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diff --git a/26837-h/26837-h.htm b/26837-h/26837-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8fd0b5a --- /dev/null +++ b/26837-h/26837-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,1392 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Love—marriage—birth Control, by Bertrand Dawson + </title> + <style type="text/css"> +/*<![CDATA[ XML blockout */ +<!-- + body { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + p { + margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + text-indent: 1em; + } + h1,h2,h3 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; + margin-top: 0em; + margin-bottom: 0em; + font-weight: normal; + } + h1 { + font-size: xx-large; + line-height: 125%; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-bottom: 0em; + } + h2 { + font-size: large; + margin-top: 3em; + margin-bottom: 1.5em; + } + h3 { + font-size: medium; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 1em; + } + + p.subtitle { + margin-top: 1.25em; + margin-bottom: 1em; + font-size: medium; + line-height: 125%; + text-align: center; + text-indent: 0em; + } + p.by { + margin-top: 2.5em; + margin-bottom: 0em; + font-size: small; + text-align: center; + text-indent: 0em; + } + p.author { + margin-top: 0.25em; + margin-bottom: 0em; + font-size: large; + line-height: 140%; + text-align: center; + text-indent: 0em; + } + p.publisher { + margin-top: 0em; + margin-bottom: 0em; + font-size: medium; + line-height: 140%; + text-align: center; + text-indent: 0em; + } + div.editions { + margin-top: 5em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + font-size: small; + width: 15em; + } + div.editions p { + padding-left: 1em; + text-indent: 0em; + } + p.copyright { + margin-top: 4em; + font-size: small; + text-align: center; + text-indent: 0em; + } + p.printer { + margin-top: 5em; + text-align: center; + font-size: smaller; + text-indent: 0em; + } + p.newsection { + margin-top: 1em; + text-indent: 0em; + } + + span.dropcap { + float: left; + padding-top: 2px; + padding-left: 0px; + padding-right: 2px; + font-size: 280%; + line-height: 80%; + overflow: visible; + } + span.uppercase { + text-transform: uppercase; + } + .pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + right: 1%; + font-size: x-small; + font-weight: normal; + font-style: normal; + text-align: right; + text-indent: 0em; + color: gray; + background-color: inherit; + } + + a:link { + text-decoration: none; + color: rgb(10%,30%,60%); + background-color: inherit; + } + a:visited { + text-decoration: none; + color: rgb(10%,30%,60%); + background-color: inherit; + } + a:hover { + text-decoration: underline; + } + a:active { + text-decoration: underline; + } + + .smcap { + font-variant: small-caps; + } + .figcenter { + margin: auto; + text-align: center; + } + + .footnote { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + font-size: smaller; + } + .footnote .label { + position: absolute; + right: 84%; + text-align: right; + } + .fnanchor { + vertical-align: baseline; + font-size: 80%; + position: relative; + top: -.4em; + } + div.footnote p { + text-indent: 0em; + } + + .poem { + margin-top: 4em; + margin-left:10%; + margin-right:10%; + text-align: left; + font-size: 90%; + } + .poem br { + display: none; + } + .poem .stanza { + margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em; + } + .poem span.i0 { + display: block; + margin-left: 0em; + padding-left: 3em; + text-indent: -3em; + } + // --> + /* XML end ]]>*/ + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +Project Gutenberg's Love--Marriage--Birth Control, by Bertrand Dawson + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Love--Marriage--Birth Control + Being a Speech delivered at the Church Congress at + Birmingham, October, 1921 + +Author: Bertrand Dawson + +Release Date: October 7, 2008 [EBook #26837] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LOVE--MARRIAGE--BIRTH CONTROL *** + + + + +Produced by Bryan Ness, Markus Brenner and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + + + + + +</pre> + + + +<!-- <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span>LOVE—MARRIAGE—BIRTH CONTROL</p> --> + +<!-- <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span>[Blank Page]</p> --> + +<h1><!-- <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span> --> +LOVE—MARRIAGE—<br /> +BIRTH CONTROL</h1> + +<p class="subtitle">Being a Speech delivered at the Church<br /> +Congress at Birmingham, October, 1921:</p> + +<p class="subtitle" style="margin-top: 2.5em">WITH A FOREWORD</p> + +<p class="by">BY</p> +<p class="author">LORD DAWSON OF PENN</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 53px; margin-top: 2.5em; margin-bottom: 2.5em"> +<img src="images/logo.jpg" width="53" height="85" alt="" title="" /> +</div> + +<p class="publisher">London<br /> +<big>NISBET & CO. LTD.</big><br /> +<small>22 BERNERS STREET, W.1</small></p> + + +<div class="editions"> +<p><!-- <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span> --> +<i>First Published January,</i> 1922<br /> +<i>Reprinted January,</i> 1922<br /> +<i>Reprinted February,</i> 1922<br /> +<i>Reprinted April,</i> 1922</p> +</div> + +<p class="copyright"><i>All rights reserved</i></p> + + + + +<h2><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span><a name="FOREWORD" id="FOREWORD"></a>FOREWORD</h2> + + +<p class="newsection"><span class="uppercase"><span class="dropcap">A</span>t</span> the Church Congress held this autumn at +Birmingham I was honoured by an invitation +to speak on “Sexual Relationships.”</p> + +<p>The subject-matter of that speech has aroused +widespread interest and some controversy. It is +being published in response to numerous requests +and because most of the reports, being of necessity +condensed, inadequately and even in some instances +incorrectly set forth the views I endeavoured to +champion; for any speech on a subject so difficult +to handle needs to be read in its entirety if misapprehensions +are to be avoided.</p> + +<p>And first, may I thank numerous correspondents; +and those in disagreement equally with those in +agreement with me. One and all they bear testimony, +if indeed such were needed, to how widespread +and responsible is the interest on this question, +and therefore to the wisdom of its full consideration. +Amongst the letters are intimate human +documents which pathetically disclose, as does professional +experience, how frequently happiness is +marred by ignorance of either the principles or the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span>methods which should condition the true conception +of sexual relationships.</p> + +<p>I elected to deal with these relationships in their +healthy rather than their morbid aspects, because +the study of health is a sure way to lessen disease. +Mere denunciations of evil serve but small purpose. +The aim of statesmanship is rather to seek out causes +and ponder over remedies, and prominent among +remedies is surely the study of the significance and +purport of sex love in a well-ordered and Christian +community and provision for its healthy outlet. To +this the first part of my speech was devoted. The +view there upheld has brought forth a large measure +of agreement and no reasoned disagreement.</p> + +<p>The second part of my speech dealing with birth +control (or what in strict accuracy should be called +conception control) has aroused more controversy, +but I venture to think that some, at least, of the +criticism directed against my argument will disappear +with a perusal of this full text of my speech. Therein +will be found condemnation of infertile marriages +and a strong plea that children are essential to the +health and happiness of man and woman, are necessary +to each other and of vital importance to the +nation.</p> + +<p>The difference between my critics and myself is +not as to the vital necessity of the family following +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span>marriage, but rather this—they would like to see the +large families prevalent fifty years ago restored (and +where means and circumstances are favourable, such +large families may be the source of much happiness); +whereas under present-day conditions I should +regard them as seldom attainable and desirable, and +would favour smaller families of children born at +predetermined intervals.</p> + +<p>A married couple who have produced four children +in twenty years cannot be said to have ignored the +precept “be fruitful and multiply and replenish the +earth” because they have so selected the times for +the conceptions of their children as to enable them +to give those children a better upbringing rather +than have selfishly left the sequence of their offspring +to blind chance.</p> + +<p>The argument that the nation should foster large +families in order more quickly to people the untenanted +portions of the Empire, and so add to the +strength and wealth of the British Dominions, +requires serious attention, not in isolation, but in +conjunction with other considerations, and calls forth +varying opinions from economists.</p> + +<p>On the other hand, emigration into <i>foreign</i> lands +would seem to be a source of weakness to a nation. +The feeding, clothing and educating of a young +Briton cost the nation a definite sum of money, say, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span>£400; if at the age of twenty, when he is ready to +produce, that young Briton emigrates to a foreign +state, he is a definite loss to the country of his birth +and the country of his adoption is the gainer.</p> + +<p>From another standpoint the criticism is made +that I have not urged the paramount necessity of +diminishing the population of these islands. With +the economic soundness of this view others are better +fitted to deal, but no economic considerations would +outweigh the importance of child life inspiring the +homes of the land, and if the number and sequence +of children can be regulated by the parents’ circumstances, +these homes will increase in number, will +start when parents are younger and confer greater +benefits alike on the family and the State. If need +be, the State could grant a progressive rebate of +taxation, and educational facilities for each of three +children born after the second and where the father +is twenty-five years of age or upwards.</p> + +<p>It is held by some that artificial birth control is +contrary to Christian morals. This is the view firmly +held by the Roman Catholic Church, and since the +governance of the Roman communion is based on +“authority,” its decisions are binding on its members +and command our respect. But pronouncements of +Protestant communions do not owe their force to +“authority,” but to the conviction they carry in +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span>the minds and consciences of their people, and no +clear scriptural sanction for the condemnation of +birth control has been given, nor does the report of +the Lambeth Conference vouchsafe any reasons why +it is physically and morally harmful.</p> + +<p>A distinguished prelate of our Church has +characterised the views herein set forth as “very +unguarded.”<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> If by that expression he means +“careless,” he cannot have done me the honour of +reading my speech, which, whatever its demerits, +bears ample evidence of carefully considered thought +and expression. If by “unguarded” he means +“outspoken,” I will plead justification. For is it +not time that a question which deeply concerns not +only the thought, but the practice of the thinking +portions of communities should be fully considered +and its strength and its weakness disclosed by full +discussion? The world looks to its leaders for +reasoned guidance, not for assertion which may be +but the husk of a thought that has gone. What is +wanted is reasoned consideration, not unreasoned +condemnation. For churchmen and statesmen alike, +opportunism helps in situations which are small, but +never in those which are large; there clarity of principle +alone stands forth as a beacon to light the path.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Diocesan Conference at York.</p></div> + +<p>The fear that discussion of this vital problem will +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span>endanger morality surely loses sight of the fact of +knowledge being so fundamental to our well-being, +that incidental dangers encountered along its path +must not deter us from its continued pursuit.</p> + +<p>Moreover, it will be noticed that I have discriminated +between the principle of birth control +and the methods of its application, the latter being +preferably determined by the advice of the family +doctor rather than by the perusal of books in general +circulation.</p> + +<p>The attitude of mind of the Church towards the +problems of sexual relationships is part of a larger +question, viz., the ever-widening gap between the +formal teaching of the Church and the actual belief +of the present generation, including many who by +baptism and early training belong to her fold.</p> + +<p>This gap between authority and actuality of belief +imposes a strain on intellectual integrity and weakens +the foundations of a real allegiance. For those of +us who are of mature years the gap is bridged by the +tender associations of our childhood and the memory +of parents, for whom no such gap existed, and whose +faith and character have left indelible impressions on +our lives. But for the youth of to-day no such +bridge exists. The War has caused a hiatus and +thought has broken with tradition. Thus, youth is +no longer willing to accept forms and formulæ only +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span>on account of their age. So it has set out on a voyage +of inquiry, and finding some things which are +doubtful and others which are insufficient, is searching +for forms of expression more in harmony with +the realities of life and knowledge. Although becoming +estranged in thought from the Church, it is +possessed of deep religious feeling and, firm on the +rock foundation of faith, is trying to build a superstructure +more in accord with the progress of +revelation, not only in religion, but in science, and +the needs of the world in which it moves and has its +being.</p> + +<div class="poem"> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Far be it, that I should write thee sin or blame,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Or think thee unbefitting holiest place,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Perpetual fountain of domestic sweets,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Whose bed is undefiled and chaste pronounced,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Present, or past, as saints and patriarchs used.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Here Love his golden shafts employs, here lights<br /></span> +<span class="i0">His constant lamp, and waves his purple wings,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Reigns here and revels; not in the bought smile<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of harlots, loveless, joyless, unendeared,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Casual fruition; nor in court-amours,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Mixed dance, or wanton mask, or midnight ball,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Or serenate, which the starved lover sings<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To his proud fair, best quitted with disdain.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">These, lulled by nightingales, embracing slept,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And on their naked limbs the flowery roof<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Showered roses, which the morn repaired.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p style="margin-left: 15em; text-indent: 0em"><i>Paradise Lost,</i><br /> +<span style="padding-left: 4em">Book IV.</span></p> + + + + +<h2><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span>LOVE—MARRIAGE—BIRTH CONTROL</h2> + + +<p class="newsection"><span class="uppercase"><span class="dropcap">M</span>ay</span> I make certain preliminary observations? +Painters and poets depict Love to us in golden +hues and arouse in us happy and sympathetic, and, +I trust, reminiscent response, helping us to realise +that life without the love of man and woman would +be like the world without sunshine.</p> + +<p>Though, therefore, the social student in his +approach to the subject is not helped by the beauties +of colour and song, it behoves him to avoid undue +solemnity, and still more an air of portentous +foreboding.</p> + +<p>In each age customs have been deplored as heralds +of evil, but the evils have seldom materialised.</p> + +<p>One of the difficulties of this subject is that those +who are called upon to give counsel are apt to forget +the strength of the forces to be dealt with, for it is +during youth especially that sex attractions are so +powerful, and, may I add, so delightful. Middle-aged +people may be divided into three classes.</p> + +<p>Those who are still young.</p> + +<p>Those who have forgotten they were young.</p> + +<p>Those who were never young.</p> + +<p>And it is with the first class before my eyes that I +am privileged to address this audience.</p> + +<p>I will confine my attention to the sexual relationships +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span>between unrelated adult people in youth and +prime.</p> + +<p>It is common ground that sex love between such +people should be the physical expression of a lasting +affection, and be so intimately blended with the +feelings of helpfulness, sympathy, and intimate +friendship as to form a union of body, mind and +spirit. It further should be associated with the love +of and desire for children.</p> + +<p>This complex is best secured by the institution of +marriage.</p> + +<p>All its constituent features, except two, are vividly +realised in intimate friendship, and above all, in +that unique bond between mother and son which +with some of us is the most wonderful thing in our +lives.</p> + +<p>Its two exclusively distinctive features are: <i>sex +love</i> and <i>child love</i>.</p> + +<p>These are the real problems before us to-day, +particularly the former, and if in these remarks I +seem to concentrate on the problems of sex love, be it +understood I do so from a desire to save the time of +the meeting and not because I think sex love should +reign alone in unbalanced supremacy.</p> + +<p>And by sex love I mean that love which involves +intercourse or the desire for such.</p> + +<p>It is necessary to my argument to emphasise that +sex love is one of the clamant dominating forces of +the world. Not only does history show the destinies +of nations and dynasties determined by its sway—but +here in our every-day life we see its influence, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span>direct or indirect, forceful and ubiquitous beyond +aught else.</p> + + +<h3><span class="smcap">An Imperious Instinct.</span></h3> + +<p>Any statesmanlike review, therefore, will recognise +that here we have an instinct—so fundamental, so +imperious—that its influence is a fact which has to +be accepted: suppress it you cannot. You may +guide it into healthy channels—but an outlet it will +have, and if that outlet is inadequate or unduly +obstructed, irregular channels will be forced.</p> + +<p>We uphold the control of sex love outside marriage +by the individual—and that we are right in so doing +is incontestable. But let us realise that in practice +self-control has a breaking point, and that if in any +community marriage is difficult or late of attainment, +an increase of irregular unions will inevitably result.</p> + +<p>That the Church recognises this is shown by the +statement that marriage was instituted to prevent sin. +In considering the problem of illicit intercourse and +its attendant evils the social conditions that make for +a wholesome life are of more efficiency than Acts of +Parliament to suppress vice.</p> + +<p>My desire, however, on this occasion is rather to +consider sex love in relation to marriage. The first +point I wish to make is that people need more +knowledge of the scientific bearings of sex relations +and more clearly defined guidance of their rightful +purport and practice. They are imperfectly provided +with both. We talk about instructing the +young when we are neither clear nor agreed amongst +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span>ourselves, and the young are endangered as much by +crudity as by absence of instruction.</p> + +<p>All are agreed that union of body should be in +association with union of mind and soul; all are +agreed that the rearing of children is a pre-eminent +purpose. But what purport is there beyond these? +Here there is a lack of precision.</p> + + +<h3><span class="smcap">The Church and Marriage.</span></h3> + +<p>What does the Church service say? It says +“Marriage was ordained for a remedy against sin, +and to avoid fornication; that such persons as have +not the gift of continency might marry and keep +themselves undefiled members of Christ’s body.”</p> + +<p>Now this is a very negative blessing. It implies +that where unfortunately people cannot be continent +that marriage gives the best way out—enables them +to get relief within the pale of virtue. This attitude +affords to sex love no positive purport or merit of +its own, and is in striking conflict with the facts of +life through the ages—facts which carry social +approval.</p> + +<p>The recent pronouncement of the Church as set +forth in Resolution 68 of the Lambeth Conference +seems to imply condemnation of sex love as such, +and to imply sanction of sex love <i>only</i> as a means to +an end—namely, procreation, though it must be +admitted it lacks that clearness of direction which in +so vital a matter one would have expected. It almost +reminds me of one of those diplomatic formulæ +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span>which is not intended to be too clear. Allow me to +quote from it:—</p> + +<p>“In opposition to the teaching which under the +name of science and religion encourages married +people in the deliberate cultivation of sexual union +as an end in itself, we steadfastly uphold what must +always be regarded as the governing consideration +of Christian marriage. One is the primary purpose +for which marriage exists—namely, the continuation +of the race through the gift and heritage of children; +the other is the paramount importance in married +life of deliberate and thoughtful self-control.”</p> + + +<h3><span class="smcap">The Facts of Life.</span></h3> + +<p>Now the plain meaning of this statement is that +sexual union should take place for the sole purpose +of procreation, that sexual union as <i>an</i> end in itself—not, +mind you, <i>the</i> only end—(there we should all +agree), but sexual union as <i>an</i> end in itself is to be +condemned.</p> + +<p>That means that sexual intercourse should rightly +take place <i>only</i> for the purpose of procreation.</p> + +<p>Now the large majority of conceptions take place +immediately after and before the monthly period.</p> + +<p>Quite a large family could easily result from quite +a few sexual unions. For the rest the couple should +be celibate. Any intercourse not having procreation +as its intention is “sexual union as an end in itself,” +and therefore by inference condemned by the +Lambeth Conference.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span>Think of the facts of life. Let us recall our own +love—our marriage, our honeymoon. Has not +sexual union over and over again been the physical +expression of our love without thought or intention +of procreation? Have we all been wrong? Or is +it that the Church lacks that vital contact with the +realities of life which accounts for the gulf between +her and the people?</p> + +<p>The love envisaged by the Lambeth Conference is +an invertebrate joyless thing—not worth the having. +Fortunately it is in contrast to the real thing as +practised by clergy and laity.</p> + +<p>Fancy an ardent lover (and what respect have you +for a lover who is not ardent)—the type you would +like your daughter to marry—virile, ambitious, +chivalrous—a man who means to work hard and +love hard. Fancy putting before these lovers—eager +and expectant of the joys before them—the +Lambeth picture of marriage. Do you expect to +gain their confidence?</p> + +<p>They ask for bread; you give them a stone.</p> + + +<h3><span class="smcap">Allegiance of the Young.</span></h3> + +<p>Authority, and I include under authority the +Churches, will never gain the allegiance of the +young unless their attitude is more frank, more +courageous, and more in accordance with realities.</p> + +<p>And to tell you the truth, I am not sure that too +much prudent self-restraint suits love and its purport. +Romance and deliberate self-control do not, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span>to my mind, rhyme very well together. A touch of +madness to begin with does no harm. Heaven +knows life sobers it soon enough. If you don’t start +life with a head of steam you won’t get far.</p> + +<p>Sex love has, apart from parenthood, a purport of +its own. It is something to prize and to cherish for +its own sake. It is an essential part of health and +happiness in marriage. And now, if you will allow +me, I will carry this argument a step further.</p> + +<p>If sexual union is a gift of God it is worth learning +how to use it. Within its own sphere it should be +cultivated so as to bring physical satisfaction to both, +not merely to one. The attainment of mutual and +reciprocal joy in their relations constitutes a firm +bond between two people and makes for durability +of their marriage tie.</p> + +<p>Reciprocity in sex love is the physical counterpart +of sympathy. More marriages fail from inadequate +and clumsy sex love than from too much sex love.</p> + + +<h3><span class="smcap">Passion a Worthy Possession.</span></h3> + +<p>The lack of proper understanding is in no small +measure responsible for the unfulfilment of (connubial) +happiness, and every degree of discontent +and unhappiness may from this cause occur, leading +to rupture of the marriage bond itself. How often +do medical men have to deal with these difficulties, +and how fortunate if such difficulties are disclosed +early enough in married life to be rectified. Otherwise +how tragic may be their consequences, and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span>many a case in the Divorce Court has thus had its +origin.</p> + +<p>To the foregoing contentions it might be objected +you are encouraging passion. My reply would be, +passion is a worthy possession; most men, who are +any good, are capable of passion.</p> + +<p>You all enjoy ardent and passionate love in art +and literature. Why not give it a place in real life?</p> + +<p>Why some people look askance at passion is +because they are confusing it with sensuality. Sex +love without passion is a poor, lifeless thing. Sensuality, +on the other hand, is on a level with gluttony—a +physical excess—detached from sentiment, chivalry, +or tenderness.</p> + +<p>It is just as important to give sex love its place as +to avoid its over emphasis. Its real and effective +restraints are those imposed by a loving and sympathetic +companionship, by the privileges of parenthood, +the exacting claims of career and that civic +sense which prompts men to do social service.</p> + +<p>Now that the revision of the Prayer Book is +receiving consideration, I should like to suggest, +with great respect, that an addition be made to the +objects of marriage in the Marriage Service, in these +terms: “The complete realisation of the love of this +man and this woman, the one for the other.”</p> + + +<h3><span class="smcap">Birth Control.</span></h3> + +<p>And now, if you will permit me, I will pass on to +consider the all-important question of Birth Control.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span>First, I will put forward with confidence the view +that birth control is here to stay. It is an established +fact, and for good or evil has to be accepted. Although +the extent of its application can be and is being +modified, no denunciations will abolish it.</p> + +<p>Despite the influence and condemnations of the +Church, it has been practised in France for well over +half a century, and in Belgium and other Catholic +countries is extending. And if the Roman Catholic +Church, with its compact organisation, its power of +authority, and its discipline, cannot check this procedure, +is it likely that Protestant Churches will be +able to do so?—for Protestant religions depend for +their strength on the conviction and esteem they +establish in the heads and hearts of their people.</p> + +<p>The reasons which lead parents to limit their +offspring are sometimes selfish, but more often +honourable and cogent. The desire to marry and +to rear children well equipped for life’s struggle, +limited incomes, the cost of living, burdensome +taxation, are forcible motives; and, further, amongst +the educated classes there is the desire of women to +take a part in life and their husband’s careers, which +is incompatible with oft-recurring pregnancies. +Absence of birth control means late marriages, and +these carry with them irregular unions and all the +baneful consequences.</p> + +<p>It is idle to decry illicit intercourse and interpose +obstacles to marriage at one and the same time.</p> + +<p>But, say many whose opinions are entitled to our +respect: “Yes—birth control may be necessary, but +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span>the only birth control which is justifiable is voluntary +abstention from connubial relations.” Such abstention +would be either ineffective or, if effective, impracticable +and harmful to health and happiness.</p> + +<p>To limit the size of a family to, say, four children +during a child-bearing period of 20–25 years, would +be to impose on a married couple an amount of +abstention which for long periods would almost be +equivalent to celibacy, and when one remembers that +owing to economic reasons the abstention would +have to be most strict during the earlier years of +married life when desires are strongest, I maintain +a demand is being made which for the mass of +people it is impossible to meet; that the endeavours +to meet it would impose a strain hostile to health and +happiness and carry with them grave dangers to +morals.</p> + +<p>Imagine a young married couple in love with each +other—the parents, say, of one child, who feel they +cannot afford another child for, say, three years—being +expected to occupy the same room and to +abstain for two years. The thing is preposterous. +You might as well put water by the side of a man +suffering from thirst and tell him not to drink it.</p> + +<p>And further than that, if the efforts to abstain are +seriously made the strain involved is harmful to the +health and temper—if the efforts do not succeed the +minds of husband and wife are troubled by doubts +and anxieties which are damaging to their intimate +relationships. And, moreover, if this harmful +restraint succeeds in preventing conception there +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span>eventuates the inevitable prevalence of sex excitement +followed by abortive and half-realised satisfaction, +and the enhanced risk of the man or woman +yielding to outside sex temptations.</p> + +<p>No—birth control by abstention is either ineffective, +or, if effective, is pernicious.</p> + + +<h3><span class="smcap">The Home’s True Interests.</span></h3> + +<p>I will next consider Artificial Control. The +forces in modern life which make for birth control +are so strong that only convincing reasons will make +people desist from it. It is said to be unnatural and +intrinsically immoral. This word unnatural perplexes +me. Civilisation involves the chaining of +natural forces and their conversion to man’s will and +uses. Much of medicine and surgery consists of +means to overcome nature.</p> + +<p>When anæsthetics were first used at childbirth +there was an outcry on the part of many worthy and +religious people that their use under such circumstances +was unnatural and wicked, because God +meant woman to suffer the struggles and pains of +childbirth. Now we all admit it is right to control +the process of childbirth, and to save the mother as +much pain as possible. It is no more unnatural to +control conception by artificial means than to control +childbirth by artificial means. Surely the whole +question turns on whether these artificial means are +for the good or harm of the individual and the community! +Do all contraceptive measures damage the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span>individual? The answer to that depends on the +purpose for which they are used. If they are +used to render unions childless or inadequately +fruitful they are harmful. There are grounds for +thinking that unrealisation of maternity favours +sterility.</p> + +<p>Generally speaking, birth control before the first +child is inadvisable. On the other hand, the justifiable +use of birth control is to limit the number of +children, and to spread out their arrival in such a +way as to serve their true interests and those of +their home.</p> + +<p>That such applications of birth control produce +no harm receives support from the study of the +numbers and distribution of the children of the +professional classes.</p> + +<p>The advantage and disadvantage of this or that +contraceptive is a technical matter for the doctors +to determine.</p> + +<p>Again, it has been stated that artificial control is +harmful because it leads to excessive indulgence. +Experience and evidence are against this being a +fact.</p> + +<p>Contraceptives by the time and circumstance of +their application involve prudence and control. The +proper and efficient restraints on undue sexual +indulgence are to be found in mutual consideration, +sympathy, and tenderness and the pressing claims +of life’s duties.</p> + +<p>The sensualist who is not deterred from excess by +these considerations will be completely careless +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span>whether his indulgence results in children or not—he +is moved by his selfish impulses alone.</p> + + +<h3><span class="smcap">Careful Distinction.</span></h3> + +<p>Once more, careful distinction needs to be made +between the use and the bad effects of the abuse +of birth control. That its abuse produces harm +I fully agree—harm to parents, to families, and to the +nation. But abuse is not a just condemnation of +legitimate use. Over-eating, over-drinking, over-smoking, +over-sleeping, over-work do not carry +condemnation of eating, drinking, smoking, sleeping, +work.</p> + +<p>But the evils of excessive birth control are very +real. There is first the individual—every woman is +better in body and mind for child bearing—the +periodic completion of the maternal cycle brings out +the best, preserves youth and maintains vital contact +with life. Maternity gives to woman her most +beautiful attributes. Fancy being mad enough to +suppress it! If one watches the woman with one +child and all maternity finished before thirty, and +compare her at forty with the woman of the same +age who has had, say, four children at proper intervals, +who usually has the advantage in preservation +of youth and beauty? Not the former.</p> + +<p>On the other hand, it must be admitted that baby +after baby every year or eighteen months wears and +often exhausts a woman’s strength. The inference +is that the use of birth control is good, its abuse bad.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span>Next, the children. Is it even necessary to refer +to the failure of the single-child household? Poor +little thing! Surrounded by over-anxious parents, +spoilt, no children to play with, bored stiff by adults. +And then, perhaps, illness, and it may be death—and +when it is too late to produce another.</p> + +<p>Of the many tragedies I met in the war none +exceeded that attaching to the loss of only children. +It often means the end of all things; nothing to live +for—just blank despair.</p> + + +<h3><span class="smcap">The Way of Happiness.</span></h3> + +<p>The parents and the home both need children of +varying ages. That is the way of happiness and +enduring youth.</p> + +<p>And lastly, the national aspect may be stated very +briefly. If England is not to lose her place in the +world her population must be maintained. Unless +fathers and mothers produce an average of over +three children that population will not be maintained.</p> + +<p>If you say to a young husband and wife with +their one or two children, “Do you like to contemplate +that when you both leave life your country +will, through your action, be worse off than when +you entered life?” that is an appeal to patriotism, +and likely to be a successful appeal.</p> + +<p>There are signs of a public opinion forming which +will condemn the selfishness of marriages without +their proper heritage of children, but such public +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span>opinion will not be strengthened by an indiscriminate +condemnation of birth control.</p> + +<p>May I end my speech with an appeal that the +Church approaches this question, in common with +certain others, in the light of modern knowledge and +the needs of a new world, and unhampered by +traditions which have outworn their usefulness?</p> + +<p class="printer"><!-- <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span> -->PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY<br /> +THE WHITEFRIARS PRESS, LTD., LONDON AND TONBRIDGE.</p> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Love--Marriage--Birth Control, by Bertrand Dawson + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LOVE--MARRIAGE--BIRTH CONTROL *** + +***** This file should be named 26837-h.htm or 26837-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/6/8/3/26837/ + +Produced by Bryan Ness, Markus Brenner and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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