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diff --git a/26798-8.txt b/26798-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b64cece --- /dev/null +++ b/26798-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5020 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Genus Pinus, by George Russell Shaw + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Genus Pinus + +Author: George Russell Shaw + +Illustrator: George Russell Shaw + +Release Date: October 7, 2008 [EBook #26798] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GENUS PINUS *** + + + + +Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, Leonard Johnson and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +produced by Core Historical Literature in Agriculture +(CHLA), Cornell University) + + + + + + + + + + + THE GENUS PINUS + + PUBLICATIONS OF THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM No. 5 + + + + + THE + + GENUS PINUS + + BY + + GEORGE RUSSELL SHAW + + [Illustration: Printer's Logo.] + + Es giebt jedoch auch Arten--und dieses ist + für den Systematiker wie für den Physiologen + gleich wichtig--welche sich den wechselnden + Bedingungen der Feuchtigkeit so vollkommen + anpassen, dass ihre extremen Formen zu + ungleichen Arten zu gehören scheinen. + + _Schimper._ + + + CAMBRIDGE + PRINTED AT THE RIVERSIDE PRESS + 1914 + + REPRINTED 1958 BY THE MURRAY PRINTING COMPANY + FORGE VILLAGE, MASSACHUSETTS + + + + + CONTENTS + + Page Plate + + PART 1 CHARACTERS OF THE GENUS 1 + + Cotyledon, Primary Leaf, Bud and Branchlet 1, 2 I + + Secondary Leaves 2 II + + External Characters 4 + + Internal Characters 4 + + Flowers and Conelet 7 III + + Cone 8 IV + + Phyllotaxis 12 V + + Cone-tissues and Seeds 12-16 VI + + Wood 17 VII + + Bark 18 + + PART 2 CLASSIFICATION OF THE SPECIES 22 + + Sections, subsections and groups 25 + + Section Haploxylon 26 + + Subsection Cembra 26 + + Group Cembrae 26 + + Pinus Koraiensis, Cembra, Albicaulis 26, 27 VIII + + Group Flexiles 28 + + Pinus Flexilis, Armandi 28, 30 IX + + Group Strobi 30 + + Pinus Ayacahuite, Lambertiana 30, 32 X + + Parviflora, Peuce, Excelsa 32, 34 XI + + Monticola, Strobus 34, 36 XII + + Subsection Paracembra 36 + + Group Cembroides 38 + + Pinus Cembroides, Pinceana, Nelsonii 38, 40 XIII + + Group Gerardianae 40 + + Pinus Bungeana, Gerardiana 40, 42 XIV + + Group Balfourianae 42 + + Pinus Balfouriana, Aristata 42, 44 XV + + Section Diploxylon 44 + + Subsection Parapinaster 44 + + Group Leiophyllae 44 + + Pinus Leiophylla, Lumholtzii 44, 46 XVI + + Group Longifoliae 46 + + Pinus Longifolia, Canariensis 46, 48 XVII + + Group Pineae 48 + + Pinus Pinea 48 XVIII + + Subsection Pinaster 50 + + Group Laricionea 51 + + Pinus Resinosa, Tropicalis 51, 52 XIX + + Massoniana, Densiflora 52 XX + + Sylvestris, Montana 54 XXI + + Luchuensis, Thunbergii, Nigra 56, 58 XXII + + Merkusii, Sinensis, Insularis 58, 60 XXIII + + Group Australes 62 + + Pinus Pseudostrobus 62 XXIV + + Montezumae 64 XXV + + Ponderosa 66 XXVI + + Teocote, Lawsonii 68 XXVII + + Occidentalis, Palustris 70 XXVIII + + Caribaea 70 XXIX + + Taeda, Glabra, Echinata 72, 74 XXX + + Group Insignes 76 + + Pinus Pringlei, Oocarpa 76, 78 XXXI + + Halepensis, Pinaster 78, 80 XXXII + + Virginiana, Clausa 80 XXXIII + + Rigida, Serotina, Pungens 82, 84 XXXIV + + Banksiana, Contorta 84 XXXV + + Greggii, Patula 86 XXXVI + + Muricata, Attenuata, Radiata 86, 88 XXXVII + + Group Macrocarpae 90 + + Pinus Torreyana, Sabiniana 90 XXXVIII + + Coulteri 93 XXXIX + + + INDEX 94 + + + + +INTRODUCTION + + +This discussion of the characters of Pinus is an attempt to determine +their taxonomic significance and their utility for determining the +limits of the species. A systematic arrangement follows, based on the +evolution of the cone and seed from the comparatively primitive +conditions that appear in Pinus cembra to the specialized cone and +peculiar dissemination of Pinus radiata and its associates. This +arrangement involves no radical change in existing systems. The new +associations in which some of the species appear are the natural result +of another point of view. + +Experience with Mexican species has led me to believe that a Pine can +adapt itself to various climatic conditions and can modify its growth in +response to them. Variations in dimensions of leaf or cone, the number +of leaves in the fascicle, the presence of pruinose branchlets, etc., +which have been thought to imply specific distinctions, are often the +evidence of facile adaptability. In fact such variations, in correlation +with climatic variation, may argue, not for specific distinction, but +for specific identity. The remarkable variation in the species may be +attributed partly to this adaptability, partly to a participation, more +or less pronounced, in the evolutionary processes that culminate in the +serotinous Pines. + + + + +PART I + +CHARACTERS OF THE GENUS + + +THE COTYLEDON. Plate I, figs. 1-3. + +The upper half of the embryo in Pinus is a cylindrical fascicle of 4 to +15 cotyledons (fig. 1). The cross-section of a cotyledon is, therefore, +a triangle whose angles vary with the number composing the fascicle. +Sections from fascicles of 10 and of 5 cotyledons are shown in figs. 2 +and 3. Apart from this difference cotyledons are much alike. Their +number varies and is indeterminate for all species, while any given +number is common to so many species that the character is of no value. + + +THE PRIMARY LEAF. Plate I, figs. 4-6. + +Primary leaves follow the cotyledons immediately (fig. 4) and assume the +usual functions of foliage for a limited period, varying from one to +three years, secondary fascicles appearing here and there in their +axils. With the permanent appearance of the secondary leaves the green +primaries disappear and their place is taken by bud-scales, which in the +spring and summer persist as scarious bracts, each subtending a fascicle +of secondary leaves. At this stage the bracts present two important +distinctions. + + 1. The bract-base is non-decurrent, like the leaf-base + of Abies fig. 5. + 2. The bract-base is decurrent, like the leaf-base of Picea fig. 6. + +The two sections of the genus, Haploxylon and Diploxylon, established by +Koehne on the single and double fibro-vascular bundle of the leaf, are +even more accurately characterized by these two forms of +bract-insertion. The difference between them, however, is most obvious +on long branchlets with wide intervals between the leaf-fascicles. + +The bracts of spring-shoots are the scarious bud-scales of the previous +winter; but the bracts of summer-shoots have the form and green color of +the primary leaf. + + +THE BUD. Plate I, figs. 7-11. + +The winter-bud is an aggregate of minute buds, each concealed in the +axil of a primary leaf converted into a scarious, more or less +fimbriate, bud-scale. Buds from which normal growth develops appear only +at the nodes of the branches. On uninodal branchlets they form an apical +group consisting of a terminal bud with a whorl of subterminal buds +about its base. On multinodal branchlets the inner nodes bear lateral +buds which may be latent. + +Fig. 7 represents a magnified bud of P. resinosa, first immersed in +alcohol to dissolve the resin, then deprived of its scales. This bud +contains both fascicle-buds, destined for secondary leaves, and larger +paler buds at its base. These last are incipient staminate flowers, +sufficiently developed for recognition. Such flower-bearing buds are +characteristic of the Hard Pines in distinction from the Soft Pines +whose staminate flowers cannot be identified in the bud. + +The want of complete data leaves the invariability of this distinction +in question, but with all species that I have examined, the flowers of +Hard Pines are further advanced at the end of the summer. In the +following year they open earlier than those of Soft Pines in the same +locality. The staminate flowers of some Hard Pines (resinosa, +sylvestris, etc.,) are not apparent without removing the bud-scales, +but, with most Hard Pines, they form enlargements of the bud (fig. 9). + +Invisible or latent buds are present at the nodes and at the apex of +dwarf shoots. The former are the origin of the numerous shoots that +cover the trunk and branches of P. rigida, leiophylla and a few other +species (fig. 10). The latter develop into shoots in the centre of a +leaf-fascicle (fig. 11) when the branchlet, bearing the fascicle, has +been injured. + +The size, color and form of buds, the presence of resin in quantity, +etc., assist in the diagnosis of species. Occasionally a peculiar bud, +like that of P. palustris, may be recognized at once. + + +THE BRANCHLET. Plate I, figs. 12-14. + +The branchlet, as here understood, is the whole of a season's growth +from a single bud, and may consist of a single internode (uninodal, fig. +12-a) or of two or more internodes (multinodal, fig. 13), each internode +being defined by a leafless base and a terminal node of buds. + +The spring-shoot is uninodal in all Soft Pines and in many Hard Pines, +but, in P. taeda and its allies and in species with serotinous cones, it +is more or less prevalently multinodal. + +The uninodal spring-shoot may remain so throughout the growing season +and become a uninodal branchlet. Or a summer-shoot may appear on +vigorous branches of any species with the result of converting a +uninodal spring-shoot into an imperfect multinodal branchlet. The +summer-shoot may be recognized, during growth, by its green, not +scarious bracts and, at the end of the season, by the imperfect growth +of its wood and foliage (fig. 14). + +The perfect multinodal branchlet is formed in the winter-bud (fig. 8-a) +and the spring-shoot is multinodal. It is gradually evolved among the +Hard Pines, where it may be absent, rare, frequent or prevalent, +according to the species. In fact there is, in Pinus, an evolutionary +tendency toward multinodal growth, with its beginnings in the +summer-shoot and its culmination in the multinodal winter-bud, most +prevalent among the serotinous Pines. + +The multinodal shoot is never invariable in a species, but is rare, +common or prevalent. This condition prevents its employment for grouping +species. For Pines are not sharply divided into multinodal and uninodal +species, and no exact segregation of them, based on this difference, is +possible. In fact the character is unequally developed among closely +related species, such as P. palustris and caribaea. Both produce +multinodal shoots, but the former so rarely that it should be classed as +a uninodal species, while the latter is characteristically multinodal. +The multinodal spring-shoot, however, has a certain correlative value in +its relation to other evolutionary processes that are obvious in the +genus. + +The length of the branchlet is much influenced by different soils and +climates. In species able to adapt themselves to great changes, the +length of the internode may vary from 50 cm. or more to 1 cm. or less. +In the latter case the branch is a series of very short leafless joints +terminated by a crowded penicillate tuft of leaves (fig. 12-b). Such a +growth may be seen on any species (ponderosa, albicaulis, resinosa, +etc.) that can survive exposure and poor nourishment. + +The presence of wax, as a bloom on the branchlet, is associated with +trees in arid localities, especially Mexico, where it is very common. +With several species the character is inconstant, apparently dependent +on environment, and is a provision against too rapid transpiration. + +The branchlet furnishes evidence of the section to which the species +belongs, for the bract-bases persist after the bracts have fallen away. +The color of the branchlet, its lustre, the presence of minute hairs, +etc., are often suggestions for determining species. + +[Illustration: PLATE I. PRIMARY LEAF, BUD AND BRANCHLET] + + +THE SECONDARY LEAF. Plate II. + +Secondary leaves, the permanent foliage of Pines, are borne on +dwarf-shoots in the axils of primary leaves. They form cylindrical +fascicles, rarely monophyllous, prevalently of 2, 3 or 5 leaves, +occasionally of 4, 6, 7, or 8 leaves. The scales of the fascicle-bud +elongate into a basal sheath, deciduous (fig. 15) in all Soft Pines +except P. Nelsonii, persistent (fig. 16) in all Hard Pines except P. +leiophylla and Lumholtzii. Inasmuch as these three species are easily +recognized, the fascicle-sheath is useful for sectional distinctions. + + +EXTERNAL CHARACTERS. + +The number of leaves in the fascicle is virtually constant in most +species, the variations being too rare to be worthy of consideration. +With some species, however, heteromerous fascicles are normal. The +influences that cause this variation are not always apparent (echinata, +etc.), but with P. ponderosa, leiophylla, sinensis and others, the +number of leaves in the fascicle is, in some degree, dependent on +climatic conditions, the smaller number occurring in colder regions. In +Mexico, for example, where snow-capped mountains lie on subtropical +table-lands and extremes of temperature are in juxtaposition, the +conditions are favorable for the production of species with heteromerous +fascicles, and the number of leaves in the fascicle possesses often +climatic rather than specific significance. + +Among conifers, the leaf of Pinus attains extraordinary length with +great variation, from 5 cm. or less to 50 cm. or more, the maximum for +each species being usually much more than twice the minimum. Climate is +the predominating influence; for the shortest leaves occur on alpine and +boreal species, the longest leaves on species in or near the tropics. + +The length of the leaf is complicated by the peculiarities of individual +trees and by pathological influences; as a general rule, however, the +length of leaves is less or greater according to unfavorable or +favorable conditions of temperature, moisture, soil and exposure. +Therefore the dimensions of the leaf may be misleading. It can be said, +however, that certain species always produce short leaves, others leaves +of medium length, and others very long leaves. + +Persistence of the leaf varies with the species and with the individual +tree. But it is noteworthy that the longest persistence is associated +with short leaves (Balfouriana, albicaulis, montana, etc.). + + +INTERNAL CHARACTERS. + +Since the leaf-fascicle is cylindrical, the cross-section of a leaf is a +sector, its proportional part, of a circle. Theoretically the leaf, in +section, should indicate the number of leaves composing its fascicle. +This is absolutely true for fascicles of two leaves only. No fascicle of +five leaves, that I have examined, is equally apportioned among its five +members. It may be divided in various ways, one of which is shown in +fig. 18, where the leaf (a) might be mistaken for one of a fascicle of +3, and the leaf (b) for one of a fascicle of 6. Therefore if absolute +certainty is required, a fascicle of triquetral leaves is best +determined by actual count. + +The transverse section of a leaf may be conveniently divided into three +distinct parts--1, the dermal tissues, epiderm, hypoderm and stomata +(fig. 17-a)--2, the green tissue, containing the resin-ducts (fig. +17-b)--3, the stelar tissues, enclosed by the endoderm and containing +the fibro-vascular bundle (fig. 17-c). + + +THE DERMAL TISSUES OF THE LEAF. + +The stomata of Pine leaves are depressed below the surface and interrupt +the continuity of epiderm and hypoderm. They are wanting on the dorsal +surface of the leaves of several Soft Pines, constantly in some species, +irregularly in others. In Hard Pines, however, all surfaces of the leaf +are stomatiferous. In several species of the Soft Pines the longitudinal +lines of stomata are very conspicuous from the white bloom which +modifies materially the general color of the foliage. + +Under the action of hydrochloric acid the hypoderm is sharply +differentiated from the epiderm by a distinct reddish tint, but without +the aid of a reagent the two tissues do not always differ in appearance. +The cells of epiderm and hypoderm may be so similar that they appear to +form a single tissue. In most species, however, the epiderm is distinct, +while the cells of the hypoderm are either uniform, with equally thin +or thick walls--or biform, with very thin walls in the outer row of +cells and very thick walls in the inner row or rows of cells--or +multiform, with cell-walls gradually thicker toward the centre of the +leaf. These conditions may be tabulated as follows-- + + Cells of epiderm and hypoderm similar fig. 19. + Cells of epiderm and hypoderm distinct. + Cells of hypoderm uniform, thin or thick figs. 20, 21. + Cells of hypoderm biform fig. 22. + Cells of hypoderm multiform fig. 23. + +The biform hypoderm is not always obvious (clausa, Banksiana, etc.) +where in some leaves there is but one row of cells. But with the +examination of other leaves one or more cells of a second row will be +found with very thick walls. Among Hard Pines there is no Old World +species with a biform hypoderm. But there are a few American species +with uniform hypoderm (resinosa, tropicalis, patula and Greggii); while, +in some leaves of the few American Hard Pines with multiform hypoderm, +the uniform hypoderm is a variation. + + +THE GREEN TISSUE. + +In this tissue are the resin-ducts, each with a border of cells, +corresponding in appearance and in chemical reaction with the cells of +the hypoderm and with thinner or thicker walls. With reference to the +green tissue the foliar duct may be in one of four positions. + + 1. External against the hypoderm fig. 24. + 2. Internal against the endoderm fig. 28. + 3. Medial in the green tissue, touching neither + hypoderm nor endoderm fig. 26. + 4. Septal touching both endoderm and hypoderm, + forming a septum fig. 30. + +Among the Soft Pines the external duct is invariable in the subsection +Paracembra. It is also characteristic of the Strobi, where it is +sometimes associated with a medial duct. In the Cembrae and the +Flexiles, however, the ducts are external in some species, or medial or +both in others, without regard to the affinities of these species. + +Among the Hard Pines the external duct is characteristic of the Old +World, there being but two American Pines with this character (resinosa +and tropicalis). The internal duct is peculiar to Hard Pines of the New +World, its presence in Old World species being extremely rare. The +medial duct is common to species of both hemispheres, either alone or in +association with ducts in other positions (figs. 25, 27). The septal +duct is peculiar to a few species (oocarpa, tropicalis, and less +frequently Pringlei and Merkusii). I have also seen it in a leaf of P. +canariensis. The internal and septal ducts appear to be confined to the +species of warm-temperate or tropical countries. + +The number of resin-ducts of a single leaf may be limited to two or +three (strobus, koraiensis, etc.), but in many species it is exceedingly +variable and often large (pinaster, sylvestris, etc.). Eighteen or more +ducts in a single leaf have been recorded. Such large numbers are +peculiar to Pinus. Occasionally a single leaf, possibly the leaves of a +single tree, may be without ducts, but this is never true of all the +leaves of a species. + + +THE STELAR TISSUES. + +The walls of the endoderm are, in most species, uniform, but, with P. +albicaulis and some species of western North America, the outer walls of +the cells are conspicuously thickened (fig. 32). Both thin and thick +walls may be found among the leaves of the group Macrocarpae and of the +species longifolia. + +The fibro-vascular bundle of the leaf is single in Soft Pines, double in +Hard Pines. This distinction is employed by Koehne as the basis of his +two sections, Haploxylon and Diploxylon. The double bundle is usually +obvious even when the two parts are contiguous, but they are sometimes +completely merged into an apparently single bundle. This condition, +however, is never constant in a Hard Pine, and a little investigation +will discover a leaf with a true double bundle. + +Some cells about the fibro-vascular bundle acquire thick walls with the +appearance and chemical reaction of the hypoderm cells. Among the Soft +Pines this condition is most obvious in the group Cembroides. Among the +Hard Pines it appears in all degrees of development, being absent (figs. +24, 25), sometimes in irregular lines above and below the bundle (figs. +26, 27, 30, 31), or forming a conspicuous tissue between and partly +enclosing the two parts of the bundle (figs. 28, 29). + +The leaf-section furnishes sectional and other lesser distinctions. It +is often decisive in separating species otherwise difficult to +distinguish (nigra and resinosa or Thunbergii and sinensis, etc.). +Sometimes it is sufficiently distinct to determine a species without +recourse to other characters (tropicalis, oocarpa, Merkusii, etc.). An +intimate knowledge of the leaf-section, with an understanding of the +limits of its variation, is a valuable equipment for recognizing +species. + +[Illustration: PLATE II. SECONDARY LEAVES] + + +THE FLOWERS. Plate III, figs. 33-39. + +The flowers in Pinus are monoecious, the pistillate in the position of a +long shoot, taking the place of a subterminal or lateral bud, the +staminate in the position of a dwarf-shoot, taking the place of a +leaf-fascicle but confined to the basal part of the internode. + +Pistillate flowers are single or verticillate. On multinodal shoots they +are often multiserial, appearing on two or more nodes of the same +spring-shoot (fig. 33). On uninodal shoots they are necessarily +subterminal (fig. 34), the lateral pistillate flower being possible only +on multinodal shoots (fig. 35) where it is often associated with the +subterminal flower (fig. 33). Like the multinodal shoot, on which its +existence depends, the lateral pistillate flower cannot be employed for +grouping the species. It is merely the frequent, but not the essential, +evidence of condition of growth that is more perfectly characterized by +the shoot itself. + +Staminate catkins are in crowded clusters, capitate or elongate (figs. +36, 37), but with much variation in the number of catkins in each +cluster. In P. rigida I have found single catkins or clusters of all +numbers from two to seventy or more. In P. Massoniana and P. densiflora +a cluster attains such unusual length (fig. 37) that this character +becomes a valuable distinction between these species and P. sinensis, +which has short-capitate clusters. The catkins differ much in size, the +largest being found among the Hard Pines. + +In the connective of the binate pollen-sacs there is a notable +difference (figs. 38, 39), the smaller form being characteristic of the +Soft Pines. But this is not invariable (excelsa, sylvestris, etc.), and +the absence of complete data does not permit an accurate estimate of its +importance. + + +THE CONELET. Plate III, figs. 40-45. + +After pollination the pistillate flower closes and becomes the conelet, +the staminate flowers withering and falling away. The conelet makes no +appreciable growth until the following year. Like the pistillate flower +it may be subterminal or lateral, but a subterminal pistillate flower +may become a pseudolateral conelet by reason of a summer-growth (fig. +40-a). Such a condition may be recognized on the branchlets of the +present, and of the previous year (fig. 40-b), by the very short +internode and short leaves beyond the fruit. + +The conelet offers some distinctions of form, of color, and of length of +peduncle, while in some species (sylvestris, caribaea, etc.) its +reflexed position is an important specific character. The most important +distinctions, however, are found in its scales, which may be + + 1. entire subsection Cembra fig. 41. + 2. tuberculate tropicalis, etc. fig. 42. + 3. short-mucronate sylvestris, glabra, etc. fig. 43. + 4. long-mucronate aristata, contorta, etc. fig. 44. + 5. spinescent taeda, pungens, etc. fig. 45. + +[Illustration: PLATE III. FLOWERS AND CONELET] + + +THE CONE. Plate IV. + +The cone of Pinus shows great differences of color, form and tissue; +these are useful for specific and sectional distinctions, while the +gradual change from the primitive conditions of the Cembrae to the +elaborate form, structure and mode of dissemination of some serotinous +species are obvious evidence of an evolution among the species of +remarkable taxonomic range. A form new among Coniferae appears, the +oblique cone, and a new condition, the serotinous cone, both appearing +at first alone and, finally, in constant association. + + +COLOR OF THE CONE. + +With few exceptions the color of the ripe cone may be classified under +one of the following shades of brown or yellow. + + Nut-brown The stain of the walnut-husk. + Rufous brown A pronounced reddish nut-brown. + Fulvous brown A yellowish nut-brown. + Tawny yellow The color of the lion. + Orange Ochre-yellow to red-orange. + +These colors may be paler or deeper. They may be obscured by a fuscous +shade or may be modified by a dull or lustrous surface. The presence of +two or more of these shades in a single species and the inherent +difficulties of color description lessen the value of the character. +Nevertheless certain allied species, such as P. nigra and Thunbergii, or +P. densiflora and Massoniana, may be distinguished by the prevalent +difference in the color of their cones. + + +DIMENSIONS OF THE CONE. + +The cone is small, medium or large in different species, but varies +greatly under the influences of environment or of individual +peculiarities. The character possesses relative value only, for great +variation is possible in the same locality and even on the same tree. + + +THE PEDUNCLE. + +All conelets are pedunculate, but in some species the peduncle, even +when long (patula), may become overgrown and concealed by the basal +scales of the ripe cone. Articulation usually takes place between the +peduncle and the branch, sometimes with the loss of a few basal scales +which remain temporarily on the tree (ponderosa, palustris, etc.). With +P. Nelsonii, and to a less degree with P. Armandi, there is articulation +between the cone and its peduncle. + +There are several species bearing persistent cones with no articulation. +This condition appears in other genera, such as Larix and Picea, but +without obvious significance. In Pinus, however, the gradual appearance +of the persistent cone, for it is rare, common, prevalent or invariable +in different species, and its essential association with the serotinous +cone, suggest an evolution toward a definite end. + + +THE UMBO. + +The exposed part of the scale of the conelet is the umbo of the ripe +cone, a small definite area representing the earlier part of the +biennial growth of the cone. The position of the umbo on the apophysis +is the basis of Koehne's subdivision of the section Haploxylon. + + 1. Umbo terminal Subsection Cembra fig. 46-a. + 2. Umbo dorsal Subsection Paracembra fig. 46-b. + +Two other characters assist in establishing these subsections--the +conelet, unarmed in Cembra, armed in Paracembra--the pits of the +ray-cells of the wood, large in Cembra, small in Paracembra. + + +THE APOPHYSIS. + +The apophysis represents the later and larger growth of the cone-scale. +With a terminal umbo the margin of the apophysis is free and may be +rounded (fig. 49) or may taper to a blunt point (fig. 52), and any +extension of the scale is a terminal extension. With the dorsal umbo all +sides of the apophysis are confined between other apophyses, and any +extension is a dorsal thickening of the apophysis or a dorsal +protuberance. The outline of an apophysis with a dorsal umbo is +quadrangular, or it is irregularly pentagonal or hexagonal, the +different forms depending on the arrangement of the contiguous scales, +whether of definite or indefinite phyllotactic order, a distinction to +be considered later. + +The two positions of the umbo result from the relative growth of the +dorsal and ventral surfaces of the cone-scale. With the terminal umbo +the growth of both surfaces is uniform, with the dorsal umbo the growth +is unequal. A true terminal umbo rests on the surface of the underlying +scale, although several species with terminal umbos show the first +stages of the dorsal umbo. The umbo of P. Lambertiana or of P. flexilis +does not touch the surface of the scale below, and a small portion of +the under side of the apophysis is brought into view on the closed cone. +The cone of P. albicaulis (Plate VIII, fig. 90) shows all degrees of +development between a terminal umbo near the apex of the cone and a +dorsal umbo near its base. + +The growth of the apophysis may be limited and constant (strobus, +echinata, etc.) or exceedingly variable, ranging from a slight thickness +to a long protuberance (pseudostrobus, montana, etc.). The protuberance +is usually reflexed from the unequal growth of the two surfaces. With +the terminal umbo the protuberance lengthens the scale, with the dorsal +umbo it thickens the scale. It is sometimes a specific character +(ayacahuite, longifolia) appearing on all cones of the species, +sometimes a varietal form, associated in the same species with an +unprolonged apophysis (sylvestris, montana). + +On different parts of the same cone, base, centre or apex, the +dimensions of the apophyses differ, but at each level the scales may be +uniform on all sides of the cone. That is to say, the cone is +symmetrical with reference to any plane passing through its axis. This, +the symmetrical cone, is characteristic of all other genera of the +Abietineae, and is invariable among the Soft Pines and in many Hard +Pines (figs. 47, 48, 52, 54). But among the Hard Pines there is +gradually developed a new form of cone with smaller flatter apophyses on +the anterior, and larger thicker apophyses on the posterior surface. +This is the peculiar oblique cone of Pinus (figs. 50, 51, 53), +symmetrical with reference to one plane only, which includes the axis of +both cone and branch. The oblique cone is a gradual development among +the Hard Pines; in some species it is associated as a varietal form with +the symmetrical cone, and finally, in some serotinous species, it is the +constant form. + + +THE OBLIQUE CONE. + +When the oblique cone is merely a varietal form (halepensis, etc.), it +gives the impression of an accident, resulting from the reflexed +position of the cone and the consequent greater development of the +scales receiving a greater amount of light and air. But with the +serotinous cones (radiata, attenuata), the advantages of this form +become apparent. The cones of these species are in crowded nodal +clusters, reflexed against the branch (fig. 50). The inner, anterior +scales are perfectly protected by their position, while the outer, +posterior scales are exposed to the weather. These last only are very +thick; that is to say, there is an economical distribution of protective +tissue, with the greatest amount where it is most needed. The oblique +form is peculiarly adapted for a cone destined to remain on the tree for +twenty years or more and to preserve its seeds unimpaired. Like the +persistent cone, the oblique cone finds in association with the +serotinous cone a definite reason for existence. + +[Illustration: PLATE IV. THE CONE] + + +PHYLLOTAXIS. Plate V. + +There is an obvious difference between the cones of the two sections of +the genus. Those of the Soft Pines (figs. 55, 56) have larger and fewer +scales, those of the Hard Pines (figs. 57, 58) have more numerous and +smaller scales, in proportion to the size of the cone. The former +condition represents a lower, the latter condition represents a higher, +order of phyllotaxis. + + +DEFINITE PHYLLOTAXIS. + +On a cylindrical axis with scales of the same size, the spiral +arrangement would appear as in fig. 62, where the scales are +quadrangular and any four adjacent scales are in mutual contact at their +sides or angles. These four scales lie on four obvious secondary spirals +(fig. 59, a-a, b-b, c-c, d-d). According to the phyllotactic order of +the scales these may be the spirals of 2, 3, 5, 8 or of 3, 5, 8, 13 or +of 5, 8, 13, 21 etc., etc., from which combinations the primary spiral, +on which the scales are inserted on the cone-axis, can be easily +deduced. Four quadrangular scales in mutual contact represent the +condition of definite phyllotaxis. If the cone is conical, definite +phyllotaxis would be possible among all the scales only when the size of +the scales diminishes in equal measure with the gradual diminution of +the cone's diameter. Such a hypothetical cone is shown in fig. 61. + + +INDEFINITE PHYLLOTAXIS. + +On an imaginary cone of conical form and with scales of equal size +throughout, there must be more scales about the base than about the apex +of the cone. The phyllotactic conditions must differ, and the obvious +spirals, in passing from base to apex, must undergo readjustment. If the +scales at the base are in definite phyllotactic order and those at the +apex are in the next lower order, it is evident that intermediate +scales, in the gradual change from one condition to the other, must +represent different conditions of indefinite phyllotaxis, while those in +a central position on the cone may belong equally to either of two +orders. + +A Pine cone is never absolutely cylindrical nor do its scales vary in +size proportionately to the change of diameter. Most of the scales of a +cone are in indefinite phyllotactic relation, while definite phyllotaxis +is found only at points on the cone. + +As an extreme illustration, the cone of P. pinaster (fig. 60) shows four +mutually contiguous quadrangular apophyses at (a), lying on the obvious +spirals 5, 8, 13, 21, at (b) four similar apophyses on the spirals 3, 5, +8, 13, and at (c) four others on the spirals 2, 3, 5, 8. Between these +three points are apophyses of irregular pentagonal or hexagonal outline, +with three scales only in mutual contact (figs. 63, 64). Such are the +majority of the scales of the cone and represent more or less indefinite +conditions of phyllotaxis. + +The cones of Hard Pines, by reason of relatively more and smaller scales +and of a more conical form, attain a higher phyllotaxis and a more +complex condition, two or even three orders being represented on a +single cone; while the cones of Soft Pines, by reason of relatively +fewer and larger scales and a more cylindrical form, are of lower +phyllotaxis, with one order only more or less definitely presented. +Therefore phyllotaxis furnishes another distinction between the two +sections of the genus, but its further employment is exceedingly +restricted on account of the constant repetition of the same orders +among the species. + +[Illustration: PLATE V. PHYLLOTAXIS OF THE CONE] + + +THE CONE-TISSUES. Plate VI. + +The axis of the cone is a woody shell, enclosing a wide pith and covered +by a thick cortex traversed by resin-ducts. By removing the scales and +cortex from the axis (fig. 65) the wood is seen to be in sinuous strands +uniting above and below fusiform openings, the points of insertion of +the cone-scales. From the wood, at each insertion, three stout strands +enter the scale, dividing and subdividing into smaller tapering +strands whose delicate tips converge toward the umbo. Fig. 70 represents +a magnified cross-section of half the cone-scale of P. Greggii; at (a) +is a compact dorsal plate of bast cells; at (e) is a ventral plate of +the same tissue but of less amount; at (b) is the softer brown tissue +enclosing the wood-strands (d, d) (the last much more magnified in fig. +69) and the resin-ducts (e, e). + + +WOOD STRANDS. + +The wood-strands, forming the axis of the cone, differ in tenacity in +the two sections of the genus. Those of the Soft Pines are easily pulled +apart by the fingers, those of the Hard Pines are tougher in various +degrees and cannot be torn apart without the aid of a tool. This +difference is correlated with differences in other tissues, all of them +combining in a gradual change from a cone of soft yielding texture to +one of great hardness and durability. + +If a cone scale of P. ayacahuite is stripped of its brown and bast +tissues (fig. 66) and is immersed in water and subsequently dried, there +is at first a flexion toward the cone-axis (fig. 67) and then away from +it (fig. 68). The wood-strands are hygroscopic and coöperate with the +bast tissues in opening and closing the cone. This appears to be true of +all species excepting the three species of the Cembrae, whose strands +are so small and weak that they are not obviously affected by +hygrometric changes. + + +BAST TISSUE. + +With the exception of the three species of the Cembrae the inner part of +the cone-scales is protected by sclerenchymatous cells forming hard +dorsal and ventral plates (fig. 70, a, c). In Soft Pines these cells are +subordinate to the more numerous parenchymatous cells, but in Hard Pines +the sclerenchyma increases in amount until, among the serotinous +species, it is the predominating tissue of the cone-scale, giving to +these cones their remarkable strength and durability. + +This bast tissue is hygroscopic and, with its greater thickness on the +dorsal surface, there is a much greater strain on that side of the +scale, tending to force the scales apart when they are ripe and dry, and +subsequently closing and opening the cone on rainy and sunny days. + +The cone, during the second season's growth, is completely closed, its +scales adhering together with more or less tenacity. In most species the +hygroscopic energy of the scales is sufficient to open the cone under +the dry condition of its maturity, but with several species the adhesion +is so persistent that some of the cones remain closed for many years. +These are the peculiar serotinous cones of the genus. + + +THE SEROTINOUS CONE. + +As an illustration of the area to which the adhesion is confined, a +section may be sawed from a cone of P. attenuata (fig. 71). The axis and +the scales that have been severed from their apophyses (b) can be easily +pushed out of the annulus (a), which is composed wholly of apophyses so +firmly adherent that they will successfully resist a strong effort to +break them apart. When immersed in boiling water, however, the ring +falls to pieces. An examination of these pieces discovers adhesion only +on a narrow ventral border under the apophysis and on a corresponding +dorsal border back of the apophysis. The rest of the scale is not +adherent, so that the seed is free to fall at the opening of the cone. + +The serotinous cone is a gradual development, wanting in most species, +rare in a few, less or more frequent in others. A similar evolution of +the persistent cone, of the oblique cone and of the cone-tissues has +been already discussed. All these progressive characters culminate in +mutual association in P. radiata and its allies. The result is a highly +specialized fruit that should convey taxonomic significance of some +kind. + +With all serotinous species that I have seen, some of the trees open +their cones at maturity, others at indefinite intervals. That is to say, +the seed of a prolific year is not at the mercy of a single, perhaps +unfavorable season. The chances of successful germination are much +increased by the intermittent seed-release peculiar to these Pines. Such +a method of dissemination must accrue to the advantage of a species. In +other words, this intermittent dissemination and the oblique form of +cone with its perfected tissues all mark the highest development of the +genus. + + +THE SEED. Plate VI. Figs. 72-79. + +The seed of Pinus contains an embryo, with the cotyledons clearly +defined, embedded in albumen, which is protected by a bony testa with an +external membranous spermoderm, produced, in most species, into an +effective wing. While the seed of other genera of the Abietineae shows +no striking difference among the species, that of Pinus is remarkably +variable, presenting alike the most primitive and the most elaborate +forms among the Conifers. These differences are valuable for the +segregation of kindred species and for some specific distinctions. + + +WINGLESS SEEDS. + +With wingless seeds the main distinction is found in the spermoderm, +which is entire in one species only, P. koraiensis. In P. cembra it is +wanting on the ventral surface of the nut, but on the dorsal surface, it +is adnate partly to the nut, partly to the cone-scale. The nut of P. +albicaulis and that of P. cembroides are quite bare of membranous cover. +The spermoderm of P. flexilis is reduced to a marginal border, slightly +produced into a rudimentary wing adnate to the nut. + + +THE ADNATE WING. + +In P. strobus, longifolia and their allies and in P. Balfouriana the +spermoderm is prolonged into an effective wing-blade from a marginal +adnate base like that of P. flexilis. This adnate wing cannot be +detached without injury. + + +THE ARTICULATE WING. + +The articulate wing can be removed from the nut and can be replaced +without injury. An ineffective form of this wing is seen in the +Gerardianae and in P. pinea, where the blade is very short and the base +has no effective grasp on the nut. + +The base of the effective articulate wing contains hygroscopic tissue +which acts with the hygroscopic tissue of the cone-scales. The dry +conditions that open the cone and release the seeds cause the bifurcate +base of the wing to grasp the nut more firmly. + +This articulate wing is found in P. aristata and in all Hard Pines +except P. pinea, longifolia and canariensis. The wing-blade is usually +membranous throughout, but in some species there is a thickening of the +base of the blade that meets the membranous apical part in an oblique +line along which the wing is easily broken apart. This last condition +attains in P. Coulteri and its associates a remarkable development. + +Plate VI, fig. 72 shows the wingless seed of P. cembroides; fig. 73 +represents the seed of P. flexilis, with a rudimentary wing; fig. 74 +shows two seeds of P. strobus, intact and with the wing broken away; +fig. 75 represents the articulate wing, whose bifurcate base when wet +(fig. 76) tends to open and release the nut. When dry (fig. 77) the +forks of the base, in the absence of the nut, close together and cross +their tips; figs. 78, 79 show the peculiar reinforced articulate wing of +P. Coulteri. + +Such wide variation in so important an organ suggests generic +difference. But here we are met by the association of the different +forms in species evidently closely allied. The two Foxtail Pines are so +similar in most characters that they have been considered, with good +reason, to be specifically identical; yet the seed-wing of P. +Balfouriana is adnate, that of P. aristata articulate. P. Ayacahuite +produces not only the characteristic wing of the Strobi, adnate, long +and effective, but also, in the northern variety, a seed with a +rudimentary wing, the exact counterpart of the seed of P. flexilis. In +both sections of the genus are found the effective adnate wing (Strobi +and Longifoliae) and the inefficient articulate wing (Gerardianae and +Pineae). A little examination of all forms of the seed will show that +they blend gradually one into another. + +The color of the wing is occasionally peculiar, as in the group +Longifoliae. There is usually no constancy in this character, for the +wing may be uniform in color or variously striated in seeds of the same +species. The length and breadth of the seed-wing, being dependent on the +varying sizes of the cone-scale, differ in the same cone. They are also +inconstant in different cones of the same species, and of this +inconstancy the seed of P. ayacahuite furnishes the most notable +example. + +[Illustration: PLATE VI. CONE-TISSUES AND SEEDS] + + +THE WOOD. Plate VII. + +With the exception of the medullary rays, a very small proportion of the +whole, the wood of Pinus, as seen in cross-section (fig. 82), is a +homogeneous tissue of wood-tracheids with interspersed resin-ducts. In +tangential section the medullary rays appear in two forms, linear, +without a resin-duct, and fusiform, with a central resin-duct. In radial +section the cells of the linear rays are of two kinds, ray-tracheids, +forming the upper and lower limits of the ray, characterized by small +bordered pits, and ray-cells, between the tracheids, characterized by +simple pits. + +The walls of the ray-tracheids may be smooth or dentate; the pits of the +ray-cells may be large or small. These conditions admit of four +combinations, all of which appear in the medullary rays of Pinus, and of +which a schematic representation is given in Plate VII. These +combinations are + + Ray-tracheids with smooth walls. Soft Pines. + Ray-cells with large pits Subsection Cembra fig. 80. + Ray-cells with small pits Subsection Paracembra fig. 81. + + Ray-tracheids with dentate walls. Hard Pines. + Ray-cells with large pits Group Lariciones fig. 83. + Ray-cells with small pits Other Hard Pines fig. 84. + +This, the simplest classification of Pine-wood, is not without +exceptions. P. pinea of the Hard Pines resembles, in its +wood-characters, P. Gerardiana and P. Bungeana of the Soft Pines. The +dentate ray-tracheids of P. longifolia are not always obvious. The +tracheids of P. luchuensis, according to Bergerstein (Wiesner Festschr. +112), have smooth walls. My specimen shows dentate tracheids. There is +also evidence of transition from small to large pits (I. W. Bailey in +Am. Nat. xliv. 292). Both large and small pits appear in my specimen of +P. Merkusii. + +Of other wood-characters, the presence or absence of tangential pits in +the tracheids of the late wood establishes a distinction between Soft +and Hard Pines. These pits, however, while always present in Soft Pines, +are not always absent in Hard Pines. The single and multiple rows of +resin-ducts in the wood of the first year may prove to be a reliable +sectional distinction, but this character has not been sufficiently +investigated to test its constancy. The wood-characters, therefore, +however decisive they may be for establishing the phylogenetic relations +of different genera, must be employed in the classification of the Pines +with the same reservations that apply to external characters. + +Ray-tracheids with dentate walls and ray-cells with large pits are +peculiar to Pinus. Therefore the presence of these characters, alone or +in combination, is sufficient evidence for the recognition of Pine-wood. +But the combination of smooth tracheids with small pits (subsection +Paracembra) Pinus shares with Picea, Larix and Pseudotsuga. + +Among Hard Pines the size of the pits has a certain geographical +significance. The large pits are found in all species of the Old World +except P. halepensis and P. pinaster; the small pits in all species of +the New World except P. resinosa and P. tropicalis. The Asiatic P. +Merkusii with both large and small pits is not strictly an exception to +this geographical distinction. The four exceptional species by this and +by other characters unite the Hard Pines of the two hemispheres. + + +THE BARK. + +Bark is the outer part of the cortex that has perished, having been cut +off from nourishment by the thin hard plates of the bark-scales. In the +late and early bark-formation is found a general but by no means an +exact distinction between Soft and Hard Pines. In the Soft Pines the +cortex remains alive for many years, adjusting itself by growth to the +increasing thickness of the wood. The trunks of young trees remain +smooth and without rifts. In the Hard Pines the bark-formation begins +early and the trunks of young trees are covered with a scaly or rifted +bark. The smooth upper trunk of older trees is invariable in Soft Pines, +but in Hard Pines there are several exceptions to early bark-formation. +These exceptions are easily recognized in the field, and the character +is of decisive specific importance (glabra, halepensis, etc.). + +Among species with early bark-formation are two forms of bark: 1, +cumulative, sufficiently persistent to acquire thickness and the +familiar dark gray and fuscous-brown shades of bark long exposed to the +weather; 2, deciduous, constantly falling away in thin scales and +exposing fresh red inner surfaces. The latter are commonly known as Red +Pines, as distinguished from Black Pines with dark cumulative bark. +Deciduous bark changes after some years to cumulative bark, and the +upper trunk only of mature trees is red. Red Pines, although usually +recognizable by their bark, are by no means constant in this character. +Oecological or pathological influences may check the fall of the +bark-scales, and then the distinction between the upper and lower parts +of the trunk becomes lost. + +[Illustration: PLATE VII. THE WOOD] + + + +SUMMARY + +The various characters that have been considered in the previous pages +may be classified under different heads, some of them applicable to the +whole genus, others to larger or smaller groups of species. + + +GENERIC CHARACTERS + +Several characters, quite distinct from those of other genera, are +common to all the species. + + 1. The primary leaf--appearing as a scale or bract throughout the + life of the tree. + 2. The bud--its constant position at the nodes. + 3. The internode--its three distinct divisions. + 4. The secondary leaves--in cylindrical fascicles with a basal + sheath. + 5. The pistillate flower--its constant nodal position and its + verticillate clusters. + 6. The staminate flower--its constant basal position on the + internode and its compact clusters. + 7. The cone--its clearly defined annual growths. + +Pinus is also peculiar in the dimorphism of shoots and leaves and in +their constant interrelations with the diclinous flowers. Evolutionary +processes develop features peculiar to Pinus alone (the oblique cone, +etc.), but confined to a limited number of species. + + +SECTIONAL CHARACTERS + +There are several characters that actually or potentially divide the +genus into two distinct sections, popularly known as Soft and Hard +Pines. + + 1. The fibro-vascular bundle of the leaf, single or double. + 2. The base of the bract subtending the leaf-fascicle, non-decurrent + or decurrent + 3. The phyllotaxis of the cone, simple or complex. + 4. The flower-bud, its less or greater development. + +Some characters indicate the same distinction but are subject each to a +few exceptions. + + 5. The fascicle-sheath, deciduous or persistent. + 6. The walls of the ray-tracheids, smooth or dentate. + 7. The connective of the pollen-sacs, large or small. + 8. The formation of bark, late or early. + +SUBSECTIONAL CHARACTERS + +An exact subdivision of the Soft Pines is possible on the following +characters. + + 1. The umbo of the cone-scales, terminal or dorsal. + 2. The scales of the conelet, mutic or armed. + 3. The pits of the ray-cells, large or small. + + +EVOLUTIONAL CHARACTERS + +The progressive evolution of the fruit of Pinus, from a symmetrical cone +of weak tissues, bearing a wingless seed, to an indurated oblique cone +with an elaborate form of winged seed and an intermittent dissemination, +appears among the species in various degrees of development as follows-- + + The seed + + 1. wingless. + 2. with a rudimentary wing. + 3. with an effective adnate wing. + 4. with an ineffective articulate wing. + 5. with an effective articulate wing. + 6. with an articulate wing, thickened at the base of the blade. + + The cone + + 1. indehiscent. + 2. dehiscent and deciduous. + 3. dehiscent and persistent. + 4. persistent and serotinous. + + and as to its form + + 5. symmetrical. + 6. subsymmetrical. + 7. oblique. + +These different forms of the seed and, to some extent, of the cone, are +available for segregating the species into groups of closely related +members; while the gradual progression of the fruit, from a primitive to +a highly specialized form of cone and method of dissemination, points to +a veritable taxonomic evolution which is here utilized as the +fundamental motive of the systematic classification of the species. + + +SPECIFIC CHARACTERS + +All aspects of vegetative and reproductive organs may contribute toward +a determination of species, but the importance of each character is +often relative, being conclusive with one group of species, useless with +another. Characters considered by earlier authors to be invariable with +species, such as the dimensions of leaf or cone, the number of leaves in +the fascicle, the position of the resin-ducts, the presence of pruinose +branchlets, etc., prove to be inconstant in some species. In fact, as +the botanical horizon enlarges, the varietal limits of the species +broaden and many restrictions imposed by earlier systems are gradually +disappearing. + +Variation is the preliminary step toward the creation of species, which +come into being with the elimination of intermediate forms. Variation in +a species may be the result of its participation in the evolutionary +processes culminating in the serotinous Pines, or it may result from the +ability of the species to adapt itself to various environments by +sympathetic modifications of growth, or it may arise from some +peculiarity of the individual tree. + +Evolutionary variation is associated with the gradual appearance of the +persistent, the oblique and the serotinous cone, and of the multinodal +spring-shoot. For these conditions appear in less or greater prevalence +among the species of the genus. + +Variation induced by environment finds familiar illustrations among the +species that can survive at the limits of vegetation and can meet these +inhospitable conditions by a radical change of all growing parts. Such +variations are mainly of dimensions, but, with some species, the number +of fascicle-leaves is affected and the shorter growing-season may modify +the cone-tissues. In Mexico and Central America are found extremes of +climate within small areas and easily within the range of dissemination +from a single tree. The cause of the bewildering host of varietal forms, +connecting widely contrasted extremes, seems to lie in the facile +adaptability of those Pines, which are able to spread from the tropical +base of a mountain to a less or greater distance toward its snow-capped +summit. + +The peculiarities of individual trees that induce abnormally short or +long growths, the dwarf or other monstrous forms, the variegations in +leaf-coloring, etc., etc., are not available for classification, for +they may appear in any species, in fact in any genus of Conifers. These +variations are artificially multiplied for commercial and decorative +purposes. But inasmuch as they are repeated in all species and genera of +the Coniferae that have been long under the observation of skillful +gardeners, their significance has a broader scope than that imposed by +the study of a single genus. + + + + +PART II + +CLASSIFICATION OF THE SPECIES + + +The following classification is based on the gradual evolution of the +fruit from a cone symmetrical in form, parenchymatous in tissue, +indehiscent and deciduous at maturity, releasing its wingless seed by +disintegration--to a cone oblique in form, very strong and durable in +tissue, persistent on the tree, intermittently dehiscent, releasing its +winged seeds partly at maturity, partly at indefinite intervals during +several years. This evolution embraces two extreme forms of fruit, one +the most primitive, the other the most elaborate, among Conifers. + +Two sections of the genus, Soft and Hard Pines, are distinguished by +several correlated characters, and moreover are distinct by obvious +differences in the tissues of their cones as well as in the quality and +appearance of their wood. + +With the Soft Pines the species group naturally under two subsections on +the position of the umbo, the anatomy of the wood and the armature of +the conelet. In one subsection (Cembra) are found three species, P. +cembra and its allies, with the cone-tissues so completely +parenchymatous that the cones cannot release the seeds except by +disintegration. In both subsections there is a gradual evolution from a +wingless nut to one with an effective wing, adnate in one subsection, +adnate and articulate in the other. The different stages of this +evolution are so distinct that the Soft Pines are easily separated into +definite groups. + +Among the Hard Pines a few species show characters that are peculiar to +the Soft Pines. These exceptional species form a subsection +(Parapinaster) by themselves. + +With the remaining species, the majority of the Pines, the distinctions +that obtain among Soft Pines have disappeared. The dorsal umbo, the +articulate seed-wing, the persistent fascicle-sheath, the dorsal and +ventral stomata of the leaf and its serrate margins, the dentate walls +of the ray-tracheids have become fixed and constant. But a new form of +seed-wing appears, with a thickened blade, assuming such proportions in +P. Sabiniana and its two allies that these three constitute a distinct +group, remarkable also for the size of its cones. + +Here also appear a new form of fruit, the oblique cone, and a new method +of dissemination, the serotinous cone. Associated with the latter are +the persistent cone and the multinodal spring-shoot. These characters do +not develop in such perfect sequence and regularity that they can be +employed for grouping the species without forcing some of them into +unnatural association. The oblique cone first appears sporadically here +and there and without obvious reason. The persistent cone, the first +stage of the serotinous cone, is equally sporadic in the earlier stages +of evolution. The same may be said of the multinodal shoot. + +Nevertheless these characters show an obvious progression toward a +definite goal, where they are all united in a small group of species +remarkable for the form and texture of their cones, for a peculiar +seed-release and for the vigor and rapidity of their growth. It is +possible, with the assistance of other characters, to segregate these +species in three groups in which the affinities are respected and the +general trend of their evolution is preserved. + +The first group, the Lariciones, contains species with large ray-pits, +cones dehiscent at maturity, and uninodal spring-shoots. They are, with +two exceptions, P. resinosa and P. tropicalis, Old World species. + +The second group, the Australes, contains species with small ray-pits, +cones dehiscent at maturity and spring-shoots gradually changing, among +the species, from a uninodal to a multinodal form. They are, without +exception, species of the New World. + +The third group, the Insignes, contains the serotinous species. The +ray-pits are small and the spring-shoots are, with two exceptions, +multinodal. With two exceptions, P. halepensis and P. pinaster, they are +New World species. + +These three groups, being the progressive sequence of a lineal +evolution, are not absolutely circumscribed, but are more or less +connected through a few intermediate species of each group. The +systematic position of these intermediate species is determined by their +obvious affinities. It cannot be expected that the variations, which +take an important part in the evolution of the species, progress with +equal step or in perfect correlation with each other. + +As to specific determinations, a little experience in the field +discloses an amount of variation in species that does not always appear +in the descriptions of authors; and species that are under the closest +scrutiny of botanists, foresters or horticulturalists, attest by their +multiple synonymy their wide variation. The possibilities of variation +are indefinite and, with adaptable Pines, the range of variation is +somewhat proportionate to change of climate. In mountainous countries, +where there are warm sheltered valleys with rich soil below cold barren +ledges, the most variable Pines are found. The western species of North +America, for instance, are much more variable than the eastern species, +while in Mexico, a tropical country with snow-capped mountains, the +variation is greatest. + +Therefore in the limitation of species undue importance should not be +given to characters responsive to environment, such as the dimensions of +leaf or cone, the number of leaves in the fascicle, etc. Moreover, there +are familiar examples (P. sylvestris, etc.) that show the possibility of +wide differences in the cone of the same species. + +In the following classification species only are considered without +attempting to determine varietal or other subspecific forms. But +varieties are often mentioned as one of the factors illustrating the +scope of species. Synonymy serves a like purpose, but synonyms not +conveying useful information are omitted, Roezl's list of Mexican +species, for instance, and variations in the orthography of specific +names. + + +PINUS + + 1755 Pinus Duhamel, Traité des Arbres, ii. 121. + 1790 Apinus Necker, Elem. Bot. iii. 269. + 1852 Cembra Opiz, Seznam, 27. + 1854 Strobus Opiz, Lotos, iv. 94. + 1903 Caryopitys Small, Fl. Southeast. U. S. 29. + +Leaves and shoots dimorphous, primary leaves on long shoots, secondary +leaves on dwarf shoots. Flowers diclinous, the pistillate taking the +place of long shoots, the staminate taking the place of dwarf shoots. +Growth of wood and fruit emanating from the nodes; buds, branchlets and +cones, therefore, in verticillate association. Leaves and staminate +flowers in internodal position, the primary leaves along the whole +length of the internode, subtending secondary leaf-fascicles on the +apical, staminate flowers on the basal part. Buds compounded of minute +buds in the axils of bud-scales, becoming the bracts of the +spring-shoot. Branchlets of one or more internodes, each internode in +three parts--a length without leaves, a length bearing leaves and a node +of buds. Cone requiring two, rarely three years to mature, displaying +its annual growths by distinct areas on each scale. Seeds wingless or +winged, edible and nutritious. + +The Pines are confined to the northern hemisphere, but grow in all +climates and under all conditions of soil, temperature and humidity +where trees can grow. Some of the species are of very restricted range, +but others are adaptable and can cover wide areas. The sixty-six species +are distributed as follows-- + + Eastern Hemisphere, 23. + + 1 exclusively African (Canary Islands). + 2 exclusively European. + 3 about the Mediterranean Basin. + 2 common to Europe and northern Asia. + 14 exclusively Asiatic. + + Western Hemisphere, 43. + + 28 in western North America, of which 12 are confined to Mexico + and Central America. + 15 in eastern North America, of which 2 are exclusively West Indian. + +The two sections of the genus correspond with those of Koehne (Deutsch. +Dendrol. 28 [1893]) and his two names, Haploxylon and Diploxylon, are +adopted here, together with his two subsections of Haploxylon, Cembra +and Paracembra. + +Of the two subsections of Diploxylon, Pinaster has been employed by +Endlicher (Syn. Conif. 166 [1847]) and later authors for smaller or +larger groups of Hard Pines. The subsection Parapinaster is now +proposed. + +The names of groups, Cembrae, Strobi, Cembroides, Gerardianae, +Balfourianae, Pineae, Lariciones and Australes, are taken from +Engelmann's Revision of the Genus Pinus (Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, +iv. 175-178 [1880]). The remainder, Flexiles, Leiophyllae, Longifoliae, +Insignes and Macrocarpae, are here proposed. + +In order to bring the illustrations within the limits of the page the +dimensions of cone and leaf, as shown on the plates, are a little +smaller than life. In plates X and XXV the reproductions of the cones +are reduced to 2/5 life-size. + + +SECTIONS, SUBSECTIONS, AND GROUPS + + Bases of the fascicle-bracts non-decurrent A--HAPLOXYLON + + Umbo of the cone-scale terminal a--Cembra + + Seeds wingless. + Cones indehiscent I. Cembrae + Cones dehiscent II. Flexiles + Seed with an adnate wing III. Strobi + + Umbo of the cone-scale dorsal b--Paracembra + + Seeds wingless IV. Cembroides + Seed-wing short, ineffective V. Gerardianae + Seed-wing long, effective VI. Balfourianae + + Bases of the fascicle-bracts decurrent B--DIPLOXYLON + + Fascicle-sheath or seed of Haploxylon c--Parapinaster + + Fascicle-sheath deciduous VII. Leiophyllae + Fascicle-sheath persistent. + Seed-wing of the Strobi VIII. Longifoliae + Seed-wing of the Gerardianae IX. Pineae + + Fascicle-sheath persistent, seed-wing + articulate, effective d--Pinaster + + Base of wing-blade thin or slightly + thickened. + Cones dehiscent at maturity. + Pits of ray-cells large X. Lariciones + Pits of ray-cells small XI. Australes + Cones serotinous, pits of ray-cells small XII. Insignes + Base of wing-blade very thick XIII. Macrocarpae + + + + +HAPLOXYLON + + +Bases of the bracts subtending leaf-fascicles not decurrent. Staminate +flowers not sufficiently developed in the bud to be apparent. +Spring-shoots uninodal. Fibro-vascular bundle of the leaf single. Cone +symmetrical, of relatively fewer larger scales, its tissues softer. +Bark-formation late, the trunks of young trees smooth. Wood soft and +with little resin, of uniform color and with relatively obscure +definition of the annual rings. Tracheids of the medullary rays with +smooth walls. + + All the species of this section, except P. Nelsonii, have deciduous + fascicle-sheaths. There are but two species of Diploxylon with + deciduous sheaths, P. leiophylla and P. Lumholtzii, both of them + easily recognized. The deciduous sheath, therefore, is an obvious and + useful means for recognizing the Soft Pines. On the characters of the + fruit and the wood Haploxylon can be divided into two subsections. + + a. Cembra Umbo of the cone-scale terminal. + b. Paracembra Umbo of the cone-scale dorsal. + +=Cembra= + +Umbo of the cone-scale terminal. Scales of the conelet unarmed. Leaves +in fascicles of 5, the sheath deciduous, the two dermal tissues +distinct, the hypoderm-cells uniform. Pits of the cells of the wood-rays +large. + + Seeds wingless. + Cones indehiscent I. Cembrae. + Cones dehiscent II. Flexiles. + Seeds with an adnate wing III. Strobi. + + +=I. CEMBRAE= + +Seeds wingless. Cones indehiscent, deciduous at maturity. + + In this group of species there is no segregation of sclerenchyma into + an effective tissue. The cones are inert under hygrometric changes and + may always be recognized in herbaria by their persistent occlusion and + soft tissues. The seeds are released only by the disintegration of the + fallen cone. There is, however, a vicarious dissemination by predatory + crows (genus Nucifraga) and rodents. + + Leaves serrulate, their stomata ventral only. + Cones relatively larger, the apophyses protuberant 1. koraiensis. + Cones relatively smaller, the apophyses appressed 2. cembra. + Leaves entire, their stomata ventral and dorsal 3. albicaulis. + + + +1. PINUS KORAIENSIS + + 1784 P. strobus Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 275 (not Linnaeus). + 1842 P. koraiensis Siebold & Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. ii. 38. + 1857 P. mandschurica Ruprecht in Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersb. xv. 382. + +Spring-shoots more or less densely tomentose. Leaves from 8 to 12 cm. +long, serrulate, stomata ventral only, resin-ducts medial and confined +to the angles. Conelets large, subterminal, or on young trees often +pseudolateral. Cones indehiscent, from 9 to 14 cm. long, +short-pedunculate, ovoid-conical or subcylindrical; apophyses dull pale +nut-brown, rugose, shrinking much in drying and exposing the seeds, +prolonged and tapering to a more or less reflexed tip, the umbo +inconspicuous; seeds large, wingless, the spermoderm entire. + + A species of the mountains of northeastern Asia with valuable wood and + large edible nuts; hardy and often cultivated in cool-temperate + climates. + + The P. koraiensis of Beissner (in Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. n. ser. iv. + 184) and of Masters (in Gard. Chron. ser. 3, xxxiii. 34, ff.) are P. + Armandi and have led to an erroneous extension of the range of this + species into Shensi and Hupeh. In the original description of the + species the authors call attention to an error in the plate, where a + cone of another species has been substituted. + + P. koraiensis resembles P. cembra in leaf and branchlet but not in the + cone. It is often confused with P. Armandi, but can easily be + distinguished by its tomentose branchlets, indehiscent cone and + peculiar seed. The two species, moreover, do not always agree in the + position of the foliar resin-ducts. + + Plate VIII. + + Fig. 85, Cone and seed. Fig. 86, Leaf-fascicle and magnified + leaf-section. + + +2. PINUS CEMBRA + + 1753 P. cembra Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1000. + 1778 P. montana Lamarck, Fl. Franç. iii. 651 (not Miller). + 1858 P. pumila Regel in Index Sem. Hort. Petrop. 23. + 1884 P. mandschurica Lawson, Pinet. Brit. i. 61, ff. (not Ruprecht). + 1906 P. sibirica Mayr, Fremdl. Wald- & Parkb. 388. + 1913 P. coronans Litvinof in Trav. Mus. Bot. Acad. St. Pétersb. + xi. 23, f. + +Spring-shoots densely tomentose. Leaves from 5 to 12 cm. long, +serrulate; stomata ventral only; resin-ducts medial or, in the dwarf +form, often external. Conelets short-pedunculate, purple during their +second season. Cone from 5 to 8 cm. long, ovate or subglobose, +subsessile; apophyses dull nut-brown, thick, slightly convex, the margin +often a little reflexed, the umbo inconspicuous; seeds wingless, large, +the dorsal spermoderm adnate partly to the nut, partly to the +cone-scale, the ventral spermoderm wanting. + + The Swiss Stone Pine attains a height of 15 or 25 metres and occupies + two distinct areas, the Alps, from Savoy to the Carpathians at high + altitudes, and the plains and mountain-slopes throughout the vast area + from northeastern Russia through Siberia. Beyond the Lena and Lake + Baikal it becomes a dwarf (var. pumila) with its eastern limit in + northern Nippon and in Kamchatka. It is successfully cultivated in the + cool-temperate climates of Europe and America. The wood is of even, + close grain, peculiarly adapted to carving. The nuts are gathered for + food and confections, but are destroyed in great numbers by squirrels, + mice and a jay-like crow, the European Nutcracker. It is generally + conceded, however, that these enemies assist in dissemination. + + Plate VIII. + + Fig. 87, Cone, seed and magnified leaf-section. Fig. 88, Tree at + Arolla, Switzerland. Fig. 89, Cone, leaf-fascicle and magnified + leaf-section of var. pumila. + + +3. PINUS ALBICAULIS + + 1853 P. flexilis Balfour in Bot. Exped. Oregon, 1, f. (not James). + 1857 P. cembroides Newberry in Pacif. R. R. Rep. vi-3, 44, f. + (not Zuccarini). + 1863 P. albicaulis Engelmann in Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, ii. 209. + 1867 P. shasta Carrière, Trait. Conif. ed. 2, 390. + +Spring-shoots glabrous or pubescent. Branchlets pliant and tough. Leaves +from 4 to 7 cm. long, entire, stout, persistent for several years; +stomata dorsal and ventral; resin-ducts external. Conelets +short-pedunculate, dark purple during the second season, their scales +often tapering to an acute apex. Cones from 5 to 7 cm. long, subsessile, +oval or subglobose; apophyses nut-brown or fulvous brown, dull or +slightly lustrous, very thick, the under surface conspicuous, meeting +the upper surface in an acute margin, and terminated by a salient, +often acute umbo; seed wingless, the testa bare of spermoderm. + + This species ranges from British Columbia through Washington and + Oregon, over the mountains of northern California and the Sierras as + far south as Mt. Whitney, and, on the Rocky Mountains, through Idaho + and Montana to northern Wyoming. It is found at the timber-line of + many stations and forms, in exposed situations, flat table-like masses + close to the ground. It is a species of no economical importance and + is too inaccessible for the profitable gathering of its large nuts, + which are devoured in quantity by squirrels and by Clark's crow, a + bird of the same genus with the pinivorous Nutcracker of Europe. + + P. albicaulis is distinguished from its allies by its entire leaves + with both dorsal and ventral stomata, from P. flexilis by its + indehiscent cone, and from all of these species by its seed without + membranous cover or rudimentary wing. It was united with P. flexilis + by Parlatore and Gordon, and, later, was referred to that species as a + varietal form by Engelmann (in Brewer & Watson, Bot. Calif. ii. 124). + Parrish's P. albicaulis (in Zoe, iv. 350), extending its range to the + mountains of southern California, proves to be P. flexilis (Jepson, + Silva Calif. 74). + + Plate VIII. + + Fig. 90, Two cones and seed. Fig. 91, Leaf-fascicle. Fig. 92, + Magnified leaf-section. + +[Illustration: PLATE VIII. P. KORAIENSIS (85, 86), CEMBRA (87-89), +ALBICAULIS (90-92)] + + +=II. FLEXILES= + +Seeds wingless, the spermoderm forming a narrow border with a +rudimentary prolongation. Cones dehiscent at maturity. + + The dehiscent cone distinguishes this group from the Cembrae. + Therefore confusion of P. koraiensis with P. Armandi, or P. albicaulis + with P. flexilis should be impossible. The peculiar seed is found + again only in the northern variety of P. ayacahuite. + + Leaves usually entire, the stomata dorsal and ventral 4. flexilis. + Leaves serrulate, the stomata ventral only 5. Armandi. + + +4. PINUS FLEXILIS + + 1823 P. flexilis James in Long's Exped. ii. 34. + 1882 P. reflexa Engelmann in Bot. Gaz. vii. 4. + 1897 P. strobiformis Sargent, Silva N. Am. xi. 33, tt. 544, 545 + (not Engelmann). + +Spring-shoots pubescent; branchlets very tough and pliant. Leaves from 3 +to 9 cm. long, entire, or serrulate in the southern variety, persistent +for five or six years; stomata dorsal and ventral or, in the south, +sometimes ventral only; resin-ducts external. Cones from 6 to 25 cm. +long, ovate or subcylindrical, short-pedunculate; apophyses pale tawny +yellow, or yellow ochre, lustrous, often prolonged and more or less +reflexed, thick, the margin together with the umbo raised above the +surface of the cone. + + This species grows on the Rocky Mountains from Alberta in the Dominion + of Canada to Chihuahua in northern Mexico and ranges westward to the + eastern slope of the Sierras and to the southern mountains of + California. The wood, where accessible, is manufactured into lumber. + It may be seen in the Arnold Arboretum and in the Royal Gardens at + Kew. + + P. flexilis is recognized by its lustrous yellow cones. This and the + constantly external ducts of its usually entire leaves distinguish it + from P. Armandi. From P. albicaulis, with similar leaves, it differs + by its dehiscent cone. At one extreme the cone of P. flexilis is not + unlike that of P. albicaulis, at the other extreme it approaches the + characteristic cone of P. ayacahuite, with prolonged reflexed scales. + Hence the confusion of P. albicaulis with P. flexilis (Murray, + Parlatore and others) and of P. flexilis with Engelmann's P. + strobiformis. Sargent's P. strobiformis, illustrated in the Silva of + North America, is the form of this species known as var. reflexa of + Engelmann. + + Plate IX. + + Fig. 93, Two cones and seed. Fig. 94, Leaf-fascicle. Fig. 95, + Magnified leaf-section. + + +5. PINUS ARMANDI + + 1884 P. Armandi Franchet in Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, sér. 2, + vii. 95, 96, t. 12. + 1898 P. scipioniformis Masters in Bull. Herb. Boiss. vi. 270. + 1903 P. koraiensis Masters in Gard. Chron. ser. 3, xxxiii. 34, + ff. 18, 19 (not Siebold & Zuccarini). + 1908 P. Mastersiana Hayata in Gard. Chron. ser. 3, xliii, 194. + +Spring-shoots glabrous; branches and most of the trunk covered with a +smooth gray cortex. Leaves from 8 to 15 cm. long, serrulate; stomata +ventral only; resin-ducts external, external and medial, or medial, all +three conditions sometimes occurring in leaves of the same branchlet. +Cones from 6 to 20 cm. in length, pendent on peduncles of various +lengths, the peduncle often remaining on the tree after the fall of the +cone; apophyses fulvous brown, dull or sublustrous, the margin rounded +or tapering to an acute apex, sometimes a little prolonged and reflexed, +the umbo inconspicuous. + + A tree of the mountains of central, southern and western China with an + outlying station on the Island of Formosa. Recently planted in Europe + and America, it has so far proved hardy. The nuts are gathered for + food and some use is made of the wood. + + The glabrous shoots of P. Armandi distinguish it from P. flexilis and + P. koraiensis. From the latter it is also distinct in its dehiscent + cone and in its seed. The section of its leaf, with dorsal ducts often + in two positions, is peculiar to this species among Soft Pines. + + Plate IX. + + Fig. 96, Two cones and seed. Fig. 97, Leaf-fascicle. Figs. 98, 99, + Magnified sections of three leaves. + +[Illustration: PLATE IX. P. FLEXILIS (93-95), ARMANDI (96-99)] + + +=III. STROBI= + +Seed with a long effective wing adnate to the nut. + +The base of the seed-wing corresponds to the marginal spermoderm of the +Flexiles but is prolonged into an effective adnate wing. This form of +wing appears again in the species Balfouriana and in the group +Longifoliae. + + Cones very long, usually exceeding 25 cm. + Cone-scales prolonged and reflexed 6. ayacahuite. + Cone-scales appressed 7. Lambertiana. + Cones less than 25 cm. long. + Cone-scales prominently convex. + Leaves less than 7 cm. long 8. parviflora. + Leaves 9-12 cm. long 9. peuce. + Leaves 12-18 cm. long 10. excelsa. + Cone-scales thin, conforming to the surface of + the cone. + Cone relatively longer, its phyllotaxis 8/21 11. monticola. + Cone relatively shorter, its phyllotaxis 5/13 12. strobus. + + +6. PINUS AYACAHUITE + + 1838 P. ayacahuite Ehrenberg in Linnaea, xii. 492. + 1848 P. strobiformis Engelmann in Wislizenus, Tour Mex. 102. + 1857 P. Veitchii Roezl, Cat. Graines Conif. Mex. 32. + 1858 P. Bonapartea Roezl in Gard. Chron. 358. + 1858 P. Loudoniana Gordon, Pinet. 230. + +Spring-shoots glabrous or pubescent. Leaves from 10 to 20 cm. long, +serrulate, their stomata ventral only, their resin-ducts external, often +numerous. Cones from 25 to 45 cm. long, pendent on long stalks, +subcylindrical or tapering, often curved; apophyses pale nut-brown, dull +or sublustrous, varying much in thickness, prolonged in various degrees, +the prolongations patulous, reflexed, recurved or revolute; seeds of +the southern typical form with a long wing, the wing diminishing and the +nut increasing in relative size northward. + + The White Pine of Mexico and Guatemala grows on mountain-slopes and at + the head of ravines. It is not very hardy in cultivation except in the + milder parts of Great Britain and in northern Italy, where the forms + of central and northern Mexico have been very successful. The species + is best recognized by the prolonged apophyses of its large cone. + + The variations in the size of the cone and in the prolongations of its + scales are many, but of far more significance is the remarkable + variation of the seed-wing, which is long in the southern part of the + range, short and broad in central Mexico, and rudimentary, like the + seed of P. flexilis, in the north. This makes it possible to establish + two well defined varieties--Veitchii and brachyptera. The three forms + of the species present a gradation from the long effective wing of the + Strobi to the rudimentary form of the Flexiles. Many of the seed-wings + of the var. Veitchii correspond, in their short broad form and opaque + coloring, with the characteristic wing of P. Lambertiana. + + Plate X. (leaves and cones much reduced). + + Fig. 103, Cone and cone-scale of var. Veitchii. Fig. 104, Cone and + seed of var. brachyptera. Fig. 105, Cone-scale of the typical form. + Figs. 106, 107, Leaf-fascicles and magnified leaf-sections. + + +7. PINUS LAMBERTIANA + + 1827 P. Lambertiana Douglas in Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. 497. + +Spring-shoots pubescent. Leaves from 7 to 10 cm. long, serrulate; +stomata dorsal and ventral; resin-ducts external or with one or two +ventral medial ducts. Cones from 30 to 50 cm. long, pendent, +subcylindrical, tapering to a rounded apex; apophyses pale nut-brown, +thick, a narrow border of the under surface showing on the closed cone, +the margin rounded or tapering to a blunt slightly reflexed tip; seed +with a large nut and a broad short opaque wing. + + The Sugar Pine is the tallest of the genus and attains a height of 50 + or 60 metres. It grows on mountain slopes and the sides of ravines. + Its southern limit is in Lower California on the plateau of San Pedro + Martir, its northern limit is in western Oregon. The wood is valuable, + its nuts are eaten by native Indians, and the sweet exudation, which + gives the tree its popular name, is a manna-like substance of some + officinal value. P. Lambertiana is recognized by its long cone and by + the constant dorsal stomata of its leaves. + + Plate X. (leaves and cone much reduced). + + Fig. 100, Cone and seed. Fig. 101, Conelet. Fig. 102, Leaf-fascicle + and magnified leaf-section. + +[Illustration: PLATE X. P. LAMBERTIANA (100-102), AYACAHUITE (103-107)] + + +8. PINUS PARVIFLORA + + 1784 P. cembra Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 274. (not Linnaeus). + 1842 P. parviflora Siebold and Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. ii. 27, t. 115. + 1890 P. pentaphylla Mayr, Mon. Abiet. Jap. 78, 94, t. 6. + 1908 P. morrisonicola Hayata in Gard. Chron. ser. 3, xliii. 194. + 1908 P. formosana Hayata in Jour. Linn. Soc. xxxviii. 297, t. 22. + +Spring-shoots pubescent or glabrous; branches becoming studded with +prominent resin-cells of the cortex. Leaves from 3 to 8 cm. long, +slender, serrulate; stomata ventral only; resin-ducts external and +dorsal. Cones subsessile, often persistent, from 5 to 10 cm. long, +patulous or horizontal, short-ovate, or elongate and slightly conical; +apophyses nut-brown, abruptly convex near the apex, or irregularly +warped, varying much in size, the umbo confluent with the thin margin of +the scale and resting on the apophysis beneath; seeds with a large nut +and a short broad wing, often temporarily adherent to the cone-scale and +breaking apart at the fall of the nut. + + A tree of the mountains of Japan and Formosa, cultivated extensively. + It is recognized by its very short quinate leaves and by its nearly + sessile cones. The frequent but not invariable retention of the + seed-wing in the cone is due to adhesion. Many seeds fall with their + wings intact, others break away from the wing which, after a while, + loosens and also falls. + + Plate XI. + + Figs. 114, 115, Three cones and seed. Fig. 116, Leaf-fascicle and + magnified leaf-section. + + +9. PINUS PEUCE + + 1844 P. peuce Grisebach, Spicil. Fl. Rumel. ii. 349. + 1865 P. excelsa Hooker in Jour. Linn. Soc. viii. 145. (not Wallich). + +Spring-shoots glabrous. Leaves from 7 to 10 cm. long, erect, serrulate; +stomata ventral only; resin-ducts external. Connective of pollen-sacs +small and narrow. Cones deciduous, from 8 to 15 cm. long, +subcylindrical, often curved, the peduncle short; apophyses tawny +yellow, prominently and abruptly convex, the umbo against the scale +beneath; seed-wing long. + + A tree of the Balkan Mountains, very hardy and bearing abundant fruit + in the gardens of both hemispheres. The cone resembles that of P. + excelsa, but is prevalently much shorter and with a relatively shorter + peduncle. Its leaves are also much shorter and are always erect. A + curious difference is found in the connectives of the pollen-sacs, + small in peuce (fig. 113), large in excelsa (fig. 110). The convexity + of its apophyses distinguishes the cone from those of P. monticola and + P. strobus. Beissner followed Hooker and named this species excelsa, + var. peuce, in the first edition of his Handbuch (1891), but in the + second edition he restored the Balkan Pine to specific standing. + + Plate XI. + + Fig. 111, Cone and seed. Fig. 112, Leaf-fascicle and magnified + leaf-section. Fig. 113, Pollen-sacs and connective magnified. + + +10. PINUS EXCELSA + + 1824 P. excelsa Wallich ex Lambert, Gen. Pin. ii, 5, t. 3. + 1845 P. nepalensis De Chambray, Arbr. Résin. 342. + 1854 P. Griffithii McClelland in Griffith, Notul. Pl. Asiat. iv, 17; + Icon. Pl. Asiat. t. 365. + +Spring-shoots glabrous. Leaves from 10 to 18 cm. long, drooping, +serrulate; stomata ventral only; resin-ducts external but often with a +medial ventral duct. Connective of the pollen-sacs large. Cones from 15 +to 25 cm. long, narrow-cylindrical; apophyses tawny yellow or pale +fulvous brown, prominently convex, the umbo against the apophysis +beneath; seeds with a long wing. + + A tree with gray-green drooping foliage, found, with some + interruptions, along the Himalayas. It furnishes resin, tar and wood + of considerable value. It is cultivated in all temperate climates and + is a familiar tree of American and European gardens. Madden states + that the foliage of P. excelsa is sometimes erect and is occasionally + bright green. Such variations are often met in other species of Pinus. + Usually the drooping gray-green foliage and the peculiar cone are + sufficient for the recognition of this species. The not infrequent + presence of a medial duct and the large connective are valuable aids + for identifying it. + + Plate XI. + + Fig. 108, Cone and seed. Fig. 109, Leaf-fascicle and magnified + section of two leaves. Fig. 110, Pollen-sacs and connective + magnified. + +[Illustration: PLATE XI. P. EXCELSA (108-110), PEUCE (111-113), +PARVIFLORA (114-116)] + + +11. PINUS MONTICOLA + + 1837 P. monticola Douglas ex Lambert, Gen. Pin. iii. t. + 1884 P. porphyrocarpa Lawson, Pinet. Brit. i, 83, ff. + +Spring-shouts pubescent. Leaves from 4 to 10 cm. long, serrulate; +stomata ventral or rarely with a few dorsal stomata; resin-ducts +external. Cones from 10 to 25 cm. long, cylindrical or tapering, +sometimes curved; apophyses brown-ochre or fulvous brown, thin, smooth, +conforming to the surface of the cone, the apex sometimes slightly +prolonged and reflexed, the umbo not quite touching the surface of the +scale below. + + The western White Pine grows in southern British Columbia and on + Vancouver Island, on the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Idaho, in + Washington, on the Blue Mountains, Cascades and Coast Range of Oregon, + across northern California and along the Sierras to the mountains of + southern California. Where it is abundant and accessible it furnishes + valuable timber. It is hardy in New England and in northern and + central Europe. + + It differs from P. strobus in the higher phyllotaxis of its cone, an + obvious difference that may be seen by comparing cones of the two + species of the same length (figs. 117, 119), the number of scales on + the cone of P. monticola being much greater than that on the cone of + P. strobus. Nuttall (Sylva, iii, 118) followed Hooker in considering + it to be a variety of P. strobus. + + Plate XII. + + Fig. 117, Cone and cone-scale. Fig. 118, Leaf-fascicle and magnified + leaf-section. + + +12. PINUS STROBUS + + 1753 P. strobus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1001. + 1855 P. nivea Booth ex Carrière, Trait. Conif. 305. + 1862 P. alba-canadensis Provancher, Fl. Canad. ii. 554. + 1903 Strobus strobus Small, Fl. Southeast. U. S. 29. + +Spring-shoots pubescent. Leaves from 6 to 14 cm. long, serrulate; +stomata ventral only; resin-ducts external. Cones from 8 to 24 cm. long, +narrow cylindrical, sometimes curved; apophyses fulvous brown, or rufous +brown, thin, the smooth or slightly rugose surface conforming to the +general surface of the cone; seed with a long wing. + + A valuable timber-tree of singular beauty and rapid growth. The + northern limit of its range extends from Newfoundland to Manitoba; it + grows throughout the northern states from Minnesota to the Atlantic, + and, south of Pennsylvania, along the Appalachians to northern + Georgia. Its tractable and reliable wood, its adaptability to various + soils and climates, its early maturity and stately habit, recommend it + to the forester and gardener. + + Mature trees of P. strobus tower above the evergreens associated with + it. It is also recognized by the color and horizontal massing of its + foliage. The cone, when closed, is very narrow; its thin flat scales + distinguish it from the cone of P. peuce, and its phyllotaxis from the + cone of P. monticola. To illustrate the possibilities of variation in + the size of Pine cones, I once collected several in Tamworth, N. H., + on the estate of Mr. Augustus Hemenway, on the same slope and within + an area of one square kilometre. These cones varied in length from 6 + to 24 cm., with all intermediate sizes. Also on each tree were cones + of various lengths, but the longest were confined to two or three + trees among the several hundred examined. Dimensions of leaves also + varied with individual trees; not infrequently the leaves of a tree + were twice the length of those of an adjacent tree. Such variations + appear in many species and in many localities. + + Plate XII. + + Fig. 119, Two cones. Fig. 120, Leaf-fascicle. Fig. 121, Magnified + leaf-section. Fig. 122, Conelets. Fig. 123, A cultivated tree in + Massachusetts. + +[Illustration: PLATE XII. P. MONTICOLA (117, 118), STROBUS (119-123)] + +=Paracembra= + +Umbo of the cone-scale dorsal. Scales of the conelet mucronate or +aristate. Epiderm and hypoderm of the leaf similar, appearing as a +single tissue; resin-ducts external. Pits of the ray-cells small. + + The wood of this subsection differs from that of other species, except + that of P. pinea, in the Picea-like characters of the medullary + rays--tracheids with smooth walls combined with the thick walls and + small pits of the ray-cells. On the character of the seeds the species + may be divided into three groups. + + Seeds wingless IV. Cembroides. + Seeds with a short, ineffective, articulate wing V. Gerardianae. + Seeds with a long and effective wing VI. Balfourianae. + + +=IV. CEMBROIDES= + +Seeds wingless, the nut large, wholly or partly bare of membranous +cover. Cones varying from yellow-ochre to deep red-orange in color. + + These are the Nut Pines, growing on the arid slopes and table-lands + above the great plateau of northern Mexico and its extension into the + southwestern United States. There are three distinct species. + + Leaves entire, the sheath deciduous. + Cones subglobose, subsessile 13. cembroides. + Cones cylindrical, pedunculate 14. Pinceana. + Leaves serrulate, the sheath persistent 15. Nelsonii. + + +13. PINUS CEMBROIDES + + 1832 P. cembroides Zuccarini in Abh. Akad. Münch. i. 392. + 1838 P. Llaveana Schiede in Linnaea, xii. 488. + 1845 P. monophylla Torrey in Frémont's Rep. 319, t. 4. + 1847 P. Fremontiana Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 183. + 1848 P. edulis Engelmann in Wislizenus, Tour. Mex. 88. + 1848 P. osteosperma Engelmann in Wislizenus, Tour. Mex. 89. + 1862 P. Parryana Engelmann in Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiv. 332 + (not Gordon). + 1897 P. quadrifolia Sudworth, Bull. 14, U. S. Dep. Agric. 17. + 1903 Caryopitys edulus Small, Fl. Southeast. U. S. 29. + +Spring-shoots pruinose. Leaves from 2 to 6 cm. long, in fascicles of 1 +to 5, the sheath-scales revolute at the apex, then deciduous; stomata +ventral, or ventral and dorsal; resin-ducts external. Scales of the +conelet armed with a minute prickle. Cones from 4 to 6 cm. long, +subglobose, subsessile; apophyses lustrous ochre-yellow, crowned with a +quadrilateral umbo bearing the minute prickle of the conelet; seed +flaxen yellow when fresh, its testa bare, the spermoderm adnate to the +cone-scale. + + A broad tree with a round head, similar in size and form, but not in + ramification, to the cultivated Apple-tree; growing on arid slopes and + table-lands. Its eastern limit is in southwestern Wyoming, central + Colorado, Texas, western Tamaulipas and northwestern Vera Cruz. It + ranges over Utah, Nevada, Arizona and the northern states of Mexico to + the southern Sierras of California and to the northern and southern + extremities of Lower California. It is recognized by its small cone, + which expands, when open, into an irregular flat aggregate of loosely + attached scales. The leaves are shorter than those of the other Pines + of this group. + + The cone of this species always retains its peculiar character. The + variations are mainly in the number of leaves in the fascicle. On this + character this Nut Pine is divided by many authors into four + species--cembroides, with three slender leaves--edulis, with two stout + leaves--monophylla, with one leaf and--Parryana, with four stout + leaves. But there are intermediate forms that may be either cembroides + or edulis, edulis or monophylla etc., and Voss's reduction of the four + to a single species with three varieties seems to be justified (Mitt. + Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. xvi. 95). + + Plate XIII. + + Fig. 130, Cone, cone-scale and seed. Fig. 131, Open cone. Fig. 132, + Branchlet with leaves and magnified leaf-section. + +14. PINUS PINCEANA + + 1846 P. cembroides Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. i. 236, f. + (not Zuccarini). + 1858 P. Pinceana Gordon, Pinet. 204. + 1882 P. latisquama Engelmann in Gard. Chron. ser. 2, xviii. 712. + f. 125 (as to cone only). + +Spring-shoots slender, pruinose. Leaves in fascicles of three, the +sheath revolute at the base, then deciduous; stomata ventral, or ventral +and dorsal; resin-ducts external. Scales of the conelet minutely +mucronate. Cones from 6 to 9 cm. long, cylindrical, pendent on long +peduncles; apophyses lustrous ochre-yellow, elevated in the centre, +the umbo usually retaining the small prickle; seed large, bearing on its +dorsal surface remnants of the spermoderm. + + A small bushy tree with long slender branchlets, clear gray cortex, + persistently smooth except on the lower part of the trunk, and + glaucous-green foliage. It grows along water-courses, dry in autumn + and winter, from southern Coahuila to central Hidalgo, and is + associated with P. cembroides, from which it may be distinguished by + its longer leaves and much longer cylindrical cone. + + Plate XIII. + + Fig. 127, Cone, cone-scale and seed. Fig. 128, Branchlet with + leaves. Fig. 129, Magnified leaf-section. + + +15. PINUS NELSONII + + 1904 P. Nelsonii Shaw in Gard. Chron. ser. 3, xxxvi. 122, f. 49. + +Spring-shoots slender, pruinose; branchlets very pliant and tough, +summer-shoots abundant. Leaves with a persistent sheath, from 6 to 9 cm. +long, united in threes along a portion of their ventral surface into +pseudomonophyllous fascicles, serrulate on the two margins of the dorsal +surface, entire on the ventral margin; stomata dorsal and with one row +along the free portion of each ventral face. Conelets usually, if not +always, pseudolateral by reason of the summer growth of the branchlets, +and attaining in their first season an unusually large size. Cones from +6 to 12 cm. long, on very long stout and curved peduncles, cylindrical, +deciduous by an articulation between the cone and its peduncle, leaving +the latter for several years on the tree; apophyses dark lustrous +orange-red, rugose, elevated along a sharp transverse keel, the umbo +obscurely defined, the mucro usually broken away; nuts large, flaxen +yellow, the spermoderm adnate to the cone-scale. + + A small bushy tree with long pliant branches, clear gray cortex all + over the limbs and trunk, and sparse gray-green foliage. It grows, + together with P. cembroides, on the lower slopes of the northeastern + Sierras of Mexico, near the boundary between the states of Tamaulipas + and Nuevo Leon. It is apparently confined to a small area near the + latitude of the city of Victoria, the capital of Tamaulipas, where its + nuts are often exposed for sale. + + In many characters this species is unique. It can be recognized at + once by the connate leaves that form the fascicle or by the remarkable + stout curved peduncle of its cone. Such seeds as I have seen differ + from those of P. cembroides by a reddish area at one end, but this can + be seen with fresh seeds only. + + Plate XIII. + + Fig. 124, Cone, cone scale and seed. Fig. 125, Branchlet with + leaves. Fig. 126, Magnified section of a leaf-fascicle. + +[Illustration: PLATE XIII. P. NELSONII (124-126), PINCEANA (127-129), +CEMBROIDES (130-132)] + + +=V. GERARDIANAE= + +Seeds with a very short ineffective articulate wing. Leaves in fascicles +of 3, serrulate, the sheath deciduous. Bark exfoliating in large scales, +leaving parti-colored areas. + + These Asiatic Nut Pines are alike in leaf and cortex as well as in the + peculiar seed-wing. The last often remains in the cone after the nut + falls. The mechanical nature of this adhesion is apparent in P. + Gerardiana, where the wing adheres not to its own, but to the adjacent + scale. The two species are alike in their leaves but distinct in their + cones and seeds. + + Cones smaller, the nut short-ovate 16. Bungeana. + Cones larger, the nut long-cylindrical 17. Gerardiana. + + +16. PINUS BUNGEANA + + 1847 P. Bungeana Zuccarini ex Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 166. + +Spring-shoots glabrous, summer-shoots common on fruiting branches of +young trees. Leaves from 6 to 10 cm. long, serrulate; stomata dorsal and +ventral; resin-ducts external. Conelets subterminal or often +pseudolateral, their scales gradually narrowed into a spine. Cones from +5 to 7 cm. long, short-pedunculate, short-ovate; apophyses dull pale +nut-brown, elevated along a transverse keel, the dark brown umbo forming +a spine with a broad base; seeds with a short loosely attached wing, +sometimes remaining in the cone when the short-ovate nut falls. + + A tree cultivated about the temples of China and recently found by + Wilson growing on the mountains of Hupeh. The earlier parti-colored + bark changes to chalky white on old trunks, by which the tree is + recognized from a great distance. The stem of the tree is often + multiple by the vertical growth of some of the lower branches. It is + very hardy and is cultivated in Europe and America, although these + cultivated trees are not yet of sufficient age to show the remarkable + white trunk. + + Plate XIV. + + Fig. 138, Cone and cone-scale with adhering wing. Fig. 139, Seed and + wing. Fig. 140, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section. Fig. 141, + Parti-colored bark. Fig. 142, Tree with white trunk. + + +17. PINUS GERARDIANA + + 1832 P. Gerardiana Wallich ex Lambert, Gen. Pin. ed. 8vo, ii. t. 79. + +Spring-shoots glabrous. Leaves from 6 to 10 cm. long, serrulate; stomata +dorsal and ventral; resin-ducts external. Scales of the conelet armed +with a short spine. Cones from 9 to 15 cm. long, short-pedunculate, +ovoid or oblong; apophyses fulvous brown, very thick, with a prominent +reflexed or erect protuberance culminating in an umbo on which the spine +is more or less persistent; nuts remarkably long, narrow, terete, the +shell fragile, the short wing falling with the nut or adhering to the +adjacent scale. + + A tree of the northwestern Himalayas found on the borders of Cashmere + and Thibet and in Kafiristan and north Afghanistan, and so highly + prized for its nuts that it is rarely felled for its wood. It grows in + dry regions and rarely attains a height of 20 metres. Attempts to + cultivate this species, even in the milder parts of Great Britain, + have generally failed. + + The apophysis of the cone varies much in prominence (figs. 134, 135), + but the peculiar seed is invariable and quite unlike that of any other + Pine. The general color of the trunk at a distance is silver-gray. + + Plate XIV. + + Fig. 133, Cone. Fig. 134, Cone-scale with adhering seed-wing. Fig. + 135, Cone-scale of flatter form. Fig. 136, Seed and wing. Fig. 137, + Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section. + +[Illustration: PLATE XIV. P. GERARDIANA (133-137), BUNGEANA (138-142)] + + +=VI. BALFOURIANAE= + +Seeds with long effective wings. Leaves entire, in fascicles of 5, the +sheath deciduous. + + The two species known as Foxtail Pines are alike in their short entire + falcate leaves, persisting for many years and forming long dense + foliage-masses. They differ in the armature of their cones and in + their seed-wings. The presence of both adnate and articulate wings in + these closely related species suggests that these two forms of wing + are not fundamentally distinct. + + Cone-scales short-mucronate, the seed-wing adnate 18. Balfouriana. + Cone-scales long-aristate, the seed-wing articulate 19. aristata. + + +18. PINUS BALFOURIANA + + 1853 P. Balfouriana Balfour in Bot. Exp. Oregon, 1, f. + +Spring-shoots somewhat puberulent. Leaves from 2 to 4 cm. long, +persistent for many years; stomata ventral only; resin-ducts external. +Scales of the conelet short-mucronate. Cones from 7 to 12 cm. long, +tapering to a rounded apex, short-pedunculate; apophyses dark +terracotta-brown, tumid, the umbo bearing a short recumbent prickle; +seed with a long adnate wing. + + An alpine species growing often at the timber-limit. It is found in + two distinct stations in California, on the northern Coast Range and + on the southern Sierras. It is not often cultivated, but young plants + may be seen in the Arnold Arboretum and in the Royal Gardens at Kew. + + Plate XV. + + Fig. 147, Cone, seed and enlarged cone-scale. Fig. 148, + Leaf-fascicle. Fig. 149, Magnified leaf-section. Fig. 150, A branch + with persistent leaves. + + +19. PINUS ARISTATA + + 1862 P. aristata Engelmann in Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiv. 331. + 1871 P. Balfouriana Watson in King's Rep. v. 331 (not Balfour). + +Spring-shoots glabrous or temporarily pubescent. Leaves from 2 to 4 cm. +long, persistent for many years; stomata ventral only; resin-ducts +external. Scales of the conelet prolonged into long slender bristles. +Cones from 4 to 9 cm. long, subcylindrical or tapering to a rounded +apex, short-pedunculate; apophyses terracotta or purple-brown, tumid, +the long bristles of the umbo often partly or wholly broken away; seeds +with a long articulate wing. + + A bushy tree, similar in foliage to the preceding species, growing at + the timber-limit from Colorado through Utah, central and southern + Nevada and northern Arizona into southeastern California, but + separated from the nearest station of P. Balfouriana by an arid + treeless desert. Engelmann (in Brewer and Watson, Bot. Calif. ii. 125) + considered it to be a variety of P. Balfouriana. + + Plate XV. + + Fig. 143, Cone. Fig. 144, Seed and enlarged cone-scale. Fig. 145, + Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section. Fig. 146, Conelet. + +[Illustration: PLATE XV. P. ARISTATA (143-146), BALFOURIANA (147-150)] + + + + +DIPLOXYLON + + +Bases of the bracts subtending leaf-fascicles decurrent. Leaves +serrulate; fibro-vascular bundle double; stomata dorsal and ventral. +Cones with a dorsal umbo, the phyllotaxis complex. Wood hard, with dark +resinous bands, the annual rings clearly defined. + + In this section there are a few species combining the essential + characters of Diploxylon with important characters of Haploxylon. A + subsection, Parapinaster, is established for these exceptional + species. + + c. Parapinaster Species with the fascicle-sheath or seed-wing of + Haploxylon. + d. Pinaster Sheath persistent, seed-wing articulate, effective. + +=Parapinaster= + + Sheath of the leaf-fascicle deciduous VII. Leiophyllae. + Sheath of the leaf-fascicle persistent. + Seed-wing of the Strobi VIII. Longifoliae. + Seed-wing of the Gerardianae IX. Pineae. + + +=VII. LEIOPHYLLAE= + + Sheath of the leaf-fascicles deciduous. + Leaves short, erect, the fructification triennial 20. leiophylla. + Leaves long, pendent, the fructification biennial 21. Lumholtzii. + + +20. PINUS LEIOPHYLLA + + 1831 P. leiophylla Schlechtendal and Chamisso in Linnaea, vi. 354. + 1848 P. chihuahuana Engelmann in Wislizenus, Tour. Mex. 103. + +Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves in fascicles of 3, 4 or 5, the sheath +deciduous, from 8 to 14 cm. long; resin-ducts medial with an occasional +internal duct. Conelets single or verticillate, their scales mucronate; +conelets of the second year only slightly enlarged. Cones maturing the +third year, not exceeding 7 cm. in length, ovate or ovate-conic, +subsymmetrical, more or less reflexed, persistent for several years on +some trees, sometimes serotinous; apophyses lighter or darker brown, +often with an olive or fuscous shade, thin or tumid, the umbo double, +the mucro more persistent near the apex of the cone. + + This species grows at subtropical or warm-temperate altitudes in + Mexico, from Oaxaca through the central and western states to southern + Arizona and New Mexico. As it approaches the northern part of its + range the leaves become thicker and more rigid and the number in the + fascicle is reduced to 3 or 4 (var. chihuahuana, Shaw, Pines Mex. 14). + Like P. rigida it sprouts freely along the branches and trunk, and + stumps of felled trees put out shoots in great numbers. The species is + easily recognized by the deciduous sheath and triennial cone. + + Plate XVI. + + Fig. 151, Branch with fruit of first, second and third years. Fig. + 152, Leaf-fascicles. Fig. 153, Magnified leaf-section of the + species. Fig. 154, Magnified leaf-section of the variety. + + +21. PINUS LUMHOLTZII + + 1894 P. Lumholtzii Robinson & Fernald in Proc. Am. Acad. xxx. 122. + +Spring-shoots uninodal, sometimes multinodal. Leaves in fascicles of 3, +the sheath deciduous, from 20 to 30 cm. long, absolutely pendent; +resin-ducts medial and internal. Conelets subterminal, or lateral and +subterminal, mucronate. Cones not exceeding 7 cm. in length, +symmetrical, pendent on slender peduncles, ovate-conic, early deciduous; +apophyses sublustrous, nut-brown, tumid at the margins, flat on the +surface, the umbo large, the mucro rarely persistent. + + A remarkable Pine with long pendent bright green foliage, confined to + the western states of Mexico and ranging on the mountains from + southern Jalisco to the latitude of the city of Chihuahua. Each + season's growth of leaves hangs from the branchlet like a long beard, + from which the tree receives, in some localities, the name "Pino barba + caida." In the herbarium the long leaves, deciduous sheaths, and the + decurrent bases of the bracts, present a combination of characters not + found in other species. + + Plate XVI. + + Fig. 155, Cone. Fig. 156, Cone. Fig. 157, Leaf-fascicle. Fig. 158, + Magnified leaf-section. Fig. 159, Tree at Ferraria de Tula. + +[Illustration: PLATE XVI. P. LEIOPHYLLA (151-154), LUMHOLTZII +(155-159)] + + +=VIII. LONGIFOLIAE= + +Seed-wing adnate to the nut. Leaves long, in fascicles of 3, the sheath +persistent. + + Apophysis of the cone prolonged and reflexed 22. longifolia. + Apophysis of the cone low-pyramidal 23. canariensis. + + +22. PINUS LONGIFOLIA + + 1803 P. longifolia Roxburgh ex Lambert, Gen. Pin. i. 29, t. 21. + 1897 P. Roxburghii Sargent, Silva N. Am. xi. 9. + +Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves in fascicles of 3, the sheath persistent, +from 20 to 30 cm. long; resin-ducts external, the hypoderm often in +large masses, some or all of the endoderm cells with thick outer walls. +Cones from 10 to 17 cm. long, short-pedunculate, ovoid-conic; apophyses +lustrous brown-ochre or fuscous brown, elevated into thick, often +reflexed, beaks with obtuse mutic umbos; seeds with large nuts and +adnate striated dark gray or fuscous brown wings. + + Of the three Pines of the Himalayas this species is the most + important. It grows on the outer slopes and foot-hills from Bhotan to + Afghanistan. The wood is used for construction and for the manufacture + of charcoal, the thick soft bark is valuable for tanning, the resin is + abundant and of commercial importance, and the nuts are gathered for + food. The tree is not hardy in cool-temperate climates, but has been + successfully grown in northern Italy. + + It differs from P. canariensis in the usually protuberant apophysis of + the cone, in the thick outer walls of the leaf-endoderm and in the + nearly smooth walls of the ray-tracheids of the wood. In the + dimensions of cone and leaf, in the dermal tissues and resin-ducts of + the leaf and in the peculiar coloring of the seed-wing, the two + species are alike. + + Plate XVII. + + Fig. 160, Cone. Fig. 161, Leaf-fascicle. Fig. 162, Magnified + leaf-section. + + +23. PINUS CANARIENSIS + + 1825 P. canariensis Smith in Buch, Canar. Ins. 159. + +Spring-shoots uninodal, pruinose. Bud-scales with conspicuously long +free fimbriate margins. Leaves in fascicles of 3, the sheath persistent, +from 20 to 30 cm. long; the hypoderm often in large masses, the +resin-ducts external, the endoderm with thin outer walls. Cones from 10 +to 17 cm. long, short-pedunculate, ovoid-conic; apophyses lustrous or +sublustrous nut-brown, more or less pyramidal, the umbo unarmed; seeds +as in the last species. + + A species confined to the Canary Islands, but cultivated in northern + Italy. The stately habit of this tree is seen in Schröter's portrait + (Exc. Canar. Ins. t. 15). + + Plate XVII. + + Fig. 163, Cone and seed. Fig. 164, Magnified leaf-section. Fig. 165, + Habit of the tree. + +[Illustration: PLATE XVII. P. LONGIFOLIA (160-162), CANARIENSIS +(163-165)] + + +=IX. PINEAE= + +Seed-wing articulate, short, ineffective. Leaves binate, the sheath +persistent. One species only. + + +24. PINUS PINEA + + 1753 P. pinea Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1000. + 1778 P. sativa Lamarck, Fl. Franç. ii. 200. + 1854 P. maderiensis Tenore in Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 4, ii. 379. + +Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves from 12 to 20 cm. long; resin-ducts +external. Conelet mutic, slightly larger in the second year. Cones +triennial, from 10 to 14 cm. long, ovoid or subglobose; apophyses +lustrous nut-brown, convex, of large size, the umbo double; seeds large +with a short, loosely articulated, deciduous wing. + + A species of the Mediterranean Basin, from Portugal to Syria. Its + northern limit is in southern France and northern Italy, but it is + cultivated in the southern parts of the British Isles and is a + familiar ornament of park and garden in southern Europe, and is valued + for its peculiar beauty and for its large savory nuts. In wood anatomy + as well as in the seed it agrees with the Gerardianae of the Soft + Pines. + + Plate XVIII. + + Fig. 166, Fruit of three seasons. Fig. 167, Cone-scales and seed. + Fig. 168, Magnified leaf-section. Fig. 169, Habit of the tree. + +[Illustration: PLATE XVIII. PINUS PINEA] + +=Pinaster= + +Bases of the bracts subtending leaf-fascicles decurrent. Seeds with an +effective articulate wing. Umbo of the cone-scales dorsal. Leaves +serrulate, stomatiferous on all faces, the sheath persistent. Walls of +the tracheids of the medullary rays dentate. + + Forty-two of the sixty-six species of Pinus are included in this + subsection. As a group they are clearly circumscribed by several + correlated characters and are more closely interrelated than the + twenty-four species previously described. The distinctions of umbo and + seed have disappeared. The umbo here is invariably dorsal, the + seed-wing invariably articulate. + + New forms, however, are gradually evolved--the seed with a thick + wing-blade, the indurated oblique cone, the serotinous cone with its + intermittent seed-release, and the multinodal spring-shoot. There are, + moreover, new forms of leaf-hypoderm and a new position of the + resin-duct. + + Of these new characters, the thick wing-blade attains such proportions + in the three species of the Macrocarpae that they can be grouped + apart. But the characters that finally culminate in a lateral oblique + serotinous cone are so gradually and irregularly developed that they + offer no divisional distinctions. With the aid of wood and leaf + characters, however, groups can be established which preserve the + evolutionary sequence and, at the same time, the obvious affinity of + the species. + + Wing-blade thin or slightly thickened at the base. + Cones dehiscent at maturity. + Pits of the ray-cells large X. Lariciones + Pits of the ray-cells small XI. Australes + Cones serotinous, pits of the ray-cells small XII. Insignes + Wing-blade very thick XIII. Macrocarpae + + The species of this subsection are very difficult, if not impossible, + to classify by the usual method, which groups all species under a few + characters assumed to be invariable and of fundamental importance. + Such a method can be successfully applied to the Soft Pines and to + some of the Hard Pines, but cannot be applied to all the Hard Pines + without forcing some of them into unnatural associations. + + To take an example, the group Pseudostrobus, characterized by + pentamerous leaf-fascicles, appears in many systems. In this group are + placed P. Torreyana and P. leiophylla. Another group, with trimerous + fascicles, contains P. Sabiniana and P. taeda. Now there are no two + species more obviously related by important peculiarities than P. + Torreyana and P. Sabiniana; nevertheless they are, by this method, + kept apart and associated with species which they resemble in no + important particular. + + An attempt is made here to avoid such incongruities. Groups X, XI and + XII represent different stages of evolution. In the Lariciones the + cone is symmetrical, and dehiscent and deciduous at maturity, while + the spring-shoot is uninodal. In the Australes there is a similar + cone, but the spring-shoot gradually becomes multinodal. In the + Insignes the cone is oblique, persistent and serotinous, and the + spring-shoot is multinodal. + + These definitions state the degree of evolution attained by each + group, but not all the species of a group conform exactly with its + definition. In each group are species with a characteristic of another + group. Among the Lariciones are a few species with both symmetrical + and oblique cones, and two with persistent cones. Similar exceptions + occur among the Australes. Among the Insignes are a few species with + symmetrical cones, and two with cones that are rarely, if ever, + serotinous. + + There is, however, no difficulty in fixing the systematic position of + these exceptional species through other characters which show their + true affinity. They are placed with the species which they most + resemble. Their exceptional characters are merely the evidence of the + evolution that pervades and unites the groups. Therefore the + definition of a group is not necessarily the exact definition of its + species, and a species is placed in a group because all its + characters, specific and evolutional, show a closer affinity with that + group than with the species of any other. + + +=X. LARICIONES= + +Pits of the ray-cells large. Cells of the leaf-hypoderm uniform. +Spring-shoots uninodal. Cones dehiscent at maturity. + + This group represents the first stage in the evolution of the Hard + Pines. All the species, like the Soft Pines, are uninodal and the + cones are dehiscent at maturity, but the trend toward the serotinous + species is shown in the occasional appearance of the oblique cone as a + varietal form of a few species, and in the persistent cone of the last + two species of this group. + + All the species of this group are of the Old World except P. resinosa + and P. tropicalis. These two are the only American Pines combining + large pits with dentate tracheids, and are the only American Hard + Pines with external resin-ducts of the leaf. + + Cones deciduous at maturity. + Cones ovate or ovate-conic. + Conelet with tuberculate or entire scales. + Resin-ducts external and medial 25. resinosa + Resin-ducts septal and external 26. tropicalis + Conelet with mucronate scales. + Resin-ducts mostly external. + Conelet pedunculate, erect. + Cone nut-brown 27. Massoniana + Cone dull tawny yellow 28. densiflora + Conelet pedunculate, reflexed 29. sylvestris + Conelet subsessile, erect 30. montana + Resin-ducts mostly medial. + Bark-formation late 31. luchuensis + Bark-formation early. + Cone nut-brown 32. Thunbergii + Cone lustrous tawny yellow 33. nigra + Cones narrow cylindrical 34. Merkusii + Cones tenaciously persistent. + Leaves stout, relatively short 35. sinensis + Leaves slender, relatively long 36. insularis + + +25. PINUS RESINOSA + + 1789 P. resinosa Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii. 367. + 1810 P. rubra Michaux f. Hist. Arbr. Am. i. 45, t. 1. + +Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves binate, from 12 to 17 cm. long; +resin-ducts external or external and medial; hypoderm uniform and +inconspicuous. Scales of the conelet mutic. Cones from 4 to 6 cm. long, +subsessile, symmetrical, deciduous the third year, leaving a few basal +scales on the tree; apophyses sublustrous, nut-brown, somewhat thickened +along a transverse keel. + + From Nova Scotia and Lake St. John this species ranges westward to the + Winnipeg River and southward into Minnesota, Michigan, northern New + York and eastern Massachusetts, with rare occurrence on the mountains + of Pennsylvania. Under cultivation it is a beautiful tree, adapted to + cold-temperate climates. It was considered by Loiseleur (1812) and by + Spach (1842) to be a variety of P. nigra (laricio). The two species + vary in the color of the cone, the anatomy of the leaves, the buds, + and in the armature of the conelet. A fallen cone of this species is + moreover usually imperfect from the loss of a few basal scales. + + Plate XIX. + + Fig. 170, Cone and enlarged conelet. Fig. 171, Leaf-fascicle and + magnified leaf-section. + + +26. PINUS TROPICALIS + + 1851 P. tropicalis Morelet in Rev. Hort. Côte d'Or, i. 105. + 1904 P. terthrocarpa Shaw in Gard. Chron. ser. 3, xxxv. 179, f. 74. + +Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves binate, sometimes ternate, from 15 to 30 +cm. long, rigid, erect; hypoderm of uniform thick-walled cells; +resin-ducts of remarkable size, septal, or not quite touching the +endoderm and technically external. Scales of the conelet minutely +tuberculate. Cones from 5 to 8 cm. long, short-pedunculate, erect or +patulous; ovate-conic, symmetrical; apophyses rufous brown, +low-pyramidal, the umbo mutic. + + Growing at sea-level within the tropics and confined to western Cuba + and the Isle of Pines. On the island it is associated with P. + caribaea. This species needs no other means of identification than its + peculiar leaf-section. Septal ducts are found in P. oocarpa, Pringlei, + Merkusii and rarely in other species, but they never attain the + extraordinary size that appears to be invariable in P. tropicalis. + + Plate XIX. + + Fig. 172, Cone and enlarged conelet. Fig. 173, Branch with leaves, + much reduced. Fig. 174, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section. + Fig. 175, Trees on the Isle of Pines. + +[Illustration: PLATE XIX. P. RESINOSA (170, 171), TROPICALIS (172-175)] + + +27. PINUS MASSONIANA + +1803 P. Massoniana Lambert, Gen. Pin. i. 17, t. 12. 1861 P. canaliculata +Miquel in Jour. Bot. Neerland. i. 86. + +Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves binate, rarely ternate, from 12 to 20 cm. +long, slender and pliant; hypoderm inconspicuous; resin-ducts external. +Staminate catkins often in long dense clusters. Conelets partly +tuberculate or mucronate, partly mutic. Cones symmetrical, from 4 to 7 +cm. long, ovate-conic, short-pedunculate, early deciduous; apophyses +sublustrous, nut-brown, flat or somewhat elevated, the umbo usually +mutic. + + The Chinese Red Pine is found in warm-temperate climates. It is native + to southeastern China and follows the valley of the Yangtse River into + Szech'uan. It has been confused by London with P. pinaster, which it + resembles in no respect, by Siebold with P. Thunbergii, from which it + differs in leaf-dimensions and in leaf-section, and by Mayr with his + P. luchuensis, whose peculiar cortex and whose leaf-section has no + counterpart among Chinese Hard Pines. Its nearest relative is P. + densiflora, from which it differs in its longer leaves, in the color + of its cone and in its conelet (Plate XX, figs. 176, 179). + + Plate XX. + + Fig. 176, Cone and enlarged conelet. Fig. 177, Two leaf-fascicles. + Fig. 178, Magnified leaf-section. + + +28. PINUS DENSIFLORA + + 1842 P. densiflora Siebold & Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. ii. 22, t. 112. + 1854 P. scopifera Miquel in Zollinger, Syst. Verz. Ind. Archip. 82. + +Spring-shoots more or less pruinose, uninodal. Leaves binate, from 8 to +12 cm. long, slender; hypoderm of few inconspicuous cells; resin-ducts +external. Staminate catkins in long dense clusters. Scales of the +conelet conspicuously mucronate. Cones symmetrical, from 3 to 5 cm. +long, ovate-conic, often persistent for a few years but with a weak hold +on the branch; apophyses dull pale tawny yellow, flat or slightly +elevated, the mucro more or less persistent. + + The Japanese Red Pine forms extensive forests on the mountains of + central Japan. It is perfectly hardy in cold-temperate climates. Wild + specimens of China, ascribed to this species, are forms of the + variable P. sinensis. From P. Massoniana it differs in its shorter + leaves and yellow cone, but particularly in the more prominent + prickles and thicker scales of its conelet (figs. 176, 179). + + Plate XX. + + Fig. 179, Cones and enlarged conelet. Fig. 180, Leaf-fascicles. Fig. + 181, Magnified leaf-section and more magnified dermal tissues of the + leaf. + +[Illustration: PLATE XX. P. MASSONIANA (176-178), DENSIFLORA (179-181)] + +29. PINUS SYLVESTRIS + + 1753 P. sylvestris Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1000 (excl. var.). + 1768 P. rubra Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8. + 1768 P. tatarica Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8. + 1781 P. mughus Jacquin, Icon. Pl. Rar. i. t. 193 (not Scopoli). + 1798 P. resinosa Savi, Fl. Pisa. ii. 354 (not Aiton). + 1827 P. humilis Link in Abhandl. Akad. Berlin, 171. + 1849 P. Kochiana Klotzsch in Linnaea, xxii. 296. + 1849 P. armena Koch in Linnaea, xxii. 297. + 1849 P. pontica Koch in Linnaea, xxii. 297. + 1859 P. Frieseana Wichura in Flora, xlii. 409. + 1906 P. lapponica Mayr, Fremdl. Wald- & Parkb. 348. + +Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves binate, from 3 to 7 cm. long; hypoderm +inconspicuous; resin-ducts external. Conelet reflexed, minutely +mucronate. Cones from 3 to 6 cm. long, reflexed, symmetrical or +sometimes oblique, ovate-conic, deciduous; apophyses dull pale tawny +yellow of a gray or greenish shade, flat, elevated or protuberant and +often much more prominent on the posterior face of the cone, the umbo +with a minute prickle or its remnant. + + A tree of great commercial value, with a very extended range, from + Norway, Scotland and southern Spain to northeastern Siberia. A + vigorous hardy species and extensively cultivated. The red upper + trunk, characteristic of this Pine, is not invariable. The dark upper + trunk is sufficiently common to be considered a varietal form + (Mathieu, Flore Forest. ed. 4, 582). In various localities may be + found trees bearing oblique cones, their apophyses showing various + degrees of protuberance up to the extreme development represented in + Loudon's illustration of the variety uncinata (Arb. Brit. iv, f. + 2047). This cone is the beginning of the changes that culminate in + species with oblique cones only. In P. sylvestris, however, the + purpose of this form of cone is not apparent except in connection with + this evolution. + + Plate XXI. + + Figs. 182, 183, Cones. Fig. 184, Leaf-fascicle, magnified + leaf-section and more magnified dermal tissues of the leaf. Fig. + 185, Habit of the tree. + +30. PINUS MONTANA + + 1768 P. montana Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8. + 1772 P. mughus Scopoli, Fl. Carn. ii. 247. + 1791 P. pumilio Haenke in Jirasek, Beobacht. 68. + 1804 P. mugho Poiret in Lamarck, Encycl. Méth. v. 336. + 1805 P. uncinata Ramond ex De Candolle, Lamarck, Fl. Franç. ed. 3, + iii. 726. + 1813 P. sanguinea Lapeyrouse, Hist. Pl. Pyren. 587. + 1827 P. rotundata Link in Abhandl. Akad. Berlin, 168. + 1830 P. obliqua Sauter ex Reichenbach, Fl. Germ. Exc. 159. + 1837 P. uliginosa Neumann ex Wimmer, Arb. Schles. Ges. 95. + +Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves binate, from 3 to 8 cm. long, the epiderm +very thick, hypoderm weak; resin-ducts external. Conelets mucronate, +nearly sessile. Cones from 2 to 7 cm. long, subsessile, ovate or +ovate-conic, symmetrical or oblique, often persistent; apophyses +lustrous tawny-yellow or dark brown, both colors often shading into each +other on the same cone, flat, prominent or prolonged into uncinate +beaks of various lengths, the last much more developed on the posterior +face of the cone, the umbo bordered by a narrow dark ring and bearing +the remnant of the mucro. + + P. montana grows as a bush or as a small tree, the two forms often + associated. It ranges from central Spain through the Pyrenees, Alps + and Apennines to the Balkan Mountains, associated with P. cembra at + higher, with P. sylvestris at lower altitudes. It grows indifferently + in bogs and on rocky slopes. Its dwarf form, under the name of the + Mugho Pine, is extensively cultivated as a garden ornament. + + On the differences of the cone this species has been divided into + three subspecies: uncinata, with an oblique cone and protuberant + apophyses; pumilio, with a symmetrical cone and an excentric umbo; + mughus, with a symmetrical cone and a concentric umbo. Other + segregations based on the degree of development of the apophysis and + on the size and color of the cone, have received names of four or even + five terms--Pinus montana pumilio applanata--or Pinus montana uncinata + rostrata castanea etc., etc. These elaborations may be seen in the + Tharand Jahrbuch of 1861, p. 166, and with them appear also Hartig's + specifications of 60 forms of this species, each dignified with a + Latin name. + + Plate XXI. + + Fig. 186, Cone of var. uncinata. Figs. 187, 188, Cones. Fig. 189, + Leaf-fascicles, magnified leaf-section and more magnified dermal + tissues of the leaf. Fig. 190, Tree and dwarf-form of the Pyrenees. + +[Illustration: PLATE XXI. P. SYLVESTRIS (182-185), MONTANA (186-190)] + +31. PINUS LUCHUENSIS + +1894 P. luchuensis Mayr in Bot. Centralbl. lviii. 149, f. + +Spring-shoots uninodal. Bark-formation late, the upper trunk covered +with a smooth cortex. Leaves binate, from 12 to 16 cm. long, the epiderm +thick, hypoderm of two or three rows of cells; resin-ducts medial or +with an occasional external duct. Conelets mucronate toward the apex. +Cones from 3 to 6 cm. long, ovate-conic, symmetrical; apophyses lustrous +nut-brown, transversely carinate, the umbo unarmed. + + This Pine is known to me through Mayr's description and a single dried + specimen. The smooth cortex of young trees distinguishes it from all + other east-Asiatic Hard Pines. Mayr includes under this species the + Pine of Hong Kong. But in this he must be mistaken, for there is no + species yet found in China that agrees with the description of P. + luchuensis. + + Plate XXII. + + Fig. 191, Cone. Fig. 192, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section. + +32. PINUS THUNBERGII + + 1784 P. sylvestris Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 274 (not Linnaeus). + 1842 P. Massoniana Siebold & Zuccarini. Fl. Jap. ii. 24, t. 113 + (not Lambert). + 1868 P. Thunbergii Parlatore in DC. Prodr. xvi-2, 388. + +Spring-shoots uninodal. Buds of leading-shoots white and conspicuous. +Leaves binate, from 6 to 11 cm. long, the epiderm thick, hypoderm +strong, resin-ducts medial. Conelets with short-mucronate scales. Cones +from 4 to 6 cm. long, ovate or ovate-conic, symmetrical; apophyses +nut-brown, flat or convex and transversely carinate, the prickle of the +umbo more or less persistent. + + The Black Pine of Japan has been cultivated for centuries, and by + skillful Japanese gardeners has been trained into dwarf and other + curious forms. It is hardy in cold-temperate climates. It is distinct + from P. densiflora by the medial ducts of its leaf, from P. nigra by + the fewer, larger, brown scales of its cone, and from P. resinosa by + the armature of its conelet. It appears in most determinations of + Chinese collections, but there is no Chinese Pine with the white buds + and the medial leaf-ducts of this species. + + Plate XXII. + + Fig. 196, Two cones. Fig. 197, Leaf-fascicle and magnified + leaf-section. + + +33. PINUS NIGRA + + 1785 P. nigra Arnold, Reise n. Mariaz. 8, t. + 1804 P. laricio Poiret in Lamarck, Encycl. Méth. v. 339. + 1808 P. halepensis Bieberstein, Fl. Taur. Cauc. ii. 408 (not Miller). + 1809 P. pinaster Besser, Fl. Galic. ii. 294 (not Aiton). + 1813 P. maritima Aiton, f. Hort. Kew. v. 315 (not Lambert). + 1816 P. sylvestris Baumgarten, Stirp. Transsilv. ii. 304 + (not Linnaeus). + 1818 P. pyrenaica Lapeyrouse, Hist. Pl. Pyren. Suppl. 146. + 1824 P. Pallasiana Lambert, Gen. Pin. ii. 1, t. 1. + 1825 P. austriaca Höss in Flora, viii-1, Beil. 113. + 1831 P. nigricans Host, Fl. Austr. ii. 628. + 1842 P. dalmatica Visiani, Fl. Dalmal. 199, note. + 1851 P. Salzmanni Dunal in Mém. Acad. Montp. ii. 82, tt. + 1863 P. Heldreichii Christ in Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, iii. 549. + 1864 P. leucodermis Antoine in Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. xiv. 366. + 1896 P. pindica Formanek in Verh. Nat. Ver. Brünn, xxxiv. 272. + +Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves binate, from 9 to 16 cm. long, the +epiderm thick, hypoderm conspicuous, resin-ducts medial. Conelets +mucronate. Cones from 4 to 8 cm. long, subsessile, symmetrical; +apophyses lustrous, tawny yellow, transversely carinate, the keel +strongly convex, the mucro of the umbo more or less persistent. + + A valuable tree unequally distributed over the mountain slopes of + central and southern Europe and Asia Minor. The typical form, under + the name of the Austrian Pine, is a familiar exotic of the Middle and + Eastern States of America. As Mathieu states (Flore Forest., ed. 4, + 597), this species is quite constant in cone and bark. It may be added + that the anatomy of the leaf is also constant, while the dimensions of + both leaf and cone present no unusual variations. The varieties + generally accepted are founded on the habit of the tree, a character + of forestal or horticultural rather than of botanical importance. + + Plate XXII. + + Fig. 193, Two cones. Fig. 194, Leaf-fascicle and magnified + leaf-section. Fig. 195, Magnified dermal tissues of the leaf. + +[Illustration: PLATE XXII. P. LUCHUENSIS (191, 192), NIGRA (193-195), +THUNBERGII (196, 197)] + + +34. PINUS MERKUSII + + 1790 P. sylvestris Loureiro, Fl. Cochinch. ii. 579 (not Linnaeus). + 1845 P. Merkusii De Vriese, Pl. Nov. Ind. Bat. 5, t. 2. + 1847 P. Finlaysoniana Wallich ex Blume, Rumphia, iii. 210. + 1849 P. Latteri Mason in Jour. Asiat. Soc. i. 74. + +Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves binate, slender, from 15 to 20 cm. long, +the hypoderm of uniform thick-walled cells, resin-ducts medial, or with +internal or septal ducts, endoderm-cells very unequal in size, some of +them large. Conelets unarmed. Cones from 5 to 8 cm. long, peculiarly +narrow-cylindrical, symmetrical; apophyses lustrous, rufous brown, +radially carinate, the transverse keel prominent. + + Of the habit of this Pine I know nothing. As a species it is very + clearly defined by its peculiar cone and leaf-section. It grows in the + Philippines, Sumatra, Lower Burmah and western Indo-China. In my + specimen the pits of the ray-cells of the wood are both large and + small. In this particular it may belong in either of two groups of + species. Its uniform leaf-hypoderm associates it with this group or + with P. halepensis of the Insignes. I have assumed the cone to be + dehiscent at maturity and have placed it with the Lariciones, but if + further information shows the cone to be serotinous, this species + should be transferred to the serotinous group. + + Plate XXIII. + + Fig. 198, Cone. Fig. 199, Magnified sections of two leaves. Fig. + 200, Leaf-fascicle. + + +35. PINUS SINENSIS + + 1832 P. sinensis Lambert, Gen. Pin. ed. 8vo. i. 47, t. 29. + 1867 P. tabulaeformis Carrière, Trait. Conif. ed. 2, 510. + 1881 P. leucosperma Maximowicz in Bull. Acad. St. Pétersb. xxvii. 558. + 1899 P. yunnanensis Franchet in Jour. de Bot. xiii. 253. + 1901 P. funebris Komarow in Act. Hort. Petrop. xx. 177. + 1902 P. Henryi Masters in Jour. Linn. Soc. xxvi. 550. + 1906 P. densata Masters in Jour. Linn. Soc. xxxvii. 416. + 1906 P. prominens Masters in Jour. Linn. Soc. xxxvii. 417. + 1911 P. Wilsonii Shaw in Sargent, Pl. Wilson. i. 3. + +Spring-shoots uninodal, pruinose. Leaves binate, ternate, or both, from +10 to 15 cm. long, stout and rigid; resin-ducts external, or external +and medial. Staminate catkins in short capitate clusters. Conelets +mucronate. Cones from 4 to 9 cm. long, ovate, symmetrical or oblique, +tenaciously persistent, dehiscent at maturity; apophyses lustrous, pale +tawny yellow at first, gradually changing to a dark nut-brown, tumid, +the posterior scales often larger and more prominent. + + A tree of cold-temperate and subalpine levels, growing on the + mountains of central and western China, and at lower altitudes in the + north and in Corea. It is recognized by its tenaciously persistent + cones with a remarkable change in color. It is constantly confused + with P. Thunbergii and P. densiflora, neither of which grows + spontaneously in China. From the former it differs in leaf-section and + bud (the bud of P. sinensis is never white), from the latter in the + lustre and the color variation of its cone, and from both in the + frequent obliquity of its cone and in the frequent presence of + trimerous leaf-fascicles. + + Of the two varieties of this species, densata and yunnanensis (Shaw in + Sargent, Pl. Wilson. ii. 17), the former represents the extreme + oblique form of cone, the latter represents the longest dimensions of + cone and leaf. The effect of environment on this species can be seen + in figs. 202, 203, from a lower slope and rich soil, and fig. 204, + from a high rocky ledge in the same locality. + + Plate XXIII. + + Fig. 201, Cone of var. densata. Fig. 202, Cone of var. yunnanensis. + Fig. 203, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section of var. + yunnanensis. Fig. 204, Cone and leaf-fascicle from a rocky ledge. + Fig. 205, Cone, leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section of the + typical form. Fig. 206, Seeds. Fig. 207, Conelet and its enlarged + scale. + +36. PINUS INSULARIS + + 1837 P. taeda Blanco, Fl. Filip. 767 (not Linnaeus). + 1847 P. insularis Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 157. + 1854 P. khasiana Griffith, Notul. Pl. Asiat. iv. 18; Icon. Pl. + Asiat. tt. 367, 368. + 1868 P. kasya Royle ex Parlatore in DC. Prodr. xvi-2, 390. + +Spring-shoots uninodal, glabrous. Leaves from 12 to 24 cm. long, in +fascicles of 3, rarely of 2, very slender; resin-ducts external, rarely +with a medial duct. Conelets mucronate. Cones from 5 to 10 cm. long, +ovate-conic, symmetrical or oblique, tenaciously persistent; apophyses +lustrous, nut-brown, convex or elevated along a transverse keel, the +posterior scales of some cones larger and more prominent than the +anterior scales, the mucro usually deciduous. + + A species of the Philippines and of northern Burmah. In both countries + it is locally exploited for wood and resin. It differs from the common + form of P. sinensis by its much longer leaves, and from its var. + yunnanensis, which it more resembles, by its much more slender and + pliant leaves. Moreover its cone, so far as I can learn, is not yellow + at maturity, but brown. + + Plate XXIII. + + Figs. 208, 209, Three cones. Fig. 210, Leaf-fascicle and magnified + leaf-section. + +[Illustration: PLATE XXIII. P. MERKUSII (198-200), SINENSIS (201-207), +INSULARIS (208-210)] + + +=XI. AUSTRALES= + +Pits of the ray-cells small. Leaf-hypoderm biform or variable. +Spring-shoots uninodal in some, multinodal in other species. Cones +dehiscent at maturity. + + This group combines the dehiscent cone of the Lariciones with the + wood-anatomy of the serotinous Pines. Also the multinodal spring-shoot + first appears here and is gradually developed among the species, + absent in Nos. 37-39, sometimes present in Nos. 40-43, and prevalent + in Nos. 44-47. + + All the species are of the Western Hemisphere, and among them may be + found the biform hypoderm of the leaf, the internal resin-duct, and + the total absence of external resin-ducts, characters common in + American Hard Pines. The eastern species are quite constant in their + characters and present no varietal forms; the western species, on the + other hand, are very variable. This difference may be due to the even + level and slight climatic differences of the Atlantic states and to + the remarkable diversity of altitude and climate of the western states + and Mexico. + + Outer walls of the leaf-endoderm thick. + Cones large, attaining 12 cm. or more in length. + Prickles of the cone inconspicuous. + Bark-formation late 37. pseudostrobus + Bark-formation early 38. Montezumae + Prickle of the cone conspicuous 39. ponderosa + Cones small, 7 cm. or less in length 40. teocote + Outer walls of the leaf-endoderm thin. + Spring-shoots mostly uninodal. + Prickle of the cone slender, sometimes deciduous. + Cones mostly oblique 41. Lawsonii + Cones symmetrical 42. occidentalis + Prickles of the cone stout and persistent 43. palustris + Spring-shoots multinodal. + Resin-ducts internal 44. caribaea. + Resin-ducts mostly medial. + Prickle of the cone stout 45. taeda + Prickle of the cone slender. + Bark-formation late 46. glabra + Bark-formation early 47. echinata + + +37. PINUS PSEUDOSTROBUS + + 1839 P. pseudostrobus Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxv. Misc. 63. + 1839 P. apulcensis Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxv. Misc. 63. + 1842 P. tenuifolia Bentham, Pl. Hartw. 92. + 1846 P. orizabae Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. i. 237, f. + +Spring-shoots uninodal, conspicuously pruinose. Bark-formation late, the +cortex of young trees smooth. Leaves in fascicles of 5, sometimes of 6, +from 15 to 30 cm. long, drooping; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm variable +in amount, often in very large masses, the outer walls of the endoderm +thick. Conelets mucronate. Cones from 7 to 14 cm. long, ovate or +ovate-conic, symmetrical or oblique, deciduous and often leaving a few +basal scales on the trees; apophyses rufous or fulvous brown, flat, +elevated or, in one variety, prolonged in various degrees, the +prolongations nearly uniform or much more prominent on the posterior +face of the cone, the mucro usually deciduous. + + A species of the subtropical and warm-temperate altitudes of Mexico + and Central America. Its range includes both eastern and western + slopes of the northern plateau. Its northern limit is in Nuevo Leon, + and it probably reaches in Nicaragua the southern limit of pines in + the Western Hemisphere. It is distinguished from all its associates by + the smooth gray trunk of the young trees, by their long internodes, + and by their drooping gray-green foliage. + + Some cones of this species develop protuberances of all degrees of + prominence up to the curious cone collected in Oaxaca by Nelson (var. + apulcensis, Shaw, Pines Mex. t. 12, fig. 8). There is also a + remarkable difference in the amount of leaf-hypoderm. On many trees of + the western part of the range this tissue forms septa across the green + mesophyll. Such partitions are sometimes met in other species, P. + Pringlei or P. canariensis, where the hypoderm is abundant. But in P. + pseudostrobus they appear in some leaves of weak, as well as of strong + hypoderm (var. tenuifolia, Shaw, Pines Mex. t. 13, ff. 2, 4, 5, 7, 8). + + Plate XXIV. + + Fig. 211, Cone. Fig. 212, Two cones of var. tenuifolia. Figs. 213, + 214, Two cones of var. apulcensis. Fig. 215, Magnified section of 3 + leaves of var. tenuifolia. Fig. 216, Magnified section of 2 leaves + of the species. Fig. 217, Bud destined to produce staminate flowers. + Fig. 218, Ten-year old branch showing smooth cortex. Fig. 219, Young + and mature trees in open growth. + +[Illustration: PLATE XXIV. PINUS PSEUDOSTROBUS] + + +38. PINUS MONTEZUMAE + + 1817 P. occidentalis H. B. & K. Nov. Gen. ii. 4 (not Swartz). + 1832 P. Montezumae Lambert, Gen. Pin. ed. 8vo, i. 39, t. 22. + 1839 P. Devoniana Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxv. Misc. 62. + 1839 P. Hartwegii Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxv. Misc. 62. + 1839 P. Russelliana Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxv. Misc. 63. + 1839 P. macrophylla Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxv. Misc. 63. + 1840 P. filifolia Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxvi. Misc. 61. + 1841 P. Sinclairii Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechy Voy. 392, t. 93 + (as to cone). + 1841 P. radiata Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechy Voy. 443 (as to leaves). + 1847 P. Grenvilleae Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. ii. 77, f. + 1847 P. Gordoniana Hartweg in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. ii. 79, f. + 1847 P. Wincesteriana Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. ii. 158, f. + 1847 P. rudis Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 151. + 1847 P. Ehrenbergii Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 151. + 1858 P. Lindleyana Gordon, Pinet. 229. + 1891 P. Donnell-Smithii Masters in Bot. Gaz. xvi. 199. + +Spring-shoots uninodal, slightly or not at all pruinose. Bark-formation +early, the branches becoming dark and rough. Leaves prevalently in +fascicles of 5, but varying from 3 to 8, extremely variable in length, +attaining 45 cm. at subtropical levels; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm +sometimes uniform, more commonly multiform, the outer walls of the +endoderm thick. Conelet mucronate, the prickle often reflexed. Cones of +many sizes, attaining in warm localities 30 cm. in length, ovate-conic +or long-conic, symmetrical, often curved, deciduous and often leaving a +few scales on the tree; apophyses dull, rarely lustrous, nut-brown, or +of various shades of fuscous brown to nearly black, flat, tumid, +pyramidal or sometimes slightly protuberant, the prickle rarely +persistent. + + This species ranges from the mountains of northern Durango to the + volcanoes of Guatemala, or possibly farther south. It is found at all + altitudes where Pines can grow except on the tropical levels of + Guatemala. Its more hardy forms have been successfully grown in the + milder parts of Great Britain and northern Italy. It is felled for + lumber in many parts of Mexico. + + This sturdy Pine and its numberless variations present the most + remarkable example of adaptation in the genus. The variations are + mostly those associated with changes of environment--dimensions of + cone and leaf and the number of leaves in the fascicle. These are so + accurately correlated with altitude and exposure, and are so + imperceptibly graded, that no specific segregations among them have + yet been successfully established. + + The type-specimen figured by Lambert does not show the longest cone + and leaf of this species. They are better represented by specimens + which have been named P. filifolia. Such dimensions prevail in + subtropical localities. At temperate altitudes these dimensions are + much reduced, but here are found a longer form of cone and leaf (var. + Lindleyi, Loudon) and a shorter form (var. rudis, Shaw). At still + higher altitudes and up to the timber-limit the var. Hartwegii, + Engelmann, with short leaves and a small nearly black cone is found. + Among these varieties there is no such sharp distinction as these + definitions imply. All dimensions of fruit and foliage and the various + brown and black shades of the cone blend into each other through + endless intergradations. A monograph of this species, by one who could + devote some years to it on the superb volcanoes and in the delightful + climates where this tree abounds, would be a valuable contribution to + science. + + Plate XXV. (Cones and leaves much reduced.) + + Fig. 220, Cone and leaves of Lambert's plate. Figs. 221, 222, Longer + cones and leaves of the species. Fig. 223, Cone and leaves of var. + Lindleyi. Fig. 224, Cones and leaves of var. rudis. Fig. 225, Cone + and leaves of var. Hartwegii. Fig. 226, Magnified leaf-sections. + Figs. 227, 228, Two forms of the dermal tissues of the leaf, + magnified. Fig. 229, Habit of the tree. + +[Illustration: PLATE XXV. PINUS MONTEZUMAE] + + +39. PINUS PONDEROSA + + 1836 P. ponderosa Douglas ex Lawson's Agric. Man. 354. + 1847 P. Benthamiana Hartweg in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. ii. 189. + 1848 P. brachyptera Engelmann in Wislizenus, Tour Mex. 89. + 1848 P. macrophylla Engelmann in Wislizenus, Tour Mex. 103 + (not Lindley). + 1853 P. Jeffreyi Balfour in Bot. Exp. Oregon, 2, f. + 1854 P. Engelmanni Carrière in Rev. Hort. 227. + 1855 P. Beardsleyi Murray in Edinb. Phil. Jour. ser. 2, i. 286, t. 6. + 1855 P. Craigana Murray in Edinb. Phil. Jour. ser. 2, i. 288, t. 7. + 1858 P. Parryana Gordon, Pinet. 202 (not Engelmann). + 1859 P. deflexa Torrey in Emory's Rep. ii. 1, 209, t. 56. + 1878 P. arizonica Engelmann in Wheeler's Rep. vi. 260. + 1889 P. latifolia Sargent in Gar. & For. ii. 496, f. 135. + 1894 P. apacheca Lemmon in Erythea, ii. 103, t. 3. + 1897 P. Mayriana Sudworth in Bull. 14, U. S. Dept. Agric. 21. + 1897 P. scopulorum Lemmon in Gar. & For. x. 183. + 1900 P. peninsularis Lemmon, W. Am. Conebear. 114. + +Spring-shoots uninodal, sometimes pruinose. Bark-formation early. Leaves +prevalently in fascicles of 3, but varying from 2 to 5 or more, from 12 +to 36 cm. long; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm uniform or multiform, outer +walls of the endoderm thick. Conelet mucronate, the mucro often +reflexed. Cones from 8 to 20 cm. long, ovate-conic, symmetrical, +deciduous and usually leaving a few basal scales on the tree; apophyses +tawny yellow to fuscous brown, lustrous, elevated along a transverse +keel, sometimes protuberant and reflexed, the umbo salient and forming +the base of a pungent, persistent prickle. + + This species ranges from southern British Columbia over the mountains + between the Pacific and the eastern foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains, + including the Black Hills of South Dakota, to the northeastern Sierras + of Mexico, to northern Jalisco and Lower California, forming, in many + localities, large forests and furnishing the best Hard Pine timber of + the western United States. It attains its best growth on the Sierras + of California and is, next to P. Lambertiana, the tallest of the + Pines. + + Like P. Montezumae, and under like influences, it shows much + dimensional variation, and the leaf-fascicles are heteromerous, with + the larger number in the southern part of its range. Many authors + consider the variety Jeffreyi Vasey to be a distinct species; but + here, it seems to me, too much importance is attached to the pruinose + branchlet, clearly a provision against transpiration and associated + rather with a dry environment than with a species. Most observers + discover many intermediate forms between this variety and the species. + The var. scopulorum Engelm. is the Rocky Mountain form with leaves in + 2's and 3's and with small cones passing into P. arizonica, Engelm., a + more southern form with small cones and leaves in fascicles of 3 to 5. + The var. macrophylla (Shaw, Pines Mex. 24), in addition to its long + and stout leaves, bears a cone with protuberant apophyses, somewhat + comparable to the intermediate forms of P. pseudostrobus var. + apulcensis Shaw (l. c.). Fascicles of 6 and 7 leaves are sometimes + found, and specimens that I have collected in Sandia, Durango (issued + by Pringle, through a misunderstanding, under the name P. Roseana, + ined.) show such fascicles on the fertile branches. + + Plate XXVI. + + Fig. 230, Cone and seed of var. Jeffreyi. Fig. 231, Cone of var. + macrophylla. Fig. 232, Cone of var. scopulorum. Fig. 233, Magnified + leaf-section and cells of leaf-endoderm. Fig. 234, Magnified dermal + tissues of the leaf, showing uniform and multiform hypoderm. + +[Illustration: PLATE XXVI. PINUS PONDEROSA] + + +40. PINUS TEOCOTE + + 1830 P. teocote Schlechtendal & Chamisso in Linnaea, v. 76. + +Spring-shoots uninodal, or sometimes multinodal. Leaves prevalently in +fascicles of 3, but varying from 3 to 5, from 10 to 20 cm. long; +resin-ducts medial, sometimes with an internal duct, hypoderm biform, +endoderm with thick outer walls. Conelets mucronate. Cones usually very +small, from 4 to 6 cm. long, but with a larger varietal form, ovate to +long-conic, symmetrical; apophyses nut-brown, flat or tumid, the mucro +usually deciduous. + + This species grows at temperate altitudes from Chiapas to Nuevo Leon, + associated with temperate Mexican species such as P. patula, P. + leiophylla and others, and is easily recognized by its small cone. The + variety with a larger cone (var. macrocarpa, Shaw, Pines Mex. t. 10) I + have found growing in mixed groves of P. teocote and P. leiophylla. It + resembles the latter in cone and leaf, but lacks the peculiar + character that distinguishes P. leiophylla from all other Mexican + species--the triennial cone. Some of the specimens of Hartweg No. 441 + belong here, as well as Pringle's specimens, Nos. 10013, 10018, + distributed as P. eslavae, ined. + + Plate XXVII. + + Fig. 235, Two cones of the species and the larger cone of the + variety. Fig. 236, Leaf-fascicle and magnified sections of two + leaves. Fig. 237 a, Dermal tissues of the leaf magnified; b, + magnified cells of the leaf-endoderm. Fig. 238, Habit of the tree. + + +41. PINUS LAWSONII + + 1862 P. Lawsonii Roezl ex Gordon, Pinet. Suppl. 64. + 1905 P. Altamirani Shaw in Sargent, Trees & Shrubs, i. 209, t. 99. + +Spring-shoots conspicuously pruinose, uninodal or not infrequently +multinodal. Leaves in fascicles of 3, 4 or 5, not exceeding 24 cm. in +length; resin-ducts internal, often with one or two medial ducts, +hypoderm biform, endoderm usually with thin outer walls. Conelets +mucronate. Cones from 5 to 7 cm. long on pliant peduncles, ovate or +ovate-conic, oblique or sometimes symmetrical, deciduous, or persistent +with a weak hold on the branch; apophyses nut-brown, flat or tumid, +often protuberant on the posterior face of the cone, the umbo usually +large and salient, forming a rounded button-like projection, on which +the mucro is wanting. + + A subtropical species of central and western Mexico, growing alone or + associated with P. oocarpa, P. Pringlei and the subtropical forms of + P. Montezumae and P. pseudostrobus. It is recognized among its + associate species by its conspicuously glaucous foliage. The cone is + very variable on trees of the same grove, both in size and in the + protuberance of its apophyses. Gordon's specimen in the Kew herbarium + consists of a single detached cone and a few leaves. The leaves differ + from all that I have examined in showing thick-walled endoderm cells, + but the cone corresponds with many of my own collection. + + Plate XXVII. + + Fig. 239, Three cones. Fig. 240, Leaf-fascicle and magnified + leaf-section. Fig. 241, Magnified cells of the leaf-endoderm. + +[Illustration: PLATE XXVII. P. TEOCOTE (235-238), LAWSONII (239-241)] + + +42. PINUS OCCIDENTALIS + + 1788 P. occidentalis Swartz, Nov. Gen. & Sp. Pl. 103. + 1862 P. cubensis Grisebach in Mem. Am. Acad. ser. 2, viii. 530. + 1880 P. Wrightii Engelmann in Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, iv. 185. + +Spring-shoots uninodal, pruinose. Leaves in fascicles of 2 to 5, from 15 +to 22 cm. long; resin-ducts internal, hypoderm biform, endoderm with +thin outer walls. Conelets erect, aristate. Cones from 5 to 8 cm. long, +reflexed, ovate, symmetrical, deciduous; apophyses nut-brown, lustrous, +flat or tumid, the umbo often thin and, together with the slender +prickle, bent sharply downward. + + This species is confined to San Domingo, Hayti and eastern Cuba. Its + erect conelet and reflexed cone distinguish it from P. caribaea, which + has both its conelet and cone reflexed. Moreover the conelet is + usually, perhaps always, subterminal in P. occidentalis. + + Plate XXVIII. + + Fig. 247, Cone. Fig. 248, Conelet and enlarged aristate scales. Fig. + 249, Magnified sections of two leaves and more magnified dermal + tissues. + + +43. PINUS PALUSTRIS + + 1768 P. palustris Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8. + 1810 P. australis Michaux f. Hist. Arbr. Am. i. 64, t. 6. + +Spring-shoots uninodal, rarely multinodal. Buds peculiarly large, white, +and conspicuously fringed with the long free cilia of the bud-scales. +Leaves in fascicles of 3, from 20 to 45 cm. long, rigid; resin-ducts +internal, hypoderm biform, endoderm with thin outer walls. Conelets +short-mucronate. Cones from 15 to 20 cm. long, narrow, tapering from a +rounded base to a blunt point, symmetrical, deciduous and usually +leaving a few scales on the tree; apophyses dull nut-brown, elevated +along a transverse keel, the umbo salient and forming the broad base of +a small persistent prickle. + + Its thin sap-wood, its very strong heavy wood of large dimensions with + abundant resin of excellent quality make this the most valuable + species of the genus. It ranges over the sandy plain that borders the + Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico, from southeastern Virginia to eastern + Texas. The northern limit is approximately the centre of the Southern + and Gulf States, with a northern extension in Alabama to the base of + the Appalachian Mountains and to northwestern Louisiana. Its southern + limit lies near the centre of the Florida peninsula. + + Among its associates this species is recognized by its large white + fringed bud and its elongated cone. Its leaves attain, on vigorous + trees, the maximum length among Pines, but on most trees the leaves do + not differ in length from the longer forms of those of P. caribaea or + P. taeda. A peculiarity, which it shares with P. caribaea, is the + deciduous scaly bark of mature trees, constantly falling away in thin + irregular scales. + + Plate XXVIII. + + Figs. 242, 243, Cones and seed. Fig. 244, Bud. Fig. 245, Magnified + leaf-section. Fig. 246, Magnified cells of the leaf-endoderm. The + dermal tissues of fig. 249 also apply to this species. + +[Illustration: PLATE XXVIII. P. PALUSTRIS (242-246), OCCIDENTALIS +(247-249)] + + +44. PINUS CARIBAEA + + 1851 P. caribaea Morelet in Rev. Hort. Côte d'Or, i. 105. + 1864 P. bahamensis Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 503. + 1880 P. Elliottii Engelmann in Trans. Acad. St. Louis, iv. 186, + tt. 1-3. + 1884 P. cubensis Sargent in Rep. 10th. Cens. U. S. ix. 202 + (not Grisebach). + 1893 P. heterophylla Sudworth in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, xx. 45. + 1903 P. recurvata Rowley in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, xxx. 107. + +Spring-shoots multinodal, more or less pruinose. Buds pale +chestnut-brown. Leaves in fascicles of 2 and 3, or more in its southern +range, from 12 to 25 cm. long; resin-ducts internal, hypoderm biform, +endoderm with thin outer walls. Conelets reflexed on long peduncles, +mucronate. Cones from 5 to 15 cm. long, ovate or oblong-ovate, +symmetrical, deciduous and leaving often a few basal scales on the +branch; apophyses lustrous, rufous-brown, tumid, the umbo somewhat +salient and minutely mucronate. + + The northern limit of the range of P. caribaea extends from the coast + of southeastern S. Carolina through southeastern Georgia and southern + Alabama to southeastern Louisiana. It is associated with P. palustris, + taeda, serotina, echinata and glabra in this part of its range. It + continues through Florida, where it encounters P. clausa. On the + Bahamas it is the only Pine. On the Isle of Pines it finds in P. + tropicalis another associate. It also grows in Honduras and Guatemala. + The wood and resin of this species are of such excellent quality that + no commercial distinction is made between P. caribaea and P. + palustris. + + Plate XXIX. + + Fig. 250, Cone from the Isle of Pines. Fig. 251, Small form of cone. + Fig. 252, Large form of cone and binate leaf-fascicle. Fig. 253, + Conelet. Fig. 254, Magnified sections of leaves from binate and + ternate fascicles. Fig. 255, Habit of the tree, contrasted with a + tree of P. palustris in the middle-distance. + +[Illustration: PLATE XXIX. PINUS CARIBAEA] + + +45. PINUS TAEDA + + 1753 P. taeda Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1000. + 1788 P. lutea Walter Fl. Carol. 237. + 1903 P. heterophylla Small, Fl. Southeast. U. S. 28 (not Sudworth). + +Spring-shoots multinodal. Leaves in fascicles of 3, from 12 to 25 cm. +long; resin-ducts medial, sometimes with an internal duct, hypoderm +biform, endoderm with thin outer walls. Conelets erect, their scales +prolonged into a sharp point. Cones from 6 to 10 cm. long, ovate-conic, +symmetrical; apophyses dull pale nut-brown, rarely lustrous, elevated +along a transverse keel, the whole umbo forming a stout triangular spine +with slightly concave sides. + + The species ranges from southern New Jersey to southern Arkansas, + Oklahoma, eastern Texas and southwestern Tennessee, but does not occur + in the lower half of the Florida peninsula. It is an important + timber-tree, manufactured into all descriptions of scantlings, + boarding and finish, but the wood is of various qualities. It may be + recognized by the spine of its cone in both years of growth. Excepting + the formidable armature of the cone of P. pungens, the spines are the + strongest and most persistent of all the species of eastern North + America. + + Plate XXX. + + Fig. 264, Cone. Fig. 265, Leaf-fascicle. Fig. 266, Magnified + leaf-section. Fig. 267. Magnified scales of the conelet. + + +46. PINUS GLABRA + + 1788 P. glabra Walter, Fl. Carol. 237. + +Spring-shoots multinodal. Bark-formation late, the upper trunks of +mature trees smooth. Leaves in fascicles of 2, from 9 to 12 cm. long; +resin-ducts medial, hypoderm weak, sometimes of a single row, biform +when of two rows, endoderm with thin outer walls. Conelets reflexed, +mucronate. Cones from 4 to 7 cm. long, reflexed, ovate, symmetrical, +deciduous on some trees, persistent on others; apophyses pale dull +nut-brown, thin or slightly thickened, the prickle usually deciduous. + + A tree that sometimes attains important dimensions, growing singly or + in small groves from the neighborhood of Charleston, S. C., to eastern + Louisiana and central Mississippi, most abundant in a strip of + territory on either side of the northern boundary of Florida. Among + the Pines of the southeastern United States it is the only species + with late bark-formation, and is therefore easily identified. + + Plate XXX. + + Fig. 256, Cone. Fig. 257, Enlarged scale of the conelet. Fig. 258, + Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section. Fig. 259, Dermal tissues + of the leaf magnified, with a double row of hypoderm cells. + + +47. PINUS ECHINATA + + 1768 P. echinata Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8. + 1788 P. squarrosa Walter, Fl. Carol. 237. + 1803 P. mitis Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. ii. 204. + 1803 P. variabilis Lambert, Gen. Pin. i. 22, t. 15. + 1854 P. Royleana Jamieson in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. ix. 52, f. + +Spring-shoots multinodal, somewhat pruinose. Bark forming early, rough +on the upper trunk. Leaves in fascicles of 2 and 3, from 7 to 12 cm. +long; resin-ducts medial, with an occasional internal duct, hypoderm +weak, biform when of two rows of cells, endoderm with thin outer walls. +Conelets mucronate. Cones from 4 to 6 cm. long, ovate-conic, +symmetrical, often persistent; apophyses dull pale nut-brown, thin or +somewhat thickened along a transverse keel, the umbo salient, the mucro +more or less persistent. + + This species ranges from southeastern New York to northern Florida, to + West Virginia and eastern Tennessee, and through the Gulf States to + eastern Louisiana, eastern Texas, southern Missouri and southwestern + Illinois. It is extensively manufactured into material of all kinds + that enters into the construction of buildings. It differs from P. + virginiana in its longer leaves, brittle branches, and much greater + height, from P. glabra in its rough upper trunk, and from both by the + frequent presence of trimerous leaf-fascicles. + + Of the six or seven pines of the southeastern United States, this + species covers a larger area and ascends the slopes of the Alleghany + Mountains far enough to meet the northern species, P. virginiana, P. + rigida, and P. strobus. Unlike the western members of this group, P. + echinata and its associates are not variable. Their characters are + singularly constant, as their limited synonymy and total lack of + varietal names attest. + + Plate XXX. + + Fig. 260, Cone. Fig. 261, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section + from a ternate fascicle. Fig. 262, Magnified leaf-section from a + binate fascicle. Fig. 263, Multinodal branchlet bearing lateral and + subterminal conelets and a ripe cone. Figs. 257, showing mucronate + scales of the conelet, and 259, showing dermal tissues of the leaf, + are applicable also to this species. + +[Illustration: PLATE XXX. P. GLABRA (256-259), ECHINATA (260-263), TAEDA +(264-267)] + + +=XII. INSIGNES= + +Pits of the ray-cells small. Cones tenaciously persistent, serotinous in +various degrees. Conelets mucronate or spinose. + + Spring-shoots uninodal. + Resin-ducts mostly internal 48. Pringlei + Resin-ducts mostly septal 49. oocarpa + Spring-shoots multinodal. + Cones symmetrical. + Leaf-hypoderm not biform. + Bark-formation late 50. halepensis + Bark-formation early 51. pinaster + Leaf-hypoderm biform. + Cones with slender spines. + Leaves binate. + Cones dehiscent at maturity 52. virginiana + Cones serotinous 53. clausa + Leaves ternate. + Cones dehiscent at maturity 54. rigida + Cones serotinous 55. serotina + Cones with stout spines 56. pungens + Cones oblique or unsymmetrical. + Cones and leaves very short, not exceeding 6 cm. + Cones curved or warped 57. Banksiana + Cones straight 58. contorta + Cones and leaves much longer, more than 7 cm. + Posterior cone-scales gradually larger than + anterior scales. + Bark-formation late 59. Greggii + Bark-formation early 60. patula + Posterior cone-scales abruptly larger than + anterior scales. + Cones with very stout spines 61. muricata + Cones with minute or deciduous prickles. + Bark-formation late 62. attenuata + Bark-formation early 63. radiata + + +48. PINUS PRINGLEI + + 1905 P. Pringlei Shaw in Sargent, Trees & Shrubs, i. 211, t. 100. + +Spring-shoots uninodal, sometimes pruinose. Leaves ternate, from 15 to +25 cm. long; resin-ducts internal or with an occasional septal duct, +hypoderm biform, in thick masses, often projecting far into the green +tissue and sometimes touching the endoderm. Conelets mucronate. Cones +from 5 to 10 cm. long, reflexed on a rigid peduncle, subsymmetrical or +more or less oblique, tenaciously persistent, often serotinous; +apophyses sublustrous tawny yellow or fulvous brown, convex, the +posterior scales often more prominently developed, the mucro usually +wanting; seed with a perceptibly thickened wing-blade. + + A tree with long erect bright green foliage, confined, so far as + known, to the subtropical altitudes of western Mexico. As it grows in + Uruapan, Michoacan, there are two forms of the cone, large and small, + both with the same long rigid leaf. + + Plate XXXI. + + Figs. 268, 269. Three cones and seed. Fig. 270, Leaf-fascicle and + magnified leaf-section. + + +49. PINUS OOCARPA + + 1838 P. oocarpa Schiede in Linnaea, xii. 491. + 1842 P. oocarpoides Lindley ex Loudon, Encycl. 1118. + +Spring-shoots uninodal, pruinose. Leaves in fascicles of 3, 4 or 5, from +15 to 30 cm. long, erect; resin-ducts mostly septal, sometimes internal, +hypoderm biform or multiform. Conelets on very long peduncles, +mucronate. Cones from 4 to 10 cm. long, long-pedunculate, broad-ovate to +ovate-conic, symmetrical or sometimes oblique, persistent, more or less +serotinous; apophysis gray-yellow or greenish yellow of high lustre, +flat or variously convex, delicately and radially carinate, the umbo +often salient, the prickle usually broken away; seed-wing appreciably +thickened at the base of the blade. + + A subtropical species, ranging from Guatemala to the northern border + of Sinaloa in northern Mexico; remarkable for the length of the + peduncle of the cone and for the prevalence of septal resin-ducts in + the leaf. + + Plate XXXI. + + Fig. 271, Three cones and seed. Fig. 272, Leaf-fascicle and + magnified leaf-section. Fig. 273, Cone from northern part of the + range. Fig. 274, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section from near + the northern limit. + +[Illustration: PLATE XXXI. P. PRINGLEI (268-270), OOCARPA (271-274)] + + +50. PINUS HALEPENSIS + + 1762 P. sylvestris Gouan, Hort. Reg. Monspel. 494 (not Linnaeus). + 1768 P. halepensis Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8. + 1803 P. maritima Lambert, Gen. Pin. i. 13, t. 10. + 1812 P. resinosa Loiseleur, Nouv. Duham. v. 237, t. 77 (not Aiton). + 1815 P. brutia Tenore, Cat. Hort. Neap. Appx. 1, 75. + 1826 P. arabica Sieber ex Sprengel, Syst. Veg. iii. 886. + 1833 P. pyrenaica David in Ann. Soc. Hort. Paris, 186 + (not Lapeyrouse). + 1834 P. hispanica Cook, Sketches in Spain, ii. 337. + 1838 P. pityusa Steven in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. xi. 49. + 1841 P. carica Don in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. vii. 459. + 1847 P. persica Strangways ex Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 157. + 1855 P. abasica Carrière, Trait. Conif. 352. + 1855 P. Loiseleuriana Carrière, Trait. Conif. 382. + 1856 P. Parolinii Visiani in Mem. Ist. Venet. vi. 243, t. 1. + 1902 P. eldarica Medwejew in Act. Hort. Tiflis. vi-2, 21, f. + +Spring-shoots often multinodal. Bark-formation late, the branches ashen +gray and smooth for several years. Leaves binate, from 6 to 15 cm. long; +resin-ducts external, hypoderm uniform. Conelets obscurely mucronate +near the apex. Cones from 8 to 12 cm. long, ovate-conic, symmetrical or +subsymmetrical, persistent, often serotinous; apophyses red with a +lighter or deeper brownish shade, lustrous, flat, convex or +low-pyramidal, radially carinate, the umbo often ashen gray and unarmed. + + A tree ranging from Portugal to Afghanistan, and from Algeria to + Dalmatia and to northern Italy and Southern France. It is a vigorous + species in its own home, growing readily in poor soils, but not + successful in colder climates. The wood is resinous and valuable for + fuel. The turpentine industry, once associated with this species, has + gradually been abandoned for the more copious product of P. pinaster. + + It is recognized by its lustrous red cones and by the ashen gray + cortex of its branches and upper trunk. Tenore's P. brutia (pyrenaica + of some authors) is founded on a difference in the length of the leaf + and on an erect cone with a shorter peduncle. To recognize species on + such distinctions would not be consistent with the purpose and spirit + of this discussion. + + Plate XXXII. + + Fig. 279, Two cones. Fig. 280, Cone. Fig. 281, Lateral conelet. Fig. + 282, Magnified leaf-section. Fig. 283, Dermal tissues of the leaf + magnified. + + +51. PINUS PINASTER + + 1768 P. sylvestris Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8 (not Linnaeus). + 1789 P. pinaster Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii. 367. + 1798 P. laricio Savi, Fl. Pisa. ii. 353 (not Poiret). + 1804 P. maritima Poiret in Lamarck, Encycl. Méth. v. 337 + (not Lambert). + 1826 P. escarena Risso, Hist. Nat. ii. 340. + 1835 P. Lemoniana Bentham in Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond. ser. 2, + i. 512, t. + 1845 P. Hamiltonii Tenore, Cat. Ort. Nap. 90. + +Spring-shoots sometimes multinodal. Bark-formation early. Leaves binate, +from 10 to 20 cm. long, stout and rigid; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm +multiform, the inner cells gradually larger, remarkably large in the +angles of the leaf. Conelets minutely mucronate. Cones from 9 to 18 cm. +long, nearly sessile, ovate-conic, symmetrical or subsymmetrical, +persistent, sometimes serotinous; apophyses lustrous nut-brown or rufous +brown, conspicuously pyramidal, the umbo salient and pungent. + + A maritime tree corresponding nearly, in its range, with the preceding + species, but more hardy in cooler climates. It grows from Portugal to + Greece, and from Algeria to Dalmatia, but its area has been much + extended by cultivation. Under favorable conditions it attains large + dimensions, but its exploitation for resin and turpentine tends to + diminish its size and disfigure its habit (Mathieu, Fl. Forest, ed. 4, + 611). Its rapid growth, strong root-system, and its ability to thrive + on poor sandy soil, have led to the employment of this species for the + forestation of sand-dunes in France. + + The tree can be recognized by its long stout leaves and persistent + brown cones. Its leaf-section is peculiar in the remarkable size of + the inner cells of the hypoderm, especially in the angles of the leaf. + + Plate XXXII. + + Figs. 275, 276, Cones. Fig. 277, Magnified leaf-section. Fig. 278, + Magnified dermal tissues in the angle of the leaf. + +[Illustration: PLATE XXXII. P. PINASTER (275-278), HALEPENSIS +(279-283)] + + +52. PINUS VIRGINIANA + + 1768 P. virginiana Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8. + 1789 P. inops Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii. 367. + +Spring-shoots multinodal, pruinose; branchlets pliant and tough. +Bark-formation slow, the cortex not rifted for some years. Leaves +binate, from 4 to 8 cm. long; resin-ducts medial, or with an occasional +internal duct; hypoderm biform. Conelets with long tapering sharp +scales. Cones from 4 to 6 cm. long, ovate or oblong-ovate, symmetrical, +persistent, dehiscent at maturity; apophyses lustrous nut-brown, +somewhat elevated along a transverse keel, the umbo salient, forming a +long slender prickle with a broad base. + + Western Long Island to central Georgia and north Alabama, and from + eastern Tennessee to southern Indiana and southeastern Ohio. It is a + low bushy tree in the north, but in the south and west it attains + small timber-size and is locally exploited. It is hardy beyond the + limits of its natural range, growing readily in the vicinity of + Boston. Its short binate leaves, the persistent long prickles of its + cone, and its tough branches, combine to distinguish this Pine from + its associates. The obvious relationship of P. virginiana and P. + clausa places the former in this, rather than in the preceding group. + + Plate XXXIII. + + Fig. 284, Cones. Fig. 285, Conelet and its enlarged spinose scale. + Fig. 286, Leaf-fascicle, magnified leaf-section and more magnified + dermal tissues of the leaf. Fig. 287, Buds. + + +53. PINUS CLAUSA + + 1884 P. clausa Vasey ex Sargent, Rep. 10th Cens. U. S. ix. 199. + +Spring-shoots multinodal. Bark-formation slow, as in the preceding +species. Leaves binate, from 5 to 9 cm. long; resin-ducts medial, or +with an occasional internal duct, hypoderm biform when of two rows of +cells. Conelets with long tapering acute scales. Cones from 5 to 8 cm. +long, reflexed, ovate-conic, symmetrical, persistent, often serotinous; +apophyses lustrous nut-brown, elevated along a transverse keel, the umbo +forming a triangular persistent spine. + + A species of limited range, confined to the sandy coast of Alabama and + to Florida. It sometimes attains timber-size, but is usually a low + spreading tree of no commercial importance and never seen in + cultivation. It is recognized by its smooth branches, binate leaves + and numerous, often multiserial, clusters of persistent, often closed, + cones. It is associated with P. caribaea and, in the northern part of + its range, it grows with the other Southern species. By its close + resemblance it may be considered the serotinous form of P. virginiana. + + Plate XXXIII. + + Fig. 288, Three nodal groups of cones of the same year. Fig. 289, + Conelet and its enlarged scale. Fig. 290, Leaf-fascicle and + magnified leaf-section. Fig. 291, Larger form of the tree. + +[Illustration: PLATE XXXIII. P. VIRGINIANA (284-287), CLAUSA (288-291)] + + +54. PINUS RIGIDA + + 1768 P. rigida Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8. + 1909 P. serotina Long, in Bartonia, ii. 17 (not Michaux). + +Spring-shoots multinodal. Leaves ternate, from 7 to 14 cm. long; +resin-ducts medial, or with an occasional internal duct, hypoderm +biform. Scales of the conelet abruptly prolonged into a spine. Cones +from 3 to 7 cm. long, ovate-conic, symmetrical, persistent, dehiscent at +maturity or rarely serotinous; apophyses lustrous tawny yellow, elevated +along a transverse keel, the umbo salient and forming the broad base of +a slender sharp prickle. + + A tree with bright green foliage in spreading tufts. The northern + limit of its range is in southwestern New Brunswick, southern Maine, + central New Hampshire and Vermont, the Thousand Islands of the St. + Lawrence River and central Ohio. It ranges into Pennsylvania and + Delaware at low levels and thence over the Alleghanies into northern + Georgia. It is associated with P. strobus and P. resinosa and, further + south, with P. virginiana. The cones are rarely serotinous, but it is + remarkably like P. serotina in many characters, and is therefore + placed in this group. + + Plate XXXIV. + + Fig. 292, Cones. Fig. 293, Leaf-fascicle, magnified section through + a fascicle, and magnified dermal tissues of the leaf. Fig. 294, + Upper part of a tree. + + +55. PINUS SEROTINA + + 1803 P. serotina Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. ii. 205. + +Spring-shoots multinodal. Leaves ternate, from 12 to 20 cm. long; +resin-ducts medial or medial and internal, hypoderm biform. Conelet +long-mucronate. Cones from 5 to 7 cm. long, subglobose or short-ovate, +symmetrical, persistent, serotinous; apophyses lustrous tawny yellow, +slightly elevated along a transverse keel, the umbo forming the broad +base of a slender, rather fragile prickle. + + This species is confined to low wet lands from southeastern Virginia + to northern Florida and central Alabama. It is one of the associated + six timber-Pines of the Southern States and the only one of them with + serotinous cones. Its wood is of like value with that of P. taeda, the + two species being constantly confused by lumbermen. It is never + associated with P. rigida, but its resemblance to that Pine is so + great that it may be regarded as its serotinous form. Its leaf is + longer, its cone usually more orbicular and the prickle weaker. + + Plate XXXIV. + + Fig. 295, Cone. Fig. 296, Conelet and its enlarged scale. Fig. 297, + Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section. + + +56. PINUS PUNGENS + + 1803 P. taeda Lambert, Gen. Pin. i. t. 16, (as to cone). + (not Linnaeus). + 1806 P. pungens Lambert in Ann. Bot. ii. 198. + 1852 P. montana Noll, Bot. Class Book, 340. (not Miller). + +Spring-shoots multinodal. Leaves binate or ternate, from 3 to 7 cm. +long; resin-ducts medial, or with an occasional internal duct, hypoderm +biform. Scales of the conelet much prolonged into a very acute triangle. +Cones from 5 to 9 cm. long, symmetrical or subsymmetrical, tenaciously +persistent, serotinous; apophyses lustrous or sublustrous fulvous brown, +much elevated along a transverse keel, the umbo forming a stout +formidable spine, uniform or nearly uniform on all faces of the cone. + + A mountain species ranging from central Pennsylvania to northern + Georgia, with isolated stations in western New Jersey and Maryland. It + is remarkable among the Pines of eastern North America for the size + and strength of the spines of its cone. The armature resembles that of + the cone of the western P. muricata, but with the difference that the + western cone is strongly oblique, the anterior and posterior spines + varying greatly in size. + + Plate XXXIV. + + Fig. 298, Cone. Fig. 299, Conelet and its enlarged scale. Fig. 300, + Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section. + +[Illustration: PLATE XXXIV. P. RIGIDA (292-294), SEROTINA (295-297), +PUNGENS (298-300)] + + +57. PINUS BANKSIANA + + 1803 P. Banksiana Lambert, Gen. Pin. i. 7. t. 3. + 1804 P. hudsonia Poiret in Lamarck, Encycl. Méth. v. 339. + 1810 P. rupestris Michaux f. Hist. Arbr. Am. i. 49, t. 2. + 1811 P. divaricata Dumont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, vi. 457. + +Spring-shoots multinodal. Leaves binate, from 2 to 4 cm. long; +resin-ducts medial, hypoderm biform. Conelets minutely mucronate. Cones +from 3 to 5 cm. long, erect, ovate-conic, oblique, much curved or +variously warped from the irregular development of the scales, +serotinous; apophyses lustrous tawny yellow, concave, flat or convex, +the umbo small and unarmed. + + The most northern American Pine, growing near the Arctic Circle in the + valley of the Mackenzie River, whence it ranges southeasterly to + central Minnesota and the south shore of Lake Michigan, and easterly + through the Dominion of Canada to northern Vermont, southern Maine, + and Nova Scotia. In the northern part of its range it is the only + Pine, but further south it is associated with P. strobus and P. + resinosa. It is easily identified by its curious curved or deformed + cones. + + Plate XXXV. + + Fig. 301, Cones. Fig. 302, Biserial cones of the same year. + Fig. 303, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section. Fig. 304, + Habit of the tree. + + + +58. PINUS CONTORTA + + 1833 P. inops Bongard in Mém. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersb. ii. 163, + (not Aiton). + 1838 P. contorta Douglas ex Loudon, Arb. Brit. iv. 2292, f. 2211. + 1853 P. Murrayana Balfour in Bot. Exp. Oregon, 2, f. + 1854 P. Boursieri Carrière in Rev. Hort. 225, ff. 16, 17. + 1868 P. Bolanderi Parlatore in DC. Prodr. xvi-2, 379. + 1869 P. tamrac Murray in Gard. Chron. 191, ff. 1-9. + 1898 P. tenuis Lemmon in Erythea, vi. 77. + +Spring-shoots multinodal. Leaves binate, from 3 to 5 cm. long; +resin-ducts medial, hypoderm biform. Conelets long-mucronate. Cones from +2 to 5 cm. long, sessile, ovate-conic, symmetrical or very oblique, +persistent, serotinous; apophyses lustrous tawny-yellow, flat or +protuberant, on oblique cones abruptly larger on the posterior face; the +umbo armed with a slender fragile prickle. + + It grows from the valley of the Yukon, near the Alaskan boundary, + along the Pacific coast to Mendocino county, California. It covers the + plains and slopes of British Columbia and follows the Rocky Mountains + into western Colorado, with an outlying station on the Black Hills of + South Dakota. It grows on the Sierras and mountains of southern + California and in northern Lower California. On the seashore this Pine + is of low dense growth, but inland it is a slender tree with a long + tapering stem. It is easily recognized by its very short leaves and + very small cone. + + Plate XXXV. + + Fig. 305, Cones. Fig. 306, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section. + +[Illustration: PLATE XXXV. P. BANKSIANA (301-304), CONTORTA (305, 306)] + + +59. PINUS GREGGII + + 1868 P. Greggii Engelmann ex Parlatore in DC. Prodr. xvi-2, 396. + +Spring-shoots uninodal and multinodal, pruinose. Bark-formation late, +the branches and upper trunk smooth. Leaves ternate, from 7 to 10 cm. +long, erect; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm of uniform thin-walled cells. +Conelets mucronate. Cones from 6 to 12 cm. long, ovate-conic, oblique, +serotinous, reflexed; apophyses lustrous tawny yellow, convex, the +posterior gradually larger and more prominent than the anterior scales, +the umbo flat or depressed, the mucro deciduous. + + This species is known, at present, from specimens collected in the + vicinity of the city of Saltillo, in northeastern Mexico. Were it not + for the difference of bark it might be considered to be a northern + variety of P. patula with shorter erect leaves. With both species the + long peduncle of the conelet becomes overgrown by the basal scales of + the ripe cone, which appears to be sessile. With both, the cones are + in crowded nodal clusters, reflexed against the branch. They are so + much alike that earlier descriptions of P. patula included the smooth + gray bark of P. Greggii. The first correct description of the scaly + red bark of P. patula appeared in the second edition of Veitch's + Manual of Conifers. + + Plate XXXVI. + + Fig. 311, Cone. Fig. 312, Conelet. Fig. 313, Leaf-fascicle and + magnified leaf-section. Fig. 314, Branch showing erect leaves. + + +60. PINUS PATULA + + 1831 P. patula Schlechtendal & Chamisso in Linnaea, vi. 354. + +Spring-shoots multinodal, more or less pruinose. Bark-formation early, +the scales deciduous, the upper trunk and branches red. Leaves +prevalently ternate but sometimes in fascicles of 4 or 5, from 15 to 30 +cm. long, slender and gracefully drooping; resin-ducts medial or with an +occasional internal duct, hypoderm weak, of uniform thin-walled cells. +Conelets mucronate. Cones from 6 to 11 cm. long, in crowded verticillate +clusters, sessile, reflexed, ovate-conic, oblique, persistent and +serotinous; apophyses lustrous nut-brown, more or less tumid, the +posterior gradually larger than the anterior scales, the umbo flat or +depressed, the mucro wanting. + + Patula grows in the warm-temperate climates of Hidalgo, Puebla and + Vera Cruz, in eastern and central Mexico. It can be at once recognized + by its slender drooping foliage, its persistent cones, and its red + upper trunk. It is cultivated in northern Italy and in the warmer + parts of Great Britain. + + Plate XXXVI. + + Fig. 307, Cone. Fig. 308, Conelet. Fig. 309, Leaf-fascicle and + magnified leaf-section. Fig. 310, Branchlet with drooping leaves. + +[Illustration: PLATE XXXVI. P. PATULA (307-310), GREGGII (311-314)] + + +61. PINUS MURICATA + + 1837 P. muricata D. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 441. + 1848 P. Edgariana Hartweg in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. iii. 217. + +Spring-shoots multinodal. Leaves binate, from 10 to 15 cm. long; +resin-ducts medial, hypoderm biform. Scales of the conelet prolonged +into a triangular spine. Cones from 5 to 9 cm. long, in verticillate +clusters, sessile, reflexed, ovate-conic, oblique, serotinous; apophyses +lustrous nut-brown, abruptly much larger on the posterior face of the +cone, each armed with a formidable spine varying in size with the +varying size of the apophysis. + + This species grows on the coast of California, in scattered stations + between Mendocino and San Luis Obispo Counties, and on the northwest + coast of Lower California and on Cedros Island. It is recognized by + its oblique cones, conspicuously spinose, indefinitely persistent and + very serotinous. The unequal development of its cone-scales + distinguishes the cone from the more symmetrically developed cone of + P. pungens. Fruiting trees of P. muricata may be seen in the Royal + Gardens at Kew. + + Plate XXXVII. + + Fig. 315, Cone. Fig. 316, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section. + + +62. PINUS ATTENUATA + + 1847 P. californica Hartweg in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. ii. 189, + (not? P. CALIFORNIANA, Loiseleur). + 1849 P. tuberculata Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. iv. 218, + f. (not D. Don). + 1892 P. attenuata Lemmon in Mining & Sci. Press, lxiv. 45. + +Spring-shoots multinodal. Bark-formation late, the branches and upper +trunk smooth. Leaves ternate, from 8 to 16 cm. long; resin-ducts medial +or with one or more internal ducts, hypoderm biform. Scales of the +conelet prolonged into a triangular spine. Cones from 8 to 16 cm. long, +in verticillate clusters, sessile, reflexed, long-ovate, oblique, +persistent and remarkably serotinous; apophyses lustrous tawny yellow, +abruptly larger and more prominent on the posterior face of the cone, +where they are usually prolonged into acute pyramids with a small +incurved spine. + + A tree of slender habit and gray-green foliage, the trunk studded with + persistent nodal cone-clusters; growing on dry mountain slopes, from + southwestern Oregon over the foot-hills of the northern mountains of + California and its coastal ranges as far as the southern slopes of the + San Bernardino Mountains. It attains its best development in the + northern part of its range, but is never a tree of importance. The + serotinous habit is more pronounced in this than in any other species. + It is distinct from P. radiata, its nearest relative, by the color of + the cone, by its smooth upper trunk and by its much smaller size. + + The possibility of identifying P. californiana Loiseleur (Nouv. Duham. + v. 293), through a cone said to have been sent to the Museum at Paris, + may cause this name to be applied, by reason of its early date (1812), + to some existing species. Don's radiata and tuberculata, although + considered to be the same species, were nevertheless founded on + different forms of the cone. Under a very narrow conception of + specific limits tuberculata Don might therefore acquire specific rank. + These considerations seem to make it advisable to abandon for this + species the names californica Hartw. and tuberculata Gord. for the + later name attenuata. + + Plate XXXVII. + + Fig. 317, Cone. Fig. 318, Magnified leaf-section. + + +63. PINUS RADIATA + + 1837 P. radiata D. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 442. + 1837 P. tuberculata D. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 442. + 1838 P. insignis Douglas ex Loudon, Arb. Brit. iv. 2265, f. 2171. + 1841 P. Sinclairii Hooker & Arnott in Bot. Beechy Voy. 392, t. 93 + (as to leaves). + +Spring-shoots multinodal. Bark formation early, the branches and upper +trunk rough. Leaves ternate or binate, from 10 to 15 cm. long; +resin-ducts medial or with an occasional internal duct, hypoderm biform. +Conelets mucronate, the mucro small and dorsal. Cones from 7 to 14 cm. +long, in verticillate clusters, sessile, reflexed, ovate or oblong, +oblique, serotinous; apophyses nut-brown, lustrous, tumid in various +degrees, the posterior scales abruptly larger and very prominent, the +umbo bearing the minute prickle or its remnant. + + A tall tree with rich green foliage, growing on a strip of coast south + of San Francisco, particularly in Monterey County. It grows also on + the islands forming the Santa Barbara Channel and on the Island of + Guadeloupe, Lower California. It is remarkably successful in the + warmer climates of Europe and of Australasia. The species is distinct + in its peculiar cone with rounded apophyses. + + Plate XXXVII. + + Figs. 319, 320, Cones. Fig. 321, Leaf-fascicle and magnified + leaf-section. Fig. 322, Leaf-section from a binate fascicle. Fig. + 323, Magnified dermal tissues of the leaf. + +[Illustration: PLATE XXXVII. P. MURICATA (315, 316), ATTENUATA (317, +318), RADIATA (319-323)] + + +=XIII. MACROCARPAE= + +Pits of the ray-cells small. Wing-blade of the seed thick. Cones large. +Leaves long and stout. + +This group is remarkable for the size of leaf, conelet, and cone. The +peculiar thick seed-wing is more or less obscurely present among the +species of the Insignes, but never attains the development that +differentiates this group from all other Pines. The leaf-section is +notable for the large amount of hypoderm and for the presence of both +thick and thin outer walls of the endoderm-cells, both forms appearing +in the same leaf. + + Wing-blade with a short membranous extension. + Leaves in fascicles of 5 64. Torreyana + Leaves in fascicles of 3 65. Sabiniana + Wing-blade with a long membranous extension, leaves + in fascicles of 3 66. Coulteri + + +64. PINUS TORREYANA + + 1855 P. Torreyana Parry ex Carrière, Trait. Conif. 326. + 1860 P. lophosperma Lindley in Gard. Chron. 46. + +Spring-shoots uninodal, pruinose. Leaves in fascicles of 5, from 20 to +33 cm. long, very stout; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm uniform or +somewhat multiform and of many cells. Conelets large, mucronate. Cones +from 10 to 15 cm. long, on stout peduncles, broad-ovate, symmetrical, +somewhat persistent; apophyses chocolate-brown, prominently pyramidal, +the umbo salient and capped with a small mucro; seed-wing short, very +thick, the dorsal surface of the nut spotted with the black remnants of +the spermoderm. + + A tree 10 or 12 metres high, often semi-prostrate in exposed + positions, confined to a restricted area on the coast north of San + Diego, California, and to the Island of Santa Rosa. This species + resembles P. Sabiniana in the length of its seed-wing and in the color + of its cone, but is distinct in the short triangular umbo, in its + pentamerous leaf-fascicles and in the mottled dorsal surface of its + nut. + + Plate XXXVIII. + + Fig. 324, Cone and seed. Fig. 325, Magnified leaf-section. + + +65. PINUS SABINIANA + + 1833 P. Sabiniana Douglas in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvi. 747. + +Spring-shoots multinodal, pruinose. Leaves in fascicles of 3, from 20 to +30 cm. long; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm multiform. Conelets large, +their scales tapering to a sharp point. Cones from 15 to 25 cm. long, +reflexed, ovate, slightly oblique, persistent; apophyses +chocolate-brown, very prominent, the curved umbo confluent with the +apophysis and with it forming a very large talon-like armature with a +sharp apex and a broad thick base; seed-wing very thick, with a short +membranous margin, the dorsal surface of the nut uniform in color. + + A tree with sparse gray-green foliage, growing in small groves on the + foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges of California. Its + three leaves and the uniform color of the nut distinguish it from + P. Torreyana. From P. Coulteri it differs in the length of the + membranous portion of the seed-wing and in its gray-green leaves. + + Plate XXXVIII. + + Fig. 326, Cone. Fig. 327, Seed, nut and wing. Fig. 328, Magnified + leaf-section. + +[Illustration: PLATE XXXVIII. P. TORREYANA (324, 325), SABINIANA +(326-328)] + + +66. PINUS COULTERI + + 1837 P. Coulteri D. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 440. + 1840 P. macrocarpa Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxvi. Misc. 62. + +Spring-shoots multinodal, pruinose. Leaves in fascicles of 3, from 15 to +30 cm. long, very stout; resin-ducts medial, or with an occasional +internal duct, hypoderm multiform and of many cells. Conelet very large, +the scales tapering to a long sharp point. Cones from 25 to 35 cm. long, +reflexed, ovate or oblong-ovate, somewhat oblique, persistent; apophyses +sublustrous tawny yellow, very protuberant, with a narrow shoulder from +which springs the umbo in the form of a large stout curved talon; +seed-wing nearly equally divided between the very thick base and the +membranous apex. + + Remarkable among Pines for the size and weight of its cones, many + times heavier than the longer cones of P. Lambertiana, illustrating + the great change that the cone-tissues undergo in the gradual + evolution of the species. It is a tree with dark-green foliage, + growing from northern Lower California over the mountains of southern + California to the Santa Lucia range and to Mt. Diablo. It is of no + value except for fuel and for its large nuts. It is best recognized by + its seed. The cone differs from the others of this group in its yellow + color, not unlike that of boxwood. + + Plate XXXIX. + + Fig. 329, Cone of small size. Fig. 330, Seed, nut and wing. Fig. + 331, Magnified leaf-section. Fig. 332, Conelet. + +[Illustration: PLATE XXXIX. PINUS COULTERI] + + + + +INDEX + + + Adnate wing, 16 + Apinus, Neck.--Pinus, 24 + Apophysis of cone, 10 + Armature of conelet, 7 + Articulate wing, 16 + Australes-Group, 62 + + Balfourianae-Group, 42 + Bark, 18 + Bases of bracts decurrent and non-decurrent, 1 + Bast-tissue of cone, 14 + Biform hypoderm, 6 + Bloom on branchlet, 2 + Bracts, bases of, 1 + Branchlet, multinodal, 2 + uninodal, 2 + Bud, latent, 2 + leaf, 1 + staminate, 1 + + Caryopitys, Small = Pinus, 24 + Caryopitys edulis Small = Pinus cembroides, 38 + Cembra, Opiz = Pinus, 24 + Cembra-Subsection, 26 + Cembrae-Group, 26 + Cembroides-Group, 38 + Characters of the genus, 1 + Classification of species, 22 + Color of cone, 8 + Cone, apophysis of, 10 + bast tissues of, 14 + color of, 8 + dimensions of, 8 + oblique, 10 + peduncle of, 8 + persistent, 8 + phyllotaxis of, 12 + serotinous, 14 + symmetrical, 10 + Conelet, lateral, 7 + pseudolateral, 7 + subterminal, 7 + Conspectus of Sections &c., 25 + Connective of pollen-sacs, 7 + Cotyledons, 1 + + Decurrent bases, 1 + Definite phyllotaxis, 12 + Dermal tissue of leaf, 4 + Dimensions of cone, 8 + leaf, 4 + Diploxylon-Section, 44 + Dorsal umbo, 8 + + Endoderm, 8 + Evolutional characters, 20 + External resin-ducts, 6 + + Fibro-vascular bundle, 6 + Flexiles-Group, 28 + Flowers, lateral, 7 + pistillate, 7 + staminate, 7 + subterminal, 7 + + Generic characters, 18 + Genus, characters of, 1 + Geographical distribution, 24 + Gerardianae-Group, 40 + Green tissue of leaf, 6 + + Haploxylon-Section, 26 + Hypoderm, biform, 6 + multiform, 6 + uniform, 6 + + Indefinite phyllotaxis, 12 + Insignes-Group, 76 + Internal resin-ducts, 6 + + Lariciones-Group, 51 + Latent buds, 2 + Lateral flowers, 7 + conelet, 7 + Leaf, dermal tissues of, 4 + dimensions of, 4 + fibro-vascular bundle of, 6 + green tissue of, 6 + persistence of, 4 + primary, 1 + resin-ducts of, 6 + secondary, 2 + stelar tissues of, 6 + stomata of, 4 + tissues of, 4 + Leiophyllae-Group, 44 + Longifoliae-Group, 46 + + Macrocarpae-Group, 90 + Medial resin-ducts, 6 + Multiform hypoderm, 6 + Multinodal branchlet, 2 + spring-shoot, 2 + + Non-decurrent bases, 1 + + Oblique cone, 10 + + Paracembra-Subsection, 36 + Parapinaster-Subsection, 44 + Peduncle of cone, 8 + Persistence of leaf, 4 + Persistent cone, 8 + Phyllotaxis, of cone, 12 + definite, 12 + indefinite, 12 + Pinaster-Subsection, 50 + Pineae-Group, 48 + Pinus, 24 + Pinus abasica Carr. = halepensis, 78 + alba-canadensis Prov. = strobus, 36 + albicaulis Engelm., 27 + Altamirani Shaw = Lawsonii, 68 + apacheca Lemm. = ponderosa, 66 + apulcensis Lindl. = pseudostrobus, 62 + arabica Sieb. = halepensis, 78 + aristata Engelm., 44 + arizonica Engelm. = ponderosa, 66 + Armandi Franch., 30 + armena Koch = sylvestris, 54 + attenuata Lemm., 88 + australis Michx. = palustris, 70 + austriaca Höss = nigra, 58 + ayacahuite Ehrenb., 30 + bahamensis Grise. = caribaea, 70 + Balfouriana Balf., 42 + Balfouriana Wats. = aristata, 44 + Banksiana Lamb., 84 + Beardsleyi Murr. = ponderosa, 66 + Benthamiana Hartw. = ponderosa, 66 + Bolanderi Parl. = contorta, 84 + Bonapartea Roezl = ayacahuite, 30 + Boursieri Carr. = contorta, 84 + brachyptera Engelm. = ponderosa, 66 + brutia Ten. = halepensis, 78 + Bungeana Zucc., 40 + californica Hartw. = attenuata, 88 + canaliculata Miq. = Massoniana, 52 + canariensis Smith, 48 + caribaea Mor., 70 + carica Don = halepensis, 78 + cembra L., 27 + cembra Thunb. = parviflora, 32 + cembroides Gord. = Pinceana, 38 + cembroides Newb. = albicaulis, 27 + cembroides Zucc., 38 + chihuahuana Engelm. = leiophylla, 44 + clausa Vasey, 80 + contorta Dougl., 84 + coronans Litv. = cembra, 27 + Coulteri D. Don, 93 + Craigana Murr. = ponderosa, 66 + cubensis Grise. = occidentalis, 70 + cubensis Sarg. = caribaea, 70 + dalmatica Vis. = nigra, 58 + deflexa Torr. = ponderosa, 66 + densata Mast. = sinensis, 60 + densiflora Sieb. & Zucc., 52 + Devoniana Lindl. = Montezumae, 64 + divaricata Dum. Cours. = Banksiana, 84 + Donnell-Smithii Mast. = Montezumae, 64 + echinata Mill., 74 + Edgariana Hartw. = muricata, 86 + edulis Engelm. = cembroides, 38 + Ehrenbergii Endl. = Montezumae, 64 + eldarica Medw. = halepensis, 78 + Elliottii Engelm. = caribaea, 70 + Engelmanni Carr. = ponderosa, 66 + escarena Riss. = pinaster, 80 + excelsa Hook. = peuce, 34 + excelsa Wall., 34 + filifolia Lindl. = Montezumae, 64 + Finlaysoniana Wall. = Merkusii, 58 + flexilis James, 28 + flexilis Balf. = albicaulis, 27 + formosana Hay. = parviflora, 32 + Fremontiana Endl. = cembroides, 38 + Frieseana Wich. = sylvestris, 54 + funebris Kom. = sinensis, 60 + Gerardiana Wall., 42 + glabra Walt., 72 + Gordoniana Hartw. = Montezumae, 64 + Greggii Engelm., 86 + Grenvilleae Gord. = Montezumae, 64 + Griffithii McClell. = excelsa, 34 + halepensis Bieb. = nigra, 58 + halepensis Mill., 78 + Hamiltonii Ten. = pinaster, 80 + Hartwegii Lindl. = Montezumae, 64 + Heldreichii Chr. = nigra, 58 + Henryi Mast. = sinensis, 60 + heterophylla Small = taeda, 72 + heterophylla Sudw. = caribaea, 70 + hispanica Cook = halepensis, 78 + hudsonia Poir. = Banksiana, 84 + humilis Link = sylvestris, 54 + inops Ait. = virginiana, 80 + inops Bong. = contorta, 84 + insignis Dougl. = radiata, 88 + insularis Endl., 60 + Jeffreyi Balf. = ponderosa, 66 + kasya Royle = insularis, 60 + khasiana Griff. = insularis, 60 + Kochiana Klotzsch = sylvestris, 54 + koraiensis Mast. = Armandi, 30 + koraiensis Sieb. & Zucc., 26 + Lambertiana Dougl., 32 + lapponica Mayr = sylvestris, 54 + laricio Poir. = nigra, 58 + laricio Savi = pinaster, 80 + latifolia Sarg. = ponderosa, 66 + latisquama Engelm. = Pinceana, 38 + latteri Mason = Merkusii, 58 + Lawsonii Roezl., 68 + leiophylla Schl. & Cham., 44 + Lemoniana Benth. = pinaster, 80 + leucodermis Ant. = nigra, 58 + leucosperma Max. = sinensis, 60 + Lindleyana Gord. = Montezumae, 64 + Llaveana Schiede = cembroides, 38 + Loiseleuriana Carr. = halepensis, 78 + longifolia Roxb., 46 + lophosperma Lindl. = Torreyana, 90 + Loudoniana Gord. = ayacahuite, 30 + luchuensis Mayr, 56 + Lumholtzii Rob. & Fern., 46 + lutea Walt. = taeda, 72 + macrocarpa Lindl. = Coulteri, 93 + macrophylla Engelm. = ponderosa, 66 + macrophylla Lindl. = Montezumae, 64 + maderiensis Ten. = pinea, 48 + mandschurica Laws. = cembra, 27 + mandschurica Rupr. = koraiensis, 26 + maritima Ait. = nigra, 58 + maritima Lamb. = halepensis, 78 + maritima Poir. = pinaster, 80 + Massoniana Lamb., 52 + Massoniana Sieb. & Zucc. = Thunbergii, 56 + Mastersiana Hay. = Armandi, 30 + Mayriana Sudw. = ponderosa, 66 + Merkusii De Vriese, 58 + mitis Michx. = echinata, 74 + monophylla Torr. = cembroides, 38 + montana Lam. = cembra, 27 + montana Mill., 54 + montana Noll = pungens, 84 + Montezumae Lamb., 64 + monticola Dougl., 34 + morrisonicola Hay. = parviflora, 32 + mugho Poir. = montana, 54 + mughus Jacq. = sylvestris, 54 + mughus Scop. = montana, 54 + muricata D. Don, 86 + Murrayana Balf. = contorta, 84 + Nelsonii Shaw, 40 + nepalensis De Chamb. = excelsa, 34 + nigra Arnold, 58 + nigricans Host = nigra, 58 + nivea Booth = strobus, 36 + obliqua Saut. = montana, 54 + occidentalis H. B. K. = Montezumae, 64 + occidentalis Swartz, 70 + oocarpa Schiede, 78 + oocarpoides Lindl. = oocarpa, 78 + orizabae Gord. = pseudostrobus, 62 + osteosperma Engelm. = cembroides, 38 + Pallasiana Lamb. = nigra, 58 + palustris Miller, 70 + Parolinii Vis. = halepensis, 78 + Parryana Engelm. = cembroides, 38 + Parryana Gord. = ponderosa, 66 + parviflora Sieb. Zucc., 32 + patula Schl. & Cham., 86 + peninsularis Lemm. = ponderosa, 66 + pentaphylla Mayr = parviflora, 32 + persica Strangw. = halepensis, 78 + peuce Grise., 34 + pinaster Ait., 80 + pinaster Bess. = nigra, 58 + Pinceana Gord., 38 + pindica Form. = nigra, 58 + pinea Linn., 48 + pityusa Stev. = halepensis, 78 + ponderosa Dougl., 66 + pontica Koch = sylvestris, 54 + porphyrocarpa Laws. = monticola, 34 + Pringlei Shaw, 76 + prominens Mast. = sinensis, 60 + pseudostrobus Lindl., 62 + pumila Regel = cembra, 27 + pumilio Haenke = montana, 54 + pungens Lamb., 84 + pyrenaica David = halepensis, 78 + pyrenaica Lap. = nigra, 58 + quadrifolia Sudw. = cembroides, 38 + radiata D. Don, 88 + radiata Hook. & Arn. = Montezumae, 64 + recurvata Rowl. = caribaea, 70 + reflexa Engelm. = flexilis, 28 + resinosa Ait., 51 + resinosa Loise. = halepensis, 78 + resinosa Savi = sylvestris, 54 + rigida Mill., 82 + rotundata Link = montana, 54 + Roxburghii Sarg. = longifolia, 46 + Royleana Jam. = echinata, 74 + rubra Michx.= resinosa, 51 + rubra Mill. = sylvestris, 54 + rudis Endl. = Montezumae, 64 + rupestris Michx. = Banksiana, 84 + Russelliana Lindl. = Montezumae, 64 + Sabiniana Dougl., 90 + Salzmanni Dun. = nigra, 58 + sanguinea Lap. = montana, 54 + sativa Lam. = pinea, 48 + scipioniformis Mast. = Armandi, 30 + scopifera Miq. = densiflora, 52 + scopulorum Lemm. = ponderosa, 66 + serotina Long = rigida, 82 + serotina Michx., 82 + shasta Carr. = albicaulis, 27 + sibirica Mayr = cembra, 27 + Sinclairii Hook. & Arn. = Montezumae, 64 + = radiata, 88 + sinensis Lamb., 60 + squarrosa Walt. = echinata, 74 + strobiformis Engelm. = ayacahuite, 30 + strobiformis Sarg. = flexilis 28 + strobus Linn., 36 + strobus Thunb. = koraiensis, 26 + sylvestris Baumg. = nigra, 58 + sylvestris Gouan = halepensis, 78 + sylvestris Linn., 54 + sylvestris Lour. = Merkusii, 58 + sylvestris Mill. = pinaster, 80 + sylvestris Thunb. = Thunbergii, 56 + tabulaeformis Carr. = sinensis, 60 + taeda Blanco = insularis, 60 + taeda Lamb. = pungens, 84 + taeda Linn., 72 + tamrac Murr. = contorta, 84 + tatarica Mill. = sylvestris, 54 + tenuifolia Benth. = pseudostrobus, 62 + tenuis Lemm. = contorta, 84 + teocote Schl. & Cham., 68 + terthrocarpa Shaw = tropicalis, 52 + Thunbergii Parl., 56 + Torreyana Parry, 90 + tropicalis Mor., 52 + tuberculata D. Don = radiata, 88 + tuberculata Gord. = attenuata, 88 + uliginosa Neum. = montana, 54 + uncinata Ram. = montana, 54 + variabilis Lamb. = echinata, 74 + Veitchii Roezl = ayacahuite, 30 + virginiana Mill., 80 + Wilsonii Shaw = sinensis, 60 + Wincesteriana Gord. = Montezumae, 64 + Wrightii Engelm. = occidentalis, 70 + yunnanensis Franch. = sinensis, 60 + Pistillate flower, 7 + Primary leaf, 1 + Pseudolateral conelet, 7 + + Resin-ducts of the leaf external, 6 + internal, 6 + medial, 6 + septal, 6 + + Secondary leaf, 2 + Sectional characters, 18 + Seed, wing of, 16 + winged, 16 + wingless, 16 + Septal resin-ducts, 6 + Serotinous cone, 14 + Species, classification of, 22 + Specific characters, 20 + Spring-shoot, 2 + Staminate flowers, 7 + Stelar tissues of leaf, 6 + Stomata of leaf, 4 + Strobi-Group, 30 + Strobus, Opiz = Pinus, 24 + Strobus strobus Small = Pinus strobus, 36 + Subsectional characters, 20 + Subterminal conelet, 7 + flower, 7 + Symmetrical cone, 10 + + Terminal umbo, 8 + Tissues of the cone, 12 + leaf, 4 + wood, 17 + + Umbo of the cone dorsal, 8 + terminal, 8 + Uninodal branchlet, 2 + spring-shoot, 2 + Uniform hypoderm, 6 + + Variation, 21 + + Wing of seed, adnate, 16 + articulate, 16 + Winged seed, 16 + Wingless seed, 16 + Wood, 17 + Wood-strands of the cone, 14 + Wood-tissues, 17 + + +Transcriber's Notes: + +1. The position of Plates was changed to the end of the section + referencing each. + +2. Species names appear to be Capitalized when they are names of persons + or places in this book, as in other material of this period. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Genus Pinus, by George Russell Shaw + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GENUS PINUS *** + +***** This file should be named 26798-8.txt or 26798-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/6/7/9/26798/ + +Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, Leonard Johnson and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +produced by Core Historical Literature in Agriculture +(CHLA), Cornell University) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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