest of the scale is not
+adherent, so that the seed is free to fall at the opening of the cone.
+
+The serotinous cone is a gradual development, wanting in most species,
+rare in a few, less or more frequent in others. A similar evolution of
+the persistent cone, of the oblique cone and of the cone-tissues has
+been already discussed. All these progressive characters culminate in
+mutual association in P. radiata and its allies. The result is a highly
+specialized fruit that should convey taxonomic significance of some
+kind.
+
+With all serotinous species that I have seen, some of the trees open
+their cones at maturity, others at indefinite intervals. That is to say,
+the seed of a prolific year is not at the mercy of a single, perhaps
+unfavorable season. The chances of successful germination are much
+increased by the intermittent seed-release peculiar to these Pines. Such
+a method of dissemination must accrue to the advantage of a species. In
+other words, this intermittent dissemination and the oblique form of
+cone with its perfected tissues all mark the highest development of the
+genus.
+
+
+THE SEED. Plate VI. Figs. 72-79.
+
+The seed of Pinus contains an embryo, with the cotyledons clearly
+defined, embedded in albumen, which is protected by a bony testa with an
+external membranous spermoderm, produced, in most species, into an
+effective wing. While the seed of other genera of the Abietineae shows
+no striking difference among the species, that of Pinus is remarkably
+variable, presenting alike the most primitive and the most elaborate
+forms among the Conifers. These differences are valuable for the
+segregation of kindred species and for some specific distinctions.
+
+
+WINGLESS SEEDS.
+
+With wingless seeds the main distinction is found in the spermoderm,
+which is entire in one species only, P. koraiensis. In P. cembra it is
+wanting on the ventral surface of the nut, but on the dorsal surface, it
+is adnate partly to the nut, partly to the cone-scale. The nut of P.
+albicaulis and that of P. cembroides are quite bare of membranous cover.
+The spermoderm of P. flexilis is reduced to a marginal border, slightly
+produced into a rudimentary wing adnate to the nut.
+
+
+THE ADNATE WING.
+
+In P. strobus, longifolia and their allies and in P. Balfouriana the
+spermoderm is prolonged into an effective wing-blade from a marginal
+adnate base like that of P. flexilis. This adnate wing cannot be
+detached without injury.
+
+
+THE ARTICULATE WING.
+
+The articulate wing can be removed from the nut and can be replaced
+without injury. An ineffective form of this wing is seen in the
+Gerardianae and in P. pinea, where the blade is very short and the base
+has no effective grasp on the nut.
+
+The base of the effective articulate wing contains hygroscopic tissue
+which acts with the hygroscopic tissue of the cone-scales. The dry
+conditions that open the cone and release the seeds cause the bifurcate
+base of the wing to grasp the nut more firmly.
+
+This articulate wing is found in P. aristata and in all Hard Pines
+except P. pinea, longifolia and canariensis. The wing-blade is usually
+membranous throughout, but in some species there is a thickening of the
+base of the blade that meets the membranous apical part in an oblique
+line along which the wing is easily broken apart. This last condition
+attains in P. Coulteri and its associates a remarkable development.
+
+Plate VI, fig. 72 shows the wingless seed of P. cembroides; fig. 73
+represents the seed of P. flexilis, with a rudimentary wing; fig. 74
+shows two seeds of P. strobus, intact and with the wing broken away;
+fig. 75 represents the articulate wing, whose bifurcate base when wet
+(fig. 76) tends to open and release the nut. When dry (fig. 77) the
+forks of the base, in the absence of the nut, close together and cross
+their tips; figs. 78, 79 show the peculiar reinforced articulate wing of
+P. Coulteri.
+
+Such wide variation in so important an organ suggests generic
+difference. But here we are met by the association of the different
+forms in species evidently closely allied. The two Foxtail Pines are so
+similar in most characters that they have been considered, with good
+reason, to be specifically identical; yet the seed-wing of P.
+Balfouriana is adnate, that of P. aristata articulate. P. Ayacahuite
+produces not only the characteristic wing of the Strobi, adnate, long
+and effective, but also, in the northern variety, a seed with a
+rudimentary wing, the exact counterpart of the seed of P. flexilis. In
+both sections of the genus are found the effective adnate wing (Strobi
+and Longifoliae) and the inefficient articulate wing (Gerardianae and
+Pineae). A little examination of all forms of the seed will show that
+they blend gradually one into another.
+
+The color of the wing is occasionally peculiar, as in the group
+Longifoliae. There is usually no constancy in this character, for the
+wing may be uniform in color or variously striated in seeds of the same
+species. The length and breadth of the seed-wing, being dependent on the
+varying sizes of the cone-scale, differ in the same cone. They are also
+inconstant in different cones of the same species, and of this
+inconstancy the seed of P. ayacahuite furnishes the most notable
+example.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE VI. CONE-TISSUES AND SEEDS]
+
+
+THE WOOD. Plate VII.
+
+With the exception of the medullary rays, a very small proportion of the
+whole, the wood of Pinus, as seen in cross-section (fig. 82), is a
+homogeneous tissue of wood-tracheids with interspersed resin-ducts. In
+tangential section the medullary rays appear in two forms, linear,
+without a resin-duct, and fusiform, with a central resin-duct. In radial
+section the cells of the linear rays are of two kinds, ray-tracheids,
+forming the upper and lower limits of the ray, characterized by small
+bordered pits, and ray-cells, between the tracheids, characterized by
+simple pits.
+
+The walls of the ray-tracheids may be smooth or dentate; the pits of the
+ray-cells may be large or small. These conditions admit of four
+combinations, all of which appear in the medullary rays of Pinus, and of
+which a schematic representation is given in Plate VII. These
+combinations are
+
+    Ray-tracheids with smooth walls. Soft Pines.
+      Ray-cells with large pits    Subsection Cembra        fig. 80.
+      Ray-cells with small pits    Subsection Paracembra    fig. 81.
+
+    Ray-tracheids with dentate walls. Hard Pines.
+      Ray-cells with large pits    Group Lariciones         fig. 83.
+      Ray-cells with small pits    Other Hard Pines         fig. 84.
+
+This, the simplest classification of Pine-wood, is not without
+exceptions. P. pinea of the Hard Pines resembles, in its
+wood-characters, P. Gerardiana and P. Bungeana of the Soft Pines. The
+dentate ray-tracheids of P. longifolia are not always obvious. The
+tracheids of P. luchuensis, according to Bergerstein (Wiesner Festschr.
+112), have smooth walls. My specimen shows dentate tracheids. There is
+also evidence of transition from small to large pits (I. W. Bailey in
+Am. Nat. xliv. 292). Both large and small pits appear in my specimen of
+P. Merkusii.
+
+Of other wood-characters, the presence or absence of tangential pits in
+the tracheids of the late wood establishes a distinction between Soft
+and Hard Pines. These pits, however, while always present in Soft Pines,
+are not always absent in Hard Pines. The single and multiple rows of
+resin-ducts in the wood of the first year may prove to be a reliable
+sectional distinction, but this character has not been sufficiently
+investigated to test its constancy. The wood-characters, therefore,
+however decisive they may be for establishing the phylogenetic relations
+of different genera, must be employed in the classification of the Pines
+with the same reservations that apply to external characters.
+
+Ray-tracheids with dentate walls and ray-cells with large pits are
+peculiar to Pinus. Therefore the presence of these characters, alone or
+in combination, is sufficient evidence for the recognition of Pine-wood.
+But the combination of smooth tracheids with small pits (subsection
+Paracembra) Pinus shares with Picea, Larix and Pseudotsuga.
+
+Among Hard Pines the size of the pits has a certain geographical
+significance. The large pits are found in all species of the Old World
+except P. halepensis and P. pinaster; the small pits in all species of
+the New World except P. resinosa and P. tropicalis. The Asiatic P.
+Merkusii with both large and small pits is not strictly an exception to
+this geographical distinction. The four exceptional species by this and
+by other characters unite the Hard Pines of the two hemispheres.
+
+
+THE BARK.
+
+Bark is the outer part of the cortex that has perished, having been cut
+off from nourishment by the thin hard plates of the bark-scales. In the
+late and early bark-formation is found a general but by no means an
+exact distinction between Soft and Hard Pines. In the Soft Pines the
+cortex remains alive for many years, adjusting itself by growth to the
+increasing thickness of the wood. The trunks of young trees remain
+smooth and without rifts. In the Hard Pines the bark-formation begins
+early and the trunks of young trees are covered with a scaly or rifted
+bark. The smooth upper trunk of older trees is invariable in Soft Pines,
+but in Hard Pines there are several exceptions to early bark-formation.
+These exceptions are easily recognized in the field, and the character
+is of decisive specific importance (glabra, halepensis, etc.).
+
+Among species with early bark-formation are two forms of bark: 1,
+cumulative, sufficiently persistent to acquire thickness and the
+familiar dark gray and fuscous-brown shades of bark long exposed to the
+weather; 2, deciduous, constantly falling away in thin scales and
+exposing fresh red inner surfaces. The latter are commonly known as Red
+Pines, as distinguished from Black Pines with dark cumulative bark.
+Deciduous bark changes after some years to cumulative bark, and the
+upper trunk only of mature trees is red. Red Pines, although usually
+recognizable by their bark, are by no means constant in this character.
+Oecological or pathological influences may check the fall of the
+bark-scales, and then the distinction between the upper and lower parts
+of the trunk becomes lost.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE VII. THE WOOD]
+
+
+
+SUMMARY
+
+The various characters that have been considered in the previous pages
+may be classified under different heads, some of them applicable to the
+whole genus, others to larger or smaller groups of species.
+
+
+GENERIC CHARACTERS
+
+Several characters, quite distinct from those of other genera, are
+common to all the species.
+
+    1. The primary leaf--appearing as a scale or bract throughout the
+         life of the tree.
+    2. The bud--its constant position at the nodes.
+    3. The internode--its three distinct divisions.
+    4. The secondary leaves--in cylindrical fascicles with a basal
+         sheath.
+    5. The pistillate flower--its constant nodal position and its
+         verticillate clusters.
+    6. The staminate flower--its constant basal position on the
+         internode and its compact clusters.
+    7. The cone--its clearly defined annual growths.
+
+Pinus is also peculiar in the dimorphism of shoots and leaves and in
+their constant interrelations with the diclinous flowers. Evolutionary
+processes develop features peculiar to Pinus alone (the oblique cone,
+etc.), but confined to a limited number of species.
+
+
+SECTIONAL CHARACTERS
+
+There are several characters that actually or potentially divide the
+genus into two distinct sections, popularly known as Soft and Hard
+Pines.
+
+    1. The fibro-vascular bundle of the leaf, single or double.
+    2. The base of the bract subtending the leaf-fascicle, non-decurrent
+         or decurrent
+    3. The phyllotaxis of the cone, simple or complex.
+    4. The flower-bud, its less or greater development.
+
+Some characters indicate the same distinction but are subject each to a
+few exceptions.
+
+    5. The fascicle-sheath, deciduous or persistent.
+    6. The walls of the ray-tracheids, smooth or dentate.
+    7. The connective of the pollen-sacs, large or small.
+    8. The formation of bark, late or early.
+
+SUBSECTIONAL CHARACTERS
+
+An exact subdivision of the Soft Pines is possible on the following
+characters.
+
+    1. The umbo of the cone-scales, terminal or dorsal.
+    2. The scales of the conelet, mutic or armed.
+    3. The pits of the ray-cells, large or small.
+
+
+EVOLUTIONAL CHARACTERS
+
+The progressive evolution of the fruit of Pinus, from a symmetrical cone
+of weak tissues, bearing a wingless seed, to an indurated oblique cone
+with an elaborate form of winged seed and an intermittent dissemination,
+appears among the species in various degrees of development as follows--
+
+    The seed
+
+      1. wingless.
+      2. with a rudimentary wing.
+      3. with an effective adnate wing.
+      4. with an ineffective articulate wing.
+      5. with an effective articulate wing.
+      6. with an articulate wing, thickened at the base of the blade.
+
+    The cone
+
+      1. indehiscent.
+      2. dehiscent and deciduous.
+      3. dehiscent and persistent.
+      4. persistent and serotinous.
+
+                    and as to its form
+
+      5. symmetrical.
+      6. subsymmetrical.
+      7. oblique.
+
+These different forms of the seed and, to some extent, of the cone, are
+available for segregating the species into groups of closely related
+members; while the gradual progression of the fruit, from a primitive to
+a highly specialized form of cone and method of dissemination, points to
+a veritable taxonomic evolution which is here utilized as the
+fundamental motive of the systematic classification of the species.
+
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTERS
+
+All aspects of vegetative and reproductive organs may contribute toward
+a determination of species, but the importance of each character is
+often relative, being conclusive with one group of species, useless with
+another. Characters considered by earlier authors to be invariable with
+species, such as the dimensions of leaf or cone, the number of leaves in
+the fascicle, the position of the resin-ducts, the presence of pruinose
+branchlets, etc., prove to be inconstant in some species. In fact, as
+the botanical horizon enlarges, the varietal limits of the species
+broaden and many restrictions imposed by earlier systems are gradually
+disappearing.
+
+Variation is the preliminary step toward the creation of species, which
+come into being with the elimination of intermediate forms. Variation in
+a species may be the result of its participation in the evolutionary
+processes culminating in the serotinous Pines, or it may result from the
+ability of the species to adapt itself to various environments by
+sympathetic modifications of growth, or it may arise from some
+peculiarity of the individual tree.
+
+Evolutionary variation is associated with the gradual appearance of the
+persistent, the oblique and the serotinous cone, and of the multinodal
+spring-shoot. For these conditions appear in less or greater prevalence
+among the species of the genus.
+
+Variation induced by environment finds familiar illustrations among the
+species that can survive at the limits of vegetation and can meet these
+inhospitable conditions by a radical change of all growing parts. Such
+variations are mainly of dimensions, but, with some species, the number
+of fascicle-leaves is affected and the shorter growing-season may modify
+the cone-tissues. In Mexico and Central America are found extremes of
+climate within small areas and easily within the range of dissemination
+from a single tree. The cause of the bewildering host of varietal forms,
+connecting widely contrasted extremes, seems to lie in the facile
+adaptability of those Pines, which are able to spread from the tropical
+base of a mountain to a less or greater distance toward its snow-capped
+summit.
+
+The peculiarities of individual trees that induce abnormally short or
+long growths, the dwarf or other monstrous forms, the variegations in
+leaf-coloring, etc., etc., are not available for classification, for
+they may appear in any species, in fact in any genus of Conifers. These
+variations are artificially multiplied for commercial and decorative
+purposes. But inasmuch as they are repeated in all species and genera of
+the Coniferae that have been long under the observation of skillful
+gardeners, their significance has a broader scope than that imposed by
+the study of a single genus.
+
+
+
+
+PART II
+
+CLASSIFICATION OF THE SPECIES
+
+
+The following classification is based on the gradual evolution of the
+fruit from a cone symmetrical in form, parenchymatous in tissue,
+indehiscent and deciduous at maturity, releasing its wingless seed by
+disintegration--to a cone oblique in form, very strong and durable in
+tissue, persistent on the tree, intermittently dehiscent, releasing its
+winged seeds partly at maturity, partly at indefinite intervals during
+several years. This evolution embraces two extreme forms of fruit, one
+the most primitive, the other the most elaborate, among Conifers.
+
+Two sections of the genus, Soft and Hard Pines, are distinguished by
+several correlated characters, and moreover are distinct by obvious
+differences in the tissues of their cones as well as in the quality and
+appearance of their wood.
+
+With the Soft Pines the species group naturally under two subsections on
+the position of the umbo, the anatomy of the wood and the armature of
+the conelet. In one subsection (Cembra) are found three species, P.
+cembra and its allies, with the cone-tissues so completely
+parenchymatous that the cones cannot release the seeds except by
+disintegration. In both subsections there is a gradual evolution from a
+wingless nut to one with an effective wing, adnate in one subsection,
+adnate and articulate in the other. The different stages of this
+evolution are so distinct that the Soft Pines are easily separated into
+definite groups.
+
+Among the Hard Pines a few species show characters that are peculiar to
+the Soft Pines. These exceptional species form a subsection
+(Parapinaster) by themselves.
+
+With the remaining species, the majority of the Pines, the distinctions
+that obtain among Soft Pines have disappeared. The dorsal umbo, the
+articulate seed-wing, the persistent fascicle-sheath, the dorsal and
+ventral stomata of the leaf and its serrate margins, the dentate walls
+of the ray-tracheids have become fixed and constant. But a new form of
+seed-wing appears, with a thickened blade, assuming such proportions in
+P. Sabiniana and its two allies that these three constitute a distinct
+group, remarkable also for the size of its cones.
+
+Here also appear a new form of fruit, the oblique cone, and a new method
+of dissemination, the serotinous cone. Associated with the latter are
+the persistent cone and the multinodal spring-shoot. These characters do
+not develop in such perfect sequence and regularity that they can be
+employed for grouping the species without forcing some of them into
+unnatural association. The oblique cone first appears sporadically here
+and there and without obvious reason. The persistent cone, the first
+stage of the serotinous cone, is equally sporadic in the earlier stages
+of evolution. The same may be said of the multinodal shoot.
+
+Nevertheless these characters show an obvious progression toward a
+definite goal, where they are all united in a small group of species
+remarkable for the form and texture of their cones, for a peculiar
+seed-release and for the vigor and rapidity of their growth. It is
+possible, with the assistance of other characters, to segregate these
+species in three groups in which the affinities are respected and the
+general trend of their evolution is preserved.
+
+The first group, the Lariciones, contains species with large ray-pits,
+cones dehiscent at maturity, and uninodal spring-shoots. They are, with
+two exceptions, P. resinosa and P. tropicalis, Old World species.
+
+The second group, the Australes, contains species with small ray-pits,
+cones dehiscent at maturity and spring-shoots gradually changing, among
+the species, from a uninodal to a multinodal form. They are, without
+exception, species of the New World.
+
+The third group, the Insignes, contains the serotinous species. The
+ray-pits are small and the spring-shoots are, with two exceptions,
+multinodal. With two exceptions, P. halepensis and P. pinaster, they are
+New World species.
+
+These three groups, being the progressive sequence of a lineal
+evolution, are not absolutely circumscribed, but are more or less
+connected through a few intermediate species of each group. The
+systematic position of these intermediate species is determined by their
+obvious affinities. It cannot be expected that the variations, which
+take an important part in the evolution of the species, progress with
+equal step or in perfect correlation with each other.
+
+As to specific determinations, a little experience in the field
+discloses an amount of variation in species that does not always appear
+in the descriptions of authors; and species that are under the closest
+scrutiny of botanists, foresters or horticulturalists, attest by their
+multiple synonymy their wide variation. The possibilities of variation
+are indefinite and, with adaptable Pines, the range of variation is
+somewhat proportionate to change of climate. In mountainous countries,
+where there are warm sheltered valleys with rich soil below cold barren
+ledges, the most variable Pines are found. The western species of North
+America, for instance, are much more variable than the eastern species,
+while in Mexico, a tropical country with snow-capped mountains, the
+variation is greatest.
+
+Therefore in the limitation of species undue importance should not be
+given to characters responsive to environment, such as the dimensions of
+leaf or cone, the number of leaves in the fascicle, etc. Moreover, there
+are familiar examples (P. sylvestris, etc.) that show the possibility of
+wide differences in the cone of the same species.
+
+In the following classification species only are considered without
+attempting to determine varietal or other subspecific forms. But
+varieties are often mentioned as one of the factors illustrating the
+scope of species. Synonymy serves a like purpose, but synonyms not
+conveying useful information are omitted, Roezl's list of Mexican
+species, for instance, and variations in the orthography of specific
+names.
+
+
+PINUS
+
+    1755 Pinus Duhamel, Traité des Arbres, ii. 121.
+    1790 Apinus Necker, Elem. Bot. iii. 269.
+    1852 Cembra Opiz, Seznam, 27.
+    1854 Strobus Opiz, Lotos, iv. 94.
+    1903 Caryopitys Small, Fl. Southeast. U. S. 29.
+
+Leaves and shoots dimorphous, primary leaves on long shoots, secondary
+leaves on dwarf shoots. Flowers diclinous, the pistillate taking the
+place of long shoots, the staminate taking the place of dwarf shoots.
+Growth of wood and fruit emanating from the nodes; buds, branchlets and
+cones, therefore, in verticillate association. Leaves and staminate
+flowers in internodal position, the primary leaves along the whole
+length of the internode, subtending secondary leaf-fascicles on the
+apical, staminate flowers on the basal part. Buds compounded of minute
+buds in the axils of bud-scales, becoming the bracts of the
+spring-shoot. Branchlets of one or more internodes, each internode in
+three parts--a length without leaves, a length bearing leaves and a node
+of buds. Cone requiring two, rarely three years to mature, displaying
+its annual growths by distinct areas on each scale. Seeds wingless or
+winged, edible and nutritious.
+
+The Pines are confined to the northern hemisphere, but grow in all
+climates and under all conditions of soil, temperature and humidity
+where trees can grow. Some of the species are of very restricted range,
+but others are adaptable and can cover wide areas. The sixty-six species
+are distributed as follows--
+
+    Eastern Hemisphere, 23.
+
+      1 exclusively African (Canary Islands).
+      2 exclusively European.
+      3 about the Mediterranean Basin.
+      2 common to Europe and northern Asia.
+      14 exclusively Asiatic.
+
+    Western Hemisphere, 43.
+
+      28 in western North America, of which 12 are confined to Mexico
+           and Central America.
+      15 in eastern North America, of which 2 are exclusively West Indian.
+
+The two sections of the genus correspond with those of Koehne (Deutsch.
+Dendrol. 28 [1893]) and his two names, Haploxylon and Diploxylon, are
+adopted here, together with his two subsections of Haploxylon, Cembra
+and Paracembra.
+
+Of the two subsections of Diploxylon, Pinaster has been employed by
+Endlicher (Syn. Conif. 166 [1847]) and later authors for smaller or
+larger groups of Hard Pines. The subsection Parapinaster is now
+proposed.
+
+The names of groups, Cembrae, Strobi, Cembroides, Gerardianae,
+Balfourianae, Pineae, Lariciones and Australes, are taken from
+Engelmann's Revision of the Genus Pinus (Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis,
+iv. 175-178 [1880]). The remainder, Flexiles, Leiophyllae, Longifoliae,
+Insignes and Macrocarpae, are here proposed.
+
+In order to bring the illustrations within the limits of the page the
+dimensions of cone and leaf, as shown on the plates, are a little
+smaller than life. In plates X and XXV the reproductions of the cones
+are reduced to 2/5 life-size.
+
+
+SECTIONS, SUBSECTIONS, AND GROUPS
+
+  Bases of the fascicle-bracts non-decurrent   A--HAPLOXYLON
+
+    Umbo of the cone-scale terminal              a--Cembra
+
+      Seeds wingless.
+        Cones indehiscent                          I.     Cembrae
+        Cones dehiscent                            II.    Flexiles
+      Seed with an adnate wing                     III.   Strobi
+
+    Umbo of the cone-scale dorsal                b--Paracembra
+
+      Seeds wingless                               IV.    Cembroides
+      Seed-wing short, ineffective                 V.     Gerardianae
+      Seed-wing long, effective                    VI.    Balfourianae
+
+  Bases of the fascicle-bracts decurrent       B--DIPLOXYLON
+
+    Fascicle-sheath or seed of Haploxylon        c--Parapinaster
+
+      Fascicle-sheath deciduous                    VII.   Leiophyllae
+      Fascicle-sheath persistent.
+        Seed-wing of the Strobi                    VIII.  Longifoliae
+        Seed-wing of the Gerardianae               IX.    Pineae
+
+    Fascicle-sheath persistent, seed-wing
+        articulate, effective                    d--Pinaster
+
+      Base of wing-blade thin or slightly
+          thickened.
+        Cones dehiscent at maturity.
+          Pits of ray-cells large                  X.    Lariciones
+          Pits of ray-cells small                  XI.   Australes
+        Cones serotinous, pits of ray-cells small  XII.  Insignes
+      Base of wing-blade very thick                XIII. Macrocarpae
+
+
+
+
+HAPLOXYLON
+
+
+Bases of the bracts subtending leaf-fascicles not decurrent. Staminate
+flowers not sufficiently developed in the bud to be apparent.
+Spring-shoots uninodal. Fibro-vascular bundle of the leaf single. Cone
+symmetrical, of relatively fewer larger scales, its tissues softer.
+Bark-formation late, the trunks of young trees smooth. Wood soft and
+with little resin, of uniform color and with relatively obscure
+definition of the annual rings. Tracheids of the medullary rays with
+smooth walls.
+
+  All the species of this section, except P. Nelsonii, have deciduous
+  fascicle-sheaths. There are but two species of Diploxylon with
+  deciduous sheaths, P. leiophylla and P. Lumholtzii, both of them
+  easily recognized. The deciduous sheath, therefore, is an obvious and
+  useful means for recognizing the Soft Pines. On the characters of the
+  fruit and the wood Haploxylon can be divided into two subsections.
+
+    a. Cembra      Umbo of the cone-scale terminal.
+    b. Paracembra  Umbo of the cone-scale dorsal.
+
+=Cembra=
+
+Umbo of the cone-scale terminal. Scales of the conelet unarmed. Leaves
+in fascicles of 5, the sheath deciduous, the two dermal tissues
+distinct, the hypoderm-cells uniform. Pits of the cells of the wood-rays
+large.
+
+    Seeds wingless.
+      Cones indehiscent            I.   Cembrae.
+      Cones dehiscent              II.  Flexiles.
+    Seeds with an adnate wing      III. Strobi.
+
+
+=I. CEMBRAE=
+
+Seeds wingless. Cones indehiscent, deciduous at maturity.
+
+  In this group of species there is no segregation of sclerenchyma into
+  an effective tissue. The cones are inert under hygrometric changes and
+  may always be recognized in herbaria by their persistent occlusion and
+  soft tissues. The seeds are released only by the disintegration of the
+  fallen cone. There is, however, a vicarious dissemination by predatory
+  crows (genus Nucifraga) and rodents.
+
+    Leaves serrulate, their stomata ventral only.
+      Cones relatively larger, the apophyses protuberant  1. koraiensis.
+      Cones relatively smaller, the apophyses appressed   2. cembra.
+    Leaves entire, their stomata ventral and dorsal       3. albicaulis.
+
+
+
+1. PINUS KORAIENSIS
+
+    1784 P. strobus Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 275 (not Linnaeus).
+    1842 P. koraiensis Siebold & Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. ii. 38.
+    1857 P. mandschurica Ruprecht in Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersb. xv. 382.
+
+Spring-shoots more or less densely tomentose. Leaves from 8 to 12 cm.
+long, serrulate, stomata ventral only, resin-ducts medial and confined
+to the angles. Conelets large, subterminal, or on young trees often
+pseudolateral. Cones indehiscent, from 9 to 14 cm. long,
+short-pedunculate, ovoid-conical or subcylindrical; apophyses dull pale
+nut-brown, rugose, shrinking much in drying and exposing the seeds,
+prolonged and tapering to a more or less reflexed tip, the umbo
+inconspicuous; seeds large, wingless, the spermoderm entire.
+
+  A species of the mountains of northeastern Asia with valuable wood and
+  large edible nuts; hardy and often cultivated in cool-temperate
+  climates.
+
+  The P. koraiensis of Beissner (in Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. n. ser. iv.
+  184) and of Masters (in Gard. Chron. ser. 3, xxxiii. 34, ff.) are P.
+  Armandi and have led to an erroneous extension of the range of this
+  species into Shensi and Hupeh. In the original description of the
+  species the authors call attention to an error in the plate, where a
+  cone of another species has been substituted.
+
+  P. koraiensis resembles P. cembra in leaf and branchlet but not in the
+  cone. It is often confused with P. Armandi, but can easily be
+  distinguished by its tomentose branchlets, indehiscent cone and
+  peculiar seed. The two species, moreover, do not always agree in the
+  position of the foliar resin-ducts.
+
+    Plate VIII.
+
+    Fig. 85, Cone and seed. Fig. 86, Leaf-fascicle and magnified
+    leaf-section.
+
+
+2. PINUS CEMBRA
+
+    1753 P. cembra Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1000.
+    1778 P. montana Lamarck, Fl. Franç. iii. 651 (not Miller).
+    1858 P. pumila Regel in Index Sem. Hort. Petrop. 23.
+    1884 P. mandschurica Lawson, Pinet. Brit. i. 61, ff. (not Ruprecht).
+    1906 P. sibirica Mayr, Fremdl. Wald- & Parkb. 388.
+    1913 P. coronans Litvinof in Trav. Mus. Bot. Acad. St. Pétersb.
+              xi. 23, f.
+
+Spring-shoots densely tomentose. Leaves from 5 to 12 cm. long,
+serrulate; stomata ventral only; resin-ducts medial or, in the dwarf
+form, often external. Conelets short-pedunculate, purple during their
+second season. Cone from 5 to 8 cm. long, ovate or subglobose,
+subsessile; apophyses dull nut-brown, thick, slightly convex, the margin
+often a little reflexed, the umbo inconspicuous; seeds wingless, large,
+the dorsal spermoderm adnate partly to the nut, partly to the
+cone-scale, the ventral spermoderm wanting.
+
+  The Swiss Stone Pine attains a height of 15 or 25 metres and occupies
+  two distinct areas, the Alps, from Savoy to the Carpathians at high
+  altitudes, and the plains and mountain-slopes throughout the vast area
+  from northeastern Russia through Siberia. Beyond the Lena and Lake
+  Baikal it becomes a dwarf (var. pumila) with its eastern limit in
+  northern Nippon and in Kamchatka. It is successfully cultivated in the
+  cool-temperate climates of Europe and America. The wood is of even,
+  close grain, peculiarly adapted to carving. The nuts are gathered for
+  food and confections, but are destroyed in great numbers by squirrels,
+  mice and a jay-like crow, the European Nutcracker. It is generally
+  conceded, however, that these enemies assist in dissemination.
+
+    Plate VIII.
+
+    Fig. 87, Cone, seed and magnified leaf-section. Fig. 88, Tree at
+    Arolla, Switzerland. Fig. 89, Cone, leaf-fascicle and magnified
+    leaf-section of var. pumila.
+
+
+3. PINUS ALBICAULIS
+
+    1853 P. flexilis Balfour in Bot. Exped. Oregon, 1, f. (not James).
+    1857 P. cembroides Newberry in Pacif. R. R. Rep. vi-3, 44, f.
+              (not Zuccarini).
+    1863 P. albicaulis Engelmann in Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, ii. 209.
+    1867 P. shasta Carrière, Trait. Conif. ed. 2, 390.
+
+Spring-shoots glabrous or pubescent. Branchlets pliant and tough. Leaves
+from 4 to 7 cm. long, entire, stout, persistent for several years;
+stomata dorsal and ventral; resin-ducts external. Conelets
+short-pedunculate, dark purple during the second season, their scales
+often tapering to an acute apex. Cones from 5 to 7 cm. long, subsessile,
+oval or subglobose; apophyses nut-brown or fulvous brown, dull or
+slightly lustrous, very thick, the under surface conspicuous, meeting
+the upper surface in an acute margin, and terminated by a salient,
+often acute umbo; seed wingless, the testa bare of spermoderm.
+
+  This species ranges from British Columbia through Washington and
+  Oregon, over the mountains of northern California and the Sierras as
+  far south as Mt. Whitney, and, on the Rocky Mountains, through Idaho
+  and Montana to northern Wyoming. It is found at the timber-line of
+  many stations and forms, in exposed situations, flat table-like masses
+  close to the ground. It is a species of no economical importance and
+  is too inaccessible for the profitable gathering of its large nuts,
+  which are devoured in quantity by squirrels and by Clark's crow, a
+  bird of the same genus with the pinivorous Nutcracker of Europe.
+
+  P. albicaulis is distinguished from its allies by its entire leaves
+  with both dorsal and ventral stomata, from P. flexilis by its
+  indehiscent cone, and from all of these species by its seed without
+  membranous cover or rudimentary wing. It was united with P. flexilis
+  by Parlatore and Gordon, and, later, was referred to that species as a
+  varietal form by Engelmann (in Brewer & Watson, Bot. Calif. ii. 124).
+  Parrish's P. albicaulis (in Zoe, iv. 350), extending its range to the
+  mountains of southern California, proves to be P. flexilis (Jepson,
+  Silva Calif. 74).
+
+    Plate VIII.
+
+    Fig. 90, Two cones and seed. Fig. 91, Leaf-fascicle. Fig. 92,
+    Magnified leaf-section.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE VIII. P. KORAIENSIS (85, 86), CEMBRA (87-89),
+ALBICAULIS (90-92)]
+
+
+=II. FLEXILES=
+
+Seeds wingless, the spermoderm forming a narrow border with a
+rudimentary prolongation. Cones dehiscent at maturity.
+
+  The dehiscent cone distinguishes this group from the Cembrae.
+  Therefore confusion of P. koraiensis with P. Armandi, or P. albicaulis
+  with P. flexilis should be impossible. The peculiar seed is found
+  again only in the northern variety of P. ayacahuite.
+
+    Leaves usually entire, the stomata dorsal and ventral  4. flexilis.
+    Leaves serrulate, the stomata ventral only             5. Armandi.
+
+
+4. PINUS FLEXILIS
+
+    1823 P. flexilis James in Long's Exped. ii. 34.
+    1882 P. reflexa Engelmann in Bot. Gaz. vii. 4.
+    1897 P. strobiformis Sargent, Silva N. Am. xi. 33, tt. 544, 545
+              (not Engelmann).
+
+Spring-shoots pubescent; branchlets very tough and pliant. Leaves from 3
+to 9 cm. long, entire, or serrulate in the southern variety, persistent
+for five or six years; stomata dorsal and ventral or, in the south,
+sometimes ventral only; resin-ducts external. Cones from 6 to 25 cm.
+long, ovate or subcylindrical, short-pedunculate; apophyses pale tawny
+yellow, or yellow ochre, lustrous, often prolonged and more or less
+reflexed, thick, the margin together with the umbo raised above the
+surface of the cone.
+
+  This species grows on the Rocky Mountains from Alberta in the Dominion
+  of Canada to Chihuahua in northern Mexico and ranges westward to the
+  eastern slope of the Sierras and to the southern mountains of
+  California. The wood, where accessible, is manufactured into lumber.
+  It may be seen in the Arnold Arboretum and in the Royal Gardens at
+  Kew.
+
+  P. flexilis is recognized by its lustrous yellow cones. This and the
+  constantly external ducts of its usually entire leaves distinguish it
+  from P. Armandi. From P. albicaulis, with similar leaves, it differs
+  by its dehiscent cone. At one extreme the cone of P. flexilis is not
+  unlike that of P. albicaulis, at the other extreme it approaches the
+  characteristic cone of P. ayacahuite, with prolonged reflexed scales.
+  Hence the confusion of P. albicaulis with P. flexilis (Murray,
+  Parlatore and others) and of P. flexilis with Engelmann's P.
+  strobiformis. Sargent's P. strobiformis, illustrated in the Silva of
+  North America, is the form of this species known as var. reflexa of
+  Engelmann.
+
+    Plate IX.
+
+    Fig. 93, Two cones and seed. Fig. 94, Leaf-fascicle. Fig. 95,
+    Magnified leaf-section.
+
+
+5. PINUS ARMANDI
+
+    1884 P. Armandi Franchet in Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, sér. 2,
+              vii. 95, 96, t. 12.
+    1898 P. scipioniformis Masters in Bull. Herb. Boiss. vi. 270.
+    1903 P. koraiensis Masters in Gard. Chron. ser. 3, xxxiii. 34,
+              ff. 18, 19 (not Siebold & Zuccarini).
+    1908 P. Mastersiana Hayata in Gard. Chron. ser. 3, xliii, 194.
+
+Spring-shoots glabrous; branches and most of the trunk covered with a
+smooth gray cortex. Leaves from 8 to 15 cm. long, serrulate; stomata
+ventral only; resin-ducts external, external and medial, or medial, all
+three conditions sometimes occurring in leaves of the same branchlet.
+Cones from 6 to 20 cm. in length, pendent on peduncles of various
+lengths, the peduncle often remaining on the tree after the fall of the
+cone; apophyses fulvous brown, dull or sublustrous, the margin rounded
+or tapering to an acute apex, sometimes a little prolonged and reflexed,
+the umbo inconspicuous.
+
+  A tree of the mountains of central, southern and western China with an
+  outlying station on the Island of Formosa. Recently planted in Europe
+  and America, it has so far proved hardy. The nuts are gathered for
+  food and some use is made of the wood.
+
+  The glabrous shoots of P. Armandi distinguish it from P. flexilis and
+  P. koraiensis. From the latter it is also distinct in its dehiscent
+  cone and in its seed. The section of its leaf, with dorsal ducts often
+  in two positions, is peculiar to this species among Soft Pines.
+
+    Plate IX.
+
+    Fig. 96, Two cones and seed. Fig. 97, Leaf-fascicle. Figs. 98, 99,
+    Magnified sections of three leaves.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE IX. P. FLEXILIS (93-95), ARMANDI (96-99)]
+
+
+=III. STROBI=
+
+Seed with a long effective wing adnate to the nut.
+
+The base of the seed-wing corresponds to the marginal spermoderm of the
+Flexiles but is prolonged into an effective adnate wing. This form of
+wing appears again in the species Balfouriana and in the group
+Longifoliae.
+
+    Cones very long, usually exceeding 25 cm.
+      Cone-scales prolonged and reflexed                 6. ayacahuite.
+      Cone-scales appressed                              7. Lambertiana.
+    Cones less than 25 cm. long.
+      Cone-scales prominently convex.
+        Leaves less than 7 cm. long                      8. parviflora.
+        Leaves 9-12 cm. long                             9. peuce.
+        Leaves 12-18 cm. long                           10. excelsa.
+      Cone-scales thin, conforming to the surface of
+          the cone.
+        Cone relatively longer, its phyllotaxis 8/21    11. monticola.
+        Cone relatively shorter, its phyllotaxis 5/13   12. strobus.
+
+
+6. PINUS AYACAHUITE
+
+    1838 P. ayacahuite Ehrenberg in Linnaea, xii. 492.
+    1848 P. strobiformis Engelmann in Wislizenus, Tour Mex. 102.
+    1857 P. Veitchii Roezl, Cat. Graines Conif. Mex. 32.
+    1858 P. Bonapartea Roezl in Gard. Chron. 358.
+    1858 P. Loudoniana Gordon, Pinet. 230.
+
+Spring-shoots glabrous or pubescent. Leaves from 10 to 20 cm. long,
+serrulate, their stomata ventral only, their resin-ducts external, often
+numerous. Cones from 25 to 45 cm. long, pendent on long stalks,
+subcylindrical or tapering, often curved; apophyses pale nut-brown, dull
+or sublustrous, varying much in thickness, prolonged in various degrees,
+the prolongations patulous, reflexed, recurved or revolute; seeds of
+the southern typical form with a long wing, the wing diminishing and the
+nut increasing in relative size northward.
+
+  The White Pine of Mexico and Guatemala grows on mountain-slopes and at
+  the head of ravines. It is not very hardy in cultivation except in the
+  milder parts of Great Britain and in northern Italy, where the forms
+  of central and northern Mexico have been very successful. The species
+  is best recognized by the prolonged apophyses of its large cone.
+
+  The variations in the size of the cone and in the prolongations of its
+  scales are many, but of far more significance is the remarkable
+  variation of the seed-wing, which is long in the southern part of the
+  range, short and broad in central Mexico, and rudimentary, like the
+  seed of P. flexilis, in the north. This makes it possible to establish
+  two well defined varieties--Veitchii and brachyptera. The three forms
+  of the species present a gradation from the long effective wing of the
+  Strobi to the rudimentary form of the Flexiles. Many of the seed-wings
+  of the var. Veitchii correspond, in their short broad form and opaque
+  coloring, with the characteristic wing of P. Lambertiana.
+
+    Plate X. (leaves and cones much reduced).
+
+    Fig. 103, Cone and cone-scale of var. Veitchii. Fig. 104, Cone and
+    seed of var. brachyptera. Fig. 105, Cone-scale of the typical form.
+    Figs. 106, 107, Leaf-fascicles and magnified leaf-sections.
+
+
+7. PINUS LAMBERTIANA
+
+    1827 P. Lambertiana Douglas in Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. 497.
+
+Spring-shoots pubescent. Leaves from 7 to 10 cm. long, serrulate;
+stomata dorsal and ventral; resin-ducts external or with one or two
+ventral medial ducts. Cones from 30 to 50 cm. long, pendent,
+subcylindrical, tapering to a rounded apex; apophyses pale nut-brown,
+thick, a narrow border of the under surface showing on the closed cone,
+the margin rounded or tapering to a blunt slightly reflexed tip; seed
+with a large nut and a broad short opaque wing.
+
+  The Sugar Pine is the tallest of the genus and attains a height of 50
+  or 60 metres. It grows on mountain slopes and the sides of ravines.
+  Its southern limit is in Lower California on the plateau of San Pedro
+  Martir, its northern limit is in western Oregon. The wood is valuable,
+  its nuts are eaten by native Indians, and the sweet exudation, which
+  gives the tree its popular name, is a manna-like substance of some
+  officinal value. P. Lambertiana is recognized by its long cone and by
+  the constant dorsal stomata of its leaves.
+
+    Plate X. (leaves and cone much reduced).
+
+    Fig. 100, Cone and seed. Fig. 101, Conelet. Fig. 102, Leaf-fascicle
+    and magnified leaf-section.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE X. P. LAMBERTIANA (100-102), AYACAHUITE (103-107)]
+
+
+8. PINUS PARVIFLORA
+
+    1784 P. cembra Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 274. (not Linnaeus).
+    1842 P. parviflora Siebold and Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. ii. 27, t. 115.
+    1890 P. pentaphylla Mayr, Mon. Abiet. Jap. 78, 94, t. 6.
+    1908 P. morrisonicola Hayata in Gard. Chron. ser. 3, xliii. 194.
+    1908 P. formosana Hayata in Jour. Linn. Soc. xxxviii. 297, t. 22.
+
+Spring-shoots pubescent or glabrous; branches becoming studded with
+prominent resin-cells of the cortex. Leaves from 3 to 8 cm. long,
+slender, serrulate; stomata ventral only; resin-ducts external and
+dorsal. Cones subsessile, often persistent, from 5 to 10 cm. long,
+patulous or horizontal, short-ovate, or elongate and slightly conical;
+apophyses nut-brown, abruptly convex near the apex, or irregularly
+warped, varying much in size, the umbo confluent with the thin margin of
+the scale and resting on the apophysis beneath; seeds with a large nut
+and a short broad wing, often temporarily adherent to the cone-scale and
+breaking apart at the fall of the nut.
+
+  A tree of the mountains of Japan and Formosa, cultivated extensively.
+  It is recognized by its very short quinate leaves and by its nearly
+  sessile cones. The frequent but not invariable retention of the
+  seed-wing in the cone is due to adhesion. Many seeds fall with their
+  wings intact, others break away from the wing which, after a while,
+  loosens and also falls.
+
+    Plate XI.
+
+    Figs. 114, 115, Three cones and seed. Fig. 116, Leaf-fascicle and
+    magnified leaf-section.
+
+
+9. PINUS PEUCE
+
+    1844 P. peuce Grisebach, Spicil. Fl. Rumel. ii. 349.
+    1865 P. excelsa Hooker in Jour. Linn. Soc. viii. 145. (not Wallich).
+
+Spring-shoots glabrous. Leaves from 7 to 10 cm. long, erect, serrulate;
+stomata ventral only; resin-ducts external. Connective of pollen-sacs
+small and narrow. Cones deciduous, from 8 to 15 cm. long,
+subcylindrical, often curved, the peduncle short; apophyses tawny
+yellow, prominently and abruptly convex, the umbo against the scale
+beneath; seed-wing long.
+
+  A tree of the Balkan Mountains, very hardy and bearing abundant fruit
+  in the gardens of both hemispheres. The cone resembles that of P.
+  excelsa, but is prevalently much shorter and with a relatively shorter
+  peduncle. Its leaves are also much shorter and are always erect. A
+  curious difference is found in the connectives of the pollen-sacs,
+  small in peuce (fig. 113), large in excelsa (fig. 110). The convexity
+  of its apophyses distinguishes the cone from those of P. monticola and
+  P. strobus. Beissner followed Hooker and named this species excelsa,
+  var. peuce, in the first edition of his Handbuch (1891), but in the
+  second edition he restored the Balkan Pine to specific standing.
+
+    Plate XI.
+
+    Fig. 111, Cone and seed. Fig. 112, Leaf-fascicle and magnified
+    leaf-section. Fig. 113, Pollen-sacs and connective magnified.
+
+
+10. PINUS EXCELSA
+
+    1824 P. excelsa Wallich ex Lambert, Gen. Pin. ii, 5, t. 3.
+    1845 P. nepalensis De Chambray, Arbr. Résin. 342.
+    1854 P. Griffithii McClelland in Griffith, Notul. Pl. Asiat. iv, 17;
+              Icon. Pl. Asiat. t. 365.
+
+Spring-shoots glabrous. Leaves from 10 to 18 cm. long, drooping,
+serrulate; stomata ventral only; resin-ducts external but often with a
+medial ventral duct. Connective of the pollen-sacs large. Cones from 15
+to 25 cm. long, narrow-cylindrical; apophyses tawny yellow or pale
+fulvous brown, prominently convex, the umbo against the apophysis
+beneath; seeds with a long wing.
+
+  A tree with gray-green drooping foliage, found, with some
+  interruptions, along the Himalayas. It furnishes resin, tar and wood
+  of considerable value. It is cultivated in all temperate climates and
+  is a familiar tree of American and European gardens. Madden states
+  that the foliage of P. excelsa is sometimes erect and is occasionally
+  bright green. Such variations are often met in other species of Pinus.
+  Usually the drooping gray-green foliage and the peculiar cone are
+  sufficient for the recognition of this species. The not infrequent
+  presence of a medial duct and the large connective are valuable aids
+  for identifying it.
+
+    Plate XI.
+
+    Fig. 108, Cone and seed. Fig. 109, Leaf-fascicle and magnified
+    section of two leaves. Fig. 110, Pollen-sacs and connective
+    magnified.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XI. P. EXCELSA (108-110), PEUCE (111-113),
+PARVIFLORA (114-116)]
+
+
+11. PINUS MONTICOLA
+
+    1837 P. monticola Douglas ex Lambert, Gen. Pin. iii. t.
+    1884 P. porphyrocarpa Lawson, Pinet. Brit. i, 83, ff.
+
+Spring-shouts pubescent. Leaves from 4 to 10 cm. long, serrulate;
+stomata ventral or rarely with a few dorsal stomata; resin-ducts
+external. Cones from 10 to 25 cm. long, cylindrical or tapering,
+sometimes curved; apophyses brown-ochre or fulvous brown, thin, smooth,
+conforming to the surface of the cone, the apex sometimes slightly
+prolonged and reflexed, the umbo not quite touching the surface of the
+scale below.
+
+  The western White Pine grows in southern British Columbia and on
+  Vancouver Island, on the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Idaho, in
+  Washington, on the Blue Mountains, Cascades and Coast Range of Oregon,
+  across northern California and along the Sierras to the mountains of
+  southern California. Where it is abundant and accessible it furnishes
+  valuable timber. It is hardy in New England and in northern and
+  central Europe.
+
+  It differs from P. strobus in the higher phyllotaxis of its cone, an
+  obvious difference that may be seen by comparing cones of the two
+  species of the same length (figs. 117, 119), the number of scales on
+  the cone of P. monticola being much greater than that on the cone of
+  P. strobus. Nuttall (Sylva, iii, 118) followed Hooker in considering
+  it to be a variety of P. strobus.
+
+    Plate XII.
+
+    Fig. 117, Cone and cone-scale. Fig. 118, Leaf-fascicle and magnified
+    leaf-section.
+
+
+12. PINUS STROBUS
+
+    1753 P. strobus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1001.
+    1855 P. nivea Booth ex Carrière, Trait. Conif. 305.
+    1862 P. alba-canadensis Provancher, Fl. Canad. ii. 554.
+    1903 Strobus strobus Small, Fl. Southeast. U. S. 29.
+
+Spring-shoots pubescent. Leaves from 6 to 14 cm. long, serrulate;
+stomata ventral only; resin-ducts external. Cones from 8 to 24 cm. long,
+narrow cylindrical, sometimes curved; apophyses fulvous brown, or rufous
+brown, thin, the smooth or slightly rugose surface conforming to the
+general surface of the cone; seed with a long wing.
+
+  A valuable timber-tree of singular beauty and rapid growth. The
+  northern limit of its range extends from Newfoundland to Manitoba; it
+  grows throughout the northern states from Minnesota to the Atlantic,
+  and, south of Pennsylvania, along the Appalachians to northern
+  Georgia. Its tractable and reliable wood, its adaptability to various
+  soils and climates, its early maturity and stately habit, recommend it
+  to the forester and gardener.
+
+  Mature trees of P. strobus tower above the evergreens associated with
+  it. It is also recognized by the color and horizontal massing of its
+  foliage. The cone, when closed, is very narrow; its thin flat scales
+  distinguish it from the cone of P. peuce, and its phyllotaxis from the
+  cone of P. monticola. To illustrate the possibilities of variation in
+  the size of Pine cones, I once collected several in Tamworth, N. H.,
+  on the estate of Mr. Augustus Hemenway, on the same slope and within
+  an area of one square kilometre. These cones varied in length from 6
+  to 24 cm., with all intermediate sizes. Also on each tree were cones
+  of various lengths, but the longest were confined to two or three
+  trees among the several hundred examined. Dimensions of leaves also
+  varied with individual trees; not infrequently the leaves of a tree
+  were twice the length of those of an adjacent tree. Such variations
+  appear in many species and in many localities.
+
+    Plate XII.
+
+    Fig. 119, Two cones. Fig. 120, Leaf-fascicle. Fig. 121, Magnified
+    leaf-section. Fig. 122, Conelets. Fig. 123, A cultivated tree in
+    Massachusetts.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XII. P. MONTICOLA (117, 118), STROBUS (119-123)]
+
+=Paracembra=
+
+Umbo of the cone-scale dorsal. Scales of the conelet mucronate or
+aristate. Epiderm and hypoderm of the leaf similar, appearing as a
+single tissue; resin-ducts external. Pits of the ray-cells small.
+
+  The wood of this subsection differs from that of other species, except
+  that of P. pinea, in the Picea-like characters of the medullary
+  rays--tracheids with smooth walls combined with the thick walls and
+  small pits of the ray-cells. On the character of the seeds the species
+  may be divided into three groups.
+
+    Seeds wingless                                    IV. Cembroides.
+    Seeds with a short, ineffective, articulate wing   V. Gerardianae.
+    Seeds with a long and effective wing              VI. Balfourianae.
+
+
+=IV. CEMBROIDES=
+
+Seeds wingless, the nut large, wholly or partly bare of membranous
+cover. Cones varying from yellow-ochre to deep red-orange in color.
+
+  These are the Nut Pines, growing on the arid slopes and table-lands
+  above the great plateau of northern Mexico and its extension into the
+  southwestern United States. There are three distinct species.
+
+    Leaves entire, the sheath deciduous.
+      Cones subglobose, subsessile                  13. cembroides.
+      Cones cylindrical, pedunculate                14. Pinceana.
+    Leaves serrulate, the sheath persistent         15. Nelsonii.
+
+
+13. PINUS CEMBROIDES
+
+    1832 P. cembroides Zuccarini in Abh. Akad. Münch. i. 392.
+    1838 P. Llaveana Schiede in Linnaea, xii. 488.
+    1845 P. monophylla Torrey in Frémont's Rep. 319, t. 4.
+    1847 P. Fremontiana Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 183.
+    1848 P. edulis Engelmann in Wislizenus, Tour. Mex. 88.
+    1848 P. osteosperma Engelmann in Wislizenus, Tour. Mex. 89.
+    1862 P. Parryana Engelmann in Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiv. 332
+              (not Gordon).
+    1897 P. quadrifolia Sudworth, Bull. 14, U. S. Dep. Agric. 17.
+    1903 Caryopitys edulus Small, Fl. Southeast. U. S. 29.
+
+Spring-shoots pruinose. Leaves from 2 to 6 cm. long, in fascicles of 1
+to 5, the sheath-scales revolute at the apex, then deciduous; stomata
+ventral, or ventral and dorsal; resin-ducts external. Scales of the
+conelet armed with a minute prickle. Cones from 4 to 6 cm. long,
+subglobose, subsessile; apophyses lustrous ochre-yellow, crowned with a
+quadrilateral umbo bearing the minute prickle of the conelet; seed
+flaxen yellow when fresh, its testa bare, the spermoderm adnate to the
+cone-scale.
+
+  A broad tree with a round head, similar in size and form, but not in
+  ramification, to the cultivated Apple-tree; growing on arid slopes and
+  table-lands. Its eastern limit is in southwestern Wyoming, central
+  Colorado, Texas, western Tamaulipas and northwestern Vera Cruz. It
+  ranges over Utah, Nevada, Arizona and the northern states of Mexico to
+  the southern Sierras of California and to the northern and southern
+  extremities of Lower California. It is recognized by its small cone,
+  which expands, when open, into an irregular flat aggregate of loosely
+  attached scales. The leaves are shorter than those of the other Pines
+  of this group.
+
+  The cone of this species always retains its peculiar character. The
+  variations are mainly in the number of leaves in the fascicle. On this
+  character this Nut Pine is divided by many authors into four
+  species--cembroides, with three slender leaves--edulis, with two stout
+  leaves--monophylla, with one leaf and--Parryana, with four stout
+  leaves. But there are intermediate forms that may be either cembroides
+  or edulis, edulis or monophylla etc., and Voss's reduction of the four
+  to a single species with three varieties seems to be justified (Mitt.
+  Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. xvi. 95).
+
+    Plate XIII.
+
+    Fig. 130, Cone, cone-scale and seed. Fig. 131, Open cone. Fig. 132,
+    Branchlet with leaves and magnified leaf-section.
+
+14. PINUS PINCEANA
+
+    1846 P. cembroides Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. i. 236, f.
+              (not Zuccarini).
+    1858 P. Pinceana Gordon, Pinet. 204.
+    1882 P. latisquama Engelmann in Gard. Chron. ser. 2, xviii. 712.
+              f. 125 (as to cone only).
+
+Spring-shoots slender, pruinose. Leaves in fascicles of three, the
+sheath revolute at the base, then deciduous; stomata ventral, or ventral
+and dorsal; resin-ducts external. Scales of the conelet minutely
+mucronate. Cones from 6 to 9 cm. long, cylindrical, pendent on long
+peduncles; apophyses lustrous ochre-yellow, elevated in the centre,
+the umbo usually retaining the small prickle; seed large, bearing on its
+dorsal surface remnants of the spermoderm.
+
+  A small bushy tree with long slender branchlets, clear gray cortex,
+  persistently smooth except on the lower part of the trunk, and
+  glaucous-green foliage. It grows along water-courses, dry in autumn
+  and winter, from southern Coahuila to central Hidalgo, and is
+  associated with P. cembroides, from which it may be distinguished by
+  its longer leaves and much longer cylindrical cone.
+
+    Plate XIII.
+
+    Fig. 127, Cone, cone-scale and seed. Fig. 128, Branchlet with
+    leaves. Fig. 129, Magnified leaf-section.
+
+
+15. PINUS NELSONII
+
+    1904 P. Nelsonii Shaw in Gard. Chron. ser. 3, xxxvi. 122, f. 49.
+
+Spring-shoots slender, pruinose; branchlets very pliant and tough,
+summer-shoots abundant. Leaves with a persistent sheath, from 6 to 9 cm.
+long, united in threes along a portion of their ventral surface into
+pseudomonophyllous fascicles, serrulate on the two margins of the dorsal
+surface, entire on the ventral margin; stomata dorsal and with one row
+along the free portion of each ventral face. Conelets usually, if not
+always, pseudolateral by reason of the summer growth of the branchlets,
+and attaining in their first season an unusually large size. Cones from
+6 to 12 cm. long, on very long stout and curved peduncles, cylindrical,
+deciduous by an articulation between the cone and its peduncle, leaving
+the latter for several years on the tree; apophyses dark lustrous
+orange-red, rugose, elevated along a sharp transverse keel, the umbo
+obscurely defined, the mucro usually broken away; nuts large, flaxen
+yellow, the spermoderm adnate to the cone-scale.
+
+  A small bushy tree with long pliant branches, clear gray cortex all
+  over the limbs and trunk, and sparse gray-green foliage. It grows,
+  together with P. cembroides, on the lower slopes of the northeastern
+  Sierras of Mexico, near the boundary between the states of Tamaulipas
+  and Nuevo Leon. It is apparently confined to a small area near the
+  latitude of the city of Victoria, the capital of Tamaulipas, where its
+  nuts are often exposed for sale.
+
+  In many characters this species is unique. It can be recognized at
+  once by the connate leaves that form the fascicle or by the remarkable
+  stout curved peduncle of its cone. Such seeds as I have seen differ
+  from those of P. cembroides by a reddish area at one end, but this can
+  be seen with fresh seeds only.
+
+    Plate XIII.
+
+    Fig. 124, Cone, cone scale and seed. Fig. 125, Branchlet with
+    leaves. Fig. 126, Magnified section of a leaf-fascicle.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XIII. P. NELSONII (124-126), PINCEANA (127-129),
+CEMBROIDES (130-132)]
+
+
+=V. GERARDIANAE=
+
+Seeds with a very short ineffective articulate wing. Leaves in fascicles
+of 3, serrulate, the sheath deciduous. Bark exfoliating in large scales,
+leaving parti-colored areas.
+
+  These Asiatic Nut Pines are alike in leaf and cortex as well as in the
+  peculiar seed-wing. The last often remains in the cone after the nut
+  falls. The mechanical nature of this adhesion is apparent in P.
+  Gerardiana, where the wing adheres not to its own, but to the adjacent
+  scale. The two species are alike in their leaves but distinct in their
+  cones and seeds.
+
+    Cones smaller, the nut short-ovate              16. Bungeana.
+    Cones larger, the nut long-cylindrical          17. Gerardiana.
+
+
+16. PINUS BUNGEANA
+
+    1847 P. Bungeana Zuccarini ex Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 166.
+
+Spring-shoots glabrous, summer-shoots common on fruiting branches of
+young trees. Leaves from 6 to 10 cm. long, serrulate; stomata dorsal and
+ventral; resin-ducts external. Conelets subterminal or often
+pseudolateral, their scales gradually narrowed into a spine. Cones from
+5 to 7 cm. long, short-pedunculate, short-ovate; apophyses dull pale
+nut-brown, elevated along a transverse keel, the dark brown umbo forming
+a spine with a broad base; seeds with a short loosely attached wing,
+sometimes remaining in the cone when the short-ovate nut falls.
+
+  A tree cultivated about the temples of China and recently found by
+  Wilson growing on the mountains of Hupeh. The earlier parti-colored
+  bark changes to chalky white on old trunks, by which the tree is
+  recognized from a great distance. The stem of the tree is often
+  multiple by the vertical growth of some of the lower branches. It is
+  very hardy and is cultivated in Europe and America, although these
+  cultivated trees are not yet of sufficient age to show the remarkable
+  white trunk.
+
+    Plate XIV.
+
+    Fig. 138, Cone and cone-scale with adhering wing. Fig. 139, Seed and
+    wing. Fig. 140, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section. Fig. 141,
+    Parti-colored bark. Fig. 142, Tree with white trunk.
+
+
+17. PINUS GERARDIANA
+
+    1832 P. Gerardiana Wallich ex Lambert, Gen. Pin. ed. 8vo, ii. t. 79.
+
+Spring-shoots glabrous. Leaves from 6 to 10 cm. long, serrulate; stomata
+dorsal and ventral; resin-ducts external. Scales of the conelet armed
+with a short spine. Cones from 9 to 15 cm. long, short-pedunculate,
+ovoid or oblong; apophyses fulvous brown, very thick, with a prominent
+reflexed or erect protuberance culminating in an umbo on which the spine
+is more or less persistent; nuts remarkably long, narrow, terete, the
+shell fragile, the short wing falling with the nut or adhering to the
+adjacent scale.
+
+  A tree of the northwestern Himalayas found on the borders of Cashmere
+  and Thibet and in Kafiristan and north Afghanistan, and so highly
+  prized for its nuts that it is rarely felled for its wood. It grows in
+  dry regions and rarely attains a height of 20 metres. Attempts to
+  cultivate this species, even in the milder parts of Great Britain,
+  have generally failed.
+
+  The apophysis of the cone varies much in prominence (figs. 134, 135),
+  but the peculiar seed is invariable and quite unlike that of any other
+  Pine. The general color of the trunk at a distance is silver-gray.
+
+    Plate XIV.
+
+    Fig. 133, Cone. Fig. 134, Cone-scale with adhering seed-wing. Fig.
+    135, Cone-scale of flatter form. Fig. 136, Seed and wing. Fig. 137,
+    Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XIV. P. GERARDIANA (133-137), BUNGEANA (138-142)]
+
+
+=VI. BALFOURIANAE=
+
+Seeds with long effective wings. Leaves entire, in fascicles of 5, the
+sheath deciduous.
+
+  The two species known as Foxtail Pines are alike in their short entire
+  falcate leaves, persisting for many years and forming long dense
+  foliage-masses. They differ in the armature of their cones and in
+  their seed-wings. The presence of both adnate and articulate wings in
+  these closely related species suggests that these two forms of wing
+  are not fundamentally distinct.
+
+    Cone-scales short-mucronate, the seed-wing adnate   18. Balfouriana.
+    Cone-scales long-aristate, the seed-wing articulate 19. aristata.
+
+
+18. PINUS BALFOURIANA
+
+    1853 P. Balfouriana Balfour in Bot. Exp. Oregon, 1, f.
+
+Spring-shoots somewhat puberulent. Leaves from 2 to 4 cm. long,
+persistent for many years; stomata ventral only; resin-ducts external.
+Scales of the conelet short-mucronate. Cones from 7 to 12 cm. long,
+tapering to a rounded apex, short-pedunculate; apophyses dark
+terracotta-brown, tumid, the umbo bearing a short recumbent prickle;
+seed with a long adnate wing.
+
+  An alpine species growing often at the timber-limit. It is found in
+  two distinct stations in California, on the northern Coast Range and
+  on the southern Sierras. It is not often cultivated, but young plants
+  may be seen in the Arnold Arboretum and in the Royal Gardens at Kew.
+
+    Plate XV.
+
+    Fig. 147, Cone, seed and enlarged cone-scale. Fig. 148,
+    Leaf-fascicle. Fig. 149, Magnified leaf-section. Fig. 150, A branch
+    with persistent leaves.
+
+
+19. PINUS ARISTATA
+
+    1862 P. aristata Engelmann in Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiv. 331.
+    1871 P. Balfouriana Watson in King's Rep. v. 331 (not Balfour).
+
+Spring-shoots glabrous or temporarily pubescent. Leaves from 2 to 4 cm.
+long, persistent for many years; stomata ventral only; resin-ducts
+external. Scales of the conelet prolonged into long slender bristles.
+Cones from 4 to 9 cm. long, subcylindrical or tapering to a rounded
+apex, short-pedunculate; apophyses terracotta or purple-brown, tumid,
+the long bristles of the umbo often partly or wholly broken away; seeds
+with a long articulate wing.
+
+  A bushy tree, similar in foliage to the preceding species, growing at
+  the timber-limit from Colorado through Utah, central and southern
+  Nevada and northern Arizona into southeastern California, but
+  separated from the nearest station of P. Balfouriana by an arid
+  treeless desert. Engelmann (in Brewer and Watson, Bot. Calif. ii. 125)
+  considered it to be a variety of P. Balfouriana.
+
+    Plate XV.
+
+    Fig. 143, Cone. Fig. 144, Seed and enlarged cone-scale. Fig. 145,
+    Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section. Fig. 146, Conelet.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XV. P. ARISTATA (143-146), BALFOURIANA (147-150)]
+
+
+
+
+DIPLOXYLON
+
+
+Bases of the bracts subtending leaf-fascicles decurrent. Leaves
+serrulate; fibro-vascular bundle double; stomata dorsal and ventral.
+Cones with a dorsal umbo, the phyllotaxis complex. Wood hard, with dark
+resinous bands, the annual rings clearly defined.
+
+  In this section there are a few species combining the essential
+  characters of Diploxylon with important characters of Haploxylon. A
+  subsection, Parapinaster, is established for these exceptional
+  species.
+
+    c. Parapinaster  Species with the fascicle-sheath or seed-wing of
+                       Haploxylon.
+    d. Pinaster      Sheath persistent, seed-wing articulate, effective.
+
+=Parapinaster=
+
+    Sheath of the leaf-fascicle deciduous          VII.  Leiophyllae.
+    Sheath of the leaf-fascicle persistent.
+      Seed-wing of the Strobi                     VIII.  Longifoliae.
+      Seed-wing of the Gerardianae                  IX.  Pineae.
+
+
+=VII. LEIOPHYLLAE=
+
+    Sheath of the leaf-fascicles deciduous.
+      Leaves short, erect, the fructification triennial  20. leiophylla.
+      Leaves long, pendent, the fructification biennial  21. Lumholtzii.
+
+
+20. PINUS LEIOPHYLLA
+
+    1831 P. leiophylla Schlechtendal and Chamisso in Linnaea, vi. 354.
+    1848 P. chihuahuana Engelmann in Wislizenus, Tour. Mex. 103.
+
+Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves in fascicles of 3, 4 or 5, the sheath
+deciduous, from 8 to 14 cm. long; resin-ducts medial with an occasional
+internal duct. Conelets single or verticillate, their scales mucronate;
+conelets of the second year only slightly enlarged. Cones maturing the
+third year, not exceeding 7 cm. in length, ovate or ovate-conic,
+subsymmetrical, more or less reflexed, persistent for several years on
+some trees, sometimes serotinous; apophyses lighter or darker brown,
+often with an olive or fuscous shade, thin or tumid, the umbo double,
+the mucro more persistent near the apex of the cone.
+
+  This species grows at subtropical or warm-temperate altitudes in
+  Mexico, from Oaxaca through the central and western states to southern
+  Arizona and New Mexico. As it approaches the northern part of its
+  range the leaves become thicker and more rigid and the number in the
+  fascicle is reduced to 3 or 4 (var. chihuahuana, Shaw, Pines Mex. 14).
+  Like P. rigida it sprouts freely along the branches and trunk, and
+  stumps of felled trees put out shoots in great numbers. The species is
+  easily recognized by the deciduous sheath and triennial cone.
+
+    Plate XVI.
+
+    Fig. 151, Branch with fruit of first, second and third years. Fig.
+    152, Leaf-fascicles. Fig. 153, Magnified leaf-section of the
+    species. Fig. 154, Magnified leaf-section of the variety.
+
+
+21. PINUS LUMHOLTZII
+
+    1894 P. Lumholtzii Robinson & Fernald in Proc. Am. Acad. xxx. 122.
+
+Spring-shoots uninodal, sometimes multinodal. Leaves in fascicles of 3,
+the sheath deciduous, from 20 to 30 cm. long, absolutely pendent;
+resin-ducts medial and internal. Conelets subterminal, or lateral and
+subterminal, mucronate. Cones not exceeding 7 cm. in length,
+symmetrical, pendent on slender peduncles, ovate-conic, early deciduous;
+apophyses sublustrous, nut-brown, tumid at the margins, flat on the
+surface, the umbo large, the mucro rarely persistent.
+
+  A remarkable Pine with long pendent bright green foliage, confined to
+  the western states of Mexico and ranging on the mountains from
+  southern Jalisco to the latitude of the city of Chihuahua. Each
+  season's growth of leaves hangs from the branchlet like a long beard,
+  from which the tree receives, in some localities, the name "Pino barba
+  caida." In the herbarium the long leaves, deciduous sheaths, and the
+  decurrent bases of the bracts, present a combination of characters not
+  found in other species.
+
+    Plate XVI.
+
+    Fig. 155, Cone. Fig. 156, Cone. Fig. 157, Leaf-fascicle. Fig. 158,
+    Magnified leaf-section. Fig. 159, Tree at Ferraria de Tula.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XVI. P. LEIOPHYLLA (151-154), LUMHOLTZII
+(155-159)]
+
+
+=VIII. LONGIFOLIAE=
+
+Seed-wing adnate to the nut. Leaves long, in fascicles of 3, the sheath
+persistent.
+
+    Apophysis of the cone prolonged and reflexed       22. longifolia.
+    Apophysis of the cone low-pyramidal                23. canariensis.
+
+
+22. PINUS LONGIFOLIA
+
+    1803 P. longifolia Roxburgh ex Lambert, Gen. Pin. i. 29, t. 21.
+    1897 P. Roxburghii Sargent, Silva N. Am. xi. 9.
+
+Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves in fascicles of 3, the sheath persistent,
+from 20 to 30 cm. long; resin-ducts external, the hypoderm often in
+large masses, some or all of the endoderm cells with thick outer walls.
+Cones from 10 to 17 cm. long, short-pedunculate, ovoid-conic; apophyses
+lustrous brown-ochre or fuscous brown, elevated into thick, often
+reflexed, beaks with obtuse mutic umbos; seeds with large nuts and
+adnate striated dark gray or fuscous brown wings.
+
+  Of the three Pines of the Himalayas this species is the most
+  important. It grows on the outer slopes and foot-hills from Bhotan to
+  Afghanistan. The wood is used for construction and for the manufacture
+  of charcoal, the thick soft bark is valuable for tanning, the resin is
+  abundant and of commercial importance, and the nuts are gathered for
+  food. The tree is not hardy in cool-temperate climates, but has been
+  successfully grown in northern Italy.
+
+  It differs from P. canariensis in the usually protuberant apophysis of
+  the cone, in the thick outer walls of the leaf-endoderm and in the
+  nearly smooth walls of the ray-tracheids of the wood. In the
+  dimensions of cone and leaf, in the dermal tissues and resin-ducts of
+  the leaf and in the peculiar coloring of the seed-wing, the two
+  species are alike.
+
+    Plate XVII.
+
+    Fig. 160, Cone. Fig. 161, Leaf-fascicle. Fig. 162, Magnified
+    leaf-section.
+
+
+23. PINUS CANARIENSIS
+
+    1825 P. canariensis Smith in Buch, Canar. Ins. 159.
+
+Spring-shoots uninodal, pruinose. Bud-scales with conspicuously long
+free fimbriate margins. Leaves in fascicles of 3, the sheath persistent,
+from 20 to 30 cm. long; the hypoderm often in large masses, the
+resin-ducts external, the endoderm with thin outer walls. Cones from 10
+to 17 cm. long, short-pedunculate, ovoid-conic; apophyses lustrous or
+sublustrous nut-brown, more or less pyramidal, the umbo unarmed; seeds
+as in the last species.
+
+  A species confined to the Canary Islands, but cultivated in northern
+  Italy. The stately habit of this tree is seen in Schröter's portrait
+  (Exc. Canar. Ins. t. 15).
+
+    Plate XVII.
+
+    Fig. 163, Cone and seed. Fig. 164, Magnified leaf-section. Fig. 165,
+    Habit of the tree.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XVII. P. LONGIFOLIA (160-162), CANARIENSIS
+(163-165)]
+
+
+=IX. PINEAE=
+
+Seed-wing articulate, short, ineffective. Leaves binate, the sheath
+persistent. One species only.
+
+
+24. PINUS PINEA
+
+    1753 P. pinea Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1000.
+    1778 P. sativa Lamarck, Fl. Franç. ii. 200.
+    1854 P. maderiensis Tenore in Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 4, ii. 379.
+
+Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves from 12 to 20 cm. long; resin-ducts
+external. Conelet mutic, slightly larger in the second year. Cones
+triennial, from 10 to 14 cm. long, ovoid or subglobose; apophyses
+lustrous nut-brown, convex, of large size, the umbo double; seeds large
+with a short, loosely articulated, deciduous wing.
+
+  A species of the Mediterranean Basin, from Portugal to Syria. Its
+  northern limit is in southern France and northern Italy, but it is
+  cultivated in the southern parts of the British Isles and is a
+  familiar ornament of park and garden in southern Europe, and is valued
+  for its peculiar beauty and for its large savory nuts. In wood anatomy
+  as well as in the seed it agrees with the Gerardianae of the Soft
+  Pines.
+
+    Plate XVIII.
+
+    Fig. 166, Fruit of three seasons. Fig. 167, Cone-scales and seed.
+    Fig. 168, Magnified leaf-section. Fig. 169, Habit of the tree.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XVIII. PINUS PINEA]
+
+=Pinaster=
+
+Bases of the bracts subtending leaf-fascicles decurrent. Seeds with an
+effective articulate wing. Umbo of the cone-scales dorsal. Leaves
+serrulate, stomatiferous on all faces, the sheath persistent. Walls of
+the tracheids of the medullary rays dentate.
+
+  Forty-two of the sixty-six species of Pinus are included in this
+  subsection. As a group they are clearly circumscribed by several
+  correlated characters and are more closely interrelated than the
+  twenty-four species previously described. The distinctions of umbo and
+  seed have disappeared. The umbo here is invariably dorsal, the
+  seed-wing invariably articulate.
+
+  New forms, however, are gradually evolved--the seed with a thick
+  wing-blade, the indurated oblique cone, the serotinous cone with its
+  intermittent seed-release, and the multinodal spring-shoot. There are,
+  moreover, new forms of leaf-hypoderm and a new position of the
+  resin-duct.
+
+  Of these new characters, the thick wing-blade attains such proportions
+  in the three species of the Macrocarpae that they can be grouped
+  apart. But the characters that finally culminate in a lateral oblique
+  serotinous cone are so gradually and irregularly developed that they
+  offer no divisional distinctions. With the aid of wood and leaf
+  characters, however, groups can be established which preserve the
+  evolutionary sequence and, at the same time, the obvious affinity of
+  the species.
+
+    Wing-blade thin or slightly thickened at the base.
+     Cones dehiscent at maturity.
+      Pits of the ray-cells large                      X.    Lariciones
+      Pits of the ray-cells small                      XI.   Australes
+     Cones serotinous, pits of the ray-cells small     XII.  Insignes
+    Wing-blade very thick                              XIII. Macrocarpae
+
+  The species of this subsection are very difficult, if not impossible,
+  to classify by the usual method, which groups all species under a few
+  characters assumed to be invariable and of fundamental importance.
+  Such a method can be successfully applied to the Soft Pines and to
+  some of the Hard Pines, but cannot be applied to all the Hard Pines
+  without forcing some of them into unnatural associations.
+
+  To take an example, the group Pseudostrobus, characterized by
+  pentamerous leaf-fascicles, appears in many systems. In this group are
+  placed P. Torreyana and P. leiophylla. Another group, with trimerous
+  fascicles, contains P. Sabiniana and P. taeda. Now there are no two
+  species more obviously related by important peculiarities than P.
+  Torreyana and P. Sabiniana; nevertheless they are, by this method,
+  kept apart and associated with species which they resemble in no
+  important particular.
+
+  An attempt is made here to avoid such incongruities. Groups X, XI and
+  XII represent different stages of evolution. In the Lariciones the
+  cone is symmetrical, and dehiscent and deciduous at maturity, while
+  the spring-shoot is uninodal. In the Australes there is a similar
+  cone, but the spring-shoot gradually becomes multinodal. In the
+  Insignes the cone is oblique, persistent and serotinous, and the
+  spring-shoot is multinodal.
+
+  These definitions state the degree of evolution attained by each
+  group, but not all the species of a group conform exactly with its
+  definition. In each group are species with a characteristic of another
+  group. Among the Lariciones are a few species with both symmetrical
+  and oblique cones, and two with persistent cones. Similar exceptions
+  occur among the Australes. Among the Insignes are a few species with
+  symmetrical cones, and two with cones that are rarely, if ever,
+  serotinous.
+
+  There is, however, no difficulty in fixing the systematic position of
+  these exceptional species through other characters which show their
+  true affinity. They are placed with the species which they most
+  resemble. Their exceptional characters are merely the evidence of the
+  evolution that pervades and unites the groups. Therefore the
+  definition of a group is not necessarily the exact definition of its
+  species, and a species is placed in a group because all its
+  characters, specific and evolutional, show a closer affinity with that
+  group than with the species of any other.
+
+
+=X. LARICIONES=
+
+Pits of the ray-cells large. Cells of the leaf-hypoderm uniform.
+Spring-shoots uninodal. Cones dehiscent at maturity.
+
+  This group represents the first stage in the evolution of the Hard
+  Pines. All the species, like the Soft Pines, are uninodal and the
+  cones are dehiscent at maturity, but the trend toward the serotinous
+  species is shown in the occasional appearance of the oblique cone as a
+  varietal form of a few species, and in the persistent cone of the last
+  two species of this group.
+
+  All the species of this group are of the Old World except P. resinosa
+  and P. tropicalis. These two are the only American Pines combining
+  large pits with dentate tracheids, and are the only American Hard
+  Pines with external resin-ducts of the leaf.
+
+    Cones deciduous at maturity.
+      Cones ovate or ovate-conic.
+        Conelet with tuberculate or entire scales.
+          Resin-ducts external and medial          25. resinosa
+          Resin-ducts septal and external          26. tropicalis
+        Conelet with mucronate scales.
+          Resin-ducts mostly external.
+            Conelet pedunculate, erect.
+              Cone nut-brown                       27. Massoniana
+              Cone dull tawny yellow               28. densiflora
+            Conelet pedunculate, reflexed          29. sylvestris
+            Conelet subsessile, erect              30. montana
+          Resin-ducts mostly medial.
+            Bark-formation late                    31. luchuensis
+            Bark-formation early.
+              Cone nut-brown                       32. Thunbergii
+              Cone lustrous tawny yellow           33. nigra
+      Cones narrow cylindrical                     34. Merkusii
+    Cones tenaciously persistent.
+      Leaves stout, relatively short               35. sinensis
+      Leaves slender, relatively long              36. insularis
+
+
+25. PINUS RESINOSA
+
+    1789 P. resinosa Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii. 367.
+    1810 P. rubra Michaux f. Hist. Arbr. Am. i. 45, t. 1.
+
+Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves binate, from 12 to 17 cm. long;
+resin-ducts external or external and medial; hypoderm uniform and
+inconspicuous. Scales of the conelet mutic. Cones from 4 to 6 cm. long,
+subsessile, symmetrical, deciduous the third year, leaving a few basal
+scales on the tree; apophyses sublustrous, nut-brown, somewhat thickened
+along a transverse keel.
+
+  From Nova Scotia and Lake St. John this species ranges westward to the
+  Winnipeg River and southward into Minnesota, Michigan, northern New
+  York and eastern Massachusetts, with rare occurrence on the mountains
+  of Pennsylvania. Under cultivation it is a beautiful tree, adapted to
+  cold-temperate climates. It was considered by Loiseleur (1812) and by
+  Spach (1842) to be a variety of P. nigra (laricio). The two species
+  vary in the color of the cone, the anatomy of the leaves, the buds,
+  and in the armature of the conelet. A fallen cone of this species is
+  moreover usually imperfect from the loss of a few basal scales.
+
+    Plate XIX.
+
+    Fig. 170, Cone and enlarged conelet. Fig. 171, Leaf-fascicle and
+    magnified leaf-section.
+
+
+26. PINUS TROPICALIS
+
+    1851 P. tropicalis Morelet in Rev. Hort. Côte d'Or, i. 105.
+    1904 P. terthrocarpa Shaw in Gard. Chron. ser. 3, xxxv. 179, f. 74.
+
+Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves binate, sometimes ternate, from 15 to 30
+cm. long, rigid, erect; hypoderm of uniform thick-walled cells;
+resin-ducts of remarkable size, septal, or not quite touching the
+endoderm and technically external. Scales of the conelet minutely
+tuberculate. Cones from 5 to 8 cm. long, short-pedunculate, erect or
+patulous; ovate-conic, symmetrical; apophyses rufous brown,
+low-pyramidal, the umbo mutic.
+
+  Growing at sea-level within the tropics and confined to western Cuba
+  and the Isle of Pines. On the island it is associated with P.
+  caribaea. This species needs no other means of identification than its
+  peculiar leaf-section. Septal ducts are found in P. oocarpa, Pringlei,
+  Merkusii and rarely in other species, but they never attain the
+  extraordinary size that appears to be invariable in P. tropicalis.
+
+    Plate XIX.
+
+    Fig. 172, Cone and enlarged conelet. Fig. 173, Branch with leaves,
+    much reduced. Fig. 174, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section.
+    Fig. 175, Trees on the Isle of Pines.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XIX. P. RESINOSA (170, 171), TROPICALIS (172-175)]
+
+
+27. PINUS MASSONIANA
+
+1803 P. Massoniana Lambert, Gen. Pin. i. 17, t. 12. 1861 P. canaliculata
+Miquel in Jour. Bot. Neerland. i. 86.
+
+Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves binate, rarely ternate, from 12 to 20 cm.
+long, slender and pliant; hypoderm inconspicuous; resin-ducts external.
+Staminate catkins often in long dense clusters. Conelets partly
+tuberculate or mucronate, partly mutic. Cones symmetrical, from 4 to 7
+cm. long, ovate-conic, short-pedunculate, early deciduous; apophyses
+sublustrous, nut-brown, flat or somewhat elevated, the umbo usually
+mutic.
+
+  The Chinese Red Pine is found in warm-temperate climates. It is native
+  to southeastern China and follows the valley of the Yangtse River into
+  Szech'uan. It has been confused by London with P. pinaster, which it
+  resembles in no respect, by Siebold with P. Thunbergii, from which it
+  differs in leaf-dimensions and in leaf-section, and by Mayr with his
+  P. luchuensis, whose peculiar cortex and whose leaf-section has no
+  counterpart among Chinese Hard Pines. Its nearest relative is P.
+  densiflora, from which it differs in its longer leaves, in the color
+  of its cone and in its conelet (Plate XX, figs. 176, 179).
+
+    Plate XX.
+
+    Fig. 176, Cone and enlarged conelet. Fig. 177, Two leaf-fascicles.
+    Fig. 178, Magnified leaf-section.
+
+
+28. PINUS DENSIFLORA
+
+    1842 P. densiflora Siebold & Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. ii. 22, t. 112.
+    1854 P. scopifera Miquel in Zollinger, Syst. Verz. Ind. Archip. 82.
+
+Spring-shoots more or less pruinose, uninodal. Leaves binate, from 8 to
+12 cm. long, slender; hypoderm of few inconspicuous cells; resin-ducts
+external. Staminate catkins in long dense clusters. Scales of the
+conelet conspicuously mucronate. Cones symmetrical, from 3 to 5 cm.
+long, ovate-conic, often persistent for a few years but with a weak hold
+on the branch; apophyses dull pale tawny yellow, flat or slightly
+elevated, the mucro more or less persistent.
+
+  The Japanese Red Pine forms extensive forests on the mountains of
+  central Japan. It is perfectly hardy in cold-temperate climates. Wild
+  specimens of China, ascribed to this species, are forms of the
+  variable P. sinensis. From P. Massoniana it differs in its shorter
+  leaves and yellow cone, but particularly in the more prominent
+  prickles and thicker scales of its conelet (figs. 176, 179).
+
+    Plate XX.
+
+    Fig. 179, Cones and enlarged conelet. Fig. 180, Leaf-fascicles. Fig.
+    181, Magnified leaf-section and more magnified dermal tissues of the
+    leaf.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XX. P. MASSONIANA (176-178), DENSIFLORA (179-181)]
+
+29. PINUS SYLVESTRIS
+
+    1753 P. sylvestris Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1000 (excl. var.).
+    1768 P. rubra Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8.
+    1768 P. tatarica Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8.
+    1781 P. mughus Jacquin, Icon. Pl. Rar. i. t. 193 (not Scopoli).
+    1798 P. resinosa Savi, Fl. Pisa. ii. 354 (not Aiton).
+    1827 P. humilis Link in Abhandl. Akad. Berlin, 171.
+    1849 P. Kochiana Klotzsch in Linnaea, xxii. 296.
+    1849 P. armena Koch in Linnaea, xxii. 297.
+    1849 P. pontica Koch in Linnaea, xxii. 297.
+    1859 P. Frieseana Wichura in Flora, xlii. 409.
+    1906 P. lapponica Mayr, Fremdl. Wald- & Parkb. 348.
+
+Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves binate, from 3 to 7 cm. long; hypoderm
+inconspicuous; resin-ducts external. Conelet reflexed, minutely
+mucronate. Cones from 3 to 6 cm. long, reflexed, symmetrical or
+sometimes oblique, ovate-conic, deciduous; apophyses dull pale tawny
+yellow of a gray or greenish shade, flat, elevated or protuberant and
+often much more prominent on the posterior face of the cone, the umbo
+with a minute prickle or its remnant.
+
+  A tree of great commercial value, with a very extended range, from
+  Norway, Scotland and southern Spain to northeastern Siberia. A
+  vigorous hardy species and extensively cultivated. The red upper
+  trunk, characteristic of this Pine, is not invariable. The dark upper
+  trunk is sufficiently common to be considered a varietal form
+  (Mathieu, Flore Forest. ed. 4, 582). In various localities may be
+  found trees bearing oblique cones, their apophyses showing various
+  degrees of protuberance up to the extreme development represented in
+  Loudon's illustration of the variety uncinata (Arb. Brit. iv, f.
+  2047). This cone is the beginning of the changes that culminate in
+  species with oblique cones only. In P. sylvestris, however, the
+  purpose of this form of cone is not apparent except in connection with
+  this evolution.
+
+    Plate XXI.
+
+    Figs. 182, 183, Cones. Fig. 184, Leaf-fascicle, magnified
+    leaf-section and more magnified dermal tissues of the leaf. Fig.
+    185, Habit of the tree.
+
+30. PINUS MONTANA
+
+    1768 P. montana Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8.
+    1772 P. mughus Scopoli, Fl. Carn. ii. 247.
+    1791 P. pumilio Haenke in Jirasek, Beobacht. 68.
+    1804 P. mugho Poiret in Lamarck, Encycl. Méth. v. 336.
+    1805 P. uncinata Ramond ex De Candolle, Lamarck, Fl. Franç. ed. 3,
+              iii. 726.
+    1813 P. sanguinea Lapeyrouse, Hist. Pl. Pyren. 587.
+    1827 P. rotundata Link in Abhandl. Akad. Berlin, 168.
+    1830 P. obliqua Sauter ex Reichenbach, Fl. Germ. Exc. 159.
+    1837 P. uliginosa Neumann ex Wimmer, Arb. Schles. Ges. 95.
+
+Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves binate, from 3 to 8 cm. long, the epiderm
+very thick, hypoderm weak; resin-ducts external. Conelets mucronate,
+nearly sessile. Cones from 2 to 7 cm. long, subsessile, ovate or
+ovate-conic, symmetrical or oblique, often persistent; apophyses
+lustrous tawny-yellow or dark brown, both colors often shading into each
+other on the same cone, flat, prominent or prolonged into uncinate
+beaks of various lengths, the last much more developed on the posterior
+face of the cone, the umbo bordered by a narrow dark ring and bearing
+the remnant of the mucro.
+
+  P. montana grows as a bush or as a small tree, the two forms often
+  associated. It ranges from central Spain through the Pyrenees, Alps
+  and Apennines to the Balkan Mountains, associated with P. cembra at
+  higher, with P. sylvestris at lower altitudes. It grows indifferently
+  in bogs and on rocky slopes. Its dwarf form, under the name of the
+  Mugho Pine, is extensively cultivated as a garden ornament.
+
+  On the differences of the cone this species has been divided into
+  three subspecies: uncinata, with an oblique cone and protuberant
+  apophyses; pumilio, with a symmetrical cone and an excentric umbo;
+  mughus, with a symmetrical cone and a concentric umbo. Other
+  segregations based on the degree of development of the apophysis and
+  on the size and color of the cone, have received names of four or even
+  five terms--Pinus montana pumilio applanata--or Pinus montana uncinata
+  rostrata castanea etc., etc. These elaborations may be seen in the
+  Tharand Jahrbuch of 1861, p. 166, and with them appear also Hartig's
+  specifications of 60 forms of this species, each dignified with a
+  Latin name.
+
+    Plate XXI.
+
+    Fig. 186, Cone of var. uncinata. Figs. 187, 188, Cones. Fig. 189,
+    Leaf-fascicles, magnified leaf-section and more magnified dermal
+    tissues of the leaf. Fig. 190, Tree and dwarf-form of the Pyrenees.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXI. P. SYLVESTRIS (182-185), MONTANA (186-190)]
+
+31. PINUS LUCHUENSIS
+
+1894 P. luchuensis Mayr in Bot. Centralbl. lviii. 149, f.
+
+Spring-shoots uninodal. Bark-formation late, the upper trunk covered
+with a smooth cortex. Leaves binate, from 12 to 16 cm. long, the epiderm
+thick, hypoderm of two or three rows of cells; resin-ducts medial or
+with an occasional external duct. Conelets mucronate toward the apex.
+Cones from 3 to 6 cm. long, ovate-conic, symmetrical; apophyses lustrous
+nut-brown, transversely carinate, the umbo unarmed.
+
+  This Pine is known to me through Mayr's description and a single dried
+  specimen. The smooth cortex of young trees distinguishes it from all
+  other east-Asiatic Hard Pines. Mayr includes under this species the
+  Pine of Hong Kong. But in this he must be mistaken, for there is no
+  species yet found in China that agrees with the description of P.
+  luchuensis.
+
+    Plate XXII.
+
+    Fig. 191, Cone. Fig. 192, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section.
+
+32. PINUS THUNBERGII
+
+    1784 P. sylvestris Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 274 (not Linnaeus).
+    1842 P. Massoniana Siebold & Zuccarini. Fl. Jap. ii. 24, t. 113
+              (not Lambert).
+    1868 P. Thunbergii Parlatore in DC. Prodr. xvi-2, 388.
+
+Spring-shoots uninodal. Buds of leading-shoots white and conspicuous.
+Leaves binate, from 6 to 11 cm. long, the epiderm thick, hypoderm
+strong, resin-ducts medial. Conelets with short-mucronate scales. Cones
+from 4 to 6 cm. long, ovate or ovate-conic, symmetrical; apophyses
+nut-brown, flat or convex and transversely carinate, the prickle of the
+umbo more or less persistent.
+
+  The Black Pine of Japan has been cultivated for centuries, and by
+  skillful Japanese gardeners has been trained into dwarf and other
+  curious forms. It is hardy in cold-temperate climates. It is distinct
+  from P. densiflora by the medial ducts of its leaf, from P. nigra by
+  the fewer, larger, brown scales of its cone, and from P. resinosa by
+  the armature of its conelet. It appears in most determinations of
+  Chinese collections, but there is no Chinese Pine with the white buds
+  and the medial leaf-ducts of this species.
+
+    Plate XXII.
+
+    Fig. 196, Two cones. Fig. 197, Leaf-fascicle and magnified
+    leaf-section.
+
+
+33. PINUS NIGRA
+
+    1785 P. nigra Arnold, Reise n. Mariaz. 8, t.
+    1804 P. laricio Poiret in Lamarck, Encycl. Méth. v. 339.
+    1808 P. halepensis Bieberstein, Fl. Taur. Cauc. ii. 408 (not Miller).
+    1809 P. pinaster Besser, Fl. Galic. ii. 294 (not Aiton).
+    1813 P. maritima Aiton, f. Hort. Kew. v. 315 (not Lambert).
+    1816 P. sylvestris Baumgarten, Stirp. Transsilv. ii. 304
+              (not Linnaeus).
+    1818 P. pyrenaica Lapeyrouse, Hist. Pl. Pyren. Suppl. 146.
+    1824 P. Pallasiana Lambert, Gen. Pin. ii. 1, t. 1.
+    1825 P. austriaca Höss in Flora, viii-1, Beil. 113.
+    1831 P. nigricans Host, Fl. Austr. ii. 628.
+    1842 P. dalmatica Visiani, Fl. Dalmal. 199, note.
+    1851 P. Salzmanni Dunal in Mém. Acad. Montp. ii. 82, tt.
+    1863 P. Heldreichii Christ in Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, iii. 549.
+    1864 P. leucodermis Antoine in Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. xiv. 366.
+    1896 P. pindica Formanek in Verh. Nat. Ver. Brünn, xxxiv. 272.
+
+Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves binate, from 9 to 16 cm. long, the
+epiderm thick, hypoderm conspicuous, resin-ducts medial. Conelets
+mucronate. Cones from 4 to 8 cm. long, subsessile, symmetrical;
+apophyses lustrous, tawny yellow, transversely carinate, the keel
+strongly convex, the mucro of the umbo more or less persistent.
+
+  A valuable tree unequally distributed over the mountain slopes of
+  central and southern Europe and Asia Minor. The typical form, under
+  the name of the Austrian Pine, is a familiar exotic of the Middle and
+  Eastern States of America. As Mathieu states (Flore Forest., ed. 4,
+  597), this species is quite constant in cone and bark. It may be added
+  that the anatomy of the leaf is also constant, while the dimensions of
+  both leaf and cone present no unusual variations. The varieties
+  generally accepted are founded on the habit of the tree, a character
+  of forestal or horticultural rather than of botanical importance.
+
+    Plate XXII.
+
+    Fig. 193, Two cones. Fig. 194, Leaf-fascicle and magnified
+    leaf-section. Fig. 195, Magnified dermal tissues of the leaf.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXII. P. LUCHUENSIS (191, 192), NIGRA (193-195),
+THUNBERGII (196, 197)]
+
+
+34. PINUS MERKUSII
+
+    1790 P. sylvestris Loureiro, Fl. Cochinch. ii. 579 (not Linnaeus).
+    1845 P. Merkusii De Vriese, Pl. Nov. Ind. Bat. 5, t. 2.
+    1847 P. Finlaysoniana Wallich ex Blume, Rumphia, iii. 210.
+    1849 P. Latteri Mason in Jour. Asiat. Soc. i. 74.
+
+Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves binate, slender, from 15 to 20 cm. long,
+the hypoderm of uniform thick-walled cells, resin-ducts medial, or with
+internal or septal ducts, endoderm-cells very unequal in size, some of
+them large. Conelets unarmed. Cones from 5 to 8 cm. long, peculiarly
+narrow-cylindrical, symmetrical; apophyses lustrous, rufous brown,
+radially carinate, the transverse keel prominent.
+
+  Of the habit of this Pine I know nothing. As a species it is very
+  clearly defined by its peculiar cone and leaf-section. It grows in the
+  Philippines, Sumatra, Lower Burmah and western Indo-China. In my
+  specimen the pits of the ray-cells of the wood are both large and
+  small. In this particular it may belong in either of two groups of
+  species. Its uniform leaf-hypoderm associates it with this group or
+  with P. halepensis of the Insignes. I have assumed the cone to be
+  dehiscent at maturity and have placed it with the Lariciones, but if
+  further information shows the cone to be serotinous, this species
+  should be transferred to the serotinous group.
+
+    Plate XXIII.
+
+    Fig. 198, Cone. Fig. 199, Magnified sections of two leaves. Fig.
+    200, Leaf-fascicle.
+
+
+35. PINUS SINENSIS
+
+    1832 P. sinensis Lambert, Gen. Pin. ed. 8vo. i. 47, t. 29.
+    1867 P. tabulaeformis Carrière, Trait. Conif. ed. 2, 510.
+    1881 P. leucosperma Maximowicz in Bull. Acad. St. Pétersb. xxvii. 558.
+    1899 P. yunnanensis Franchet in Jour. de Bot. xiii. 253.
+    1901 P. funebris Komarow in Act. Hort. Petrop. xx. 177.
+    1902 P. Henryi Masters in Jour. Linn. Soc. xxvi. 550.
+    1906 P. densata Masters in Jour. Linn. Soc. xxxvii. 416.
+    1906 P. prominens Masters in Jour. Linn. Soc. xxxvii. 417.
+    1911 P. Wilsonii Shaw in Sargent, Pl. Wilson. i. 3.
+
+Spring-shoots uninodal, pruinose. Leaves binate, ternate, or both, from
+10 to 15 cm. long, stout and rigid; resin-ducts external, or external
+and medial. Staminate catkins in short capitate clusters. Conelets
+mucronate. Cones from 4 to 9 cm. long, ovate, symmetrical or oblique,
+tenaciously persistent, dehiscent at maturity; apophyses lustrous, pale
+tawny yellow at first, gradually changing to a dark nut-brown, tumid,
+the posterior scales often larger and more prominent.
+
+  A tree of cold-temperate and subalpine levels, growing on the
+  mountains of central and western China, and at lower altitudes in the
+  north and in Corea. It is recognized by its tenaciously persistent
+  cones with a remarkable change in color. It is constantly confused
+  with P. Thunbergii and P. densiflora, neither of which grows
+  spontaneously in China. From the former it differs in leaf-section and
+  bud (the bud of P. sinensis is never white), from the latter in the
+  lustre and the color variation of its cone, and from both in the
+  frequent obliquity of its cone and in the frequent presence of
+  trimerous leaf-fascicles.
+
+  Of the two varieties of this species, densata and yunnanensis (Shaw in
+  Sargent, Pl. Wilson. ii. 17), the former represents the extreme
+  oblique form of cone, the latter represents the longest dimensions of
+  cone and leaf. The effect of environment on this species can be seen
+  in figs. 202, 203, from a lower slope and rich soil, and fig. 204,
+  from a high rocky ledge in the same locality.
+
+    Plate XXIII.
+
+    Fig. 201, Cone of var. densata. Fig. 202, Cone of var. yunnanensis.
+    Fig. 203, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section of var.
+    yunnanensis. Fig. 204, Cone and leaf-fascicle from a rocky ledge.
+    Fig. 205, Cone, leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section of the
+    typical form. Fig. 206, Seeds. Fig. 207, Conelet and its enlarged
+    scale.
+
+36. PINUS INSULARIS
+
+    1837 P. taeda Blanco, Fl. Filip. 767 (not Linnaeus).
+    1847 P. insularis Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 157.
+    1854 P. khasiana Griffith, Notul. Pl. Asiat. iv. 18; Icon. Pl.
+              Asiat. tt. 367, 368.
+    1868 P. kasya Royle ex Parlatore in DC. Prodr. xvi-2, 390.
+
+Spring-shoots uninodal, glabrous. Leaves from 12 to 24 cm. long, in
+fascicles of 3, rarely of 2, very slender; resin-ducts external, rarely
+with a medial duct. Conelets mucronate. Cones from 5 to 10 cm. long,
+ovate-conic, symmetrical or oblique, tenaciously persistent; apophyses
+lustrous, nut-brown, convex or elevated along a transverse keel, the
+posterior scales of some cones larger and more prominent than the
+anterior scales, the mucro usually deciduous.
+
+  A species of the Philippines and of northern Burmah. In both countries
+  it is locally exploited for wood and resin. It differs from the common
+  form of P. sinensis by its much longer leaves, and from its var.
+  yunnanensis, which it more resembles, by its much more slender and
+  pliant leaves. Moreover its cone, so far as I can learn, is not yellow
+  at maturity, but brown.
+
+    Plate XXIII.
+
+    Figs. 208, 209, Three cones. Fig. 210, Leaf-fascicle and magnified
+    leaf-section.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXIII. P. MERKUSII (198-200), SINENSIS (201-207),
+INSULARIS (208-210)]
+
+
+=XI. AUSTRALES=
+
+Pits of the ray-cells small. Leaf-hypoderm biform or variable.
+Spring-shoots uninodal in some, multinodal in other species. Cones
+dehiscent at maturity.
+
+  This group combines the dehiscent cone of the Lariciones with the
+  wood-anatomy of the serotinous Pines. Also the multinodal spring-shoot
+  first appears here and is gradually developed among the species,
+  absent in Nos. 37-39, sometimes present in Nos. 40-43, and prevalent
+  in Nos. 44-47.
+
+  All the species are of the Western Hemisphere, and among them may be
+  found the biform hypoderm of the leaf, the internal resin-duct, and
+  the total absence of external resin-ducts, characters common in
+  American Hard Pines. The eastern species are quite constant in their
+  characters and present no varietal forms; the western species, on the
+  other hand, are very variable. This difference may be due to the even
+  level and slight climatic differences of the Atlantic states and to
+  the remarkable diversity of altitude and climate of the western states
+  and Mexico.
+
+    Outer walls of the leaf-endoderm thick.
+      Cones large, attaining 12 cm. or more in length.
+        Prickles of the cone inconspicuous.
+          Bark-formation late                          37. pseudostrobus
+          Bark-formation early                         38. Montezumae
+        Prickle of the cone conspicuous                39. ponderosa
+      Cones small, 7 cm. or less in length             40. teocote
+    Outer walls of the leaf-endoderm thin.
+      Spring-shoots mostly uninodal.
+        Prickle of the cone slender, sometimes deciduous.
+          Cones mostly oblique                         41. Lawsonii
+          Cones symmetrical                            42. occidentalis
+        Prickles of the cone stout and persistent      43. palustris
+      Spring-shoots multinodal.
+        Resin-ducts internal                           44. caribaea.
+        Resin-ducts mostly medial.
+          Prickle of the cone stout                    45. taeda
+          Prickle of the cone slender.
+            Bark-formation late                        46. glabra
+            Bark-formation early                       47. echinata
+
+
+37. PINUS PSEUDOSTROBUS
+
+    1839 P. pseudostrobus Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxv. Misc. 63.
+    1839 P. apulcensis Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxv. Misc. 63.
+    1842 P. tenuifolia Bentham, Pl. Hartw. 92.
+    1846 P. orizabae Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. i. 237, f.
+
+Spring-shoots uninodal, conspicuously pruinose. Bark-formation late, the
+cortex of young trees smooth. Leaves in fascicles of 5, sometimes of 6,
+from 15 to 30 cm. long, drooping; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm variable
+in amount, often in very large masses, the outer walls of the endoderm
+thick. Conelets mucronate. Cones from 7 to 14 cm. long, ovate or
+ovate-conic, symmetrical or oblique, deciduous and often leaving a few
+basal scales on the trees; apophyses rufous or fulvous brown, flat,
+elevated or, in one variety, prolonged in various degrees, the
+prolongations nearly uniform or much more prominent on the posterior
+face of the cone, the mucro usually deciduous.
+
+  A species of the subtropical and warm-temperate altitudes of Mexico
+  and Central America. Its range includes both eastern and western
+  slopes of the northern plateau. Its northern limit is in Nuevo Leon,
+  and it probably reaches in Nicaragua the southern limit of pines in
+  the Western Hemisphere. It is distinguished from all its associates by
+  the smooth gray trunk of the young trees, by their long internodes,
+  and by their drooping gray-green foliage.
+
+  Some cones of this species develop protuberances of all degrees of
+  prominence up to the curious cone collected in Oaxaca by Nelson (var.
+  apulcensis, Shaw, Pines Mex. t. 12, fig. 8). There is also a
+  remarkable difference in the amount of leaf-hypoderm. On many trees of
+  the western part of the range this tissue forms septa across the green
+  mesophyll. Such partitions are sometimes met in other species, P.
+  Pringlei or P. canariensis, where the hypoderm is abundant. But in P.
+  pseudostrobus they appear in some leaves of weak, as well as of strong
+  hypoderm (var. tenuifolia, Shaw, Pines Mex. t. 13, ff. 2, 4, 5, 7, 8).
+
+    Plate XXIV.
+
+    Fig. 211, Cone. Fig. 212, Two cones of var. tenuifolia. Figs. 213,
+    214, Two cones of var. apulcensis. Fig. 215, Magnified section of 3
+    leaves of var. tenuifolia. Fig. 216, Magnified section of 2 leaves
+    of the species. Fig. 217, Bud destined to produce staminate flowers.
+    Fig. 218, Ten-year old branch showing smooth cortex. Fig. 219, Young
+    and mature trees in open growth.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXIV. PINUS PSEUDOSTROBUS]
+
+
+38. PINUS MONTEZUMAE
+
+    1817 P. occidentalis H. B. & K. Nov. Gen. ii. 4 (not Swartz).
+    1832 P. Montezumae Lambert, Gen. Pin. ed. 8vo, i. 39, t. 22.
+    1839 P. Devoniana Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxv. Misc. 62.
+    1839 P. Hartwegii Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxv. Misc. 62.
+    1839 P. Russelliana Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxv. Misc. 63.
+    1839 P. macrophylla Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxv. Misc. 63.
+    1840 P. filifolia Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxvi. Misc. 61.
+    1841 P. Sinclairii Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechy Voy. 392, t. 93
+              (as to cone).
+    1841 P. radiata Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechy Voy. 443 (as to leaves).
+    1847 P. Grenvilleae Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. ii. 77, f.
+    1847 P. Gordoniana Hartweg in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. ii. 79, f.
+    1847 P. Wincesteriana Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. ii. 158, f.
+    1847 P. rudis Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 151.
+    1847 P. Ehrenbergii Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 151.
+    1858 P. Lindleyana Gordon, Pinet. 229.
+    1891 P. Donnell-Smithii Masters in Bot. Gaz. xvi. 199.
+
+Spring-shoots uninodal, slightly or not at all pruinose. Bark-formation
+early, the branches becoming dark and rough. Leaves prevalently in
+fascicles of 5, but varying from 3 to 8, extremely variable in length,
+attaining 45 cm. at subtropical levels; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm
+sometimes uniform, more commonly multiform, the outer walls of the
+endoderm thick. Conelet mucronate, the prickle often reflexed. Cones of
+many sizes, attaining in warm localities 30 cm. in length, ovate-conic
+or long-conic, symmetrical, often curved, deciduous and often leaving a
+few scales on the tree; apophyses dull, rarely lustrous, nut-brown, or
+of various shades of fuscous brown to nearly black, flat, tumid,
+pyramidal or sometimes slightly protuberant, the prickle rarely
+persistent.
+
+  This species ranges from the mountains of northern Durango to the
+  volcanoes of Guatemala, or possibly farther south. It is found at all
+  altitudes where Pines can grow except on the tropical levels of
+  Guatemala. Its more hardy forms have been successfully grown in the
+  milder parts of Great Britain and northern Italy. It is felled for
+  lumber in many parts of Mexico.
+
+  This sturdy Pine and its numberless variations present the most
+  remarkable example of adaptation in the genus. The variations are
+  mostly those associated with changes of environment--dimensions of
+  cone and leaf and the number of leaves in the fascicle. These are so
+  accurately correlated with altitude and exposure, and are so
+  imperceptibly graded, that no specific segregations among them have
+  yet been successfully established.
+
+  The type-specimen figured by Lambert does not show the longest cone
+  and leaf of this species. They are better represented by specimens
+  which have been named P. filifolia. Such dimensions prevail in
+  subtropical localities. At temperate altitudes these dimensions are
+  much reduced, but here are found a longer form of cone and leaf (var.
+  Lindleyi, Loudon) and a shorter form (var. rudis, Shaw). At still
+  higher altitudes and up to the timber-limit the var. Hartwegii,
+  Engelmann, with short leaves and a small nearly black cone is found.
+  Among these varieties there is no such sharp distinction as these
+  definitions imply. All dimensions of fruit and foliage and the various
+  brown and black shades of the cone blend into each other through
+  endless intergradations. A monograph of this species, by one who could
+  devote some years to it on the superb volcanoes and in the delightful
+  climates where this tree abounds, would be a valuable contribution to
+  science.
+
+    Plate XXV. (Cones and leaves much reduced.)
+
+    Fig. 220, Cone and leaves of Lambert's plate. Figs. 221, 222, Longer
+    cones and leaves of the species. Fig. 223, Cone and leaves of var.
+    Lindleyi. Fig. 224, Cones and leaves of var. rudis. Fig. 225, Cone
+    and leaves of var. Hartwegii. Fig. 226, Magnified leaf-sections.
+    Figs. 227, 228, Two forms of the dermal tissues of the leaf,
+    magnified. Fig. 229, Habit of the tree.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXV. PINUS MONTEZUMAE]
+
+
+39. PINUS PONDEROSA
+
+    1836 P. ponderosa Douglas ex Lawson's Agric. Man. 354.
+    1847 P. Benthamiana Hartweg in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. ii. 189.
+    1848 P. brachyptera Engelmann in Wislizenus, Tour Mex. 89.
+    1848 P. macrophylla Engelmann in Wislizenus, Tour Mex. 103
+              (not Lindley).
+    1853 P. Jeffreyi Balfour in Bot. Exp. Oregon, 2, f.
+    1854 P. Engelmanni Carrière in Rev. Hort. 227.
+    1855 P. Beardsleyi Murray in Edinb. Phil. Jour. ser. 2, i. 286, t. 6.
+    1855 P. Craigana Murray in Edinb. Phil. Jour. ser. 2, i. 288, t. 7.
+    1858 P. Parryana Gordon, Pinet. 202 (not Engelmann).
+    1859 P. deflexa Torrey in Emory's Rep. ii. 1, 209, t. 56.
+    1878 P. arizonica Engelmann in Wheeler's Rep. vi. 260.
+    1889 P. latifolia Sargent in Gar. & For. ii. 496, f. 135.
+    1894 P. apacheca Lemmon in Erythea, ii. 103, t. 3.
+    1897 P. Mayriana Sudworth in Bull. 14, U. S. Dept. Agric. 21.
+    1897 P. scopulorum Lemmon in Gar. & For. x. 183.
+    1900 P. peninsularis Lemmon, W. Am. Conebear. 114.
+
+Spring-shoots uninodal, sometimes pruinose. Bark-formation early. Leaves
+prevalently in fascicles of 3, but varying from 2 to 5 or more, from 12
+to 36 cm. long; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm uniform or multiform, outer
+walls of the endoderm thick. Conelet mucronate, the mucro often
+reflexed. Cones from 8 to 20 cm. long, ovate-conic, symmetrical,
+deciduous and usually leaving a few basal scales on the tree; apophyses
+tawny yellow to fuscous brown, lustrous, elevated along a transverse
+keel, sometimes protuberant and reflexed, the umbo salient and forming
+the base of a pungent, persistent prickle.
+
+  This species ranges from southern British Columbia over the mountains
+  between the Pacific and the eastern foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains,
+  including the Black Hills of South Dakota, to the northeastern Sierras
+  of Mexico, to northern Jalisco and Lower California, forming, in many
+  localities, large forests and furnishing the best Hard Pine timber of
+  the western United States. It attains its best growth on the Sierras
+  of California and is, next to P. Lambertiana, the tallest of the
+  Pines.
+
+  Like P. Montezumae, and under like influences, it shows much
+  dimensional variation, and the leaf-fascicles are heteromerous, with
+  the larger number in the southern part of its range. Many authors
+  consider the variety Jeffreyi Vasey to be a distinct species; but
+  here, it seems to me, too much importance is attached to the pruinose
+  branchlet, clearly a provision against transpiration and associated
+  rather with a dry environment than with a species. Most observers
+  discover many intermediate forms between this variety and the species.
+  The var. scopulorum Engelm. is the Rocky Mountain form with leaves in
+  2's and 3's and with small cones passing into P. arizonica, Engelm., a
+  more southern form with small cones and leaves in fascicles of 3 to 5.
+  The var. macrophylla (Shaw, Pines Mex. 24), in addition to its long
+  and stout leaves, bears a cone with protuberant apophyses, somewhat
+  comparable to the intermediate forms of P. pseudostrobus var.
+  apulcensis Shaw (l. c.). Fascicles of 6 and 7 leaves are sometimes
+  found, and specimens that I have collected in Sandia, Durango (issued
+  by Pringle, through a misunderstanding, under the name P. Roseana,
+  ined.) show such fascicles on the fertile branches.
+
+    Plate XXVI.
+
+    Fig. 230, Cone and seed of var. Jeffreyi. Fig. 231, Cone of var.
+    macrophylla. Fig. 232, Cone of var. scopulorum. Fig. 233, Magnified
+    leaf-section and cells of leaf-endoderm. Fig. 234, Magnified dermal
+    tissues of the leaf, showing uniform and multiform hypoderm.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXVI. PINUS PONDEROSA]
+
+
+40. PINUS TEOCOTE
+
+    1830 P. teocote Schlechtendal & Chamisso in Linnaea, v. 76.
+
+Spring-shoots uninodal, or sometimes multinodal. Leaves prevalently in
+fascicles of 3, but varying from 3 to 5, from 10 to 20 cm. long;
+resin-ducts medial, sometimes with an internal duct, hypoderm biform,
+endoderm with thick outer walls. Conelets mucronate. Cones usually very
+small, from 4 to 6 cm. long, but with a larger varietal form, ovate to
+long-conic, symmetrical; apophyses nut-brown, flat or tumid, the mucro
+usually deciduous.
+
+  This species grows at temperate altitudes from Chiapas to Nuevo Leon,
+  associated with temperate Mexican species such as P. patula, P.
+  leiophylla and others, and is easily recognized by its small cone. The
+  variety with a larger cone (var. macrocarpa, Shaw, Pines Mex. t. 10) I
+  have found growing in mixed groves of P. teocote and P. leiophylla. It
+  resembles the latter in cone and leaf, but lacks the peculiar
+  character that distinguishes P. leiophylla from all other Mexican
+  species--the triennial cone. Some of the specimens of Hartweg No. 441
+  belong here, as well as Pringle's specimens, Nos. 10013, 10018,
+  distributed as P. eslavae, ined.
+
+    Plate XXVII.
+
+    Fig. 235, Two cones of the species and the larger cone of the
+    variety. Fig. 236, Leaf-fascicle and magnified sections of two
+    leaves. Fig. 237 a, Dermal tissues of the leaf magnified; b,
+    magnified cells of the leaf-endoderm. Fig. 238, Habit of the tree.
+
+
+41. PINUS LAWSONII
+
+    1862 P. Lawsonii Roezl ex Gordon, Pinet. Suppl. 64.
+    1905 P. Altamirani Shaw in Sargent, Trees & Shrubs, i. 209, t. 99.
+
+Spring-shoots conspicuously pruinose, uninodal or not infrequently
+multinodal. Leaves in fascicles of 3, 4 or 5, not exceeding 24 cm. in
+length; resin-ducts internal, often with one or two medial ducts,
+hypoderm biform, endoderm usually with thin outer walls. Conelets
+mucronate. Cones from 5 to 7 cm. long on pliant peduncles, ovate or
+ovate-conic, oblique or sometimes symmetrical, deciduous, or persistent
+with a weak hold on the branch; apophyses nut-brown, flat or tumid,
+often protuberant on the posterior face of the cone, the umbo usually
+large and salient, forming a rounded button-like projection, on which
+the mucro is wanting.
+
+  A subtropical species of central and western Mexico, growing alone or
+  associated with P. oocarpa, P. Pringlei and the subtropical forms of
+  P. Montezumae and P. pseudostrobus. It is recognized among its
+  associate species by its conspicuously glaucous foliage. The cone is
+  very variable on trees of the same grove, both in size and in the
+  protuberance of its apophyses. Gordon's specimen in the Kew herbarium
+  consists of a single detached cone and a few leaves. The leaves differ
+  from all that I have examined in showing thick-walled endoderm cells,
+  but the cone corresponds with many of my own collection.
+
+    Plate XXVII.
+
+    Fig. 239, Three cones. Fig. 240, Leaf-fascicle and magnified
+    leaf-section. Fig. 241, Magnified cells of the leaf-endoderm.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXVII. P. TEOCOTE (235-238), LAWSONII (239-241)]
+
+
+42. PINUS OCCIDENTALIS
+
+    1788 P. occidentalis Swartz, Nov. Gen. & Sp. Pl. 103.
+    1862 P. cubensis Grisebach in Mem. Am. Acad. ser. 2, viii. 530.
+    1880 P. Wrightii Engelmann in Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, iv. 185.
+
+Spring-shoots uninodal, pruinose. Leaves in fascicles of 2 to 5, from 15
+to 22 cm. long; resin-ducts internal, hypoderm biform, endoderm with
+thin outer walls. Conelets erect, aristate. Cones from 5 to 8 cm. long,
+reflexed, ovate, symmetrical, deciduous; apophyses nut-brown, lustrous,
+flat or tumid, the umbo often thin and, together with the slender
+prickle, bent sharply downward.
+
+  This species is confined to San Domingo, Hayti and eastern Cuba. Its
+  erect conelet and reflexed cone distinguish it from P. caribaea, which
+  has both its conelet and cone reflexed. Moreover the conelet is
+  usually, perhaps always, subterminal in P. occidentalis.
+
+    Plate XXVIII.
+
+    Fig. 247, Cone. Fig. 248, Conelet and enlarged aristate scales. Fig.
+    249, Magnified sections of two leaves and more magnified dermal
+    tissues.
+
+
+43. PINUS PALUSTRIS
+
+    1768 P. palustris Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8.
+    1810 P. australis Michaux f. Hist. Arbr. Am. i. 64, t. 6.
+
+Spring-shoots uninodal, rarely multinodal. Buds peculiarly large, white,
+and conspicuously fringed with the long free cilia of the bud-scales.
+Leaves in fascicles of 3, from 20 to 45 cm. long, rigid; resin-ducts
+internal, hypoderm biform, endoderm with thin outer walls. Conelets
+short-mucronate. Cones from 15 to 20 cm. long, narrow, tapering from a
+rounded base to a blunt point, symmetrical, deciduous and usually
+leaving a few scales on the tree; apophyses dull nut-brown, elevated
+along a transverse keel, the umbo salient and forming the broad base of
+a small persistent prickle.
+
+  Its thin sap-wood, its very strong heavy wood of large dimensions with
+  abundant resin of excellent quality make this the most valuable
+  species of the genus. It ranges over the sandy plain that borders the
+  Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico, from southeastern Virginia to eastern
+  Texas. The northern limit is approximately the centre of the Southern
+  and Gulf States, with a northern extension in Alabama to the base of
+  the Appalachian Mountains and to northwestern Louisiana. Its southern
+  limit lies near the centre of the Florida peninsula.
+
+  Among its associates this species is recognized by its large white
+  fringed bud and its elongated cone. Its leaves attain, on vigorous
+  trees, the maximum length among Pines, but on most trees the leaves do
+  not differ in length from the longer forms of those of P. caribaea or
+  P. taeda. A peculiarity, which it shares with P. caribaea, is the
+  deciduous scaly bark of mature trees, constantly falling away in thin
+  irregular scales.
+
+    Plate XXVIII.
+
+    Figs. 242, 243, Cones and seed. Fig. 244, Bud. Fig. 245, Magnified
+    leaf-section. Fig. 246, Magnified cells of the leaf-endoderm. The
+    dermal tissues of fig. 249 also apply to this species.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXVIII. P. PALUSTRIS (242-246), OCCIDENTALIS
+(247-249)]
+
+
+44. PINUS CARIBAEA
+
+    1851 P. caribaea Morelet in Rev. Hort. Côte d'Or, i. 105.
+    1864 P. bahamensis Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 503.
+    1880 P. Elliottii Engelmann in Trans. Acad. St. Louis, iv. 186,
+              tt. 1-3.
+    1884 P. cubensis Sargent in Rep. 10th. Cens. U. S. ix. 202
+              (not Grisebach).
+    1893 P. heterophylla Sudworth in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, xx. 45.
+    1903 P. recurvata Rowley in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, xxx. 107.
+
+Spring-shoots multinodal, more or less pruinose. Buds pale
+chestnut-brown. Leaves in fascicles of 2 and 3, or more in its southern
+range, from 12 to 25 cm. long; resin-ducts internal, hypoderm biform,
+endoderm with thin outer walls. Conelets reflexed on long peduncles,
+mucronate. Cones from 5 to 15 cm. long, ovate or oblong-ovate,
+symmetrical, deciduous and leaving often a few basal scales on the
+branch; apophyses lustrous, rufous-brown, tumid, the umbo somewhat
+salient and minutely mucronate.
+
+  The northern limit of the range of P. caribaea extends from the coast
+  of southeastern S. Carolina through southeastern Georgia and southern
+  Alabama to southeastern Louisiana. It is associated with P. palustris,
+  taeda, serotina, echinata and glabra in this part of its range. It
+  continues through Florida, where it encounters P. clausa. On the
+  Bahamas it is the only Pine. On the Isle of Pines it finds in P.
+  tropicalis another associate. It also grows in Honduras and Guatemala.
+  The wood and resin of this species are of such excellent quality that
+  no commercial distinction is made between P. caribaea and P.
+  palustris.
+
+    Plate XXIX.
+
+    Fig. 250, Cone from the Isle of Pines. Fig. 251, Small form of cone.
+    Fig. 252, Large form of cone and binate leaf-fascicle. Fig. 253,
+    Conelet. Fig. 254, Magnified sections of leaves from binate and
+    ternate fascicles. Fig. 255, Habit of the tree, contrasted with a
+    tree of P. palustris in the middle-distance.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXIX. PINUS CARIBAEA]
+
+
+45. PINUS TAEDA
+
+    1753 P. taeda Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1000.
+    1788 P. lutea Walter Fl. Carol. 237.
+    1903 P. heterophylla Small, Fl. Southeast. U. S. 28 (not Sudworth).
+
+Spring-shoots multinodal. Leaves in fascicles of 3, from 12 to 25 cm.
+long; resin-ducts medial, sometimes with an internal duct, hypoderm
+biform, endoderm with thin outer walls. Conelets erect, their scales
+prolonged into a sharp point. Cones from 6 to 10 cm. long, ovate-conic,
+symmetrical; apophyses dull pale nut-brown, rarely lustrous, elevated
+along a transverse keel, the whole umbo forming a stout triangular spine
+with slightly concave sides.
+
+  The species ranges from southern New Jersey to southern Arkansas,
+  Oklahoma, eastern Texas and southwestern Tennessee, but does not occur
+  in the lower half of the Florida peninsula. It is an important
+  timber-tree, manufactured into all descriptions of scantlings,
+  boarding and finish, but the wood is of various qualities. It may be
+  recognized by the spine of its cone in both years of growth. Excepting
+  the formidable armature of the cone of P. pungens, the spines are the
+  strongest and most persistent of all the species of eastern North
+  America.
+
+    Plate XXX.
+
+    Fig. 264, Cone. Fig. 265, Leaf-fascicle. Fig. 266, Magnified
+    leaf-section. Fig. 267. Magnified scales of the conelet.
+
+
+46. PINUS GLABRA
+
+    1788 P. glabra Walter, Fl. Carol. 237.
+
+Spring-shoots multinodal. Bark-formation late, the upper trunks of
+mature trees smooth. Leaves in fascicles of 2, from 9 to 12 cm. long;
+resin-ducts medial, hypoderm weak, sometimes of a single row, biform
+when of two rows, endoderm with thin outer walls. Conelets reflexed,
+mucronate. Cones from 4 to 7 cm. long, reflexed, ovate, symmetrical,
+deciduous on some trees, persistent on others; apophyses pale dull
+nut-brown, thin or slightly thickened, the prickle usually deciduous.
+
+  A tree that sometimes attains important dimensions, growing singly or
+  in small groves from the neighborhood of Charleston, S. C., to eastern
+  Louisiana and central Mississippi, most abundant in a strip of
+  territory on either side of the northern boundary of Florida. Among
+  the Pines of the southeastern United States it is the only species
+  with late bark-formation, and is therefore easily identified.
+
+    Plate XXX.
+
+    Fig. 256, Cone. Fig. 257, Enlarged scale of the conelet. Fig. 258,
+    Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section. Fig. 259, Dermal tissues
+    of the leaf magnified, with a double row of hypoderm cells.
+
+
+47. PINUS ECHINATA
+
+    1768 P. echinata Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8.
+    1788 P. squarrosa Walter, Fl. Carol. 237.
+    1803 P. mitis Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. ii. 204.
+    1803 P. variabilis Lambert, Gen. Pin. i. 22, t. 15.
+    1854 P. Royleana Jamieson in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. ix. 52, f.
+
+Spring-shoots multinodal, somewhat pruinose. Bark forming early, rough
+on the upper trunk. Leaves in fascicles of 2 and 3, from 7 to 12 cm.
+long; resin-ducts medial, with an occasional internal duct, hypoderm
+weak, biform when of two rows of cells, endoderm with thin outer walls.
+Conelets mucronate. Cones from 4 to 6 cm. long, ovate-conic,
+symmetrical, often persistent; apophyses dull pale nut-brown, thin or
+somewhat thickened along a transverse keel, the umbo salient, the mucro
+more or less persistent.
+
+  This species ranges from southeastern New York to northern Florida, to
+  West Virginia and eastern Tennessee, and through the Gulf States to
+  eastern Louisiana, eastern Texas, southern Missouri and southwestern
+  Illinois. It is extensively manufactured into material of all kinds
+  that enters into the construction of buildings. It differs from P.
+  virginiana in its longer leaves, brittle branches, and much greater
+  height, from P. glabra in its rough upper trunk, and from both by the
+  frequent presence of trimerous leaf-fascicles.
+
+  Of the six or seven pines of the southeastern United States, this
+  species covers a larger area and ascends the slopes of the Alleghany
+  Mountains far enough to meet the northern species, P. virginiana, P.
+  rigida, and P. strobus. Unlike the western members of this group, P.
+  echinata and its associates are not variable. Their characters are
+  singularly constant, as their limited synonymy and total lack of
+  varietal names attest.
+
+    Plate XXX.
+
+    Fig. 260, Cone. Fig. 261, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section
+    from a ternate fascicle. Fig. 262, Magnified leaf-section from a
+    binate fascicle. Fig. 263, Multinodal branchlet bearing lateral and
+    subterminal conelets and a ripe cone. Figs. 257, showing mucronate
+    scales of the conelet, and 259, showing dermal tissues of the leaf,
+    are applicable also to this species.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXX. P. GLABRA (256-259), ECHINATA (260-263), TAEDA
+(264-267)]
+
+
+=XII. INSIGNES=
+
+Pits of the ray-cells small. Cones tenaciously persistent, serotinous in
+various degrees. Conelets mucronate or spinose.
+
+    Spring-shoots uninodal.
+      Resin-ducts mostly internal                        48. Pringlei
+      Resin-ducts mostly septal                          49. oocarpa
+    Spring-shoots multinodal.
+      Cones symmetrical.
+        Leaf-hypoderm not biform.
+          Bark-formation late                            50. halepensis
+          Bark-formation early                           51. pinaster
+        Leaf-hypoderm biform.
+          Cones with slender spines.
+            Leaves binate.
+              Cones dehiscent at maturity                52. virginiana
+              Cones serotinous                           53. clausa
+            Leaves ternate.
+              Cones dehiscent at maturity                54. rigida
+              Cones serotinous                           55. serotina
+          Cones with stout spines                        56. pungens
+      Cones oblique or unsymmetrical.
+        Cones and leaves very short, not exceeding 6 cm.
+          Cones curved or warped                         57. Banksiana
+          Cones straight                                 58. contorta
+        Cones and leaves much longer, more than 7 cm.
+          Posterior cone-scales gradually larger than
+              anterior scales.
+            Bark-formation late                          59. Greggii
+            Bark-formation early                         60. patula
+          Posterior cone-scales abruptly larger than
+              anterior scales.
+            Cones with very stout spines                 61. muricata
+            Cones with minute or deciduous prickles.
+              Bark-formation late                        62. attenuata
+              Bark-formation early                       63. radiata
+
+
+48. PINUS PRINGLEI
+
+    1905 P. Pringlei Shaw in Sargent, Trees & Shrubs, i. 211, t. 100.
+
+Spring-shoots uninodal, sometimes pruinose. Leaves ternate, from 15 to
+25 cm. long; resin-ducts internal or with an occasional septal duct,
+hypoderm biform, in thick masses, often projecting far into the green
+tissue and sometimes touching the endoderm. Conelets mucronate. Cones
+from 5 to 10 cm. long, reflexed on a rigid peduncle, subsymmetrical or
+more or less oblique, tenaciously persistent, often serotinous;
+apophyses sublustrous tawny yellow or fulvous brown, convex, the
+posterior scales often more prominently developed, the mucro usually
+wanting; seed with a perceptibly thickened wing-blade.
+
+  A tree with long erect bright green foliage, confined, so far as
+  known, to the subtropical altitudes of western Mexico. As it grows in
+  Uruapan, Michoacan, there are two forms of the cone, large and small,
+  both with the same long rigid leaf.
+
+    Plate XXXI.
+
+    Figs. 268, 269. Three cones and seed. Fig. 270, Leaf-fascicle and
+    magnified leaf-section.
+
+
+49. PINUS OOCARPA
+
+    1838 P. oocarpa Schiede in Linnaea, xii. 491.
+    1842 P. oocarpoides Lindley ex Loudon, Encycl. 1118.
+
+Spring-shoots uninodal, pruinose. Leaves in fascicles of 3, 4 or 5, from
+15 to 30 cm. long, erect; resin-ducts mostly septal, sometimes internal,
+hypoderm biform or multiform. Conelets on very long peduncles,
+mucronate. Cones from 4 to 10 cm. long, long-pedunculate, broad-ovate to
+ovate-conic, symmetrical or sometimes oblique, persistent, more or less
+serotinous; apophysis gray-yellow or greenish yellow of high lustre,
+flat or variously convex, delicately and radially carinate, the umbo
+often salient, the prickle usually broken away; seed-wing appreciably
+thickened at the base of the blade.
+
+  A subtropical species, ranging from Guatemala to the northern border
+  of Sinaloa in northern Mexico; remarkable for the length of the
+  peduncle of the cone and for the prevalence of septal resin-ducts in
+  the leaf.
+
+    Plate XXXI.
+
+    Fig. 271, Three cones and seed. Fig. 272, Leaf-fascicle and
+    magnified leaf-section. Fig. 273, Cone from northern part of the
+    range. Fig. 274, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section from near
+    the northern limit.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXXI. P. PRINGLEI (268-270), OOCARPA (271-274)]
+
+
+50. PINUS HALEPENSIS
+
+    1762 P. sylvestris Gouan, Hort. Reg. Monspel. 494 (not Linnaeus).
+    1768 P. halepensis Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8.
+    1803 P. maritima Lambert, Gen. Pin. i. 13, t. 10.
+    1812 P. resinosa Loiseleur, Nouv. Duham. v. 237, t. 77 (not Aiton).
+    1815 P. brutia Tenore, Cat. Hort. Neap. Appx. 1, 75.
+    1826 P. arabica Sieber ex Sprengel, Syst. Veg. iii. 886.
+    1833 P. pyrenaica David in Ann. Soc. Hort. Paris, 186
+              (not Lapeyrouse).
+    1834 P. hispanica Cook, Sketches in Spain, ii. 337.
+    1838 P. pityusa Steven in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. xi. 49.
+    1841 P. carica Don in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. vii. 459.
+    1847 P. persica Strangways ex Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 157.
+    1855 P. abasica Carrière, Trait. Conif. 352.
+    1855 P. Loiseleuriana Carrière, Trait. Conif. 382.
+    1856 P. Parolinii Visiani in Mem. Ist. Venet. vi. 243, t. 1.
+    1902 P. eldarica Medwejew in Act. Hort. Tiflis. vi-2, 21, f.
+
+Spring-shoots often multinodal. Bark-formation late, the branches ashen
+gray and smooth for several years. Leaves binate, from 6 to 15 cm. long;
+resin-ducts external, hypoderm uniform. Conelets obscurely mucronate
+near the apex. Cones from 8 to 12 cm. long, ovate-conic, symmetrical or
+subsymmetrical, persistent, often serotinous; apophyses red with a
+lighter or deeper brownish shade, lustrous, flat, convex or
+low-pyramidal, radially carinate, the umbo often ashen gray and unarmed.
+
+  A tree ranging from Portugal to Afghanistan, and from Algeria to
+  Dalmatia and to northern Italy and Southern France. It is a vigorous
+  species in its own home, growing readily in poor soils, but not
+  successful in colder climates. The wood is resinous and valuable for
+  fuel. The turpentine industry, once associated with this species, has
+  gradually been abandoned for the more copious product of P. pinaster.
+
+  It is recognized by its lustrous red cones and by the ashen gray
+  cortex of its branches and upper trunk. Tenore's P. brutia (pyrenaica
+  of some authors) is founded on a difference in the length of the leaf
+  and on an erect cone with a shorter peduncle. To recognize species on
+  such distinctions would not be consistent with the purpose and spirit
+  of this discussion.
+
+    Plate XXXII.
+
+    Fig. 279, Two cones. Fig. 280, Cone. Fig. 281, Lateral conelet. Fig.
+    282, Magnified leaf-section. Fig. 283, Dermal tissues of the leaf
+    magnified.
+
+
+51. PINUS PINASTER
+
+    1768 P. sylvestris Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8 (not Linnaeus).
+    1789 P. pinaster Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii. 367.
+    1798 P. laricio Savi, Fl. Pisa. ii. 353 (not Poiret).
+    1804 P. maritima Poiret in Lamarck, Encycl. Méth. v. 337
+              (not Lambert).
+    1826 P. escarena Risso, Hist. Nat. ii. 340.
+    1835 P. Lemoniana Bentham in Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond. ser. 2,
+              i. 512, t.
+    1845 P. Hamiltonii Tenore, Cat. Ort. Nap. 90.
+
+Spring-shoots sometimes multinodal. Bark-formation early. Leaves binate,
+from 10 to 20 cm. long, stout and rigid; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm
+multiform, the inner cells gradually larger, remarkably large in the
+angles of the leaf. Conelets minutely mucronate. Cones from 9 to 18 cm.
+long, nearly sessile, ovate-conic, symmetrical or subsymmetrical,
+persistent, sometimes serotinous; apophyses lustrous nut-brown or rufous
+brown, conspicuously pyramidal, the umbo salient and pungent.
+
+  A maritime tree corresponding nearly, in its range, with the preceding
+  species, but more hardy in cooler climates. It grows from Portugal to
+  Greece, and from Algeria to Dalmatia, but its area has been much
+  extended by cultivation. Under favorable conditions it attains large
+  dimensions, but its exploitation for resin and turpentine tends to
+  diminish its size and disfigure its habit (Mathieu, Fl. Forest, ed. 4,
+  611). Its rapid growth, strong root-system, and its ability to thrive
+  on poor sandy soil, have led to the employment of this species for the
+  forestation of sand-dunes in France.
+
+  The tree can be recognized by its long stout leaves and persistent
+  brown cones. Its leaf-section is peculiar in the remarkable size of
+  the inner cells of the hypoderm, especially in the angles of the leaf.
+
+    Plate XXXII.
+
+    Figs. 275, 276, Cones. Fig. 277, Magnified leaf-section. Fig. 278,
+    Magnified dermal tissues in the angle of the leaf.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXXII. P. PINASTER (275-278), HALEPENSIS
+(279-283)]
+
+
+52. PINUS VIRGINIANA
+
+    1768 P. virginiana Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8.
+    1789 P. inops Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii. 367.
+
+Spring-shoots multinodal, pruinose; branchlets pliant and tough.
+Bark-formation slow, the cortex not rifted for some years. Leaves
+binate, from 4 to 8 cm. long; resin-ducts medial, or with an occasional
+internal duct; hypoderm biform. Conelets with long tapering sharp
+scales. Cones from 4 to 6 cm. long, ovate or oblong-ovate, symmetrical,
+persistent, dehiscent at maturity; apophyses lustrous nut-brown,
+somewhat elevated along a transverse keel, the umbo salient, forming a
+long slender prickle with a broad base.
+
+  Western Long Island to central Georgia and north Alabama, and from
+  eastern Tennessee to southern Indiana and southeastern Ohio. It is a
+  low bushy tree in the north, but in the south and west it attains
+  small timber-size and is locally exploited. It is hardy beyond the
+  limits of its natural range, growing readily in the vicinity of
+  Boston. Its short binate leaves, the persistent long prickles of its
+  cone, and its tough branches, combine to distinguish this Pine from
+  its associates. The obvious relationship of P. virginiana and P.
+  clausa places the former in this, rather than in the preceding group.
+
+    Plate XXXIII.
+
+    Fig. 284, Cones. Fig. 285, Conelet and its enlarged spinose scale.
+    Fig. 286, Leaf-fascicle, magnified leaf-section and more magnified
+    dermal tissues of the leaf. Fig. 287, Buds.
+
+
+53. PINUS CLAUSA
+
+    1884 P. clausa Vasey ex Sargent, Rep. 10th Cens. U. S. ix. 199.
+
+Spring-shoots multinodal. Bark-formation slow, as in the preceding
+species. Leaves binate, from 5 to 9 cm. long; resin-ducts medial, or
+with an occasional internal duct, hypoderm biform when of two rows of
+cells. Conelets with long tapering acute scales. Cones from 5 to 8 cm.
+long, reflexed, ovate-conic, symmetrical, persistent, often serotinous;
+apophyses lustrous nut-brown, elevated along a transverse keel, the umbo
+forming a triangular persistent spine.
+
+  A species of limited range, confined to the sandy coast of Alabama and
+  to Florida. It sometimes attains timber-size, but is usually a low
+  spreading tree of no commercial importance and never seen in
+  cultivation. It is recognized by its smooth branches, binate leaves
+  and numerous, often multiserial, clusters of persistent, often closed,
+  cones. It is associated with P. caribaea and, in the northern part of
+  its range, it grows with the other Southern species. By its close
+  resemblance it may be considered the serotinous form of P. virginiana.
+
+    Plate XXXIII.
+
+    Fig. 288, Three nodal groups of cones of the same year. Fig. 289,
+    Conelet and its enlarged scale. Fig. 290, Leaf-fascicle and
+    magnified leaf-section. Fig. 291, Larger form of the tree.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXXIII. P. VIRGINIANA (284-287), CLAUSA (288-291)]
+
+
+54. PINUS RIGIDA
+
+    1768 P. rigida Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8.
+    1909 P. serotina Long, in Bartonia, ii. 17 (not Michaux).
+
+Spring-shoots multinodal. Leaves ternate, from 7 to 14 cm. long;
+resin-ducts medial, or with an occasional internal duct, hypoderm
+biform. Scales of the conelet abruptly prolonged into a spine. Cones
+from 3 to 7 cm. long, ovate-conic, symmetrical, persistent, dehiscent at
+maturity or rarely serotinous; apophyses lustrous tawny yellow, elevated
+along a transverse keel, the umbo salient and forming the broad base of
+a slender sharp prickle.
+
+  A tree with bright green foliage in spreading tufts. The northern
+  limit of its range is in southwestern New Brunswick, southern Maine,
+  central New Hampshire and Vermont, the Thousand Islands of the St.
+  Lawrence River and central Ohio. It ranges into Pennsylvania and
+  Delaware at low levels and thence over the Alleghanies into northern
+  Georgia. It is associated with P. strobus and P. resinosa and, further
+  south, with P. virginiana. The cones are rarely serotinous, but it is
+  remarkably like P. serotina in many characters, and is therefore
+  placed in this group.
+
+    Plate XXXIV.
+
+    Fig. 292, Cones. Fig. 293, Leaf-fascicle, magnified section through
+    a fascicle, and magnified dermal tissues of the leaf. Fig. 294,
+    Upper part of a tree.
+
+
+55. PINUS SEROTINA
+
+    1803 P. serotina Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. ii. 205.
+
+Spring-shoots multinodal. Leaves ternate, from 12 to 20 cm. long;
+resin-ducts medial or medial and internal, hypoderm biform. Conelet
+long-mucronate. Cones from 5 to 7 cm. long, subglobose or short-ovate,
+symmetrical, persistent, serotinous; apophyses lustrous tawny yellow,
+slightly elevated along a transverse keel, the umbo forming the broad
+base of a slender, rather fragile prickle.
+
+  This species is confined to low wet lands from southeastern Virginia
+  to northern Florida and central Alabama. It is one of the associated
+  six timber-Pines of the Southern States and the only one of them with
+  serotinous cones. Its wood is of like value with that of P. taeda, the
+  two species being constantly confused by lumbermen. It is never
+  associated with P. rigida, but its resemblance to that Pine is so
+  great that it may be regarded as its serotinous form. Its leaf is
+  longer, its cone usually more orbicular and the prickle weaker.
+
+    Plate XXXIV.
+
+    Fig. 295, Cone. Fig. 296, Conelet and its enlarged scale. Fig. 297,
+    Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section.
+
+
+56. PINUS PUNGENS
+
+    1803 P. taeda Lambert, Gen. Pin. i. t. 16, (as to cone).
+              (not Linnaeus).
+    1806 P. pungens Lambert in Ann. Bot. ii. 198.
+    1852 P. montana Noll, Bot. Class Book, 340. (not Miller).
+
+Spring-shoots multinodal. Leaves binate or ternate, from 3 to 7 cm.
+long; resin-ducts medial, or with an occasional internal duct, hypoderm
+biform. Scales of the conelet much prolonged into a very acute triangle.
+Cones from 5 to 9 cm. long, symmetrical or subsymmetrical, tenaciously
+persistent, serotinous; apophyses lustrous or sublustrous fulvous brown,
+much elevated along a transverse keel, the umbo forming a stout
+formidable spine, uniform or nearly uniform on all faces of the cone.
+
+  A mountain species ranging from central Pennsylvania to northern
+  Georgia, with isolated stations in western New Jersey and Maryland. It
+  is remarkable among the Pines of eastern North America for the size
+  and strength of the spines of its cone. The armature resembles that of
+  the cone of the western P. muricata, but with the difference that the
+  western cone is strongly oblique, the anterior and posterior spines
+  varying greatly in size.
+
+    Plate XXXIV.
+
+    Fig. 298, Cone. Fig. 299, Conelet and its enlarged scale. Fig. 300,
+    Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXXIV. P. RIGIDA (292-294), SEROTINA (295-297),
+PUNGENS (298-300)]
+
+
+57. PINUS BANKSIANA
+
+    1803 P. Banksiana Lambert, Gen. Pin. i. 7. t. 3.
+    1804 P. hudsonia Poiret in Lamarck, Encycl. Méth. v. 339.
+    1810 P. rupestris Michaux f. Hist. Arbr. Am. i. 49, t. 2.
+    1811 P. divaricata Dumont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, vi. 457.
+
+Spring-shoots multinodal. Leaves binate, from 2 to 4 cm. long;
+resin-ducts medial, hypoderm biform. Conelets minutely mucronate. Cones
+from 3 to 5 cm. long, erect, ovate-conic, oblique, much curved or
+variously warped from the irregular development of the scales,
+serotinous; apophyses lustrous tawny yellow, concave, flat or convex,
+the umbo small and unarmed.
+
+  The most northern American Pine, growing near the Arctic Circle in the
+  valley of the Mackenzie River, whence it ranges southeasterly to
+  central Minnesota and the south shore of Lake Michigan, and easterly
+  through the Dominion of Canada to northern Vermont, southern Maine,
+  and Nova Scotia. In the northern part of its range it is the only
+  Pine, but further south it is associated with P. strobus and P.
+  resinosa. It is easily identified by its curious curved or deformed
+  cones.
+
+    Plate XXXV.
+
+    Fig. 301, Cones. Fig. 302, Biserial cones of the same year.
+    Fig. 303, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section. Fig. 304,
+    Habit of the tree.
+
+
+
+58. PINUS CONTORTA
+
+    1833 P. inops Bongard in Mém. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersb. ii. 163,
+              (not Aiton).
+    1838 P. contorta Douglas ex Loudon, Arb. Brit. iv. 2292, f. 2211.
+    1853 P. Murrayana Balfour in Bot. Exp. Oregon, 2, f.
+    1854 P. Boursieri Carrière in Rev. Hort. 225, ff. 16, 17.
+    1868 P. Bolanderi Parlatore in DC. Prodr. xvi-2, 379.
+    1869 P. tamrac Murray in Gard. Chron. 191, ff. 1-9.
+    1898 P. tenuis Lemmon in Erythea, vi. 77.
+
+Spring-shoots multinodal. Leaves binate, from 3 to 5 cm. long;
+resin-ducts medial, hypoderm biform. Conelets long-mucronate. Cones from
+2 to 5 cm. long, sessile, ovate-conic, symmetrical or very oblique,
+persistent, serotinous; apophyses lustrous tawny-yellow, flat or
+protuberant, on oblique cones abruptly larger on the posterior face; the
+umbo armed with a slender fragile prickle.
+
+  It grows from the valley of the Yukon, near the Alaskan boundary,
+  along the Pacific coast to Mendocino county, California. It covers the
+  plains and slopes of British Columbia and follows the Rocky Mountains
+  into western Colorado, with an outlying station on the Black Hills of
+  South Dakota. It grows on the Sierras and mountains of southern
+  California and in northern Lower California. On the seashore this Pine
+  is of low dense growth, but inland it is a slender tree with a long
+  tapering stem. It is easily recognized by its very short leaves and
+  very small cone.
+
+    Plate XXXV.
+
+    Fig. 305, Cones. Fig. 306, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXXV. P. BANKSIANA (301-304), CONTORTA (305, 306)]
+
+
+59. PINUS GREGGII
+
+    1868 P. Greggii Engelmann ex Parlatore in DC. Prodr. xvi-2, 396.
+
+Spring-shoots uninodal and multinodal, pruinose. Bark-formation late,
+the branches and upper trunk smooth. Leaves ternate, from 7 to 10 cm.
+long, erect; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm of uniform thin-walled cells.
+Conelets mucronate. Cones from 6 to 12 cm. long, ovate-conic, oblique,
+serotinous, reflexed; apophyses lustrous tawny yellow, convex, the
+posterior gradually larger and more prominent than the anterior scales,
+the umbo flat or depressed, the mucro deciduous.
+
+  This species is known, at present, from specimens collected in the
+  vicinity of the city of Saltillo, in northeastern Mexico. Were it not
+  for the difference of bark it might be considered to be a northern
+  variety of P. patula with shorter erect leaves. With both species the
+  long peduncle of the conelet becomes overgrown by the basal scales of
+  the ripe cone, which appears to be sessile. With both, the cones are
+  in crowded nodal clusters, reflexed against the branch. They are so
+  much alike that earlier descriptions of P. patula included the smooth
+  gray bark of P. Greggii. The first correct description of the scaly
+  red bark of P. patula appeared in the second edition of Veitch's
+  Manual of Conifers.
+
+    Plate XXXVI.
+
+    Fig. 311, Cone. Fig. 312, Conelet. Fig. 313, Leaf-fascicle and
+    magnified leaf-section. Fig. 314, Branch showing erect leaves.
+
+
+60. PINUS PATULA
+
+    1831 P. patula Schlechtendal & Chamisso in Linnaea, vi. 354.
+
+Spring-shoots multinodal, more or less pruinose. Bark-formation early,
+the scales deciduous, the upper trunk and branches red. Leaves
+prevalently ternate but sometimes in fascicles of 4 or 5, from 15 to 30
+cm. long, slender and gracefully drooping; resin-ducts medial or with an
+occasional internal duct, hypoderm weak, of uniform thin-walled cells.
+Conelets mucronate. Cones from 6 to 11 cm. long, in crowded verticillate
+clusters, sessile, reflexed, ovate-conic, oblique, persistent and
+serotinous; apophyses lustrous nut-brown, more or less tumid, the
+posterior gradually larger than the anterior scales, the umbo flat or
+depressed, the mucro wanting.
+
+  Patula grows in the warm-temperate climates of Hidalgo, Puebla and
+  Vera Cruz, in eastern and central Mexico. It can be at once recognized
+  by its slender drooping foliage, its persistent cones, and its red
+  upper trunk. It is cultivated in northern Italy and in the warmer
+  parts of Great Britain.
+
+    Plate XXXVI.
+
+    Fig. 307, Cone. Fig. 308, Conelet. Fig. 309, Leaf-fascicle and
+    magnified leaf-section. Fig. 310, Branchlet with drooping leaves.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXXVI. P. PATULA (307-310), GREGGII (311-314)]
+
+
+61. PINUS MURICATA
+
+    1837 P. muricata D. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 441.
+    1848 P. Edgariana Hartweg in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. iii. 217.
+
+Spring-shoots multinodal. Leaves binate, from 10 to 15 cm. long;
+resin-ducts medial, hypoderm biform. Scales of the conelet prolonged
+into a triangular spine. Cones from 5 to 9 cm. long, in verticillate
+clusters, sessile, reflexed, ovate-conic, oblique, serotinous; apophyses
+lustrous nut-brown, abruptly much larger on the posterior face of the
+cone, each armed with a formidable spine varying in size with the
+varying size of the apophysis.
+
+  This species grows on the coast of California, in scattered stations
+  between Mendocino and San Luis Obispo Counties, and on the northwest
+  coast of Lower California and on Cedros Island. It is recognized by
+  its oblique cones, conspicuously spinose, indefinitely persistent and
+  very serotinous. The unequal development of its cone-scales
+  distinguishes the cone from the more symmetrically developed cone of
+  P. pungens. Fruiting trees of P. muricata may be seen in the Royal
+  Gardens at Kew.
+
+    Plate XXXVII.
+
+    Fig. 315, Cone. Fig. 316, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section.
+
+
+62. PINUS ATTENUATA
+
+    1847 P. californica Hartweg in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. ii. 189,
+              (not? P. CALIFORNIANA, Loiseleur).
+    1849 P. tuberculata Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. iv. 218,
+              f. (not D. Don).
+    1892 P. attenuata Lemmon in Mining & Sci. Press, lxiv. 45.
+
+Spring-shoots multinodal. Bark-formation late, the branches and upper
+trunk smooth. Leaves ternate, from 8 to 16 cm. long; resin-ducts medial
+or with one or more internal ducts, hypoderm biform. Scales of the
+conelet prolonged into a triangular spine. Cones from 8 to 16 cm. long,
+in verticillate clusters, sessile, reflexed, long-ovate, oblique,
+persistent and remarkably serotinous; apophyses lustrous tawny yellow,
+abruptly larger and more prominent on the posterior face of the cone,
+where they are usually prolonged into acute pyramids with a small
+incurved spine.
+
+  A tree of slender habit and gray-green foliage, the trunk studded with
+  persistent nodal cone-clusters; growing on dry mountain slopes, from
+  southwestern Oregon over the foot-hills of the northern mountains of
+  California and its coastal ranges as far as the southern slopes of the
+  San Bernardino Mountains. It attains its best development in the
+  northern part of its range, but is never a tree of importance. The
+  serotinous habit is more pronounced in this than in any other species.
+  It is distinct from P. radiata, its nearest relative, by the color of
+  the cone, by its smooth upper trunk and by its much smaller size.
+
+  The possibility of identifying P. californiana Loiseleur (Nouv. Duham.
+  v. 293), through a cone said to have been sent to the Museum at Paris,
+  may cause this name to be applied, by reason of its early date (1812),
+  to some existing species. Don's radiata and tuberculata, although
+  considered to be the same species, were nevertheless founded on
+  different forms of the cone. Under a very narrow conception of
+  specific limits tuberculata Don might therefore acquire specific rank.
+  These considerations seem to make it advisable to abandon for this
+  species the names californica Hartw. and tuberculata Gord. for the
+  later name attenuata.
+
+    Plate XXXVII.
+
+    Fig. 317, Cone. Fig. 318, Magnified leaf-section.
+
+
+63. PINUS RADIATA
+
+    1837 P. radiata D. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 442.
+    1837 P. tuberculata D. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 442.
+    1838 P. insignis Douglas ex Loudon, Arb. Brit. iv. 2265, f. 2171.
+    1841 P. Sinclairii Hooker & Arnott in Bot. Beechy Voy. 392, t. 93
+              (as to leaves).
+
+Spring-shoots multinodal. Bark formation early, the branches and upper
+trunk rough. Leaves ternate or binate, from 10 to 15 cm. long;
+resin-ducts medial or with an occasional internal duct, hypoderm biform.
+Conelets mucronate, the mucro small and dorsal. Cones from 7 to 14 cm.
+long, in verticillate clusters, sessile, reflexed, ovate or oblong,
+oblique, serotinous; apophyses nut-brown, lustrous, tumid in various
+degrees, the posterior scales abruptly larger and very prominent, the
+umbo bearing the minute prickle or its remnant.
+
+  A tall tree with rich green foliage, growing on a strip of coast south
+  of San Francisco, particularly in Monterey County. It grows also on
+  the islands forming the Santa Barbara Channel and on the Island of
+  Guadeloupe, Lower California. It is remarkably successful in the
+  warmer climates of Europe and of Australasia. The species is distinct
+  in its peculiar cone with rounded apophyses.
+
+    Plate XXXVII.
+
+    Figs. 319, 320, Cones. Fig. 321, Leaf-fascicle and magnified
+    leaf-section. Fig. 322, Leaf-section from a binate fascicle. Fig.
+    323, Magnified dermal tissues of the leaf.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXXVII. P. MURICATA (315, 316), ATTENUATA (317,
+318), RADIATA (319-323)]
+
+
+=XIII. MACROCARPAE=
+
+Pits of the ray-cells small. Wing-blade of the seed thick. Cones large.
+Leaves long and stout.
+
+This group is remarkable for the size of leaf, conelet, and cone. The
+peculiar thick seed-wing is more or less obscurely present among the
+species of the Insignes, but never attains the development that
+differentiates this group from all other Pines. The leaf-section is
+notable for the large amount of hypoderm and for the presence of both
+thick and thin outer walls of the endoderm-cells, both forms appearing
+in the same leaf.
+
+    Wing-blade with a short membranous extension.
+      Leaves in fascicles of 5                            64. Torreyana
+      Leaves in fascicles of 3                            65. Sabiniana
+    Wing-blade with a long membranous extension, leaves
+        in fascicles of 3                                 66. Coulteri
+
+
+64. PINUS TORREYANA
+
+    1855 P. Torreyana Parry ex Carrière, Trait. Conif. 326.
+    1860 P. lophosperma Lindley in Gard. Chron. 46.
+
+Spring-shoots uninodal, pruinose. Leaves in fascicles of 5, from 20 to
+33 cm. long, very stout; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm uniform or
+somewhat multiform and of many cells. Conelets large, mucronate. Cones
+from 10 to 15 cm. long, on stout peduncles, broad-ovate, symmetrical,
+somewhat persistent; apophyses chocolate-brown, prominently pyramidal,
+the umbo salient and capped with a small mucro; seed-wing short, very
+thick, the dorsal surface of the nut spotted with the black remnants of
+the spermoderm.
+
+  A tree 10 or 12 metres high, often semi-prostrate in exposed
+  positions, confined to a restricted area on the coast north of San
+  Diego, California, and to the Island of Santa Rosa. This species
+  resembles P. Sabiniana in the length of its seed-wing and in the color
+  of its cone, but is distinct in the short triangular umbo, in its
+  pentamerous leaf-fascicles and in the mottled dorsal surface of its
+  nut.
+
+    Plate XXXVIII.
+
+    Fig. 324, Cone and seed. Fig. 325, Magnified leaf-section.
+
+
+65. PINUS SABINIANA
+
+    1833 P. Sabiniana Douglas in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvi. 747.
+
+Spring-shoots multinodal, pruinose. Leaves in fascicles of 3, from 20 to
+30 cm. long; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm multiform. Conelets large,
+their scales tapering to a sharp point. Cones from 15 to 25 cm. long,
+reflexed, ovate, slightly oblique, persistent; apophyses
+chocolate-brown, very prominent, the curved umbo confluent with the
+apophysis and with it forming a very large talon-like armature with a
+sharp apex and a broad thick base; seed-wing very thick, with a short
+membranous margin, the dorsal surface of the nut uniform in color.
+
+  A tree with sparse gray-green foliage, growing in small groves on the
+  foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges of California. Its
+  three leaves and the uniform color of the nut distinguish it from
+  P. Torreyana. From P. Coulteri it differs in the length of the
+  membranous portion of the seed-wing and in its gray-green leaves.
+
+    Plate XXXVIII.
+
+    Fig. 326, Cone. Fig. 327, Seed, nut and wing. Fig. 328, Magnified
+    leaf-section.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXXVIII. P. TORREYANA (324, 325), SABINIANA
+(326-328)]
+
+
+66. PINUS COULTERI
+
+    1837 P. Coulteri D. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 440.
+    1840 P. macrocarpa Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxvi. Misc. 62.
+
+Spring-shoots multinodal, pruinose. Leaves in fascicles of 3, from 15 to
+30 cm. long, very stout; resin-ducts medial, or with an occasional
+internal duct, hypoderm multiform and of many cells. Conelet very large,
+the scales tapering to a long sharp point. Cones from 25 to 35 cm. long,
+reflexed, ovate or oblong-ovate, somewhat oblique, persistent; apophyses
+sublustrous tawny yellow, very protuberant, with a narrow shoulder from
+which springs the umbo in the form of a large stout curved talon;
+seed-wing nearly equally divided between the very thick base and the
+membranous apex.
+
+  Remarkable among Pines for the size and weight of its cones, many
+  times heavier than the longer cones of P. Lambertiana, illustrating
+  the great change that the cone-tissues undergo in the gradual
+  evolution of the species. It is a tree with dark-green foliage,
+  growing from northern Lower California over the mountains of southern
+  California to the Santa Lucia range and to Mt. Diablo. It is of no
+  value except for fuel and for its large nuts. It is best recognized by
+  its seed. The cone differs from the others of this group in its yellow
+  color, not unlike that of boxwood.
+
+    Plate XXXIX.
+
+    Fig. 329, Cone of small size. Fig. 330, Seed, nut and wing. Fig.
+    331, Magnified leaf-section. Fig. 332, Conelet.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXXIX. PINUS COULTERI]
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+  Adnate wing, 16
+  Apinus, Neck.--Pinus, 24
+  Apophysis of cone, 10
+  Armature of conelet, 7
+  Articulate wing, 16
+  Australes-Group, 62
+
+  Balfourianae-Group, 42
+  Bark, 18
+  Bases of bracts decurrent and non-decurrent, 1
+  Bast-tissue of cone, 14
+  Biform hypoderm, 6
+  Bloom on branchlet, 2
+  Bracts, bases of, 1
+  Branchlet, multinodal, 2
+    uninodal, 2
+  Bud, latent, 2
+    leaf, 1
+    staminate, 1
+
+  Caryopitys, Small = Pinus, 24
+  Caryopitys edulis Small = Pinus cembroides, 38
+  Cembra, Opiz = Pinus, 24
+  Cembra-Subsection, 26
+  Cembrae-Group, 26
+  Cembroides-Group, 38
+  Characters of the genus, 1
+  Classification of species, 22
+  Color of cone, 8
+  Cone, apophysis of, 10
+    bast tissues of, 14
+    color of, 8
+    dimensions of, 8
+    oblique, 10
+    peduncle of, 8
+    persistent, 8
+    phyllotaxis of, 12
+    serotinous, 14
+    symmetrical, 10
+  Conelet, lateral, 7
+    pseudolateral, 7
+    subterminal, 7
+  Conspectus of Sections &c., 25
+  Connective of pollen-sacs, 7
+  Cotyledons, 1
+
+  Decurrent bases, 1
+  Definite phyllotaxis, 12
+  Dermal tissue of leaf, 4
+  Dimensions of cone, 8
+    leaf, 4
+  Diploxylon-Section, 44
+  Dorsal umbo, 8
+
+  Endoderm, 8
+  Evolutional characters, 20
+  External resin-ducts, 6
+
+  Fibro-vascular bundle, 6
+  Flexiles-Group, 28
+  Flowers, lateral, 7
+    pistillate, 7
+    staminate, 7
+    subterminal, 7
+
+  Generic characters, 18
+  Genus, characters of, 1
+  Geographical distribution, 24
+  Gerardianae-Group, 40
+  Green tissue of leaf, 6
+
+  Haploxylon-Section, 26
+  Hypoderm, biform, 6
+    multiform, 6
+    uniform, 6
+
+  Indefinite phyllotaxis, 12
+  Insignes-Group, 76
+  Internal resin-ducts, 6
+
+  Lariciones-Group, 51
+  Latent buds, 2
+  Lateral flowers, 7
+    conelet, 7
+  Leaf, dermal tissues of, 4
+    dimensions of, 4
+    fibro-vascular bundle of, 6
+    green tissue of, 6
+    persistence of, 4
+    primary, 1
+    resin-ducts of, 6
+    secondary, 2
+    stelar tissues of, 6
+    stomata of, 4
+    tissues of, 4
+  Leiophyllae-Group, 44
+  Longifoliae-Group, 46
+
+  Macrocarpae-Group, 90
+  Medial resin-ducts, 6
+  Multiform hypoderm, 6
+  Multinodal branchlet, 2
+    spring-shoot, 2
+
+  Non-decurrent bases, 1
+
+  Oblique cone, 10
+
+  Paracembra-Subsection, 36
+  Parapinaster-Subsection, 44
+  Peduncle of cone, 8
+  Persistence of leaf, 4
+  Persistent cone, 8
+  Phyllotaxis, of cone, 12
+    definite, 12
+    indefinite, 12
+  Pinaster-Subsection, 50
+  Pineae-Group, 48
+  Pinus, 24
+  Pinus abasica Carr. = halepensis, 78
+    alba-canadensis Prov. = strobus, 36
+    albicaulis Engelm., 27
+    Altamirani Shaw = Lawsonii, 68
+    apacheca Lemm. = ponderosa, 66
+    apulcensis Lindl. = pseudostrobus, 62
+    arabica Sieb. = halepensis, 78
+    aristata Engelm., 44
+    arizonica Engelm. = ponderosa, 66
+    Armandi Franch., 30
+    armena Koch = sylvestris, 54
+    attenuata Lemm., 88
+    australis Michx. = palustris, 70
+    austriaca Höss = nigra, 58
+    ayacahuite Ehrenb., 30
+    bahamensis Grise. = caribaea, 70
+    Balfouriana Balf., 42
+    Balfouriana Wats. = aristata, 44
+    Banksiana Lamb., 84
+    Beardsleyi Murr. = ponderosa, 66
+    Benthamiana Hartw. = ponderosa, 66
+    Bolanderi Parl. = contorta, 84
+    Bonapartea Roezl = ayacahuite, 30
+    Boursieri Carr. = contorta, 84
+    brachyptera Engelm. = ponderosa, 66
+    brutia Ten. = halepensis, 78
+    Bungeana Zucc., 40
+    californica Hartw. = attenuata, 88
+    canaliculata Miq. = Massoniana, 52
+    canariensis Smith, 48
+    caribaea Mor., 70
+    carica Don = halepensis, 78
+    cembra L., 27
+    cembra Thunb. = parviflora, 32
+    cembroides Gord. = Pinceana, 38
+    cembroides Newb. = albicaulis, 27
+    cembroides Zucc., 38
+    chihuahuana Engelm. = leiophylla, 44
+    clausa Vasey, 80
+    contorta Dougl., 84
+    coronans Litv. = cembra, 27
+    Coulteri D. Don, 93
+    Craigana Murr. = ponderosa, 66
+    cubensis Grise. = occidentalis, 70
+    cubensis Sarg. = caribaea, 70
+    dalmatica Vis. = nigra, 58
+    deflexa Torr. = ponderosa, 66
+    densata Mast. = sinensis, 60
+    densiflora Sieb. & Zucc., 52
+    Devoniana Lindl. = Montezumae, 64
+    divaricata Dum. Cours. = Banksiana, 84
+    Donnell-Smithii Mast. = Montezumae, 64
+    echinata Mill., 74
+    Edgariana Hartw. = muricata, 86
+    edulis Engelm. = cembroides, 38
+    Ehrenbergii Endl. = Montezumae, 64
+    eldarica Medw. = halepensis, 78
+    Elliottii Engelm. = caribaea, 70
+    Engelmanni Carr. = ponderosa, 66
+    escarena Riss. = pinaster, 80
+    excelsa Hook. = peuce, 34
+    excelsa Wall., 34
+    filifolia Lindl. = Montezumae, 64
+    Finlaysoniana Wall. = Merkusii, 58
+    flexilis James, 28
+    flexilis Balf. = albicaulis, 27
+    formosana Hay. = parviflora, 32
+    Fremontiana Endl. = cembroides, 38
+    Frieseana Wich. = sylvestris, 54
+    funebris Kom. = sinensis, 60
+    Gerardiana Wall., 42
+    glabra Walt., 72
+    Gordoniana Hartw. = Montezumae, 64
+    Greggii Engelm., 86
+    Grenvilleae Gord. = Montezumae, 64
+    Griffithii McClell. = excelsa, 34
+    halepensis Bieb. = nigra, 58
+    halepensis Mill., 78
+    Hamiltonii Ten. = pinaster, 80
+    Hartwegii Lindl. = Montezumae, 64
+    Heldreichii Chr. = nigra, 58
+    Henryi Mast. = sinensis, 60
+    heterophylla Small = taeda, 72
+    heterophylla Sudw. = caribaea, 70
+    hispanica Cook = halepensis, 78
+    hudsonia Poir. = Banksiana, 84
+    humilis Link = sylvestris, 54
+    inops Ait. = virginiana, 80
+    inops Bong. = contorta, 84
+    insignis Dougl. = radiata, 88
+    insularis Endl., 60
+    Jeffreyi Balf. = ponderosa, 66
+    kasya Royle = insularis, 60
+    khasiana Griff. = insularis, 60
+    Kochiana Klotzsch = sylvestris, 54
+    koraiensis Mast. = Armandi, 30
+    koraiensis Sieb. & Zucc., 26
+    Lambertiana Dougl., 32
+    lapponica Mayr = sylvestris, 54
+    laricio Poir. = nigra, 58
+    laricio Savi = pinaster, 80
+    latifolia Sarg. = ponderosa, 66
+    latisquama Engelm. = Pinceana, 38
+    latteri Mason = Merkusii, 58
+    Lawsonii Roezl., 68
+    leiophylla Schl. & Cham., 44
+    Lemoniana Benth. = pinaster, 80
+    leucodermis Ant. = nigra, 58
+    leucosperma Max. = sinensis, 60
+    Lindleyana Gord. = Montezumae, 64
+    Llaveana Schiede = cembroides, 38
+    Loiseleuriana Carr. = halepensis, 78
+    longifolia Roxb., 46
+    lophosperma Lindl. = Torreyana, 90
+    Loudoniana Gord. = ayacahuite, 30
+    luchuensis Mayr, 56
+    Lumholtzii Rob. & Fern., 46
+    lutea Walt. = taeda, 72
+    macrocarpa Lindl. = Coulteri, 93
+    macrophylla Engelm. = ponderosa, 66
+    macrophylla Lindl. = Montezumae, 64
+    maderiensis Ten. = pinea, 48
+    mandschurica Laws. = cembra, 27
+    mandschurica Rupr. = koraiensis, 26
+    maritima Ait. = nigra, 58
+    maritima Lamb. = halepensis, 78
+    maritima Poir. = pinaster, 80
+    Massoniana Lamb., 52
+    Massoniana Sieb. & Zucc. = Thunbergii, 56
+    Mastersiana Hay. = Armandi, 30
+    Mayriana Sudw. = ponderosa, 66
+    Merkusii De Vriese, 58
+    mitis Michx. = echinata, 74
+    monophylla Torr. = cembroides, 38
+    montana Lam. = cembra, 27
+    montana Mill., 54
+    montana Noll = pungens, 84
+    Montezumae Lamb., 64
+    monticola Dougl., 34
+    morrisonicola Hay. = parviflora, 32
+    mugho Poir. = montana, 54
+    mughus Jacq. = sylvestris, 54
+    mughus Scop. = montana, 54
+    muricata D. Don, 86
+    Murrayana Balf. = contorta, 84
+    Nelsonii Shaw, 40
+    nepalensis De Chamb. = excelsa, 34
+    nigra Arnold, 58
+    nigricans Host = nigra, 58
+    nivea Booth = strobus, 36
+    obliqua Saut. = montana, 54
+    occidentalis H. B. K. = Montezumae, 64
+    occidentalis Swartz, 70
+    oocarpa Schiede, 78
+    oocarpoides Lindl. = oocarpa, 78
+    orizabae Gord. = pseudostrobus, 62
+    osteosperma Engelm. = cembroides, 38
+    Pallasiana Lamb. = nigra, 58
+    palustris Miller, 70
+    Parolinii Vis. = halepensis, 78
+    Parryana Engelm. = cembroides, 38
+    Parryana Gord. = ponderosa, 66
+    parviflora Sieb. Zucc., 32
+    patula Schl. & Cham., 86
+    peninsularis Lemm. = ponderosa, 66
+    pentaphylla Mayr = parviflora, 32
+    persica Strangw. = halepensis, 78
+    peuce Grise., 34
+    pinaster Ait., 80
+    pinaster Bess. = nigra, 58
+    Pinceana Gord., 38
+    pindica Form. = nigra, 58
+    pinea Linn., 48
+    pityusa Stev. = halepensis, 78
+    ponderosa Dougl., 66
+    pontica Koch = sylvestris, 54
+    porphyrocarpa Laws. = monticola, 34
+    Pringlei Shaw, 76
+    prominens Mast. = sinensis, 60
+    pseudostrobus Lindl., 62
+    pumila Regel = cembra, 27
+    pumilio Haenke = montana, 54
+    pungens Lamb., 84
+    pyrenaica David = halepensis, 78
+    pyrenaica Lap. = nigra, 58
+    quadrifolia Sudw. = cembroides, 38
+    radiata D. Don, 88
+    radiata Hook. & Arn. = Montezumae, 64
+    recurvata Rowl. = caribaea, 70
+    reflexa Engelm. = flexilis, 28
+    resinosa Ait., 51
+    resinosa Loise. = halepensis, 78
+    resinosa Savi = sylvestris, 54
+    rigida Mill., 82
+    rotundata Link = montana, 54
+    Roxburghii Sarg. = longifolia, 46
+    Royleana Jam. = echinata, 74
+    rubra Michx.= resinosa, 51
+    rubra Mill. = sylvestris, 54
+    rudis Endl. = Montezumae, 64
+    rupestris Michx. = Banksiana, 84
+    Russelliana Lindl. = Montezumae, 64
+    Sabiniana Dougl., 90
+    Salzmanni Dun. = nigra, 58
+    sanguinea Lap. = montana, 54
+    sativa Lam. = pinea, 48
+    scipioniformis Mast. = Armandi, 30
+    scopifera Miq. = densiflora, 52
+    scopulorum Lemm. = ponderosa, 66
+    serotina Long = rigida, 82
+    serotina Michx., 82
+    shasta Carr. = albicaulis, 27
+    sibirica Mayr = cembra, 27
+    Sinclairii Hook. & Arn. = Montezumae, 64
+                            = radiata, 88
+    sinensis Lamb., 60
+    squarrosa Walt. = echinata, 74
+    strobiformis Engelm. = ayacahuite, 30
+    strobiformis Sarg. = flexilis 28
+    strobus Linn., 36
+    strobus Thunb. = koraiensis, 26
+    sylvestris Baumg. = nigra, 58
+    sylvestris Gouan = halepensis, 78
+    sylvestris Linn., 54
+    sylvestris Lour. = Merkusii, 58
+    sylvestris Mill. = pinaster, 80
+    sylvestris Thunb. = Thunbergii, 56
+    tabulaeformis Carr. = sinensis, 60
+    taeda Blanco = insularis, 60
+    taeda Lamb. = pungens, 84
+    taeda Linn., 72
+    tamrac Murr. = contorta, 84
+    tatarica Mill. = sylvestris, 54
+    tenuifolia Benth. = pseudostrobus, 62
+    tenuis Lemm. = contorta, 84
+    teocote Schl. & Cham., 68
+    terthrocarpa Shaw = tropicalis, 52
+    Thunbergii Parl., 56
+    Torreyana Parry, 90
+    tropicalis Mor., 52
+    tuberculata D. Don = radiata, 88
+    tuberculata Gord. = attenuata, 88
+    uliginosa Neum. = montana, 54
+    uncinata Ram. = montana, 54
+    variabilis Lamb. = echinata, 74
+    Veitchii Roezl = ayacahuite, 30
+    virginiana Mill., 80
+    Wilsonii Shaw = sinensis, 60
+    Wincesteriana Gord. = Montezumae, 64
+    Wrightii Engelm. = occidentalis, 70
+    yunnanensis Franch. = sinensis, 60
+  Pistillate flower, 7
+  Primary leaf, 1
+  Pseudolateral conelet, 7
+
+  Resin-ducts of the leaf external, 6
+    internal, 6
+    medial, 6
+    septal, 6
+
+  Secondary leaf, 2
+  Sectional characters, 18
+  Seed, wing of, 16
+    winged, 16
+    wingless, 16
+  Septal resin-ducts, 6
+  Serotinous cone, 14
+  Species, classification of, 22
+  Specific characters, 20
+  Spring-shoot, 2
+  Staminate flowers, 7
+  Stelar tissues of leaf, 6
+  Stomata of leaf, 4
+  Strobi-Group, 30
+  Strobus, Opiz = Pinus, 24
+  Strobus strobus Small = Pinus strobus, 36
+  Subsectional characters, 20
+  Subterminal conelet, 7
+    flower, 7
+  Symmetrical cone, 10
+
+  Terminal umbo, 8
+  Tissues of the cone, 12
+    leaf, 4
+    wood, 17
+
+  Umbo of the cone dorsal, 8
+    terminal, 8
+  Uninodal branchlet, 2
+    spring-shoot, 2
+  Uniform hypoderm, 6
+
+  Variation, 21
+
+  Wing of seed, adnate, 16
+    articulate, 16
+  Winged seed, 16
+  Wingless seed, 16
+  Wood, 17
+  Wood-strands of the cone, 14
+  Wood-tissues, 17
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes:
+
+1. The position of Plates was changed to the end of the section
+   referencing each.
+
+2. Species names appear to be Capitalized when they are names of persons
+   or places in this book, as in other material of this period.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Genus Pinus, by George Russell Shaw
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Genus Pinus, by George Russell Shaw
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
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+
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+Title: The Genus Pinus
+
+Author: George Russell Shaw
+
+Illustrator: George Russell Shaw
+
+Release Date: October 7, 2008 [EBook #26798]
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+
+
+
+<h1>THE GENUS PINUS</h1>
+<hr />
+
+<p class="center" style="font-size:1.2em; font-weight: bold;">PUBLICATIONS OF THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM No. 5</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<h1><span style="font-size= 1.2em;">THE</span><br />
+
+GENUS PINUS</h1>
+
+<p class="center" style="font-weight: bold;"><br /><br />BY</p>
+
+<p class="center" style="font-size: 1.5em; font-weight: bold;">GEORGE RUSSELL SHAW</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 201px;">
+<img src="images/logo.png" width="201" height="200" alt="Printer&#39;s Logo." title="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="noindent">Es giebt jedoch auch Arten&mdash;und dieses ist
+f&uuml;r den Systematiker wie f&uuml;r den Physiologen
+gleich wichtig&mdash;welche sich den wechselnden
+Bedingungen der Feuchtigkeit so vollkommen
+anpassen, dass ihre extremen Formen zu
+ungleichen Arten zu geh&ouml;ren scheinen.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align:right"><i>Schimper.</i></p>
+
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><br /><br />
+CAMBRIDGE<br />
+PRINTED AT THE RIVERSIDE PRESS<br />
+1914<br />
+</p>
+<hr />
+<p class="center">REPRINTED 1958 BY THE MURRAY PRINTING COMPANY<br />
+FORGE VILLAGE, MASSACHUSETTS
+</p>
+<hr />
+
+
+
+
+<h2>CONTENTS</h2>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table summary="Table of Contents">
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='right'><span class="smcap">Page</span></td><td><span class="smcap">Plate</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>PART 1 CHARACTERS OF THE GENUS</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Cotyledon, Primary Leaf, Bud and Branchlet</span></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#plate1">I</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Secondary Leaves</span></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_2">2</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#plate2">II</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">External Characters</span></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_4">4</a></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Internal Characters</span></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_4">4</a></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Flowers and Conelet</span></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#plate3">III</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Cone</span></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_8">8</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#plate4">IV</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Phyllotaxis</span></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_12">12</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#plate5">V</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Cone-tissues and Seeds</span></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_12">12</a>-<a href="#Page_16">16</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#plate6">VI</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Wood</span></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#plate7">VII</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Bark</span></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>PART 2 CLASSIFICATION OF THE SPECIES</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Sections, subsections and groups</span></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Section Haploxylon</span></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Subsection Cembra</span></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 3em;"><span class="smcap">Group Cembrae</span></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 4em;"><span class="smcap">Pinus Koraiensis, Cembra, Albicaulis</span></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_26">26</a>,<a href="#Page_27">27</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#plate8">VIII</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 3em;"><span class="smcap">Group Flexiles</span></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 4em;"><span class="smcap">Pinus Flexilis, Armandi</span></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#plate9">IX</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 3em;"><span class="smcap">Group Strobi</span></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 4em;"><span class="smcap">Pinus Ayacahuite, Lambertiana</span></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#plate10">X</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 7.4em;"><span class="smcap">Parviflora, Peuce, Excelsa</span></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#plate11">XI</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 7.4em;"><span class="smcap">Monticola, Strobus</span></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#plate12">XII</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Subsection Paracembra</span></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 3em;"><span class="smcap">Group Cembroides</span></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_38">38</a></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 4em;"><span class="smcap">Pinus Cembroides, Pinceana, Nelsonii</span></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#plate13">XIII</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 3em;"><span class="smcap">Group Gerardianae</span></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 4em;"><span class="smcap">Pinus Bungeana, Gerardiana</span></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#plate14">XIV</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 3em;"><span class="smcap">Group Balfourianae</span></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 4em;"><span class="smcap">Pinus Balfouriana, Aristata</span></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#plate15">XV</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Section Diploxylon</span></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Subsection Parapinaster</span></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 3em;"><span class="smcap">Group Leiophyllae</span></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 4em;"><span class="smcap">Pinus Leiophylla, Lumholtzii</span></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#plate16">XVI</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 3em;"><span class="smcap">Group Longifoliae</span></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 4em;"><span class="smcap">Pinus Longifolia, Canariensis</span></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#plate17">XVII</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 3em;"><span class="smcap">Group Pineae</span></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 4em;"><span class="smcap">Pinus Pinea</span></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#plate18">XVIII</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Subsection Pinaster</span></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 3em;"><span class="smcap">Group Laricionea</span></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 4em;"><span class="smcap">Pinus Resinosa, Tropicalis</span></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#plate19">XIX</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 7.4em;"><span class="smcap">Massoniana, Densiflora</span></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#plate20">XX</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 7.4em;"><span class="smcap">Sylvestris, Montana</span></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#plate21">XXI</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 7.4em;"><span class="smcap">Luchuensis, Thunbergii, Nigra</span></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#plate22">XXII</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 7.4em;"><span class="smcap">Merkusii, Sinensis, Insularis</span></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#plate23">XXIII</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 3em;"><span class="smcap">Group Australes</span></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 4em;"><span class="smcap">Pinus Pseudostrobus</span></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#plate24">XXIV</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 7.4em;"><span class="smcap">Montezumae</span></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#plate25">XXV</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 7.4em;"><span class="smcap">Ponderosa</span></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#plate26">XXVI</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 7.4em;"><span class="smcap">Teocote, Lawsonii</span></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#plate27">XXVII</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 7.4em;"><span class="smcap">Occidentalis, Palustris</span></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#plate28">XXVIII</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 7.4em;"><span class="smcap">Caribaea</span></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#plate29">XXIX</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 7.4em;"><span class="smcap">Taeda, Glabra, Echinata</span></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#plate30">XXX</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 3em;"><span class="smcap">Group Insignes</span></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 4em;"><span class="smcap">Pinus Pringlei, Oocarpa</span></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#plate31">XXXI</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 7.4em;"><span class="smcap">Halepensis, Pinaster</span></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#plate32">XXXII</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 7.4em;"><span class="smcap">Virginiana, Clausa</span></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#plate33">XXXIII</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 7.4em;"><span class="smcap">Rigida, Serotina, Pungens</span></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#plate34">XXXIV</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 7.4em;"><span class="smcap">Banksiana, Contorta</span></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#plate35">XXXV</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 7.4em;"><span class="smcap">Greggii, Patula</span></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_86">86</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#plate36">XXXVI</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 7.4em;"><span class="smcap">Muricata, Attenuata, Radiata</span></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#plate37">XXXVII</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 3em;"><span class="smcap">Group Macrocarpae</span></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 4em;"><span class="smcap">Pinus Torreyana, Sabiniana</span></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#plate38">XXXVIII</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 7.4em;"><span class="smcap">Coulteri</span></span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#plate39">XXXIX</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>INDEX</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td><td></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<h2>INTRODUCTION</h2>
+
+
+<p>This discussion of the characters of Pinus is an attempt to determine
+their taxonomic significance and their utility for determining the
+limits of the species. A systematic arrangement follows, based on the
+evolution of the cone and seed from the comparatively primitive
+conditions that appear in Pinus cembra to the specialized cone and
+peculiar dissemination of Pinus radiata and its associates. This
+arrangement involves no radical change in existing systems. The new
+associations in which some of the species appear are the natural result
+of another point of view.</p>
+
+<p>Experience with Mexican species has led me to believe that a Pine can
+adapt itself to various climatic conditions and can modify its growth in
+response to them. Variations in dimensions of leaf or cone, the number
+of leaves in the fascicle, the presence of pruinose branchlets, etc.,
+which have been thought to imply specific distinctions, are often the
+evidence of facile adaptability. In fact such variations, in correlation
+with climatic variation, may argue, not for specific distinction, but
+for specific identity. The remarkable variation in the species may be
+attributed partly to this adaptability, partly to a participation, more
+or less pronounced, in the evolutionary processes that culminate in the
+serotinous Pines.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">1</a></span></p>
+<h2>PART I</h2>
+
+<h2>CHARACTERS OF THE GENUS</h2>
+
+
+<h3>THE COTYLEDON. <a href="#plate1">Plate I</a>, figs. 1-3.</h3>
+
+<p>The upper half of the embryo in Pinus is a cylindrical fascicle of 4 to
+15 cotyledons (fig.&nbsp;1). The cross-section of a cotyledon is, therefore,
+a triangle whose angles vary with the number composing the fascicle.
+Sections from fascicles of 10 and of 5 cotyledons are shown in figs. 2
+and 3. Apart from this difference cotyledons are much alike. Their
+number varies and is indeterminate for all species, while any given
+number is common to so many species that the character is of no value.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE PRIMARY LEAF. <a href="#plate1">Plate I</a>, figs. 4-6.</h3>
+
+<p>Primary leaves follow the cotyledons immediately (fig.&nbsp;4) and assume the
+usual functions of foliage for a limited period, varying from one to
+three years, secondary fascicles appearing here and there in their
+axils. With the permanent appearance of the secondary leaves the green
+primaries disappear and their place is taken by bud-scales, which in the
+spring and summer persist as scarious bracts, each subtending a fascicle
+of secondary leaves. At this stage the bracts present two important
+distinctions.</p>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table summary="Primary Leaf">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. The bract-base is non-decurrent, like the leaf-base of Abies</td><td align='right'>fig.&nbsp;5.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. The bract-base is decurrent, like the leaf-base of Picea</td><td align='right'>fig.&nbsp;6.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>The two sections of the genus, Haploxylon and Diploxylon, established by
+Koehne on the single and double fibro-vascular bundle of the leaf, are
+even more accurately characterized by these two forms of
+bract-insertion. The difference between them, however, is most obvious
+on long branchlets with wide intervals between the leaf-fascicles.</p>
+
+<p>The bracts of spring-shoots are the scarious bud-scales of the previous
+winter; but the bracts of summer-shoots have the form and green color of
+the primary leaf.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE BUD. <a href="#plate1">Plate I</a>, figs. 7-11.</h3>
+
+<p>The winter-bud is an aggregate of minute buds, each concealed in the
+axil of a primary leaf converted into a scarious, more or less
+fimbriate, bud-scale. Buds from which normal growth develops appear only
+at the nodes of the branches. On uninodal branchlets they form an apical
+group consisting of a terminal bud with a whorl of subterminal buds
+about its base. On multinodal branchlets the inner nodes bear lateral
+buds which may be latent.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 7 represents a magnified bud of P. resinosa, first immersed in
+alcohol to dissolve the resin, then deprived of its scales. This bud
+contains both fascicle-buds, destined for secondary leaves, and larger
+paler buds at its base. These last are incipient staminate flowers,
+sufficiently developed for recognition. Such flower-bearing buds are
+characteristic of the Hard Pines in distinction from the Soft Pines
+whose staminate flowers cannot be identified in the bud.</p>
+
+<p>The want of complete data leaves the invariability of this distinction
+in question, but with all species that I have examined, the flowers of
+Hard Pines are further advanced at the end of the summer. In the
+following year they open earlier than those of Soft Pines in the same
+locality. The staminate flowers of some Hard Pines (resinosa,
+sylvestris, etc.,) are not apparent without removing the bud-scales,
+but, with most Hard Pines, they form enlargements of the bud (fig.&nbsp;9).</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">2</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Invisible or latent buds are present at the nodes and at the apex of
+dwarf shoots. The former are the origin of the numerous shoots that
+cover the trunk and branches of P. rigida, leiophylla and a few other
+species (fig.&nbsp;10). The latter develop into shoots in the centre of a
+leaf-fascicle (fig.&nbsp;11) when the branchlet, bearing the fascicle, has
+been injured.</p>
+
+<p>The size, color and form of buds, the presence of resin in quantity,
+etc., assist in the diagnosis of species. Occasionally a peculiar bud,
+like that of P. palustris, may be recognized at once.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE BRANCHLET. <a href="#plate1">Plate I</a>, figs. 12-14.</h3>
+
+<p>The branchlet, as here understood, is the whole of a season's growth
+from a single bud, and may consist of a single internode (uninodal, fig.
+12-a) or of two or more internodes (multinodal, fig.&nbsp;13), each internode
+being defined by a leafless base and a terminal node of buds.</p>
+
+<p>The spring-shoot is uninodal in all Soft Pines and in many Hard Pines,
+but, in P. taeda and its allies and in species with serotinous cones, it
+is more or less prevalently multinodal.</p>
+
+<p>The uninodal spring-shoot may remain so throughout the growing season
+and become a uninodal branchlet. Or a summer-shoot may appear on
+vigorous branches of any species with the result of converting a
+uninodal spring-shoot into an imperfect multinodal branchlet. The
+summer-shoot may be recognized, during growth, by its green, not
+scarious bracts and, at the end of the season, by the imperfect growth
+of its wood and foliage (fig.&nbsp;14).</p>
+
+<p>The perfect multinodal branchlet is formed in the winter-bud (fig.&nbsp;8-a)
+and the spring-shoot is multinodal. It is gradually evolved among the
+Hard Pines, where it may be absent, rare, frequent or prevalent,
+according to the species. In fact there is, in Pinus, an evolutionary
+tendency toward multinodal growth, with its beginnings in the
+summer-shoot and its culmination in the multinodal winter-bud, most
+prevalent among the serotinous Pines.</p>
+
+<p>The multinodal shoot is never invariable in a species, but is rare,
+common or prevalent. This condition prevents its employment for grouping
+species. For Pines are not sharply divided into multinodal and uninodal
+species, and no exact segregation of them, based on this difference, is
+possible. In fact the character is unequally developed among closely
+related species, such as P. palustris and caribaea. Both produce
+multinodal shoots, but the former so rarely that it should be classed as
+a uninodal species, while the latter is characteristically multinodal.
+The multinodal spring-shoot, however, has a certain correlative value in
+its relation to other evolutionary processes that are obvious in the
+genus.</p>
+
+<p>The length of the branchlet is much influenced by different soils and
+climates. In species able to adapt themselves to great changes, the
+length of the internode may vary from 50 cm. or more to 1 cm. or less.
+In the latter case the branch is a series of very short leafless joints
+terminated by a crowded penicillate tuft of leaves (fig.&nbsp;12-b). Such a
+growth may be seen on any species (ponderosa, albicaulis, resinosa,
+etc.) that can survive exposure and poor nourishment.</p>
+
+<p>The presence of wax, as a bloom on the branchlet, is associated with
+trees in arid localities, especially Mexico, where it is very common.
+With several species the character is inconstant, apparently dependent
+on environment, and is a provision against too rapid transpiration.</p>
+
+<p>The branchlet furnishes evidence of the section to which the species
+belongs, for the bract-bases persist after the bracts have fallen away.
+The color of the branchlet, its lustre, the presence of minute hairs,
+etc., are often suggestions for determining species.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">3</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 355px;">
+   <a name="plate1" id="plate1"></a>
+   <a href="images/pa01.jpg" >
+     <img src="images/pb01.jpg" width="355" height="500"
+       alt="PLATE I. PRIMARY LEAF, BUD AND BRANCHLET" title="" />
+   </a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE I. PRIMARY LEAF, BUD AND BRANCHLET</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>THE SECONDARY LEAF. <a href="#plate2">Plate II</a>.</h3>
+
+<p>Secondary leaves, the permanent foliage of Pines, are borne on
+dwarf-shoots in the axils of primary leaves. They form cylindrical
+fascicles, rarely monophyllous, prevalently of 2, 3 or 5 leaves,
+occasionally of 4, 6, 7, or 8 leaves. The scales of the fascicle-bud
+elongate into a basal sheath, dec<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">4</a></span>iduous (fig.&nbsp;15) in all Soft Pines
+except P. Nelsonii, persistent (fig.&nbsp;16) in all Hard Pines except P.
+leiophylla and Lumholtzii. Inasmuch as these three species are easily
+recognized, the fascicle-sheath is useful for sectional distinctions.</p>
+
+
+<h4>EXTERNAL CHARACTERS.</h4>
+
+<p>The number of leaves in the fascicle is virtually constant in most
+species, the variations being too rare to be worthy of consideration.
+With some species, however, heteromerous fascicles are normal. The
+influences that cause this variation are not always apparent (echinata,
+etc.), but with P. ponderosa, leiophylla, sinensis and others, the
+number of leaves in the fascicle is, in some degree, dependent on
+climatic conditions, the smaller number occurring in colder regions. In
+Mexico, for example, where snow-capped mountains lie on subtropical
+table-lands and extremes of temperature are in juxtaposition, the
+conditions are favorable for the production of species with heteromerous
+fascicles, and the number of leaves in the fascicle possesses often
+climatic rather than specific significance.</p>
+
+<p>Among conifers, the leaf of Pinus attains extraordinary length with
+great variation, from 5 cm. or less to 50 cm. or more, the maximum for
+each species being usually much more than twice the minimum. Climate is
+the predominating influence; for the shortest leaves occur on alpine and
+boreal species, the longest leaves on species in or near the tropics.</p>
+
+<p>The length of the leaf is complicated by the peculiarities of individual
+trees and by pathological influences; as a general rule, however, the
+length of leaves is less or greater according to unfavorable or
+favorable conditions of temperature, moisture, soil and exposure.
+Therefore the dimensions of the leaf may be misleading. It can be said,
+however, that certain species always produce short leaves, others leaves
+of medium length, and others very long leaves.</p>
+
+<p>Persistence of the leaf varies with the species and with the individual
+tree. But it is noteworthy that the longest persistence is associated
+with short leaves (Balfouriana, albicaulis, montana, etc.).</p>
+
+
+<h4>INTERNAL CHARACTERS.</h4>
+
+<p>Since the leaf-fascicle is cylindrical, the cross-section of a leaf is a
+sector, its proportional part, of a circle. Theoretically the leaf, in
+section, should indicate the number of leaves composing its fascicle.
+This is absolutely true for fascicles of two leaves only. No fascicle of
+five leaves, that I have examined, is equally apportioned among its five
+members. It may be divided in various ways, one of which is shown in
+fig.&nbsp;18, where the leaf (a) might be mistaken for one of a fascicle of
+3, and the leaf (b) for one of a fascicle of 6. Therefore if absolute
+certainty is required, a fascicle of triquetral leaves is best
+determined by actual count.</p>
+
+<p>The transverse section of a leaf may be conveniently divided into three
+distinct parts&mdash;1, the dermal tissues, epiderm, hypoderm and stomata
+(fig.&nbsp;17-a)&mdash;2, the green tissue, containing the resin-ducts (fig.
+17-b)&mdash;3, the stelar tissues, enclosed by the endoderm and containing
+the fibro-vascular bundle (fig.&nbsp;17-c).</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE DERMAL TISSUES OF THE LEAF.</h4>
+
+<p>The stomata of Pine leaves are depressed below the surface and interrupt
+the continuity of epiderm and hypoderm. They are wanting on the dorsal
+surface of the leaves of several Soft Pines, constantly in some species,
+irregularly in others. In Hard Pines, however, all surfaces of the leaf
+are stomatiferous. In several species of the Soft Pines the longitudinal
+lines of stomata are very conspicuous from the white bloom which
+modifies materially the general color of the foliage.</p>
+
+<p>Under the action of hydrochloric acid the hypoderm is sharply
+differentiated from the epiderm by a distinct reddish tint, but without
+the aid of a reagent the two tissues do not always differ in appearance.
+The cells of epiderm and hypoderm may be so similar that they appear to
+form a single tissue. In most species, however, the epiderm is distinct,
+while the cells of the hypoderm are either uniform,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">6</a></span> with equally thin
+or thick walls&mdash;or biform, with very thin walls in the outer row of
+cells and very thick walls in the inner row or rows of cells&mdash;or
+multiform, with cell-walls gradually thicker toward the centre of the
+leaf. These conditions may be tabulated as follows&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table summary="Secondary Leaves">
+<tr><td align='left'>Cells of epiderm and hypoderm similar</td><td align='right'>fig.&nbsp;19.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Cells of epiderm and hypoderm distinct.</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cells of hypoderm uniform, thin or thick</span></td><td align='right'>figs.&nbsp;20,&nbsp;21.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cells of hypoderm biform</span></td><td align='right'>fig.&nbsp;22.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cells of hypoderm multiform</span></td><td align='right'>fig.&nbsp;23.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>The biform hypoderm is not always obvious (clausa, Banksiana, etc.)
+where in some leaves there is but one row of cells. But with the
+examination of other leaves one or more cells of a second row will be
+found with very thick walls. Among Hard Pines there is no Old World
+species with a biform hypoderm. But there are a few American species
+with uniform hypoderm (resinosa, tropicalis, patula and Greggii); while,
+in some leaves of the few American Hard Pines with multiform hypoderm,
+the uniform hypoderm is a variation.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE GREEN TISSUE.</h4>
+
+<p>In this tissue are the resin-ducts, each with a border of cells,
+corresponding in appearance and in chemical reaction with the cells of
+the hypoderm and with thinner or thicker walls. With reference to the
+green tissue the foliar duct may be in one of four positions.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table summary="Green Tissue">
+<tr><td align='left'>1.&nbsp;External</td><td align='left'>against the hypoderm</td><td align='right'>fig.&nbsp;24.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2.&nbsp;Internal</td><td align='left'>against the endoderm</td><td align='right'>fig.&nbsp;28.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3.&nbsp;Medial</td><td align='left'>in the green tissue, touching neither hypoderm nor endoderm</td><td align='right'>fig.&nbsp;26.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4.&nbsp;Septal</td><td align='left'>touching both endoderm and hypoderm, forming a septum</td><td align='right'>fig.&nbsp;30.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p>Among the Soft Pines the external duct is invariable in the subsection
+Paracembra. It is also characteristic of the Strobi, where it is
+sometimes associated with a medial duct. In the Cembrae and the
+Flexiles, however, the ducts are external in some species, or medial or
+both in others, without regard to the affinities of these species.</p>
+
+<p>Among the Hard Pines the external duct is characteristic of the Old
+World, there being but two American Pines with this character (resinosa
+and tropicalis). The internal duct is peculiar to Hard Pines of the New
+World, its presence in Old World species being extremely rare. The
+medial duct is common to species of both hemispheres, either alone or in
+association with ducts in other positions (figs. 25, 27). The septal
+duct is peculiar to a few species (oocarpa, tropicalis, and less
+frequently Pringlei and Merkusii). I have also seen it in a leaf of P.
+canariensis. The internal and septal ducts appear to be confined to the
+species of warm-temperate or tropical countries.</p>
+
+<p>The number of resin-ducts of a single leaf may be limited to two or
+three (strobus, koraiensis, etc.), but in many species it is exceedingly
+variable and often large (pinaster, sylvestris, etc.). Eighteen or more
+ducts in a single leaf have been recorded. Such large numbers are
+peculiar to Pinus. Occasionally a single leaf, possibly the leaves of a
+single tree, may be without ducts, but this is never true of all the
+leaves of a species.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE STELAR TISSUES.</h4>
+
+<p>The walls of the endoderm are, in most species, uniform, but, with P.
+albicaulis and some species of western North America, the outer walls of
+the cells are conspicuously thickened (fig.&nbsp;32). Both thin and thick
+walls may be found among the leaves of the group Macrocarpae and of the
+species longifolia.</p>
+
+<p>The fibro-vascular bundle of the leaf is single in Soft Pines, double in
+Hard Pines. This distinction is employed by Koehne as the basis of his
+two sections, Haploxylon and Diploxylon. The double bundle is usually
+obvious even when the two parts are contiguous, but they are sometimes
+com<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">7</a></span>pletely merged into an apparently single bundle. This condition,
+however, is never constant in a Hard Pine, and a little investigation
+will discover a leaf with a true double bundle.</p>
+
+<p>Some cells about the fibro-vascular bundle acquire thick walls with the
+appearance and chemical reaction of the hypoderm cells. Among the Soft
+Pines this condition is most obvious in the group Cembroides. Among the
+Hard Pines it appears in all degrees of development, being absent (figs.
+24, 25), sometimes in irregular lines above and below the bundle (figs.
+26, 27, 30, 31), or forming a conspicuous tissue between and partly
+enclosing the two parts of the bundle (figs. 28, 29).</p>
+
+<p>The leaf-section furnishes sectional and other lesser distinctions. It
+is often decisive in separating species otherwise difficult to
+distinguish (nigra and resinosa or Thunbergii and sinensis, etc.).
+Sometimes it is sufficiently distinct to determine a species without
+recourse to other characters (tropicalis, oocarpa, Merkusii, etc.). An
+intimate knowledge of the leaf-section, with an understanding of the
+limits of its variation, is a valuable equipment for recognizing
+species.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5"><ins title="Moved from original location.">5</ins></a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 382px;">
+   <a name="plate2" id="plate2"></a>
+   <a href="images/pa02.jpg" >
+<img src="images/pb02.jpg"
+ width="382" height="500"
+ alt="PLATE II. SECONDARY LEAVES" title="" />
+</a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE II. SECONDARY LEAVES</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>THE FLOWERS. <a href="#plate3">Plate III</a>, figs. 33-39.</h3>
+
+<p>The flowers in Pinus are monoecious, the pistillate in the position of a
+long shoot, taking the place of a subterminal or lateral bud, the
+staminate in the position of a dwarf-shoot, taking the place of a
+leaf-fascicle but confined to the basal part of the internode.</p>
+
+<p>Pistillate flowers are single or verticillate. On multinodal shoots they
+are often multiserial, appearing on two or more nodes of the same
+spring-shoot (fig.&nbsp;33). On uninodal shoots they are necessarily
+subterminal (fig.&nbsp;34), the lateral pistillate flower being possible only
+on multinodal shoots (fig.&nbsp;35) where it is often associated with the
+subterminal flower (fig.&nbsp;33). Like the multinodal shoot, on which its
+existence depends, the lateral pistillate flower cannot be employed for
+grouping the species. It is merely the frequent, but not the essential,
+evidence of condition of growth that is more perfectly characterized by
+the shoot itself.</p>
+
+<p>Staminate catkins are in crowded clusters, capitate or elongate (figs.
+36, 37), but with much variation in the number of catkins in each
+cluster. In P. rigida I have found single catkins or clusters of all
+numbers from two to seventy or more. In P. Massoniana and P. densiflora
+a cluster attains such unusual length (fig.&nbsp;37) that this character
+becomes a valuable distinction between these species and P. sinensis,
+which has short-capitate clusters. The catkins differ much in size, the
+largest being found among the Hard Pines.</p>
+
+<p>In the connective of the binate pollen-sacs there is a notable
+difference (figs. 38, 39), the smaller form being characteristic of the
+Soft Pines. But this is not invariable (excelsa, sylvestris, etc.), and
+the absence of complete data does not permit an accurate estimate of its
+importance.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE CONELET. <a href="#plate3">Plate III</a>, figs. 40-45.</h3>
+
+<p>After pollination the pistillate flower closes and becomes the conelet,
+the staminate flowers withering and falling away. The conelet makes no
+appreciable growth until the following year. Like the pistillate flower
+it may be subterminal or lateral, but a subterminal pistillate flower
+may become a pseudolateral conelet by reason of a summer-growth (fig.
+40-a). Such a condition may be recognized on the branchlets of the
+present, and of the previous year (fig.&nbsp;40-b), by the very short
+internode and short leaves beyond the fruit.</p>
+
+<p>The conelet offers some distinctions of form, of color, and of length of
+peduncle, while in some species (sylvestris, caribaea, etc.) its
+reflexed position is an important specific character. The most important
+distinctions, however, are found in its scales, which may be</p>
+
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table summary="Conelet">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. entire</td><td align='left'>subsection Cembra</td><td align='right'>fig.&nbsp;41.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. tuberculate</td><td align='left'>tropicalis, etc.</td><td align='right'>fig.&nbsp;42.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>3. short-mucronate&nbsp;</td><td align='left'>sylvestris, glabra, etc.</td><td align='right'>fig.&nbsp;43.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>4. long-mucronate</td><td align='left'>aristata, contorta, etc.</td><td align='right'>fig.&nbsp;44.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>5. spinescent</td><td align='left'>taeda, pungens, etc.</td><td align='right'>fig.&nbsp;45.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9"><ins title="Moved from original location.">9</ins></a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 345px;">
+  <a name="plate3" id="plate3"></a>
+  <a href="images/pa03.jpg" >
+<img src="images/pb03.jpg" width="345" height="500" alt="PLATE III. FLOWERS AND CONELET" title="" />
+  </a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE III. FLOWERS AND CONELET</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">8</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>THE CONE. <a href="#plate4">Plate IV</a>.</h3>
+
+<p>The cone of Pinus shows great differences of color, form and tissue;
+these are useful for specific and sectional distinctions, while the
+gradual change from the primitive conditions of the Cembrae to the
+elaborate form, structure and mode of dissemination of some serotinous
+species are obvious evidence of an evolution among the species of
+remarkable taxonomic range. A form new among Coniferae appears, the
+oblique cone, and a new condition, the serotinous cone, both appearing
+at first alone and, finally, in constant association.</p>
+
+
+<h4>COLOR OF THE CONE.</h4>
+
+<p>With few exceptions the color of the ripe cone may be classified under
+one of the following shades of brown or yellow.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table summary="Cone Color">
+<tr><td align='left'>Nut-brown</td><td align='left'>The stain of the walnut-husk.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Rufous brown</td><td align='left'>A pronounced reddish nut-brown.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fulvous brown</td><td align='left'>A yellowish nut-brown.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Tawny yellow</td><td align='left'>The color of the lion.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Orange</td><td align='left'>Ochre-yellow to red-orange.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p>These colors may be paler or deeper. They may be obscured by a fuscous
+shade or may be modified by a dull or lustrous surface. The presence of
+two or more of these shades in a single species and the inherent
+difficulties of color description lessen the value of the character.
+Nevertheless certain allied species, such as P. nigra and Thunbergii, or
+P. densiflora and Massoniana, may be distinguished by the prevalent
+difference in the color of their cones.</p>
+
+
+<h4>DIMENSIONS OF THE CONE.</h4>
+
+<p>The cone is small, medium or large in different species, but varies
+greatly under the influences of environment or of individual
+peculiarities. The character possesses relative value only, for great
+variation is possible in the same locality and even on the same tree.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE PEDUNCLE.</h4>
+
+<p>All conelets are pedunculate, but in some species the peduncle, even
+when long (patula), may become overgrown and concealed by the basal
+scales of the ripe cone. Articulation usually takes place between the
+peduncle and the branch, sometimes with the loss of a few basal scales
+which remain temporarily on the tree (ponderosa, palustris, etc.). With
+P. Nelsonii, and to a less degree with P. Armandi, there is articulation
+between the cone and its peduncle.</p>
+
+<p>There are several species bearing persistent cones with no articulation.
+This condition appears in other genera, such as Larix and Picea, but
+without obvious significance. In Pinus, however, the gradual appearance
+of the persistent cone, for it is rare, common, prevalent or invariable
+in different species, and its essential association with the serotinous
+cone, suggest an evolution toward a definite end.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE UMBO.</h4>
+
+<p>The exposed part of the scale of the conelet is the umbo of the ripe
+cone, a small definite area representing the earlier part of the
+biennial growth of the cone. The position of the umbo on the apophysis
+is the basis of Koehne's subdivision of the section Haploxylon.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table summary="Umbo">
+<tr><td align='left'>1. Umbo terminal</td><td align='left'>Subsection Cembra</td><td align='right'>fig.&nbsp;46-a.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>2. Umbo dorsal</td><td align='left'>Subsection Paracembra</td><td align='right'>fig.&nbsp;46-b.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p>Two other characters assist in establishing these subsections&mdash;the
+conelet, unarmed in Cembra, armed in Paracembra&mdash;the pits of the
+ray-cells of the wood, large in Cembra, small in Paracembra.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">10</a></span></p>
+
+<h4>THE APOPHYSIS.</h4>
+
+<p>The apophysis represents the later and larger growth of the cone-scale.
+With a terminal umbo the margin of the apophysis is free and may be
+rounded (fig.&nbsp;49) or may taper to a blunt point (fig.&nbsp;52), and any
+extension of the scale is a terminal extension. With the dorsal umbo all
+sides of the apophysis are confined between other apophyses, and any
+extension is a dorsal thickening of the apophysis or a dorsal
+protuberance. The outline of an apophysis with a dorsal umbo is
+quadrangular, or it is irregularly pentagonal or hexagonal, the
+different forms depending on the arrangement of the contiguous scales,
+whether of definite or indefinite phyllotactic order, a distinction to
+be considered later.</p>
+
+<p>The two positions of the umbo result from the relative growth of the
+dorsal and ventral surfaces of the cone-scale. With the terminal umbo
+the growth of both surfaces is uniform, with the dorsal umbo the growth
+is unequal. A true terminal umbo rests on the surface of the underlying
+scale, although several species with terminal umbos show the first
+stages of the dorsal umbo. The umbo of P. Lambertiana or of P. flexilis
+does not touch the surface of the scale below, and a small portion of
+the under side of the apophysis is brought into view on the closed cone.
+The cone of P. albicaulis (<a href="#plate8">Plate VIII</a>, fig.&nbsp;90) shows all degrees of
+development between a terminal umbo near the apex of the cone and a
+dorsal umbo near its base.</p>
+
+<p>The growth of the apophysis may be limited and constant (strobus,
+echinata, etc.) or exceedingly variable, ranging from a slight thickness
+to a long protuberance (pseudostrobus, montana, etc.). The protuberance
+is usually reflexed from the unequal growth of the two surfaces. With
+the terminal umbo the protuberance lengthens the scale, with the dorsal
+umbo it thickens the scale. It is sometimes a specific character
+(ayacahuite, longifolia) appearing on all cones of the species,
+sometimes a varietal form, associated in the same species with an
+unprolonged apophysis (sylvestris, montana).</p>
+
+<p>On different parts of the same cone, base, centre or apex, the
+dimensions of the apophyses differ, but at each level the scales may be
+uniform on all sides of the cone. That is to say, the cone is
+symmetrical with reference to any plane passing through its axis. This,
+the symmetrical cone, is characteristic of all other genera of the
+Abietineae, and is invariable among the Soft Pines and in many Hard
+Pines (figs. 47, 48, 52, 54). But among the Hard Pines there is
+gradually developed a new form of cone with smaller flatter apophyses on
+the anterior, and larger thicker apophyses on the posterior surface.
+This is the peculiar oblique cone of Pinus (figs. 50, 51, 53),
+symmetrical with reference to one plane only, which includes the axis of
+both cone and branch. The oblique cone is a gradual development among
+the Hard Pines; in some species it is associated as a varietal form with
+the symmetrical cone, and finally, in some serotinous species, it is the
+constant form.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE OBLIQUE CONE.</h4>
+
+<p>When the oblique cone is merely a varietal form (halepensis, etc.), it
+gives the impression of an accident, resulting from the reflexed
+position of the cone and the consequent greater development of the
+scales receiving a greater amount of light and air. But with the
+serotinous cones (radiata, attenuata), the advantages of this form
+become apparent. The cones of these species are in crowded nodal
+clusters, reflexed against the branch (fig.&nbsp;50). The inner, anterior
+scales are perfectly protected by their position, while the outer,
+posterior scales are exposed to the weather. These last only are very
+thick; that is to say, there is an economical distribution of protective
+tissue, with the greatest amount where it is most needed. The oblique
+form is peculiarly adapted for a cone destined to remain on the tree for
+twenty years or more and to preserve its seeds unimpaired. Like the
+persistent cone, the oblique cone finds in association with the
+serotinous cone a definite reason for existence.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">11</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 361px;">
+  <a name="plate4" id="plate4"></a>
+  <a href="images/pa04.jpg">
+<img src="images/pb04.jpg" width="361" height="500" alt="PLATE IV. THE CONE" title="" />
+  </a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE IV. THE CONE</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">12</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>PHYLLOTAXIS. <a href="#plate5">Plate V</a>.</h3>
+
+<p>There is an obvious difference between the cones of the two sections of
+the genus. Those of the Soft Pines (figs. 55, 56) have larger and fewer
+scales, those of the Hard Pines (figs. 57, 58) have more numerous and
+smaller scales, in proportion to the size of the cone. The former
+condition represents a lower, the latter condition represents a higher,
+order of phyllotaxis.</p>
+
+
+<h4>DEFINITE PHYLLOTAXIS.</h4>
+
+<p>On a cylindrical axis with scales of the same size, the spiral
+arrangement would appear as in fig.&nbsp;62, where the scales are
+quadrangular and any four adjacent scales are in mutual contact at their
+sides or angles. These four scales lie on four obvious secondary spirals
+(fig.&nbsp;59, a-a, b-b, c-c, d-d). According to the phyllotactic order of
+the scales these may be the spirals of 2, 3, 5, 8 or of 3, 5, 8, 13 or
+of 5, 8, 13, 21 etc., etc., from which combinations the primary spiral,
+on which the scales are inserted on the cone-axis, can be easily
+deduced. Four quadrangular scales in mutual contact represent the
+condition of definite phyllotaxis. If the cone is conical, definite
+phyllotaxis would be possible among all the scales only when the size of
+the scales diminishes in equal measure with the gradual diminution of
+the cone's diameter. Such a hypothetical cone is shown in fig.&nbsp;61.</p>
+
+
+<h4>INDEFINITE PHYLLOTAXIS.</h4>
+
+<p>On an imaginary cone of conical form and with scales of equal size
+throughout, there must be more scales about the base than about the apex
+of the cone. The phyllotactic conditions must differ, and the obvious
+spirals, in passing from base to apex, must undergo readjustment. If the
+scales at the base are in definite phyllotactic order and those at the
+apex are in the next lower order, it is evident that intermediate
+scales, in the gradual change from one condition to the other, must
+represent different conditions of indefinite phyllotaxis, while those in
+a central position on the cone may belong equally to either of two
+orders.</p>
+
+<p>A Pine cone is never absolutely cylindrical nor do its scales vary in
+size proportionately to the change of diameter. Most of the scales of a
+cone are in indefinite phyllotactic relation, while definite phyllotaxis
+is found only at points on the cone.</p>
+
+<p>As an extreme illustration, the cone of P. pinaster (fig.&nbsp;60) shows four
+mutually contiguous quadrangular apophyses at (a), lying on the obvious
+spirals 5, 8, 13, 21, at (b) four similar apophyses on the spirals 3, 5,
+8, 13, and at (c) four others on the spirals 2, 3, 5, 8. Between these
+three points are apophyses of irregular pentagonal or hexagonal outline,
+with three scales only in mutual contact (figs. 63, 64). Such are the
+majority of the scales of the cone and represent more or less indefinite
+conditions of phyllotaxis.</p>
+
+<p>The cones of Hard Pines, by reason of relatively more and smaller scales
+and of a more conical form, attain a higher phyllotaxis and a more
+complex condition, two or even three orders being represented on a
+single cone; while the cones of Soft Pines, by reason of relatively
+fewer and larger scales and a more cylindrical form, are of lower
+phyllotaxis, with one order only more or less definitely presented.
+Therefore phyllotaxis furnishes another distinction between the two
+sections of the genus, but its further employment is exceedingly
+restricted on account of the constant repetition of the same orders
+among the species.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE CONE-TISSUES. <a href="#plate6">Plate VI</a>.</h3>
+
+<p>The axis of the cone is a woody shell, enclosing a wide pith and covered
+by a thick cortex traversed by resin-ducts. By removing the scales and
+cortex from the axis (fig.&nbsp;65) the wood is seen to be in sinuous strands
+uniting above and below fusiform openings, the points of insertion of
+the cone-scales. From the wood, at each insertion, three stout strands
+enter the scale, dividing and subdividing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">14</a></span> into smaller tapering
+strands whose delicate tips converge toward the umbo. Fig. 70 represents
+a magnified cross-section of half the cone-scale of P. Greggii; at (a)
+is a compact dorsal plate of bast cells; at (e) is a ventral plate of
+the same tissue but of less amount; at (b) is the softer brown tissue
+enclosing the wood-strands (d, d) (the last much more magnified in fig.
+69) and the resin-ducts (e, e).</p>
+
+
+<h4>WOOD STRANDS.</h4>
+
+<p>The wood-strands, forming the axis of the cone, differ in tenacity in
+the two sections of the genus. Those of the Soft Pines are easily pulled
+apart by the fingers, those of the Hard Pines are tougher in various
+degrees and cannot be torn apart without the aid of a tool. This
+difference is correlated with differences in other tissues, all of them
+combining in a gradual change from a cone of soft yielding texture to
+one of great hardness and durability.</p>
+
+<p>If a cone scale of P. ayacahuite is stripped of its brown and bast
+tissues (fig.&nbsp;66) and is immersed in water and subsequently dried, there
+is at first a flexion toward the cone-axis (fig.&nbsp;67) and then away from
+it (fig.&nbsp;68). The wood-strands are hygroscopic and co&ouml;perate with the
+bast tissues in opening and closing the cone. This appears to be true of
+all species excepting the three species of the Cembrae, whose strands
+are so small and weak that they are not obviously affected by
+hygrometric changes.</p>
+
+
+<h4>BAST TISSUE.</h4>
+
+<p>With the exception of the three species of the Cembrae the inner part of
+the cone-scales is protected by sclerenchymatous cells forming hard
+dorsal and ventral plates (fig.&nbsp;70, a, c). In Soft Pines these cells are
+subordinate to the more numerous parenchymatous cells, but in Hard Pines
+the sclerenchyma increases in amount until, among the serotinous
+species, it is the predominating tissue of the cone-scale, giving to
+these cones their remarkable strength and durability.</p>
+
+<p>This bast tissue is hygroscopic and, with its greater thickness on the
+dorsal surface, there is a much greater strain on that side of the
+scale, tending to force the scales apart when they are ripe and dry, and
+subsequently closing and opening the cone on rainy and sunny days.</p>
+
+<p>The cone, during the second season's growth, is completely closed, its
+scales adhering together with more or less tenacity. In most species the
+hygroscopic energy of the scales is sufficient to open the cone under
+the dry condition of its maturity, but with several species the adhesion
+is so persistent that some of the cones remain closed for many years.
+These are the peculiar serotinous cones of the genus.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE SEROTINOUS CONE.</h4>
+
+<p>As an illustration of the area to which the adhesion is confined, a
+section may be sawed from a cone of P. attenuata (fig.&nbsp;71). The axis and
+the scales that have been severed from their apophyses (b) can be easily
+pushed out of the annulus (a), which is composed wholly of apophyses so
+firmly adherent that they will successfully resist a strong effort to
+break them apart. When immersed in boiling water, however, the ring
+falls to pieces. An examination of these pieces discovers adhesion only
+on a narrow ventral border under the apophysis and on a corresponding
+dorsal border back of the apophysis. The rest of the scale is not
+adherent, so that the seed is free to fall at the opening of the cone.</p>
+
+<p>The serotinous cone is a gradual development, wanting in most species,
+rare in a few, less or more frequent in others. A similar evolution of
+the persistent cone, of the oblique cone and of the cone-tissues has
+been already discussed. All these progressive characters culminate in
+mutual association in P. radiata and its allies. The result is a highly
+specialized fruit that should convey taxonomic significance of some
+kind.</p>
+
+<p>With all serotinous species that I have seen, some of the trees open
+their cones at maturity, others at indefinite intervals. That is to say,
+the seed of a prolific year is not at the mercy of a single, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">16</a></span>perhaps
+unfavorable season. The chances of successful germination are much
+increased by the intermittent seed-release peculiar to these Pines. Such
+a method of dissemination must accrue to the advantage of a species. In
+other words, this intermittent dissemination and the oblique form of
+cone with its perfected tissues all mark the highest development of the
+genus.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13"><ins title="Moved from original location.">13</ins></a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 353px;">
+  <a name="plate5" id="plate5"></a>
+  <a href="images/pa05.jpg">
+<img src="images/pb05.jpg" width="353" height="500" alt="PLATE V. PHYLLOTAXIS OF THE CONE" title="" />
+  </a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE V. PHYLLOTAXIS OF THE CONE</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>THE SEED. <a href="#plate6">Plate VI</a>. Figs. 72-79.</h3>
+
+<p>The seed of Pinus contains an embryo, with the cotyledons clearly
+defined, embedded in albumen, which is protected by a bony testa with an
+external membranous spermoderm, produced, in most species, into an
+effective wing. While the seed of other genera of the Abietineae shows
+no striking difference among the species, that of Pinus is remarkably
+variable, presenting alike the most primitive and the most elaborate
+forms among the Conifers. These differences are valuable for the
+segregation of kindred species and for some specific distinctions.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WINGLESS SEEDS.</h4>
+
+<p>With wingless seeds the main distinction is found in the spermoderm,
+which is entire in one species only, P. koraiensis. In P. cembra it is
+wanting on the ventral surface of the nut, but on the dorsal surface, it
+is adnate partly to the nut, partly to the cone-scale. The nut of P.
+albicaulis and that of P. cembroides are quite bare of membranous cover.
+The spermoderm of P. flexilis is reduced to a marginal border, slightly
+produced into a rudimentary wing adnate to the nut.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE ADNATE WING.</h4>
+
+<p>In P. strobus, longifolia and their allies and in P. Balfouriana the
+spermoderm is prolonged into an effective wing-blade from a marginal
+adnate base like that of P. flexilis. This adnate wing cannot be
+detached without injury.</p>
+
+
+<h4>THE ARTICULATE WING.</h4>
+
+<p>The articulate wing can be removed from the nut and can be replaced
+without injury. An ineffective form of this wing is seen in the
+Gerardianae and in P. pinea, where the blade is very short and the base
+has no effective grasp on the nut.</p>
+
+<p>The base of the effective articulate wing contains hygroscopic tissue
+which acts with the hygroscopic tissue of the cone-scales. The dry
+conditions that open the cone and release the seeds cause the bifurcate
+base of the wing to grasp the nut more firmly.</p>
+
+<p>This articulate wing is found in P. aristata and in all Hard Pines
+except P. pinea, longifolia and canariensis. The wing-blade is usually
+membranous throughout, but in some species there is a thickening of the
+base of the blade that meets the membranous apical part in an oblique
+line along which the wing is easily broken apart. This last condition
+attains in P. Coulteri and its associates a remarkable development.</p>
+
+<p><a href="#plate6">Plate VI</a>, fig.&nbsp;72 shows the wingless seed of P. cembroides; fig.&nbsp;73
+represents the seed of P. flexilis, with a rudimentary wing; fig.&nbsp;74
+shows two seeds of P. strobus, intact and with the wing broken away;
+fig.&nbsp;75 represents the articulate wing, whose bifurcate base when wet
+(fig.&nbsp;76) tends to open and release the nut. When dry (fig.&nbsp;77) the
+forks of the base, in the absence of the nut, close together and cross
+their tips; figs. 78, 79 show the peculiar reinforced articulate wing of
+P. Coulteri.</p>
+
+<p>Such wide variation in so important an organ suggests generic
+difference. But here we are met by the association of the different
+forms in species evidently closely allied. The two Foxtail Pines are so
+similar in most characters that they have been considered, with good
+reason, to be specifically identical; yet the seed-wing of P.
+Balfouriana is adnate, that of P. aristata articulate. P. Ayacahuite
+produces not only the characteristic wing of the Strobi, adnate, long
+and effective, but also, in the northern variety, a seed with a
+rudimentary wing, the exact counterpart of the seed of P. flexilis.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">17</a></span> In
+both sections of the genus are found the effective adnate wing (Strobi
+and Longifoliae) and the inefficient articulate wing (Gerardianae and
+Pineae). A little examination of all forms of the seed will show that
+they blend gradually one into another.</p>
+
+<p>The color of the wing is occasionally peculiar, as in the group
+Longifoliae. There is usually no constancy in this character, for the
+wing may be uniform in color or variously striated in seeds of the same
+species. The length and breadth of the seed-wing, being dependent on the
+varying sizes of the cone-scale, differ in the same cone. They are also
+inconstant in different cones of the same species, and of this
+inconstancy the seed of P. ayacahuite furnishes the most notable
+example.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15"><ins title="Moved from original location.">15</ins></a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 356px;">
+  <a name="plate6" id="plate6"></a>
+  <a href="images/pa06.jpg">
+<img src="images/pb06.jpg" width="356" height="500" alt="PLATE VI. CONE-TISSUES AND SEEDS" title="" />
+  </a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE VI. CONE-TISSUES AND SEEDS</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>THE WOOD. <a href="#plate7">Plate VII</a>.</h3>
+
+<p>With the exception of the medullary rays, a very small proportion of the
+whole, the wood of Pinus, as seen in cross-section (fig.&nbsp;82), is a
+homogeneous tissue of wood-tracheids with interspersed resin-ducts. In
+tangential section the medullary rays appear in two forms, linear,
+without a resin-duct, and fusiform, with a central resin-duct. In radial
+section the cells of the linear rays are of two kinds, ray-tracheids,
+forming the upper and lower limits of the ray, characterized by small
+bordered pits, and ray-cells, between the tracheids, characterized by
+simple pits.</p>
+
+<p>The walls of the ray-tracheids may be smooth or dentate; the pits of the
+ray-cells may be large or small. These conditions admit of four
+combinations, all of which appear in the medullary rays of Pinus, and of
+which a schematic representation is given in <a href="#plate7">Plate VII</a>. These
+combinations are</p>
+
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table summary="Ray-tracheid key">
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2">Ray-tracheids with smooth walls. Soft Pines.</td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ray-cells with large pits</span></td><td align='left'>Subsection Cembra</td><td align='left'>fig. &nbsp;80.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ray-cells with small pits</span></td><td align='left'>Subsection Paracembra</td><td align='left'>fig. &nbsp;81.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan='2'>Ray-tracheids with dentate walls. Hard Pines.</td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ray-cells with large pits</span></td><td align='left'>Group Lariciones</td><td align='left'>fig. &nbsp;83.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ray-cells with small pits</span></td><td align='left'>Other Hard Pines</td><td align='left'>fig. &nbsp;84.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>This, the simplest classification of Pine-wood, is not without
+exceptions. P. pinea of the Hard Pines resembles, in its
+wood-characters, P. Gerardiana and P. Bungeana of the Soft Pines. The
+dentate ray-tracheids of P. longifolia are not always obvious. The
+tracheids of P. luchuensis, according to Bergerstein (Wiesner Festschr.
+112), have smooth walls. My specimen shows dentate tracheids. There is
+also evidence of transition from small to large pits (I. W. Bailey in
+Am. Nat. xliv. 292). Both large and small pits appear in my specimen of
+P. Merkusii.</p>
+
+<p>Of other wood-characters, the presence or absence of tangential pits in
+the tracheids of the late wood establishes a distinction between Soft
+and Hard Pines. These pits, however, while always present in Soft Pines,
+are not always absent in Hard Pines. The single and multiple rows of
+resin-ducts in the wood of the first year may prove to be a reliable
+sectional distinction, but this character has not been sufficiently
+investigated to test its constancy. The wood-characters, therefore,
+however decisive they may be for establishing the phylogenetic relations
+of different genera, must be employed in the classification of the Pines
+with the same reservations that apply to external characters.</p>
+
+<p>Ray-tracheids with dentate walls and ray-cells with large pits are
+peculiar to Pinus. Therefore the presence of these characters, alone or
+in combination, is sufficient evidence for the recognition of Pine-wood.
+But the combination of smooth tracheids with small pits (subsection
+Paracembra) Pinus shares with Picea, Larix and Pseudotsuga.</p>
+
+<p>Among Hard Pines the size of the pits has a certain geographical
+significance. The large pits are found in all species of the Old World
+except P. halepensis and P. pinaster; the small pits in all species of
+the New World except P. resinosa and P. tropicalis. The Asiatic P.
+Merkusii with both large and small pits is not strictly an exception to
+this geographical distinction. The four exceptional species by this and
+by other characters unite the Hard Pines of the two hemispheres.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">18</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>THE BARK.</h3>
+
+<p>Bark is the outer part of the cortex that has perished, having been cut
+off from nourishment by the thin hard plates of the bark-scales. In the
+late and early bark-formation is found a general but by no means an
+exact distinction between Soft and Hard Pines. In the Soft Pines the
+cortex remains alive for many years, adjusting itself by growth to the
+increasing thickness of the wood. The trunks of young trees remain
+smooth and without rifts. In the Hard Pines the bark-formation begins
+early and the trunks of young trees are covered with a scaly or rifted
+bark. The smooth upper trunk of older trees is invariable in Soft Pines,
+but in Hard Pines there are several exceptions to early bark-formation.
+These exceptions are easily recognized in the field, and the character
+is of decisive specific importance (glabra, halepensis, etc.).</p>
+
+<p>Among species with early bark-formation are two forms of bark: 1,
+cumulative, sufficiently persistent to acquire thickness and the
+familiar dark gray and fuscous-brown shades of bark long exposed to the
+weather; 2, deciduous, constantly falling away in thin scales and
+exposing fresh red inner surfaces. The latter are commonly known as Red
+Pines, as distinguished from Black Pines with dark cumulative bark.
+Deciduous bark changes after some years to cumulative bark, and the
+upper trunk only of mature trees is red. Red Pines, although usually
+recognizable by their bark, are by no means constant in this character.
+Oecological or pathological influences may check the fall of the
+bark-scales, and then the distinction between the upper and lower parts
+of the trunk becomes lost.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19"><ins title="Moved from original location.">19</ins></a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 367px;">
+  <a name="plate7" id="plate7"></a>
+  <a href="images/pa07.jpg">
+<img src="images/pb07.jpg" width="367" height="500" alt="PLATE VII. THE WOOD" title="" />
+  </a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE VII. THE WOOD</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center" style="font-size: 1.2em;">SUMMARY</p>
+
+<p>The various characters that have been considered in the previous pages
+may be classified under different heads, some of them applicable to the
+whole genus, others to larger or smaller groups of species.</p>
+
+
+<h4>GENERIC CHARACTERS</h4>
+
+<p>Several characters, quite distinct from those of other genera, are
+common to all the species.</p>
+
+
+<ol>
+<li>The primary leaf&mdash;appearing as a scale or bract throughout the life of the tree.</li>
+<li>The bud&mdash;its constant position at the nodes.</li>
+<li>The internode&mdash;its three distinct divisions.</li>
+<li>The secondary leaves&mdash;in cylindrical fascicles with a basal sheath.</li>
+<li>The pistillate flower&mdash;its constant nodal position and its verticillate clusters.</li>
+<li>The staminate flower&mdash;its constant basal position on the internode and its compact clusters.</li>
+<li>The cone&mdash;its clearly defined annual growths.</li>
+</ol>
+
+
+
+<p>Pinus is also peculiar in the dimorphism of shoots and leaves and in
+their constant interrelations with the diclinous flowers. Evolutionary
+processes develop features peculiar to Pinus alone (the oblique cone,
+etc.), but confined to a limited number of species.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SECTIONAL CHARACTERS</h4>
+
+<p>There are several characters that actually or potentially divide the
+genus into two distinct sections, popularly known as Soft and Hard
+Pines.</p>
+
+
+<ul>
+<li>1. The fibro-vascular bundle of the leaf, single or double.</li>
+<li>2. The base of the bract subtending the leaf-fascicle, non-decurrent or decurrent</li>
+<li>3. The phyllotaxis of the cone, simple or complex.</li>
+<li>4. The flower-bud, its less or greater development.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">20</a></span></p><p>Some characters indicate the same distinction but are subject each to a
+few exceptions.</p>
+
+
+<ul>
+<li>5. The fascicle-sheath, deciduous or persistent.</li>
+<li>6. The walls of the ray-tracheids, smooth or dentate.</li>
+<li>7. The connective of the pollen-sacs, large or small.</li>
+<li>8. The formation of bark, late or early.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+
+<h4>SUBSECTIONAL CHARACTERS</h4>
+
+<p>An exact subdivision of the Soft Pines is possible on the following
+characters.</p>
+
+
+<ol style="margin-left:2em;">
+<li>The umbo of the cone-scales, terminal or dorsal.</li>
+<li>The scales of the conelet, mutic or armed.</li>
+<li>The pits of the ray-cells, large or small.</li>
+</ol>
+
+
+
+
+<h4>EVOLUTIONAL CHARACTERS</h4>
+
+<p>The progressive evolution of the fruit of Pinus, from a symmetrical cone
+of weak tissues, bearing a wingless seed, to an indurated oblique cone
+with an elaborate form of winged seed and an intermittent dissemination,
+appears among the species in various degrees of development as follows&mdash;</p>
+
+<div style="margin-left:2em;">
+<p>The seed</p>
+
+<ol><li>wingless.</li>
+<li>with a rudimentary wing.</li>
+<li>with an effective adnate wing.</li>
+<li>with an ineffective articulate wing.</li>
+<li>with an effective articulate wing.</li>
+<li>with an articulate wing, thickened at the base of the blade.</li></ol>
+
+
+<p>The cone</p>
+
+<ol><li>indehiscent.</li>
+<li>dehiscent and deciduous.</li>
+<li>dehiscent and persistent.</li>
+<li>persistent and serotinous.</li></ol>
+
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 7em;">and as to its form</span></p>
+
+<ol><li>symmetrical.</li>
+<li>subsymmetrical.</li>
+<li>oblique.</li></ol>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>These different forms of the seed and, to some extent, of the cone, are
+available for segregating the species into groups of closely related
+members; while the gradual progression of the fruit, from a primitive to
+a highly specialized form of cone and method of dissemination, points to
+a veritable taxonomic evolution which is here utilized as the
+fundamental motive of the systematic classification of the species.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SPECIFIC CHARACTERS</h4>
+
+<p>All aspects of vegetative and reproductive organs may contribute toward
+a determination of species, but the importance of each character is
+often relative, being conclusive with one group of species, useless with
+another. Characters considered by earlier authors to be invariable with
+species, such as the dimensions of leaf or cone, the number of leaves in
+the fascicle, the position of the resin-ducts, the presence of pruinose
+branchlets, etc., prove to be inconstant in some species. In fact, as
+the botanical horizon enlarges, the varietal limits of the species
+broaden and many restrictions imposed by earlier systems are gradually
+disappearing.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">21</a></span></p><p>Variation is the preliminary step toward the creation of species, which
+come into being with the elimination of intermediate forms. Variation in
+a species may be the result of its participation in the evolutionary
+processes culminating in the serotinous Pines, or it may result from the
+ability of the species to adapt itself to various environments by
+sympathetic modifications of growth, or it may arise from some
+peculiarity of the individual tree.</p>
+
+<p>Evolutionary variation is associated with the gradual appearance of the
+persistent, the oblique and the serotinous cone, and of the multinodal
+spring-shoot. For these conditions appear in less or greater prevalence
+among the species of the genus.</p>
+
+<p>Variation induced by environment finds familiar illustrations among the
+species that can survive at the limits of vegetation and can meet these
+inhospitable conditions by a radical change of all growing parts. Such
+variations are mainly of dimensions, but, with some species, the number
+of fascicle-leaves is affected and the shorter growing-season may modify
+the cone-tissues. In Mexico and Central America are found extremes of
+climate within small areas and easily within the range of dissemination
+from a single tree. The cause of the bewildering host of varietal forms,
+connecting widely contrasted extremes, seems to lie in the facile
+adaptability of those Pines, which are able to spread from the tropical
+base of a mountain to a less or greater distance toward its snow-capped
+summit.</p>
+
+<p>The peculiarities of individual trees that induce abnormally short or
+long growths, the dwarf or other monstrous forms, the variegations in
+leaf-coloring, etc., etc., are not available for classification, for
+they may appear in any species, in fact in any genus of Conifers. These
+variations are artificially multiplied for commercial and decorative
+purposes. But inasmuch as they are repeated in all species and genera of
+the Coniferae that have been long under the observation of skillful
+gardeners, their significance has a broader scope than that imposed by
+the study of a single genus.</p>
+
+
+<div class="part_2">
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">22</a></span></p>
+<h2>PART II</h2>
+
+<h2>CLASSIFICATION OF THE SPECIES</h2>
+
+
+<p>The following classification is based on the gradual evolution of the
+fruit from a cone symmetrical in form, parenchymatous in tissue,
+indehiscent and deciduous at maturity, releasing its wingless seed by
+disintegration&mdash;to a cone oblique in form, very strong and durable in
+tissue, persistent on the tree, intermittently dehiscent, releasing its
+winged seeds partly at maturity, partly at indefinite intervals during
+several years. This evolution embraces two extreme forms of fruit, one
+the most primitive, the other the most elaborate, among Conifers.</p>
+
+<p>Two sections of the genus, Soft and Hard Pines, are distinguished by
+several correlated characters, and moreover are distinct by obvious
+differences in the tissues of their cones as well as in the quality and
+appearance of their wood.</p>
+
+<p>With the Soft Pines the species group naturally under two subsections on
+the position of the umbo, the anatomy of the wood and the armature of
+the conelet. In one subsection (Cembra) are found three species, P.
+cembra and its allies, with the cone-tissues so completely
+parenchymatous that the cones cannot release the seeds except by
+disintegration. In both subsections there is a gradual evolution from a
+wingless nut to one with an effective wing, adnate in one subsection,
+adnate and articulate in the other. The different stages of this
+evolution are so distinct that the Soft Pines are easily separated into
+definite groups.</p>
+
+<p>Among the Hard Pines a few species show characters that are peculiar to
+the Soft Pines. These exceptional species form a subsection
+(Parapinaster) by themselves.</p>
+
+<p>With the remaining species, the majority of the Pines, the distinctions
+that obtain among Soft Pines have disappeared. The dorsal umbo, the
+articulate seed-wing, the persistent fascicle-sheath, the dorsal and
+ventral stomata of the leaf and its serrate margins, the dentate walls
+of the ray-tracheids have become fixed and constant. But a new form of
+seed-wing appears, with a thickened blade, assuming such proportions in
+P. Sabiniana and its two allies that these three constitute a distinct
+group, remarkable also for the size of its cones.</p>
+
+<p>Here also appear a new form of fruit, the oblique cone, and a new method
+of dissemination, the serotinous cone. Associated with the latter are
+the persistent cone and the multinodal spring-shoot. These characters do
+not develop in such perfect sequence and regularity that they can be
+employed for grouping the species without forcing some of them into
+unnatural association. The oblique cone first appears sporadically here
+and there and without obvious reason. The persistent cone, the first
+stage of the serotinous cone, is equally sporadic in the earlier stages
+of evolution. The same may be said of the multinodal shoot.</p>
+
+<p>Nevertheless these characters show an obvious progression toward a
+definite goal, where they are all united in a small group of species
+remarkable for the form and texture of their cones, for a peculiar
+seed-release and for the vigor and rapidity of their growth. It is
+possible, with the assistance of other characters, to segregate these
+species in three groups in which the affinities are respected and the
+general trend of their evolution is preserved.</p>
+
+<p>The first group, the Lariciones, contains species with large ray-pits,
+cones dehiscent at maturity, and uninodal spring-shoots. They are, with
+two exceptions, P. resinosa and P. tropicalis, Old World species.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">23</a></span></p><p>The second group, the Australes, contains species with small ray-pits,
+cones dehiscent at maturity and spring-shoots gradually changing, among
+the species, from a uninodal to a multinodal form. They are, without
+exception, species of the New World.</p>
+
+<p>The third group, the Insignes, contains the serotinous species. The
+ray-pits are small and the spring-shoots are, with two exceptions,
+multinodal. With two exceptions, P. halepensis and P. pinaster, they are
+New World species.</p>
+
+<p>These three groups, being the progressive sequence of a lineal
+evolution, are not absolutely circumscribed, but are more or less
+connected through a few intermediate species of each group. The
+systematic position of these intermediate species is determined by their
+obvious affinities. It cannot be expected that the variations, which
+take an important part in the evolution of the species, progress with
+equal step or in perfect correlation with each other.</p>
+
+<p>As to specific determinations, a little experience in the field
+discloses an amount of variation in species that does not always appear
+in the descriptions of authors; and species that are under the closest
+scrutiny of botanists, foresters or horticulturalists, attest by their
+multiple synonymy their wide variation. The possibilities of variation
+are indefinite and, with adaptable Pines, the range of variation is
+somewhat proportionate to change of climate. In mountainous countries,
+where there are warm sheltered valleys with rich soil below cold barren
+ledges, the most variable Pines are found. The western species of North
+America, for instance, are much more variable than the eastern species,
+while in Mexico, a tropical country with snow-capped mountains, the
+variation is greatest.</p>
+
+<p>Therefore in the limitation of species undue importance should not be
+given to characters responsive to environment, such as the dimensions of
+leaf or cone, the number of leaves in the fascicle, etc. Moreover, there
+are familiar examples (P. sylvestris, etc.) that show the possibility of
+wide differences in the cone of the same species.</p>
+
+<p>In the following classification species only are considered without
+attempting to determine varietal or other subspecific forms. But
+varieties are often mentioned as one of the factors illustrating the
+scope of species. Synonymy serves a like purpose, but synonyms not
+conveying useful information are omitted, Roezl's list of Mexican
+species, for instance, and variations in the orthography of specific
+names.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">24</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>PINUS</h3>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1755 <span class="smcap">Pinus</span> Duhamel, Trait&eacute; des Arbres, ii. 121.</li>
+<li>1790 <span class="smcap">Apinus</span> Necker, Elem. Bot. iii. 269.</li>
+<li>1852 <span class="smcap">Cembra</span> Opiz, Seznam, 27.</li>
+<li>1854 <span class="smcap">Strobus</span> Opiz, Lotos, iv. 94.</li>
+<li>1903 <span class="smcap">Caryopitys</span> Small, Fl. Southeast. U. S. 29.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Leaves and shoots dimorphous, primary leaves on long shoots, secondary
+leaves on dwarf shoots. Flowers diclinous, the pistillate taking the
+place of long shoots, the staminate taking the place of dwarf shoots.
+Growth of wood and fruit emanating from the nodes; buds, branchlets and
+cones, therefore, in verticillate association. Leaves and staminate
+flowers in internodal position, the primary leaves along the whole
+length of the internode, subtending secondary leaf-fascicles on the
+apical, staminate flowers on the basal part. Buds compounded of minute
+buds in the axils of bud-scales, becoming the bracts of the
+spring-shoot. Branchlets of one or more internodes, each internode in
+three parts&mdash;a length without leaves, a length bearing leaves and a node
+of buds. Cone requiring two, rarely three years to mature, displaying
+its annual growths by distinct areas on each scale. Seeds wingless or
+winged, edible and nutritious.</p>
+
+<p>The Pines are confined to the northern hemisphere, but grow in all
+climates and under all conditions of soil, temperature and humidity
+where trees can grow. Some of the species are of very restricted range,
+but others are adaptable and can cover wide areas. The sixty-six species
+are distributed as follows&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>
+Eastern Hemisphere, 23.
+</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1 exclusively African (Canary Islands).</li>
+<li>2 exclusively European.</li>
+<li>3 about the Mediterranean Basin.</li>
+<li>2 common to Europe and northern Asia.</li>
+<li>14 exclusively Asiatic.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Western Hemisphere, 43.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>28 in western North America, of which 12 are confined to Mexico and Central America.</li>
+<li>15 in eastern North America, of which 2 are exclusively West Indian.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<p>The two sections of the genus correspond with those of Koehne (Deutsch.
+Dendrol. 28 [1893]) and his two names, Haploxylon and Diploxylon, are
+adopted here, together with his two subsections of Haploxylon, Cembra
+and Paracembra.</p>
+
+<p>Of the two subsections of Diploxylon, Pinaster has been employed by
+Endlicher (Syn. Conif. 166 [1847]) and later authors for smaller or
+larger groups of Hard Pines. The subsection Parapinaster is now
+proposed.</p>
+
+<p>The names of groups, Cembrae, Strobi, Cembroides, Gerardianae,
+Balfourianae, Pineae, Lariciones and Australes, are taken from
+Engelmann's Revision of the Genus Pinus (Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis,
+iv. 175-178 [1880]). The remainder, Flexiles, Leiophyllae, Longifoliae,
+Insignes and Macrocarpae, are here proposed.</p>
+
+<p class="break">In order to bring the illustrations within the limits of the page the
+dimensions of cone and leaf, as shown on the plates, are a little
+smaller than life. In plates X and XXV the reproductions of the cones
+are reduced to 2/5 life-size.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">25</a></span></p>
+<h3>SECTIONS, SUBSECTIONS, AND GROUPS</h3>
+
+<table summary="Sections, Subsections, and Groups">
+<tr><td align="left">Bases of the fascicle-bracts non-decurrent</td><td align="left">A&mdash;HAPLOXYLON</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Umbo of the cone-scale terminal</span></td><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">a&mdash;</span><span class="smcap">Cembra</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Seeds wingless.</span></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Cones indehiscent</span></td><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">I.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cembrae</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Cones dehiscent</span></td><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">II.&nbsp;&nbsp;Flexiles</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Seed with an adnate wing</span></td><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">III.&nbsp;Strobi</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Umbo of the cone-scale dorsal</span></td><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">b&mdash;</span><span class="smcap">Paracembra</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Seeds wingless</span></td><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">IV.&nbsp;Cembroides</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Seed-wing short, ineffective</span></td><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">V.&nbsp;&nbsp;Gerardianae</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Seed-wing long, effective</span></td><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">VI.&nbsp;Balfourianae</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Bases of the fascicle-bracts decurrent</td><td align="left">B&mdash;DIPLOXYLON</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fascicle-sheath or seed of Haploxylon</span></td><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">c&mdash;</span><span class="smcap">Parapinaster</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fascicle-sheath deciduous</span></td><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">VII.&nbsp;&nbsp;Leiophyllae</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fascicle-sheath persistent.</span></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Seed-wing of the Strobi</span></td><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">VIII.&nbsp;Longifoliae</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Seed-wing of the Gerardianae</span></td><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">IX.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Pineae</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fascicle-sheath persistent, seed-wing articulate, effective</span></td><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">d&mdash;</span><span class="smcap">Pinaster</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Base of wing-blade thin or slightly thickened.</span></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Cones dehiscent at maturity.</span></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 4em;">Pits of ray-cells large</span></td><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">X.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Lariciones</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 4em;">Pits of ray-cells small</span></td><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">XI.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Australes</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Cones serotinous, pits of ray-cells small</span></td><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">XII.&nbsp;&nbsp;Insignes</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Base of wing-blade very thick</span></td><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">XIII.&nbsp;Macrocarpae</span></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">26</a></span></p>
+
+<h3><a name="HAPLOXYLON" id="HAPLOXYLON"></a>HAPLOXYLON</h3>
+
+
+<p>Bases of the bracts subtending leaf-fascicles not decurrent. Staminate
+flowers not sufficiently developed in the bud to be apparent.
+Spring-shoots uninodal. Fibro-vascular bundle of the leaf single. Cone
+symmetrical, of relatively fewer larger scales, its tissues softer.
+Bark-formation late, the trunks of young trees smooth. Wood soft and
+with little resin, of uniform color and with relatively obscure
+definition of the annual rings. Tracheids of the medullary rays with
+smooth walls.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>All the species of this section, except P. Nelsonii, have deciduous
+fascicle-sheaths. There are but two species of Diploxylon with
+deciduous sheaths, P. leiophylla and P. Lumholtzii, both of them
+easily recognized. The deciduous sheath, therefore, is an obvious and
+useful means for recognizing the Soft Pines. On the characters of the
+fruit and the wood Haploxylon can be divided into two subsections.</p>
+
+
+<table summary="Subsections of Haploxylon">
+<tr><td align='left'>a. Cembra</td><td align='left'>Umbo of the cone-scale terminal.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>b. Paracembra</td><td align='left'>Umbo of the cone-scale dorsal.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+</div>
+<h4>Cembra</h4>
+
+<p>Umbo of the cone-scale terminal. Scales of the conelet unarmed. Leaves
+in fascicles of 5, the sheath deciduous, the two dermal tissues
+distinct, the hypoderm-cells uniform. Pits of the cells of the wood-rays
+large.</p>
+
+
+
+<table summary="Cembra key">
+<tr><td align='left'>Seeds wingless.</td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cones indehiscent</span></td><td align='left'>I.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cembrae.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cones dehiscent</span></td><td align='left'>II.&nbsp;&nbsp;Flexiles.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Seeds with an adnate wing</td><td align='left'>III. Strobi.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+
+<h5>I. CEMBRAE</h5>
+
+<p>Seeds wingless. Cones indehiscent, deciduous at maturity.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>In this group of species there is no segregation of sclerenchyma into
+an effective tissue. The cones are inert under hygrometric changes and
+may always be recognized in herbaria by their persistent occlusion and
+soft tissues. The seeds are released only by the disintegration of the
+fallen cone. There is, however, a vicarious dissemination by predatory
+crows (genus Nucifraga) and rodents.</p>
+
+
+
+<table summary="Cembrae key">
+<tr><td align='left'>Leaves serrulate, their stomata ventral only.</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cones relatively larger, the apophyses protuberant</span></td><td align='left'>1.&nbsp;koraiensis.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cones relatively smaller, the apophyses appressed</span></td><td align='left'>2.&nbsp;cembra.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Leaves entire, their stomata ventral and dorsal</td><td align='left'>3.&nbsp;albicaulis.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+</div>
+
+
+
+<h6>1. PINUS KORAIENSIS</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1784 <span class="smcap">P. strobus</span> Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 275 (not Linnaeus).</li>
+<li>1842 <span class="smcap">P. koraiensis</span> Siebold &amp; Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. ii. 38.</li>
+<li>1857 <span class="smcap">P. mandschurica</span> Ruprecht in Bull. Acad. Sci. St. P&eacute;tersb. xv. 382.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots more or less densely tomentose. Leaves from 8 to 12 cm.
+long, serrulate, stomata ventral only, resin-ducts medial and confined
+to the angles. Conelets large, subterminal, or on young trees often
+pseudolateral. Cones indehiscent, from 9 to 14 cm. long,
+short-pedunculate, ovoid-conical or subcylindrical; apophyses dull pale
+nut-brown, rugose, shrinking much in drying and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">27</a></span> exposing the seeds,
+prolonged and tapering to a more or less reflexed tip, the umbo
+inconspicuous; seeds large, wingless, the spermoderm entire.</p>
+
+<div class="range">
+
+<p>A species of the mountains of northeastern Asia with valuable wood and
+large edible nuts; hardy and often cultivated in cool-temperate
+climates.</p>
+
+<p>The P. koraiensis of Beissner (in Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. n. ser. iv.
+184) and of Masters (in Gard. Chron. ser. 3, xxxiii. 34, ff.) are P.
+Armandi and have led to an erroneous extension of the range of this
+species into Shensi and Hupeh. In the original description of the
+species the authors call attention to an error in the plate, where a
+cone of another species has been substituted.</p>
+
+<p>P. koraiensis resembles P. cembra in leaf and branchlet but not in the
+cone. It is often confused with P. Armandi, but can easily be
+distinguished by its tomentose branchlets, indehiscent cone and
+peculiar seed. The two species, moreover, do not always agree in the
+position of the foliar resin-ducts.</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate8">Plate VIII</a>.</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Fig. 85, Cone and seed. Fig. 86, Leaf-fascicle and magnified
+leaf-section.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h6>2. PINUS CEMBRA</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1753 <span class="smcap">P. cembra</span> Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1000.</li>
+<li>1778 <span class="smcap">P. montana</span> Lamarck, Fl. Fran&ccedil;. iii. 651 (not Miller).</li>
+<li>1858 <span class="smcap">P. pumila</span> Regel in Index Sem. Hort. Petrop. 23.</li>
+<li>1884 <span class="smcap">P. mandschurica</span> Lawson, Pinet. Brit. i. 61, ff. (not Ruprecht).</li>
+<li>1906 <span class="smcap">P. sibirica</span> Mayr, Fremdl. Wald- &amp; Parkb. 388.</li>
+<li>1913 <span class="smcap">P. coronans</span> Litvinof in Trav. Mus. Bot. Acad. St. P&eacute;tersb. xi. 23, f.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots densely tomentose. Leaves from 5 to 12 cm. long,
+serrulate; stomata ventral only; resin-ducts medial or, in the dwarf
+form, often external. Conelets short-pedunculate, purple during their
+second season. Cone from 5 to 8 cm. long, ovate or subglobose,
+subsessile; apophyses dull nut-brown, thick, slightly convex, the margin
+often a little reflexed, the umbo inconspicuous; seeds wingless, large,
+the dorsal spermoderm adnate partly to the nut, partly to the
+cone-scale, the ventral spermoderm wanting.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>The Swiss Stone Pine attains a height of 15 or 25 metres and occupies
+two distinct areas, the Alps, from Savoy to the Carpathians at high
+altitudes, and the plains and mountain-slopes throughout the vast area
+from northeastern Russia through Siberia. Beyond the Lena and Lake
+Baikal it becomes a dwarf (var. pumila) with its eastern limit in
+northern Nippon and in Kamchatka. It is successfully cultivated in the
+cool-temperate climates of Europe and America. The wood is of even,
+close grain, peculiarly adapted to carving. The nuts are gathered for
+food and confections, but are destroyed in great numbers by squirrels,
+mice and a jay-like crow, the European Nutcracker. It is generally
+conceded, however, that these enemies assist in dissemination.</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate8">Plate VIII</a>.</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Fig. 87, Cone, seed and magnified leaf-section. Fig. 88, Tree at
+Arolla, Switzerland. Fig. 89, Cone, leaf-fascicle and magnified
+leaf-section of var. pumila. </p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h6>3. PINUS ALBICAULIS</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1853 <span class="smcap">P. flexilis</span> Balfour in Bot. Exped. Oregon, 1, f. (not James).</li>
+<li>1857 <span class="smcap">P. cembroides</span> Newberry in Pacif. R. R. Rep. vi-3, 44, f. (not Zuccarini).</li>
+<li>1863 <span class="smcap">P. albicaulis</span> Engelmann in Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, ii. 209.</li>
+<li>1867 <span class="smcap">P. shasta</span> Carri&egrave;re, Trait. Conif. ed. 2, 390.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots glabrous or pubescent. Branchlets pliant and tough. Leaves
+from 4 to 7 cm. long, entire, stout, persistent for several years;
+stomata dorsal and ventral; resin-ducts external. Conelets
+short-pedunculate, dark purple during the second season, their scales
+often tapering to an acute apex. Cones from 5 to 7 cm. long, subsessile,
+oval or subglobose; apophyses nut-brown or fulvous brown, dull or
+slightly lustrous, very thick, the under surface conspicuous, meeting
+the upper surface<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">28</a></span> in an acute margin, and terminated by a salient,
+often acute umbo; seed wingless, the testa bare of spermoderm.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>This species ranges from British Columbia through Washington and
+Oregon, over the mountains of northern California and the Sierras as
+far south as Mt. Whitney, and, on the Rocky Mountains, through Idaho
+and Montana to northern Wyoming. It is found at the timber-line of
+many stations and forms, in exposed situations, flat table-like masses
+close to the ground. It is a species of no economical importance and
+is too inaccessible for the profitable gathering of its large nuts,
+which are devoured in quantity by squirrels and by Clark's crow, a
+bird of the same genus with the pinivorous Nutcracker of Europe.</p>
+
+<p>P. albicaulis is distinguished from its allies by its entire leaves
+with both dorsal and ventral stomata, from P. flexilis by its
+indehiscent cone, and from all of these species by its seed without
+membranous cover or rudimentary wing. It was united with P. flexilis
+by Parlatore and Gordon, and, later, was referred to that species as a
+varietal form by Engelmann (in Brewer &amp; Watson, Bot. Calif. ii. 124).
+Parrish's P. albicaulis (in Zoe, iv. 350), extending its range to the
+mountains of southern California, proves to be P. flexilis (Jepson,
+Silva Calif. 74).</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate9">Plate VIII</a>.</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Fig. 90, Two cones and seed. Fig. 91, Leaf-fascicle. Fig. 92,
+Magnified leaf-section. </p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29"><ins title="Moved from original location.">29</ins></a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 363px;">
+  <a name="plate8" id="plate8"></a>
+  <a href="images/pa08.jpg">
+<img src="images/pb08.jpg" width="363" height="500" alt="PLATE VIII. P. KORAIENSIS (85, 86), CEMBRA (87-88),
+ALBICAULIS (90-92)" title="" />
+  </a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE VIII. P. KORAIENSIS (85, 86), CEMBRA (87-89),
+ALBICAULIS (90-92)</span>
+</div>
+
+<h5>II. FLEXILES</h5>
+
+<p>Seeds wingless, the spermoderm forming a narrow border with a
+rudimentary prolongation. Cones dehiscent at maturity.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>The dehiscent cone distinguishes this group from the Cembrae.
+Therefore confusion of P. koraiensis with P. Armandi, or P. albicaulis
+with P. flexilis should be impossible. The peculiar seed is found
+again only in the northern variety of P. ayacahuite.</p>
+
+
+
+<table summary="Flexiles key">
+<tr><td align='left'>Leaves usually entire, the stomata dorsal and ventral</td><td align='left'>4.&nbsp;flexilis.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Leaves serrulate, the stomata ventral only</td><td align='left'>5.&nbsp;Armandi.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+</div>
+
+
+<h6>4. PINUS FLEXILIS</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1823 <span class="smcap">P. flexilis</span> James in Long's Exped. ii. 34.</li>
+<li>1882 <span class="smcap">P. reflexa</span> Engelmann in Bot. Gaz. vii. 4.</li>
+<li>1897 <span class="smcap">P. strobiformis</span> Sargent, Silva N. Am. xi. 33, tt. 544, 545 (not Engelmann).</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots pubescent; branchlets very tough and pliant. Leaves from 3
+to 9 cm. long, entire, or serrulate in the southern variety, persistent
+for five or six years; stomata dorsal and ventral or, in the south,
+sometimes ventral only; resin-ducts external. Cones from 6 to 25 cm.
+long, ovate or subcylindrical, short-pedunculate; apophyses pale tawny
+yellow, or yellow ochre, lustrous, often prolonged and more or less
+reflexed, thick, the margin together with the umbo raised above the
+surface of the cone.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>This species grows on the Rocky Mountains from Alberta in the Dominion
+of Canada to Chihuahua in northern Mexico and ranges westward to the
+eastern slope of the Sierras and to the southern mountains of
+California. The wood, where accessible, is manufactured into lumber.
+It may be seen in the Arnold Arboretum and in the Royal Gardens at
+Kew.</p>
+
+<p>P. flexilis is recognized by its lustrous yellow cones. This and the
+constantly external ducts of its usually entire leaves distinguish it
+from P. Armandi. From P. albicaulis, with similar leaves, it differs
+by its dehiscent cone. At one extreme the cone of P. flexilis is not
+unlike that of P. albicaulis, at the other extreme it approaches the
+characteristic cone of P. ayacahuite, with prolonged reflexed scales.
+Hence the confusion of P. albicaulis with P. flexilis (Murray,
+Parlatore and others) and of P. flexilis with Engelmann's P.
+strobiformis. Sargent's P. strobiformis, illustrated in the Silva of
+North America, is the form of this species known as var. reflexa of
+Engelmann.</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate9">Plate IX</a>.</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Fig. 93, Two cones and seed. Fig. 94, Leaf-fascicle. Fig. 95,
+Magnified leaf-section. </p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">30</a></span></p>
+
+<h6>5. PINUS ARMANDI</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1884 <span class="smcap">P. Armandi</span> Franchet in Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, s&eacute;r. 2, vii. 95, 96, t. 12.</li>
+<li>1898 <span class="smcap">P. scipioniformis</span> Masters in Bull. Herb. Boiss. vi. 270.</li>
+<li>1903 <span class="smcap">P. koraiensis</span> Masters in Gard. Chron. ser. 3, xxxiii. 34, ff. 18, 19 (not Siebold &amp; Zuccarini).</li>
+<li>1908 <span class="smcap">P. Mastersiana</span> Hayata in Gard. Chron. ser. 3, xliii, 194.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots glabrous; branches and most of the trunk covered with a
+smooth gray cortex. Leaves from 8 to 15 cm. long, serrulate; stomata
+ventral only; resin-ducts external, external and medial, or medial, all
+three conditions sometimes occurring in leaves of the same branchlet.
+Cones from 6 to 20 cm. in length, pendent on peduncles of various
+lengths, the peduncle often remaining on the tree after the fall of the
+cone; apophyses fulvous brown, dull or sublustrous, the margin rounded
+or tapering to an acute apex, sometimes a little prolonged and reflexed,
+the umbo inconspicuous.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>A tree of the mountains of central, southern and western China with an
+outlying station on the Island of Formosa. Recently planted in Europe
+and America, it has so far proved hardy. The nuts are gathered for
+food and some use is made of the wood.</p>
+
+<p>The glabrous shoots of P. Armandi distinguish it from P. flexilis and
+P. koraiensis. From the latter it is also distinct in its dehiscent
+cone and in its seed. The section of its leaf, with dorsal ducts often
+in two positions, is peculiar to this species among Soft Pines.</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate9">Plate IX</a>.</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Fig. 96, Two cones and seed. Fig. 97, Leaf-fascicle. Figs. 98, 99,
+Magnified sections of three leaves. </p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31"><ins title="Moved from original location.">31</ins></a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 364px;">
+  <a name="plate9" id="plate9"></a>
+  <a href="images/pa09.jpg">
+<img src="images/pb09.jpg" width="364" height="500" alt="PLATE IX. P. FLEXILIS (93-95), ARMANDI (96-99)" title="" />
+  </a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE IX. P. FLEXILIS (93-95), ARMANDI (96-99)</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h5>III. STROBI</h5>
+
+<p>Seed with a long effective wing adnate to the nut.</p>
+
+<p>The base of the seed-wing corresponds to the marginal spermoderm of the
+Flexiles but is prolonged into an effective adnate wing. This form of
+wing appears again in the species Balfouriana and in the group
+Longifoliae.</p>
+
+
+
+<table summary="Strobi key">
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2">Cones very long, usually exceeding 25 cm.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cone-scales prolonged and reflexed</span></td><td align='left'>6.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ayacahuite.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cone-scales appressed</span></td><td align='left'>7.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Lambertiana.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2">Cones less than 25 cm. long.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cone-scales prominently convex.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Leaves less than 7 cm. long</span></td><td align='left'>8.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;parviflora.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;"> Leaves 9-12 cm. long</span></td><td align='left'>9.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;peuce.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Leaves 12-18 cm. long</span></td><td align='left'>10.&nbsp;excelsa.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cone-scales thin, conforming to the surface of the cone.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Cone relatively longer, its phyllotaxis 8/21</span></td><td align='left'>11.&nbsp;monticola.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Cone relatively shorter, its phyllotaxis 5/13</span></td><td align='left'>12.&nbsp;strobus.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+
+<h6>6. PINUS AYACAHUITE</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1838 <span class="smcap">P. ayacahuite</span> Ehrenberg in Linnaea, xii. 492.</li>
+<li>1848 <span class="smcap">P. strobiformis</span> Engelmann in Wislizenus, Tour Mex. 102.</li>
+<li>1857 <span class="smcap">P. Veitchii</span> Roezl, Cat. Graines Conif. Mex. 32.</li>
+<li>1858 <span class="smcap">P. Bonapartea</span> Roezl in Gard. Chron. 358.</li>
+<li>1858 <span class="smcap">P. Loudoniana</span> Gordon, Pinet. 230.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots glabrous or pubescent. Leaves from 10 to 20 cm. long,
+serrulate, their stomata ventral only, their resin-ducts external, often
+numerous. Cones from 25 to 45 cm. long, pendent on long stalks,
+subcylindrical or tapering, often curved; apophyses pale nut-brown, dull
+or sublustrous, varying much in thickness, prolonged in various degrees,
+the prolongations patulous, reflexed, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">32</a></span>recurved or revolute; seeds of
+the southern typical form with a long wing, the wing diminishing and the
+nut increasing in relative size northward.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>The White Pine of Mexico and Guatemala grows on mountain-slopes and at
+the head of ravines. It is not very hardy in cultivation except in the
+milder parts of Great Britain and in northern Italy, where the forms
+of central and northern Mexico have been very successful. The species
+is best recognized by the prolonged apophyses of its large cone.</p>
+
+<p>The variations in the size of the cone and in the prolongations of its
+scales are many, but of far more significance is the remarkable
+variation of the seed-wing, which is long in the southern part of the
+range, short and broad in central Mexico, and rudimentary, like the
+seed of P. flexilis, in the north. This makes it possible to establish
+two well defined varieties&mdash;Veitchii and brachyptera. The three forms
+of the species present a gradation from the long effective wing of the
+Strobi to the rudimentary form of the Flexiles. Many of the seed-wings
+of the var. Veitchii correspond, in their short broad form and opaque
+coloring, with the characteristic wing of P. Lambertiana.</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate10">Plate X</a>. (leaves and cones much reduced).</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Fig. 103, Cone and cone-scale of var. Veitchii. Fig. 104, Cone and
+seed of var. brachyptera. Fig. 105, Cone-scale of the typical form.
+Figs. 106, 107, Leaf-fascicles and magnified leaf-sections. </p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h6>7. PINUS LAMBERTIANA</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1827 <span class="smcap">P. Lambertiana</span> Douglas in Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. 497.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots pubescent. Leaves from 7 to 10 cm. long, serrulate;
+stomata dorsal and ventral; resin-ducts external or with one or two
+ventral medial ducts. Cones from 30 to 50 cm. long, pendent,
+subcylindrical, tapering to a rounded apex; apophyses pale nut-brown,
+thick, a narrow border of the under surface showing on the closed cone,
+the margin rounded or tapering to a blunt slightly reflexed tip; seed
+with a large nut and a broad short opaque wing.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>The Sugar Pine is the tallest of the genus and attains a height of 50
+or 60 metres. It grows on mountain slopes and the sides of ravines.
+Its southern limit is in Lower California on the plateau of San Pedro
+Martir, its northern limit is in western Oregon. The wood is valuable,
+its nuts are eaten by native Indians, and the sweet exudation, which
+gives the tree its popular name, is a manna-like substance of some
+officinal value. P. Lambertiana is recognized by its long cone and by
+the constant dorsal stomata of its leaves.</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate10">Plate X</a>. (leaves and cone much reduced).</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Fig. 100, Cone and seed. Fig. 101, Conelet. Fig. 102, Leaf-fascicle
+and magnified leaf-section. </p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33"><ins title="Moved from original location.">33</ins></a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 373px;">
+  <a name="plate10" id="plate10"></a>
+  <a href="images/pa10.jpg">
+<img src="images/pb10.jpg" width="373" height="500" alt="PLATE X. P. LAMBERTIANA (100-102), AYACAHUITE (103-107)" title="" />
+  </a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE X. P. LAMBERTIANA (100-102), AYACAHUITE (103-107)</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h6>8. PINUS PARVIFLORA</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1784 <span class="smcap">P. cembra</span> Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 274. (not Linnaeus).</li>
+<li>1842 <span class="smcap">P. parviflora</span> Siebold and Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. ii. 27, t. 115.</li>
+<li>1890 <span class="smcap">P. pentaphylla</span> Mayr, Mon. Abiet. Jap. 78, 94, t. 6.</li>
+<li>1908 <span class="smcap">P. morrisonicola</span> Hayata in Gard. Chron. ser. 3, xliii. 194.</li>
+<li>1908 <span class="smcap">P. formosana</span> Hayata in Jour. Linn. Soc. xxxviii. 297, t. 22.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots pubescent or glabrous; branches becoming studded with
+prominent resin-cells of the cortex. Leaves from 3 to 8 cm. long,
+slender, serrulate; stomata ventral only; resin-ducts external and
+dorsal. Cones subsessile, often persistent, from 5 to 10 cm. long,
+patulous or horizontal, short-ovate, or elongate and slightly conical;
+apophyses nut-brown, abruptly convex near the apex, or irregularly
+warped, varying much in size, the umbo confluent with the thin margin of
+the scale and resting on the apophysis beneath; seeds with a large nut
+and a short broad wing, often temporarily adherent to the cone-scale and
+breaking apart at the fall of the nut.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>A tree of the mountains of Japan and Formosa, cultivated extensively.
+It is recognized by its very short quinate leaves and by its nearly
+sessile cones. The frequent but not invariable retention of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">34</a></span>the
+seed-wing in the cone is due to adhesion. Many seeds fall with their
+wings intact, others break away from the wing which, after a while,
+loosens and also falls.</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate11">Plate XI</a>.</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Figs. 114, 115, Three cones and seed. Fig. 116, Leaf-fascicle and
+magnified leaf-section. </p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h6>9. PINUS PEUCE</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1844 <span class="smcap">P. peuce</span> Grisebach, Spicil. Fl. Rumel. ii. 349.</li>
+<li>1865 <span class="smcap">P. excelsa</span> Hooker in Jour. Linn. Soc. viii. 145. (not Wallich).</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots glabrous. Leaves from 7 to 10 cm. long, erect, serrulate;
+stomata ventral only; resin-ducts external. Connective of pollen-sacs
+small and narrow. Cones deciduous, from 8 to 15 cm. long,
+subcylindrical, often curved, the peduncle short; apophyses tawny
+yellow, prominently and abruptly convex, the umbo against the scale
+beneath; seed-wing long.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>A tree of the Balkan Mountains, very hardy and bearing abundant fruit
+in the gardens of both hemispheres. The cone resembles that of P.
+excelsa, but is prevalently much shorter and with a relatively shorter
+peduncle. Its leaves are also much shorter and are always erect. A
+curious difference is found in the connectives of the pollen-sacs,
+small in peuce (fig.&nbsp;113), large in excelsa (fig.&nbsp;110). The convexity
+of its apophyses distinguishes the cone from those of P. monticola and
+P. strobus. Beissner followed Hooker and named this species excelsa,
+var. peuce, in the first edition of his Handbuch (1891), but in the
+second edition he restored the Balkan Pine to specific standing.</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate11">Plate XI</a>.</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Fig. 111, Cone and seed. Fig. 112, Leaf-fascicle and magnified
+leaf-section. Fig. 113, Pollen-sacs and connective magnified. </p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h6>10. PINUS EXCELSA</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1824 <span class="smcap">P. excelsa</span> Wallich ex Lambert, Gen. Pin. ii, 5, t. 3.</li>
+<li>1845 <span class="smcap">P. nepalensis</span> De Chambray, Arbr. R&eacute;sin. 342.</li>
+<li>1854 <span class="smcap">P. Griffithii</span> McClelland in Griffith, Notul. Pl. Asiat. iv, 17; Icon. Pl. Asiat. t. 365.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots glabrous. Leaves from 10 to 18 cm. long, drooping,
+serrulate; stomata ventral only; resin-ducts external but often with a
+medial ventral duct. Connective of the pollen-sacs large. Cones from 15
+to 25 cm. long, narrow-cylindrical; apophyses tawny yellow or pale
+fulvous brown, prominently convex, the umbo against the apophysis
+beneath; seeds with a long wing.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>A tree with gray-green drooping foliage, found, with some
+interruptions, along the Himalayas. It furnishes resin, tar and wood
+of considerable value. It is cultivated in all temperate climates and
+is a familiar tree of American and European gardens. Madden states
+that the foliage of P. excelsa is sometimes erect and is occasionally
+bright green. Such variations are often met in other species of Pinus.
+Usually the drooping gray-green foliage and the peculiar cone are
+sufficient for the recognition of this species. The not infrequent
+presence of a medial duct and the large connective are valuable aids
+for identifying it.</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate11">Plate XI</a>.</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Fig. 108, Cone and seed. Fig. 109, Leaf-fascicle and magnified
+section of two leaves. Fig. 110, Pollen-sacs and connective
+magnified. </p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35"><ins title="Moved from original location.">35</ins></a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 359px;">
+  <a name="plate11" id="plate11"></a>
+  <a href="images/pa11.jpg">
+<img src="images/pb11.jpg" width="359" height="500" alt="PLATE XI. P. EXCELSA (108-110), PEUCE (111-113),
+PARVIFLORA (114-116)" title="" />
+  </a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE XI. P. EXCELSA (108-110), PEUCE (111-113),
+PARVIFLORA (114-116)</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h6>11. PINUS MONTICOLA</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1837 <span class="smcap">P. monticola</span> Douglas ex Lambert, Gen. Pin. iii. t.</li>
+<li>1884 <span class="smcap">P. porphyrocarpa</span> Lawson, Pinet. Brit. i, 83, ff.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shouts pubescent. Leaves from 4 to 10 cm. long, serrulate;
+stomata ventral or rarely with a few dorsal stomata; resin-ducts
+external. Cones from 10 to 25 cm. long, cylindrical or tapering,
+sometimes curved; apophyses brown-ochre or fulvous brown, thin, smooth,
+conforming to the surface of the cone, the apex sometimes slightly
+prolonged and reflexed, the umbo not quite touching the surface of the
+scale below.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">36</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>The western White Pine grows in southern British Columbia and on
+Vancouver Island, on the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Idaho, in
+Washington, on the Blue Mountains, Cascades and Coast Range of Oregon,
+across northern California and along the Sierras to the mountains of
+southern California. Where it is abundant and accessible it furnishes
+valuable timber. It is hardy in New England and in northern and
+central Europe.</p>
+
+<p>It differs from P. strobus in the higher phyllotaxis of its cone, an
+obvious difference that may be seen by comparing cones of the two
+species of the same length (figs. 117, 119), the number of scales on
+the cone of P. monticola being much greater than that on the cone of
+P. strobus. Nuttall (Sylva, iii, 118) followed Hooker in considering
+it to be a variety of P. strobus.</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate12">Plate XII</a>.</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Fig. 117, Cone and cone-scale. Fig. 118, Leaf-fascicle and magnified
+leaf-section. </p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h6>12. PINUS STROBUS</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1753 <span class="smcap">P. strobus</span> Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1001.</li>
+<li>1855 <span class="smcap">P. nivea</span> Booth ex Carri&egrave;re, Trait. Conif. 305.</li>
+<li>1862 <span class="smcap">P. alba-canadensis</span> Provancher, Fl. Canad. ii. 554.</li>
+<li>1903 <span class="smcap">Strobus strobus</span> Small, Fl. Southeast. U. S. 29.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots pubescent. Leaves from 6 to 14 cm. long, serrulate;
+stomata ventral only; resin-ducts external. Cones from 8 to 24 cm. long,
+narrow cylindrical, sometimes curved; apophyses fulvous brown, or rufous
+brown, thin, the smooth or slightly rugose surface conforming to the
+general surface of the cone; seed with a long wing.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>A valuable timber-tree of singular beauty and rapid growth. The
+northern limit of its range extends from Newfoundland to Manitoba; it
+grows throughout the northern states from Minnesota to the Atlantic,
+and, south of Pennsylvania, along the Appalachians to northern
+Georgia. Its tractable and reliable wood, its adaptability to various
+soils and climates, its early maturity and stately habit, recommend it
+to the forester and gardener.</p>
+
+<p>Mature trees of P. strobus tower above the evergreens associated with
+it. It is also recognized by the color and horizontal massing of its
+foliage. The cone, when closed, is very narrow; its thin flat scales
+distinguish it from the cone of P. peuce, and its phyllotaxis from the
+cone of P. monticola. To illustrate the possibilities of variation in
+the size of Pine cones, I once collected several in Tamworth, N. H.,
+on the estate of Mr. Augustus Hemenway, on the same slope and within
+an area of one square kilometre. These cones varied in length from 6
+to 24 cm., with all intermediate sizes. Also on each tree were cones
+of various lengths, but the longest were confined to two or three
+trees among the several hundred examined. Dimensions of leaves also
+varied with individual trees; not infrequently the leaves of a tree
+were twice the length of those of an adjacent tree. Such variations
+appear in many species and in many localities.</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate12">Plate XII</a>.</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Fig. 119, Two cones. Fig. 120, Leaf-fascicle. Fig. 121, Magnified
+leaf-section. Fig. 122, Conelets. Fig. 123, A cultivated tree in
+Massachusetts. </p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37"><ins title="Moved from original location.">37</ins></a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 360px;">
+  <a name="plate12" id="plate12"></a>
+  <a href="images/pa12.jpg">
+<img src="images/pb12.jpg" width="360" height="500" alt="PLATE XII. P. MONTICOLA (117, 118), STROBUS (119-123)" title="" />
+  </a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE XII. P. MONTICOLA (117, 118), STROBUS (119-123)</span>
+</div>
+
+<h4>Paracembra</h4>
+
+<p>Umbo of the cone-scale dorsal. Scales of the conelet mucronate or
+aristate. Epiderm and hypoderm of the leaf similar, appearing as a
+single tissue; resin-ducts external. Pits of the ray-cells small.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>The wood of this subsection differs from that of other species, except
+that of P. pinea, in the Picea-like characters of the medullary
+rays&mdash;tracheids with smooth walls combined with the thick walls and
+small pits of the ray-cells. On the character of the seeds the species
+may be divided into three groups. </p></div>
+
+
+
+<table summary="Paracembra key">
+<tr><td align='left'>Seeds wingless</td><td align='left'>IV.&nbsp;Cembroides.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Seeds with a short, ineffective, articulate wing</td><td align='left'>V.&nbsp;&nbsp;Gerardianae.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Seeds with a long and effective wing</td><td align='left'>VI.&nbsp;Balfourianae.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">38</a></span></p>
+
+<h5>IV. CEMBROIDES</h5>
+
+<p>Seeds wingless, the nut large, wholly or partly bare of membranous
+cover. Cones varying from yellow-ochre to deep red-orange in color.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>These are the Nut Pines, growing on the arid slopes and table-lands
+above the great plateau of northern Mexico and its extension into the
+southwestern United States. There are three distinct species.</p>
+
+
+
+<table summary="Cembroides key">
+<tr><td align='left'>Leaves entire, the sheath deciduous.</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cones subglobose, subsessile</span></td><td align='left'>13.&nbsp;cembroides.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cones cylindrical, pedunculate</span></td><td align='left'>14.&nbsp;Pinceana.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Leaves serrulate, the sheath persistent</td><td align='left'>15.&nbsp;Nelsonii.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+</div>
+
+
+<h6>13. PINUS CEMBROIDES</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1832 <span class="smcap">P. cembroides</span> Zuccarini in Abh. Akad. M&uuml;nch. i. 392.</li>
+<li>1838 <span class="smcap">P. Llaveana</span> Schiede in Linnaea, xii. 488.</li>
+<li>1845 <span class="smcap">P. monophylla</span> Torrey in Fr&eacute;mont's Rep. 319, t. 4.</li>
+<li>1847 <span class="smcap">P. Fremontiana</span> Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 183.</li>
+<li>1848 <span class="smcap">P. edulis</span> Engelmann in Wislizenus, Tour. Mex. 88.</li>
+<li>1848 <span class="smcap">P. osteosperma</span> Engelmann in Wislizenus, Tour. Mex. 89.</li>
+<li>1862 <span class="smcap">P. Parryana</span> Engelmann in Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiv. 332 (not Gordon).</li>
+<li>1897 <span class="smcap">P. quadrifolia</span> Sudworth, Bull. 14, U. S. Dep. Agric. 17.</li>
+<li>1903 <span class="smcap">Caryopitys edulus</span> Small, Fl. Southeast. U. S. 29.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots pruinose. Leaves from 2 to 6 cm. long, in fascicles of 1
+to 5, the sheath-scales revolute at the apex, then deciduous; stomata
+ventral, or ventral and dorsal; resin-ducts external. Scales of the
+conelet armed with a minute prickle. Cones from 4 to 6 cm. long,
+subglobose, subsessile; apophyses lustrous ochre-yellow, crowned with a
+quadrilateral umbo bearing the minute prickle of the conelet; seed
+flaxen yellow when fresh, its testa bare, the spermoderm adnate to the
+cone-scale.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>A broad tree with a round head, similar in size and form, but not in
+ramification, to the cultivated Apple-tree; growing on arid slopes and
+table-lands. Its eastern limit is in southwestern Wyoming, central
+Colorado, Texas, western Tamaulipas and northwestern Vera Cruz. It
+ranges over Utah, Nevada, Arizona and the northern states of Mexico to
+the southern Sierras of California and to the northern and southern
+extremities of Lower California. It is recognized by its small cone,
+which expands, when open, into an irregular flat aggregate of loosely
+attached scales. The leaves are shorter than those of the other Pines
+of this group.</p>
+
+<p>The cone of this species always retains its peculiar character. The
+variations are mainly in the number of leaves in the fascicle. On this
+character this Nut Pine is divided by many authors into four
+species&mdash;cembroides, with three slender leaves&mdash;edulis, with two stout
+leaves&mdash;monophylla, with one leaf and&mdash;Parryana, with four stout
+leaves. But there are intermediate forms that may be either cembroides
+or edulis, edulis or monophylla etc., and Voss's reduction of the four
+to a single species with three varieties seems to be justified (Mitt.
+Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. xvi. 95).</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate13">Plate XIII</a>.</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Fig. 130, Cone, cone-scale and seed. Fig. 131, Open cone. Fig. 132,
+Branchlet with leaves and magnified leaf-section. </p>
+</div>
+
+<h6>14. PINUS PINCEANA</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1846 <span class="smcap">P. cembroides</span> Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. i. 236, f. (not Zuccarini).</li>
+<li>1858 <span class="smcap">P. Pinceana</span> Gordon, Pinet. 204.</li>
+<li>1882 <span class="smcap">P. latisquama</span> Engelmann in Gard. Chron. ser. 2, xviii. 712. f. 125 (as to cone only).</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots slender, pruinose. Leaves in fascicles of three, the
+sheath revolute at the base, then deciduous; stomata ventral, or ventral
+and dorsal; resin-ducts external. Scales of the conelet minutely
+mucronate. Cones from 6 to 9 cm. long, cylindrical, pendent on long
+peduncles; apophyses <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">40</a></span>lustrous ochre-yellow, elevated in the centre,
+the umbo usually retaining the small prickle; seed large, bearing on its
+dorsal surface remnants of the spermoderm.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>A small bushy tree with long slender branchlets, clear gray cortex,
+persistently smooth except on the lower part of the trunk, and
+glaucous-green foliage. It grows along water-courses, dry in autumn
+and winter, from southern Coahuila to central Hidalgo, and is
+associated with P. cembroides, from which it may be distinguished by
+its longer leaves and much longer cylindrical cone.</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate13">Plate XIII</a>.</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Fig. 127, Cone, cone-scale and seed. Fig. 128, Branchlet with
+leaves. Fig. 129, Magnified leaf-section. </p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h6>15. PINUS NELSONII</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1904 <span class="smcap">P. Nelsonii</span> Shaw in Gard. Chron. ser. 3, xxxvi. 122, f. 49.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots slender, pruinose; branchlets very pliant and tough,
+summer-shoots abundant. Leaves with a persistent sheath, from 6 to 9 cm.
+long, united in threes along a portion of their ventral surface into
+pseudomonophyllous fascicles, serrulate on the two margins of the dorsal
+surface, entire on the ventral margin; stomata dorsal and with one row
+along the free portion of each ventral face. Conelets usually, if not
+always, pseudolateral by reason of the summer growth of the branchlets,
+and attaining in their first season an unusually large size. Cones from
+6 to 12 cm. long, on very long stout and curved peduncles, cylindrical,
+deciduous by an articulation between the cone and its peduncle, leaving
+the latter for several years on the tree; apophyses dark lustrous
+orange-red, rugose, elevated along a sharp transverse keel, the umbo
+obscurely defined, the mucro usually broken away; nuts large, flaxen
+yellow, the spermoderm adnate to the cone-scale.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>A small bushy tree with long pliant branches, clear gray cortex all
+over the limbs and trunk, and sparse gray-green foliage. It grows,
+together with P. cembroides, on the lower slopes of the northeastern
+Sierras of Mexico, near the boundary between the states of Tamaulipas
+and Nuevo Leon. It is apparently confined to a small area near the
+latitude of the city of Victoria, the capital of Tamaulipas, where its
+nuts are often exposed for sale.</p>
+
+<p>In many characters this species is unique. It can be recognized at
+once by the connate leaves that form the fascicle or by the remarkable
+stout curved peduncle of its cone. Such seeds as I have seen differ
+from those of P. cembroides by a reddish area at one end, but this can
+be seen with fresh seeds only.</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate13">Plate XIII</a>.</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Fig. 124, Cone, cone scale and seed. Fig. 125, Branchlet with
+leaves. Fig. 126, Magnified section of a leaf-fascicle. </p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39"><ins title="Moved from original location.">39</ins></a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 360px;">
+  <a name="plate13" id="plate13"></a>
+  <a href="images/pa13.jpg">
+<img src="images/pb13.jpg" width="360" height="500" alt="PLATE XIII. P. NELSONII (124-126), PINCEANA (127-129),
+CEMBROIDES (130-132)" title="" />
+  </a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE XIII. P. NELSONII (124-126), PINCEANA (127-129),
+CEMBROIDES (130-132)</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h5>V. GERARDIANAE</h5>
+
+<p>Seeds with a very short ineffective articulate wing. Leaves in fascicles
+of 3, serrulate, the sheath deciduous. Bark exfoliating in large scales,
+leaving parti-colored areas.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>These Asiatic Nut Pines are alike in leaf and cortex as well as in the
+peculiar seed-wing. The last often remains in the cone after the nut
+falls. The mechanical nature of this adhesion is apparent in P.
+Gerardiana, where the wing adheres not to its own, but to the adjacent
+scale. The two species are alike in their leaves but distinct in their
+cones and seeds.</p>
+
+
+
+<table summary="Gerardianae key">
+<tr><td align='left'>Cones smaller, the nut short-ovate</td><td align='left'>16.&nbsp;Bungeana.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Cones larger, the nut long-cylindrical</td><td align='left'>17.&nbsp;Gerardiana.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+</div>
+
+
+<h6>16. PINUS BUNGEANA</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1847 <span class="smcap">P. Bungeana</span> Zuccarini ex Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 166.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots glabrous, summer-shoots common on fruiting branches of
+young trees. Leaves from 6 to 10 cm. long, serrulate; stomata dorsal and
+ventral; resin-ducts external. Conelets subterminal or often
+pseudolateral, their scales gradually narrowed into a spine. Cones from
+5 to 7 cm. long, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">42</a></span>short-pedunculate, short-ovate; apophyses dull pale
+nut-brown, elevated along a transverse keel, the dark brown umbo forming
+a spine with a broad base; seeds with a short loosely attached wing,
+sometimes remaining in the cone when the short-ovate nut falls.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>A tree cultivated about the temples of China and recently found by
+Wilson growing on the mountains of Hupeh. The earlier parti-colored
+bark changes to chalky white on old trunks, by which the tree is
+recognized from a great distance. The stem of the tree is often
+multiple by the vertical growth of some of the lower branches. It is
+very hardy and is cultivated in Europe and America, although these
+cultivated trees are not yet of sufficient age to show the remarkable
+white trunk.</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate14">Plate XIV</a>.</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Fig. 138, Cone and cone-scale with adhering wing. Fig. 139, Seed and
+wing. Fig. 140, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section. Fig. 141,
+Parti-colored bark. Fig. 142, Tree with white trunk. </p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h6>17. PINUS GERARDIANA</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1832 <span class="smcap">P. Gerardiana</span> Wallich ex Lambert, Gen. Pin. ed. 8vo, ii. t. 79.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots glabrous. Leaves from 6 to 10 cm. long, serrulate; stomata
+dorsal and ventral; resin-ducts external. Scales of the conelet armed
+with a short spine. Cones from 9 to 15 cm. long, short-pedunculate,
+ovoid or oblong; apophyses fulvous brown, very thick, with a prominent
+reflexed or erect protuberance culminating in an umbo on which the spine
+is more or less persistent; nuts remarkably long, narrow, terete, the
+shell fragile, the short wing falling with the nut or adhering to the
+adjacent scale.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>A tree of the northwestern Himalayas found on the borders of Cashmere
+and Thibet and in Kafiristan and north Afghanistan, and so highly
+prized for its nuts that it is rarely felled for its wood. It grows in
+dry regions and rarely attains a height of 20 metres. Attempts to
+cultivate this species, even in the milder parts of Great Britain,
+have generally failed.</p>
+
+<p>The apophysis of the cone varies much in prominence (figs. 134, 135),
+but the peculiar seed is invariable and quite unlike that of any other
+Pine. The general color of the trunk at a distance is silver-gray.</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate14">Plate XIV</a>.</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Fig. 133, Cone. Fig. 134, Cone-scale with adhering seed-wing. Fig.
+135, Cone-scale of flatter form. Fig. 136, Seed and wing. Fig. 137,
+Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section. </p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41"><ins title="Moved from original location.">41</ins></a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 369px;">
+  <a name="plate14" id="plate14"></a>
+  <a href="images/pa14.jpg">
+<img src="images/pb14.jpg" width="369" height="500" alt="PLATE XIV. P. GERARDIANA (133-137), BUNGEANA (138-142)" title="" />
+  </a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE XIV. P. GERARDIANA (133-137), BUNGEANA (138-142)</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h5>VI. BALFOURIANAE</h5>
+
+<p>Seeds with long effective wings. Leaves entire, in fascicles of 5, the
+sheath deciduous.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>The two species known as Foxtail Pines are alike in their short entire
+falcate leaves, persisting for many years and forming long dense
+foliage-masses. They differ in the armature of their cones and in
+their seed-wings. The presence of both adnate and articulate wings in
+these closely related species suggests that these two forms of wing
+are not fundamentally distinct.</p>
+
+
+
+<table summary="Balfourianae key">
+<tr><td align='left'>Cone-scales short-mucronate, the seed-wing adnate</td><td align='left'>18.&nbsp;Balfouriana.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Cone-scales long-aristate, the seed-wing articulate</td><td align='left'>19.&nbsp;aristata.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+</div>
+
+
+<h6>18. PINUS BALFOURIANA</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1853 <span class="smcap">P. Balfouriana</span> Balfour in Bot. Exp. Oregon, 1, f.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots somewhat puberulent. Leaves from 2 to 4 cm. long,
+persistent for many years; stomata ventral only; resin-ducts external.
+Scales of the conelet short-mucronate. Cones from 7 to 12 cm. long,
+tapering to a rounded apex, short-pedunculate; apophyses dark
+terracotta-brown, tumid, the umbo bearing a short recumbent prickle;
+seed with a long adnate wing.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">44</a></span></p><div class="range"><p>An alpine species growing often at the timber-limit. It is found in
+two distinct stations in California, on the northern Coast Range and
+on the southern Sierras. It is not often cultivated, but young plants
+may be seen in the Arnold Arboretum and in the Royal Gardens at Kew. </p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate15">Plate XV</a>.</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Fig. 147, Cone, seed and enlarged cone-scale. Fig. 148,
+Leaf-fascicle. Fig. 149, Magnified leaf-section. Fig. 150, A branch
+with persistent leaves. </p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h6>19. PINUS ARISTATA</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1862 <span class="smcap">P. aristata</span> Engelmann in Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiv. 331.</li>
+<li>1871 <span class="smcap">P. Balfouriana</span> Watson in King's Rep. v. 331 (not Balfour).</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots glabrous or temporarily pubescent. Leaves from 2 to 4 cm.
+long, persistent for many years; stomata ventral only; resin-ducts
+external. Scales of the conelet prolonged into long slender bristles.
+Cones from 4 to 9 cm. long, subcylindrical or tapering to a rounded
+apex, short-pedunculate; apophyses terracotta or purple-brown, tumid,
+the long bristles of the umbo often partly or wholly broken away; seeds
+with a long articulate wing.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>A bushy tree, similar in foliage to the preceding species, growing at
+the timber-limit from Colorado through Utah, central and southern
+Nevada and northern Arizona into southeastern California, but
+separated from the nearest station of P. Balfouriana by an arid
+treeless desert. Engelmann (in Brewer and Watson, Bot. Calif. ii. 125)
+considered it to be a variety of P. Balfouriana.</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate15">Plate XV</a>.</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Fig. 143, Cone. Fig. 144, Seed and enlarged cone-scale. Fig. 145,
+Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section. Fig. 146, Conelet. </p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43"><ins title="Moved from original location.">43</ins></a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 348px;">
+  <a name="plate15" id="plate15"></a>
+  <a href="images/pa15.jpg">
+<img src="images/pb15.jpg" width="348" height="500" alt="PLATE XV. P. ARISTATA (143-146), BALFOURIANA (147-150)" title="" />
+  </a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE XV. P. ARISTATA (143-146), BALFOURIANA (147-150)</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<h3>DIPLOXYLON</h3>
+
+
+<p>Bases of the bracts subtending leaf-fascicles decurrent. Leaves
+serrulate; fibro-vascular bundle double; stomata dorsal and ventral.
+Cones with a dorsal umbo, the phyllotaxis complex. Wood hard, with dark
+resinous bands, the annual rings clearly defined.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>In this section there are a few species combining the essential
+characters of Diploxylon with important characters of Haploxylon. A
+subsection, Parapinaster, is established for these exceptional
+species.</p>
+
+
+
+<table summary="Diploxylon key">
+<tr><td align='left'>c.&nbsp;<span class="smcap">Parapinaster</span></td><td align='left'>Species with the fascicle-sheath or seed-wing of Haploxylon.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>d.&nbsp;<span class="smcap">Pinaster</span></td><td align='left'>Sheath persistent, seed-wing articulate, effective.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+</div>
+
+<h4>Parapinaster</h4>
+
+
+
+<table summary="Parapinaster key">
+<tr><td align='left'>Sheath of the leaf-fascicle deciduous</td><td align='left'>VII.&nbsp;&nbsp;Leiophyllae.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sheath of the leaf-fascicle persistent.</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seed-wing of the Strobi</span></td><td align='left'>VIII.&nbsp;Longifoliae.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seed-wing of the Gerardianae</span></td><td align='left'>IX.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Pineae.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+
+<h5>VII. LEIOPHYLLAE</h5>
+
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table summary="Leiophyllae key">
+<tr><td align='left'>Sheath of the leaf-fascicles deciduous.</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Leaves short, erect, the fructification triennial</span></td><td align='left'>20.&nbsp;leiophylla.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Leaves long, pendent, the fructification biennial</span></td><td align='left'>21.&nbsp;Lumholtzii.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+<h6>20. PINUS LEIOPHYLLA</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1831 <span class="smcap">P. leiophylla</span> Schlechtendal and Chamisso in Linnaea, vi. 354.</li>
+<li>1848 <span class="smcap">P. chihuahuana</span> Engelmann in Wislizenus, Tour. Mex. 103.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">46</a></span></p><p>Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves in fascicles of 3, 4 or 5, the sheath
+deciduous, from 8 to 14 cm. long; resin-ducts medial with an occasional
+internal duct. Conelets single or verticillate, their scales mucronate;
+conelets of the second year only slightly enlarged. Cones maturing the
+third year, not exceeding 7 cm. in length, ovate or ovate-conic,
+subsymmetrical, more or less reflexed, persistent for several years on
+some trees, sometimes serotinous; apophyses lighter or darker brown,
+often with an olive or fuscous shade, thin or tumid, the umbo double,
+the mucro more persistent near the apex of the cone.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>This species grows at subtropical or warm-temperate altitudes in
+Mexico, from Oaxaca through the central and western states to southern
+Arizona and New Mexico. As it approaches the northern part of its
+range the leaves become thicker and more rigid and the number in the
+fascicle is reduced to 3 or 4 (var. chihuahuana, Shaw, Pines Mex. 14).
+Like P. rigida it sprouts freely along the branches and trunk, and
+stumps of felled trees put out shoots in great numbers. The species is
+easily recognized by the deciduous sheath and triennial cone.</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate16">Plate XVI</a>.</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Fig. 151, Branch with fruit of first, second and third years. Fig.
+152, Leaf-fascicles. Fig. 153, Magnified leaf-section of the
+species. Fig. 154, Magnified leaf-section of the variety. </p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h6>21. PINUS LUMHOLTZII</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1894 <span class="smcap">P. Lumholtzii</span> Robinson &amp; Fernald in Proc. Am. Acad. xxx. 122.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots uninodal, sometimes multinodal. Leaves in fascicles of 3,
+the sheath deciduous, from 20 to 30 cm. long, absolutely pendent;
+resin-ducts medial and internal. Conelets subterminal, or lateral and
+subterminal, mucronate. Cones not exceeding 7 cm. in length,
+symmetrical, pendent on slender peduncles, ovate-conic, early deciduous;
+apophyses sublustrous, nut-brown, tumid at the margins, flat on the
+surface, the umbo large, the mucro rarely persistent.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>A remarkable Pine with long pendent bright green foliage, confined to
+the western states of Mexico and ranging on the mountains from
+southern Jalisco to the latitude of the city of Chihuahua. Each
+season's growth of leaves hangs from the branchlet like a long beard,
+from which the tree receives, in some localities, the name "Pino barba
+caida." In the herbarium the long leaves, deciduous sheaths, and the
+decurrent bases of the bracts, present a combination of characters not
+found in other species.</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate16">Plate XVI</a>.</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Fig. 155, Cone. Fig. 156, Cone. Fig. 157, Leaf-fascicle. Fig. 158,
+Magnified leaf-section. Fig. 159, Tree at Ferraria de Tula. </p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45"><ins title="Moved from original location.">45</ins></a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 357px;">
+  <a name="plate16" id="plate16"></a>
+  <a href="images/pa16.jpg">
+<img src="images/pb16.jpg" width="357" height="500" alt="PLATE XVI. P. LEIOPHYLLA (151-154), LUMHOLTZII
+(155-159)" title="" />
+  </a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE XVI. P. LEIOPHYLLA (151-154), LUMHOLTZII
+(155-159)</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h5>VIII. LONGIFOLIAE</h5>
+
+<p>Seed-wing adnate to the nut. Leaves long, in fascicles of 3, the sheath
+persistent.</p>
+
+
+
+<table summary="Longifoliae key">
+<tr><td align='left'>Apophysis of the cone prolonged and reflexed</td><td align='left'>22.&nbsp;longifolia.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Apophysis of the cone low-pyramidal</td><td align='left'>23.&nbsp;canariensis.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+
+<h6>22. PINUS LONGIFOLIA</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1803 <span class="smcap">P. longifolia</span> Roxburgh ex Lambert, Gen. Pin. i. 29, t. 21.</li>
+<li>1897 <span class="smcap">P. Roxburghii</span> Sargent, Silva N. Am. xi. 9.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves in fascicles of 3, the sheath persistent,
+from 20 to 30 cm. long; resin-ducts external, the hypoderm often in
+large masses, some or all of the endoderm cells with thick outer walls.
+Cones from 10 to 17 cm. long, short-pedunculate, ovoid-conic; apophyses
+lustrous brown-ochre or fuscous brown, elevated into thick, often
+reflexed, beaks with obtuse mutic umbos; seeds with large nuts and
+adnate striated dark gray or fuscous brown wings.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">48</a></span></p><div class="range"><p>Of the three Pines of the Himalayas this species is the most
+important. It grows on the outer slopes and foot-hills from Bhotan to
+Afghanistan. The wood is used for construction and for the manufacture
+of charcoal, the thick soft bark is valuable for tanning, the resin is
+abundant and of commercial importance, and the nuts are gathered for
+food. The tree is not hardy in cool-temperate climates, but has been
+successfully grown in northern Italy.</p>
+
+<p>It differs from P. canariensis in the usually protuberant apophysis of
+the cone, in the thick outer walls of the leaf-endoderm and in the
+nearly smooth walls of the ray-tracheids of the wood. In the
+dimensions of cone and leaf, in the dermal tissues and resin-ducts of
+the leaf and in the peculiar coloring of the seed-wing, the two
+species are alike.</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate17">Plate XVII</a>.</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Fig. 160, Cone. Fig. 161, Leaf-fascicle. Fig. 162, Magnified
+leaf-section. </p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h6>23. PINUS CANARIENSIS</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1825 <span class="smcap">P. canariensis</span> Smith in Buch, Canar. Ins. 159.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots uninodal, pruinose. Bud-scales with conspicuously long
+free fimbriate margins. Leaves in fascicles of 3, the sheath persistent,
+from 20 to 30 cm. long; the hypoderm often in large masses, the
+resin-ducts external, the endoderm with thin outer walls. Cones from 10
+to 17 cm. long, short-pedunculate, ovoid-conic; apophyses lustrous or
+sublustrous nut-brown, more or less pyramidal, the umbo unarmed; seeds
+as in the last species.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>A species confined to the Canary Islands, but cultivated in northern
+Italy. The stately habit of this tree is seen in Schr&ouml;ter's portrait
+(Exc. Canar. Ins. t. 15). </p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate17">Plate XVII</a>.</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Fig. 163, Cone and seed. Fig. 164, Magnified leaf-section. Fig. 165,
+Habit of the tree. </p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47"><ins title="Moved from original location.">47</ins></a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 373px;">
+  <a name="plate17" id="plate17"></a>
+  <a href="images/pa17.jpg">
+<img src="images/pb17.jpg" width="373" height="500" alt="PLATE XVII. P. LONGIFOLIA (160-162), CANARIENSIS
+(163-165)" title="" />
+  </a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE XVII. P. LONGIFOLIA (160-162), CANARIENSIS
+(163-165)</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h5>IX. PINEAE</h5>
+
+<p>Seed-wing articulate, short, ineffective. Leaves binate, the sheath
+persistent. One species only.</p>
+
+
+<h6>24. PINUS PINEA</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1753 <span class="smcap">P. pinea</span> Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1000.</li>
+<li>1778 <span class="smcap">P. sativa</span> Lamarck, Fl. Fran&ccedil;. ii. 200.</li>
+<li>1854 <span class="smcap">P. maderiensis</span> Tenore in Ann. Sci. Nat. s&eacute;r. 4, ii. 379.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves from 12 to 20 cm. long; resin-ducts
+external. Conelet mutic, slightly larger in the second year. Cones
+triennial, from 10 to 14 cm. long, ovoid or subglobose; apophyses
+lustrous nut-brown, convex, of large size, the umbo double; seeds large
+with a short, loosely articulated, deciduous wing.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>A species of the Mediterranean Basin, from Portugal to Syria. Its
+northern limit is in southern France and northern Italy, but it is
+cultivated in the southern parts of the British Isles and is a
+familiar ornament of park and garden in southern Europe, and is valued
+for its peculiar beauty and for its large savory nuts. In wood anatomy
+as well as in the seed it agrees with the Gerardianae of the Soft
+Pines.</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate18">Plate XVIII</a>.</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Fig. 166, Fruit of three seasons. Fig. 167, Cone-scales and seed.
+Fig. 168, Magnified leaf-section. Fig. 169, Habit of the tree. </p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">49</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 373px;">
+  <a name="plate18" id="plate18"></a>
+  <a href="images/pa18.jpg">
+<img src="images/pb18.jpg" width="373" height="500" alt="PLATE XVIII. PINUS PINEA" title="" />
+  </a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE XVIII. PINUS PINEA</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">50</a></span></p>
+
+<h4>Pinaster</h4>
+
+<p>Bases of the bracts subtending leaf-fascicles decurrent. Seeds with an
+effective articulate wing. Umbo of the cone-scales dorsal. Leaves
+serrulate, stomatiferous on all faces, the sheath persistent. Walls of
+the tracheids of the medullary rays dentate.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>Forty-two of the sixty-six species of Pinus are included in this
+subsection. As a group they are clearly circumscribed by several
+correlated characters and are more closely interrelated than the
+twenty-four species previously described. The distinctions of umbo and
+seed have disappeared. The umbo here is invariably dorsal, the
+seed-wing invariably articulate.</p>
+
+<p>New forms, however, are gradually evolved&mdash;the seed with a thick
+wing-blade, the indurated oblique cone, the serotinous cone with its
+intermittent seed-release, and the multinodal spring-shoot. There are,
+moreover, new forms of leaf-hypoderm and a new position of the
+resin-duct.</p>
+
+<p>Of these new characters, the thick wing-blade attains such proportions
+in the three species of the Macrocarpae that they can be grouped
+apart. But the characters that finally culminate in a lateral oblique
+serotinous cone are so gradually and irregularly developed that they
+offer no divisional distinctions. With the aid of wood and leaf
+characters, however, groups can be established which preserve the
+evolutionary sequence and, at the same time, the obvious affinity of
+the species.</p>
+
+
+
+<table summary="Pinaster key">
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="3">Wing-blade thin or slightly thickened at the base.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="3"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cones dehiscent at maturity.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Pits of the ray-cells large</span></td><td align='left'>X.<span style="margin-left: 1.25em;">Lariciones</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Pits of the ray-cells small</span></td><td align='left'>XI.<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Australes</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cones serotinous, pits of the ray-cells small</span></td><td align='left'>XII.<span style="margin-left: .75em;">Insignes</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Wing-blade very thick</td><td align='left'>XIII. Macrocarpae</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<p>The species of this subsection are very difficult, if not impossible,
+to classify by the usual method, which groups all species under a few
+characters assumed to be invariable and of fundamental importance.
+Such a method can be successfully applied to the Soft Pines and to
+some of the Hard Pines, but cannot be applied to all the Hard Pines
+without forcing some of them into unnatural associations.</p>
+
+<p>To take an example, the group Pseudostrobus, characterized by
+pentamerous leaf-fascicles, appears in many systems. In this group are
+placed P. Torreyana and P. leiophylla. Another group, with trimerous
+fascicles, contains P. Sabiniana and P. taeda. Now there are no two
+species more obviously related by important peculiarities than P.
+Torreyana and P. Sabiniana; nevertheless they are, by this method,
+kept apart and associated with species which they resemble in no
+important particular.</p>
+
+<p>An attempt is made here to avoid such incongruities. Groups X, XI and
+XII represent different stages of evolution. In the Lariciones the
+cone is symmetrical, and dehiscent and deciduous at maturity, while
+the spring-shoot is uninodal. In the Australes there is a similar
+cone, but the spring-shoot gradually becomes multinodal. In the
+Insignes the cone is oblique, persistent and serotinous, and the
+spring-shoot is multinodal.</p>
+
+<p>These definitions state the degree of evolution attained by each
+group, but not all the species of a group conform exactly with its
+definition. In each group are species with a characteristic of another
+group. Among the Lariciones are a few species with both symmetrical
+and oblique cones, and two with persistent cones. Similar exceptions
+occur among the Australes. Among the Insignes are a few species with
+symmetrical cones, and two with cones that are rarely, if ever,
+serotinous.</p>
+
+<p>There is, however, no difficulty in fixing the systematic position of
+these exceptional species through other characters which show their
+true affinity. They are placed with the species which they most
+resemble. Their exceptional characters are merely the evidence of the
+evolution that pervades and unites the groups. Therefore the
+definition of a group is not necessarily the exact definition of its
+species, and a species is placed in a group because all its
+characters, specific and evolutional, show a closer affinity with that
+group than with the species of any other. </p></div>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">51</a></span></p>
+
+<h5>X. LARICIONES</h5>
+
+<p>Pits of the ray-cells large. Cells of the leaf-hypoderm uniform.
+Spring-shoots uninodal. Cones dehiscent at maturity.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>This group represents the first stage in the evolution of the Hard
+Pines. All the species, like the Soft Pines, are uninodal and the
+cones are dehiscent at maturity, but the trend toward the serotinous
+species is shown in the occasional appearance of the oblique cone as a
+varietal form of a few species, and in the persistent cone of the last
+two species of this group.</p>
+
+<p>All the species of this group are of the Old World except P. resinosa
+and P. tropicalis. These two are the only American Pines combining
+large pits with dentate tracheids, and are the only American Hard
+Pines with external resin-ducts of the leaf. </p></div>
+
+
+
+<table summary="Lariciones key">
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2">Cones deciduous at maturity.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cones ovate or ovate-conic.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Conelet with tuberculate or entire scales.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Resin-ducts external and medial</span></td><td align='left'>25.&nbsp;resinosa</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Resin-ducts septal and external</span></td><td align='left'>26.&nbsp;tropicalis</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Conelet with mucronate scales.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2"><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Resin-ducts mostly external.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2"><span style="margin-left: 4em;">Conelet pedunculate, erect.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 5em;">Cone nut-brown</span></td><td align='left'>27.&nbsp;Massoniana</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 5em;">Cone dull tawny yellow</span></td><td align='left'>28.&nbsp;densiflora</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 4em;">Conelet pedunculate, reflexed</span></td><td align='left'>29.&nbsp;sylvestris</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 4em;">Conelet subsessile, erect</span></td><td align='left'>30.&nbsp;montana</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2"><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Resin-ducts mostly medial.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 4em;">Bark-formation late</span></td><td align='left'>31.&nbsp;luchuensis</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2"><span style="margin-left: 4em;">Bark-formation early.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 5em;">Cone nut-brown</span></td><td align='left'>32.&nbsp;Thunbergii</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 5em;">Cone lustrous tawny yellow</span></td><td align='left'>33.&nbsp;nigra</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cones narrow cylindrical</span></td><td align='left'>34.&nbsp;Merkusii</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2">Cones tenaciously persistent.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Leaves stout, relatively short</span></td><td align='left'>35.&nbsp;sinensis</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Leaves slender, relatively long</span></td><td align='left'>36.&nbsp;insularis</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+
+<h6>25. PINUS RESINOSA</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1789 <span class="smcap">P. resinosa</span> Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii. 367.</li>
+<li>1810 <span class="smcap">P. rubra</span> Michaux f. Hist. Arbr. Am. i. 45, t. 1.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves binate, from 12 to 17 cm. long;
+resin-ducts external or external and medial; hypoderm uniform and
+inconspicuous. Scales of the conelet mutic. Cones from 4 to 6 cm. long,
+subsessile, symmetrical, deciduous the third year, leaving a few basal
+scales on the tree; apophyses sublustrous, nut-brown, somewhat thickened
+along a transverse keel.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>From Nova Scotia and Lake St. John this species ranges westward to the
+Winnipeg River and southward into Minnesota, Michigan, northern New
+York and eastern Massachusetts, with rare occurrence on the mountains
+of Pennsylvania. Under cultivation it is a beautiful tree, adapted to
+cold-temperate climates. It was considered by Loiseleur (1812) and by
+Spach (1842) to be a variety of P. nigra (laricio). The two species
+vary in the color of the cone, the anatomy of the leaves, the buds,
+and in the armature of the conelet. A fallen cone of this species is
+moreover usually imperfect from the loss of a few basal scales.</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate19">Plate XIX</a>.</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Fig. 170, Cone and enlarged conelet. Fig. 171, Leaf-fascicle and
+magnified leaf-section. </p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">52</a></span></p>
+
+<h6>26. PINUS TROPICALIS</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1851 <span class="smcap">P. tropicalis</span> Morelet in Rev. Hort. C&ocirc;te d'Or, i. 105.</li>
+<li>1904 <span class="smcap">P. terthrocarpa</span> Shaw in Gard. Chron. ser. 3, xxxv. 179, f. 74.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves binate, sometimes ternate, from 15 to 30
+cm. long, rigid, erect; hypoderm of uniform thick-walled cells;
+resin-ducts of remarkable size, septal, or not quite touching the
+endoderm and technically external. Scales of the conelet minutely
+tuberculate. Cones from 5 to 8 cm. long, short-pedunculate, erect or
+patulous; ovate-conic, symmetrical; apophyses rufous brown,
+low-pyramidal, the umbo mutic.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>Growing at sea-level within the tropics and confined to western Cuba
+and the Isle of Pines. On the island it is associated with P.
+caribaea. This species needs no other means of identification than its
+peculiar leaf-section. Septal ducts are found in P. oocarpa, Pringlei,
+Merkusii and rarely in other species, but they never attain the
+extraordinary size that appears to be invariable in P. tropicalis.</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate19">Plate XIX</a>.</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Fig. 172, Cone and enlarged conelet. Fig. 173, Branch with leaves,
+much reduced. Fig. 174, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section.
+Fig. 175, Trees on the Isle of Pines. </p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53"><ins title="Moved from original location.">53</ins></a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 358px;">
+  <a name="plate19" id="plate19"></a>
+  <a href="images/pa19.jpg">
+<img src="images/pb19.jpg" width="358" height="500" alt="PLATE XIX. P. RESINOSA (170, 171), TROPICALIS (172-175)" title="" />
+  </a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE XIX. P. RESINOSA (170, 171), TROPICALIS (172-175)</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h6>27. PINUS MASSONIANA</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1803 <span class="smcap">P. Massoniana</span> Lambert, Gen. Pin. i. 17, t. 12. 1861 <span class="smcap">P. canaliculata</span>
+Miquel in Jour. Bot. Neerland. i. 86.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves binate, rarely ternate, from 12 to 20 cm.
+long, slender and pliant; hypoderm inconspicuous; resin-ducts external.
+Staminate catkins often in long dense clusters. Conelets partly
+tuberculate or mucronate, partly mutic. Cones symmetrical, from 4 to 7
+cm. long, ovate-conic, short-pedunculate, early deciduous; apophyses
+sublustrous, nut-brown, flat or somewhat elevated, the umbo usually
+mutic.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>The Chinese Red Pine is found in warm-temperate climates. It is native
+to southeastern China and follows the valley of the Yangtse River into
+Szech'uan. It has been confused by London with P. pinaster, which it
+resembles in no respect, by Siebold with P. Thunbergii, from which it
+differs in leaf-dimensions and in leaf-section, and by Mayr with his
+P. luchuensis, whose peculiar cortex and whose leaf-section has no
+counterpart among Chinese Hard Pines. Its nearest relative is P.
+densiflora, from which it differs in its longer leaves, in the color
+of its cone and in its conelet (<a href="#plate20">Plate XX</a>, figs. 176, 179).</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate20">Plate XX</a>.</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Fig. 176, Cone and enlarged conelet. Fig. 177, Two leaf-fascicles.
+Fig. 178, Magnified leaf-section. </p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h6>28. PINUS DENSIFLORA</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1842 <span class="smcap">P. densiflora</span> Siebold &amp; Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. ii. 22, t. 112.</li>
+<li>1854 <span class="smcap">P. scopifera</span> Miquel in Zollinger, Syst. Verz. Ind. Archip. 82.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots more or less pruinose, uninodal. Leaves binate, from 8 to
+12 cm. long, slender; hypoderm of few inconspicuous cells; resin-ducts
+external. Staminate catkins in long dense clusters. Scales of the
+conelet conspicuously mucronate. Cones symmetrical, from 3 to 5 cm.
+long, ovate-conic, often persistent for a few years but with a weak hold
+on the branch; apophyses dull pale tawny yellow, flat or slightly
+elevated, the mucro more or less persistent.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>The Japanese Red Pine forms extensive forests on the mountains of
+central Japan. It is perfectly hardy in cold-temperate climates. Wild
+specimens of China, ascribed to this species, are forms of the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">54</a></span>variable P. sinensis. From P. Massoniana it differs in its shorter
+leaves and yellow cone, but particularly in the more prominent
+prickles and thicker scales of its conelet (figs. 176, 179).</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate20">Plate XX</a>.</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Fig. 179, Cones and enlarged conelet. Fig. 180, Leaf-fascicles. Fig.
+181, Magnified leaf-section and more magnified dermal tissues of the
+leaf. </p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55"><ins title="Moved from original location.">55</ins></a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 362px;">
+  <a name="plate20" id="plate20"></a>
+  <a href="images/pa20.jpg">
+<img src="images/pb20.jpg" width="362" height="500" alt="PLATE XX. P. MASSONIANA (176-178), DENSIFLORA (179-181)" title="" />
+  </a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE XX. P. MASSONIANA (176-178), DENSIFLORA (179-181)</span>
+</div>
+
+<h6>29. PINUS SYLVESTRIS</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1753 <span class="smcap">P. sylvestris</span> Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1000 (excl. var.).</li>
+<li>1768 <span class="smcap">P. rubra</span> Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8.</li>
+<li>1768 <span class="smcap">P. tatarica</span> Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8.</li>
+<li>1781 <span class="smcap">P. mughus</span> Jacquin, Icon. Pl. Rar. i. t. 193 (not Scopoli).</li>
+<li>1798 <span class="smcap">P. resinosa</span> Savi, Fl. Pisa. ii. 354 (not Aiton).</li>
+<li>1827 <span class="smcap">P. humilis</span> Link in Abhandl. Akad. Berlin, 171.</li>
+<li>1849 <span class="smcap">P. Kochiana</span> Klotzsch in Linnaea, xxii. 296.</li>
+<li>1849 <span class="smcap">P. armena</span> Koch in Linnaea, xxii. 297.</li>
+<li>1849 <span class="smcap">P. pontica</span> Koch in Linnaea, xxii. 297.</li>
+<li>1859 <span class="smcap">P. Frieseana</span> Wichura in Flora, xlii. 409.</li>
+<li>1906 <span class="smcap">P. lapponica</span> Mayr, Fremdl. Wald- &amp; Parkb. 348.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves binate, from 3 to 7 cm. long; hypoderm
+inconspicuous; resin-ducts external. Conelet reflexed, minutely
+mucronate. Cones from 3 to 6 cm. long, reflexed, symmetrical or
+sometimes oblique, ovate-conic, deciduous; apophyses dull pale tawny
+yellow of a gray or greenish shade, flat, elevated or protuberant and
+often much more prominent on the posterior face of the cone, the umbo
+with a minute prickle or its remnant.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>A tree of great commercial value, with a very extended range, from
+Norway, Scotland and southern Spain to northeastern Siberia. A
+vigorous hardy species and extensively cultivated. The red upper
+trunk, characteristic of this Pine, is not invariable. The dark upper
+trunk is sufficiently common to be considered a varietal form
+(Mathieu, Flore Forest. ed. 4, 582). In various localities may be
+found trees bearing oblique cones, their apophyses showing various
+degrees of protuberance up to the extreme development represented in
+Loudon's illustration of the variety uncinata (Arb. Brit. iv, f.
+2047). This cone is the beginning of the changes that culminate in
+species with oblique cones only. In P. sylvestris, however, the
+purpose of this form of cone is not apparent except in connection with
+this evolution.</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate21">Plate XXI</a>.</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Figs. 182, 183, Cones. Fig. 184, Leaf-fascicle, magnified
+leaf-section and more magnified dermal tissues of the leaf. Fig.
+185, Habit of the tree. </p>
+</div>
+
+<h6>30. PINUS MONTANA</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1768 <span class="smcap">P. montana</span> Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8.</li>
+<li>1772 <span class="smcap">P. mughus</span> Scopoli, Fl. Carn. ii. 247.</li>
+<li>1791 <span class="smcap">P. pumilio</span> Haenke in Jirasek, Beobacht. 68.</li>
+<li>1804 <span class="smcap">P. mugho</span> Poiret in Lamarck, Encycl. M&eacute;th. v. 336.</li>
+<li>1805 <span class="smcap">P. uncinata</span> Ramond ex De Candolle, Lamarck, Fl. Fran&ccedil;. ed. 3, iii. 726.</li>
+<li>1813 <span class="smcap">P. sanguinea</span> Lapeyrouse, Hist. Pl. Pyren. 587.</li>
+<li>1827 <span class="smcap">P. rotundata</span> Link in Abhandl. Akad. Berlin, 168.</li>
+<li>1830 <span class="smcap">P. obliqua</span> Sauter ex Reichenbach, Fl. Germ. Exc. 159.</li>
+<li>1837 <span class="smcap">P. uliginosa</span> Neumann ex Wimmer, Arb. Schles. Ges. 95.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves binate, from 3 to 8 cm. long, the epiderm
+very thick, hypoderm weak; resin-ducts external. Conelets mucronate,
+nearly sessile. Cones from 2 to 7 cm. long, subsessile, ovate or
+ovate-conic, symmetrical or oblique, often persistent; apophyses
+lustrous tawny-yellow or dark brown, both colors often shading into each
+other on the same cone, flat, prominent or prolonged<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">56</a></span> into uncinate
+beaks of various lengths, the last much more developed on the posterior
+face of the cone, the umbo bordered by a narrow dark ring and bearing
+the remnant of the mucro.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>P. montana grows as a bush or as a small tree, the two forms often
+associated. It ranges from central Spain through the Pyrenees, Alps
+and Apennines to the Balkan Mountains, associated with P. cembra at
+higher, with P. sylvestris at lower altitudes. It grows indifferently
+in bogs and on rocky slopes. Its dwarf form, under the name of the
+Mugho Pine, is extensively cultivated as a garden ornament.</p>
+
+<p>On the differences of the cone this species has been divided into
+three subspecies: uncinata, with an oblique cone and protuberant
+apophyses; pumilio, with a symmetrical cone and an excentric umbo;
+mughus, with a symmetrical cone and a concentric umbo. Other
+segregations based on the degree of development of the apophysis and
+on the size and color of the cone, have received names of four or even
+five terms&mdash;Pinus montana pumilio applanata&mdash;or Pinus montana uncinata
+rostrata castanea etc., etc. These elaborations may be seen in the
+Tharand Jahrbuch of 1861, p. 166, and with them appear also Hartig's
+specifications of 60 forms of this species, each dignified with a
+Latin name.</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate21">Plate XXI</a>.</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Fig. 186, Cone of var. uncinata. Figs. 187, 188, Cones. Fig. 189,
+Leaf-fascicles, magnified leaf-section and more magnified dermal
+tissues of the leaf. Fig. 190, Tree and dwarf-form of the Pyrenees. </p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57"><ins title="Moved from original location.">57</ins></a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 352px;">
+  <a name="plate21" id="plate21"></a>
+  <a href="images/pa21.jpg">
+<img src="images/pb21.jpg" width="352" height="500" alt="PLATE XXI. P. SYLVESTRIS (182-185), MONTANA (186-190)" title="" />
+  </a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE XXI. P. SYLVESTRIS (182-185), MONTANA (186-190)</span>
+</div>
+
+<h6>31. PINUS LUCHUENSIS</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1894 <span class="smcap">P. luchuensis</span> Mayr in Bot. Centralbl. lviii. 149, f.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots uninodal. Bark-formation late, the upper trunk covered
+with a smooth cortex. Leaves binate, from 12 to 16 cm. long, the epiderm
+thick, hypoderm of two or three rows of cells; resin-ducts medial or
+with an occasional external duct. Conelets mucronate toward the apex.
+Cones from 3 to 6 cm. long, ovate-conic, symmetrical; apophyses lustrous
+nut-brown, transversely carinate, the umbo unarmed.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>This Pine is known to me through Mayr's description and a single dried
+specimen. The smooth cortex of young trees distinguishes it from all
+other east-Asiatic Hard Pines. Mayr includes under this species the
+Pine of Hong Kong. But in this he must be mistaken, for there is no
+species yet found in China that agrees with the description of P.
+luchuensis.</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate22">Plate XXII</a>.</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Fig. 191, Cone. Fig. 192, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section. </p>
+</div>
+
+<h6>32. PINUS THUNBERGII</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1784 <span class="smcap">P. sylvestris</span> Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 274 (not Linnaeus).</li>
+<li>1842 <span class="smcap">P. Massoniana</span> Siebold &amp; Zuccarini. Fl. Jap. ii. 24, t. 113 (not Lambert).</li>
+<li>1868 <span class="smcap">P. Thunbergii</span> Parlatore in DC. Prodr. xvi-2, 388.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots uninodal. Buds of leading-shoots white and conspicuous.
+Leaves binate, from 6 to 11 cm. long, the epiderm thick, hypoderm
+strong, resin-ducts medial. Conelets with short-mucronate scales. Cones
+from 4 to 6 cm. long, ovate or ovate-conic, symmetrical; apophyses
+nut-brown, flat or convex and transversely carinate, the prickle of the
+umbo more or less persistent.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>The Black Pine of Japan has been cultivated for centuries, and by
+skillful Japanese gardeners has been trained into dwarf and other
+curious forms. It is hardy in cold-temperate climates. It is distinct
+from P. densiflora by the medial ducts of its leaf, from P. nigra by
+the fewer, larger, brown scales of its cone, and from P. resinosa by
+the armature of its conelet. It appears in most determinations of
+Chinese collections, but there is no Chinese Pine with the white buds
+and the medial leaf-ducts of this species.</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate22">Plate XXII</a>.</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Fig. 196, Two cones. Fig. 197, Leaf-fascicle and magnified
+leaf-section. </p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">58</a></span></p>
+
+<h6>33. PINUS NIGRA</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1785 <span class="smcap">P. nigra</span> Arnold, Reise n. Mariaz. 8, t.</li>
+<li>1804 <span class="smcap">P. laricio</span> Poiret in Lamarck, Encycl. M&eacute;th. v. 339.</li>
+<li>1808 <span class="smcap">P. halepensis</span> Bieberstein, Fl. Taur. Cauc. ii. 408 (not Miller).</li>
+<li>1809 <span class="smcap">P. pinaster</span> Besser, Fl. Galic. ii. 294 (not Aiton).</li>
+<li>1813 <span class="smcap">P. maritima</span> Aiton, f. Hort. Kew. v. 315 (not Lambert).</li>
+<li>1816 <span class="smcap">P. sylvestris</span> Baumgarten, Stirp. Transsilv. ii. 304 (not Linnaeus).</li>
+<li>1818 <span class="smcap">P. pyrenaica</span> Lapeyrouse, Hist. Pl. Pyren. Suppl. 146.</li>
+<li>1824 <span class="smcap">P. Pallasiana</span> Lambert, Gen. Pin. ii. 1, t. 1.</li>
+<li>1825 <span class="smcap">P. austriaca</span> H&ouml;ss in Flora, viii-1, Beil. 113.</li>
+<li>1831 <span class="smcap">P. nigricans</span> Host, Fl. Austr. ii. 628.</li>
+<li>1842 <span class="smcap">P. dalmatica</span> Visiani, Fl. Dalmal. 199, note.</li>
+<li>1851 <span class="smcap">P. Salzmanni</span> Dunal in M&eacute;m. Acad. Montp. ii. 82, tt.</li>
+<li>1863 <span class="smcap">P. Heldreichii</span> Christ in Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, iii. 549.</li>
+<li>1864 <span class="smcap">P. leucodermis</span> Antoine in Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. xiv. 366.</li>
+<li>1896 <span class="smcap">P. pindica</span> Formanek in Verh. Nat. Ver. Br&uuml;nn, xxxiv. 272.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves binate, from 9 to 16 cm. long, the
+epiderm thick, hypoderm conspicuous, resin-ducts medial. Conelets
+mucronate. Cones from 4 to 8 cm. long, subsessile, symmetrical;
+apophyses lustrous, tawny yellow, transversely carinate, the keel
+strongly convex, the mucro of the umbo more or less persistent.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>A valuable tree unequally distributed over the mountain slopes of
+central and southern Europe and Asia Minor. The typical form, under
+the name of the Austrian Pine, is a familiar exotic of the Middle and
+Eastern States of America. As Mathieu states (Flore Forest., ed. 4,
+597), this species is quite constant in cone and bark. It may be added
+that the anatomy of the leaf is also constant, while the dimensions of
+both leaf and cone present no unusual variations. The varieties
+generally accepted are founded on the habit of the tree, a character
+of forestal or horticultural rather than of botanical importance.</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate22">Plate XXII</a>.</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Fig. 193, Two cones. Fig. 194, Leaf-fascicle and magnified
+leaf-section. Fig. 195, Magnified dermal tissues of the leaf. </p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59"><ins title="Moved from original location.">59</ins></a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 356px;">
+  <a name="plate22" id="plate22"></a>
+  <a href="images/pa22.jpg">
+<img src="images/pb22.jpg" width="356" height="500" alt="PLATE XXII. P. LUCHUENSIS (191, 192), NIGRA (193-195),
+THUNBERGII (196, 197)" title="" />
+  </a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE XXII. P. LUCHUENSIS (191, 192), NIGRA (193-195),
+THUNBERGII (196, 197)</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h6>34. PINUS MERKUSII</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1790 <span class="smcap">P. sylvestris</span> Loureiro, Fl. Cochinch. ii. 579 (not Linnaeus).</li>
+<li>1845 <span class="smcap">P. Merkusii</span> De Vriese, Pl. Nov. Ind. Bat. 5, t. 2.</li>
+<li>1847 <span class="smcap">P. Finlaysoniana</span> Wallich ex Blume, Rumphia, iii. 210.</li>
+<li>1849 <span class="smcap">P. Latteri</span> Mason in Jour. Asiat. Soc. i. 74.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves binate, slender, from 15 to 20 cm. long,
+the hypoderm of uniform thick-walled cells, resin-ducts medial, or with
+internal or septal ducts, endoderm-cells very unequal in size, some of
+them large. Conelets unarmed. Cones from 5 to 8 cm. long, peculiarly
+narrow-cylindrical, symmetrical; apophyses lustrous, rufous brown,
+radially carinate, the transverse keel prominent.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>Of the habit of this Pine I know nothing. As a species it is very
+clearly defined by its peculiar cone and leaf-section. It grows in the
+Philippines, Sumatra, Lower Burmah and western Indo-China. In my
+specimen the pits of the ray-cells of the wood are both large and
+small. In this particular it may belong in either of two groups of
+species. Its uniform leaf-hypoderm associates it with this group or
+with P. halepensis of the Insignes. I have assumed the cone to be
+dehiscent at maturity and have placed it with the Lariciones, but if
+further information shows the cone to be serotinous, this species
+should be transferred to the serotinous group.</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate23">Plate XXIII</a>.</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Fig. 198, Cone. Fig. 199, Magnified sections of two leaves. Fig.
+200, Leaf-fascicle. </p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">60</a></span></p>
+
+<h6>35. PINUS SINENSIS</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1832 <span class="smcap">P. sinensis</span> Lambert, Gen. Pin. ed. 8vo. i. 47, t. 29.</li>
+<li>1867 <span class="smcap">P. tabulaeformis</span> Carri&egrave;re, Trait. Conif. ed. 2, 510.</li>
+<li>1881 <span class="smcap">P. leucosperma</span> Maximowicz in Bull. Acad. St. P&eacute;tersb. xxvii. 558.</li>
+<li>1899 <span class="smcap">P. yunnanensis</span> Franchet in Jour. de Bot. xiii. 253.</li>
+<li>1901 <span class="smcap">P. funebris</span> Komarow in Act. Hort. Petrop. xx. 177.</li>
+<li>1902 <span class="smcap">P. Henryi</span> Masters in Jour. Linn. Soc. xxvi. 550.</li>
+<li>1906 <span class="smcap">P. densata</span> Masters in Jour. Linn. Soc. xxxvii. 416.</li>
+<li>1906 <span class="smcap">P. prominens</span> Masters in Jour. Linn. Soc. xxxvii. 417.</li>
+<li>1911 <span class="smcap">P. Wilsonii</span> Shaw in Sargent, Pl. Wilson. i. 3.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots uninodal, pruinose. Leaves binate, ternate, or both, from
+10 to 15 cm. long, stout and rigid; resin-ducts external, or external
+and medial. Staminate catkins in short capitate clusters. Conelets
+mucronate. Cones from 4 to 9 cm. long, ovate, symmetrical or oblique,
+tenaciously persistent, dehiscent at maturity; apophyses lustrous, pale
+tawny yellow at first, gradually changing to a dark nut-brown, tumid,
+the posterior scales often larger and more prominent.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>A tree of cold-temperate and subalpine levels, growing on the
+mountains of central and western China, and at lower altitudes in the
+north and in Corea. It is recognized by its tenaciously persistent
+cones with a remarkable change in color. It is constantly confused
+with P. Thunbergii and P. densiflora, neither of which grows
+spontaneously in China. From the former it differs in leaf-section and
+bud (the bud of P. sinensis is never white), from the latter in the
+lustre and the color variation of its cone, and from both in the
+frequent obliquity of its cone and in the frequent presence of
+trimerous leaf-fascicles.</p>
+
+<p>Of the two varieties of this species, densata and yunnanensis (Shaw in
+Sargent, Pl. Wilson. ii. 17), the former represents the extreme
+oblique form of cone, the latter represents the longest dimensions of
+cone and leaf. The effect of environment on this species can be seen
+in figs. 202, 203, from a lower slope and rich soil, and fig.&nbsp;204,
+from a high rocky ledge in the same locality.</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate23">Plate XXIII</a>.</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Fig. 201, Cone of var. densata. Fig. 202, Cone of var. yunnanensis.
+Fig. 203, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section of var.
+yunnanensis. Fig. 204, Cone and leaf-fascicle from a rocky ledge.
+Fig. 205, Cone, leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section of the
+typical form. Fig. 206, Seeds. Fig. 207, Conelet and its enlarged
+scale. </p>
+</div>
+
+<h6>36. PINUS INSULARIS</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1837 <span class="smcap">P. taeda</span> Blanco, Fl. Filip. 767 (not Linnaeus).</li>
+<li>1847 <span class="smcap">P. insularis</span> Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 157.</li>
+<li>1854 <span class="smcap">P. khasiana</span> Griffith, Notul. Pl. Asiat. iv. 18; Icon. Pl. Asiat. tt. 367, 368.</li>
+<li>1868 <span class="smcap">P. kasya</span> Royle ex Parlatore in DC. Prodr. xvi-2, 390.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots uninodal, glabrous. Leaves from 12 to 24 cm. long, in
+fascicles of 3, rarely of 2, very slender; resin-ducts external, rarely
+with a medial duct. Conelets mucronate. Cones from 5 to 10 cm. long,
+ovate-conic, symmetrical or oblique, tenaciously persistent; apophyses
+lustrous, nut-brown, convex or elevated along a transverse keel, the
+posterior scales of some cones larger and more prominent than the
+anterior scales, the mucro usually deciduous.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>A species of the Philippines and of northern Burmah. In both countries
+it is locally exploited for wood and resin. It differs from the common
+form of P. sinensis by its much longer leaves, and from its var.
+yunnanensis, which it more resembles, by its much more slender and
+pliant leaves. Moreover its cone, so far as I can learn, is not yellow
+at maturity, but brown.</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate23">Plate XXIII</a>.</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Figs. 208, 209, Three cones. Fig. 210, Leaf-fascicle and magnified
+leaf-section. </p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">61</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 362px;">
+  <a name="plate23" id="plate23"></a>
+  <a href="images/pa23.jpg">
+<img src="images/pb23.jpg" width="362" height="500" alt="PLATE XXIII. P. MERKUSII (198-200), SINENSIS (201-207),
+INSULARIS (208-210)" title="" />
+  </a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE XXIII. P. MERKUSII (198-200), SINENSIS (201-207),
+INSULARIS (208-210)</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">62</a></span></p>
+
+<h5>XI. AUSTRALES</h5>
+
+<p>Pits of the ray-cells small. Leaf-hypoderm biform or variable.
+Spring-shoots uninodal in some, multinodal in other species. Cones
+dehiscent at maturity.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>This group combines the dehiscent cone of the Lariciones with the
+wood-anatomy of the serotinous Pines. Also the multinodal spring-shoot
+first appears here and is gradually developed among the species,
+absent in Nos. 37-39, sometimes present in Nos. 40-43, and prevalent
+in Nos. 44-47.</p>
+
+<p>All the species are of the Western Hemisphere, and among them may be
+found the biform hypoderm of the leaf, the internal resin-duct, and
+the total absence of external resin-ducts, characters common in
+American Hard Pines. The eastern species are quite constant in their
+characters and present no varietal forms; the western species, on the
+other hand, are very variable. This difference may be due to the even
+level and slight climatic differences of the Atlantic states and to
+the remarkable diversity of altitude and climate of the western states
+and Mexico. </p></div>
+
+
+
+<table summary="Australes key">
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2">Outer walls of the leaf-endoderm thick.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cones large, attaining 12 cm. or more in length.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Prickles of the cone inconspicuous.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Bark-formation late</span></td><td align='left'>37.&nbsp;pseudostrobus</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Bark-formation early</span></td><td align='left'>38.&nbsp;Montezumae</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Prickle of the cone conspicuous</span></td><td align='left'>39.&nbsp;ponderosa</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cones small, 7 cm. or less in length</span></td><td align='left'>40.&nbsp;teocote</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2">Outer walls of the leaf-endoderm thin.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spring-shoots mostly uninodal.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Prickle of the cone slender, sometimes deciduous.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Cones mostly oblique</span></td><td align='left'>41.&nbsp;Lawsonii</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Cones symmetrical</span></td><td align='left'>42.&nbsp;occidentalis</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Prickles of the cone stout and persistent</span></td><td align='left'>43.&nbsp;palustris</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spring-shoots multinodal.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Resin-ducts internal</span></td><td align='left'>44.&nbsp;caribaea.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Resin-ducts mostly medial.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Prickle of the cone stout</span></td><td align='left'>45.&nbsp;taeda</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2"><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Prickle of the cone slender.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 4em;">Bark-formation late</span></td><td align='left'>46.&nbsp;glabra</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 4em;">Bark-formation early</span></td><td align='left'>47.&nbsp;echinata</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+
+<h6>37. PINUS PSEUDOSTROBUS</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1839 <span class="smcap">P. pseudostrobus</span> Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxv. Misc. 63.</li>
+<li>1839 <span class="smcap">P. apulcensis</span> Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxv. Misc. 63.</li>
+<li>1842 <span class="smcap">P. tenuifolia</span> Bentham, Pl. Hartw. 92.</li>
+<li>1846 <span class="smcap">P. orizabae</span> Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. i. 237, f.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots uninodal, conspicuously pruinose. Bark-formation late, the
+cortex of young trees smooth. Leaves in fascicles of 5, sometimes of 6,
+from 15 to 30 cm. long, drooping; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm variable
+in amount, often in very large masses, the outer walls of the endoderm
+thick. Conelets mucronate. Cones from 7 to 14 cm. long, ovate or
+ovate-conic, symmetrical or oblique, deciduous and often leaving a few
+basal scales on the trees; apophyses rufous or fulvous brown, flat,
+elevated or, in one variety, prolonged in various degrees, the
+prolongations nearly uniform or much more prominent on the posterior
+face of the cone, the mucro usually deciduous.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>A species of the subtropical and warm-temperate altitudes of Mexico
+and Central America. Its range includes both eastern and western
+slopes of the northern plateau. Its northern limit is in Nuevo Leon,
+and it probably reaches in Nicaragua the southern limit of pines in
+the Western Hemisphere. It is distinguished from all its associates by
+the smooth gray trunk of the young trees, by their long internodes,
+and by their drooping gray-green foliage. </p></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">64</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="range">
+<p>Some cones of this species develop protuberances of all degrees of
+prominence up to the curious cone collected in Oaxaca by Nelson (var.
+apulcensis, Shaw, Pines Mex. t. 12, fig.&nbsp;8). There is also a
+remarkable difference in the amount of leaf-hypoderm. On many trees of
+the western part of the range this tissue forms septa across the green
+mesophyll. Such partitions are sometimes met in other species, P.
+Pringlei or P. canariensis, where the hypoderm is abundant. But in P.
+pseudostrobus they appear in some leaves of weak, as well as of strong
+hypoderm (var. tenuifolia, Shaw, Pines Mex. t. 13, ff. 2, 4, 5, 7, 8).</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate24">Plate XXIV</a>.</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Fig. 211, Cone. Fig. 212, Two cones of var. tenuifolia. Figs. 213,
+214, Two cones of var. apulcensis. Fig. 215, Magnified section of 3
+leaves of var. tenuifolia. Fig. 216, Magnified section of 2 leaves
+of the species. Fig. 217, Bud destined to produce staminate flowers.
+Fig. 218, Ten-year old branch showing smooth cortex. Fig. 219, Young
+and mature trees in open growth. </p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63"><ins title="Moved from original location.">63</ins></a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 362px;">
+  <a name="plate24" id="plate24"></a>
+  <a href="images/pa24.jpg">
+<img src="images/pb24.jpg" width="362" height="500" alt="PLATE XXIV. PINUS PSEUDOSTROBUS" title="" />
+  </a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE XXIV. PINUS PSEUDOSTROBUS</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h6>38. PINUS MONTEZUMAE</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1817 <span class="smcap">P. occidentalis</span> H. B. &amp; K. Nov. Gen. ii. 4 (not Swartz).</li>
+<li>1832 <span class="smcap">P. Montezumae</span> Lambert, Gen. Pin. ed. 8vo, i. 39, t. 22.</li>
+<li>1839 <span class="smcap">P. Devoniana</span> Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxv. Misc. 62.</li>
+<li>1839 <span class="smcap">P. Hartwegii</span> Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxv. Misc. 62.</li>
+<li>1839 <span class="smcap">P. Russelliana</span> Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxv. Misc. 63.</li>
+<li>1839 <span class="smcap">P. macrophylla</span> Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxv. Misc. 63.</li>
+<li>1840 <span class="smcap">P. filifolia</span> Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxvi. Misc. 61.</li>
+<li>1841 <span class="smcap">P. Sinclairii</span> Hooker &amp; Arnott, Bot. Beechy Voy. 392, t. 93 (as to cone).</li>
+<li>1841 <span class="smcap">P. radiata</span> Hooker &amp; Arnott, Bot. Beechy Voy. 443 (as to leaves).</li>
+<li>1847 <span class="smcap">P. Grenvilleae</span> Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. ii. 77, f.</li>
+<li>1847 <span class="smcap">P. Gordoniana</span> Hartweg in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. ii. 79, f.</li>
+<li>1847 <span class="smcap">P. Wincesteriana</span> Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. ii. 158, f.</li>
+<li>1847 <span class="smcap">P. rudis</span> Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 151.</li>
+<li>1847 <span class="smcap">P. Ehrenbergii</span> Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 151.</li>
+<li>1858 <span class="smcap">P. Lindleyana</span> Gordon, Pinet. 229.</li>
+<li>1891 <span class="smcap">P. Donnell-Smithii</span> Masters in Bot. Gaz. xvi. 199.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots uninodal, slightly or not at all pruinose. Bark-formation
+early, the branches becoming dark and rough. Leaves prevalently in
+fascicles of 5, but varying from 3 to 8, extremely variable in length,
+attaining 45 cm. at subtropical levels; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm
+sometimes uniform, more commonly multiform, the outer walls of the
+endoderm thick. Conelet mucronate, the prickle often reflexed. Cones of
+many sizes, attaining in warm localities 30 cm. in length, ovate-conic
+or long-conic, symmetrical, often curved, deciduous and often leaving a
+few scales on the tree; apophyses dull, rarely lustrous, nut-brown, or
+of various shades of fuscous brown to nearly black, flat, tumid,
+pyramidal or sometimes slightly protuberant, the prickle rarely
+persistent.</p>
+
+<div class="range">
+<p>This species ranges from the mountains of northern Durango to the
+volcanoes of Guatemala, or possibly farther south. It is found at all
+altitudes where Pines can grow except on the tropical levels of
+Guatemala. Its more hardy forms have been successfully grown in the
+milder parts of Great Britain and northern Italy. It is felled for
+lumber in many parts of Mexico.</p>
+
+<p>This sturdy Pine and its numberless variations present the most
+remarkable example of adaptation in the genus. The variations are
+mostly those associated with changes of environment&mdash;dimensions of
+cone and leaf and the number of leaves in the fascicle. These are so
+accurately correlated with altitude and exposure, and are so
+imperceptibly graded, that no specific segregations among them have
+yet been successfully established.</p>
+
+<p>The type-specimen figured by Lambert does not show the longest cone
+and leaf of this species. They are better represented by specimens
+which have been named P. filifolia. Such dimensions prevail in
+subtropical localities. At temperate altitudes these dimensions are
+much reduced, but here are found a longer form of cone and leaf (var.
+Lindleyi, Loudon) and a shorter form (var. rudis,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">66</a></span> Shaw). At still
+higher altitudes and up to the timber-limit the var. Hartwegii,
+Engelmann, with short leaves and a small nearly black cone is found.
+Among these varieties there is no such sharp distinction as these
+definitions imply. All dimensions of fruit and foliage and the various
+brown and black shades of the cone blend into each other through
+endless intergradations. A monograph of this species, by one who could
+devote some years to it on the superb volcanoes and in the delightful
+climates where this tree abounds, would be a valuable contribution to
+science.</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate25">Plate XXV</a>. (Cones and leaves much reduced.)</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Fig. 220, Cone and leaves of Lambert's plate. Figs. 221, 222, Longer
+cones and leaves of the species. Fig. 223, Cone and leaves of var.
+Lindleyi. Fig. 224, Cones and leaves of var. rudis. Fig. 225, Cone
+and leaves of var. Hartwegii. Fig. 226, Magnified leaf-sections.
+Figs. 227, 228, Two forms of the dermal tissues of the leaf,
+magnified. Fig. 229, Habit of the tree. </p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65"><ins title="Moved from original location.">65</ins></a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 360px;">
+  <a name="plate25" id="plate25"></a>
+  <a href="images/pa25.jpg">
+<img src="images/pb25.jpg" width="360" height="500" alt="PLATE XXV. PINUS MONTEZUMAE" title="" />
+  </a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE XXV. PINUS MONTEZUMAE</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h6>39. PINUS PONDEROSA</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1836 <span class="smcap">P. ponderosa</span> Douglas ex Lawson's Agric. Man. 354.</li>
+<li>1847 <span class="smcap">P. Benthamiana</span> Hartweg in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. ii. 189.</li>
+<li>1848 <span class="smcap">P. brachyptera</span> Engelmann in Wislizenus, Tour Mex. 89.</li>
+<li>1848 <span class="smcap">P. macrophylla</span> Engelmann in Wislizenus, Tour Mex. 103 (not Lindley).</li>
+<li>1853 <span class="smcap">P. Jeffreyi</span> Balfour in Bot. Exp. Oregon, 2, f.</li>
+<li>1854 <span class="smcap">P. Engelmanni</span> Carri&egrave;re in Rev. Hort. 227.</li>
+<li>1855 <span class="smcap">P. Beardsleyi</span> Murray in Edinb. Phil. Jour. ser. 2, i. 286, t. 6.</li>
+<li>1855 <span class="smcap">P. Craigana</span> Murray in Edinb. Phil. Jour. ser. 2, i. 288, t. 7.</li>
+<li>1858 <span class="smcap">P. Parryana</span> Gordon, Pinet. 202 (not Engelmann).</li>
+<li>1859 <span class="smcap">P. deflexa</span> Torrey in Emory's Rep. ii. 1, 209, t. 56.</li>
+<li>1878 <span class="smcap">P. arizonica</span> Engelmann in Wheeler's Rep. vi. 260.</li>
+<li>1889 <span class="smcap">P. latifolia</span> Sargent in Gar. &amp; For. ii. 496, f. 135.</li>
+<li>1894 <span class="smcap">P. apacheca</span> Lemmon in Erythea, ii. 103, t. 3.</li>
+<li>1897 <span class="smcap">P. Mayriana</span> Sudworth in Bull. 14, U. S. Dept. Agric. 21.</li>
+<li>1897 <span class="smcap">P. scopulorum</span> Lemmon in Gar. &amp; For. x. 183.</li>
+<li>1900 <span class="smcap">P. peninsularis</span> Lemmon, W. Am. Conebear. 114.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots uninodal, sometimes pruinose. Bark-formation early. Leaves
+prevalently in fascicles of 3, but varying from 2 to 5 or more, from 12
+to 36 cm. long; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm uniform or multiform, outer
+walls of the endoderm thick. Conelet mucronate, the mucro often
+reflexed. Cones from 8 to 20 cm. long, ovate-conic, symmetrical,
+deciduous and usually leaving a few basal scales on the tree; apophyses
+tawny yellow to fuscous brown, lustrous, elevated along a transverse
+keel, sometimes protuberant and reflexed, the umbo salient and forming
+the base of a pungent, persistent prickle.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>This species ranges from southern British Columbia over the mountains
+between the Pacific and the eastern foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains,
+including the Black Hills of South Dakota, to the northeastern Sierras
+of Mexico, to northern Jalisco and Lower California, forming, in many
+localities, large forests and furnishing the best Hard Pine timber of
+the western United States. It attains its best growth on the Sierras
+of California and is, next to P. Lambertiana, the tallest of the
+Pines.</p>
+
+<p>Like P. Montezumae, and under like influences, it shows much
+dimensional variation, and the leaf-fascicles are heteromerous, with
+the larger number in the southern part of its range. Many authors
+consider the variety Jeffreyi Vasey to be a distinct species; but
+here, it seems to me, too much importance is attached to the pruinose
+branchlet, clearly a provision against transpiration and associated
+rather with a dry environment than with a species. Most observers
+discover many intermediate forms between this variety and the species.
+The var. scopulorum Engelm. is the Rocky Mountain form with leaves in
+2's and 3's and with small cones passing into P. arizonica, Engelm., a
+more southern form with small cones and leaves in fascicles of 3 to 5.
+The var. macrophylla (Shaw, Pines Mex. 24), in addition to its long
+and stout leaves, bears a cone with protuberant apophyses, somewhat
+comparable to the intermediate forms of P. pseudostrobus var.
+apulcensis<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">68</a></span> Shaw (l. c.). Fascicles of 6 and 7 leaves are sometimes
+found, and specimens that I have collected in Sandia, Durango (issued
+by Pringle, through a misunderstanding, under the name P. Roseana,
+ined.) show such fascicles on the fertile branches.</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate26">Plate XXVI</a>.</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Fig. 230, Cone and seed of var. Jeffreyi. Fig. 231, Cone of var.
+macrophylla. Fig. 232, Cone of var. scopulorum. Fig. 233, Magnified
+leaf-section and cells of leaf-endoderm. Fig. 234, Magnified dermal
+tissues of the leaf, showing uniform and multiform hypoderm. </p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67"><ins title="Moved from original location.">67</ins></a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 363px;">
+  <a name="plate26" id="plate26"></a>
+  <a href="images/pa26.jpg">
+<img src="images/pb26.jpg" width="363" height="500" alt="PLATE XXVI. PINUS PONDEROSA" title="" />
+  </a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE XXVI. PINUS PONDEROSA</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h6>40. PINUS TEOCOTE</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1830 <span class="smcap">P. teocote</span> Schlechtendal &amp; Chamisso in Linnaea, v. 76.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots uninodal, or sometimes multinodal. Leaves prevalently in
+fascicles of 3, but varying from 3 to 5, from 10 to 20 cm. long;
+resin-ducts medial, sometimes with an internal duct, hypoderm biform,
+endoderm with thick outer walls. Conelets mucronate. Cones usually very
+small, from 4 to 6 cm. long, but with a larger varietal form, ovate to
+long-conic, symmetrical; apophyses nut-brown, flat or tumid, the mucro
+usually deciduous.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>This species grows at temperate altitudes from Chiapas to Nuevo Leon,
+associated with temperate Mexican species such as P. patula, P.
+leiophylla and others, and is easily recognized by its small cone. The
+variety with a larger cone (var. macrocarpa, Shaw, Pines Mex. t. 10) I
+have found growing in mixed groves of P. teocote and P. leiophylla. It
+resembles the latter in cone and leaf, but lacks the peculiar
+character that distinguishes P. leiophylla from all other Mexican
+species&mdash;the triennial cone. Some of the specimens of Hartweg No. 441
+belong here, as well as Pringle's specimens, Nos. 10013, 10018,
+distributed as P. eslavae, ined.</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate27">Plate XXVII</a>.</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Fig. 235, Two cones of the species and the larger cone of the
+variety. Fig. 236, Leaf-fascicle and magnified sections of two
+leaves. Fig. 237 a, Dermal tissues of the leaf magnified; b,
+magnified cells of the leaf-endoderm. Fig. 238, Habit of the tree. </p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h6>41. PINUS LAWSONII</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1862 <span class="smcap">P. Lawsonii</span> Roezl ex Gordon, Pinet. Suppl. 64.</li>
+<li>1905 <span class="smcap">P. Altamirani</span> Shaw in Sargent, Trees &amp; Shrubs, i. 209, t. 99.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots conspicuously pruinose, uninodal or not infrequently
+multinodal. Leaves in fascicles of 3, 4 or 5, not exceeding 24 cm. in
+length; resin-ducts internal, often with one or two medial ducts,
+hypoderm biform, endoderm usually with thin outer walls. Conelets
+mucronate. Cones from 5 to 7 cm. long on pliant peduncles, ovate or
+ovate-conic, oblique or sometimes symmetrical, deciduous, or persistent
+with a weak hold on the branch; apophyses nut-brown, flat or tumid,
+often protuberant on the posterior face of the cone, the umbo usually
+large and salient, forming a rounded button-like projection, on which
+the mucro is wanting.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>A subtropical species of central and western Mexico, growing alone or
+associated with P. oocarpa, P. Pringlei and the subtropical forms of
+P. Montezumae and P. pseudostrobus. It is recognized among its
+associate species by its conspicuously glaucous foliage. The cone is
+very variable on trees of the same grove, both in size and in the
+protuberance of its apophyses. Gordon's specimen in the Kew herbarium
+consists of a single detached cone and a few leaves. The leaves differ
+from all that I have examined in showing thick-walled endoderm cells,
+but the cone corresponds with many of my own collection.</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate27">Plate XXVII</a>.</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Fig. 239, Three cones. Fig. 240, Leaf-fascicle and magnified
+leaf-section. Fig. 241, Magnified cells of the leaf-endoderm. </p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">69</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 355px;">
+  <a name="plate27" id="plate27"></a>
+  <a href="images/pa27.jpg">
+<img src="images/pb27.jpg" width="355" height="500" alt="PLATE XXVII. P. TEOCOTE (235-238), LAWSONII (239-241)" title="" />
+  </a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE XXVII. P. TEOCOTE (235-238), LAWSONII (239-241)</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">70</a></span></p>
+
+<h6>42. PINUS OCCIDENTALIS</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1788 <span class="smcap">P. occidentalis</span> Swartz, Nov. Gen. &amp; Sp. Pl. 103.</li>
+<li>1862 <span class="smcap">P. cubensis</span> Grisebach in Mem. Am. Acad. ser. 2, viii. 530.</li>
+<li>1880 <span class="smcap">P. Wrightii</span> Engelmann in Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, iv. 185.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots uninodal, pruinose. Leaves in fascicles of 2 to 5, from 15
+to 22 cm. long; resin-ducts internal, hypoderm biform, endoderm with
+thin outer walls. Conelets erect, aristate. Cones from 5 to 8 cm. long,
+reflexed, ovate, symmetrical, deciduous; apophyses nut-brown, lustrous,
+flat or tumid, the umbo often thin and, together with the slender
+prickle, bent sharply downward.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>This species is confined to San Domingo, Hayti and eastern Cuba. Its
+erect conelet and reflexed cone distinguish it from P. caribaea, which
+has both its conelet and cone reflexed. Moreover the conelet is
+usually, perhaps always, subterminal in P. occidentalis.</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate28">Plate XXVIII</a>.</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Fig. 247, Cone. Fig. 248, Conelet and enlarged aristate scales. Fig.
+249, Magnified sections of two leaves and more magnified dermal
+tissues. </p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h6>43. PINUS PALUSTRIS</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1768 <span class="smcap">P. palustris</span> Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8.</li>
+<li>1810 <span class="smcap">P. australis</span> Michaux f. Hist. Arbr. Am. i. 64, t. 6.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots uninodal, rarely multinodal. Buds peculiarly large, white,
+and conspicuously fringed with the long free cilia of the bud-scales.
+Leaves in fascicles of 3, from 20 to 45 cm. long, rigid; resin-ducts
+internal, hypoderm biform, endoderm with thin outer walls. Conelets
+short-mucronate. Cones from 15 to 20 cm. long, narrow, tapering from a
+rounded base to a blunt point, symmetrical, deciduous and usually
+leaving a few scales on the tree; apophyses dull nut-brown, elevated
+along a transverse keel, the umbo salient and forming the broad base of
+a small persistent prickle.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>Its thin sap-wood, its very strong heavy wood of large dimensions with
+abundant resin of excellent quality make this the most valuable
+species of the genus. It ranges over the sandy plain that borders the
+Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico, from southeastern Virginia to eastern
+Texas. The northern limit is approximately the centre of the Southern
+and Gulf States, with a northern extension in Alabama to the base of
+the Appalachian Mountains and to northwestern Louisiana. Its southern
+limit lies near the centre of the Florida peninsula.</p>
+
+<p>Among its associates this species is recognized by its large white
+fringed bud and its elongated cone. Its leaves attain, on vigorous
+trees, the maximum length among Pines, but on most trees the leaves do
+not differ in length from the longer forms of those of P. caribaea or
+P. taeda. A peculiarity, which it shares with P. caribaea, is the
+deciduous scaly bark of mature trees, constantly falling away in thin
+irregular scales.</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate28">Plate XXVIII</a>.</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Figs. 242, 243, Cones and seed. Fig. 244, Bud. Fig. 245, Magnified
+leaf-section. Fig. 246, Magnified cells of the leaf-endoderm. The
+dermal tissues of fig.&nbsp;249 also apply to this species. </p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71"><ins title="Moved from original location.">71</ins></a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 362px;">
+  <a name="plate28" id="plate28"></a>
+  <a href="images/pa28.jpg">
+<img src="images/pb28.jpg" width="362" height="500" alt="PLATE XXVIII. P. PALUSTRIS (242-246), OCCIDENTALIS
+(247-249)" title="" />
+  </a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE XXVIII. P. PALUSTRIS (242-246), OCCIDENTALIS
+(247-249)</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h6>44. PINUS CARIBAEA</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1851 <span class="smcap">P. caribaea</span> Morelet in Rev. Hort. C&ocirc;te d'Or, i. 105.</li>
+<li>1864 <span class="smcap">P. bahamensis</span> Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 503.</li>
+<li>1880 <span class="smcap">P. Elliottii</span> Engelmann in Trans. Acad. St. Louis, iv. 186, tt. 1-3.</li>
+<li>1884 <span class="smcap">P. cubensis</span> Sargent in Rep. 10th. Cens. U. S. ix. 202 (not Grisebach).</li>
+<li>1893 <span class="smcap">P. heterophylla</span> Sudworth in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, xx. 45.</li>
+<li>1903 <span class="smcap">P. recurvata</span> Rowley in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, xxx. 107.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots multinodal, more or less pruinose. Buds pale
+chestnut-brown. Leaves in fascicles of 2 and 3, or more in its southern
+range, from 12 to 25 cm. long; resin-ducts internal, hypoderm biform,
+endoderm with thin outer walls. Conelets reflexed on long peduncles,
+mucronate. Cones<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">72</a></span> from 5 to 15 cm. long, ovate or oblong-ovate,
+symmetrical, deciduous and leaving often a few basal scales on the
+branch; apophyses lustrous, rufous-brown, tumid, the umbo somewhat
+salient and minutely mucronate.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>The northern limit of the range of P. caribaea extends from the coast
+of southeastern S. Carolina through southeastern Georgia and southern
+Alabama to southeastern Louisiana. It is associated with P. palustris,
+taeda, serotina, echinata and glabra in this part of its range. It
+continues through Florida, where it encounters P. clausa. On the
+Bahamas it is the only Pine. On the Isle of Pines it finds in P.
+tropicalis another associate. It also grows in Honduras and Guatemala.
+The wood and resin of this species are of such excellent quality that
+no commercial distinction is made between P. caribaea and P.
+palustris.</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate29">Plate XXIX</a>.</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Fig. 250, Cone from the Isle of Pines. Fig. 251, Small form of cone.
+Fig. 252, Large form of cone and binate leaf-fascicle. Fig. 253,
+Conelet. Fig. 254, Magnified sections of leaves from binate and
+ternate fascicles. Fig. 255, Habit of the tree, contrasted with a
+tree of P. palustris in the middle-distance. </p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73"><ins title="Moved from original location.">73</ins></a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 362px;">
+  <a name="plate29" id="plate29"></a>
+  <a href="images/pa29.jpg">
+<img src="images/pb29.jpg" width="362" height="500" alt="PLATE XXIX. PINUS CARIBAEA" title="" />
+  </a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE XXIX. PINUS CARIBAEA</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h6>45. PINUS TAEDA</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1753 <span class="smcap">P. taeda</span> Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1000.</li>
+<li>1788 <span class="smcap">P. lutea</span> Walter Fl. Carol. 237.</li>
+<li>1903 <span class="smcap">P. heterophylla</span> Small, Fl. Southeast. U. S. 28 (not Sudworth).</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots multinodal. Leaves in fascicles of 3, from 12 to 25 cm.
+long; resin-ducts medial, sometimes with an internal duct, hypoderm
+biform, endoderm with thin outer walls. Conelets erect, their scales
+prolonged into a sharp point. Cones from 6 to 10 cm. long, ovate-conic,
+symmetrical; apophyses dull pale nut-brown, rarely lustrous, elevated
+along a transverse keel, the whole umbo forming a stout triangular spine
+with slightly concave sides.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>The species ranges from southern New Jersey to southern Arkansas,
+Oklahoma, eastern Texas and southwestern Tennessee, but does not occur
+in the lower half of the Florida peninsula. It is an important
+timber-tree, manufactured into all descriptions of scantlings,
+boarding and finish, but the wood is of various qualities. It may be
+recognized by the spine of its cone in both years of growth. Excepting
+the formidable armature of the cone of P. pungens, the spines are the
+strongest and most persistent of all the species of eastern North
+America.</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate30">Plate XXX</a>.</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Fig. 264, Cone. Fig. 265, Leaf-fascicle. Fig. 266, Magnified
+leaf-section. Fig. 267. Magnified scales of the conelet. </p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h6>46. PINUS GLABRA</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1788 <span class="smcap">P. glabra</span> Walter, Fl. Carol. 237.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots multinodal. Bark-formation late, the upper trunks of
+mature trees smooth. Leaves in fascicles of 2, from 9 to 12 cm. long;
+resin-ducts medial, hypoderm weak, sometimes of a single row, biform
+when of two rows, endoderm with thin outer walls. Conelets reflexed,
+mucronate. Cones from 4 to 7 cm. long, reflexed, ovate, symmetrical,
+deciduous on some trees, persistent on others; apophyses pale dull
+nut-brown, thin or slightly thickened, the prickle usually deciduous.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>A tree that sometimes attains important dimensions, growing singly or
+in small groves from the neighborhood of Charleston, S. C., to eastern
+Louisiana and central Mississippi, most abundant in a strip of
+territory on either side of the northern boundary of Florida. Among
+the Pines of the southeastern United States it is the only species
+with late bark-formation, and is therefore easily identified.</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate30">Plate XXX</a>.</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Fig. 256, Cone. Fig. 257, Enlarged scale of the conelet. Fig. 258,
+Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section. Fig. 259, Dermal tissues
+of the leaf magnified, with a double row of hypoderm cells. </p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">74</a></span></p>
+
+<h6>47. PINUS ECHINATA</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1768 <span class="smcap">P. echinata</span> Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8.</li>
+<li>1788 <span class="smcap">P. squarrosa</span> Walter, Fl. Carol. 237.</li>
+<li>1803 <span class="smcap">P. mitis</span> Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. ii. 204.</li>
+<li>1803 <span class="smcap">P. variabilis</span> Lambert, Gen. Pin. i. 22, t. 15.</li>
+<li>1854 <span class="smcap">P. Royleana</span> Jamieson in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. ix. 52, f.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots multinodal, somewhat pruinose. Bark forming early, rough
+on the upper trunk. Leaves in fascicles of 2 and 3, from 7 to 12 cm.
+long; resin-ducts medial, with an occasional internal duct, hypoderm
+weak, biform when of two rows of cells, endoderm with thin outer walls.
+Conelets mucronate. Cones from 4 to 6 cm. long, ovate-conic,
+symmetrical, often persistent; apophyses dull pale nut-brown, thin or
+somewhat thickened along a transverse keel, the umbo salient, the mucro
+more or less persistent.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>This species ranges from southeastern New York to northern Florida, to
+West Virginia and eastern Tennessee, and through the Gulf States to
+eastern Louisiana, eastern Texas, southern Missouri and southwestern
+Illinois. It is extensively manufactured into material of all kinds
+that enters into the construction of buildings. It differs from P.
+virginiana in its longer leaves, brittle branches, and much greater
+height, from P. glabra in its rough upper trunk, and from both by the
+frequent presence of trimerous leaf-fascicles.</p>
+
+<p>Of the six or seven pines of the southeastern United States, this
+species covers a larger area and ascends the slopes of the Alleghany
+Mountains far enough to meet the northern species, P. virginiana, P.
+rigida, and P. strobus. Unlike the western members of this group, P.
+echinata and its associates are not variable. Their characters are
+singularly constant, as their limited synonymy and total lack of
+varietal names attest.</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate30">Plate XXX</a>.</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Fig. 260, Cone. Fig. 261, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section
+from a ternate fascicle. Fig. 262, Magnified leaf-section from a
+binate fascicle. Fig. 263, Multinodal branchlet bearing lateral and
+subterminal conelets and a ripe cone. Figs. 257, showing mucronate
+scales of the conelet, and 259, showing dermal tissues of the leaf,
+are applicable also to this species. </p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">75</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 367px;">
+  <a name="plate30" id="plate30"></a>
+  <a href="images/pa30.jpg">
+<img src="images/pb30.jpg" width="367" height="500" alt="PLATE XXX. P. GLABRA (256-259), ECHINATA (260-263),
+TAEDA (264-267)" title="" />
+  </a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE XXX. P. GLABRA (256-259), ECHINATA (260-263),
+TAEDA (264-267)</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">76</a></span></p>
+
+<h5>XII. INSIGNES</h5>
+
+<p>Pits of the ray-cells small. Cones tenaciously persistent, serotinous in
+various degrees. Conelets mucronate or spinose.</p>
+
+
+
+<table summary="Insignes key">
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2">Spring-shoots uninodal.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Resin-ducts mostly internal</span></td><td align='left'>48. Pringlei</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Resin-ducts mostly septal</span></td><td align='left'>49. oocarpa</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2">Spring-shoots multinodal.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cones symmetrical.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Leaf-hypoderm not biform.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Bark-formation late</span></td><td align='left'>50. halepensis</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Bark-formation early</span></td><td align='left'>51. pinaster</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Leaf-hypoderm biform.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2"><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Cones with slender spines.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2"><span style="margin-left: 4em;">Leaves binate.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 5em;">Cones dehiscent at maturity</span></td><td align='left'>52. virginiana</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 5em;">Cones serotinous</span></td><td align='left'>53. clausa</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2"><span style="margin-left: 4em;">Leaves ternate.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 5em;">Cones dehiscent at maturity</span></td><td align='left'>54. rigida</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 5em;">Cones serotinous</span></td><td align='left'>55. serotina</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Cones with stout spines</span></td><td align='left'>56. pungens</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cones oblique or unsymmetrical.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Cones and leaves very short, not exceeding 6 cm.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Cones curved or warped</span></td><td align='left'>57. Banksiana</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Cones straight</span></td><td align='left'>58. contorta</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Cones and leaves much longer, more than 7 cm.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2"><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Posterior cone-scales gradually larger than anterior scales.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 4em;">Bark-formation late</span></td><td align='left'>59. Greggii</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 4em;">Bark-formation early</span></td><td align='left'>60. patula</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2"><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Posterior cone-scales abruptly larger than anterior scales.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 4em;">Cones with very stout spines</span></td><td align='left'>61. muricata</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2"><span style="margin-left: 4em;">Cones with minute or deciduous prickles.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 5em;">Bark-formation late</span></td><td align='left'>62. attenuata</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 5em;">Bark-formation early</span></td><td align='left'>63. radiata</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+
+<h6>48. PINUS PRINGLEI</h6>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">1905 <span class="smcap">P. Pringlei</span> Shaw in Sargent, Trees &amp; Shrubs, i. 211, t. 100.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots uninodal, sometimes pruinose. Leaves ternate, from 15 to
+25 cm. long; resin-ducts internal or with an occasional septal duct,
+hypoderm biform, in thick masses, often projecting far into the green
+tissue and sometimes touching the endoderm. Conelets mucronate. Cones
+from 5 to 10 cm. long, reflexed on a rigid peduncle, subsymmetrical or
+more or less oblique, tenaciously persistent, often serotinous;
+apophyses sublustrous tawny yellow or fulvous brown, convex, the
+posterior scales often more prominently developed, the mucro usually
+wanting; seed with a perceptibly thickened wing-blade.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>A tree with long erect bright green foliage, confined, so far as
+known, to the subtropical altitudes of western Mexico. As it grows in
+Uruapan, Michoacan, there are two forms of the cone, large and small,
+both with the same long rigid leaf.</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate31">Plate XXXI</a>.</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Figs. 268, 269. Three cones and seed. Fig. 270, Leaf-fascicle and
+magnified leaf-section. </p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">78</a></span></p>
+
+<h6>49. PINUS OOCARPA</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1838 <span class="smcap">P. oocarpa</span> Schiede in Linnaea, xii. 491.</li>
+<li>1842 <span class="smcap">P. oocarpoides</span> Lindley ex Loudon, Encycl. 1118.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots uninodal, pruinose. Leaves in fascicles of 3, 4 or 5, from
+15 to 30 cm. long, erect; resin-ducts mostly septal, sometimes internal,
+hypoderm biform or multiform. Conelets on very long peduncles,
+mucronate. Cones from 4 to 10 cm. long, long-pedunculate, broad-ovate to
+ovate-conic, symmetrical or sometimes oblique, persistent, more or less
+serotinous; apophysis gray-yellow or greenish yellow of high lustre,
+flat or variously convex, delicately and radially carinate, the umbo
+often salient, the prickle usually broken away; seed-wing appreciably
+thickened at the base of the blade.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>A subtropical species, ranging from Guatemala to the northern border
+of Sinaloa in northern Mexico; remarkable for the length of the
+peduncle of the cone and for the prevalence of septal resin-ducts in
+the leaf.</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate31">Plate XXXI</a>.</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Fig. 271, Three cones and seed. Fig. 272, Leaf-fascicle and
+magnified leaf-section. Fig. 273, Cone from northern part of the
+range. Fig. 274, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section from near
+the northern limit. </p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77"><ins title="Moved from original location.">77</ins></a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 363px;">
+  <a name="plate31" id="plate31"></a>
+  <a href="images/pa31.jpg">
+<img src="images/pb31.jpg" width="363" height="500" alt="PLATE XXXI. P. PRINGLEI (268-270), OOCARPA (271-274)" title="" />
+  </a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE XXXI. P. PRINGLEI (268-270), OOCARPA (271-274)</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h6>50. PINUS HALEPENSIS</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1762 <span class="smcap">P. sylvestris</span> Gouan, Hort. Reg. Monspel. 494 (not Linnaeus).</li>
+<li>1768 <span class="smcap">P. halepensis</span> Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8.</li>
+<li>1803 <span class="smcap">P. maritima</span> Lambert, Gen. Pin. i. 13, t. 10.</li>
+<li>1812 <span class="smcap">P. resinosa</span> Loiseleur, Nouv. Duham. v. 237, t. 77 (not Aiton).</li>
+<li>1815 <span class="smcap">P. brutia</span> Tenore, Cat. Hort. Neap. Appx. 1, 75.</li>
+<li>1826 <span class="smcap">P. arabica</span> Sieber ex Sprengel, Syst. Veg. iii. 886.</li>
+<li>1833 <span class="smcap">P. pyrenaica</span> David in Ann. Soc. Hort. Paris, 186 (not Lapeyrouse).</li>
+<li>1834 <span class="smcap">P. hispanica</span> Cook, Sketches in Spain, ii. 337.</li>
+<li>1838 <span class="smcap">P. pityusa</span> Steven in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. xi. 49.</li>
+<li>1841 <span class="smcap">P. carica</span> Don in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. vii. 459.</li>
+<li>1847 <span class="smcap">P. persica</span> Strangways ex Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 157.</li>
+<li>1855 <span class="smcap">P. abasica</span> Carri&egrave;re, Trait. Conif. 352.</li>
+<li>1855 <span class="smcap">P. Loiseleuriana</span> Carri&egrave;re, Trait. Conif. 382.</li>
+<li>1856 <span class="smcap">P. Parolinii</span> Visiani in Mem. Ist. Venet. vi. 243, t. 1.</li>
+<li>1902 <span class="smcap">P. eldarica</span> Medwejew in Act. Hort. Tiflis. vi-2, 21, f.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots often multinodal. Bark-formation late, the branches ashen
+gray and smooth for several years. Leaves binate, from 6 to 15 cm. long;
+resin-ducts external, hypoderm uniform. Conelets obscurely mucronate
+near the apex. Cones from 8 to 12 cm. long, ovate-conic, symmetrical or
+subsymmetrical, persistent, often serotinous; apophyses red with a
+lighter or deeper brownish shade, lustrous, flat, convex or
+low-pyramidal, radially carinate, the umbo often ashen gray and unarmed.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>A tree ranging from Portugal to Afghanistan, and from Algeria to
+Dalmatia and to northern Italy and Southern France. It is a vigorous
+species in its own home, growing readily in poor soils, but not
+successful in colder climates. The wood is resinous and valuable for
+fuel. The turpentine industry, once associated with this species, has
+gradually been abandoned for the more copious product of P. pinaster.</p>
+
+<p>It is recognized by its lustrous red cones and by the ashen gray
+cortex of its branches and upper trunk. Tenore's P. brutia (pyrenaica
+of some authors) is founded on a difference in the length of the leaf
+and on an erect cone with a shorter peduncle. To recognize species on
+such distinctions would not be consistent with the purpose and spirit
+of this discussion.</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate32">Plate XXXII</a>.</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Fig. 279, Two cones. Fig. 280, Cone. Fig. 281, Lateral conelet. Fig.
+282, Magnified leaf-section. Fig. 283, Dermal tissues of the leaf
+magnified. </p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">80</a></span></p>
+
+<h6>51. PINUS PINASTER</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1768 <span class="smcap">P. sylvestris</span> Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8 (not Linnaeus).</li>
+<li>1789 <span class="smcap">P. pinaster</span> Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii. 367.</li>
+<li>1798 <span class="smcap">P. laricio</span> Savi, Fl. Pisa. ii. 353 (not Poiret).</li>
+<li>1804 <span class="smcap">P. maritima</span> Poiret in Lamarck, Encycl. M&eacute;th. v. 337 (not Lambert).</li>
+<li>1826 <span class="smcap">P. escarena</span> Risso, Hist. Nat. ii. 340.</li>
+<li>1835 <span class="smcap">P. Lemoniana</span> Bentham in Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond. ser. 2, i. 512, t.</li>
+<li>1845 <span class="smcap">P. Hamiltonii</span> Tenore, Cat. Ort. Nap. 90.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots sometimes multinodal. Bark-formation early. Leaves binate,
+from 10 to 20 cm. long, stout and rigid; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm
+multiform, the inner cells gradually larger, remarkably large in the
+angles of the leaf. Conelets minutely mucronate. Cones from 9 to 18 cm.
+long, nearly sessile, ovate-conic, symmetrical or subsymmetrical,
+persistent, sometimes serotinous; apophyses lustrous nut-brown or rufous
+brown, conspicuously pyramidal, the umbo salient and pungent.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>A maritime tree corresponding nearly, in its range, with the preceding
+species, but more hardy in cooler climates. It grows from Portugal to
+Greece, and from Algeria to Dalmatia, but its area has been much
+extended by cultivation. Under favorable conditions it attains large
+dimensions, but its exploitation for resin and turpentine tends to
+diminish its size and disfigure its habit (Mathieu, Fl. Forest, ed. 4,
+611). Its rapid growth, strong root-system, and its ability to thrive
+on poor sandy soil, have led to the employment of this species for the
+forestation of sand-dunes in France.</p>
+
+<p>The tree can be recognized by its long stout leaves and persistent
+brown cones. Its leaf-section is peculiar in the remarkable size of
+the inner cells of the hypoderm, especially in the angles of the leaf.</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate32">Plate XXXII</a>.</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Figs. 275, 276, Cones. Fig. 277, Magnified leaf-section. Fig. 278,
+Magnified dermal tissues in the angle of the leaf. </p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79"><ins title="Moved from original location.">79</ins></a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 365px;">
+  <a name="plate32" id="plate32"></a>
+  <a href="images/pa32.jpg">
+<img src="images/pb32.jpg" width="365" height="500" alt="PLATE XXXII. P. PINASTER (275-278), HALEPENSIS
+(279-283)" title="" />
+  </a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE XXXII. P. PINASTER (275-278), HALEPENSIS
+(279-283)</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h6>52. PINUS VIRGINIANA</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1768 <span class="smcap">P. virginiana</span> Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8.</li>
+<li>1789 <span class="smcap">P. inops</span> Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii. 367.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots multinodal, pruinose; branchlets pliant and tough.
+Bark-formation slow, the cortex not rifted for some years. Leaves
+binate, from 4 to 8 cm. long; resin-ducts medial, or with an occasional
+internal duct; hypoderm biform. Conelets with long tapering sharp
+scales. Cones from 4 to 6 cm. long, ovate or oblong-ovate, symmetrical,
+persistent, dehiscent at maturity; apophyses lustrous nut-brown,
+somewhat elevated along a transverse keel, the umbo salient, forming a
+long slender prickle with a broad base.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>Western Long Island to central Georgia and north Alabama, and from
+eastern Tennessee to southern Indiana and southeastern Ohio. It is a
+low bushy tree in the north, but in the south and west it attains
+small timber-size and is locally exploited. It is hardy beyond the
+limits of its natural range, growing readily in the vicinity of
+Boston. Its short binate leaves, the persistent long prickles of its
+cone, and its tough branches, combine to distinguish this Pine from
+its associates. The obvious relationship of P. virginiana and P.
+clausa places the former in this, rather than in the preceding group.</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate33">Plate XXXIII</a>.</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Fig. 284, Cones. Fig. 285, Conelet and its enlarged spinose scale.
+Fig. 286, Leaf-fascicle, magnified leaf-section and more magnified
+dermal tissues of the leaf. Fig. 287, Buds. </p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h6>53. PINUS CLAUSA</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1884 <span class="smcap">P. clausa</span> Vasey ex Sargent, Rep. 10th Cens. U. S. ix. 199.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots multinodal. Bark-formation slow, as in the preceding
+species. Leaves binate, from 5 to 9 cm. long; resin-ducts medial, or
+with an occasional internal duct, hypoderm biform when of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">82</a></span> two rows of
+cells. Conelets with long tapering acute scales. Cones from 5 to 8 cm.
+long, reflexed, ovate-conic, symmetrical, persistent, often serotinous;
+apophyses lustrous nut-brown, elevated along a transverse keel, the umbo
+forming a triangular persistent spine.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>A species of limited range, confined to the sandy coast of Alabama and
+to Florida. It sometimes attains timber-size, but is usually a low
+spreading tree of no commercial importance and never seen in
+cultivation. It is recognized by its smooth branches, binate leaves
+and numerous, often multiserial, clusters of persistent, often closed,
+cones. It is associated with P. caribaea and, in the northern part of
+its range, it grows with the other Southern species. By its close
+resemblance it may be considered the serotinous form of P. virginiana.</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate33">Plate XXXIII</a>.</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Fig. 288, Three nodal groups of cones of the same year. Fig. 289,
+Conelet and its enlarged scale. Fig. 290, Leaf-fascicle and
+magnified leaf-section. Fig. 291, Larger form of the tree. </p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81"><ins title="Moved from original location.">81</ins></a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 364px;">
+  <a name="plate33" id="plate33"></a>
+  <a href="images/pa33.jpg">
+<img src="images/pb33.jpg" width="364" height="500" alt="PLATE XXXIII. P. VIRGINIANA (284-287), CLAUSA (288-291)" title="" />
+  </a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE XXXIII. P. VIRGINIANA (284-287), CLAUSA (288-291)</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h6>54. PINUS RIGIDA</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1768 <span class="smcap">P. rigida</span> Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8.</li>
+<li>1909 <span class="smcap">P. serotina</span> Long, in Bartonia, ii. 17 (not Michaux).</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots multinodal. Leaves ternate, from 7 to 14 cm. long;
+resin-ducts medial, or with an occasional internal duct, hypoderm
+biform. Scales of the conelet abruptly prolonged into a spine. Cones
+from 3 to 7 cm. long, ovate-conic, symmetrical, persistent, dehiscent at
+maturity or rarely serotinous; apophyses lustrous tawny yellow, elevated
+along a transverse keel, the umbo salient and forming the broad base of
+a slender sharp prickle.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>A tree with bright green foliage in spreading tufts. The northern
+limit of its range is in southwestern New Brunswick, southern Maine,
+central New Hampshire and Vermont, the Thousand Islands of the St.
+Lawrence River and central Ohio. It ranges into Pennsylvania and
+Delaware at low levels and thence over the Alleghanies into northern
+Georgia. It is associated with P. strobus and P. resinosa and, further
+south, with P. virginiana. The cones are rarely serotinous, but it is
+remarkably like P. serotina in many characters, and is therefore
+placed in this group.</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate34">Plate XXXIV</a>.</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Fig. 292, Cones. Fig. 293, Leaf-fascicle, magnified section through
+a fascicle, and magnified dermal tissues of the leaf. Fig. 294,
+Upper part of a tree. </p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h6>55. PINUS SEROTINA</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1803 <span class="smcap">P. serotina</span> Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. ii. 205.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots multinodal. Leaves ternate, from 12 to 20 cm. long;
+resin-ducts medial or medial and internal, hypoderm biform. Conelet
+long-mucronate. Cones from 5 to 7 cm. long, subglobose or short-ovate,
+symmetrical, persistent, serotinous; apophyses lustrous tawny yellow,
+slightly elevated along a transverse keel, the umbo forming the broad
+base of a slender, rather fragile prickle.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>This species is confined to low wet lands from southeastern Virginia
+to northern Florida and central Alabama. It is one of the associated
+six timber-Pines of the Southern States and the only one of them with
+serotinous cones. Its wood is of like value with that of P. taeda, the
+two species being constantly confused by lumbermen. It is never
+associated with P. rigida, but its resemblance to that Pine is so
+great that it may be regarded as its serotinous form. Its leaf is
+longer, its cone usually more orbicular and the prickle weaker.</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate34">Plate XXXIV</a>.</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Fig. 295, Cone. Fig. 296, Conelet and its enlarged scale. Fig. 297,
+Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section. </p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">84</a></span></p>
+
+<h6>56. PINUS PUNGENS</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1803 <span class="smcap">P. taeda</span> Lambert, Gen. Pin. i. t. 16, (as to cone). (not Linnaeus).</li>
+<li>1806 <span class="smcap">P. pungens</span> Lambert in Ann. Bot. ii. 198.</li>
+<li>1852 <span class="smcap">P. montana</span> Noll, Bot. Class Book, 340. (not Miller).</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots multinodal. Leaves binate or ternate, from 3 to 7 cm.
+long; resin-ducts medial, or with an occasional internal duct, hypoderm
+biform. Scales of the conelet much prolonged into a very acute triangle.
+Cones from 5 to 9 cm. long, symmetrical or subsymmetrical, tenaciously
+persistent, serotinous; apophyses lustrous or sublustrous fulvous brown,
+much elevated along a transverse keel, the umbo forming a stout
+formidable spine, uniform or nearly uniform on all faces of the cone.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>A mountain species ranging from central Pennsylvania to northern
+Georgia, with isolated stations in western New Jersey and Maryland. It
+is remarkable among the Pines of eastern North America for the size
+and strength of the spines of its cone. The armature resembles that of
+the cone of the western P. muricata, but with the difference that the
+western cone is strongly oblique, the anterior and posterior spines
+varying greatly in size.</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate34">Plate XXXIV</a>.</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Fig. 298, Cone. Fig. 299, Conelet and its enlarged scale. Fig. 300,
+Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section. </p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83"><ins title="Moved from original location.">83</ins></a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 374px;">
+  <a name="plate34" id="plate34"></a>
+  <a href="images/pa34.jpg">
+<img src="images/pb34.jpg" width="374" height="500" alt="PLATE XXXIV. P. RIGIDA (292-294), SEROTINA (295-297),
+PUNGENS (298-300)" title="" />
+  </a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE XXXIV. P. RIGIDA (292-294), SEROTINA (295-297),
+PUNGENS (298-300)</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h6>57. PINUS BANKSIANA</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1803 <span class="smcap">P. Banksiana</span> Lambert, Gen. Pin. i. 7. t. 3.</li>
+<li>1804 <span class="smcap">P. hudsonia</span> Poiret in Lamarck, Encycl. M&eacute;th. v. 339.</li>
+<li>1810 <span class="smcap">P. rupestris</span> Michaux f. Hist. Arbr. Am. i. 49, t. 2.</li>
+<li>1811 <span class="smcap">P. divaricata</span> Dumont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, vi. 457.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots multinodal. Leaves binate, from 2 to 4 cm. long;
+resin-ducts medial, hypoderm biform. Conelets minutely mucronate. Cones
+from 3 to 5 cm. long, erect, ovate-conic, oblique, much curved or
+variously warped from the irregular development of the scales,
+serotinous; apophyses lustrous tawny yellow, concave, flat or convex,
+the umbo small and unarmed.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>The most northern American Pine, growing near the Arctic Circle in the
+valley of the Mackenzie River, whence it ranges southeasterly to
+central Minnesota and the south shore of Lake Michigan, and easterly
+through the Dominion of Canada to northern Vermont, southern Maine,
+and Nova Scotia. In the northern part of its range it is the only
+Pine, but further south it is associated with P. strobus and P.
+resinosa. It is easily identified by its curious curved or deformed
+cones.</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate35">Plate XXXV</a>.</div>
+<p class="plate">Fig. 301, Cones. Fig. 302, Biserial cones of the same
+year. Fig. 303, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section. Fig. 304,
+Habit of the tree. </p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h6>58. PINUS CONTORTA</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1833 <span class="smcap">P. inops</span> Bongard in M&eacute;m. Acad. Sci. St. P&eacute;tersb. ii. 163, (not Aiton).</li>
+<li>1838 <span class="smcap">P. contorta</span> Douglas ex Loudon, Arb. Brit. iv. 2292, f. 2211.</li>
+<li>1853 <span class="smcap">P. Murrayana</span> Balfour in Bot. Exp. Oregon, 2, f.</li>
+<li>1854 <span class="smcap">P. Boursieri</span> Carri&egrave;re in Rev. Hort. 225, ff. 16, 17.</li>
+<li>1868 <span class="smcap">P. Bolanderi</span> Parlatore in DC. Prodr. xvi-2, 379.</li>
+<li>1869 <span class="smcap">P. tamrac</span> Murray in Gard. Chron. 191, ff. 1-9.</li>
+<li>1898 <span class="smcap">P. tenuis</span> Lemmon in Erythea, vi. 77.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots multinodal. Leaves binate, from 3 to 5 cm. long;
+resin-ducts medial, hypoderm biform. Conelets long-mucronate. Cones from
+2 to 5 cm. long, sessile, ovate-conic, symmetrical or very oblique,
+persistent, serotinous; apophyses lustrous tawny-yellow, flat or
+protuberant, on oblique cones abruptly larger on the posterior face; the
+umbo armed with a slender fragile prickle.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">86</a></span></p><div class="range"><p>It grows from the valley of the Yukon, near the Alaskan boundary,
+along the Pacific coast to Mendocino county, California. It covers the
+plains and slopes of British Columbia and follows the Rocky Mountains
+into western Colorado, with an outlying station on the Black Hills of
+South Dakota. It grows on the Sierras and mountains of southern
+California and in northern Lower California. On the seashore this Pine
+is of low dense growth, but inland it is a slender tree with a long
+tapering stem. It is easily recognized by its very short leaves and
+very small cone.</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate35">Plate XXXV</a>.</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Fig. 305, Cones. Fig. 306, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section. </p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">85</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 365px;">
+  <a name="plate35" id="plate35"></a>
+  <a href="images/pa35.jpg">
+<img src="images/pb35.jpg" width="365" height="500" alt="PLATE XXXV. P. BANKSIANA (301-304), CONTORTA (305, 306)" title="" />
+  </a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE XXXV. P. BANKSIANA (301-304), CONTORTA (305, 306)</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h6>59. PINUS GREGGII</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1868 <span class="smcap">P. Greggii</span> Engelmann ex Parlatore in DC. Prodr. xvi-2, 396.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots uninodal and multinodal, pruinose. Bark-formation late,
+the branches and upper trunk smooth. Leaves ternate, from 7 to 10 cm.
+long, erect; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm of uniform thin-walled cells.
+Conelets mucronate. Cones from 6 to 12 cm. long, ovate-conic, oblique,
+serotinous, reflexed; apophyses lustrous tawny yellow, convex, the
+posterior gradually larger and more prominent than the anterior scales,
+the umbo flat or depressed, the mucro deciduous.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>This species is known, at present, from specimens collected in the
+vicinity of the city of Saltillo, in northeastern Mexico. Were it not
+for the difference of bark it might be considered to be a northern
+variety of P. patula with shorter erect leaves. With both species the
+long peduncle of the conelet becomes overgrown by the basal scales of
+the ripe cone, which appears to be sessile. With both, the cones are
+in crowded nodal clusters, reflexed against the branch. They are so
+much alike that earlier descriptions of P. patula included the smooth
+gray bark of P. Greggii. The first correct description of the scaly
+red bark of P. patula appeared in the second edition of Veitch's
+Manual of Conifers.</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate36">Plate XXXVI</a>.</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Fig. 311, Cone. Fig. 312, Conelet. Fig. 313, Leaf-fascicle and
+magnified leaf-section. Fig. 314, Branch showing erect leaves. </p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h6>60. PINUS PATULA</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1831 <span class="smcap">P. patula</span> Schlechtendal &amp; Chamisso in Linnaea, vi. 354.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots multinodal, more or less pruinose. Bark-formation early,
+the scales deciduous, the upper trunk and branches red. Leaves
+prevalently ternate but sometimes in fascicles of 4 or 5, from 15 to 30
+cm. long, slender and gracefully drooping; resin-ducts medial or with an
+occasional internal duct, hypoderm weak, of uniform thin-walled cells.
+Conelets mucronate. Cones from 6 to 11 cm. long, in crowded verticillate
+clusters, sessile, reflexed, ovate-conic, oblique, persistent and
+serotinous; apophyses lustrous nut-brown, more or less tumid, the
+posterior gradually larger than the anterior scales, the umbo flat or
+depressed, the mucro wanting.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>Patula grows in the warm-temperate climates of Hidalgo, Puebla and
+Vera Cruz, in eastern and central Mexico. It can be at once recognized
+by its slender drooping foliage, its persistent cones, and its red
+upper trunk. It is cultivated in northern Italy and in the warmer
+parts of Great Britain.</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate36">Plate XXXVI</a>.</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Fig. 307, Cone. Fig. 308, Conelet. Fig. 309, Leaf-fascicle and
+magnified leaf-section. Fig. 310, Branchlet with drooping leaves. </p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87"><ins title="Moved from original location.">87</ins></a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 371px;">
+  <a name="plate36" id="plate36"></a>
+  <a href="images/pa36.jpg">
+<img src="images/pb36.jpg" width="371" height="500" alt="PLATE XXXVI. P. PATULA (307-310), GREGGII (311-314)" title="" />
+  </a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE XXXVI. P. PATULA (307-310), GREGGII (311-314)</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h6>61. PINUS MURICATA</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1837 <span class="smcap">P. muricata</span> D. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 441.</li>
+<li>1848 <span class="smcap">P. Edgariana</span> Hartweg in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. iii. 217.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots multinodal. Leaves binate, from 10 to 15 cm. long;
+resin-ducts medial, hypoderm biform. Scales of the conelet prolonged
+into a triangular spine. Cones from 5 to 9 cm. long, in verticillate
+clusters, sessile, reflexed, ovate-conic, oblique, serotinous; apophyses
+lustrous nut-brown,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">88</a></span> abruptly much larger on the posterior face of the
+cone, each armed with a formidable spine varying in size with the
+varying size of the apophysis.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>This species grows on the coast of California, in scattered stations
+between Mendocino and San Luis Obispo Counties, and on the northwest
+coast of Lower California and on Cedros Island. It is recognized by
+its oblique cones, conspicuously spinose, indefinitely persistent and
+very serotinous. The unequal development of its cone-scales
+distinguishes the cone from the more symmetrically developed cone of
+P. pungens. Fruiting trees of P. muricata may be seen in the Royal
+Gardens at Kew.</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate37">Plate XXXVII</a>.</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Fig. 315, Cone. Fig. 316, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section. </p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h6>62. PINUS ATTENUATA</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1847 <span class="smcap">P. californica</span> Hartweg in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. ii. 189, (not? <span class="smcap">P. californiana</span>, Loiseleur).</li>
+<li>1849 <span class="smcap">P. tuberculata</span> Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. iv. 218, f. (not D. Don).</li>
+<li>1892 <span class="smcap">P. attenuata</span> Lemmon in Mining &amp; Sci. Press, lxiv. 45.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots multinodal. Bark-formation late, the branches and upper
+trunk smooth. Leaves ternate, from 8 to 16 cm. long; resin-ducts medial
+or with one or more internal ducts, hypoderm biform. Scales of the
+conelet prolonged into a triangular spine. Cones from 8 to 16 cm. long,
+in verticillate clusters, sessile, reflexed, long-ovate, oblique,
+persistent and remarkably serotinous; apophyses lustrous tawny yellow,
+abruptly larger and more prominent on the posterior face of the cone,
+where they are usually prolonged into acute pyramids with a small
+incurved spine.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>A tree of slender habit and gray-green foliage, the trunk studded with
+persistent nodal cone-clusters; growing on dry mountain slopes, from
+southwestern Oregon over the foot-hills of the northern mountains of
+California and its coastal ranges as far as the southern slopes of the
+San Bernardino Mountains. It attains its best development in the
+northern part of its range, but is never a tree of importance. The
+serotinous habit is more pronounced in this than in any other species.
+It is distinct from P. radiata, its nearest relative, by the color of
+the cone, by its smooth upper trunk and by its much smaller size.</p>
+
+<p>The possibility of identifying P. californiana Loiseleur (Nouv. Duham.
+v. 293), through a cone said to have been sent to the Museum at Paris,
+may cause this name to be applied, by reason of its early date (1812),
+to some existing species. Don's radiata and tuberculata, although
+considered to be the same species, were nevertheless founded on
+different forms of the cone. Under a very narrow conception of
+specific limits tuberculata Don might therefore acquire specific rank.
+These considerations seem to make it advisable to abandon for this
+species the names californica Hartw. and tuberculata Gord. for the
+later name attenuata.</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate37">Plate XXXVII</a>.</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Fig. 317, Cone. Fig. 318, Magnified leaf-section. </p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h6>63. PINUS RADIATA</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1837 <span class="smcap">P. radiata</span> D. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 442.</li>
+<li>1837 <span class="smcap">P. tuberculata</span> D. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 442.</li>
+<li>1838 <span class="smcap">P. insignis</span> Douglas ex Loudon, Arb. Brit. iv. 2265, f. 2171.</li>
+<li>1841 <span class="smcap">P. Sinclairii</span> Hooker &amp; Arnott in Bot. Beechy Voy. 392, t. 93 (as to leaves).</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots multinodal. Bark formation early, the branches and upper
+trunk rough. Leaves ternate or binate, from 10 to 15 cm. long;
+resin-ducts medial or with an occasional internal duct, hypoderm biform.
+Conelets mucronate, the mucro small and dorsal. Cones from 7 to 14 cm.
+long, in verticillate clusters, sessile, reflexed, ovate or oblong,
+oblique, serotinous; apophyses nut-brown, lustrous, tumid in various
+degrees, the posterior scales abruptly larger and very prominent, the
+umbo bearing the minute prickle or its remnant.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">90</a></span></p><div class="range"><p>A tall tree with rich green foliage, growing on a strip of coast
+south of San Francisco, particularly in Monterey County. It grows also
+on the islands forming the Santa Barbara Channel and on the Island of
+Guadeloupe, Lower California. It is remarkably successful in the
+warmer climates of Europe and of Australasia. The species is distinct
+in its peculiar cone with rounded apophyses.</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate37">Plate XXXVII</a>.</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Figs. 319, 320, Cones. Fig. 321, Leaf-fascicle and magnified
+leaf-section. Fig. 322, Leaf-section from a binate fascicle. Fig.
+323, Magnified dermal tissues of the leaf. </p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89"><ins title="Moved from original location.">89</ins></a></span></p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 375px;">
+  <a name="plate37" id="plate37"></a>
+  <a href="images/pa37.jpg">
+<img src="images/pb37.jpg" width="375" height="500" alt="PLATE XXXVII. P. MURICATA (315, 316), ATTENUATA (317,
+318), RADIATA (319-323)" title="" />
+  </a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE XXXVII. P. MURICATA (315, 316), ATTENUATA (317,
+318), RADIATA (319-323)</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h5>XIII. MACROCARPAE</h5>
+
+<p>Pits of the ray-cells small. Wing-blade of the seed thick. Cones large.
+Leaves long and stout.</p>
+
+<p>This group is remarkable for the size of leaf, conelet, and cone. The
+peculiar thick seed-wing is more or less obscurely present among the
+species of the Insignes, but never attains the development that
+differentiates this group from all other Pines. The leaf-section is
+notable for the large amount of hypoderm and for the presence of both
+thick and thin outer walls of the endoderm-cells, both forms appearing
+in the same leaf.</p>
+
+
+
+<table summary="Macrocarpae key">
+<tr><td align='left' colspan="2">Wing-blade with a short membranous extension.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Leaves in fascicles of 5</span></td><td align='left'>64.&nbsp;Torreyana</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Leaves in fascicles of 3</span></td><td align='left'>65.&nbsp;Sabiniana</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Wing-blade with a long membranous extension, leaves in fascicles of 3</td><td align='left'>66.&nbsp;Coulteri</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+
+<h6>64. PINUS TORREYANA</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1855 <span class="smcap">P. Torreyana</span> Parry ex Carri&egrave;re, Trait. Conif. 326.</li>
+<li>1860 <span class="smcap">P. lophosperma</span> Lindley in Gard. Chron. 46.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots uninodal, pruinose. Leaves in fascicles of 5, from 20 to
+33 cm. long, very stout; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm uniform or
+somewhat multiform and of many cells. Conelets large, mucronate. Cones
+from 10 to 15 cm. long, on stout peduncles, broad-ovate, symmetrical,
+somewhat persistent; apophyses chocolate-brown, prominently pyramidal,
+the umbo salient and capped with a small mucro; seed-wing short, very
+thick, the dorsal surface of the nut spotted with the black remnants of
+the spermoderm.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>A tree 10 or 12 metres high, often semi-prostrate in exposed
+positions, confined to a restricted area on the coast north of San
+Diego, California, and to the Island of Santa Rosa. This species
+resembles P. Sabiniana in the length of its seed-wing and in the color
+of its cone, but is distinct in the short triangular umbo, in its
+pentamerous leaf-fascicles and in the mottled dorsal surface of its
+nut.</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate38">Plate XXXVIII</a>.</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Fig. 324, Cone and seed. Fig. 325, Magnified leaf-section. </p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h6>65. PINUS SABINIANA</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1833 <span class="smcap">P. Sabiniana</span> Douglas in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvi. 747.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots multinodal, pruinose. Leaves in fascicles of 3, from 20 to
+30 cm. long; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm multiform. Conelets large,
+their scales tapering to a sharp point. Cones from 15 to 25 cm. long,
+reflexed, ovate, slightly oblique, persistent; apophyses
+chocolate-brown, very prominent, the curved umbo confluent with the
+apophysis and with it forming a very large talon-like armature with a
+sharp apex and a broad thick base; seed-wing very thick, with a short
+membranous margin, the dorsal surface of the nut uniform in color.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>A tree with sparse gray-green foliage, growing in small groves on the
+foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges of California. Its
+three leaves and the uniform color of the nut distinguish it from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">93</a></span>
+P. Torreyana. From P. Coulteri it differs in the length of the
+membranous portion of the seed-wing and in its gray-green leaves.</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate38">Plate XXXVIII</a>.</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Fig. 326, Cone. Fig. 327, Seed, nut and wing. Fig. 328, Magnified
+leaf-section. </p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91"><ins title="Moved from original location.">91</ins></a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 359px;">
+  <a name="plate38" id="plate38"></a>
+  <a href="images/pa38.jpg">
+<img src="images/pb38.jpg" width="359" height="500" alt="PLATE XXXVIII. P. TORREYANA (324, 325), SABINIANA
+(326-328)" title="" />
+  </a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE XXXVIII. P. TORREYANA (324, 325), SABINIANA
+(326-328)</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h6>66. PINUS COULTERI</h6>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1837 <span class="smcap">P. Coulteri</span> D. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 440.</li>
+<li>1840 <span class="smcap">P. macrocarpa</span> Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxvi. Misc. 62.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spring-shoots multinodal, pruinose. Leaves in fascicles of 3, from 15 to
+30 cm. long, very stout; resin-ducts medial, or with an occasional
+internal duct, hypoderm multiform and of many cells. Conelet very large,
+the scales tapering to a long sharp point. Cones from 25 to 35 cm. long,
+reflexed, ovate or oblong-ovate, somewhat oblique, persistent; apophyses
+sublustrous tawny yellow, very protuberant, with a narrow shoulder from
+which springs the umbo in the form of a large stout curved talon;
+seed-wing nearly equally divided between the very thick base and the
+membranous apex.</p>
+
+<div class="range"><p>Remarkable among Pines for the size and weight of its cones, many
+times heavier than the longer cones of P. Lambertiana, illustrating
+the great change that the cone-tissues undergo in the gradual
+evolution of the species. It is a tree with dark-green foliage,
+growing from northern Lower California over the mountains of southern
+California to the Santa Lucia range and to Mt. Diablo. It is of no
+value except for fuel and for its large nuts. It is best recognized by
+its seed. The cone differs from the others of this group in its yellow
+color, not unlike that of boxwood.</p>
+
+<div class="plate"><a href="#plate39">Plate XXXIX</a>.</div>
+
+<p class="plate">Fig. 329, Cone of small size. Fig. 330, Seed, nut and wing. Fig.
+331, Magnified leaf-section. Fig. 332, Conelet. </p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92"><ins title="Moved from original location.">92</ins></a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 372px;">
+  <a name="plate39" id="plate39"></a>
+  <a href="images/pa39.jpg">
+<img src="images/pb39.jpg" width="372" height="500" alt="PLATE XXXIX. PINUS COULTERI" title="" />
+  </a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE XXXIX. PINUS COULTERI</span>
+</div>
+
+</div> <!-- Part II -->
+
+
+<hr /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">94</a></span></p>
+<h2>INDEX</h2>
+
+
+<div class="index">
+<ul class="IX">
+ <li>Adnate wing, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li>
+ <li>Apinus, Neck.&mdash;Pinus, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li>
+ <li>Apophysis of cone, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li>
+ <li>Armature of conelet, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li>
+ <li>Articulate wing, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li>
+ <li>Australes-Group, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="IX">
+ <li>Balfourianae-Group, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li>
+ <li>Bark, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li>
+ <li>Bases of bracts decurrent and non-decurrent, <a href="#Page_1">1</a></li>
+ <li>Bast-tissue of cone, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li>
+ <li>Biform hypoderm, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li>
+ <li>Bloom on branchlet, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li>
+ <li>Bracts, bases of, <a href="#Page_1">1</a></li>
+ <li>Branchlet, multinodal, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>
+  <ul class="ix"><li>uninodal, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li>
+  </ul></li>
+ <li>Bud, latent, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>
+  <ul class="ix"><li>leaf, <a href="#Page_1">1</a></li>
+                 <li>staminate, <a href="#Page_1">1</a></li>
+  </ul></li>
+</ul><ul class="IX">
+ <li>Caryopitys, Small = Pinus, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li>
+ <li>Caryopitys edulis Small = Pinus cembroides, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li>
+ <li>Cembra, Opiz = Pinus, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li>
+ <li>Cembra-Subsection, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li>
+ <li>Cembrae-Group, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li>
+ <li>Cembroides-Group, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li>
+ <li>Characters of the genus, <a href="#Page_1">1</a></li>
+ <li>Classification of species, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li>
+ <li>Color of cone, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li>
+ <li>Cone, apophysis of, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>
+  <ul class="ix"><li>bast tissues of, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li>
+                 <li>color of, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li>
+                 <li>dimensions of, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li>
+                 <li>oblique, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li>
+                 <li>peduncle of, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li>
+                 <li>persistent, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li>
+                 <li>phyllotaxis of, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li>
+                 <li>serotinous, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li>
+                 <li>symmetrical, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li>
+  </ul></li>
+ <li>Conelet, lateral, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>
+  <ul class="ix"><li>pseudolateral, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li>
+                 <li>subterminal, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li>
+  </ul></li>
+ <li>Conspectus of Sections &amp;c., <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li>
+ <li>Connective of pollen-sacs, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li>
+ <li>Cotyledons, <a href="#Page_1">1</a></li>
+</ul><ul class="IX">
+ <li>Decurrent bases, <a href="#Page_1">1</a></li>
+ <li>Definite phyllotaxis, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li>
+ <li>Dermal tissue of leaf, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li>
+ <li>Dimensions of cone, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>
+  <ul class="ix"><li>leaf, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li>
+  </ul></li>
+ <li>Diploxylon-Section, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li>
+ <li>Dorsal umbo, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li>
+</ul><ul class="IX">
+ <li>Endoderm, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li>
+ <li>Evolutional characters, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li>
+ <li>External resin-ducts, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li>
+</ul><ul class="IX">
+ <li>Fibro-vascular bundle, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li>
+ <li>Flexiles-Group, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li>
+ <li>Flowers, lateral, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>
+  <ul class="ix"><li>pistillate, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li>
+                 <li>staminate, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li>
+                 <li>subterminal, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li>
+  </ul></li>
+</ul><ul class="IX">
+ <li>Generic characters, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li>
+ <li>Genus, characters of, <a href="#Page_1">1</a></li>
+ <li>Geographical distribution, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li>
+ <li>Gerardianae-Group, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li>
+ <li>Green tissue of leaf, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li>
+</ul><ul class="IX">
+ <li>Haploxylon-Section, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li>
+ <li>Hypoderm, biform, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>
+  <ul class="ix"><li>multiform, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li>
+                 <li>uniform, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li>
+  </ul></li>
+</ul><ul class="IX">
+ <li>Indefinite phyllotaxis, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li>
+ <li>Insignes-Group, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li>
+ <li>Internal resin-ducts, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li>
+</ul><ul class="IX">
+ <li>Lariciones-Group, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li>
+ <li>Latent buds, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li>
+ <li>Lateral flowers, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>
+  <ul class="ix"><li>conelet, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li>
+  </ul></li>
+ <li>Leaf, dermal tissues of, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>
+  <ul class="ix"><li>dimensions of, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li>
+                 <li>fibro-vascular bundle of, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li>
+                 <li>green tissue of, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li>
+                 <li>persistence of, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li>
+                 <li>primary, <a href="#Page_1">1</a></li>
+                 <li>resin-ducts of, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li>
+                 <li>secondary, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li>
+                 <li>stelar tissues of, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li>
+                 <li>stomata of, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li>
+                 <li>tissues of, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li>
+  </ul></li>
+ <li>Leiophyllae-Group, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li>
+ <li>Longifoliae-Group, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
+</ul><ul class="IX">
+ <li>Macrocarpae-Group, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li>
+ <li>Medial resin-ducts, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li>
+ <li>Multiform hypoderm, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li>
+ <li>Multinodal branchlet, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>
+  <ul class="ix"><li>spring-shoot, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li>
+  </ul></li>
+</ul><ul class="IX">
+ <li>Non-decurrent bases, <a href="#Page_1">1</a></li>
+</ul><ul class="IX">
+ <li>Oblique cone, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li>
+</ul><ul class="IX">
+ <li>Paracembra-Subsection, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
+ <li>Parapinaster-Subsection, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li>
+ <li>Peduncle of cone, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li>
+ <li>Persistence of leaf, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li>
+ <li>Persistent cone, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li>
+ <li>Phyllotaxis, of cone, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>
+  <ul class="ix"><li>definite, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li>
+                 <li>indefinite, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li>
+  </ul></li>
+ <li>Pinaster-Subsection, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
+ <li>Pineae-Group, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li>
+ <li>Pinus, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li>
+ <li>Pinus abasica Carr. = halepensis, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>
+  <ul class="ix"><li>alba-canadensis Prov. = strobus, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
+                 <li>albicaulis Engelm., <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li>
+                 <li>Altamirani Shaw = Lawsonii, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
+                 <li>apacheca Lemm. = ponderosa, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li>
+                 <li>apulcensis Lindl. = pseudostrobus, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
+                 <li>arabica Sieb. = halepensis, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li>
+                 <li>aristata Engelm., <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li>
+                 <li>arizonica Engelm. = ponderosa, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li>
+                 <li>Armandi Franch., <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li>
+                 <li>armena Koch = sylvestris, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+                 <li>attenuata Lemm., <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+                 <li>australis Michx. = palustris, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li>
+                 <li>austriaca H&ouml;ss = nigra, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
+                 <li>ayacahuite Ehrenb., <a href="#Page_30">30</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">95</a></span></li>
+                 <li>bahamensis Grise. = caribaea, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li>
+                 <li>Balfouriana Balf., <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li>
+                 <li>Balfouriana Wats. = aristata, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li>
+                 <li>Banksiana Lamb., <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+                 <li>Beardsleyi Murr. = ponderosa, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li>
+                 <li>Benthamiana Hartw. = ponderosa, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li>
+                 <li>Bolanderi Parl. = contorta, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+                 <li>Bonapartea Roezl = ayacahuite, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li>
+                 <li>Boursieri Carr. = contorta, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+                 <li>brachyptera Engelm. = ponderosa, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li>
+                 <li>brutia Ten. = halepensis, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li>
+                 <li>Bungeana Zucc., <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li>
+                 <li>californica Hartw. = attenuata, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+                 <li>canaliculata Miq. = Massoniana, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li>
+                 <li>canariensis Smith, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li>
+                 <li>caribaea Mor., <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li>
+                 <li>carica Don = halepensis, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li>
+                 <li>cembra L., <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li>
+                 <li>cembra Thunb. = parviflora, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li>
+                 <li>cembroides Gord. = Pinceana, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li>
+                 <li>cembroides Newb. = albicaulis, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li>
+                 <li>cembroides Zucc., <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li>
+                 <li>chihuahuana Engelm. = leiophylla, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li>
+                 <li>clausa Vasey, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li>
+                 <li>contorta Dougl., <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+                 <li>coronans Litv. = cembra, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li>
+                 <li>Coulteri D. Don, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li>
+                 <li>Craigana Murr. = ponderosa, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li>
+                 <li>cubensis Grise. = occidentalis, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li>
+                 <li>cubensis Sarg. = caribaea, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li>
+                 <li>dalmatica Vis. = nigra, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
+                 <li>deflexa Torr. = ponderosa, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li>
+                 <li>densata Mast. = sinensis, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li>
+                 <li>densiflora Sieb. &amp; Zucc., <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li>
+                 <li>Devoniana Lindl. = Montezumae, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
+                 <li>divaricata Dum. Cours. = Banksiana, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+                 <li>Donnell-Smithii Mast. = Montezumae, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
+                 <li>echinata Mill., <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li>
+                 <li>Edgariana Hartw. = muricata, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+                 <li>edulis Engelm. = cembroides, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li>
+                 <li>Ehrenbergii Endl. = Montezumae, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
+                 <li>eldarica Medw. = halepensis, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li>
+                 <li>Elliottii Engelm. = caribaea, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li>
+                 <li>Engelmanni Carr. = ponderosa, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li>
+                 <li>escarena Riss. = pinaster, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li>
+                 <li>excelsa Hook. = peuce, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li>
+                 <li>excelsa Wall., <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li>
+                 <li>filifolia Lindl. = Montezumae, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
+                 <li>Finlaysoniana Wall. = Merkusii, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
+                 <li>flexilis James, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li>
+                 <li>flexilis Balf. = albicaulis, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li>
+                 <li>formosana Hay. = parviflora, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li>
+                 <li>Fremontiana Endl. = cembroides, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li>
+                 <li>Frieseana Wich. = sylvestris, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+                 <li>funebris Kom. = sinensis, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li>
+                 <li>Gerardiana Wall., <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li>
+                 <li>glabra Walt., <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li>
+                 <li>Gordoniana Hartw. = Montezumae, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
+                 <li>Greggii Engelm., <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+                 <li>Grenvilleae Gord. = Montezumae, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
+                 <li>Griffithii McClell. = excelsa, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li>
+                 <li>halepensis Bieb. = nigra, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
+                 <li>halepensis Mill., <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li>
+                 <li>Hamiltonii Ten. = pinaster, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li>
+                 <li>Hartwegii Lindl. = Montezumae, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
+                 <li>Heldreichii Chr. = nigra, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
+                 <li>Henryi Mast. = sinensis, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li>
+                 <li>heterophylla Small = taeda, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li>
+                 <li>heterophylla Sudw. = caribaea, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li>
+                 <li>hispanica Cook = halepensis, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li>
+                 <li>hudsonia Poir. = Banksiana, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+                 <li>humilis Link = sylvestris, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+                 <li>inops Ait. = virginiana, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li>
+                 <li>inops Bong. = contorta, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+                 <li>insignis Dougl. = radiata, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+                 <li>insularis Endl., <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li>
+                 <li>Jeffreyi Balf. = ponderosa, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li>
+                 <li>kasya Royle = insularis, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li>
+                 <li>khasiana Griff. = insularis, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li>
+                 <li>Kochiana Klotzsch = sylvestris, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+                 <li>koraiensis Mast. = Armandi, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li>
+                 <li>koraiensis Sieb. &amp; Zucc., <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li>
+                 <li>Lambertiana Dougl., <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li>
+                 <li>lapponica Mayr = sylvestris, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+                 <li>laricio Poir. = nigra, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
+                 <li>laricio Savi = pinaster, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li>
+                 <li>latifolia Sarg. = ponderosa, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li>
+                 <li>latisquama Engelm. = Pinceana, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li>
+                 <li>latteri Mason = Merkusii, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
+                 <li>Lawsonii Roezl., <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
+                 <li>leiophylla Schl. &amp; Cham., <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li>
+                 <li>Lemoniana Benth. = pinaster, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li>
+                 <li>leucodermis Ant. = nigra, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
+                 <li>leucosperma Max. = sinensis, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li>
+                 <li>Lindleyana Gord. = Montezumae, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
+                 <li>Llaveana Schiede = cembroides, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li>
+                 <li>Loiseleuriana Carr. = halepensis, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li>
+                 <li>longifolia Roxb., <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
+                 <li>lophosperma Lindl. = Torreyana, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li>
+                 <li>Loudoniana Gord. = ayacahuite, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li>
+                 <li>luchuensis Mayr, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li>
+                 <li>Lumholtzii Rob. &amp; Fern., <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
+                 <li>lutea Walt. = taeda, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li>
+                 <li>macrocarpa Lindl. = Coulteri, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li>
+                 <li>macrophylla Engelm. = ponderosa, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li>
+                 <li>macrophylla Lindl. = Montezumae, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
+                 <li>maderiensis Ten. = pinea, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li>
+                 <li>mandschurica Laws. = cembra, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li>
+                 <li>mandschurica Rupr. = koraiensis, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li>
+                 <li>maritima Ait. = nigra, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
+                 <li>maritima Lamb. = halepensis, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li>
+                 <li>maritima Poir. = pinaster, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li>
+                 <li>Massoniana Lamb., <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li>
+                 <li>Massoniana Sieb. &amp; Zucc. = Thunbergii, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li>
+                 <li>Mastersiana Hay. = Armandi, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li>
+                 <li>Mayriana Sudw. = ponderosa, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li>
+                 <li>Merkusii De Vriese, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
+                 <li>mitis Michx. = echinata, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li>
+                 <li>monophylla Torr. = cembroides, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li>
+                 <li>montana Lam. = cembra, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li>
+                 <li>montana Mill., <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+                 <li>montana Noll = pungens, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+                 <li>Montezumae Lamb., <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
+                 <li>monticola Dougl., <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li>
+                 <li>morrisonicola Hay. = parviflora, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li>
+                 <li>mugho Poir. = montana, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+                 <li>mughus Jacq. = sylvestris, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+                 <li>mughus Scop. = montana, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+                 <li>muricata D. Don, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+                 <li>Murrayana Balf. = contorta, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+                 <li>Nelsonii Shaw, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li>
+                 <li>nepalensis De Chamb. = excelsa, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li>
+                 <li>nigra Arnold, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
+                 <li>nigricans Host = nigra, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
+                 <li>nivea Booth = strobus, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
+                 <li>obliqua Saut. = montana, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+                 <li>occidentalis H. B. K. = Montezumae, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
+                 <li>occidentalis Swartz, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li>
+                 <li>oocarpa Schiede, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li>
+                 <li>oocarpoides Lindl. = oocarpa, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li>
+                 <li>orizabae Gord. = pseudostrobus, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
+                 <li>osteosperma Engelm. = cembroides, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li>
+                 <li>Pallasiana Lamb. = nigra, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
+                 <li>palustris Miller, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li>
+                 <li>Parolinii Vis. = halepensis, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li>
+                 <li>Parryana Engelm. = cembroides, <a href="#Page_38">38</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">96</a></span></li>
+                 <li>Parryana Gord. = ponderosa, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li>
+                 <li>parviflora Sieb. Zucc., <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li>
+                 <li>patula Schl. &amp; Cham., <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+                 <li>peninsularis Lemm. = ponderosa, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li>
+                 <li>pentaphylla Mayr = parviflora, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li>
+                 <li>persica Strangw. = halepensis, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li>
+                 <li>peuce Grise., <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li>
+                 <li>pinaster Ait., <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li>
+                 <li>pinaster Bess. = nigra, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
+                 <li>Pinceana Gord., <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li>
+                 <li>pindica Form. = nigra, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
+                 <li>pinea Linn., <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li>
+                 <li>pityusa Stev. = halepensis, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li>
+                 <li>ponderosa Dougl., <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li>
+                 <li>pontica Koch = sylvestris, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+                 <li>porphyrocarpa Laws. = monticola, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li>
+                 <li>Pringlei Shaw, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li>
+                 <li>prominens Mast. = sinensis, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li>
+                 <li>pseudostrobus Lindl., <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
+                 <li>pumila Regel = cembra, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li>
+                 <li>pumilio Haenke = montana, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+                 <li>pungens Lamb., <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+                 <li>pyrenaica David = halepensis, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li>
+                 <li>pyrenaica Lap. = nigra, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
+                 <li>quadrifolia Sudw. = cembroides, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li>
+                 <li>radiata D. Don, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+                 <li>radiata Hook. &amp; Arn. = Montezumae, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
+                 <li>recurvata Rowl. = caribaea, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li>
+                 <li>reflexa Engelm. = flexilis, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li>
+                 <li>resinosa Ait., <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li>
+                 <li>resinosa Loise. = halepensis, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li>
+                 <li>resinosa Savi = sylvestris, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+                 <li>rigida Mill., <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li>
+                 <li>rotundata Link = montana, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+                 <li>Roxburghii Sarg. = longifolia, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
+                 <li>Royleana Jam. = echinata, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li>
+                 <li>rubra Michx.= resinosa, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li>
+                 <li>rubra Mill. = sylvestris, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+                 <li>rudis Endl. = Montezumae, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
+                 <li>rupestris Michx. = Banksiana, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+                 <li>Russelliana Lindl. = Montezumae, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
+                 <li>Sabiniana Dougl., <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li>
+                 <li>Salzmanni Dun. = nigra, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
+                 <li>sanguinea Lap. = montana, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+                 <li>sativa Lam. = pinea, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li>
+                 <li>scipioniformis Mast. = Armandi, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li>
+                 <li>scopifera Miq. = densiflora, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li>
+                 <li>scopulorum Lemm. = ponderosa, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li>
+                 <li>serotina Long = rigida, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li>
+                 <li>serotina Michx., <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li>
+                 <li>shasta Carr. = albicaulis, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li>
+                 <li>sibirica Mayr = cembra, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li>
+                 <li>Sinclairii Hook. &amp; Arn. = Montezumae, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
+                 <li><span style="margin-left: 11em;">= radiata, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></span></li>
+                 <li>sinensis Lamb., <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li>
+                 <li>squarrosa Walt. = echinata, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li>
+                 <li>strobiformis Engelm. = ayacahuite, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li>
+                 <li>strobiformis Sarg. = flexilis 28</li>
+                 <li>strobus Linn., <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
+                 <li>strobus Thunb. = koraiensis, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li>
+                 <li>sylvestris Baumg. = nigra, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
+                 <li>sylvestris Gouan = halepensis, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li>
+                 <li>sylvestris Linn., <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+                 <li>sylvestris Lour. = Merkusii, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
+                 <li>sylvestris Mill. = pinaster, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li>
+                 <li>sylvestris Thunb. = Thunbergii, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li>
+                 <li>tabulaeformis Carr. = sinensis, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li>
+                 <li>taeda Blanco = insularis, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li>
+                 <li>taeda Lamb. = pungens, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+                 <li>taeda Linn., <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li>
+                 <li>tamrac Murr. = contorta, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+                 <li>tatarica Mill. = sylvestris, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+                 <li>tenuifolia Benth. = pseudostrobus, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
+                 <li>tenuis Lemm. = contorta, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+                 <li>teocote Schl. &amp; Cham., <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
+                 <li>terthrocarpa Shaw = tropicalis, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li>
+                 <li>Thunbergii Parl., <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li>
+                 <li>Torreyana Parry, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li>
+                 <li>tropicalis Mor., <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li>
+                 <li>tuberculata D. Don = radiata, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+                 <li>tuberculata Gord. = attenuata, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+                 <li>uliginosa Neum. = montana, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+                 <li>uncinata Ram. = montana, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+                 <li>variabilis Lamb. = echinata, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li>
+                 <li>Veitchii Roezl = ayacahuite, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li>
+                 <li>virginiana Mill., <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li>
+                 <li>Wilsonii Shaw = sinensis, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li>
+                 <li>Wincesteriana Gord. = Montezumae, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
+                 <li>Wrightii Engelm. = occidentalis, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li>
+                 <li>yunnanensis Franch. = sinensis, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li>
+  </ul></li>
+ <li>Pistillate flower, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li>
+ <li>Primary leaf, <a href="#Page_1">1</a></li>
+ <li>Pseudolateral conelet, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li>
+</ul><ul class="IX">
+ <li>Resin-ducts of the leaf external, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>
+  <ul class="ix"><li>internal, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li>
+                 <li>medial, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li>
+                 <li>septal, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li>
+  </ul></li>
+</ul><ul class="IX">
+ <li>Secondary leaf, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li>
+ <li>Sectional characters, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li>
+ <li>Seed, wing of, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>
+  <ul class="ix"><li>winged, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li>
+                 <li>wingless, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li>
+  </ul></li>
+ <li>Septal resin-ducts, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li>
+ <li>Serotinous cone, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li>
+ <li>Species, classification of, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li>
+ <li>Specific characters, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li>
+ <li>Spring-shoot, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li>
+ <li>Staminate flowers, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li>
+ <li>Stelar tissues of leaf, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li>
+ <li>Stomata of leaf, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li>
+ <li>Strobi-Group, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li>
+ <li>Strobus, Opiz = Pinus, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li>
+ <li>Strobus strobus Small = Pinus strobus, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
+ <li>Subsectional characters, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li>
+ <li>Subterminal conelet, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>
+  <ul class="ix"><li>flower, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li>
+  </ul></li>
+ <li>Symmetrical cone, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li>
+</ul><ul class="IX">
+ <li>Terminal umbo, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li>
+ <li>Tissues of the cone, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>
+  <ul class="ix"><li>leaf, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li>
+                 <li>wood, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li>
+  </ul></li>
+</ul><ul class="IX">
+ <li>Umbo of the cone dorsal, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>
+  <ul class="ix"><li>terminal, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li>
+  </ul></li>
+ <li>Uninodal branchlet, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>
+  <ul class="ix"><li>spring-shoot, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li>
+  </ul></li>
+ <li>Uniform hypoderm, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li>
+</ul><ul class="IX">
+ <li>Variation, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li>
+</ul><ul class="IX">
+ <li>Wing of seed, adnate, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>
+  <ul class="ix"><li>articulate, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li>
+  </ul></li>
+ <li>Winged seed, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li>
+ <li>Wingless seed, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li>
+ <li>Wood, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li>
+ <li>Wood-strands of the cone, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li>
+ <li>Wood-tissues, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+<h2>Transcriber's Notes:</h2>
+
+<p>1. The position of Plates was changed to the end of the section
+   referencing each.</p>
+
+<p>2. Species names appear to be Capitalized when they are names of persons
+   or places in this book, as in other material of this period.</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Genus Pinus, by George Russell Shaw
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+</body>
+</html>
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Genus Pinus, by George Russell Shaw
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Genus Pinus
+
+Author: George Russell Shaw
+
+Illustrator: George Russell Shaw
+
+Release Date: October 7, 2008 [EBook #26798]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GENUS PINUS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, Leonard Johnson and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+produced by Core Historical Literature in Agriculture
+(CHLA), Cornell University)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                           THE GENUS PINUS
+
+               PUBLICATIONS OF THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM No. 5
+
+
+
+
+                                 THE
+
+                             GENUS PINUS
+
+                                 BY
+
+                         GEORGE RUSSELL SHAW
+
+                  [Illustration: Printer's Logo.]
+
+          Es giebt jedoch auch Arten--und dieses ist
+          fuer den Systematiker wie fuer den Physiologen
+          gleich wichtig--welche sich den wechselnden
+          Bedingungen der Feuchtigkeit so vollkommen
+          anpassen, dass ihre extremen Formen zu
+          ungleichen Arten zu gehoeren scheinen.
+
+                                        _Schimper._
+
+
+                              CAMBRIDGE
+                     PRINTED AT THE RIVERSIDE PRESS
+                                1914
+
+               REPRINTED 1958 BY THE MURRAY PRINTING COMPANY
+                      FORGE VILLAGE, MASSACHUSETTS
+
+
+
+
+  CONTENTS
+
+                                                        Page     Plate
+
+  PART 1 CHARACTERS OF THE GENUS                           1
+
+    Cotyledon, Primary Leaf, Bud and Branchlet          1, 2         I
+
+    Secondary Leaves                                       2        II
+
+      External Characters                                  4
+
+      Internal Characters                                  4
+
+    Flowers and Conelet                                    7       III
+
+    Cone                                                   8        IV
+
+      Phyllotaxis                                         12         V
+
+      Cone-tissues and Seeds                           12-16        VI
+
+    Wood                                                  17       VII
+
+    Bark                                                  18
+
+  PART 2 CLASSIFICATION OF THE SPECIES                    22
+
+    Sections, subsections and groups                      25
+
+    Section Haploxylon                                    26
+
+      Subsection Cembra                                   26
+
+        Group Cembrae                                     26
+
+          Pinus Koraiensis, Cembra, Albicaulis        26, 27      VIII
+
+        Group Flexiles                                    28
+
+          Pinus Flexilis, Armandi                     28, 30        IX
+
+        Group Strobi                                      30
+
+          Pinus Ayacahuite, Lambertiana               30, 32         X
+
+                Parviflora, Peuce, Excelsa            32, 34        XI
+
+                Monticola, Strobus                    34, 36       XII
+
+      Subsection Paracembra                               36
+
+        Group Cembroides                                  38
+
+          Pinus Cembroides, Pinceana, Nelsonii        38, 40      XIII
+
+        Group Gerardianae                                 40
+
+          Pinus Bungeana, Gerardiana                  40, 42       XIV
+
+        Group Balfourianae                                42
+
+          Pinus Balfouriana, Aristata                 42, 44        XV
+
+    Section Diploxylon                                    44
+
+      Subsection Parapinaster                             44
+
+        Group Leiophyllae                                 44
+
+          Pinus Leiophylla, Lumholtzii                44, 46       XVI
+
+        Group Longifoliae                                 46
+
+          Pinus Longifolia, Canariensis               46, 48      XVII
+
+        Group Pineae                                      48
+
+          Pinus Pinea                                     48     XVIII
+
+      Subsection Pinaster                                 50
+
+        Group Laricionea                                  51
+
+          Pinus Resinosa, Tropicalis                  51, 52       XIX
+
+                Massoniana, Densiflora                    52        XX
+
+                Sylvestris, Montana                       54       XXI
+
+                Luchuensis, Thunbergii, Nigra         56, 58      XXII
+
+                Merkusii, Sinensis, Insularis         58, 60     XXIII
+
+        Group Australes                                   62
+
+          Pinus Pseudostrobus                             62      XXIV
+
+                Montezumae                                64       XXV
+
+                Ponderosa                                 66      XXVI
+
+                Teocote, Lawsonii                         68     XXVII
+
+                Occidentalis, Palustris                   70    XXVIII
+
+                Caribaea                                  70      XXIX
+
+                Taeda, Glabra, Echinata               72, 74       XXX
+
+        Group Insignes                                    76
+
+          Pinus Pringlei, Oocarpa                     76, 78      XXXI
+
+                Halepensis, Pinaster                  78, 80     XXXII
+
+                Virginiana, Clausa                        80    XXXIII
+
+                Rigida, Serotina, Pungens             82, 84     XXXIV
+
+                Banksiana, Contorta                       84      XXXV
+
+                Greggii, Patula                           86     XXXVI
+
+                Muricata, Attenuata, Radiata          86, 88    XXXVII
+
+        Group Macrocarpae                                 90
+
+          Pinus Torreyana, Sabiniana                      90   XXXVIII
+
+                Coulteri                                  93     XXXIX
+
+
+  INDEX                                                   94
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+This discussion of the characters of Pinus is an attempt to determine
+their taxonomic significance and their utility for determining the
+limits of the species. A systematic arrangement follows, based on the
+evolution of the cone and seed from the comparatively primitive
+conditions that appear in Pinus cembra to the specialized cone and
+peculiar dissemination of Pinus radiata and its associates. This
+arrangement involves no radical change in existing systems. The new
+associations in which some of the species appear are the natural result
+of another point of view.
+
+Experience with Mexican species has led me to believe that a Pine can
+adapt itself to various climatic conditions and can modify its growth in
+response to them. Variations in dimensions of leaf or cone, the number
+of leaves in the fascicle, the presence of pruinose branchlets, etc.,
+which have been thought to imply specific distinctions, are often the
+evidence of facile adaptability. In fact such variations, in correlation
+with climatic variation, may argue, not for specific distinction, but
+for specific identity. The remarkable variation in the species may be
+attributed partly to this adaptability, partly to a participation, more
+or less pronounced, in the evolutionary processes that culminate in the
+serotinous Pines.
+
+
+
+
+PART I
+
+CHARACTERS OF THE GENUS
+
+
+THE COTYLEDON. Plate I, figs. 1-3.
+
+The upper half of the embryo in Pinus is a cylindrical fascicle of 4 to
+15 cotyledons (fig. 1). The cross-section of a cotyledon is, therefore,
+a triangle whose angles vary with the number composing the fascicle.
+Sections from fascicles of 10 and of 5 cotyledons are shown in figs. 2
+and 3. Apart from this difference cotyledons are much alike. Their
+number varies and is indeterminate for all species, while any given
+number is common to so many species that the character is of no value.
+
+
+THE PRIMARY LEAF. Plate I, figs. 4-6.
+
+Primary leaves follow the cotyledons immediately (fig. 4) and assume the
+usual functions of foliage for a limited period, varying from one to
+three years, secondary fascicles appearing here and there in their
+axils. With the permanent appearance of the secondary leaves the green
+primaries disappear and their place is taken by bud-scales, which in the
+spring and summer persist as scarious bracts, each subtending a fascicle
+of secondary leaves. At this stage the bracts present two important
+distinctions.
+
+    1. The bract-base is non-decurrent, like the leaf-base
+         of Abies                                                fig. 5.
+    2. The bract-base is decurrent, like the leaf-base of Picea  fig. 6.
+
+The two sections of the genus, Haploxylon and Diploxylon, established by
+Koehne on the single and double fibro-vascular bundle of the leaf, are
+even more accurately characterized by these two forms of
+bract-insertion. The difference between them, however, is most obvious
+on long branchlets with wide intervals between the leaf-fascicles.
+
+The bracts of spring-shoots are the scarious bud-scales of the previous
+winter; but the bracts of summer-shoots have the form and green color of
+the primary leaf.
+
+
+THE BUD. Plate I, figs. 7-11.
+
+The winter-bud is an aggregate of minute buds, each concealed in the
+axil of a primary leaf converted into a scarious, more or less
+fimbriate, bud-scale. Buds from which normal growth develops appear only
+at the nodes of the branches. On uninodal branchlets they form an apical
+group consisting of a terminal bud with a whorl of subterminal buds
+about its base. On multinodal branchlets the inner nodes bear lateral
+buds which may be latent.
+
+Fig. 7 represents a magnified bud of P. resinosa, first immersed in
+alcohol to dissolve the resin, then deprived of its scales. This bud
+contains both fascicle-buds, destined for secondary leaves, and larger
+paler buds at its base. These last are incipient staminate flowers,
+sufficiently developed for recognition. Such flower-bearing buds are
+characteristic of the Hard Pines in distinction from the Soft Pines
+whose staminate flowers cannot be identified in the bud.
+
+The want of complete data leaves the invariability of this distinction
+in question, but with all species that I have examined, the flowers of
+Hard Pines are further advanced at the end of the summer. In the
+following year they open earlier than those of Soft Pines in the same
+locality. The staminate flowers of some Hard Pines (resinosa,
+sylvestris, etc.,) are not apparent without removing the bud-scales,
+but, with most Hard Pines, they form enlargements of the bud (fig. 9).
+
+Invisible or latent buds are present at the nodes and at the apex of
+dwarf shoots. The former are the origin of the numerous shoots that
+cover the trunk and branches of P. rigida, leiophylla and a few other
+species (fig. 10). The latter develop into shoots in the centre of a
+leaf-fascicle (fig. 11) when the branchlet, bearing the fascicle, has
+been injured.
+
+The size, color and form of buds, the presence of resin in quantity,
+etc., assist in the diagnosis of species. Occasionally a peculiar bud,
+like that of P. palustris, may be recognized at once.
+
+
+THE BRANCHLET. Plate I, figs. 12-14.
+
+The branchlet, as here understood, is the whole of a season's growth
+from a single bud, and may consist of a single internode (uninodal, fig.
+12-a) or of two or more internodes (multinodal, fig. 13), each internode
+being defined by a leafless base and a terminal node of buds.
+
+The spring-shoot is uninodal in all Soft Pines and in many Hard Pines,
+but, in P. taeda and its allies and in species with serotinous cones, it
+is more or less prevalently multinodal.
+
+The uninodal spring-shoot may remain so throughout the growing season
+and become a uninodal branchlet. Or a summer-shoot may appear on
+vigorous branches of any species with the result of converting a
+uninodal spring-shoot into an imperfect multinodal branchlet. The
+summer-shoot may be recognized, during growth, by its green, not
+scarious bracts and, at the end of the season, by the imperfect growth
+of its wood and foliage (fig. 14).
+
+The perfect multinodal branchlet is formed in the winter-bud (fig. 8-a)
+and the spring-shoot is multinodal. It is gradually evolved among the
+Hard Pines, where it may be absent, rare, frequent or prevalent,
+according to the species. In fact there is, in Pinus, an evolutionary
+tendency toward multinodal growth, with its beginnings in the
+summer-shoot and its culmination in the multinodal winter-bud, most
+prevalent among the serotinous Pines.
+
+The multinodal shoot is never invariable in a species, but is rare,
+common or prevalent. This condition prevents its employment for grouping
+species. For Pines are not sharply divided into multinodal and uninodal
+species, and no exact segregation of them, based on this difference, is
+possible. In fact the character is unequally developed among closely
+related species, such as P. palustris and caribaea. Both produce
+multinodal shoots, but the former so rarely that it should be classed as
+a uninodal species, while the latter is characteristically multinodal.
+The multinodal spring-shoot, however, has a certain correlative value in
+its relation to other evolutionary processes that are obvious in the
+genus.
+
+The length of the branchlet is much influenced by different soils and
+climates. In species able to adapt themselves to great changes, the
+length of the internode may vary from 50 cm. or more to 1 cm. or less.
+In the latter case the branch is a series of very short leafless joints
+terminated by a crowded penicillate tuft of leaves (fig. 12-b). Such a
+growth may be seen on any species (ponderosa, albicaulis, resinosa,
+etc.) that can survive exposure and poor nourishment.
+
+The presence of wax, as a bloom on the branchlet, is associated with
+trees in arid localities, especially Mexico, where it is very common.
+With several species the character is inconstant, apparently dependent
+on environment, and is a provision against too rapid transpiration.
+
+The branchlet furnishes evidence of the section to which the species
+belongs, for the bract-bases persist after the bracts have fallen away.
+The color of the branchlet, its lustre, the presence of minute hairs,
+etc., are often suggestions for determining species.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE I. PRIMARY LEAF, BUD AND BRANCHLET]
+
+
+THE SECONDARY LEAF. Plate II.
+
+Secondary leaves, the permanent foliage of Pines, are borne on
+dwarf-shoots in the axils of primary leaves. They form cylindrical
+fascicles, rarely monophyllous, prevalently of 2, 3 or 5 leaves,
+occasionally of 4, 6, 7, or 8 leaves. The scales of the fascicle-bud
+elongate into a basal sheath, deciduous (fig. 15) in all Soft Pines
+except P. Nelsonii, persistent (fig. 16) in all Hard Pines except P.
+leiophylla and Lumholtzii. Inasmuch as these three species are easily
+recognized, the fascicle-sheath is useful for sectional distinctions.
+
+
+EXTERNAL CHARACTERS.
+
+The number of leaves in the fascicle is virtually constant in most
+species, the variations being too rare to be worthy of consideration.
+With some species, however, heteromerous fascicles are normal. The
+influences that cause this variation are not always apparent (echinata,
+etc.), but with P. ponderosa, leiophylla, sinensis and others, the
+number of leaves in the fascicle is, in some degree, dependent on
+climatic conditions, the smaller number occurring in colder regions. In
+Mexico, for example, where snow-capped mountains lie on subtropical
+table-lands and extremes of temperature are in juxtaposition, the
+conditions are favorable for the production of species with heteromerous
+fascicles, and the number of leaves in the fascicle possesses often
+climatic rather than specific significance.
+
+Among conifers, the leaf of Pinus attains extraordinary length with
+great variation, from 5 cm. or less to 50 cm. or more, the maximum for
+each species being usually much more than twice the minimum. Climate is
+the predominating influence; for the shortest leaves occur on alpine and
+boreal species, the longest leaves on species in or near the tropics.
+
+The length of the leaf is complicated by the peculiarities of individual
+trees and by pathological influences; as a general rule, however, the
+length of leaves is less or greater according to unfavorable or
+favorable conditions of temperature, moisture, soil and exposure.
+Therefore the dimensions of the leaf may be misleading. It can be said,
+however, that certain species always produce short leaves, others leaves
+of medium length, and others very long leaves.
+
+Persistence of the leaf varies with the species and with the individual
+tree. But it is noteworthy that the longest persistence is associated
+with short leaves (Balfouriana, albicaulis, montana, etc.).
+
+
+INTERNAL CHARACTERS.
+
+Since the leaf-fascicle is cylindrical, the cross-section of a leaf is a
+sector, its proportional part, of a circle. Theoretically the leaf, in
+section, should indicate the number of leaves composing its fascicle.
+This is absolutely true for fascicles of two leaves only. No fascicle of
+five leaves, that I have examined, is equally apportioned among its five
+members. It may be divided in various ways, one of which is shown in
+fig. 18, where the leaf (a) might be mistaken for one of a fascicle of
+3, and the leaf (b) for one of a fascicle of 6. Therefore if absolute
+certainty is required, a fascicle of triquetral leaves is best
+determined by actual count.
+
+The transverse section of a leaf may be conveniently divided into three
+distinct parts--1, the dermal tissues, epiderm, hypoderm and stomata
+(fig. 17-a)--2, the green tissue, containing the resin-ducts (fig.
+17-b)--3, the stelar tissues, enclosed by the endoderm and containing
+the fibro-vascular bundle (fig. 17-c).
+
+
+THE DERMAL TISSUES OF THE LEAF.
+
+The stomata of Pine leaves are depressed below the surface and interrupt
+the continuity of epiderm and hypoderm. They are wanting on the dorsal
+surface of the leaves of several Soft Pines, constantly in some species,
+irregularly in others. In Hard Pines, however, all surfaces of the leaf
+are stomatiferous. In several species of the Soft Pines the longitudinal
+lines of stomata are very conspicuous from the white bloom which
+modifies materially the general color of the foliage.
+
+Under the action of hydrochloric acid the hypoderm is sharply
+differentiated from the epiderm by a distinct reddish tint, but without
+the aid of a reagent the two tissues do not always differ in appearance.
+The cells of epiderm and hypoderm may be so similar that they appear to
+form a single tissue. In most species, however, the epiderm is distinct,
+while the cells of the hypoderm are either uniform, with equally thin
+or thick walls--or biform, with very thin walls in the outer row of
+cells and very thick walls in the inner row or rows of cells--or
+multiform, with cell-walls gradually thicker toward the centre of the
+leaf. These conditions may be tabulated as follows--
+
+    Cells of epiderm and hypoderm similar              fig. 19.
+    Cells of epiderm and hypoderm distinct.
+      Cells of hypoderm uniform, thin or thick    figs. 20, 21.
+      Cells of hypoderm biform                         fig. 22.
+      Cells of hypoderm multiform                      fig. 23.
+
+The biform hypoderm is not always obvious (clausa, Banksiana, etc.)
+where in some leaves there is but one row of cells. But with the
+examination of other leaves one or more cells of a second row will be
+found with very thick walls. Among Hard Pines there is no Old World
+species with a biform hypoderm. But there are a few American species
+with uniform hypoderm (resinosa, tropicalis, patula and Greggii); while,
+in some leaves of the few American Hard Pines with multiform hypoderm,
+the uniform hypoderm is a variation.
+
+
+THE GREEN TISSUE.
+
+In this tissue are the resin-ducts, each with a border of cells,
+corresponding in appearance and in chemical reaction with the cells of
+the hypoderm and with thinner or thicker walls. With reference to the
+green tissue the foliar duct may be in one of four positions.
+
+    1. External   against the hypoderm                    fig. 24.
+    2. Internal   against the endoderm                    fig. 28.
+    3. Medial     in the green tissue, touching neither
+                    hypoderm nor endoderm                 fig. 26.
+    4. Septal     touching both endoderm and hypoderm,
+                    forming a septum                      fig. 30.
+
+Among the Soft Pines the external duct is invariable in the subsection
+Paracembra. It is also characteristic of the Strobi, where it is
+sometimes associated with a medial duct. In the Cembrae and the
+Flexiles, however, the ducts are external in some species, or medial or
+both in others, without regard to the affinities of these species.
+
+Among the Hard Pines the external duct is characteristic of the Old
+World, there being but two American Pines with this character (resinosa
+and tropicalis). The internal duct is peculiar to Hard Pines of the New
+World, its presence in Old World species being extremely rare. The
+medial duct is common to species of both hemispheres, either alone or in
+association with ducts in other positions (figs. 25, 27). The septal
+duct is peculiar to a few species (oocarpa, tropicalis, and less
+frequently Pringlei and Merkusii). I have also seen it in a leaf of P.
+canariensis. The internal and septal ducts appear to be confined to the
+species of warm-temperate or tropical countries.
+
+The number of resin-ducts of a single leaf may be limited to two or
+three (strobus, koraiensis, etc.), but in many species it is exceedingly
+variable and often large (pinaster, sylvestris, etc.). Eighteen or more
+ducts in a single leaf have been recorded. Such large numbers are
+peculiar to Pinus. Occasionally a single leaf, possibly the leaves of a
+single tree, may be without ducts, but this is never true of all the
+leaves of a species.
+
+
+THE STELAR TISSUES.
+
+The walls of the endoderm are, in most species, uniform, but, with P.
+albicaulis and some species of western North America, the outer walls of
+the cells are conspicuously thickened (fig. 32). Both thin and thick
+walls may be found among the leaves of the group Macrocarpae and of the
+species longifolia.
+
+The fibro-vascular bundle of the leaf is single in Soft Pines, double in
+Hard Pines. This distinction is employed by Koehne as the basis of his
+two sections, Haploxylon and Diploxylon. The double bundle is usually
+obvious even when the two parts are contiguous, but they are sometimes
+completely merged into an apparently single bundle. This condition,
+however, is never constant in a Hard Pine, and a little investigation
+will discover a leaf with a true double bundle.
+
+Some cells about the fibro-vascular bundle acquire thick walls with the
+appearance and chemical reaction of the hypoderm cells. Among the Soft
+Pines this condition is most obvious in the group Cembroides. Among the
+Hard Pines it appears in all degrees of development, being absent (figs.
+24, 25), sometimes in irregular lines above and below the bundle (figs.
+26, 27, 30, 31), or forming a conspicuous tissue between and partly
+enclosing the two parts of the bundle (figs. 28, 29).
+
+The leaf-section furnishes sectional and other lesser distinctions. It
+is often decisive in separating species otherwise difficult to
+distinguish (nigra and resinosa or Thunbergii and sinensis, etc.).
+Sometimes it is sufficiently distinct to determine a species without
+recourse to other characters (tropicalis, oocarpa, Merkusii, etc.). An
+intimate knowledge of the leaf-section, with an understanding of the
+limits of its variation, is a valuable equipment for recognizing
+species.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE II. SECONDARY LEAVES]
+
+
+THE FLOWERS. Plate III, figs. 33-39.
+
+The flowers in Pinus are monoecious, the pistillate in the position of a
+long shoot, taking the place of a subterminal or lateral bud, the
+staminate in the position of a dwarf-shoot, taking the place of a
+leaf-fascicle but confined to the basal part of the internode.
+
+Pistillate flowers are single or verticillate. On multinodal shoots they
+are often multiserial, appearing on two or more nodes of the same
+spring-shoot (fig. 33). On uninodal shoots they are necessarily
+subterminal (fig. 34), the lateral pistillate flower being possible only
+on multinodal shoots (fig. 35) where it is often associated with the
+subterminal flower (fig. 33). Like the multinodal shoot, on which its
+existence depends, the lateral pistillate flower cannot be employed for
+grouping the species. It is merely the frequent, but not the essential,
+evidence of condition of growth that is more perfectly characterized by
+the shoot itself.
+
+Staminate catkins are in crowded clusters, capitate or elongate (figs.
+36, 37), but with much variation in the number of catkins in each
+cluster. In P. rigida I have found single catkins or clusters of all
+numbers from two to seventy or more. In P. Massoniana and P. densiflora
+a cluster attains such unusual length (fig. 37) that this character
+becomes a valuable distinction between these species and P. sinensis,
+which has short-capitate clusters. The catkins differ much in size, the
+largest being found among the Hard Pines.
+
+In the connective of the binate pollen-sacs there is a notable
+difference (figs. 38, 39), the smaller form being characteristic of the
+Soft Pines. But this is not invariable (excelsa, sylvestris, etc.), and
+the absence of complete data does not permit an accurate estimate of its
+importance.
+
+
+THE CONELET. Plate III, figs. 40-45.
+
+After pollination the pistillate flower closes and becomes the conelet,
+the staminate flowers withering and falling away. The conelet makes no
+appreciable growth until the following year. Like the pistillate flower
+it may be subterminal or lateral, but a subterminal pistillate flower
+may become a pseudolateral conelet by reason of a summer-growth (fig.
+40-a). Such a condition may be recognized on the branchlets of the
+present, and of the previous year (fig. 40-b), by the very short
+internode and short leaves beyond the fruit.
+
+The conelet offers some distinctions of form, of color, and of length of
+peduncle, while in some species (sylvestris, caribaea, etc.) its
+reflexed position is an important specific character. The most important
+distinctions, however, are found in its scales, which may be
+
+    1. entire             subsection Cembra          fig. 41.
+    2. tuberculate        tropicalis, etc.           fig. 42.
+    3. short-mucronate    sylvestris, glabra, etc.   fig. 43.
+    4. long-mucronate     aristata, contorta, etc.   fig. 44.
+    5. spinescent         taeda, pungens, etc.       fig. 45.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE III. FLOWERS AND CONELET]
+
+
+THE CONE. Plate IV.
+
+The cone of Pinus shows great differences of color, form and tissue;
+these are useful for specific and sectional distinctions, while the
+gradual change from the primitive conditions of the Cembrae to the
+elaborate form, structure and mode of dissemination of some serotinous
+species are obvious evidence of an evolution among the species of
+remarkable taxonomic range. A form new among Coniferae appears, the
+oblique cone, and a new condition, the serotinous cone, both appearing
+at first alone and, finally, in constant association.
+
+
+COLOR OF THE CONE.
+
+With few exceptions the color of the ripe cone may be classified under
+one of the following shades of brown or yellow.
+
+    Nut-brown     The stain of the walnut-husk.
+    Rufous brown  A pronounced reddish nut-brown.
+    Fulvous brown A yellowish nut-brown.
+    Tawny yellow  The color of the lion.
+    Orange        Ochre-yellow to red-orange.
+
+These colors may be paler or deeper. They may be obscured by a fuscous
+shade or may be modified by a dull or lustrous surface. The presence of
+two or more of these shades in a single species and the inherent
+difficulties of color description lessen the value of the character.
+Nevertheless certain allied species, such as P. nigra and Thunbergii, or
+P. densiflora and Massoniana, may be distinguished by the prevalent
+difference in the color of their cones.
+
+
+DIMENSIONS OF THE CONE.
+
+The cone is small, medium or large in different species, but varies
+greatly under the influences of environment or of individual
+peculiarities. The character possesses relative value only, for great
+variation is possible in the same locality and even on the same tree.
+
+
+THE PEDUNCLE.
+
+All conelets are pedunculate, but in some species the peduncle, even
+when long (patula), may become overgrown and concealed by the basal
+scales of the ripe cone. Articulation usually takes place between the
+peduncle and the branch, sometimes with the loss of a few basal scales
+which remain temporarily on the tree (ponderosa, palustris, etc.). With
+P. Nelsonii, and to a less degree with P. Armandi, there is articulation
+between the cone and its peduncle.
+
+There are several species bearing persistent cones with no articulation.
+This condition appears in other genera, such as Larix and Picea, but
+without obvious significance. In Pinus, however, the gradual appearance
+of the persistent cone, for it is rare, common, prevalent or invariable
+in different species, and its essential association with the serotinous
+cone, suggest an evolution toward a definite end.
+
+
+THE UMBO.
+
+The exposed part of the scale of the conelet is the umbo of the ripe
+cone, a small definite area representing the earlier part of the
+biennial growth of the cone. The position of the umbo on the apophysis
+is the basis of Koehne's subdivision of the section Haploxylon.
+
+    1. Umbo terminal   Subsection Cembra       fig. 46-a.
+    2. Umbo dorsal     Subsection Paracembra   fig. 46-b.
+
+Two other characters assist in establishing these subsections--the
+conelet, unarmed in Cembra, armed in Paracembra--the pits of the
+ray-cells of the wood, large in Cembra, small in Paracembra.
+
+
+THE APOPHYSIS.
+
+The apophysis represents the later and larger growth of the cone-scale.
+With a terminal umbo the margin of the apophysis is free and may be
+rounded (fig. 49) or may taper to a blunt point (fig. 52), and any
+extension of the scale is a terminal extension. With the dorsal umbo all
+sides of the apophysis are confined between other apophyses, and any
+extension is a dorsal thickening of the apophysis or a dorsal
+protuberance. The outline of an apophysis with a dorsal umbo is
+quadrangular, or it is irregularly pentagonal or hexagonal, the
+different forms depending on the arrangement of the contiguous scales,
+whether of definite or indefinite phyllotactic order, a distinction to
+be considered later.
+
+The two positions of the umbo result from the relative growth of the
+dorsal and ventral surfaces of the cone-scale. With the terminal umbo
+the growth of both surfaces is uniform, with the dorsal umbo the growth
+is unequal. A true terminal umbo rests on the surface of the underlying
+scale, although several species with terminal umbos show the first
+stages of the dorsal umbo. The umbo of P. Lambertiana or of P. flexilis
+does not touch the surface of the scale below, and a small portion of
+the under side of the apophysis is brought into view on the closed cone.
+The cone of P. albicaulis (Plate VIII, fig. 90) shows all degrees of
+development between a terminal umbo near the apex of the cone and a
+dorsal umbo near its base.
+
+The growth of the apophysis may be limited and constant (strobus,
+echinata, etc.) or exceedingly variable, ranging from a slight thickness
+to a long protuberance (pseudostrobus, montana, etc.). The protuberance
+is usually reflexed from the unequal growth of the two surfaces. With
+the terminal umbo the protuberance lengthens the scale, with the dorsal
+umbo it thickens the scale. It is sometimes a specific character
+(ayacahuite, longifolia) appearing on all cones of the species,
+sometimes a varietal form, associated in the same species with an
+unprolonged apophysis (sylvestris, montana).
+
+On different parts of the same cone, base, centre or apex, the
+dimensions of the apophyses differ, but at each level the scales may be
+uniform on all sides of the cone. That is to say, the cone is
+symmetrical with reference to any plane passing through its axis. This,
+the symmetrical cone, is characteristic of all other genera of the
+Abietineae, and is invariable among the Soft Pines and in many Hard
+Pines (figs. 47, 48, 52, 54). But among the Hard Pines there is
+gradually developed a new form of cone with smaller flatter apophyses on
+the anterior, and larger thicker apophyses on the posterior surface.
+This is the peculiar oblique cone of Pinus (figs. 50, 51, 53),
+symmetrical with reference to one plane only, which includes the axis of
+both cone and branch. The oblique cone is a gradual development among
+the Hard Pines; in some species it is associated as a varietal form with
+the symmetrical cone, and finally, in some serotinous species, it is the
+constant form.
+
+
+THE OBLIQUE CONE.
+
+When the oblique cone is merely a varietal form (halepensis, etc.), it
+gives the impression of an accident, resulting from the reflexed
+position of the cone and the consequent greater development of the
+scales receiving a greater amount of light and air. But with the
+serotinous cones (radiata, attenuata), the advantages of this form
+become apparent. The cones of these species are in crowded nodal
+clusters, reflexed against the branch (fig. 50). The inner, anterior
+scales are perfectly protected by their position, while the outer,
+posterior scales are exposed to the weather. These last only are very
+thick; that is to say, there is an economical distribution of protective
+tissue, with the greatest amount where it is most needed. The oblique
+form is peculiarly adapted for a cone destined to remain on the tree for
+twenty years or more and to preserve its seeds unimpaired. Like the
+persistent cone, the oblique cone finds in association with the
+serotinous cone a definite reason for existence.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE IV. THE CONE]
+
+
+PHYLLOTAXIS. Plate V.
+
+There is an obvious difference between the cones of the two sections of
+the genus. Those of the Soft Pines (figs. 55, 56) have larger and fewer
+scales, those of the Hard Pines (figs. 57, 58) have more numerous and
+smaller scales, in proportion to the size of the cone. The former
+condition represents a lower, the latter condition represents a higher,
+order of phyllotaxis.
+
+
+DEFINITE PHYLLOTAXIS.
+
+On a cylindrical axis with scales of the same size, the spiral
+arrangement would appear as in fig. 62, where the scales are
+quadrangular and any four adjacent scales are in mutual contact at their
+sides or angles. These four scales lie on four obvious secondary spirals
+(fig. 59, a-a, b-b, c-c, d-d). According to the phyllotactic order of
+the scales these may be the spirals of 2, 3, 5, 8 or of 3, 5, 8, 13 or
+of 5, 8, 13, 21 etc., etc., from which combinations the primary spiral,
+on which the scales are inserted on the cone-axis, can be easily
+deduced. Four quadrangular scales in mutual contact represent the
+condition of definite phyllotaxis. If the cone is conical, definite
+phyllotaxis would be possible among all the scales only when the size of
+the scales diminishes in equal measure with the gradual diminution of
+the cone's diameter. Such a hypothetical cone is shown in fig. 61.
+
+
+INDEFINITE PHYLLOTAXIS.
+
+On an imaginary cone of conical form and with scales of equal size
+throughout, there must be more scales about the base than about the apex
+of the cone. The phyllotactic conditions must differ, and the obvious
+spirals, in passing from base to apex, must undergo readjustment. If the
+scales at the base are in definite phyllotactic order and those at the
+apex are in the next lower order, it is evident that intermediate
+scales, in the gradual change from one condition to the other, must
+represent different conditions of indefinite phyllotaxis, while those in
+a central position on the cone may belong equally to either of two
+orders.
+
+A Pine cone is never absolutely cylindrical nor do its scales vary in
+size proportionately to the change of diameter. Most of the scales of a
+cone are in indefinite phyllotactic relation, while definite phyllotaxis
+is found only at points on the cone.
+
+As an extreme illustration, the cone of P. pinaster (fig. 60) shows four
+mutually contiguous quadrangular apophyses at (a), lying on the obvious
+spirals 5, 8, 13, 21, at (b) four similar apophyses on the spirals 3, 5,
+8, 13, and at (c) four others on the spirals 2, 3, 5, 8. Between these
+three points are apophyses of irregular pentagonal or hexagonal outline,
+with three scales only in mutual contact (figs. 63, 64). Such are the
+majority of the scales of the cone and represent more or less indefinite
+conditions of phyllotaxis.
+
+The cones of Hard Pines, by reason of relatively more and smaller scales
+and of a more conical form, attain a higher phyllotaxis and a more
+complex condition, two or even three orders being represented on a
+single cone; while the cones of Soft Pines, by reason of relatively
+fewer and larger scales and a more cylindrical form, are of lower
+phyllotaxis, with one order only more or less definitely presented.
+Therefore phyllotaxis furnishes another distinction between the two
+sections of the genus, but its further employment is exceedingly
+restricted on account of the constant repetition of the same orders
+among the species.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE V. PHYLLOTAXIS OF THE CONE]
+
+
+THE CONE-TISSUES. Plate VI.
+
+The axis of the cone is a woody shell, enclosing a wide pith and covered
+by a thick cortex traversed by resin-ducts. By removing the scales and
+cortex from the axis (fig. 65) the wood is seen to be in sinuous strands
+uniting above and below fusiform openings, the points of insertion of
+the cone-scales. From the wood, at each insertion, three stout strands
+enter the scale, dividing and subdividing into smaller tapering
+strands whose delicate tips converge toward the umbo. Fig. 70 represents
+a magnified cross-section of half the cone-scale of P. Greggii; at (a)
+is a compact dorsal plate of bast cells; at (e) is a ventral plate of
+the same tissue but of less amount; at (b) is the softer brown tissue
+enclosing the wood-strands (d, d) (the last much more magnified in fig.
+69) and the resin-ducts (e, e).
+
+
+WOOD STRANDS.
+
+The wood-strands, forming the axis of the cone, differ in tenacity in
+the two sections of the genus. Those of the Soft Pines are easily pulled
+apart by the fingers, those of the Hard Pines are tougher in various
+degrees and cannot be torn apart without the aid of a tool. This
+difference is correlated with differences in other tissues, all of them
+combining in a gradual change from a cone of soft yielding texture to
+one of great hardness and durability.
+
+If a cone scale of P. ayacahuite is stripped of its brown and bast
+tissues (fig. 66) and is immersed in water and subsequently dried, there
+is at first a flexion toward the cone-axis (fig. 67) and then away from
+it (fig. 68). The wood-strands are hygroscopic and cooperate with the
+bast tissues in opening and closing the cone. This appears to be true of
+all species excepting the three species of the Cembrae, whose strands
+are so small and weak that they are not obviously affected by
+hygrometric changes.
+
+
+BAST TISSUE.
+
+With the exception of the three species of the Cembrae the inner part of
+the cone-scales is protected by sclerenchymatous cells forming hard
+dorsal and ventral plates (fig. 70, a, c). In Soft Pines these cells are
+subordinate to the more numerous parenchymatous cells, but in Hard Pines
+the sclerenchyma increases in amount until, among the serotinous
+species, it is the predominating tissue of the cone-scale, giving to
+these cones their remarkable strength and durability.
+
+This bast tissue is hygroscopic and, with its greater thickness on the
+dorsal surface, there is a much greater strain on that side of the
+scale, tending to force the scales apart when they are ripe and dry, and
+subsequently closing and opening the cone on rainy and sunny days.
+
+The cone, during the second season's growth, is completely closed, its
+scales adhering together with more or less tenacity. In most species the
+hygroscopic energy of the scales is sufficient to open the cone under
+the dry condition of its maturity, but with several species the adhesion
+is so persistent that some of the cones remain closed for many years.
+These are the peculiar serotinous cones of the genus.
+
+
+THE SEROTINOUS CONE.
+
+As an illustration of the area to which the adhesion is confined, a
+section may be sawed from a cone of P. attenuata (fig. 71). The axis and
+the scales that have been severed from their apophyses (b) can be easily
+pushed out of the annulus (a), which is composed wholly of apophyses so
+firmly adherent that they will successfully resist a strong effort to
+break them apart. When immersed in boiling water, however, the ring
+falls to pieces. An examination of these pieces discovers adhesion only
+on a narrow ventral border under the apophysis and on a corresponding
+dorsal border back of the apophysis. The rest of the scale is not
+adherent, so that the seed is free to fall at the opening of the cone.
+
+The serotinous cone is a gradual development, wanting in most species,
+rare in a few, less or more frequent in others. A similar evolution of
+the persistent cone, of the oblique cone and of the cone-tissues has
+been already discussed. All these progressive characters culminate in
+mutual association in P. radiata and its allies. The result is a highly
+specialized fruit that should convey taxonomic significance of some
+kind.
+
+With all serotinous species that I have seen, some of the trees open
+their cones at maturity, others at indefinite intervals. That is to say,
+the seed of a prolific year is not at the mercy of a single, perhaps
+unfavorable season. The chances of successful germination are much
+increased by the intermittent seed-release peculiar to these Pines. Such
+a method of dissemination must accrue to the advantage of a species. In
+other words, this intermittent dissemination and the oblique form of
+cone with its perfected tissues all mark the highest development of the
+genus.
+
+
+THE SEED. Plate VI. Figs. 72-79.
+
+The seed of Pinus contains an embryo, with the cotyledons clearly
+defined, embedded in albumen, which is protected by a bony testa with an
+external membranous spermoderm, produced, in most species, into an
+effective wing. While the seed of other genera of the Abietineae shows
+no striking difference among the species, that of Pinus is remarkably
+variable, presenting alike the most primitive and the most elaborate
+forms among the Conifers. These differences are valuable for the
+segregation of kindred species and for some specific distinctions.
+
+
+WINGLESS SEEDS.
+
+With wingless seeds the main distinction is found in the spermoderm,
+which is entire in one species only, P. koraiensis. In P. cembra it is
+wanting on the ventral surface of the nut, but on the dorsal surface, it
+is adnate partly to the nut, partly to the cone-scale. The nut of P.
+albicaulis and that of P. cembroides are quite bare of membranous cover.
+The spermoderm of P. flexilis is reduced to a marginal border, slightly
+produced into a rudimentary wing adnate to the nut.
+
+
+THE ADNATE WING.
+
+In P. strobus, longifolia and their allies and in P. Balfouriana the
+spermoderm is prolonged into an effective wing-blade from a marginal
+adnate base like that of P. flexilis. This adnate wing cannot be
+detached without injury.
+
+
+THE ARTICULATE WING.
+
+The articulate wing can be removed from the nut and can be replaced
+without injury. An ineffective form of this wing is seen in the
+Gerardianae and in P. pinea, where the blade is very short and the base
+has no effective grasp on the nut.
+
+The base of the effective articulate wing contains hygroscopic tissue
+which acts with the hygroscopic tissue of the cone-scales. The dry
+conditions that open the cone and release the seeds cause the bifurcate
+base of the wing to grasp the nut more firmly.
+
+This articulate wing is found in P. aristata and in all Hard Pines
+except P. pinea, longifolia and canariensis. The wing-blade is usually
+membranous throughout, but in some species there is a thickening of the
+base of the blade that meets the membranous apical part in an oblique
+line along which the wing is easily broken apart. This last condition
+attains in P. Coulteri and its associates a remarkable development.
+
+Plate VI, fig. 72 shows the wingless seed of P. cembroides; fig. 73
+represents the seed of P. flexilis, with a rudimentary wing; fig. 74
+shows two seeds of P. strobus, intact and with the wing broken away;
+fig. 75 represents the articulate wing, whose bifurcate base when wet
+(fig. 76) tends to open and release the nut. When dry (fig. 77) the
+forks of the base, in the absence of the nut, close together and cross
+their tips; figs. 78, 79 show the peculiar reinforced articulate wing of
+P. Coulteri.
+
+Such wide variation in so important an organ suggests generic
+difference. But here we are met by the association of the different
+forms in species evidently closely allied. The two Foxtail Pines are so
+similar in most characters that they have been considered, with good
+reason, to be specifically identical; yet the seed-wing of P.
+Balfouriana is adnate, that of P. aristata articulate. P. Ayacahuite
+produces not only the characteristic wing of the Strobi, adnate, long
+and effective, but also, in the northern variety, a seed with a
+rudimentary wing, the exact counterpart of the seed of P. flexilis. In
+both sections of the genus are found the effective adnate wing (Strobi
+and Longifoliae) and the inefficient articulate wing (Gerardianae and
+Pineae). A little examination of all forms of the seed will show that
+they blend gradually one into another.
+
+The color of the wing is occasionally peculiar, as in the group
+Longifoliae. There is usually no constancy in this character, for the
+wing may be uniform in color or variously striated in seeds of the same
+species. The length and breadth of the seed-wing, being dependent on the
+varying sizes of the cone-scale, differ in the same cone. They are also
+inconstant in different cones of the same species, and of this
+inconstancy the seed of P. ayacahuite furnishes the most notable
+example.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE VI. CONE-TISSUES AND SEEDS]
+
+
+THE WOOD. Plate VII.
+
+With the exception of the medullary rays, a very small proportion of the
+whole, the wood of Pinus, as seen in cross-section (fig. 82), is a
+homogeneous tissue of wood-tracheids with interspersed resin-ducts. In
+tangential section the medullary rays appear in two forms, linear,
+without a resin-duct, and fusiform, with a central resin-duct. In radial
+section the cells of the linear rays are of two kinds, ray-tracheids,
+forming the upper and lower limits of the ray, characterized by small
+bordered pits, and ray-cells, between the tracheids, characterized by
+simple pits.
+
+The walls of the ray-tracheids may be smooth or dentate; the pits of the
+ray-cells may be large or small. These conditions admit of four
+combinations, all of which appear in the medullary rays of Pinus, and of
+which a schematic representation is given in Plate VII. These
+combinations are
+
+    Ray-tracheids with smooth walls. Soft Pines.
+      Ray-cells with large pits    Subsection Cembra        fig. 80.
+      Ray-cells with small pits    Subsection Paracembra    fig. 81.
+
+    Ray-tracheids with dentate walls. Hard Pines.
+      Ray-cells with large pits    Group Lariciones         fig. 83.
+      Ray-cells with small pits    Other Hard Pines         fig. 84.
+
+This, the simplest classification of Pine-wood, is not without
+exceptions. P. pinea of the Hard Pines resembles, in its
+wood-characters, P. Gerardiana and P. Bungeana of the Soft Pines. The
+dentate ray-tracheids of P. longifolia are not always obvious. The
+tracheids of P. luchuensis, according to Bergerstein (Wiesner Festschr.
+112), have smooth walls. My specimen shows dentate tracheids. There is
+also evidence of transition from small to large pits (I. W. Bailey in
+Am. Nat. xliv. 292). Both large and small pits appear in my specimen of
+P. Merkusii.
+
+Of other wood-characters, the presence or absence of tangential pits in
+the tracheids of the late wood establishes a distinction between Soft
+and Hard Pines. These pits, however, while always present in Soft Pines,
+are not always absent in Hard Pines. The single and multiple rows of
+resin-ducts in the wood of the first year may prove to be a reliable
+sectional distinction, but this character has not been sufficiently
+investigated to test its constancy. The wood-characters, therefore,
+however decisive they may be for establishing the phylogenetic relations
+of different genera, must be employed in the classification of the Pines
+with the same reservations that apply to external characters.
+
+Ray-tracheids with dentate walls and ray-cells with large pits are
+peculiar to Pinus. Therefore the presence of these characters, alone or
+in combination, is sufficient evidence for the recognition of Pine-wood.
+But the combination of smooth tracheids with small pits (subsection
+Paracembra) Pinus shares with Picea, Larix and Pseudotsuga.
+
+Among Hard Pines the size of the pits has a certain geographical
+significance. The large pits are found in all species of the Old World
+except P. halepensis and P. pinaster; the small pits in all species of
+the New World except P. resinosa and P. tropicalis. The Asiatic P.
+Merkusii with both large and small pits is not strictly an exception to
+this geographical distinction. The four exceptional species by this and
+by other characters unite the Hard Pines of the two hemispheres.
+
+
+THE BARK.
+
+Bark is the outer part of the cortex that has perished, having been cut
+off from nourishment by the thin hard plates of the bark-scales. In the
+late and early bark-formation is found a general but by no means an
+exact distinction between Soft and Hard Pines. In the Soft Pines the
+cortex remains alive for many years, adjusting itself by growth to the
+increasing thickness of the wood. The trunks of young trees remain
+smooth and without rifts. In the Hard Pines the bark-formation begins
+early and the trunks of young trees are covered with a scaly or rifted
+bark. The smooth upper trunk of older trees is invariable in Soft Pines,
+but in Hard Pines there are several exceptions to early bark-formation.
+These exceptions are easily recognized in the field, and the character
+is of decisive specific importance (glabra, halepensis, etc.).
+
+Among species with early bark-formation are two forms of bark: 1,
+cumulative, sufficiently persistent to acquire thickness and the
+familiar dark gray and fuscous-brown shades of bark long exposed to the
+weather; 2, deciduous, constantly falling away in thin scales and
+exposing fresh red inner surfaces. The latter are commonly known as Red
+Pines, as distinguished from Black Pines with dark cumulative bark.
+Deciduous bark changes after some years to cumulative bark, and the
+upper trunk only of mature trees is red. Red Pines, although usually
+recognizable by their bark, are by no means constant in this character.
+Oecological or pathological influences may check the fall of the
+bark-scales, and then the distinction between the upper and lower parts
+of the trunk becomes lost.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE VII. THE WOOD]
+
+
+
+SUMMARY
+
+The various characters that have been considered in the previous pages
+may be classified under different heads, some of them applicable to the
+whole genus, others to larger or smaller groups of species.
+
+
+GENERIC CHARACTERS
+
+Several characters, quite distinct from those of other genera, are
+common to all the species.
+
+    1. The primary leaf--appearing as a scale or bract throughout the
+         life of the tree.
+    2. The bud--its constant position at the nodes.
+    3. The internode--its three distinct divisions.
+    4. The secondary leaves--in cylindrical fascicles with a basal
+         sheath.
+    5. The pistillate flower--its constant nodal position and its
+         verticillate clusters.
+    6. The staminate flower--its constant basal position on the
+         internode and its compact clusters.
+    7. The cone--its clearly defined annual growths.
+
+Pinus is also peculiar in the dimorphism of shoots and leaves and in
+their constant interrelations with the diclinous flowers. Evolutionary
+processes develop features peculiar to Pinus alone (the oblique cone,
+etc.), but confined to a limited number of species.
+
+
+SECTIONAL CHARACTERS
+
+There are several characters that actually or potentially divide the
+genus into two distinct sections, popularly known as Soft and Hard
+Pines.
+
+    1. The fibro-vascular bundle of the leaf, single or double.
+    2. The base of the bract subtending the leaf-fascicle, non-decurrent
+         or decurrent
+    3. The phyllotaxis of the cone, simple or complex.
+    4. The flower-bud, its less or greater development.
+
+Some characters indicate the same distinction but are subject each to a
+few exceptions.
+
+    5. The fascicle-sheath, deciduous or persistent.
+    6. The walls of the ray-tracheids, smooth or dentate.
+    7. The connective of the pollen-sacs, large or small.
+    8. The formation of bark, late or early.
+
+SUBSECTIONAL CHARACTERS
+
+An exact subdivision of the Soft Pines is possible on the following
+characters.
+
+    1. The umbo of the cone-scales, terminal or dorsal.
+    2. The scales of the conelet, mutic or armed.
+    3. The pits of the ray-cells, large or small.
+
+
+EVOLUTIONAL CHARACTERS
+
+The progressive evolution of the fruit of Pinus, from a symmetrical cone
+of weak tissues, bearing a wingless seed, to an indurated oblique cone
+with an elaborate form of winged seed and an intermittent dissemination,
+appears among the species in various degrees of development as follows--
+
+    The seed
+
+      1. wingless.
+      2. with a rudimentary wing.
+      3. with an effective adnate wing.
+      4. with an ineffective articulate wing.
+      5. with an effective articulate wing.
+      6. with an articulate wing, thickened at the base of the blade.
+
+    The cone
+
+      1. indehiscent.
+      2. dehiscent and deciduous.
+      3. dehiscent and persistent.
+      4. persistent and serotinous.
+
+                    and as to its form
+
+      5. symmetrical.
+      6. subsymmetrical.
+      7. oblique.
+
+These different forms of the seed and, to some extent, of the cone, are
+available for segregating the species into groups of closely related
+members; while the gradual progression of the fruit, from a primitive to
+a highly specialized form of cone and method of dissemination, points to
+a veritable taxonomic evolution which is here utilized as the
+fundamental motive of the systematic classification of the species.
+
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTERS
+
+All aspects of vegetative and reproductive organs may contribute toward
+a determination of species, but the importance of each character is
+often relative, being conclusive with one group of species, useless with
+another. Characters considered by earlier authors to be invariable with
+species, such as the dimensions of leaf or cone, the number of leaves in
+the fascicle, the position of the resin-ducts, the presence of pruinose
+branchlets, etc., prove to be inconstant in some species. In fact, as
+the botanical horizon enlarges, the varietal limits of the species
+broaden and many restrictions imposed by earlier systems are gradually
+disappearing.
+
+Variation is the preliminary step toward the creation of species, which
+come into being with the elimination of intermediate forms. Variation in
+a species may be the result of its participation in the evolutionary
+processes culminating in the serotinous Pines, or it may result from the
+ability of the species to adapt itself to various environments by
+sympathetic modifications of growth, or it may arise from some
+peculiarity of the individual tree.
+
+Evolutionary variation is associated with the gradual appearance of the
+persistent, the oblique and the serotinous cone, and of the multinodal
+spring-shoot. For these conditions appear in less or greater prevalence
+among the species of the genus.
+
+Variation induced by environment finds familiar illustrations among the
+species that can survive at the limits of vegetation and can meet these
+inhospitable conditions by a radical change of all growing parts. Such
+variations are mainly of dimensions, but, with some species, the number
+of fascicle-leaves is affected and the shorter growing-season may modify
+the cone-tissues. In Mexico and Central America are found extremes of
+climate within small areas and easily within the range of dissemination
+from a single tree. The cause of the bewildering host of varietal forms,
+connecting widely contrasted extremes, seems to lie in the facile
+adaptability of those Pines, which are able to spread from the tropical
+base of a mountain to a less or greater distance toward its snow-capped
+summit.
+
+The peculiarities of individual trees that induce abnormally short or
+long growths, the dwarf or other monstrous forms, the variegations in
+leaf-coloring, etc., etc., are not available for classification, for
+they may appear in any species, in fact in any genus of Conifers. These
+variations are artificially multiplied for commercial and decorative
+purposes. But inasmuch as they are repeated in all species and genera of
+the Coniferae that have been long under the observation of skillful
+gardeners, their significance has a broader scope than that imposed by
+the study of a single genus.
+
+
+
+
+PART II
+
+CLASSIFICATION OF THE SPECIES
+
+
+The following classification is based on the gradual evolution of the
+fruit from a cone symmetrical in form, parenchymatous in tissue,
+indehiscent and deciduous at maturity, releasing its wingless seed by
+disintegration--to a cone oblique in form, very strong and durable in
+tissue, persistent on the tree, intermittently dehiscent, releasing its
+winged seeds partly at maturity, partly at indefinite intervals during
+several years. This evolution embraces two extreme forms of fruit, one
+the most primitive, the other the most elaborate, among Conifers.
+
+Two sections of the genus, Soft and Hard Pines, are distinguished by
+several correlated characters, and moreover are distinct by obvious
+differences in the tissues of their cones as well as in the quality and
+appearance of their wood.
+
+With the Soft Pines the species group naturally under two subsections on
+the position of the umbo, the anatomy of the wood and the armature of
+the conelet. In one subsection (Cembra) are found three species, P.
+cembra and its allies, with the cone-tissues so completely
+parenchymatous that the cones cannot release the seeds except by
+disintegration. In both subsections there is a gradual evolution from a
+wingless nut to one with an effective wing, adnate in one subsection,
+adnate and articulate in the other. The different stages of this
+evolution are so distinct that the Soft Pines are easily separated into
+definite groups.
+
+Among the Hard Pines a few species show characters that are peculiar to
+the Soft Pines. These exceptional species form a subsection
+(Parapinaster) by themselves.
+
+With the remaining species, the majority of the Pines, the distinctions
+that obtain among Soft Pines have disappeared. The dorsal umbo, the
+articulate seed-wing, the persistent fascicle-sheath, the dorsal and
+ventral stomata of the leaf and its serrate margins, the dentate walls
+of the ray-tracheids have become fixed and constant. But a new form of
+seed-wing appears, with a thickened blade, assuming such proportions in
+P. Sabiniana and its two allies that these three constitute a distinct
+group, remarkable also for the size of its cones.
+
+Here also appear a new form of fruit, the oblique cone, and a new method
+of dissemination, the serotinous cone. Associated with the latter are
+the persistent cone and the multinodal spring-shoot. These characters do
+not develop in such perfect sequence and regularity that they can be
+employed for grouping the species without forcing some of them into
+unnatural association. The oblique cone first appears sporadically here
+and there and without obvious reason. The persistent cone, the first
+stage of the serotinous cone, is equally sporadic in the earlier stages
+of evolution. The same may be said of the multinodal shoot.
+
+Nevertheless these characters show an obvious progression toward a
+definite goal, where they are all united in a small group of species
+remarkable for the form and texture of their cones, for a peculiar
+seed-release and for the vigor and rapidity of their growth. It is
+possible, with the assistance of other characters, to segregate these
+species in three groups in which the affinities are respected and the
+general trend of their evolution is preserved.
+
+The first group, the Lariciones, contains species with large ray-pits,
+cones dehiscent at maturity, and uninodal spring-shoots. They are, with
+two exceptions, P. resinosa and P. tropicalis, Old World species.
+
+The second group, the Australes, contains species with small ray-pits,
+cones dehiscent at maturity and spring-shoots gradually changing, among
+the species, from a uninodal to a multinodal form. They are, without
+exception, species of the New World.
+
+The third group, the Insignes, contains the serotinous species. The
+ray-pits are small and the spring-shoots are, with two exceptions,
+multinodal. With two exceptions, P. halepensis and P. pinaster, they are
+New World species.
+
+These three groups, being the progressive sequence of a lineal
+evolution, are not absolutely circumscribed, but are more or less
+connected through a few intermediate species of each group. The
+systematic position of these intermediate species is determined by their
+obvious affinities. It cannot be expected that the variations, which
+take an important part in the evolution of the species, progress with
+equal step or in perfect correlation with each other.
+
+As to specific determinations, a little experience in the field
+discloses an amount of variation in species that does not always appear
+in the descriptions of authors; and species that are under the closest
+scrutiny of botanists, foresters or horticulturalists, attest by their
+multiple synonymy their wide variation. The possibilities of variation
+are indefinite and, with adaptable Pines, the range of variation is
+somewhat proportionate to change of climate. In mountainous countries,
+where there are warm sheltered valleys with rich soil below cold barren
+ledges, the most variable Pines are found. The western species of North
+America, for instance, are much more variable than the eastern species,
+while in Mexico, a tropical country with snow-capped mountains, the
+variation is greatest.
+
+Therefore in the limitation of species undue importance should not be
+given to characters responsive to environment, such as the dimensions of
+leaf or cone, the number of leaves in the fascicle, etc. Moreover, there
+are familiar examples (P. sylvestris, etc.) that show the possibility of
+wide differences in the cone of the same species.
+
+In the following classification species only are considered without
+attempting to determine varietal or other subspecific forms. But
+varieties are often mentioned as one of the factors illustrating the
+scope of species. Synonymy serves a like purpose, but synonyms not
+conveying useful information are omitted, Roezl's list of Mexican
+species, for instance, and variations in the orthography of specific
+names.
+
+
+PINUS
+
+    1755 Pinus Duhamel, Traite des Arbres, ii. 121.
+    1790 Apinus Necker, Elem. Bot. iii. 269.
+    1852 Cembra Opiz, Seznam, 27.
+    1854 Strobus Opiz, Lotos, iv. 94.
+    1903 Caryopitys Small, Fl. Southeast. U. S. 29.
+
+Leaves and shoots dimorphous, primary leaves on long shoots, secondary
+leaves on dwarf shoots. Flowers diclinous, the pistillate taking the
+place of long shoots, the staminate taking the place of dwarf shoots.
+Growth of wood and fruit emanating from the nodes; buds, branchlets and
+cones, therefore, in verticillate association. Leaves and staminate
+flowers in internodal position, the primary leaves along the whole
+length of the internode, subtending secondary leaf-fascicles on the
+apical, staminate flowers on the basal part. Buds compounded of minute
+buds in the axils of bud-scales, becoming the bracts of the
+spring-shoot. Branchlets of one or more internodes, each internode in
+three parts--a length without leaves, a length bearing leaves and a node
+of buds. Cone requiring two, rarely three years to mature, displaying
+its annual growths by distinct areas on each scale. Seeds wingless or
+winged, edible and nutritious.
+
+The Pines are confined to the northern hemisphere, but grow in all
+climates and under all conditions of soil, temperature and humidity
+where trees can grow. Some of the species are of very restricted range,
+but others are adaptable and can cover wide areas. The sixty-six species
+are distributed as follows--
+
+    Eastern Hemisphere, 23.
+
+      1 exclusively African (Canary Islands).
+      2 exclusively European.
+      3 about the Mediterranean Basin.
+      2 common to Europe and northern Asia.
+      14 exclusively Asiatic.
+
+    Western Hemisphere, 43.
+
+      28 in western North America, of which 12 are confined to Mexico
+           and Central America.
+      15 in eastern North America, of which 2 are exclusively West Indian.
+
+The two sections of the genus correspond with those of Koehne (Deutsch.
+Dendrol. 28 [1893]) and his two names, Haploxylon and Diploxylon, are
+adopted here, together with his two subsections of Haploxylon, Cembra
+and Paracembra.
+
+Of the two subsections of Diploxylon, Pinaster has been employed by
+Endlicher (Syn. Conif. 166 [1847]) and later authors for smaller or
+larger groups of Hard Pines. The subsection Parapinaster is now
+proposed.
+
+The names of groups, Cembrae, Strobi, Cembroides, Gerardianae,
+Balfourianae, Pineae, Lariciones and Australes, are taken from
+Engelmann's Revision of the Genus Pinus (Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis,
+iv. 175-178 [1880]). The remainder, Flexiles, Leiophyllae, Longifoliae,
+Insignes and Macrocarpae, are here proposed.
+
+In order to bring the illustrations within the limits of the page the
+dimensions of cone and leaf, as shown on the plates, are a little
+smaller than life. In plates X and XXV the reproductions of the cones
+are reduced to 2/5 life-size.
+
+
+SECTIONS, SUBSECTIONS, AND GROUPS
+
+  Bases of the fascicle-bracts non-decurrent   A--HAPLOXYLON
+
+    Umbo of the cone-scale terminal              a--Cembra
+
+      Seeds wingless.
+        Cones indehiscent                          I.     Cembrae
+        Cones dehiscent                            II.    Flexiles
+      Seed with an adnate wing                     III.   Strobi
+
+    Umbo of the cone-scale dorsal                b--Paracembra
+
+      Seeds wingless                               IV.    Cembroides
+      Seed-wing short, ineffective                 V.     Gerardianae
+      Seed-wing long, effective                    VI.    Balfourianae
+
+  Bases of the fascicle-bracts decurrent       B--DIPLOXYLON
+
+    Fascicle-sheath or seed of Haploxylon        c--Parapinaster
+
+      Fascicle-sheath deciduous                    VII.   Leiophyllae
+      Fascicle-sheath persistent.
+        Seed-wing of the Strobi                    VIII.  Longifoliae
+        Seed-wing of the Gerardianae               IX.    Pineae
+
+    Fascicle-sheath persistent, seed-wing
+        articulate, effective                    d--Pinaster
+
+      Base of wing-blade thin or slightly
+          thickened.
+        Cones dehiscent at maturity.
+          Pits of ray-cells large                  X.    Lariciones
+          Pits of ray-cells small                  XI.   Australes
+        Cones serotinous, pits of ray-cells small  XII.  Insignes
+      Base of wing-blade very thick                XIII. Macrocarpae
+
+
+
+
+HAPLOXYLON
+
+
+Bases of the bracts subtending leaf-fascicles not decurrent. Staminate
+flowers not sufficiently developed in the bud to be apparent.
+Spring-shoots uninodal. Fibro-vascular bundle of the leaf single. Cone
+symmetrical, of relatively fewer larger scales, its tissues softer.
+Bark-formation late, the trunks of young trees smooth. Wood soft and
+with little resin, of uniform color and with relatively obscure
+definition of the annual rings. Tracheids of the medullary rays with
+smooth walls.
+
+  All the species of this section, except P. Nelsonii, have deciduous
+  fascicle-sheaths. There are but two species of Diploxylon with
+  deciduous sheaths, P. leiophylla and P. Lumholtzii, both of them
+  easily recognized. The deciduous sheath, therefore, is an obvious and
+  useful means for recognizing the Soft Pines. On the characters of the
+  fruit and the wood Haploxylon can be divided into two subsections.
+
+    a. Cembra      Umbo of the cone-scale terminal.
+    b. Paracembra  Umbo of the cone-scale dorsal.
+
+=Cembra=
+
+Umbo of the cone-scale terminal. Scales of the conelet unarmed. Leaves
+in fascicles of 5, the sheath deciduous, the two dermal tissues
+distinct, the hypoderm-cells uniform. Pits of the cells of the wood-rays
+large.
+
+    Seeds wingless.
+      Cones indehiscent            I.   Cembrae.
+      Cones dehiscent              II.  Flexiles.
+    Seeds with an adnate wing      III. Strobi.
+
+
+=I. CEMBRAE=
+
+Seeds wingless. Cones indehiscent, deciduous at maturity.
+
+  In this group of species there is no segregation of sclerenchyma into
+  an effective tissue. The cones are inert under hygrometric changes and
+  may always be recognized in herbaria by their persistent occlusion and
+  soft tissues. The seeds are released only by the disintegration of the
+  fallen cone. There is, however, a vicarious dissemination by predatory
+  crows (genus Nucifraga) and rodents.
+
+    Leaves serrulate, their stomata ventral only.
+      Cones relatively larger, the apophyses protuberant  1. koraiensis.
+      Cones relatively smaller, the apophyses appressed   2. cembra.
+    Leaves entire, their stomata ventral and dorsal       3. albicaulis.
+
+
+
+1. PINUS KORAIENSIS
+
+    1784 P. strobus Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 275 (not Linnaeus).
+    1842 P. koraiensis Siebold & Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. ii. 38.
+    1857 P. mandschurica Ruprecht in Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. xv. 382.
+
+Spring-shoots more or less densely tomentose. Leaves from 8 to 12 cm.
+long, serrulate, stomata ventral only, resin-ducts medial and confined
+to the angles. Conelets large, subterminal, or on young trees often
+pseudolateral. Cones indehiscent, from 9 to 14 cm. long,
+short-pedunculate, ovoid-conical or subcylindrical; apophyses dull pale
+nut-brown, rugose, shrinking much in drying and exposing the seeds,
+prolonged and tapering to a more or less reflexed tip, the umbo
+inconspicuous; seeds large, wingless, the spermoderm entire.
+
+  A species of the mountains of northeastern Asia with valuable wood and
+  large edible nuts; hardy and often cultivated in cool-temperate
+  climates.
+
+  The P. koraiensis of Beissner (in Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. n. ser. iv.
+  184) and of Masters (in Gard. Chron. ser. 3, xxxiii. 34, ff.) are P.
+  Armandi and have led to an erroneous extension of the range of this
+  species into Shensi and Hupeh. In the original description of the
+  species the authors call attention to an error in the plate, where a
+  cone of another species has been substituted.
+
+  P. koraiensis resembles P. cembra in leaf and branchlet but not in the
+  cone. It is often confused with P. Armandi, but can easily be
+  distinguished by its tomentose branchlets, indehiscent cone and
+  peculiar seed. The two species, moreover, do not always agree in the
+  position of the foliar resin-ducts.
+
+    Plate VIII.
+
+    Fig. 85, Cone and seed. Fig. 86, Leaf-fascicle and magnified
+    leaf-section.
+
+
+2. PINUS CEMBRA
+
+    1753 P. cembra Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1000.
+    1778 P. montana Lamarck, Fl. Franc. iii. 651 (not Miller).
+    1858 P. pumila Regel in Index Sem. Hort. Petrop. 23.
+    1884 P. mandschurica Lawson, Pinet. Brit. i. 61, ff. (not Ruprecht).
+    1906 P. sibirica Mayr, Fremdl. Wald- & Parkb. 388.
+    1913 P. coronans Litvinof in Trav. Mus. Bot. Acad. St. Petersb.
+              xi. 23, f.
+
+Spring-shoots densely tomentose. Leaves from 5 to 12 cm. long,
+serrulate; stomata ventral only; resin-ducts medial or, in the dwarf
+form, often external. Conelets short-pedunculate, purple during their
+second season. Cone from 5 to 8 cm. long, ovate or subglobose,
+subsessile; apophyses dull nut-brown, thick, slightly convex, the margin
+often a little reflexed, the umbo inconspicuous; seeds wingless, large,
+the dorsal spermoderm adnate partly to the nut, partly to the
+cone-scale, the ventral spermoderm wanting.
+
+  The Swiss Stone Pine attains a height of 15 or 25 metres and occupies
+  two distinct areas, the Alps, from Savoy to the Carpathians at high
+  altitudes, and the plains and mountain-slopes throughout the vast area
+  from northeastern Russia through Siberia. Beyond the Lena and Lake
+  Baikal it becomes a dwarf (var. pumila) with its eastern limit in
+  northern Nippon and in Kamchatka. It is successfully cultivated in the
+  cool-temperate climates of Europe and America. The wood is of even,
+  close grain, peculiarly adapted to carving. The nuts are gathered for
+  food and confections, but are destroyed in great numbers by squirrels,
+  mice and a jay-like crow, the European Nutcracker. It is generally
+  conceded, however, that these enemies assist in dissemination.
+
+    Plate VIII.
+
+    Fig. 87, Cone, seed and magnified leaf-section. Fig. 88, Tree at
+    Arolla, Switzerland. Fig. 89, Cone, leaf-fascicle and magnified
+    leaf-section of var. pumila.
+
+
+3. PINUS ALBICAULIS
+
+    1853 P. flexilis Balfour in Bot. Exped. Oregon, 1, f. (not James).
+    1857 P. cembroides Newberry in Pacif. R. R. Rep. vi-3, 44, f.
+              (not Zuccarini).
+    1863 P. albicaulis Engelmann in Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, ii. 209.
+    1867 P. shasta Carriere, Trait. Conif. ed. 2, 390.
+
+Spring-shoots glabrous or pubescent. Branchlets pliant and tough. Leaves
+from 4 to 7 cm. long, entire, stout, persistent for several years;
+stomata dorsal and ventral; resin-ducts external. Conelets
+short-pedunculate, dark purple during the second season, their scales
+often tapering to an acute apex. Cones from 5 to 7 cm. long, subsessile,
+oval or subglobose; apophyses nut-brown or fulvous brown, dull or
+slightly lustrous, very thick, the under surface conspicuous, meeting
+the upper surface in an acute margin, and terminated by a salient,
+often acute umbo; seed wingless, the testa bare of spermoderm.
+
+  This species ranges from British Columbia through Washington and
+  Oregon, over the mountains of northern California and the Sierras as
+  far south as Mt. Whitney, and, on the Rocky Mountains, through Idaho
+  and Montana to northern Wyoming. It is found at the timber-line of
+  many stations and forms, in exposed situations, flat table-like masses
+  close to the ground. It is a species of no economical importance and
+  is too inaccessible for the profitable gathering of its large nuts,
+  which are devoured in quantity by squirrels and by Clark's crow, a
+  bird of the same genus with the pinivorous Nutcracker of Europe.
+
+  P. albicaulis is distinguished from its allies by its entire leaves
+  with both dorsal and ventral stomata, from P. flexilis by its
+  indehiscent cone, and from all of these species by its seed without
+  membranous cover or rudimentary wing. It was united with P. flexilis
+  by Parlatore and Gordon, and, later, was referred to that species as a
+  varietal form by Engelmann (in Brewer & Watson, Bot. Calif. ii. 124).
+  Parrish's P. albicaulis (in Zoe, iv. 350), extending its range to the
+  mountains of southern California, proves to be P. flexilis (Jepson,
+  Silva Calif. 74).
+
+    Plate VIII.
+
+    Fig. 90, Two cones and seed. Fig. 91, Leaf-fascicle. Fig. 92,
+    Magnified leaf-section.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE VIII. P. KORAIENSIS (85, 86), CEMBRA (87-89),
+ALBICAULIS (90-92)]
+
+
+=II. FLEXILES=
+
+Seeds wingless, the spermoderm forming a narrow border with a
+rudimentary prolongation. Cones dehiscent at maturity.
+
+  The dehiscent cone distinguishes this group from the Cembrae.
+  Therefore confusion of P. koraiensis with P. Armandi, or P. albicaulis
+  with P. flexilis should be impossible. The peculiar seed is found
+  again only in the northern variety of P. ayacahuite.
+
+    Leaves usually entire, the stomata dorsal and ventral  4. flexilis.
+    Leaves serrulate, the stomata ventral only             5. Armandi.
+
+
+4. PINUS FLEXILIS
+
+    1823 P. flexilis James in Long's Exped. ii. 34.
+    1882 P. reflexa Engelmann in Bot. Gaz. vii. 4.
+    1897 P. strobiformis Sargent, Silva N. Am. xi. 33, tt. 544, 545
+              (not Engelmann).
+
+Spring-shoots pubescent; branchlets very tough and pliant. Leaves from 3
+to 9 cm. long, entire, or serrulate in the southern variety, persistent
+for five or six years; stomata dorsal and ventral or, in the south,
+sometimes ventral only; resin-ducts external. Cones from 6 to 25 cm.
+long, ovate or subcylindrical, short-pedunculate; apophyses pale tawny
+yellow, or yellow ochre, lustrous, often prolonged and more or less
+reflexed, thick, the margin together with the umbo raised above the
+surface of the cone.
+
+  This species grows on the Rocky Mountains from Alberta in the Dominion
+  of Canada to Chihuahua in northern Mexico and ranges westward to the
+  eastern slope of the Sierras and to the southern mountains of
+  California. The wood, where accessible, is manufactured into lumber.
+  It may be seen in the Arnold Arboretum and in the Royal Gardens at
+  Kew.
+
+  P. flexilis is recognized by its lustrous yellow cones. This and the
+  constantly external ducts of its usually entire leaves distinguish it
+  from P. Armandi. From P. albicaulis, with similar leaves, it differs
+  by its dehiscent cone. At one extreme the cone of P. flexilis is not
+  unlike that of P. albicaulis, at the other extreme it approaches the
+  characteristic cone of P. ayacahuite, with prolonged reflexed scales.
+  Hence the confusion of P. albicaulis with P. flexilis (Murray,
+  Parlatore and others) and of P. flexilis with Engelmann's P.
+  strobiformis. Sargent's P. strobiformis, illustrated in the Silva of
+  North America, is the form of this species known as var. reflexa of
+  Engelmann.
+
+    Plate IX.
+
+    Fig. 93, Two cones and seed. Fig. 94, Leaf-fascicle. Fig. 95,
+    Magnified leaf-section.
+
+
+5. PINUS ARMANDI
+
+    1884 P. Armandi Franchet in Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, ser. 2,
+              vii. 95, 96, t. 12.
+    1898 P. scipioniformis Masters in Bull. Herb. Boiss. vi. 270.
+    1903 P. koraiensis Masters in Gard. Chron. ser. 3, xxxiii. 34,
+              ff. 18, 19 (not Siebold & Zuccarini).
+    1908 P. Mastersiana Hayata in Gard. Chron. ser. 3, xliii, 194.
+
+Spring-shoots glabrous; branches and most of the trunk covered with a
+smooth gray cortex. Leaves from 8 to 15 cm. long, serrulate; stomata
+ventral only; resin-ducts external, external and medial, or medial, all
+three conditions sometimes occurring in leaves of the same branchlet.
+Cones from 6 to 20 cm. in length, pendent on peduncles of various
+lengths, the peduncle often remaining on the tree after the fall of the
+cone; apophyses fulvous brown, dull or sublustrous, the margin rounded
+or tapering to an acute apex, sometimes a little prolonged and reflexed,
+the umbo inconspicuous.
+
+  A tree of the mountains of central, southern and western China with an
+  outlying station on the Island of Formosa. Recently planted in Europe
+  and America, it has so far proved hardy. The nuts are gathered for
+  food and some use is made of the wood.
+
+  The glabrous shoots of P. Armandi distinguish it from P. flexilis and
+  P. koraiensis. From the latter it is also distinct in its dehiscent
+  cone and in its seed. The section of its leaf, with dorsal ducts often
+  in two positions, is peculiar to this species among Soft Pines.
+
+    Plate IX.
+
+    Fig. 96, Two cones and seed. Fig. 97, Leaf-fascicle. Figs. 98, 99,
+    Magnified sections of three leaves.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE IX. P. FLEXILIS (93-95), ARMANDI (96-99)]
+
+
+=III. STROBI=
+
+Seed with a long effective wing adnate to the nut.
+
+The base of the seed-wing corresponds to the marginal spermoderm of the
+Flexiles but is prolonged into an effective adnate wing. This form of
+wing appears again in the species Balfouriana and in the group
+Longifoliae.
+
+    Cones very long, usually exceeding 25 cm.
+      Cone-scales prolonged and reflexed                 6. ayacahuite.
+      Cone-scales appressed                              7. Lambertiana.
+    Cones less than 25 cm. long.
+      Cone-scales prominently convex.
+        Leaves less than 7 cm. long                      8. parviflora.
+        Leaves 9-12 cm. long                             9. peuce.
+        Leaves 12-18 cm. long                           10. excelsa.
+      Cone-scales thin, conforming to the surface of
+          the cone.
+        Cone relatively longer, its phyllotaxis 8/21    11. monticola.
+        Cone relatively shorter, its phyllotaxis 5/13   12. strobus.
+
+
+6. PINUS AYACAHUITE
+
+    1838 P. ayacahuite Ehrenberg in Linnaea, xii. 492.
+    1848 P. strobiformis Engelmann in Wislizenus, Tour Mex. 102.
+    1857 P. Veitchii Roezl, Cat. Graines Conif. Mex. 32.
+    1858 P. Bonapartea Roezl in Gard. Chron. 358.
+    1858 P. Loudoniana Gordon, Pinet. 230.
+
+Spring-shoots glabrous or pubescent. Leaves from 10 to 20 cm. long,
+serrulate, their stomata ventral only, their resin-ducts external, often
+numerous. Cones from 25 to 45 cm. long, pendent on long stalks,
+subcylindrical or tapering, often curved; apophyses pale nut-brown, dull
+or sublustrous, varying much in thickness, prolonged in various degrees,
+the prolongations patulous, reflexed, recurved or revolute; seeds of
+the southern typical form with a long wing, the wing diminishing and the
+nut increasing in relative size northward.
+
+  The White Pine of Mexico and Guatemala grows on mountain-slopes and at
+  the head of ravines. It is not very hardy in cultivation except in the
+  milder parts of Great Britain and in northern Italy, where the forms
+  of central and northern Mexico have been very successful. The species
+  is best recognized by the prolonged apophyses of its large cone.
+
+  The variations in the size of the cone and in the prolongations of its
+  scales are many, but of far more significance is the remarkable
+  variation of the seed-wing, which is long in the southern part of the
+  range, short and broad in central Mexico, and rudimentary, like the
+  seed of P. flexilis, in the north. This makes it possible to establish
+  two well defined varieties--Veitchii and brachyptera. The three forms
+  of the species present a gradation from the long effective wing of the
+  Strobi to the rudimentary form of the Flexiles. Many of the seed-wings
+  of the var. Veitchii correspond, in their short broad form and opaque
+  coloring, with the characteristic wing of P. Lambertiana.
+
+    Plate X. (leaves and cones much reduced).
+
+    Fig. 103, Cone and cone-scale of var. Veitchii. Fig. 104, Cone and
+    seed of var. brachyptera. Fig. 105, Cone-scale of the typical form.
+    Figs. 106, 107, Leaf-fascicles and magnified leaf-sections.
+
+
+7. PINUS LAMBERTIANA
+
+    1827 P. Lambertiana Douglas in Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. 497.
+
+Spring-shoots pubescent. Leaves from 7 to 10 cm. long, serrulate;
+stomata dorsal and ventral; resin-ducts external or with one or two
+ventral medial ducts. Cones from 30 to 50 cm. long, pendent,
+subcylindrical, tapering to a rounded apex; apophyses pale nut-brown,
+thick, a narrow border of the under surface showing on the closed cone,
+the margin rounded or tapering to a blunt slightly reflexed tip; seed
+with a large nut and a broad short opaque wing.
+
+  The Sugar Pine is the tallest of the genus and attains a height of 50
+  or 60 metres. It grows on mountain slopes and the sides of ravines.
+  Its southern limit is in Lower California on the plateau of San Pedro
+  Martir, its northern limit is in western Oregon. The wood is valuable,
+  its nuts are eaten by native Indians, and the sweet exudation, which
+  gives the tree its popular name, is a manna-like substance of some
+  officinal value. P. Lambertiana is recognized by its long cone and by
+  the constant dorsal stomata of its leaves.
+
+    Plate X. (leaves and cone much reduced).
+
+    Fig. 100, Cone and seed. Fig. 101, Conelet. Fig. 102, Leaf-fascicle
+    and magnified leaf-section.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE X. P. LAMBERTIANA (100-102), AYACAHUITE (103-107)]
+
+
+8. PINUS PARVIFLORA
+
+    1784 P. cembra Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 274. (not Linnaeus).
+    1842 P. parviflora Siebold and Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. ii. 27, t. 115.
+    1890 P. pentaphylla Mayr, Mon. Abiet. Jap. 78, 94, t. 6.
+    1908 P. morrisonicola Hayata in Gard. Chron. ser. 3, xliii. 194.
+    1908 P. formosana Hayata in Jour. Linn. Soc. xxxviii. 297, t. 22.
+
+Spring-shoots pubescent or glabrous; branches becoming studded with
+prominent resin-cells of the cortex. Leaves from 3 to 8 cm. long,
+slender, serrulate; stomata ventral only; resin-ducts external and
+dorsal. Cones subsessile, often persistent, from 5 to 10 cm. long,
+patulous or horizontal, short-ovate, or elongate and slightly conical;
+apophyses nut-brown, abruptly convex near the apex, or irregularly
+warped, varying much in size, the umbo confluent with the thin margin of
+the scale and resting on the apophysis beneath; seeds with a large nut
+and a short broad wing, often temporarily adherent to the cone-scale and
+breaking apart at the fall of the nut.
+
+  A tree of the mountains of Japan and Formosa, cultivated extensively.
+  It is recognized by its very short quinate leaves and by its nearly
+  sessile cones. The frequent but not invariable retention of the
+  seed-wing in the cone is due to adhesion. Many seeds fall with their
+  wings intact, others break away from the wing which, after a while,
+  loosens and also falls.
+
+    Plate XI.
+
+    Figs. 114, 115, Three cones and seed. Fig. 116, Leaf-fascicle and
+    magnified leaf-section.
+
+
+9. PINUS PEUCE
+
+    1844 P. peuce Grisebach, Spicil. Fl. Rumel. ii. 349.
+    1865 P. excelsa Hooker in Jour. Linn. Soc. viii. 145. (not Wallich).
+
+Spring-shoots glabrous. Leaves from 7 to 10 cm. long, erect, serrulate;
+stomata ventral only; resin-ducts external. Connective of pollen-sacs
+small and narrow. Cones deciduous, from 8 to 15 cm. long,
+subcylindrical, often curved, the peduncle short; apophyses tawny
+yellow, prominently and abruptly convex, the umbo against the scale
+beneath; seed-wing long.
+
+  A tree of the Balkan Mountains, very hardy and bearing abundant fruit
+  in the gardens of both hemispheres. The cone resembles that of P.
+  excelsa, but is prevalently much shorter and with a relatively shorter
+  peduncle. Its leaves are also much shorter and are always erect. A
+  curious difference is found in the connectives of the pollen-sacs,
+  small in peuce (fig. 113), large in excelsa (fig. 110). The convexity
+  of its apophyses distinguishes the cone from those of P. monticola and
+  P. strobus. Beissner followed Hooker and named this species excelsa,
+  var. peuce, in the first edition of his Handbuch (1891), but in the
+  second edition he restored the Balkan Pine to specific standing.
+
+    Plate XI.
+
+    Fig. 111, Cone and seed. Fig. 112, Leaf-fascicle and magnified
+    leaf-section. Fig. 113, Pollen-sacs and connective magnified.
+
+
+10. PINUS EXCELSA
+
+    1824 P. excelsa Wallich ex Lambert, Gen. Pin. ii, 5, t. 3.
+    1845 P. nepalensis De Chambray, Arbr. Resin. 342.
+    1854 P. Griffithii McClelland in Griffith, Notul. Pl. Asiat. iv, 17;
+              Icon. Pl. Asiat. t. 365.
+
+Spring-shoots glabrous. Leaves from 10 to 18 cm. long, drooping,
+serrulate; stomata ventral only; resin-ducts external but often with a
+medial ventral duct. Connective of the pollen-sacs large. Cones from 15
+to 25 cm. long, narrow-cylindrical; apophyses tawny yellow or pale
+fulvous brown, prominently convex, the umbo against the apophysis
+beneath; seeds with a long wing.
+
+  A tree with gray-green drooping foliage, found, with some
+  interruptions, along the Himalayas. It furnishes resin, tar and wood
+  of considerable value. It is cultivated in all temperate climates and
+  is a familiar tree of American and European gardens. Madden states
+  that the foliage of P. excelsa is sometimes erect and is occasionally
+  bright green. Such variations are often met in other species of Pinus.
+  Usually the drooping gray-green foliage and the peculiar cone are
+  sufficient for the recognition of this species. The not infrequent
+  presence of a medial duct and the large connective are valuable aids
+  for identifying it.
+
+    Plate XI.
+
+    Fig. 108, Cone and seed. Fig. 109, Leaf-fascicle and magnified
+    section of two leaves. Fig. 110, Pollen-sacs and connective
+    magnified.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XI. P. EXCELSA (108-110), PEUCE (111-113),
+PARVIFLORA (114-116)]
+
+
+11. PINUS MONTICOLA
+
+    1837 P. monticola Douglas ex Lambert, Gen. Pin. iii. t.
+    1884 P. porphyrocarpa Lawson, Pinet. Brit. i, 83, ff.
+
+Spring-shouts pubescent. Leaves from 4 to 10 cm. long, serrulate;
+stomata ventral or rarely with a few dorsal stomata; resin-ducts
+external. Cones from 10 to 25 cm. long, cylindrical or tapering,
+sometimes curved; apophyses brown-ochre or fulvous brown, thin, smooth,
+conforming to the surface of the cone, the apex sometimes slightly
+prolonged and reflexed, the umbo not quite touching the surface of the
+scale below.
+
+  The western White Pine grows in southern British Columbia and on
+  Vancouver Island, on the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Idaho, in
+  Washington, on the Blue Mountains, Cascades and Coast Range of Oregon,
+  across northern California and along the Sierras to the mountains of
+  southern California. Where it is abundant and accessible it furnishes
+  valuable timber. It is hardy in New England and in northern and
+  central Europe.
+
+  It differs from P. strobus in the higher phyllotaxis of its cone, an
+  obvious difference that may be seen by comparing cones of the two
+  species of the same length (figs. 117, 119), the number of scales on
+  the cone of P. monticola being much greater than that on the cone of
+  P. strobus. Nuttall (Sylva, iii, 118) followed Hooker in considering
+  it to be a variety of P. strobus.
+
+    Plate XII.
+
+    Fig. 117, Cone and cone-scale. Fig. 118, Leaf-fascicle and magnified
+    leaf-section.
+
+
+12. PINUS STROBUS
+
+    1753 P. strobus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1001.
+    1855 P. nivea Booth ex Carriere, Trait. Conif. 305.
+    1862 P. alba-canadensis Provancher, Fl. Canad. ii. 554.
+    1903 Strobus strobus Small, Fl. Southeast. U. S. 29.
+
+Spring-shoots pubescent. Leaves from 6 to 14 cm. long, serrulate;
+stomata ventral only; resin-ducts external. Cones from 8 to 24 cm. long,
+narrow cylindrical, sometimes curved; apophyses fulvous brown, or rufous
+brown, thin, the smooth or slightly rugose surface conforming to the
+general surface of the cone; seed with a long wing.
+
+  A valuable timber-tree of singular beauty and rapid growth. The
+  northern limit of its range extends from Newfoundland to Manitoba; it
+  grows throughout the northern states from Minnesota to the Atlantic,
+  and, south of Pennsylvania, along the Appalachians to northern
+  Georgia. Its tractable and reliable wood, its adaptability to various
+  soils and climates, its early maturity and stately habit, recommend it
+  to the forester and gardener.
+
+  Mature trees of P. strobus tower above the evergreens associated with
+  it. It is also recognized by the color and horizontal massing of its
+  foliage. The cone, when closed, is very narrow; its thin flat scales
+  distinguish it from the cone of P. peuce, and its phyllotaxis from the
+  cone of P. monticola. To illustrate the possibilities of variation in
+  the size of Pine cones, I once collected several in Tamworth, N. H.,
+  on the estate of Mr. Augustus Hemenway, on the same slope and within
+  an area of one square kilometre. These cones varied in length from 6
+  to 24 cm., with all intermediate sizes. Also on each tree were cones
+  of various lengths, but the longest were confined to two or three
+  trees among the several hundred examined. Dimensions of leaves also
+  varied with individual trees; not infrequently the leaves of a tree
+  were twice the length of those of an adjacent tree. Such variations
+  appear in many species and in many localities.
+
+    Plate XII.
+
+    Fig. 119, Two cones. Fig. 120, Leaf-fascicle. Fig. 121, Magnified
+    leaf-section. Fig. 122, Conelets. Fig. 123, A cultivated tree in
+    Massachusetts.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XII. P. MONTICOLA (117, 118), STROBUS (119-123)]
+
+=Paracembra=
+
+Umbo of the cone-scale dorsal. Scales of the conelet mucronate or
+aristate. Epiderm and hypoderm of the leaf similar, appearing as a
+single tissue; resin-ducts external. Pits of the ray-cells small.
+
+  The wood of this subsection differs from that of other species, except
+  that of P. pinea, in the Picea-like characters of the medullary
+  rays--tracheids with smooth walls combined with the thick walls and
+  small pits of the ray-cells. On the character of the seeds the species
+  may be divided into three groups.
+
+    Seeds wingless                                    IV. Cembroides.
+    Seeds with a short, ineffective, articulate wing   V. Gerardianae.
+    Seeds with a long and effective wing              VI. Balfourianae.
+
+
+=IV. CEMBROIDES=
+
+Seeds wingless, the nut large, wholly or partly bare of membranous
+cover. Cones varying from yellow-ochre to deep red-orange in color.
+
+  These are the Nut Pines, growing on the arid slopes and table-lands
+  above the great plateau of northern Mexico and its extension into the
+  southwestern United States. There are three distinct species.
+
+    Leaves entire, the sheath deciduous.
+      Cones subglobose, subsessile                  13. cembroides.
+      Cones cylindrical, pedunculate                14. Pinceana.
+    Leaves serrulate, the sheath persistent         15. Nelsonii.
+
+
+13. PINUS CEMBROIDES
+
+    1832 P. cembroides Zuccarini in Abh. Akad. Muench. i. 392.
+    1838 P. Llaveana Schiede in Linnaea, xii. 488.
+    1845 P. monophylla Torrey in Fremont's Rep. 319, t. 4.
+    1847 P. Fremontiana Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 183.
+    1848 P. edulis Engelmann in Wislizenus, Tour. Mex. 88.
+    1848 P. osteosperma Engelmann in Wislizenus, Tour. Mex. 89.
+    1862 P. Parryana Engelmann in Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiv. 332
+              (not Gordon).
+    1897 P. quadrifolia Sudworth, Bull. 14, U. S. Dep. Agric. 17.
+    1903 Caryopitys edulus Small, Fl. Southeast. U. S. 29.
+
+Spring-shoots pruinose. Leaves from 2 to 6 cm. long, in fascicles of 1
+to 5, the sheath-scales revolute at the apex, then deciduous; stomata
+ventral, or ventral and dorsal; resin-ducts external. Scales of the
+conelet armed with a minute prickle. Cones from 4 to 6 cm. long,
+subglobose, subsessile; apophyses lustrous ochre-yellow, crowned with a
+quadrilateral umbo bearing the minute prickle of the conelet; seed
+flaxen yellow when fresh, its testa bare, the spermoderm adnate to the
+cone-scale.
+
+  A broad tree with a round head, similar in size and form, but not in
+  ramification, to the cultivated Apple-tree; growing on arid slopes and
+  table-lands. Its eastern limit is in southwestern Wyoming, central
+  Colorado, Texas, western Tamaulipas and northwestern Vera Cruz. It
+  ranges over Utah, Nevada, Arizona and the northern states of Mexico to
+  the southern Sierras of California and to the northern and southern
+  extremities of Lower California. It is recognized by its small cone,
+  which expands, when open, into an irregular flat aggregate of loosely
+  attached scales. The leaves are shorter than those of the other Pines
+  of this group.
+
+  The cone of this species always retains its peculiar character. The
+  variations are mainly in the number of leaves in the fascicle. On this
+  character this Nut Pine is divided by many authors into four
+  species--cembroides, with three slender leaves--edulis, with two stout
+  leaves--monophylla, with one leaf and--Parryana, with four stout
+  leaves. But there are intermediate forms that may be either cembroides
+  or edulis, edulis or monophylla etc., and Voss's reduction of the four
+  to a single species with three varieties seems to be justified (Mitt.
+  Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. xvi. 95).
+
+    Plate XIII.
+
+    Fig. 130, Cone, cone-scale and seed. Fig. 131, Open cone. Fig. 132,
+    Branchlet with leaves and magnified leaf-section.
+
+14. PINUS PINCEANA
+
+    1846 P. cembroides Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. i. 236, f.
+              (not Zuccarini).
+    1858 P. Pinceana Gordon, Pinet. 204.
+    1882 P. latisquama Engelmann in Gard. Chron. ser. 2, xviii. 712.
+              f. 125 (as to cone only).
+
+Spring-shoots slender, pruinose. Leaves in fascicles of three, the
+sheath revolute at the base, then deciduous; stomata ventral, or ventral
+and dorsal; resin-ducts external. Scales of the conelet minutely
+mucronate. Cones from 6 to 9 cm. long, cylindrical, pendent on long
+peduncles; apophyses lustrous ochre-yellow, elevated in the centre,
+the umbo usually retaining the small prickle; seed large, bearing on its
+dorsal surface remnants of the spermoderm.
+
+  A small bushy tree with long slender branchlets, clear gray cortex,
+  persistently smooth except on the lower part of the trunk, and
+  glaucous-green foliage. It grows along water-courses, dry in autumn
+  and winter, from southern Coahuila to central Hidalgo, and is
+  associated with P. cembroides, from which it may be distinguished by
+  its longer leaves and much longer cylindrical cone.
+
+    Plate XIII.
+
+    Fig. 127, Cone, cone-scale and seed. Fig. 128, Branchlet with
+    leaves. Fig. 129, Magnified leaf-section.
+
+
+15. PINUS NELSONII
+
+    1904 P. Nelsonii Shaw in Gard. Chron. ser. 3, xxxvi. 122, f. 49.
+
+Spring-shoots slender, pruinose; branchlets very pliant and tough,
+summer-shoots abundant. Leaves with a persistent sheath, from 6 to 9 cm.
+long, united in threes along a portion of their ventral surface into
+pseudomonophyllous fascicles, serrulate on the two margins of the dorsal
+surface, entire on the ventral margin; stomata dorsal and with one row
+along the free portion of each ventral face. Conelets usually, if not
+always, pseudolateral by reason of the summer growth of the branchlets,
+and attaining in their first season an unusually large size. Cones from
+6 to 12 cm. long, on very long stout and curved peduncles, cylindrical,
+deciduous by an articulation between the cone and its peduncle, leaving
+the latter for several years on the tree; apophyses dark lustrous
+orange-red, rugose, elevated along a sharp transverse keel, the umbo
+obscurely defined, the mucro usually broken away; nuts large, flaxen
+yellow, the spermoderm adnate to the cone-scale.
+
+  A small bushy tree with long pliant branches, clear gray cortex all
+  over the limbs and trunk, and sparse gray-green foliage. It grows,
+  together with P. cembroides, on the lower slopes of the northeastern
+  Sierras of Mexico, near the boundary between the states of Tamaulipas
+  and Nuevo Leon. It is apparently confined to a small area near the
+  latitude of the city of Victoria, the capital of Tamaulipas, where its
+  nuts are often exposed for sale.
+
+  In many characters this species is unique. It can be recognized at
+  once by the connate leaves that form the fascicle or by the remarkable
+  stout curved peduncle of its cone. Such seeds as I have seen differ
+  from those of P. cembroides by a reddish area at one end, but this can
+  be seen with fresh seeds only.
+
+    Plate XIII.
+
+    Fig. 124, Cone, cone scale and seed. Fig. 125, Branchlet with
+    leaves. Fig. 126, Magnified section of a leaf-fascicle.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XIII. P. NELSONII (124-126), PINCEANA (127-129),
+CEMBROIDES (130-132)]
+
+
+=V. GERARDIANAE=
+
+Seeds with a very short ineffective articulate wing. Leaves in fascicles
+of 3, serrulate, the sheath deciduous. Bark exfoliating in large scales,
+leaving parti-colored areas.
+
+  These Asiatic Nut Pines are alike in leaf and cortex as well as in the
+  peculiar seed-wing. The last often remains in the cone after the nut
+  falls. The mechanical nature of this adhesion is apparent in P.
+  Gerardiana, where the wing adheres not to its own, but to the adjacent
+  scale. The two species are alike in their leaves but distinct in their
+  cones and seeds.
+
+    Cones smaller, the nut short-ovate              16. Bungeana.
+    Cones larger, the nut long-cylindrical          17. Gerardiana.
+
+
+16. PINUS BUNGEANA
+
+    1847 P. Bungeana Zuccarini ex Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 166.
+
+Spring-shoots glabrous, summer-shoots common on fruiting branches of
+young trees. Leaves from 6 to 10 cm. long, serrulate; stomata dorsal and
+ventral; resin-ducts external. Conelets subterminal or often
+pseudolateral, their scales gradually narrowed into a spine. Cones from
+5 to 7 cm. long, short-pedunculate, short-ovate; apophyses dull pale
+nut-brown, elevated along a transverse keel, the dark brown umbo forming
+a spine with a broad base; seeds with a short loosely attached wing,
+sometimes remaining in the cone when the short-ovate nut falls.
+
+  A tree cultivated about the temples of China and recently found by
+  Wilson growing on the mountains of Hupeh. The earlier parti-colored
+  bark changes to chalky white on old trunks, by which the tree is
+  recognized from a great distance. The stem of the tree is often
+  multiple by the vertical growth of some of the lower branches. It is
+  very hardy and is cultivated in Europe and America, although these
+  cultivated trees are not yet of sufficient age to show the remarkable
+  white trunk.
+
+    Plate XIV.
+
+    Fig. 138, Cone and cone-scale with adhering wing. Fig. 139, Seed and
+    wing. Fig. 140, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section. Fig. 141,
+    Parti-colored bark. Fig. 142, Tree with white trunk.
+
+
+17. PINUS GERARDIANA
+
+    1832 P. Gerardiana Wallich ex Lambert, Gen. Pin. ed. 8vo, ii. t. 79.
+
+Spring-shoots glabrous. Leaves from 6 to 10 cm. long, serrulate; stomata
+dorsal and ventral; resin-ducts external. Scales of the conelet armed
+with a short spine. Cones from 9 to 15 cm. long, short-pedunculate,
+ovoid or oblong; apophyses fulvous brown, very thick, with a prominent
+reflexed or erect protuberance culminating in an umbo on which the spine
+is more or less persistent; nuts remarkably long, narrow, terete, the
+shell fragile, the short wing falling with the nut or adhering to the
+adjacent scale.
+
+  A tree of the northwestern Himalayas found on the borders of Cashmere
+  and Thibet and in Kafiristan and north Afghanistan, and so highly
+  prized for its nuts that it is rarely felled for its wood. It grows in
+  dry regions and rarely attains a height of 20 metres. Attempts to
+  cultivate this species, even in the milder parts of Great Britain,
+  have generally failed.
+
+  The apophysis of the cone varies much in prominence (figs. 134, 135),
+  but the peculiar seed is invariable and quite unlike that of any other
+  Pine. The general color of the trunk at a distance is silver-gray.
+
+    Plate XIV.
+
+    Fig. 133, Cone. Fig. 134, Cone-scale with adhering seed-wing. Fig.
+    135, Cone-scale of flatter form. Fig. 136, Seed and wing. Fig. 137,
+    Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XIV. P. GERARDIANA (133-137), BUNGEANA (138-142)]
+
+
+=VI. BALFOURIANAE=
+
+Seeds with long effective wings. Leaves entire, in fascicles of 5, the
+sheath deciduous.
+
+  The two species known as Foxtail Pines are alike in their short entire
+  falcate leaves, persisting for many years and forming long dense
+  foliage-masses. They differ in the armature of their cones and in
+  their seed-wings. The presence of both adnate and articulate wings in
+  these closely related species suggests that these two forms of wing
+  are not fundamentally distinct.
+
+    Cone-scales short-mucronate, the seed-wing adnate   18. Balfouriana.
+    Cone-scales long-aristate, the seed-wing articulate 19. aristata.
+
+
+18. PINUS BALFOURIANA
+
+    1853 P. Balfouriana Balfour in Bot. Exp. Oregon, 1, f.
+
+Spring-shoots somewhat puberulent. Leaves from 2 to 4 cm. long,
+persistent for many years; stomata ventral only; resin-ducts external.
+Scales of the conelet short-mucronate. Cones from 7 to 12 cm. long,
+tapering to a rounded apex, short-pedunculate; apophyses dark
+terracotta-brown, tumid, the umbo bearing a short recumbent prickle;
+seed with a long adnate wing.
+
+  An alpine species growing often at the timber-limit. It is found in
+  two distinct stations in California, on the northern Coast Range and
+  on the southern Sierras. It is not often cultivated, but young plants
+  may be seen in the Arnold Arboretum and in the Royal Gardens at Kew.
+
+    Plate XV.
+
+    Fig. 147, Cone, seed and enlarged cone-scale. Fig. 148,
+    Leaf-fascicle. Fig. 149, Magnified leaf-section. Fig. 150, A branch
+    with persistent leaves.
+
+
+19. PINUS ARISTATA
+
+    1862 P. aristata Engelmann in Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiv. 331.
+    1871 P. Balfouriana Watson in King's Rep. v. 331 (not Balfour).
+
+Spring-shoots glabrous or temporarily pubescent. Leaves from 2 to 4 cm.
+long, persistent for many years; stomata ventral only; resin-ducts
+external. Scales of the conelet prolonged into long slender bristles.
+Cones from 4 to 9 cm. long, subcylindrical or tapering to a rounded
+apex, short-pedunculate; apophyses terracotta or purple-brown, tumid,
+the long bristles of the umbo often partly or wholly broken away; seeds
+with a long articulate wing.
+
+  A bushy tree, similar in foliage to the preceding species, growing at
+  the timber-limit from Colorado through Utah, central and southern
+  Nevada and northern Arizona into southeastern California, but
+  separated from the nearest station of P. Balfouriana by an arid
+  treeless desert. Engelmann (in Brewer and Watson, Bot. Calif. ii. 125)
+  considered it to be a variety of P. Balfouriana.
+
+    Plate XV.
+
+    Fig. 143, Cone. Fig. 144, Seed and enlarged cone-scale. Fig. 145,
+    Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section. Fig. 146, Conelet.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XV. P. ARISTATA (143-146), BALFOURIANA (147-150)]
+
+
+
+
+DIPLOXYLON
+
+
+Bases of the bracts subtending leaf-fascicles decurrent. Leaves
+serrulate; fibro-vascular bundle double; stomata dorsal and ventral.
+Cones with a dorsal umbo, the phyllotaxis complex. Wood hard, with dark
+resinous bands, the annual rings clearly defined.
+
+  In this section there are a few species combining the essential
+  characters of Diploxylon with important characters of Haploxylon. A
+  subsection, Parapinaster, is established for these exceptional
+  species.
+
+    c. Parapinaster  Species with the fascicle-sheath or seed-wing of
+                       Haploxylon.
+    d. Pinaster      Sheath persistent, seed-wing articulate, effective.
+
+=Parapinaster=
+
+    Sheath of the leaf-fascicle deciduous          VII.  Leiophyllae.
+    Sheath of the leaf-fascicle persistent.
+      Seed-wing of the Strobi                     VIII.  Longifoliae.
+      Seed-wing of the Gerardianae                  IX.  Pineae.
+
+
+=VII. LEIOPHYLLAE=
+
+    Sheath of the leaf-fascicles deciduous.
+      Leaves short, erect, the fructification triennial  20. leiophylla.
+      Leaves long, pendent, the fructification biennial  21. Lumholtzii.
+
+
+20. PINUS LEIOPHYLLA
+
+    1831 P. leiophylla Schlechtendal and Chamisso in Linnaea, vi. 354.
+    1848 P. chihuahuana Engelmann in Wislizenus, Tour. Mex. 103.
+
+Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves in fascicles of 3, 4 or 5, the sheath
+deciduous, from 8 to 14 cm. long; resin-ducts medial with an occasional
+internal duct. Conelets single or verticillate, their scales mucronate;
+conelets of the second year only slightly enlarged. Cones maturing the
+third year, not exceeding 7 cm. in length, ovate or ovate-conic,
+subsymmetrical, more or less reflexed, persistent for several years on
+some trees, sometimes serotinous; apophyses lighter or darker brown,
+often with an olive or fuscous shade, thin or tumid, the umbo double,
+the mucro more persistent near the apex of the cone.
+
+  This species grows at subtropical or warm-temperate altitudes in
+  Mexico, from Oaxaca through the central and western states to southern
+  Arizona and New Mexico. As it approaches the northern part of its
+  range the leaves become thicker and more rigid and the number in the
+  fascicle is reduced to 3 or 4 (var. chihuahuana, Shaw, Pines Mex. 14).
+  Like P. rigida it sprouts freely along the branches and trunk, and
+  stumps of felled trees put out shoots in great numbers. The species is
+  easily recognized by the deciduous sheath and triennial cone.
+
+    Plate XVI.
+
+    Fig. 151, Branch with fruit of first, second and third years. Fig.
+    152, Leaf-fascicles. Fig. 153, Magnified leaf-section of the
+    species. Fig. 154, Magnified leaf-section of the variety.
+
+
+21. PINUS LUMHOLTZII
+
+    1894 P. Lumholtzii Robinson & Fernald in Proc. Am. Acad. xxx. 122.
+
+Spring-shoots uninodal, sometimes multinodal. Leaves in fascicles of 3,
+the sheath deciduous, from 20 to 30 cm. long, absolutely pendent;
+resin-ducts medial and internal. Conelets subterminal, or lateral and
+subterminal, mucronate. Cones not exceeding 7 cm. in length,
+symmetrical, pendent on slender peduncles, ovate-conic, early deciduous;
+apophyses sublustrous, nut-brown, tumid at the margins, flat on the
+surface, the umbo large, the mucro rarely persistent.
+
+  A remarkable Pine with long pendent bright green foliage, confined to
+  the western states of Mexico and ranging on the mountains from
+  southern Jalisco to the latitude of the city of Chihuahua. Each
+  season's growth of leaves hangs from the branchlet like a long beard,
+  from which the tree receives, in some localities, the name "Pino barba
+  caida." In the herbarium the long leaves, deciduous sheaths, and the
+  decurrent bases of the bracts, present a combination of characters not
+  found in other species.
+
+    Plate XVI.
+
+    Fig. 155, Cone. Fig. 156, Cone. Fig. 157, Leaf-fascicle. Fig. 158,
+    Magnified leaf-section. Fig. 159, Tree at Ferraria de Tula.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XVI. P. LEIOPHYLLA (151-154), LUMHOLTZII
+(155-159)]
+
+
+=VIII. LONGIFOLIAE=
+
+Seed-wing adnate to the nut. Leaves long, in fascicles of 3, the sheath
+persistent.
+
+    Apophysis of the cone prolonged and reflexed       22. longifolia.
+    Apophysis of the cone low-pyramidal                23. canariensis.
+
+
+22. PINUS LONGIFOLIA
+
+    1803 P. longifolia Roxburgh ex Lambert, Gen. Pin. i. 29, t. 21.
+    1897 P. Roxburghii Sargent, Silva N. Am. xi. 9.
+
+Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves in fascicles of 3, the sheath persistent,
+from 20 to 30 cm. long; resin-ducts external, the hypoderm often in
+large masses, some or all of the endoderm cells with thick outer walls.
+Cones from 10 to 17 cm. long, short-pedunculate, ovoid-conic; apophyses
+lustrous brown-ochre or fuscous brown, elevated into thick, often
+reflexed, beaks with obtuse mutic umbos; seeds with large nuts and
+adnate striated dark gray or fuscous brown wings.
+
+  Of the three Pines of the Himalayas this species is the most
+  important. It grows on the outer slopes and foot-hills from Bhotan to
+  Afghanistan. The wood is used for construction and for the manufacture
+  of charcoal, the thick soft bark is valuable for tanning, the resin is
+  abundant and of commercial importance, and the nuts are gathered for
+  food. The tree is not hardy in cool-temperate climates, but has been
+  successfully grown in northern Italy.
+
+  It differs from P. canariensis in the usually protuberant apophysis of
+  the cone, in the thick outer walls of the leaf-endoderm and in the
+  nearly smooth walls of the ray-tracheids of the wood. In the
+  dimensions of cone and leaf, in the dermal tissues and resin-ducts of
+  the leaf and in the peculiar coloring of the seed-wing, the two
+  species are alike.
+
+    Plate XVII.
+
+    Fig. 160, Cone. Fig. 161, Leaf-fascicle. Fig. 162, Magnified
+    leaf-section.
+
+
+23. PINUS CANARIENSIS
+
+    1825 P. canariensis Smith in Buch, Canar. Ins. 159.
+
+Spring-shoots uninodal, pruinose. Bud-scales with conspicuously long
+free fimbriate margins. Leaves in fascicles of 3, the sheath persistent,
+from 20 to 30 cm. long; the hypoderm often in large masses, the
+resin-ducts external, the endoderm with thin outer walls. Cones from 10
+to 17 cm. long, short-pedunculate, ovoid-conic; apophyses lustrous or
+sublustrous nut-brown, more or less pyramidal, the umbo unarmed; seeds
+as in the last species.
+
+  A species confined to the Canary Islands, but cultivated in northern
+  Italy. The stately habit of this tree is seen in Schroeter's portrait
+  (Exc. Canar. Ins. t. 15).
+
+    Plate XVII.
+
+    Fig. 163, Cone and seed. Fig. 164, Magnified leaf-section. Fig. 165,
+    Habit of the tree.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XVII. P. LONGIFOLIA (160-162), CANARIENSIS
+(163-165)]
+
+
+=IX. PINEAE=
+
+Seed-wing articulate, short, ineffective. Leaves binate, the sheath
+persistent. One species only.
+
+
+24. PINUS PINEA
+
+    1753 P. pinea Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1000.
+    1778 P. sativa Lamarck, Fl. Franc. ii. 200.
+    1854 P. maderiensis Tenore in Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 4, ii. 379.
+
+Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves from 12 to 20 cm. long; resin-ducts
+external. Conelet mutic, slightly larger in the second year. Cones
+triennial, from 10 to 14 cm. long, ovoid or subglobose; apophyses
+lustrous nut-brown, convex, of large size, the umbo double; seeds large
+with a short, loosely articulated, deciduous wing.
+
+  A species of the Mediterranean Basin, from Portugal to Syria. Its
+  northern limit is in southern France and northern Italy, but it is
+  cultivated in the southern parts of the British Isles and is a
+  familiar ornament of park and garden in southern Europe, and is valued
+  for its peculiar beauty and for its large savory nuts. In wood anatomy
+  as well as in the seed it agrees with the Gerardianae of the Soft
+  Pines.
+
+    Plate XVIII.
+
+    Fig. 166, Fruit of three seasons. Fig. 167, Cone-scales and seed.
+    Fig. 168, Magnified leaf-section. Fig. 169, Habit of the tree.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XVIII. PINUS PINEA]
+
+=Pinaster=
+
+Bases of the bracts subtending leaf-fascicles decurrent. Seeds with an
+effective articulate wing. Umbo of the cone-scales dorsal. Leaves
+serrulate, stomatiferous on all faces, the sheath persistent. Walls of
+the tracheids of the medullary rays dentate.
+
+  Forty-two of the sixty-six species of Pinus are included in this
+  subsection. As a group they are clearly circumscribed by several
+  correlated characters and are more closely interrelated than the
+  twenty-four species previously described. The distinctions of umbo and
+  seed have disappeared. The umbo here is invariably dorsal, the
+  seed-wing invariably articulate.
+
+  New forms, however, are gradually evolved--the seed with a thick
+  wing-blade, the indurated oblique cone, the serotinous cone with its
+  intermittent seed-release, and the multinodal spring-shoot. There are,
+  moreover, new forms of leaf-hypoderm and a new position of the
+  resin-duct.
+
+  Of these new characters, the thick wing-blade attains such proportions
+  in the three species of the Macrocarpae that they can be grouped
+  apart. But the characters that finally culminate in a lateral oblique
+  serotinous cone are so gradually and irregularly developed that they
+  offer no divisional distinctions. With the aid of wood and leaf
+  characters, however, groups can be established which preserve the
+  evolutionary sequence and, at the same time, the obvious affinity of
+  the species.
+
+    Wing-blade thin or slightly thickened at the base.
+     Cones dehiscent at maturity.
+      Pits of the ray-cells large                      X.    Lariciones
+      Pits of the ray-cells small                      XI.   Australes
+     Cones serotinous, pits of the ray-cells small     XII.  Insignes
+    Wing-blade very thick                              XIII. Macrocarpae
+
+  The species of this subsection are very difficult, if not impossible,
+  to classify by the usual method, which groups all species under a few
+  characters assumed to be invariable and of fundamental importance.
+  Such a method can be successfully applied to the Soft Pines and to
+  some of the Hard Pines, but cannot be applied to all the Hard Pines
+  without forcing some of them into unnatural associations.
+
+  To take an example, the group Pseudostrobus, characterized by
+  pentamerous leaf-fascicles, appears in many systems. In this group are
+  placed P. Torreyana and P. leiophylla. Another group, with trimerous
+  fascicles, contains P. Sabiniana and P. taeda. Now there are no two
+  species more obviously related by important peculiarities than P.
+  Torreyana and P. Sabiniana; nevertheless they are, by this method,
+  kept apart and associated with species which they resemble in no
+  important particular.
+
+  An attempt is made here to avoid such incongruities. Groups X, XI and
+  XII represent different stages of evolution. In the Lariciones the
+  cone is symmetrical, and dehiscent and deciduous at maturity, while
+  the spring-shoot is uninodal. In the Australes there is a similar
+  cone, but the spring-shoot gradually becomes multinodal. In the
+  Insignes the cone is oblique, persistent and serotinous, and the
+  spring-shoot is multinodal.
+
+  These definitions state the degree of evolution attained by each
+  group, but not all the species of a group conform exactly with its
+  definition. In each group are species with a characteristic of another
+  group. Among the Lariciones are a few species with both symmetrical
+  and oblique cones, and two with persistent cones. Similar exceptions
+  occur among the Australes. Among the Insignes are a few species with
+  symmetrical cones, and two with cones that are rarely, if ever,
+  serotinous.
+
+  There is, however, no difficulty in fixing the systematic position of
+  these exceptional species through other characters which show their
+  true affinity. They are placed with the species which they most
+  resemble. Their exceptional characters are merely the evidence of the
+  evolution that pervades and unites the groups. Therefore the
+  definition of a group is not necessarily the exact definition of its
+  species, and a species is placed in a group because all its
+  characters, specific and evolutional, show a closer affinity with that
+  group than with the species of any other.
+
+
+=X. LARICIONES=
+
+Pits of the ray-cells large. Cells of the leaf-hypoderm uniform.
+Spring-shoots uninodal. Cones dehiscent at maturity.
+
+  This group represents the first stage in the evolution of the Hard
+  Pines. All the species, like the Soft Pines, are uninodal and the
+  cones are dehiscent at maturity, but the trend toward the serotinous
+  species is shown in the occasional appearance of the oblique cone as a
+  varietal form of a few species, and in the persistent cone of the last
+  two species of this group.
+
+  All the species of this group are of the Old World except P. resinosa
+  and P. tropicalis. These two are the only American Pines combining
+  large pits with dentate tracheids, and are the only American Hard
+  Pines with external resin-ducts of the leaf.
+
+    Cones deciduous at maturity.
+      Cones ovate or ovate-conic.
+        Conelet with tuberculate or entire scales.
+          Resin-ducts external and medial          25. resinosa
+          Resin-ducts septal and external          26. tropicalis
+        Conelet with mucronate scales.
+          Resin-ducts mostly external.
+            Conelet pedunculate, erect.
+              Cone nut-brown                       27. Massoniana
+              Cone dull tawny yellow               28. densiflora
+            Conelet pedunculate, reflexed          29. sylvestris
+            Conelet subsessile, erect              30. montana
+          Resin-ducts mostly medial.
+            Bark-formation late                    31. luchuensis
+            Bark-formation early.
+              Cone nut-brown                       32. Thunbergii
+              Cone lustrous tawny yellow           33. nigra
+      Cones narrow cylindrical                     34. Merkusii
+    Cones tenaciously persistent.
+      Leaves stout, relatively short               35. sinensis
+      Leaves slender, relatively long              36. insularis
+
+
+25. PINUS RESINOSA
+
+    1789 P. resinosa Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii. 367.
+    1810 P. rubra Michaux f. Hist. Arbr. Am. i. 45, t. 1.
+
+Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves binate, from 12 to 17 cm. long;
+resin-ducts external or external and medial; hypoderm uniform and
+inconspicuous. Scales of the conelet mutic. Cones from 4 to 6 cm. long,
+subsessile, symmetrical, deciduous the third year, leaving a few basal
+scales on the tree; apophyses sublustrous, nut-brown, somewhat thickened
+along a transverse keel.
+
+  From Nova Scotia and Lake St. John this species ranges westward to the
+  Winnipeg River and southward into Minnesota, Michigan, northern New
+  York and eastern Massachusetts, with rare occurrence on the mountains
+  of Pennsylvania. Under cultivation it is a beautiful tree, adapted to
+  cold-temperate climates. It was considered by Loiseleur (1812) and by
+  Spach (1842) to be a variety of P. nigra (laricio). The two species
+  vary in the color of the cone, the anatomy of the leaves, the buds,
+  and in the armature of the conelet. A fallen cone of this species is
+  moreover usually imperfect from the loss of a few basal scales.
+
+    Plate XIX.
+
+    Fig. 170, Cone and enlarged conelet. Fig. 171, Leaf-fascicle and
+    magnified leaf-section.
+
+
+26. PINUS TROPICALIS
+
+    1851 P. tropicalis Morelet in Rev. Hort. Cote d'Or, i. 105.
+    1904 P. terthrocarpa Shaw in Gard. Chron. ser. 3, xxxv. 179, f. 74.
+
+Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves binate, sometimes ternate, from 15 to 30
+cm. long, rigid, erect; hypoderm of uniform thick-walled cells;
+resin-ducts of remarkable size, septal, or not quite touching the
+endoderm and technically external. Scales of the conelet minutely
+tuberculate. Cones from 5 to 8 cm. long, short-pedunculate, erect or
+patulous; ovate-conic, symmetrical; apophyses rufous brown,
+low-pyramidal, the umbo mutic.
+
+  Growing at sea-level within the tropics and confined to western Cuba
+  and the Isle of Pines. On the island it is associated with P.
+  caribaea. This species needs no other means of identification than its
+  peculiar leaf-section. Septal ducts are found in P. oocarpa, Pringlei,
+  Merkusii and rarely in other species, but they never attain the
+  extraordinary size that appears to be invariable in P. tropicalis.
+
+    Plate XIX.
+
+    Fig. 172, Cone and enlarged conelet. Fig. 173, Branch with leaves,
+    much reduced. Fig. 174, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section.
+    Fig. 175, Trees on the Isle of Pines.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XIX. P. RESINOSA (170, 171), TROPICALIS (172-175)]
+
+
+27. PINUS MASSONIANA
+
+1803 P. Massoniana Lambert, Gen. Pin. i. 17, t. 12. 1861 P. canaliculata
+Miquel in Jour. Bot. Neerland. i. 86.
+
+Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves binate, rarely ternate, from 12 to 20 cm.
+long, slender and pliant; hypoderm inconspicuous; resin-ducts external.
+Staminate catkins often in long dense clusters. Conelets partly
+tuberculate or mucronate, partly mutic. Cones symmetrical, from 4 to 7
+cm. long, ovate-conic, short-pedunculate, early deciduous; apophyses
+sublustrous, nut-brown, flat or somewhat elevated, the umbo usually
+mutic.
+
+  The Chinese Red Pine is found in warm-temperate climates. It is native
+  to southeastern China and follows the valley of the Yangtse River into
+  Szech'uan. It has been confused by London with P. pinaster, which it
+  resembles in no respect, by Siebold with P. Thunbergii, from which it
+  differs in leaf-dimensions and in leaf-section, and by Mayr with his
+  P. luchuensis, whose peculiar cortex and whose leaf-section has no
+  counterpart among Chinese Hard Pines. Its nearest relative is P.
+  densiflora, from which it differs in its longer leaves, in the color
+  of its cone and in its conelet (Plate XX, figs. 176, 179).
+
+    Plate XX.
+
+    Fig. 176, Cone and enlarged conelet. Fig. 177, Two leaf-fascicles.
+    Fig. 178, Magnified leaf-section.
+
+
+28. PINUS DENSIFLORA
+
+    1842 P. densiflora Siebold & Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. ii. 22, t. 112.
+    1854 P. scopifera Miquel in Zollinger, Syst. Verz. Ind. Archip. 82.
+
+Spring-shoots more or less pruinose, uninodal. Leaves binate, from 8 to
+12 cm. long, slender; hypoderm of few inconspicuous cells; resin-ducts
+external. Staminate catkins in long dense clusters. Scales of the
+conelet conspicuously mucronate. Cones symmetrical, from 3 to 5 cm.
+long, ovate-conic, often persistent for a few years but with a weak hold
+on the branch; apophyses dull pale tawny yellow, flat or slightly
+elevated, the mucro more or less persistent.
+
+  The Japanese Red Pine forms extensive forests on the mountains of
+  central Japan. It is perfectly hardy in cold-temperate climates. Wild
+  specimens of China, ascribed to this species, are forms of the
+  variable P. sinensis. From P. Massoniana it differs in its shorter
+  leaves and yellow cone, but particularly in the more prominent
+  prickles and thicker scales of its conelet (figs. 176, 179).
+
+    Plate XX.
+
+    Fig. 179, Cones and enlarged conelet. Fig. 180, Leaf-fascicles. Fig.
+    181, Magnified leaf-section and more magnified dermal tissues of the
+    leaf.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XX. P. MASSONIANA (176-178), DENSIFLORA (179-181)]
+
+29. PINUS SYLVESTRIS
+
+    1753 P. sylvestris Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1000 (excl. var.).
+    1768 P. rubra Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8.
+    1768 P. tatarica Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8.
+    1781 P. mughus Jacquin, Icon. Pl. Rar. i. t. 193 (not Scopoli).
+    1798 P. resinosa Savi, Fl. Pisa. ii. 354 (not Aiton).
+    1827 P. humilis Link in Abhandl. Akad. Berlin, 171.
+    1849 P. Kochiana Klotzsch in Linnaea, xxii. 296.
+    1849 P. armena Koch in Linnaea, xxii. 297.
+    1849 P. pontica Koch in Linnaea, xxii. 297.
+    1859 P. Frieseana Wichura in Flora, xlii. 409.
+    1906 P. lapponica Mayr, Fremdl. Wald- & Parkb. 348.
+
+Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves binate, from 3 to 7 cm. long; hypoderm
+inconspicuous; resin-ducts external. Conelet reflexed, minutely
+mucronate. Cones from 3 to 6 cm. long, reflexed, symmetrical or
+sometimes oblique, ovate-conic, deciduous; apophyses dull pale tawny
+yellow of a gray or greenish shade, flat, elevated or protuberant and
+often much more prominent on the posterior face of the cone, the umbo
+with a minute prickle or its remnant.
+
+  A tree of great commercial value, with a very extended range, from
+  Norway, Scotland and southern Spain to northeastern Siberia. A
+  vigorous hardy species and extensively cultivated. The red upper
+  trunk, characteristic of this Pine, is not invariable. The dark upper
+  trunk is sufficiently common to be considered a varietal form
+  (Mathieu, Flore Forest. ed. 4, 582). In various localities may be
+  found trees bearing oblique cones, their apophyses showing various
+  degrees of protuberance up to the extreme development represented in
+  Loudon's illustration of the variety uncinata (Arb. Brit. iv, f.
+  2047). This cone is the beginning of the changes that culminate in
+  species with oblique cones only. In P. sylvestris, however, the
+  purpose of this form of cone is not apparent except in connection with
+  this evolution.
+
+    Plate XXI.
+
+    Figs. 182, 183, Cones. Fig. 184, Leaf-fascicle, magnified
+    leaf-section and more magnified dermal tissues of the leaf. Fig.
+    185, Habit of the tree.
+
+30. PINUS MONTANA
+
+    1768 P. montana Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8.
+    1772 P. mughus Scopoli, Fl. Carn. ii. 247.
+    1791 P. pumilio Haenke in Jirasek, Beobacht. 68.
+    1804 P. mugho Poiret in Lamarck, Encycl. Meth. v. 336.
+    1805 P. uncinata Ramond ex De Candolle, Lamarck, Fl. Franc. ed. 3,
+              iii. 726.
+    1813 P. sanguinea Lapeyrouse, Hist. Pl. Pyren. 587.
+    1827 P. rotundata Link in Abhandl. Akad. Berlin, 168.
+    1830 P. obliqua Sauter ex Reichenbach, Fl. Germ. Exc. 159.
+    1837 P. uliginosa Neumann ex Wimmer, Arb. Schles. Ges. 95.
+
+Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves binate, from 3 to 8 cm. long, the epiderm
+very thick, hypoderm weak; resin-ducts external. Conelets mucronate,
+nearly sessile. Cones from 2 to 7 cm. long, subsessile, ovate or
+ovate-conic, symmetrical or oblique, often persistent; apophyses
+lustrous tawny-yellow or dark brown, both colors often shading into each
+other on the same cone, flat, prominent or prolonged into uncinate
+beaks of various lengths, the last much more developed on the posterior
+face of the cone, the umbo bordered by a narrow dark ring and bearing
+the remnant of the mucro.
+
+  P. montana grows as a bush or as a small tree, the two forms often
+  associated. It ranges from central Spain through the Pyrenees, Alps
+  and Apennines to the Balkan Mountains, associated with P. cembra at
+  higher, with P. sylvestris at lower altitudes. It grows indifferently
+  in bogs and on rocky slopes. Its dwarf form, under the name of the
+  Mugho Pine, is extensively cultivated as a garden ornament.
+
+  On the differences of the cone this species has been divided into
+  three subspecies: uncinata, with an oblique cone and protuberant
+  apophyses; pumilio, with a symmetrical cone and an excentric umbo;
+  mughus, with a symmetrical cone and a concentric umbo. Other
+  segregations based on the degree of development of the apophysis and
+  on the size and color of the cone, have received names of four or even
+  five terms--Pinus montana pumilio applanata--or Pinus montana uncinata
+  rostrata castanea etc., etc. These elaborations may be seen in the
+  Tharand Jahrbuch of 1861, p. 166, and with them appear also Hartig's
+  specifications of 60 forms of this species, each dignified with a
+  Latin name.
+
+    Plate XXI.
+
+    Fig. 186, Cone of var. uncinata. Figs. 187, 188, Cones. Fig. 189,
+    Leaf-fascicles, magnified leaf-section and more magnified dermal
+    tissues of the leaf. Fig. 190, Tree and dwarf-form of the Pyrenees.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXI. P. SYLVESTRIS (182-185), MONTANA (186-190)]
+
+31. PINUS LUCHUENSIS
+
+1894 P. luchuensis Mayr in Bot. Centralbl. lviii. 149, f.
+
+Spring-shoots uninodal. Bark-formation late, the upper trunk covered
+with a smooth cortex. Leaves binate, from 12 to 16 cm. long, the epiderm
+thick, hypoderm of two or three rows of cells; resin-ducts medial or
+with an occasional external duct. Conelets mucronate toward the apex.
+Cones from 3 to 6 cm. long, ovate-conic, symmetrical; apophyses lustrous
+nut-brown, transversely carinate, the umbo unarmed.
+
+  This Pine is known to me through Mayr's description and a single dried
+  specimen. The smooth cortex of young trees distinguishes it from all
+  other east-Asiatic Hard Pines. Mayr includes under this species the
+  Pine of Hong Kong. But in this he must be mistaken, for there is no
+  species yet found in China that agrees with the description of P.
+  luchuensis.
+
+    Plate XXII.
+
+    Fig. 191, Cone. Fig. 192, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section.
+
+32. PINUS THUNBERGII
+
+    1784 P. sylvestris Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 274 (not Linnaeus).
+    1842 P. Massoniana Siebold & Zuccarini. Fl. Jap. ii. 24, t. 113
+              (not Lambert).
+    1868 P. Thunbergii Parlatore in DC. Prodr. xvi-2, 388.
+
+Spring-shoots uninodal. Buds of leading-shoots white and conspicuous.
+Leaves binate, from 6 to 11 cm. long, the epiderm thick, hypoderm
+strong, resin-ducts medial. Conelets with short-mucronate scales. Cones
+from 4 to 6 cm. long, ovate or ovate-conic, symmetrical; apophyses
+nut-brown, flat or convex and transversely carinate, the prickle of the
+umbo more or less persistent.
+
+  The Black Pine of Japan has been cultivated for centuries, and by
+  skillful Japanese gardeners has been trained into dwarf and other
+  curious forms. It is hardy in cold-temperate climates. It is distinct
+  from P. densiflora by the medial ducts of its leaf, from P. nigra by
+  the fewer, larger, brown scales of its cone, and from P. resinosa by
+  the armature of its conelet. It appears in most determinations of
+  Chinese collections, but there is no Chinese Pine with the white buds
+  and the medial leaf-ducts of this species.
+
+    Plate XXII.
+
+    Fig. 196, Two cones. Fig. 197, Leaf-fascicle and magnified
+    leaf-section.
+
+
+33. PINUS NIGRA
+
+    1785 P. nigra Arnold, Reise n. Mariaz. 8, t.
+    1804 P. laricio Poiret in Lamarck, Encycl. Meth. v. 339.
+    1808 P. halepensis Bieberstein, Fl. Taur. Cauc. ii. 408 (not Miller).
+    1809 P. pinaster Besser, Fl. Galic. ii. 294 (not Aiton).
+    1813 P. maritima Aiton, f. Hort. Kew. v. 315 (not Lambert).
+    1816 P. sylvestris Baumgarten, Stirp. Transsilv. ii. 304
+              (not Linnaeus).
+    1818 P. pyrenaica Lapeyrouse, Hist. Pl. Pyren. Suppl. 146.
+    1824 P. Pallasiana Lambert, Gen. Pin. ii. 1, t. 1.
+    1825 P. austriaca Hoess in Flora, viii-1, Beil. 113.
+    1831 P. nigricans Host, Fl. Austr. ii. 628.
+    1842 P. dalmatica Visiani, Fl. Dalmal. 199, note.
+    1851 P. Salzmanni Dunal in Mem. Acad. Montp. ii. 82, tt.
+    1863 P. Heldreichii Christ in Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, iii. 549.
+    1864 P. leucodermis Antoine in Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. xiv. 366.
+    1896 P. pindica Formanek in Verh. Nat. Ver. Bruenn, xxxiv. 272.
+
+Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves binate, from 9 to 16 cm. long, the
+epiderm thick, hypoderm conspicuous, resin-ducts medial. Conelets
+mucronate. Cones from 4 to 8 cm. long, subsessile, symmetrical;
+apophyses lustrous, tawny yellow, transversely carinate, the keel
+strongly convex, the mucro of the umbo more or less persistent.
+
+  A valuable tree unequally distributed over the mountain slopes of
+  central and southern Europe and Asia Minor. The typical form, under
+  the name of the Austrian Pine, is a familiar exotic of the Middle and
+  Eastern States of America. As Mathieu states (Flore Forest., ed. 4,
+  597), this species is quite constant in cone and bark. It may be added
+  that the anatomy of the leaf is also constant, while the dimensions of
+  both leaf and cone present no unusual variations. The varieties
+  generally accepted are founded on the habit of the tree, a character
+  of forestal or horticultural rather than of botanical importance.
+
+    Plate XXII.
+
+    Fig. 193, Two cones. Fig. 194, Leaf-fascicle and magnified
+    leaf-section. Fig. 195, Magnified dermal tissues of the leaf.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXII. P. LUCHUENSIS (191, 192), NIGRA (193-195),
+THUNBERGII (196, 197)]
+
+
+34. PINUS MERKUSII
+
+    1790 P. sylvestris Loureiro, Fl. Cochinch. ii. 579 (not Linnaeus).
+    1845 P. Merkusii De Vriese, Pl. Nov. Ind. Bat. 5, t. 2.
+    1847 P. Finlaysoniana Wallich ex Blume, Rumphia, iii. 210.
+    1849 P. Latteri Mason in Jour. Asiat. Soc. i. 74.
+
+Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves binate, slender, from 15 to 20 cm. long,
+the hypoderm of uniform thick-walled cells, resin-ducts medial, or with
+internal or septal ducts, endoderm-cells very unequal in size, some of
+them large. Conelets unarmed. Cones from 5 to 8 cm. long, peculiarly
+narrow-cylindrical, symmetrical; apophyses lustrous, rufous brown,
+radially carinate, the transverse keel prominent.
+
+  Of the habit of this Pine I know nothing. As a species it is very
+  clearly defined by its peculiar cone and leaf-section. It grows in the
+  Philippines, Sumatra, Lower Burmah and western Indo-China. In my
+  specimen the pits of the ray-cells of the wood are both large and
+  small. In this particular it may belong in either of two groups of
+  species. Its uniform leaf-hypoderm associates it with this group or
+  with P. halepensis of the Insignes. I have assumed the cone to be
+  dehiscent at maturity and have placed it with the Lariciones, but if
+  further information shows the cone to be serotinous, this species
+  should be transferred to the serotinous group.
+
+    Plate XXIII.
+
+    Fig. 198, Cone. Fig. 199, Magnified sections of two leaves. Fig.
+    200, Leaf-fascicle.
+
+
+35. PINUS SINENSIS
+
+    1832 P. sinensis Lambert, Gen. Pin. ed. 8vo. i. 47, t. 29.
+    1867 P. tabulaeformis Carriere, Trait. Conif. ed. 2, 510.
+    1881 P. leucosperma Maximowicz in Bull. Acad. St. Petersb. xxvii. 558.
+    1899 P. yunnanensis Franchet in Jour. de Bot. xiii. 253.
+    1901 P. funebris Komarow in Act. Hort. Petrop. xx. 177.
+    1902 P. Henryi Masters in Jour. Linn. Soc. xxvi. 550.
+    1906 P. densata Masters in Jour. Linn. Soc. xxxvii. 416.
+    1906 P. prominens Masters in Jour. Linn. Soc. xxxvii. 417.
+    1911 P. Wilsonii Shaw in Sargent, Pl. Wilson. i. 3.
+
+Spring-shoots uninodal, pruinose. Leaves binate, ternate, or both, from
+10 to 15 cm. long, stout and rigid; resin-ducts external, or external
+and medial. Staminate catkins in short capitate clusters. Conelets
+mucronate. Cones from 4 to 9 cm. long, ovate, symmetrical or oblique,
+tenaciously persistent, dehiscent at maturity; apophyses lustrous, pale
+tawny yellow at first, gradually changing to a dark nut-brown, tumid,
+the posterior scales often larger and more prominent.
+
+  A tree of cold-temperate and subalpine levels, growing on the
+  mountains of central and western China, and at lower altitudes in the
+  north and in Corea. It is recognized by its tenaciously persistent
+  cones with a remarkable change in color. It is constantly confused
+  with P. Thunbergii and P. densiflora, neither of which grows
+  spontaneously in China. From the former it differs in leaf-section and
+  bud (the bud of P. sinensis is never white), from the latter in the
+  lustre and the color variation of its cone, and from both in the
+  frequent obliquity of its cone and in the frequent presence of
+  trimerous leaf-fascicles.
+
+  Of the two varieties of this species, densata and yunnanensis (Shaw in
+  Sargent, Pl. Wilson. ii. 17), the former represents the extreme
+  oblique form of cone, the latter represents the longest dimensions of
+  cone and leaf. The effect of environment on this species can be seen
+  in figs. 202, 203, from a lower slope and rich soil, and fig. 204,
+  from a high rocky ledge in the same locality.
+
+    Plate XXIII.
+
+    Fig. 201, Cone of var. densata. Fig. 202, Cone of var. yunnanensis.
+    Fig. 203, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section of var.
+    yunnanensis. Fig. 204, Cone and leaf-fascicle from a rocky ledge.
+    Fig. 205, Cone, leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section of the
+    typical form. Fig. 206, Seeds. Fig. 207, Conelet and its enlarged
+    scale.
+
+36. PINUS INSULARIS
+
+    1837 P. taeda Blanco, Fl. Filip. 767 (not Linnaeus).
+    1847 P. insularis Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 157.
+    1854 P. khasiana Griffith, Notul. Pl. Asiat. iv. 18; Icon. Pl.
+              Asiat. tt. 367, 368.
+    1868 P. kasya Royle ex Parlatore in DC. Prodr. xvi-2, 390.
+
+Spring-shoots uninodal, glabrous. Leaves from 12 to 24 cm. long, in
+fascicles of 3, rarely of 2, very slender; resin-ducts external, rarely
+with a medial duct. Conelets mucronate. Cones from 5 to 10 cm. long,
+ovate-conic, symmetrical or oblique, tenaciously persistent; apophyses
+lustrous, nut-brown, convex or elevated along a transverse keel, the
+posterior scales of some cones larger and more prominent than the
+anterior scales, the mucro usually deciduous.
+
+  A species of the Philippines and of northern Burmah. In both countries
+  it is locally exploited for wood and resin. It differs from the common
+  form of P. sinensis by its much longer leaves, and from its var.
+  yunnanensis, which it more resembles, by its much more slender and
+  pliant leaves. Moreover its cone, so far as I can learn, is not yellow
+  at maturity, but brown.
+
+    Plate XXIII.
+
+    Figs. 208, 209, Three cones. Fig. 210, Leaf-fascicle and magnified
+    leaf-section.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXIII. P. MERKUSII (198-200), SINENSIS (201-207),
+INSULARIS (208-210)]
+
+
+=XI. AUSTRALES=
+
+Pits of the ray-cells small. Leaf-hypoderm biform or variable.
+Spring-shoots uninodal in some, multinodal in other species. Cones
+dehiscent at maturity.
+
+  This group combines the dehiscent cone of the Lariciones with the
+  wood-anatomy of the serotinous Pines. Also the multinodal spring-shoot
+  first appears here and is gradually developed among the species,
+  absent in Nos. 37-39, sometimes present in Nos. 40-43, and prevalent
+  in Nos. 44-47.
+
+  All the species are of the Western Hemisphere, and among them may be
+  found the biform hypoderm of the leaf, the internal resin-duct, and
+  the total absence of external resin-ducts, characters common in
+  American Hard Pines. The eastern species are quite constant in their
+  characters and present no varietal forms; the western species, on the
+  other hand, are very variable. This difference may be due to the even
+  level and slight climatic differences of the Atlantic states and to
+  the remarkable diversity of altitude and climate of the western states
+  and Mexico.
+
+    Outer walls of the leaf-endoderm thick.
+      Cones large, attaining 12 cm. or more in length.
+        Prickles of the cone inconspicuous.
+          Bark-formation late                          37. pseudostrobus
+          Bark-formation early                         38. Montezumae
+        Prickle of the cone conspicuous                39. ponderosa
+      Cones small, 7 cm. or less in length             40. teocote
+    Outer walls of the leaf-endoderm thin.
+      Spring-shoots mostly uninodal.
+        Prickle of the cone slender, sometimes deciduous.
+          Cones mostly oblique                         41. Lawsonii
+          Cones symmetrical                            42. occidentalis
+        Prickles of the cone stout and persistent      43. palustris
+      Spring-shoots multinodal.
+        Resin-ducts internal                           44. caribaea.
+        Resin-ducts mostly medial.
+          Prickle of the cone stout                    45. taeda
+          Prickle of the cone slender.
+            Bark-formation late                        46. glabra
+            Bark-formation early                       47. echinata
+
+
+37. PINUS PSEUDOSTROBUS
+
+    1839 P. pseudostrobus Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxv. Misc. 63.
+    1839 P. apulcensis Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxv. Misc. 63.
+    1842 P. tenuifolia Bentham, Pl. Hartw. 92.
+    1846 P. orizabae Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. i. 237, f.
+
+Spring-shoots uninodal, conspicuously pruinose. Bark-formation late, the
+cortex of young trees smooth. Leaves in fascicles of 5, sometimes of 6,
+from 15 to 30 cm. long, drooping; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm variable
+in amount, often in very large masses, the outer walls of the endoderm
+thick. Conelets mucronate. Cones from 7 to 14 cm. long, ovate or
+ovate-conic, symmetrical or oblique, deciduous and often leaving a few
+basal scales on the trees; apophyses rufous or fulvous brown, flat,
+elevated or, in one variety, prolonged in various degrees, the
+prolongations nearly uniform or much more prominent on the posterior
+face of the cone, the mucro usually deciduous.
+
+  A species of the subtropical and warm-temperate altitudes of Mexico
+  and Central America. Its range includes both eastern and western
+  slopes of the northern plateau. Its northern limit is in Nuevo Leon,
+  and it probably reaches in Nicaragua the southern limit of pines in
+  the Western Hemisphere. It is distinguished from all its associates by
+  the smooth gray trunk of the young trees, by their long internodes,
+  and by their drooping gray-green foliage.
+
+  Some cones of this species develop protuberances of all degrees of
+  prominence up to the curious cone collected in Oaxaca by Nelson (var.
+  apulcensis, Shaw, Pines Mex. t. 12, fig. 8). There is also a
+  remarkable difference in the amount of leaf-hypoderm. On many trees of
+  the western part of the range this tissue forms septa across the green
+  mesophyll. Such partitions are sometimes met in other species, P.
+  Pringlei or P. canariensis, where the hypoderm is abundant. But in P.
+  pseudostrobus they appear in some leaves of weak, as well as of strong
+  hypoderm (var. tenuifolia, Shaw, Pines Mex. t. 13, ff. 2, 4, 5, 7, 8).
+
+    Plate XXIV.
+
+    Fig. 211, Cone. Fig. 212, Two cones of var. tenuifolia. Figs. 213,
+    214, Two cones of var. apulcensis. Fig. 215, Magnified section of 3
+    leaves of var. tenuifolia. Fig. 216, Magnified section of 2 leaves
+    of the species. Fig. 217, Bud destined to produce staminate flowers.
+    Fig. 218, Ten-year old branch showing smooth cortex. Fig. 219, Young
+    and mature trees in open growth.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXIV. PINUS PSEUDOSTROBUS]
+
+
+38. PINUS MONTEZUMAE
+
+    1817 P. occidentalis H. B. & K. Nov. Gen. ii. 4 (not Swartz).
+    1832 P. Montezumae Lambert, Gen. Pin. ed. 8vo, i. 39, t. 22.
+    1839 P. Devoniana Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxv. Misc. 62.
+    1839 P. Hartwegii Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxv. Misc. 62.
+    1839 P. Russelliana Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxv. Misc. 63.
+    1839 P. macrophylla Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxv. Misc. 63.
+    1840 P. filifolia Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxvi. Misc. 61.
+    1841 P. Sinclairii Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechy Voy. 392, t. 93
+              (as to cone).
+    1841 P. radiata Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechy Voy. 443 (as to leaves).
+    1847 P. Grenvilleae Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. ii. 77, f.
+    1847 P. Gordoniana Hartweg in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. ii. 79, f.
+    1847 P. Wincesteriana Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. ii. 158, f.
+    1847 P. rudis Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 151.
+    1847 P. Ehrenbergii Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 151.
+    1858 P. Lindleyana Gordon, Pinet. 229.
+    1891 P. Donnell-Smithii Masters in Bot. Gaz. xvi. 199.
+
+Spring-shoots uninodal, slightly or not at all pruinose. Bark-formation
+early, the branches becoming dark and rough. Leaves prevalently in
+fascicles of 5, but varying from 3 to 8, extremely variable in length,
+attaining 45 cm. at subtropical levels; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm
+sometimes uniform, more commonly multiform, the outer walls of the
+endoderm thick. Conelet mucronate, the prickle often reflexed. Cones of
+many sizes, attaining in warm localities 30 cm. in length, ovate-conic
+or long-conic, symmetrical, often curved, deciduous and often leaving a
+few scales on the tree; apophyses dull, rarely lustrous, nut-brown, or
+of various shades of fuscous brown to nearly black, flat, tumid,
+pyramidal or sometimes slightly protuberant, the prickle rarely
+persistent.
+
+  This species ranges from the mountains of northern Durango to the
+  volcanoes of Guatemala, or possibly farther south. It is found at all
+  altitudes where Pines can grow except on the tropical levels of
+  Guatemala. Its more hardy forms have been successfully grown in the
+  milder parts of Great Britain and northern Italy. It is felled for
+  lumber in many parts of Mexico.
+
+  This sturdy Pine and its numberless variations present the most
+  remarkable example of adaptation in the genus. The variations are
+  mostly those associated with changes of environment--dimensions of
+  cone and leaf and the number of leaves in the fascicle. These are so
+  accurately correlated with altitude and exposure, and are so
+  imperceptibly graded, that no specific segregations among them have
+  yet been successfully established.
+
+  The type-specimen figured by Lambert does not show the longest cone
+  and leaf of this species. They are better represented by specimens
+  which have been named P. filifolia. Such dimensions prevail in
+  subtropical localities. At temperate altitudes these dimensions are
+  much reduced, but here are found a longer form of cone and leaf (var.
+  Lindleyi, Loudon) and a shorter form (var. rudis, Shaw). At still
+  higher altitudes and up to the timber-limit the var. Hartwegii,
+  Engelmann, with short leaves and a small nearly black cone is found.
+  Among these varieties there is no such sharp distinction as these
+  definitions imply. All dimensions of fruit and foliage and the various
+  brown and black shades of the cone blend into each other through
+  endless intergradations. A monograph of this species, by one who could
+  devote some years to it on the superb volcanoes and in the delightful
+  climates where this tree abounds, would be a valuable contribution to
+  science.
+
+    Plate XXV. (Cones and leaves much reduced.)
+
+    Fig. 220, Cone and leaves of Lambert's plate. Figs. 221, 222, Longer
+    cones and leaves of the species. Fig. 223, Cone and leaves of var.
+    Lindleyi. Fig. 224, Cones and leaves of var. rudis. Fig. 225, Cone
+    and leaves of var. Hartwegii. Fig. 226, Magnified leaf-sections.
+    Figs. 227, 228, Two forms of the dermal tissues of the leaf,
+    magnified. Fig. 229, Habit of the tree.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXV. PINUS MONTEZUMAE]
+
+
+39. PINUS PONDEROSA
+
+    1836 P. ponderosa Douglas ex Lawson's Agric. Man. 354.
+    1847 P. Benthamiana Hartweg in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. ii. 189.
+    1848 P. brachyptera Engelmann in Wislizenus, Tour Mex. 89.
+    1848 P. macrophylla Engelmann in Wislizenus, Tour Mex. 103
+              (not Lindley).
+    1853 P. Jeffreyi Balfour in Bot. Exp. Oregon, 2, f.
+    1854 P. Engelmanni Carriere in Rev. Hort. 227.
+    1855 P. Beardsleyi Murray in Edinb. Phil. Jour. ser. 2, i. 286, t. 6.
+    1855 P. Craigana Murray in Edinb. Phil. Jour. ser. 2, i. 288, t. 7.
+    1858 P. Parryana Gordon, Pinet. 202 (not Engelmann).
+    1859 P. deflexa Torrey in Emory's Rep. ii. 1, 209, t. 56.
+    1878 P. arizonica Engelmann in Wheeler's Rep. vi. 260.
+    1889 P. latifolia Sargent in Gar. & For. ii. 496, f. 135.
+    1894 P. apacheca Lemmon in Erythea, ii. 103, t. 3.
+    1897 P. Mayriana Sudworth in Bull. 14, U. S. Dept. Agric. 21.
+    1897 P. scopulorum Lemmon in Gar. & For. x. 183.
+    1900 P. peninsularis Lemmon, W. Am. Conebear. 114.
+
+Spring-shoots uninodal, sometimes pruinose. Bark-formation early. Leaves
+prevalently in fascicles of 3, but varying from 2 to 5 or more, from 12
+to 36 cm. long; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm uniform or multiform, outer
+walls of the endoderm thick. Conelet mucronate, the mucro often
+reflexed. Cones from 8 to 20 cm. long, ovate-conic, symmetrical,
+deciduous and usually leaving a few basal scales on the tree; apophyses
+tawny yellow to fuscous brown, lustrous, elevated along a transverse
+keel, sometimes protuberant and reflexed, the umbo salient and forming
+the base of a pungent, persistent prickle.
+
+  This species ranges from southern British Columbia over the mountains
+  between the Pacific and the eastern foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains,
+  including the Black Hills of South Dakota, to the northeastern Sierras
+  of Mexico, to northern Jalisco and Lower California, forming, in many
+  localities, large forests and furnishing the best Hard Pine timber of
+  the western United States. It attains its best growth on the Sierras
+  of California and is, next to P. Lambertiana, the tallest of the
+  Pines.
+
+  Like P. Montezumae, and under like influences, it shows much
+  dimensional variation, and the leaf-fascicles are heteromerous, with
+  the larger number in the southern part of its range. Many authors
+  consider the variety Jeffreyi Vasey to be a distinct species; but
+  here, it seems to me, too much importance is attached to the pruinose
+  branchlet, clearly a provision against transpiration and associated
+  rather with a dry environment than with a species. Most observers
+  discover many intermediate forms between this variety and the species.
+  The var. scopulorum Engelm. is the Rocky Mountain form with leaves in
+  2's and 3's and with small cones passing into P. arizonica, Engelm., a
+  more southern form with small cones and leaves in fascicles of 3 to 5.
+  The var. macrophylla (Shaw, Pines Mex. 24), in addition to its long
+  and stout leaves, bears a cone with protuberant apophyses, somewhat
+  comparable to the intermediate forms of P. pseudostrobus var.
+  apulcensis Shaw (l. c.). Fascicles of 6 and 7 leaves are sometimes
+  found, and specimens that I have collected in Sandia, Durango (issued
+  by Pringle, through a misunderstanding, under the name P. Roseana,
+  ined.) show such fascicles on the fertile branches.
+
+    Plate XXVI.
+
+    Fig. 230, Cone and seed of var. Jeffreyi. Fig. 231, Cone of var.
+    macrophylla. Fig. 232, Cone of var. scopulorum. Fig. 233, Magnified
+    leaf-section and cells of leaf-endoderm. Fig. 234, Magnified dermal
+    tissues of the leaf, showing uniform and multiform hypoderm.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXVI. PINUS PONDEROSA]
+
+
+40. PINUS TEOCOTE
+
+    1830 P. teocote Schlechtendal & Chamisso in Linnaea, v. 76.
+
+Spring-shoots uninodal, or sometimes multinodal. Leaves prevalently in
+fascicles of 3, but varying from 3 to 5, from 10 to 20 cm. long;
+resin-ducts medial, sometimes with an internal duct, hypoderm biform,
+endoderm with thick outer walls. Conelets mucronate. Cones usually very
+small, from 4 to 6 cm. long, but with a larger varietal form, ovate to
+long-conic, symmetrical; apophyses nut-brown, flat or tumid, the mucro
+usually deciduous.
+
+  This species grows at temperate altitudes from Chiapas to Nuevo Leon,
+  associated with temperate Mexican species such as P. patula, P.
+  leiophylla and others, and is easily recognized by its small cone. The
+  variety with a larger cone (var. macrocarpa, Shaw, Pines Mex. t. 10) I
+  have found growing in mixed groves of P. teocote and P. leiophylla. It
+  resembles the latter in cone and leaf, but lacks the peculiar
+  character that distinguishes P. leiophylla from all other Mexican
+  species--the triennial cone. Some of the specimens of Hartweg No. 441
+  belong here, as well as Pringle's specimens, Nos. 10013, 10018,
+  distributed as P. eslavae, ined.
+
+    Plate XXVII.
+
+    Fig. 235, Two cones of the species and the larger cone of the
+    variety. Fig. 236, Leaf-fascicle and magnified sections of two
+    leaves. Fig. 237 a, Dermal tissues of the leaf magnified; b,
+    magnified cells of the leaf-endoderm. Fig. 238, Habit of the tree.
+
+
+41. PINUS LAWSONII
+
+    1862 P. Lawsonii Roezl ex Gordon, Pinet. Suppl. 64.
+    1905 P. Altamirani Shaw in Sargent, Trees & Shrubs, i. 209, t. 99.
+
+Spring-shoots conspicuously pruinose, uninodal or not infrequently
+multinodal. Leaves in fascicles of 3, 4 or 5, not exceeding 24 cm. in
+length; resin-ducts internal, often with one or two medial ducts,
+hypoderm biform, endoderm usually with thin outer walls. Conelets
+mucronate. Cones from 5 to 7 cm. long on pliant peduncles, ovate or
+ovate-conic, oblique or sometimes symmetrical, deciduous, or persistent
+with a weak hold on the branch; apophyses nut-brown, flat or tumid,
+often protuberant on the posterior face of the cone, the umbo usually
+large and salient, forming a rounded button-like projection, on which
+the mucro is wanting.
+
+  A subtropical species of central and western Mexico, growing alone or
+  associated with P. oocarpa, P. Pringlei and the subtropical forms of
+  P. Montezumae and P. pseudostrobus. It is recognized among its
+  associate species by its conspicuously glaucous foliage. The cone is
+  very variable on trees of the same grove, both in size and in the
+  protuberance of its apophyses. Gordon's specimen in the Kew herbarium
+  consists of a single detached cone and a few leaves. The leaves differ
+  from all that I have examined in showing thick-walled endoderm cells,
+  but the cone corresponds with many of my own collection.
+
+    Plate XXVII.
+
+    Fig. 239, Three cones. Fig. 240, Leaf-fascicle and magnified
+    leaf-section. Fig. 241, Magnified cells of the leaf-endoderm.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXVII. P. TEOCOTE (235-238), LAWSONII (239-241)]
+
+
+42. PINUS OCCIDENTALIS
+
+    1788 P. occidentalis Swartz, Nov. Gen. & Sp. Pl. 103.
+    1862 P. cubensis Grisebach in Mem. Am. Acad. ser. 2, viii. 530.
+    1880 P. Wrightii Engelmann in Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, iv. 185.
+
+Spring-shoots uninodal, pruinose. Leaves in fascicles of 2 to 5, from 15
+to 22 cm. long; resin-ducts internal, hypoderm biform, endoderm with
+thin outer walls. Conelets erect, aristate. Cones from 5 to 8 cm. long,
+reflexed, ovate, symmetrical, deciduous; apophyses nut-brown, lustrous,
+flat or tumid, the umbo often thin and, together with the slender
+prickle, bent sharply downward.
+
+  This species is confined to San Domingo, Hayti and eastern Cuba. Its
+  erect conelet and reflexed cone distinguish it from P. caribaea, which
+  has both its conelet and cone reflexed. Moreover the conelet is
+  usually, perhaps always, subterminal in P. occidentalis.
+
+    Plate XXVIII.
+
+    Fig. 247, Cone. Fig. 248, Conelet and enlarged aristate scales. Fig.
+    249, Magnified sections of two leaves and more magnified dermal
+    tissues.
+
+
+43. PINUS PALUSTRIS
+
+    1768 P. palustris Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8.
+    1810 P. australis Michaux f. Hist. Arbr. Am. i. 64, t. 6.
+
+Spring-shoots uninodal, rarely multinodal. Buds peculiarly large, white,
+and conspicuously fringed with the long free cilia of the bud-scales.
+Leaves in fascicles of 3, from 20 to 45 cm. long, rigid; resin-ducts
+internal, hypoderm biform, endoderm with thin outer walls. Conelets
+short-mucronate. Cones from 15 to 20 cm. long, narrow, tapering from a
+rounded base to a blunt point, symmetrical, deciduous and usually
+leaving a few scales on the tree; apophyses dull nut-brown, elevated
+along a transverse keel, the umbo salient and forming the broad base of
+a small persistent prickle.
+
+  Its thin sap-wood, its very strong heavy wood of large dimensions with
+  abundant resin of excellent quality make this the most valuable
+  species of the genus. It ranges over the sandy plain that borders the
+  Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico, from southeastern Virginia to eastern
+  Texas. The northern limit is approximately the centre of the Southern
+  and Gulf States, with a northern extension in Alabama to the base of
+  the Appalachian Mountains and to northwestern Louisiana. Its southern
+  limit lies near the centre of the Florida peninsula.
+
+  Among its associates this species is recognized by its large white
+  fringed bud and its elongated cone. Its leaves attain, on vigorous
+  trees, the maximum length among Pines, but on most trees the leaves do
+  not differ in length from the longer forms of those of P. caribaea or
+  P. taeda. A peculiarity, which it shares with P. caribaea, is the
+  deciduous scaly bark of mature trees, constantly falling away in thin
+  irregular scales.
+
+    Plate XXVIII.
+
+    Figs. 242, 243, Cones and seed. Fig. 244, Bud. Fig. 245, Magnified
+    leaf-section. Fig. 246, Magnified cells of the leaf-endoderm. The
+    dermal tissues of fig. 249 also apply to this species.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXVIII. P. PALUSTRIS (242-246), OCCIDENTALIS
+(247-249)]
+
+
+44. PINUS CARIBAEA
+
+    1851 P. caribaea Morelet in Rev. Hort. Cote d'Or, i. 105.
+    1864 P. bahamensis Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 503.
+    1880 P. Elliottii Engelmann in Trans. Acad. St. Louis, iv. 186,
+              tt. 1-3.
+    1884 P. cubensis Sargent in Rep. 10th. Cens. U. S. ix. 202
+              (not Grisebach).
+    1893 P. heterophylla Sudworth in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, xx. 45.
+    1903 P. recurvata Rowley in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, xxx. 107.
+
+Spring-shoots multinodal, more or less pruinose. Buds pale
+chestnut-brown. Leaves in fascicles of 2 and 3, or more in its southern
+range, from 12 to 25 cm. long; resin-ducts internal, hypoderm biform,
+endoderm with thin outer walls. Conelets reflexed on long peduncles,
+mucronate. Cones from 5 to 15 cm. long, ovate or oblong-ovate,
+symmetrical, deciduous and leaving often a few basal scales on the
+branch; apophyses lustrous, rufous-brown, tumid, the umbo somewhat
+salient and minutely mucronate.
+
+  The northern limit of the range of P. caribaea extends from the coast
+  of southeastern S. Carolina through southeastern Georgia and southern
+  Alabama to southeastern Louisiana. It is associated with P. palustris,
+  taeda, serotina, echinata and glabra in this part of its range. It
+  continues through Florida, where it encounters P. clausa. On the
+  Bahamas it is the only Pine. On the Isle of Pines it finds in P.
+  tropicalis another associate. It also grows in Honduras and Guatemala.
+  The wood and resin of this species are of such excellent quality that
+  no commercial distinction is made between P. caribaea and P.
+  palustris.
+
+    Plate XXIX.
+
+    Fig. 250, Cone from the Isle of Pines. Fig. 251, Small form of cone.
+    Fig. 252, Large form of cone and binate leaf-fascicle. Fig. 253,
+    Conelet. Fig. 254, Magnified sections of leaves from binate and
+    ternate fascicles. Fig. 255, Habit of the tree, contrasted with a
+    tree of P. palustris in the middle-distance.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXIX. PINUS CARIBAEA]
+
+
+45. PINUS TAEDA
+
+    1753 P. taeda Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1000.
+    1788 P. lutea Walter Fl. Carol. 237.
+    1903 P. heterophylla Small, Fl. Southeast. U. S. 28 (not Sudworth).
+
+Spring-shoots multinodal. Leaves in fascicles of 3, from 12 to 25 cm.
+long; resin-ducts medial, sometimes with an internal duct, hypoderm
+biform, endoderm with thin outer walls. Conelets erect, their scales
+prolonged into a sharp point. Cones from 6 to 10 cm. long, ovate-conic,
+symmetrical; apophyses dull pale nut-brown, rarely lustrous, elevated
+along a transverse keel, the whole umbo forming a stout triangular spine
+with slightly concave sides.
+
+  The species ranges from southern New Jersey to southern Arkansas,
+  Oklahoma, eastern Texas and southwestern Tennessee, but does not occur
+  in the lower half of the Florida peninsula. It is an important
+  timber-tree, manufactured into all descriptions of scantlings,
+  boarding and finish, but the wood is of various qualities. It may be
+  recognized by the spine of its cone in both years of growth. Excepting
+  the formidable armature of the cone of P. pungens, the spines are the
+  strongest and most persistent of all the species of eastern North
+  America.
+
+    Plate XXX.
+
+    Fig. 264, Cone. Fig. 265, Leaf-fascicle. Fig. 266, Magnified
+    leaf-section. Fig. 267. Magnified scales of the conelet.
+
+
+46. PINUS GLABRA
+
+    1788 P. glabra Walter, Fl. Carol. 237.
+
+Spring-shoots multinodal. Bark-formation late, the upper trunks of
+mature trees smooth. Leaves in fascicles of 2, from 9 to 12 cm. long;
+resin-ducts medial, hypoderm weak, sometimes of a single row, biform
+when of two rows, endoderm with thin outer walls. Conelets reflexed,
+mucronate. Cones from 4 to 7 cm. long, reflexed, ovate, symmetrical,
+deciduous on some trees, persistent on others; apophyses pale dull
+nut-brown, thin or slightly thickened, the prickle usually deciduous.
+
+  A tree that sometimes attains important dimensions, growing singly or
+  in small groves from the neighborhood of Charleston, S. C., to eastern
+  Louisiana and central Mississippi, most abundant in a strip of
+  territory on either side of the northern boundary of Florida. Among
+  the Pines of the southeastern United States it is the only species
+  with late bark-formation, and is therefore easily identified.
+
+    Plate XXX.
+
+    Fig. 256, Cone. Fig. 257, Enlarged scale of the conelet. Fig. 258,
+    Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section. Fig. 259, Dermal tissues
+    of the leaf magnified, with a double row of hypoderm cells.
+
+
+47. PINUS ECHINATA
+
+    1768 P. echinata Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8.
+    1788 P. squarrosa Walter, Fl. Carol. 237.
+    1803 P. mitis Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. ii. 204.
+    1803 P. variabilis Lambert, Gen. Pin. i. 22, t. 15.
+    1854 P. Royleana Jamieson in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. ix. 52, f.
+
+Spring-shoots multinodal, somewhat pruinose. Bark forming early, rough
+on the upper trunk. Leaves in fascicles of 2 and 3, from 7 to 12 cm.
+long; resin-ducts medial, with an occasional internal duct, hypoderm
+weak, biform when of two rows of cells, endoderm with thin outer walls.
+Conelets mucronate. Cones from 4 to 6 cm. long, ovate-conic,
+symmetrical, often persistent; apophyses dull pale nut-brown, thin or
+somewhat thickened along a transverse keel, the umbo salient, the mucro
+more or less persistent.
+
+  This species ranges from southeastern New York to northern Florida, to
+  West Virginia and eastern Tennessee, and through the Gulf States to
+  eastern Louisiana, eastern Texas, southern Missouri and southwestern
+  Illinois. It is extensively manufactured into material of all kinds
+  that enters into the construction of buildings. It differs from P.
+  virginiana in its longer leaves, brittle branches, and much greater
+  height, from P. glabra in its rough upper trunk, and from both by the
+  frequent presence of trimerous leaf-fascicles.
+
+  Of the six or seven pines of the southeastern United States, this
+  species covers a larger area and ascends the slopes of the Alleghany
+  Mountains far enough to meet the northern species, P. virginiana, P.
+  rigida, and P. strobus. Unlike the western members of this group, P.
+  echinata and its associates are not variable. Their characters are
+  singularly constant, as their limited synonymy and total lack of
+  varietal names attest.
+
+    Plate XXX.
+
+    Fig. 260, Cone. Fig. 261, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section
+    from a ternate fascicle. Fig. 262, Magnified leaf-section from a
+    binate fascicle. Fig. 263, Multinodal branchlet bearing lateral and
+    subterminal conelets and a ripe cone. Figs. 257, showing mucronate
+    scales of the conelet, and 259, showing dermal tissues of the leaf,
+    are applicable also to this species.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXX. P. GLABRA (256-259), ECHINATA (260-263), TAEDA
+(264-267)]
+
+
+=XII. INSIGNES=
+
+Pits of the ray-cells small. Cones tenaciously persistent, serotinous in
+various degrees. Conelets mucronate or spinose.
+
+    Spring-shoots uninodal.
+      Resin-ducts mostly internal                        48. Pringlei
+      Resin-ducts mostly septal                          49. oocarpa
+    Spring-shoots multinodal.
+      Cones symmetrical.
+        Leaf-hypoderm not biform.
+          Bark-formation late                            50. halepensis
+          Bark-formation early                           51. pinaster
+        Leaf-hypoderm biform.
+          Cones with slender spines.
+            Leaves binate.
+              Cones dehiscent at maturity                52. virginiana
+              Cones serotinous                           53. clausa
+            Leaves ternate.
+              Cones dehiscent at maturity                54. rigida
+              Cones serotinous                           55. serotina
+          Cones with stout spines                        56. pungens
+      Cones oblique or unsymmetrical.
+        Cones and leaves very short, not exceeding 6 cm.
+          Cones curved or warped                         57. Banksiana
+          Cones straight                                 58. contorta
+        Cones and leaves much longer, more than 7 cm.
+          Posterior cone-scales gradually larger than
+              anterior scales.
+            Bark-formation late                          59. Greggii
+            Bark-formation early                         60. patula
+          Posterior cone-scales abruptly larger than
+              anterior scales.
+            Cones with very stout spines                 61. muricata
+            Cones with minute or deciduous prickles.
+              Bark-formation late                        62. attenuata
+              Bark-formation early                       63. radiata
+
+
+48. PINUS PRINGLEI
+
+    1905 P. Pringlei Shaw in Sargent, Trees & Shrubs, i. 211, t. 100.
+
+Spring-shoots uninodal, sometimes pruinose. Leaves ternate, from 15 to
+25 cm. long; resin-ducts internal or with an occasional septal duct,
+hypoderm biform, in thick masses, often projecting far into the green
+tissue and sometimes touching the endoderm. Conelets mucronate. Cones
+from 5 to 10 cm. long, reflexed on a rigid peduncle, subsymmetrical or
+more or less oblique, tenaciously persistent, often serotinous;
+apophyses sublustrous tawny yellow or fulvous brown, convex, the
+posterior scales often more prominently developed, the mucro usually
+wanting; seed with a perceptibly thickened wing-blade.
+
+  A tree with long erect bright green foliage, confined, so far as
+  known, to the subtropical altitudes of western Mexico. As it grows in
+  Uruapan, Michoacan, there are two forms of the cone, large and small,
+  both with the same long rigid leaf.
+
+    Plate XXXI.
+
+    Figs. 268, 269. Three cones and seed. Fig. 270, Leaf-fascicle and
+    magnified leaf-section.
+
+
+49. PINUS OOCARPA
+
+    1838 P. oocarpa Schiede in Linnaea, xii. 491.
+    1842 P. oocarpoides Lindley ex Loudon, Encycl. 1118.
+
+Spring-shoots uninodal, pruinose. Leaves in fascicles of 3, 4 or 5, from
+15 to 30 cm. long, erect; resin-ducts mostly septal, sometimes internal,
+hypoderm biform or multiform. Conelets on very long peduncles,
+mucronate. Cones from 4 to 10 cm. long, long-pedunculate, broad-ovate to
+ovate-conic, symmetrical or sometimes oblique, persistent, more or less
+serotinous; apophysis gray-yellow or greenish yellow of high lustre,
+flat or variously convex, delicately and radially carinate, the umbo
+often salient, the prickle usually broken away; seed-wing appreciably
+thickened at the base of the blade.
+
+  A subtropical species, ranging from Guatemala to the northern border
+  of Sinaloa in northern Mexico; remarkable for the length of the
+  peduncle of the cone and for the prevalence of septal resin-ducts in
+  the leaf.
+
+    Plate XXXI.
+
+    Fig. 271, Three cones and seed. Fig. 272, Leaf-fascicle and
+    magnified leaf-section. Fig. 273, Cone from northern part of the
+    range. Fig. 274, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section from near
+    the northern limit.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXXI. P. PRINGLEI (268-270), OOCARPA (271-274)]
+
+
+50. PINUS HALEPENSIS
+
+    1762 P. sylvestris Gouan, Hort. Reg. Monspel. 494 (not Linnaeus).
+    1768 P. halepensis Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8.
+    1803 P. maritima Lambert, Gen. Pin. i. 13, t. 10.
+    1812 P. resinosa Loiseleur, Nouv. Duham. v. 237, t. 77 (not Aiton).
+    1815 P. brutia Tenore, Cat. Hort. Neap. Appx. 1, 75.
+    1826 P. arabica Sieber ex Sprengel, Syst. Veg. iii. 886.
+    1833 P. pyrenaica David in Ann. Soc. Hort. Paris, 186
+              (not Lapeyrouse).
+    1834 P. hispanica Cook, Sketches in Spain, ii. 337.
+    1838 P. pityusa Steven in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. xi. 49.
+    1841 P. carica Don in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. vii. 459.
+    1847 P. persica Strangways ex Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 157.
+    1855 P. abasica Carriere, Trait. Conif. 352.
+    1855 P. Loiseleuriana Carriere, Trait. Conif. 382.
+    1856 P. Parolinii Visiani in Mem. Ist. Venet. vi. 243, t. 1.
+    1902 P. eldarica Medwejew in Act. Hort. Tiflis. vi-2, 21, f.
+
+Spring-shoots often multinodal. Bark-formation late, the branches ashen
+gray and smooth for several years. Leaves binate, from 6 to 15 cm. long;
+resin-ducts external, hypoderm uniform. Conelets obscurely mucronate
+near the apex. Cones from 8 to 12 cm. long, ovate-conic, symmetrical or
+subsymmetrical, persistent, often serotinous; apophyses red with a
+lighter or deeper brownish shade, lustrous, flat, convex or
+low-pyramidal, radially carinate, the umbo often ashen gray and unarmed.
+
+  A tree ranging from Portugal to Afghanistan, and from Algeria to
+  Dalmatia and to northern Italy and Southern France. It is a vigorous
+  species in its own home, growing readily in poor soils, but not
+  successful in colder climates. The wood is resinous and valuable for
+  fuel. The turpentine industry, once associated with this species, has
+  gradually been abandoned for the more copious product of P. pinaster.
+
+  It is recognized by its lustrous red cones and by the ashen gray
+  cortex of its branches and upper trunk. Tenore's P. brutia (pyrenaica
+  of some authors) is founded on a difference in the length of the leaf
+  and on an erect cone with a shorter peduncle. To recognize species on
+  such distinctions would not be consistent with the purpose and spirit
+  of this discussion.
+
+    Plate XXXII.
+
+    Fig. 279, Two cones. Fig. 280, Cone. Fig. 281, Lateral conelet. Fig.
+    282, Magnified leaf-section. Fig. 283, Dermal tissues of the leaf
+    magnified.
+
+
+51. PINUS PINASTER
+
+    1768 P. sylvestris Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8 (not Linnaeus).
+    1789 P. pinaster Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii. 367.
+    1798 P. laricio Savi, Fl. Pisa. ii. 353 (not Poiret).
+    1804 P. maritima Poiret in Lamarck, Encycl. Meth. v. 337
+              (not Lambert).
+    1826 P. escarena Risso, Hist. Nat. ii. 340.
+    1835 P. Lemoniana Bentham in Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond. ser. 2,
+              i. 512, t.
+    1845 P. Hamiltonii Tenore, Cat. Ort. Nap. 90.
+
+Spring-shoots sometimes multinodal. Bark-formation early. Leaves binate,
+from 10 to 20 cm. long, stout and rigid; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm
+multiform, the inner cells gradually larger, remarkably large in the
+angles of the leaf. Conelets minutely mucronate. Cones from 9 to 18 cm.
+long, nearly sessile, ovate-conic, symmetrical or subsymmetrical,
+persistent, sometimes serotinous; apophyses lustrous nut-brown or rufous
+brown, conspicuously pyramidal, the umbo salient and pungent.
+
+  A maritime tree corresponding nearly, in its range, with the preceding
+  species, but more hardy in cooler climates. It grows from Portugal to
+  Greece, and from Algeria to Dalmatia, but its area has been much
+  extended by cultivation. Under favorable conditions it attains large
+  dimensions, but its exploitation for resin and turpentine tends to
+  diminish its size and disfigure its habit (Mathieu, Fl. Forest, ed. 4,
+  611). Its rapid growth, strong root-system, and its ability to thrive
+  on poor sandy soil, have led to the employment of this species for the
+  forestation of sand-dunes in France.
+
+  The tree can be recognized by its long stout leaves and persistent
+  brown cones. Its leaf-section is peculiar in the remarkable size of
+  the inner cells of the hypoderm, especially in the angles of the leaf.
+
+    Plate XXXII.
+
+    Figs. 275, 276, Cones. Fig. 277, Magnified leaf-section. Fig. 278,
+    Magnified dermal tissues in the angle of the leaf.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXXII. P. PINASTER (275-278), HALEPENSIS
+(279-283)]
+
+
+52. PINUS VIRGINIANA
+
+    1768 P. virginiana Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8.
+    1789 P. inops Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii. 367.
+
+Spring-shoots multinodal, pruinose; branchlets pliant and tough.
+Bark-formation slow, the cortex not rifted for some years. Leaves
+binate, from 4 to 8 cm. long; resin-ducts medial, or with an occasional
+internal duct; hypoderm biform. Conelets with long tapering sharp
+scales. Cones from 4 to 6 cm. long, ovate or oblong-ovate, symmetrical,
+persistent, dehiscent at maturity; apophyses lustrous nut-brown,
+somewhat elevated along a transverse keel, the umbo salient, forming a
+long slender prickle with a broad base.
+
+  Western Long Island to central Georgia and north Alabama, and from
+  eastern Tennessee to southern Indiana and southeastern Ohio. It is a
+  low bushy tree in the north, but in the south and west it attains
+  small timber-size and is locally exploited. It is hardy beyond the
+  limits of its natural range, growing readily in the vicinity of
+  Boston. Its short binate leaves, the persistent long prickles of its
+  cone, and its tough branches, combine to distinguish this Pine from
+  its associates. The obvious relationship of P. virginiana and P.
+  clausa places the former in this, rather than in the preceding group.
+
+    Plate XXXIII.
+
+    Fig. 284, Cones. Fig. 285, Conelet and its enlarged spinose scale.
+    Fig. 286, Leaf-fascicle, magnified leaf-section and more magnified
+    dermal tissues of the leaf. Fig. 287, Buds.
+
+
+53. PINUS CLAUSA
+
+    1884 P. clausa Vasey ex Sargent, Rep. 10th Cens. U. S. ix. 199.
+
+Spring-shoots multinodal. Bark-formation slow, as in the preceding
+species. Leaves binate, from 5 to 9 cm. long; resin-ducts medial, or
+with an occasional internal duct, hypoderm biform when of two rows of
+cells. Conelets with long tapering acute scales. Cones from 5 to 8 cm.
+long, reflexed, ovate-conic, symmetrical, persistent, often serotinous;
+apophyses lustrous nut-brown, elevated along a transverse keel, the umbo
+forming a triangular persistent spine.
+
+  A species of limited range, confined to the sandy coast of Alabama and
+  to Florida. It sometimes attains timber-size, but is usually a low
+  spreading tree of no commercial importance and never seen in
+  cultivation. It is recognized by its smooth branches, binate leaves
+  and numerous, often multiserial, clusters of persistent, often closed,
+  cones. It is associated with P. caribaea and, in the northern part of
+  its range, it grows with the other Southern species. By its close
+  resemblance it may be considered the serotinous form of P. virginiana.
+
+    Plate XXXIII.
+
+    Fig. 288, Three nodal groups of cones of the same year. Fig. 289,
+    Conelet and its enlarged scale. Fig. 290, Leaf-fascicle and
+    magnified leaf-section. Fig. 291, Larger form of the tree.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXXIII. P. VIRGINIANA (284-287), CLAUSA (288-291)]
+
+
+54. PINUS RIGIDA
+
+    1768 P. rigida Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8.
+    1909 P. serotina Long, in Bartonia, ii. 17 (not Michaux).
+
+Spring-shoots multinodal. Leaves ternate, from 7 to 14 cm. long;
+resin-ducts medial, or with an occasional internal duct, hypoderm
+biform. Scales of the conelet abruptly prolonged into a spine. Cones
+from 3 to 7 cm. long, ovate-conic, symmetrical, persistent, dehiscent at
+maturity or rarely serotinous; apophyses lustrous tawny yellow, elevated
+along a transverse keel, the umbo salient and forming the broad base of
+a slender sharp prickle.
+
+  A tree with bright green foliage in spreading tufts. The northern
+  limit of its range is in southwestern New Brunswick, southern Maine,
+  central New Hampshire and Vermont, the Thousand Islands of the St.
+  Lawrence River and central Ohio. It ranges into Pennsylvania and
+  Delaware at low levels and thence over the Alleghanies into northern
+  Georgia. It is associated with P. strobus and P. resinosa and, further
+  south, with P. virginiana. The cones are rarely serotinous, but it is
+  remarkably like P. serotina in many characters, and is therefore
+  placed in this group.
+
+    Plate XXXIV.
+
+    Fig. 292, Cones. Fig. 293, Leaf-fascicle, magnified section through
+    a fascicle, and magnified dermal tissues of the leaf. Fig. 294,
+    Upper part of a tree.
+
+
+55. PINUS SEROTINA
+
+    1803 P. serotina Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. ii. 205.
+
+Spring-shoots multinodal. Leaves ternate, from 12 to 20 cm. long;
+resin-ducts medial or medial and internal, hypoderm biform. Conelet
+long-mucronate. Cones from 5 to 7 cm. long, subglobose or short-ovate,
+symmetrical, persistent, serotinous; apophyses lustrous tawny yellow,
+slightly elevated along a transverse keel, the umbo forming the broad
+base of a slender, rather fragile prickle.
+
+  This species is confined to low wet lands from southeastern Virginia
+  to northern Florida and central Alabama. It is one of the associated
+  six timber-Pines of the Southern States and the only one of them with
+  serotinous cones. Its wood is of like value with that of P. taeda, the
+  two species being constantly confused by lumbermen. It is never
+  associated with P. rigida, but its resemblance to that Pine is so
+  great that it may be regarded as its serotinous form. Its leaf is
+  longer, its cone usually more orbicular and the prickle weaker.
+
+    Plate XXXIV.
+
+    Fig. 295, Cone. Fig. 296, Conelet and its enlarged scale. Fig. 297,
+    Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section.
+
+
+56. PINUS PUNGENS
+
+    1803 P. taeda Lambert, Gen. Pin. i. t. 16, (as to cone).
+              (not Linnaeus).
+    1806 P. pungens Lambert in Ann. Bot. ii. 198.
+    1852 P. montana Noll, Bot. Class Book, 340. (not Miller).
+
+Spring-shoots multinodal. Leaves binate or ternate, from 3 to 7 cm.
+long; resin-ducts medial, or with an occasional internal duct, hypoderm
+biform. Scales of the conelet much prolonged into a very acute triangle.
+Cones from 5 to 9 cm. long, symmetrical or subsymmetrical, tenaciously
+persistent, serotinous; apophyses lustrous or sublustrous fulvous brown,
+much elevated along a transverse keel, the umbo forming a stout
+formidable spine, uniform or nearly uniform on all faces of the cone.
+
+  A mountain species ranging from central Pennsylvania to northern
+  Georgia, with isolated stations in western New Jersey and Maryland. It
+  is remarkable among the Pines of eastern North America for the size
+  and strength of the spines of its cone. The armature resembles that of
+  the cone of the western P. muricata, but with the difference that the
+  western cone is strongly oblique, the anterior and posterior spines
+  varying greatly in size.
+
+    Plate XXXIV.
+
+    Fig. 298, Cone. Fig. 299, Conelet and its enlarged scale. Fig. 300,
+    Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXXIV. P. RIGIDA (292-294), SEROTINA (295-297),
+PUNGENS (298-300)]
+
+
+57. PINUS BANKSIANA
+
+    1803 P. Banksiana Lambert, Gen. Pin. i. 7. t. 3.
+    1804 P. hudsonia Poiret in Lamarck, Encycl. Meth. v. 339.
+    1810 P. rupestris Michaux f. Hist. Arbr. Am. i. 49, t. 2.
+    1811 P. divaricata Dumont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, vi. 457.
+
+Spring-shoots multinodal. Leaves binate, from 2 to 4 cm. long;
+resin-ducts medial, hypoderm biform. Conelets minutely mucronate. Cones
+from 3 to 5 cm. long, erect, ovate-conic, oblique, much curved or
+variously warped from the irregular development of the scales,
+serotinous; apophyses lustrous tawny yellow, concave, flat or convex,
+the umbo small and unarmed.
+
+  The most northern American Pine, growing near the Arctic Circle in the
+  valley of the Mackenzie River, whence it ranges southeasterly to
+  central Minnesota and the south shore of Lake Michigan, and easterly
+  through the Dominion of Canada to northern Vermont, southern Maine,
+  and Nova Scotia. In the northern part of its range it is the only
+  Pine, but further south it is associated with P. strobus and P.
+  resinosa. It is easily identified by its curious curved or deformed
+  cones.
+
+    Plate XXXV.
+
+    Fig. 301, Cones. Fig. 302, Biserial cones of the same year.
+    Fig. 303, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section. Fig. 304,
+    Habit of the tree.
+
+
+
+58. PINUS CONTORTA
+
+    1833 P. inops Bongard in Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. ii. 163,
+              (not Aiton).
+    1838 P. contorta Douglas ex Loudon, Arb. Brit. iv. 2292, f. 2211.
+    1853 P. Murrayana Balfour in Bot. Exp. Oregon, 2, f.
+    1854 P. Boursieri Carriere in Rev. Hort. 225, ff. 16, 17.
+    1868 P. Bolanderi Parlatore in DC. Prodr. xvi-2, 379.
+    1869 P. tamrac Murray in Gard. Chron. 191, ff. 1-9.
+    1898 P. tenuis Lemmon in Erythea, vi. 77.
+
+Spring-shoots multinodal. Leaves binate, from 3 to 5 cm. long;
+resin-ducts medial, hypoderm biform. Conelets long-mucronate. Cones from
+2 to 5 cm. long, sessile, ovate-conic, symmetrical or very oblique,
+persistent, serotinous; apophyses lustrous tawny-yellow, flat or
+protuberant, on oblique cones abruptly larger on the posterior face; the
+umbo armed with a slender fragile prickle.
+
+  It grows from the valley of the Yukon, near the Alaskan boundary,
+  along the Pacific coast to Mendocino county, California. It covers the
+  plains and slopes of British Columbia and follows the Rocky Mountains
+  into western Colorado, with an outlying station on the Black Hills of
+  South Dakota. It grows on the Sierras and mountains of southern
+  California and in northern Lower California. On the seashore this Pine
+  is of low dense growth, but inland it is a slender tree with a long
+  tapering stem. It is easily recognized by its very short leaves and
+  very small cone.
+
+    Plate XXXV.
+
+    Fig. 305, Cones. Fig. 306, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXXV. P. BANKSIANA (301-304), CONTORTA (305, 306)]
+
+
+59. PINUS GREGGII
+
+    1868 P. Greggii Engelmann ex Parlatore in DC. Prodr. xvi-2, 396.
+
+Spring-shoots uninodal and multinodal, pruinose. Bark-formation late,
+the branches and upper trunk smooth. Leaves ternate, from 7 to 10 cm.
+long, erect; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm of uniform thin-walled cells.
+Conelets mucronate. Cones from 6 to 12 cm. long, ovate-conic, oblique,
+serotinous, reflexed; apophyses lustrous tawny yellow, convex, the
+posterior gradually larger and more prominent than the anterior scales,
+the umbo flat or depressed, the mucro deciduous.
+
+  This species is known, at present, from specimens collected in the
+  vicinity of the city of Saltillo, in northeastern Mexico. Were it not
+  for the difference of bark it might be considered to be a northern
+  variety of P. patula with shorter erect leaves. With both species the
+  long peduncle of the conelet becomes overgrown by the basal scales of
+  the ripe cone, which appears to be sessile. With both, the cones are
+  in crowded nodal clusters, reflexed against the branch. They are so
+  much alike that earlier descriptions of P. patula included the smooth
+  gray bark of P. Greggii. The first correct description of the scaly
+  red bark of P. patula appeared in the second edition of Veitch's
+  Manual of Conifers.
+
+    Plate XXXVI.
+
+    Fig. 311, Cone. Fig. 312, Conelet. Fig. 313, Leaf-fascicle and
+    magnified leaf-section. Fig. 314, Branch showing erect leaves.
+
+
+60. PINUS PATULA
+
+    1831 P. patula Schlechtendal & Chamisso in Linnaea, vi. 354.
+
+Spring-shoots multinodal, more or less pruinose. Bark-formation early,
+the scales deciduous, the upper trunk and branches red. Leaves
+prevalently ternate but sometimes in fascicles of 4 or 5, from 15 to 30
+cm. long, slender and gracefully drooping; resin-ducts medial or with an
+occasional internal duct, hypoderm weak, of uniform thin-walled cells.
+Conelets mucronate. Cones from 6 to 11 cm. long, in crowded verticillate
+clusters, sessile, reflexed, ovate-conic, oblique, persistent and
+serotinous; apophyses lustrous nut-brown, more or less tumid, the
+posterior gradually larger than the anterior scales, the umbo flat or
+depressed, the mucro wanting.
+
+  Patula grows in the warm-temperate climates of Hidalgo, Puebla and
+  Vera Cruz, in eastern and central Mexico. It can be at once recognized
+  by its slender drooping foliage, its persistent cones, and its red
+  upper trunk. It is cultivated in northern Italy and in the warmer
+  parts of Great Britain.
+
+    Plate XXXVI.
+
+    Fig. 307, Cone. Fig. 308, Conelet. Fig. 309, Leaf-fascicle and
+    magnified leaf-section. Fig. 310, Branchlet with drooping leaves.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXXVI. P. PATULA (307-310), GREGGII (311-314)]
+
+
+61. PINUS MURICATA
+
+    1837 P. muricata D. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 441.
+    1848 P. Edgariana Hartweg in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. iii. 217.
+
+Spring-shoots multinodal. Leaves binate, from 10 to 15 cm. long;
+resin-ducts medial, hypoderm biform. Scales of the conelet prolonged
+into a triangular spine. Cones from 5 to 9 cm. long, in verticillate
+clusters, sessile, reflexed, ovate-conic, oblique, serotinous; apophyses
+lustrous nut-brown, abruptly much larger on the posterior face of the
+cone, each armed with a formidable spine varying in size with the
+varying size of the apophysis.
+
+  This species grows on the coast of California, in scattered stations
+  between Mendocino and San Luis Obispo Counties, and on the northwest
+  coast of Lower California and on Cedros Island. It is recognized by
+  its oblique cones, conspicuously spinose, indefinitely persistent and
+  very serotinous. The unequal development of its cone-scales
+  distinguishes the cone from the more symmetrically developed cone of
+  P. pungens. Fruiting trees of P. muricata may be seen in the Royal
+  Gardens at Kew.
+
+    Plate XXXVII.
+
+    Fig. 315, Cone. Fig. 316, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section.
+
+
+62. PINUS ATTENUATA
+
+    1847 P. californica Hartweg in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. ii. 189,
+              (not? P. CALIFORNIANA, Loiseleur).
+    1849 P. tuberculata Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. iv. 218,
+              f. (not D. Don).
+    1892 P. attenuata Lemmon in Mining & Sci. Press, lxiv. 45.
+
+Spring-shoots multinodal. Bark-formation late, the branches and upper
+trunk smooth. Leaves ternate, from 8 to 16 cm. long; resin-ducts medial
+or with one or more internal ducts, hypoderm biform. Scales of the
+conelet prolonged into a triangular spine. Cones from 8 to 16 cm. long,
+in verticillate clusters, sessile, reflexed, long-ovate, oblique,
+persistent and remarkably serotinous; apophyses lustrous tawny yellow,
+abruptly larger and more prominent on the posterior face of the cone,
+where they are usually prolonged into acute pyramids with a small
+incurved spine.
+
+  A tree of slender habit and gray-green foliage, the trunk studded with
+  persistent nodal cone-clusters; growing on dry mountain slopes, from
+  southwestern Oregon over the foot-hills of the northern mountains of
+  California and its coastal ranges as far as the southern slopes of the
+  San Bernardino Mountains. It attains its best development in the
+  northern part of its range, but is never a tree of importance. The
+  serotinous habit is more pronounced in this than in any other species.
+  It is distinct from P. radiata, its nearest relative, by the color of
+  the cone, by its smooth upper trunk and by its much smaller size.
+
+  The possibility of identifying P. californiana Loiseleur (Nouv. Duham.
+  v. 293), through a cone said to have been sent to the Museum at Paris,
+  may cause this name to be applied, by reason of its early date (1812),
+  to some existing species. Don's radiata and tuberculata, although
+  considered to be the same species, were nevertheless founded on
+  different forms of the cone. Under a very narrow conception of
+  specific limits tuberculata Don might therefore acquire specific rank.
+  These considerations seem to make it advisable to abandon for this
+  species the names californica Hartw. and tuberculata Gord. for the
+  later name attenuata.
+
+    Plate XXXVII.
+
+    Fig. 317, Cone. Fig. 318, Magnified leaf-section.
+
+
+63. PINUS RADIATA
+
+    1837 P. radiata D. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 442.
+    1837 P. tuberculata D. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 442.
+    1838 P. insignis Douglas ex Loudon, Arb. Brit. iv. 2265, f. 2171.
+    1841 P. Sinclairii Hooker & Arnott in Bot. Beechy Voy. 392, t. 93
+              (as to leaves).
+
+Spring-shoots multinodal. Bark formation early, the branches and upper
+trunk rough. Leaves ternate or binate, from 10 to 15 cm. long;
+resin-ducts medial or with an occasional internal duct, hypoderm biform.
+Conelets mucronate, the mucro small and dorsal. Cones from 7 to 14 cm.
+long, in verticillate clusters, sessile, reflexed, ovate or oblong,
+oblique, serotinous; apophyses nut-brown, lustrous, tumid in various
+degrees, the posterior scales abruptly larger and very prominent, the
+umbo bearing the minute prickle or its remnant.
+
+  A tall tree with rich green foliage, growing on a strip of coast south
+  of San Francisco, particularly in Monterey County. It grows also on
+  the islands forming the Santa Barbara Channel and on the Island of
+  Guadeloupe, Lower California. It is remarkably successful in the
+  warmer climates of Europe and of Australasia. The species is distinct
+  in its peculiar cone with rounded apophyses.
+
+    Plate XXXVII.
+
+    Figs. 319, 320, Cones. Fig. 321, Leaf-fascicle and magnified
+    leaf-section. Fig. 322, Leaf-section from a binate fascicle. Fig.
+    323, Magnified dermal tissues of the leaf.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXXVII. P. MURICATA (315, 316), ATTENUATA (317,
+318), RADIATA (319-323)]
+
+
+=XIII. MACROCARPAE=
+
+Pits of the ray-cells small. Wing-blade of the seed thick. Cones large.
+Leaves long and stout.
+
+This group is remarkable for the size of leaf, conelet, and cone. The
+peculiar thick seed-wing is more or less obscurely present among the
+species of the Insignes, but never attains the development that
+differentiates this group from all other Pines. The leaf-section is
+notable for the large amount of hypoderm and for the presence of both
+thick and thin outer walls of the endoderm-cells, both forms appearing
+in the same leaf.
+
+    Wing-blade with a short membranous extension.
+      Leaves in fascicles of 5                            64. Torreyana
+      Leaves in fascicles of 3                            65. Sabiniana
+    Wing-blade with a long membranous extension, leaves
+        in fascicles of 3                                 66. Coulteri
+
+
+64. PINUS TORREYANA
+
+    1855 P. Torreyana Parry ex Carriere, Trait. Conif. 326.
+    1860 P. lophosperma Lindley in Gard. Chron. 46.
+
+Spring-shoots uninodal, pruinose. Leaves in fascicles of 5, from 20 to
+33 cm. long, very stout; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm uniform or
+somewhat multiform and of many cells. Conelets large, mucronate. Cones
+from 10 to 15 cm. long, on stout peduncles, broad-ovate, symmetrical,
+somewhat persistent; apophyses chocolate-brown, prominently pyramidal,
+the umbo salient and capped with a small mucro; seed-wing short, very
+thick, the dorsal surface of the nut spotted with the black remnants of
+the spermoderm.
+
+  A tree 10 or 12 metres high, often semi-prostrate in exposed
+  positions, confined to a restricted area on the coast north of San
+  Diego, California, and to the Island of Santa Rosa. This species
+  resembles P. Sabiniana in the length of its seed-wing and in the color
+  of its cone, but is distinct in the short triangular umbo, in its
+  pentamerous leaf-fascicles and in the mottled dorsal surface of its
+  nut.
+
+    Plate XXXVIII.
+
+    Fig. 324, Cone and seed. Fig. 325, Magnified leaf-section.
+
+
+65. PINUS SABINIANA
+
+    1833 P. Sabiniana Douglas in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvi. 747.
+
+Spring-shoots multinodal, pruinose. Leaves in fascicles of 3, from 20 to
+30 cm. long; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm multiform. Conelets large,
+their scales tapering to a sharp point. Cones from 15 to 25 cm. long,
+reflexed, ovate, slightly oblique, persistent; apophyses
+chocolate-brown, very prominent, the curved umbo confluent with the
+apophysis and with it forming a very large talon-like armature with a
+sharp apex and a broad thick base; seed-wing very thick, with a short
+membranous margin, the dorsal surface of the nut uniform in color.
+
+  A tree with sparse gray-green foliage, growing in small groves on the
+  foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges of California. Its
+  three leaves and the uniform color of the nut distinguish it from
+  P. Torreyana. From P. Coulteri it differs in the length of the
+  membranous portion of the seed-wing and in its gray-green leaves.
+
+    Plate XXXVIII.
+
+    Fig. 326, Cone. Fig. 327, Seed, nut and wing. Fig. 328, Magnified
+    leaf-section.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXXVIII. P. TORREYANA (324, 325), SABINIANA
+(326-328)]
+
+
+66. PINUS COULTERI
+
+    1837 P. Coulteri D. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 440.
+    1840 P. macrocarpa Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxvi. Misc. 62.
+
+Spring-shoots multinodal, pruinose. Leaves in fascicles of 3, from 15 to
+30 cm. long, very stout; resin-ducts medial, or with an occasional
+internal duct, hypoderm multiform and of many cells. Conelet very large,
+the scales tapering to a long sharp point. Cones from 25 to 35 cm. long,
+reflexed, ovate or oblong-ovate, somewhat oblique, persistent; apophyses
+sublustrous tawny yellow, very protuberant, with a narrow shoulder from
+which springs the umbo in the form of a large stout curved talon;
+seed-wing nearly equally divided between the very thick base and the
+membranous apex.
+
+  Remarkable among Pines for the size and weight of its cones, many
+  times heavier than the longer cones of P. Lambertiana, illustrating
+  the great change that the cone-tissues undergo in the gradual
+  evolution of the species. It is a tree with dark-green foliage,
+  growing from northern Lower California over the mountains of southern
+  California to the Santa Lucia range and to Mt. Diablo. It is of no
+  value except for fuel and for its large nuts. It is best recognized by
+  its seed. The cone differs from the others of this group in its yellow
+  color, not unlike that of boxwood.
+
+    Plate XXXIX.
+
+    Fig. 329, Cone of small size. Fig. 330, Seed, nut and wing. Fig.
+    331, Magnified leaf-section. Fig. 332, Conelet.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXXIX. PINUS COULTERI]
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+  Adnate wing, 16
+  Apinus, Neck.--Pinus, 24
+  Apophysis of cone, 10
+  Armature of conelet, 7
+  Articulate wing, 16
+  Australes-Group, 62
+
+  Balfourianae-Group, 42
+  Bark, 18
+  Bases of bracts decurrent and non-decurrent, 1
+  Bast-tissue of cone, 14
+  Biform hypoderm, 6
+  Bloom on branchlet, 2
+  Bracts, bases of, 1
+  Branchlet, multinodal, 2
+    uninodal, 2
+  Bud, latent, 2
+    leaf, 1
+    staminate, 1
+
+  Caryopitys, Small = Pinus, 24
+  Caryopitys edulis Small = Pinus cembroides, 38
+  Cembra, Opiz = Pinus, 24
+  Cembra-Subsection, 26
+  Cembrae-Group, 26
+  Cembroides-Group, 38
+  Characters of the genus, 1
+  Classification of species, 22
+  Color of cone, 8
+  Cone, apophysis of, 10
+    bast tissues of, 14
+    color of, 8
+    dimensions of, 8
+    oblique, 10
+    peduncle of, 8
+    persistent, 8
+    phyllotaxis of, 12
+    serotinous, 14
+    symmetrical, 10
+  Conelet, lateral, 7
+    pseudolateral, 7
+    subterminal, 7
+  Conspectus of Sections &c., 25
+  Connective of pollen-sacs, 7
+  Cotyledons, 1
+
+  Decurrent bases, 1
+  Definite phyllotaxis, 12
+  Dermal tissue of leaf, 4
+  Dimensions of cone, 8
+    leaf, 4
+  Diploxylon-Section, 44
+  Dorsal umbo, 8
+
+  Endoderm, 8
+  Evolutional characters, 20
+  External resin-ducts, 6
+
+  Fibro-vascular bundle, 6
+  Flexiles-Group, 28
+  Flowers, lateral, 7
+    pistillate, 7
+    staminate, 7
+    subterminal, 7
+
+  Generic characters, 18
+  Genus, characters of, 1
+  Geographical distribution, 24
+  Gerardianae-Group, 40
+  Green tissue of leaf, 6
+
+  Haploxylon-Section, 26
+  Hypoderm, biform, 6
+    multiform, 6
+    uniform, 6
+
+  Indefinite phyllotaxis, 12
+  Insignes-Group, 76
+  Internal resin-ducts, 6
+
+  Lariciones-Group, 51
+  Latent buds, 2
+  Lateral flowers, 7
+    conelet, 7
+  Leaf, dermal tissues of, 4
+    dimensions of, 4
+    fibro-vascular bundle of, 6
+    green tissue of, 6
+    persistence of, 4
+    primary, 1
+    resin-ducts of, 6
+    secondary, 2
+    stelar tissues of, 6
+    stomata of, 4
+    tissues of, 4
+  Leiophyllae-Group, 44
+  Longifoliae-Group, 46
+
+  Macrocarpae-Group, 90
+  Medial resin-ducts, 6
+  Multiform hypoderm, 6
+  Multinodal branchlet, 2
+    spring-shoot, 2
+
+  Non-decurrent bases, 1
+
+  Oblique cone, 10
+
+  Paracembra-Subsection, 36
+  Parapinaster-Subsection, 44
+  Peduncle of cone, 8
+  Persistence of leaf, 4
+  Persistent cone, 8
+  Phyllotaxis, of cone, 12
+    definite, 12
+    indefinite, 12
+  Pinaster-Subsection, 50
+  Pineae-Group, 48
+  Pinus, 24
+  Pinus abasica Carr. = halepensis, 78
+    alba-canadensis Prov. = strobus, 36
+    albicaulis Engelm., 27
+    Altamirani Shaw = Lawsonii, 68
+    apacheca Lemm. = ponderosa, 66
+    apulcensis Lindl. = pseudostrobus, 62
+    arabica Sieb. = halepensis, 78
+    aristata Engelm., 44
+    arizonica Engelm. = ponderosa, 66
+    Armandi Franch., 30
+    armena Koch = sylvestris, 54
+    attenuata Lemm., 88
+    australis Michx. = palustris, 70
+    austriaca Hoess = nigra, 58
+    ayacahuite Ehrenb., 30
+    bahamensis Grise. = caribaea, 70
+    Balfouriana Balf., 42
+    Balfouriana Wats. = aristata, 44
+    Banksiana Lamb., 84
+    Beardsleyi Murr. = ponderosa, 66
+    Benthamiana Hartw. = ponderosa, 66
+    Bolanderi Parl. = contorta, 84
+    Bonapartea Roezl = ayacahuite, 30
+    Boursieri Carr. = contorta, 84
+    brachyptera Engelm. = ponderosa, 66
+    brutia Ten. = halepensis, 78
+    Bungeana Zucc., 40
+    californica Hartw. = attenuata, 88
+    canaliculata Miq. = Massoniana, 52
+    canariensis Smith, 48
+    caribaea Mor., 70
+    carica Don = halepensis, 78
+    cembra L., 27
+    cembra Thunb. = parviflora, 32
+    cembroides Gord. = Pinceana, 38
+    cembroides Newb. = albicaulis, 27
+    cembroides Zucc., 38
+    chihuahuana Engelm. = leiophylla, 44
+    clausa Vasey, 80
+    contorta Dougl., 84
+    coronans Litv. = cembra, 27
+    Coulteri D. Don, 93
+    Craigana Murr. = ponderosa, 66
+    cubensis Grise. = occidentalis, 70
+    cubensis Sarg. = caribaea, 70
+    dalmatica Vis. = nigra, 58
+    deflexa Torr. = ponderosa, 66
+    densata Mast. = sinensis, 60
+    densiflora Sieb. & Zucc., 52
+    Devoniana Lindl. = Montezumae, 64
+    divaricata Dum. Cours. = Banksiana, 84
+    Donnell-Smithii Mast. = Montezumae, 64
+    echinata Mill., 74
+    Edgariana Hartw. = muricata, 86
+    edulis Engelm. = cembroides, 38
+    Ehrenbergii Endl. = Montezumae, 64
+    eldarica Medw. = halepensis, 78
+    Elliottii Engelm. = caribaea, 70
+    Engelmanni Carr. = ponderosa, 66
+    escarena Riss. = pinaster, 80
+    excelsa Hook. = peuce, 34
+    excelsa Wall., 34
+    filifolia Lindl. = Montezumae, 64
+    Finlaysoniana Wall. = Merkusii, 58
+    flexilis James, 28
+    flexilis Balf. = albicaulis, 27
+    formosana Hay. = parviflora, 32
+    Fremontiana Endl. = cembroides, 38
+    Frieseana Wich. = sylvestris, 54
+    funebris Kom. = sinensis, 60
+    Gerardiana Wall., 42
+    glabra Walt., 72
+    Gordoniana Hartw. = Montezumae, 64
+    Greggii Engelm., 86
+    Grenvilleae Gord. = Montezumae, 64
+    Griffithii McClell. = excelsa, 34
+    halepensis Bieb. = nigra, 58
+    halepensis Mill., 78
+    Hamiltonii Ten. = pinaster, 80
+    Hartwegii Lindl. = Montezumae, 64
+    Heldreichii Chr. = nigra, 58
+    Henryi Mast. = sinensis, 60
+    heterophylla Small = taeda, 72
+    heterophylla Sudw. = caribaea, 70
+    hispanica Cook = halepensis, 78
+    hudsonia Poir. = Banksiana, 84
+    humilis Link = sylvestris, 54
+    inops Ait. = virginiana, 80
+    inops Bong. = contorta, 84
+    insignis Dougl. = radiata, 88
+    insularis Endl., 60
+    Jeffreyi Balf. = ponderosa, 66
+    kasya Royle = insularis, 60
+    khasiana Griff. = insularis, 60
+    Kochiana Klotzsch = sylvestris, 54
+    koraiensis Mast. = Armandi, 30
+    koraiensis Sieb. & Zucc., 26
+    Lambertiana Dougl., 32
+    lapponica Mayr = sylvestris, 54
+    laricio Poir. = nigra, 58
+    laricio Savi = pinaster, 80
+    latifolia Sarg. = ponderosa, 66
+    latisquama Engelm. = Pinceana, 38
+    latteri Mason = Merkusii, 58
+    Lawsonii Roezl., 68
+    leiophylla Schl. & Cham., 44
+    Lemoniana Benth. = pinaster, 80
+    leucodermis Ant. = nigra, 58
+    leucosperma Max. = sinensis, 60
+    Lindleyana Gord. = Montezumae, 64
+    Llaveana Schiede = cembroides, 38
+    Loiseleuriana Carr. = halepensis, 78
+    longifolia Roxb., 46
+    lophosperma Lindl. = Torreyana, 90
+    Loudoniana Gord. = ayacahuite, 30
+    luchuensis Mayr, 56
+    Lumholtzii Rob. & Fern., 46
+    lutea Walt. = taeda, 72
+    macrocarpa Lindl. = Coulteri, 93
+    macrophylla Engelm. = ponderosa, 66
+    macrophylla Lindl. = Montezumae, 64
+    maderiensis Ten. = pinea, 48
+    mandschurica Laws. = cembra, 27
+    mandschurica Rupr. = koraiensis, 26
+    maritima Ait. = nigra, 58
+    maritima Lamb. = halepensis, 78
+    maritima Poir. = pinaster, 80
+    Massoniana Lamb., 52
+    Massoniana Sieb. & Zucc. = Thunbergii, 56
+    Mastersiana Hay. = Armandi, 30
+    Mayriana Sudw. = ponderosa, 66
+    Merkusii De Vriese, 58
+    mitis Michx. = echinata, 74
+    monophylla Torr. = cembroides, 38
+    montana Lam. = cembra, 27
+    montana Mill., 54
+    montana Noll = pungens, 84
+    Montezumae Lamb., 64
+    monticola Dougl., 34
+    morrisonicola Hay. = parviflora, 32
+    mugho Poir. = montana, 54
+    mughus Jacq. = sylvestris, 54
+    mughus Scop. = montana, 54
+    muricata D. Don, 86
+    Murrayana Balf. = contorta, 84
+    Nelsonii Shaw, 40
+    nepalensis De Chamb. = excelsa, 34
+    nigra Arnold, 58
+    nigricans Host = nigra, 58
+    nivea Booth = strobus, 36
+    obliqua Saut. = montana, 54
+    occidentalis H. B. K. = Montezumae, 64
+    occidentalis Swartz, 70
+    oocarpa Schiede, 78
+    oocarpoides Lindl. = oocarpa, 78
+    orizabae Gord. = pseudostrobus, 62
+    osteosperma Engelm. = cembroides, 38
+    Pallasiana Lamb. = nigra, 58
+    palustris Miller, 70
+    Parolinii Vis. = halepensis, 78
+    Parryana Engelm. = cembroides, 38
+    Parryana Gord. = ponderosa, 66
+    parviflora Sieb. Zucc., 32
+    patula Schl. & Cham., 86
+    peninsularis Lemm. = ponderosa, 66
+    pentaphylla Mayr = parviflora, 32
+    persica Strangw. = halepensis, 78
+    peuce Grise., 34
+    pinaster Ait., 80
+    pinaster Bess. = nigra, 58
+    Pinceana Gord., 38
+    pindica Form. = nigra, 58
+    pinea Linn., 48
+    pityusa Stev. = halepensis, 78
+    ponderosa Dougl., 66
+    pontica Koch = sylvestris, 54
+    porphyrocarpa Laws. = monticola, 34
+    Pringlei Shaw, 76
+    prominens Mast. = sinensis, 60
+    pseudostrobus Lindl., 62
+    pumila Regel = cembra, 27
+    pumilio Haenke = montana, 54
+    pungens Lamb., 84
+    pyrenaica David = halepensis, 78
+    pyrenaica Lap. = nigra, 58
+    quadrifolia Sudw. = cembroides, 38
+    radiata D. Don, 88
+    radiata Hook. & Arn. = Montezumae, 64
+    recurvata Rowl. = caribaea, 70
+    reflexa Engelm. = flexilis, 28
+    resinosa Ait., 51
+    resinosa Loise. = halepensis, 78
+    resinosa Savi = sylvestris, 54
+    rigida Mill., 82
+    rotundata Link = montana, 54
+    Roxburghii Sarg. = longifolia, 46
+    Royleana Jam. = echinata, 74
+    rubra Michx.= resinosa, 51
+    rubra Mill. = sylvestris, 54
+    rudis Endl. = Montezumae, 64
+    rupestris Michx. = Banksiana, 84
+    Russelliana Lindl. = Montezumae, 64
+    Sabiniana Dougl., 90
+    Salzmanni Dun. = nigra, 58
+    sanguinea Lap. = montana, 54
+    sativa Lam. = pinea, 48
+    scipioniformis Mast. = Armandi, 30
+    scopifera Miq. = densiflora, 52
+    scopulorum Lemm. = ponderosa, 66
+    serotina Long = rigida, 82
+    serotina Michx., 82
+    shasta Carr. = albicaulis, 27
+    sibirica Mayr = cembra, 27
+    Sinclairii Hook. & Arn. = Montezumae, 64
+                            = radiata, 88
+    sinensis Lamb., 60
+    squarrosa Walt. = echinata, 74
+    strobiformis Engelm. = ayacahuite, 30
+    strobiformis Sarg. = flexilis 28
+    strobus Linn., 36
+    strobus Thunb. = koraiensis, 26
+    sylvestris Baumg. = nigra, 58
+    sylvestris Gouan = halepensis, 78
+    sylvestris Linn., 54
+    sylvestris Lour. = Merkusii, 58
+    sylvestris Mill. = pinaster, 80
+    sylvestris Thunb. = Thunbergii, 56
+    tabulaeformis Carr. = sinensis, 60
+    taeda Blanco = insularis, 60
+    taeda Lamb. = pungens, 84
+    taeda Linn., 72
+    tamrac Murr. = contorta, 84
+    tatarica Mill. = sylvestris, 54
+    tenuifolia Benth. = pseudostrobus, 62
+    tenuis Lemm. = contorta, 84
+    teocote Schl. & Cham., 68
+    terthrocarpa Shaw = tropicalis, 52
+    Thunbergii Parl., 56
+    Torreyana Parry, 90
+    tropicalis Mor., 52
+    tuberculata D. Don = radiata, 88
+    tuberculata Gord. = attenuata, 88
+    uliginosa Neum. = montana, 54
+    uncinata Ram. = montana, 54
+    variabilis Lamb. = echinata, 74
+    Veitchii Roezl = ayacahuite, 30
+    virginiana Mill., 80
+    Wilsonii Shaw = sinensis, 60
+    Wincesteriana Gord. = Montezumae, 64
+    Wrightii Engelm. = occidentalis, 70
+    yunnanensis Franch. = sinensis, 60
+  Pistillate flower, 7
+  Primary leaf, 1
+  Pseudolateral conelet, 7
+
+  Resin-ducts of the leaf external, 6
+    internal, 6
+    medial, 6
+    septal, 6
+
+  Secondary leaf, 2
+  Sectional characters, 18
+  Seed, wing of, 16
+    winged, 16
+    wingless, 16
+  Septal resin-ducts, 6
+  Serotinous cone, 14
+  Species, classification of, 22
+  Specific characters, 20
+  Spring-shoot, 2
+  Staminate flowers, 7
+  Stelar tissues of leaf, 6
+  Stomata of leaf, 4
+  Strobi-Group, 30
+  Strobus, Opiz = Pinus, 24
+  Strobus strobus Small = Pinus strobus, 36
+  Subsectional characters, 20
+  Subterminal conelet, 7
+    flower, 7
+  Symmetrical cone, 10
+
+  Terminal umbo, 8
+  Tissues of the cone, 12
+    leaf, 4
+    wood, 17
+
+  Umbo of the cone dorsal, 8
+    terminal, 8
+  Uninodal branchlet, 2
+    spring-shoot, 2
+  Uniform hypoderm, 6
+
+  Variation, 21
+
+  Wing of seed, adnate, 16
+    articulate, 16
+  Winged seed, 16
+  Wingless seed, 16
+  Wood, 17
+  Wood-strands of the cone, 14
+  Wood-tissues, 17
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes:
+
+1. The position of Plates was changed to the end of the section
+   referencing each.
+
+2. Species names appear to be Capitalized when they are names of persons
+   or places in this book, as in other material of this period.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Genus Pinus, by George Russell Shaw
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