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+Project Gutenberg's Notes and Queries, No. 209, October 29 1853, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Notes and Queries, No. 209, October 29 1853
+       A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists,
+       Antiquaries, Geneologists, etc.
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: December 15, 2008 [EBook #27538]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Charlene Taylor, Neville Allen, Jonathan Ingram
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by The Internet Library of Early
+Journals.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
++--------------------------------------------------------------+
+| Transcriber's Note: Italicized words, phrases, etc. are      |
+| surrounded by _underline characters_. Greek transliterations |
+| are surrounded by ~tildes~. Hebrew transliterations appear   |
+| like ¤this¤. Irish is indicated thus: +Irish+. Diacritical   |
+| marks over characters are bracketed: [=x] indicates a macron |
+| over the letter, [(x] indicates a breve. Archaic spellings   |
+| have been retained.                                          |
++--------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+{405}
+NOTES AND QUERIES:
+
+A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES,
+GENEALOGISTS, ETC.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"WHEN FOUND, MAKE A NOTE OF."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+No. 209.]
+Saturday, October 29. 1853.
+[Price Fourpence. Stamped Edition, 5d.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+NOTES:--                                                         Page
+  The Scottish National Records                                   405
+  Patrick Carey                                                   406
+  Inedited Lyric by Felicia Hemans, by Weld Taylor                407
+  "Green Eyes," by Harry Leroy Temple                             407
+  Shakspeare Correspondence, by Samuel Hickson, &c.               408
+
+  MINOR NOTES:--Monumental Inscriptions--Marlborough
+    at Blenheim--Etymology of "till," "until"
+  --Dog-whipping Day in Hull--State                               408
+
+QUERIES:--
+  Polarised Light.                                                409
+
+  MINOR QUERIES:--"Salus Populi," &c.--Dramatic
+    Representations by the Hour-glass--John Campbell
+    of Jamaica--Hodgkins's Tree, Warwick--The
+    Doctor--English Clergyman in Spain--Caldecott's
+    Translation of the New Testament--Westhumble
+    Chapel--Perfect Tense--La Fleur des Saints--
+    Oasis--Book Reviews, their Origin--Martyr of
+    Collet Well--Black as a Mourning Colour--The
+    Word "Mardel," or "Mardle," whence derived?--
+    Analogy between the Genitive and Plural--Ballina
+    Castle--Henry I.'s Tomb--"For man proposes, but
+    God disposes"--Garrick Street, May Fair--The
+    Forlorn Hope--Mitred Abbot in Wroughton Church,
+    Wilts--Reynolds' Portrait of Barretti--Crosses on
+    Stoles--Temporalities of the Church--Etymology
+    of "The Lizard"--Worm in Books                                410
+
+  MINOR QUERIES WITH ANSWERS:--Siller Gun of Dumfries
+    --Margery Trussell--Caves at Settle, Yorkshire--
+    The Morrow of a Feast--Hotchpot--High and Low
+    Dutch--"A Wilderness of Monkies"--Splitting
+    Paper--The Devil on Two Sticks in England                     412
+
+REPLIES:--
+  Stone Pillar Worship and Idol Worship, by William
+  Blood, &c.                                                      413
+  "Blagueur" and "Blackguard" by Philarète Chasles                414
+  Harmony of the Four Gospels by C. Hardwick, T. J.
+  Buckton, Chris. Roberts, &c.                                    415
+  Small Words and Low Words, by Harry Leroy Temple                416
+  A Chapter on Rings                                              416
+  Anticipatory Use of the Cross.--Ringing Bells for the
+  Dead                                                            417
+
+  PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE:--Stereoscopic Angles               419
+
+  REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES:--Berefellarii--"To
+    know ourselves diseased," &c.--Gloves at Fairs--
+    "An" before "u" long--"The Good Old Cause"
+    --Jeroboam of Claret, &c.--Humbug--"Could we
+    with ink," &c.--"Hurrah!"--"Qui facit per alium
+    facit per se"--Tsar--Scrape--Baskerville--
+    Sheriffs of Glamorganshire--Synge Family--Lines
+    on Woman--Lisle Family--Duval Family                          420
+
+MISCELLANEOUS:--
+  Books and Odd Volumes wanted                                    423
+  Notices to Correspondents                                       424
+  Advertisements                                                  424
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+NOTES.
+
+THE SCOTTISH NATIONAL RECORDS.
+
+The two principal causes of the loss of these records are, the
+abstraction of them by Edward I. in 1292, and the destruction of a great
+many others by the reformers in their religious zeal. It so happens that
+up to the time of King Robert Bruce, the history is not much to be
+depended on. A great many valuable papers connected with the ancient
+ecclesiastical state of Scotland were carried off to the Continent by
+the members of the ancient hierarchy, who retired there after the
+Reformation. Many have, no doubt, been destroyed by time, and in the
+destruction of their depositories by revolutions and otherwise. That a
+great many are yet in existence abroad, as well as at home, which would
+throw great light on Scottish history, and which have not yet been
+discovered, there is no doubt, notwithstanding the unceremonious manner
+in which many of them were treated. At the time when the _literati_ were
+engaged in investigating the authenticity of Ossian's _Poems_ (to go no
+farther back), it was stated that there was in the library of the Scotch
+College at Douay a Gaelic MS. of several of the poems of great
+antiquity, and which, if produced, would have set the question at rest.
+On farther inquiry, however, it was stated that it had been torn up,
+along with others, and used by the students for the purpose of kindling
+the fires. It is gratifying to the antiquary that discoveries are from
+time to time being made, of great importance: it was announced lately
+that there had been discovered at the Treasury a series of papers
+relating to the rebellion of 1715-16, consisting chiefly of informations
+of persons said to have taken part in the rising; and an important mass
+of papers relative to the rebellion of 1745-46. There has also been
+discovered at the Chapter House at Westminster, the correspondence
+between Edward I., Edward II., and their lieutenants in Scotland, Aymer
+de Valance, Earl of Pembroke, John, Earl of Warren, and Hugh
+Cressingham. The letters patent have also been found, by which, in 1304,
+William Lamberton, Bishop of St. Andrew's, testified his having come
+into the peace of the king of England, and {406}found himself to answer
+for the temporalities of his bishopric to the English king. Stray
+discoveries are now and then made in the charter-rooms of royal burghs,
+as sometime ago there was found in the Town-house of Aberdeen a charter
+and several confirmations by King Robert Bruce. The ecclesiastical
+records of Scotland also suffered in our own day; the original charters
+of the assembly from 1560 to 1616 were presented to the library of Sion
+College, London Wall, London, in 1737, by the Honorable Archibald
+Campbell (who had been chosen by the Presbyters as Bishop of Aberdeen in
+1721), under such conditions as might effectually prevent them again
+becoming the property of the Kirk of Scotland. Their production having
+been requested by a committee of the House of Commons, the records were
+produced and laid on the table of the committee-room on the 5th of May,
+1834. They were consumed in the fire which destroyed the houses of
+parliament on the 16th of October of the same year. It was only after
+1746, and on the breaking up of the feudal system, when men's minds
+began to calm down, that any attention was paid to Scottish antiquities.
+Indeed, previous to that period, had any one asked permission to examine
+the charter chests of our most ancient families, purely for a literary
+purpose, he would have been suspected of maturing evidence for the
+purpose of depriving them of their estates. No such objection now
+exists, and every facility is afforded both the publishing clubs and
+private individuals in their researches. Much has been done by the
+Abbotsford, Bannatyne, Maitland, Roxburgh, Spalding, and other clubs, in
+elucidating Scottish history and antiquities, but much remains to be
+done. "If it were done, when 'tis done, then 'twere well it were done
+quickly," as every day lost renders the attainment of the object more
+difficult; and it is to be hoped that these clubs will be supported as
+they deserve.[1]
+
+The student of Scottish history will find much useful and important
+information in Robertson's _Index of Charters_; Sir Joseph Ayloffe's
+_Calendars of Ancient Charters_; _Documents and Records illustrative of
+the History Of Scotland_, edited by Sir Francis Palgrave, 1837;
+Jamieson's _History of the Culdees_; Toland's _History of the Druids_;
+Balfour's _History of the Picts_; Chalmers' _Caledonia_; Stuart's
+_Caledonia Romana_; _History of the House and Clan Mackay_; _The
+Genealogical Account of the Barclays of Ury for upwards of 700 Years_;
+Gordon's _History of the House of Sutherland_; M'Nicol's _Remarks on
+Johnson's Journey to the Western Isles_; Kennedy's _Annals of Aberdeen_;
+Dalrymple's _Annals_, &c. &c.
+
+    ABREDONENSIS.
+
+    [Footnote 1: See _Scottish Journal_, Edinburgh, 1847, p. 3., for a
+    very interesting article on the Early Records of Scotland.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PATRICK CAREY.
+
+Looking over Evelyn's _Diary_, edited by Mr. Barry, 4to., 2nd edit.,
+London, 1819, I came upon the following. Evelyn being at Rome, in 1644,
+says:
+
+    "I was especially recommended to Father John, a Benedictine Monk and
+    Superior of the Order for the English College of Douay; a person of
+    singular learning, religion, and humanity; also to Mr. Patrick Cary,
+    an abbot, brother to our learned Lord Falkland, a witty young priest,
+    who afterwards came over to our church."
+
+It immediately occurred to me, that this "witty young priest" might be
+Sir Walter Scott's _protégé_, and the author of "_Triviall Poems and
+Triolets_, written in obedience to Mrs. Tomkins' commands by Patrick
+Carey, Aug. 20, 1651," and published for the first time at London in
+1820, from a MS. in the possession of the editor.
+
+Sir Walter, in introducing his "forgotten poet," merely informs us that
+his author "appears to have been a gentleman, a loyalist, a lawyer, and
+a rigid high churchman, if not a Roman Catholic."
+
+In the first part of this book, which the author calls his "Triviall
+Poems," the reader will find ample proof that his character would fit
+the "witty young priest" of Evelyn; as well as the gentle blood, and
+hatred to the Roundheads of Sir Walter. As a farther proof that Patrick
+Carey the priest, and Patrick the poet, may be identical, take the
+following from one of his poems, comparing the old Church with the
+existing one:
+
+  "Our Church still flourishing w' had seene,
+  If th' holy-writt had euer beene
+  Kept out of laymen's reach;
+  But, when 'twas English'd, men halfe-witted,
+  Nay, woemen too, would be permitted,
+  T' expound all texts and preach."
+
+The second part of Carey's poetical essays is entitled "I will sing unto
+the Lord," and contains a few "Triolets;" all of an ascetic savour, and
+strongly confirmatory of the belief that the author may have taken the
+monastic vow:
+
+  "Worldly designes, feares, hopes, farwell!
+  Farwell all earthly joyes and cares!
+  On nobler thoughts my soule shall dwell;
+  Worldly designes, feares, hopes, farwell!
+  Att quiett, in my peaceful cell,
+  I'le thincke on God, free from your snares;
+  Worldly designes, feares, hopes, farwell!
+  Farwell all earthly joys and cares.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  Pleasure att courts is but in show,
+  With true content in cells wee meete;
+  Yes (my deare Lord!) I've found it soe,
+  Noe joyes but thine are purely sweete!"
+
+The quotation from the Psalms, which forms the title to this second
+part, is placed above "a helmet and a shield," which Sir Walter has
+transferred {407}to his title. This "bears what heralds call a cross
+anchorée, or a cross moline, with a motto, _Tant que je puis_." With the
+exception of the rose beneath this, there is no identification here of
+Patrick Carey with the Falkland family. This cross, placed before
+religious poems, may however be intended to indicate their subjects, and
+the writer's profession, rather than his family escutcheon; although
+that may be pointed at in the rose alluded to, the Falklands bearing "on
+a bend three roses of the field."
+
+    J. O.
+
+    ["Ah! you do not know Pat Carey, a younger brother of Lord
+    Falkland's," says the disguised Prince Charles to Dr. Albany
+    Rochecliffe in Sir Walter Scott's _Woodstock_. So completely has
+    the fame of the great Lord Falkland eclipsed that of his brothers,
+    that many are, doubtless, in the same blissful state with good Dr.
+    Rochecliffe, although _two_ editions of the poet's works have been
+    given to the world. In 1771, Mr. John Murray published the poems of
+    Carey, from a collection alleged to be in the hands of a Rev.
+    Pierrepont Cromp, apparently a fictitious name. In 1820, Sir Walter
+    Scott, ignorant, as he confesses himself, at the time of an earlier
+    edition, edited once more the poems, employing an original MS.
+    presented to him by Mr. Murray. In a note in _Woodstock_, Sir Walter
+    sums up the information he had procured concerning the author,
+    which, scanty as it is, is not without interest. "Of Carey," he
+    says, "the second editor, like the first, only knew the name and the
+    spirit of the verses. He has since been enabled to ascertain that
+    the poetic cavalier was a younger brother of the celebrated Henry
+    Lord Carey, who fell at the battle of Newberry, and escaped the
+    researches of Horace Walpole, to whose list of noble authors he
+    would have been an important addition." The first edition of the
+    poems appeared under the following title, _Poems from a Manuscript
+    written in the Time of Oliver Cromwell_, 4to. 1771, 1_s._ 6_d._:
+    Murray. It contains only nine pieces, whereas the present edition
+    contains thirty-seven.--ED.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+INEDITED LYRIC BY FELICIA HEMANS.
+
+A short time since I discovered the following in the handwriting of Mrs.
+Hemans, and it accompanied an invitation of a more prosaic description
+to a gentleman of her acquaintance, and a relative of mine, now
+deceased. I thought it worth preserving, in case any future edition of
+her works appeared; but the 13th, 14th, and 15th lines are defective,
+from the seal, or some other accident, having torn them off, and one is
+missing. And though perhaps it would not be difficult to restore them,
+yet I have not ventured to do so myself. The last two lines appear to
+convey a melancholy foreboding of the poet's sad and early fate. Can any
+one restore the defective parts?
+
+    WELD TAYLOR.
+
+Bayswater.
+
+_Water Lilies._
+
+  Come away, Puck, while the dew is sweet;
+  Come to the dingle where fairies meet.
+  Know that the lilies have spread their bells
+  O'er all the pools in our mossy dells;
+  Stilly and lightly their vases rest
+  On the quivering sleep of the waters' breast,
+  Catching the sunshine thro' leaves that throw
+  To their scented bosoms an emerald glow;
+  And a star from the depth of each pearly cup,
+  A golden star! unto heaven looks up,
+  As if seeking its kindred, where bright they lie,
+  Set in the blue of the summer sky.
+  .... under arching leaves we'll float,
+  .... with reeds o'er the fairy moat,
+  .... forth wild music both sweet and low.
+  It shall seem from the rich flower's heart,
+  As if 'twere a breeze, with a flute's faint sigh.
+  Cone, Puck, for the midsummer sun uproars strong,
+  And the life of the Lily may not be long.--MAB.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+"GREEN EYES."
+
+Having long been familiar with only one instance of the possession of
+eyes of this hue--the well-known case of the "_green-eyed_ monster
+Jealousy,"--and not having been led by that association to think of them
+as a beauty, I have been surprised lately at finding them not
+unfrequently seriously admired. _Ex. gr.:_
+
+    "_Victorian._ How is that young and _green-eyed_ Gaditana
+    That you both wot of?
+
+    _Don Carlos._ Ay, soft _emerald_ eyes!"
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    _Victorian._ A pretty girl: and in her tender eyes,
+    Just that soft shade of _green_ we sometimes see
+    In evening skies."
+
+          Longfellow's _Spanish Student_, Act II. Sc. 3.
+
+    Mr. Longfellow adds in a note:
+
+    "The Spaniards, with good reason, consider this colour of the eye as
+    beautiful, and celebrate it in a song; as, for example, in the
+    well-known Villancico:
+
+  'Ay ojuelos verdes,
+  Ay los mis ojuelos,
+  Ay hagan los cielos
+  Que de mi te acuerdes!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  Tengo confianza,
+  De mis verdes ojos.'"
+
+    Böhl de Faber, _Floresta_, No. 255.
+
+
+I have seen somewhere, I think in one of the historical romances of
+Alexander Dumas (Père), a popular jingle about
+
+    "La belle Duchesse de Nevers,
+    Aux yeux verts," &c.
+
+And lastly, see _Two Gentlemen of Verona_, Act IV. Sc. 4., where the
+ordinary text has:
+
+    "Her eyes are grey as glass, and so are mine."
+
+Here "The MS. corrector of the folio 1682 converts 'grey' into
+'_green_:' 'Her eyes are _green_ as {408} _grass;_' and such, we have
+good reason to suppose, was the true reading." (Collier's _Shakspeare
+Notes and Emendations_, p. 25.)
+
+The modern slang, "Do you see anything _green_ in my eye?" can hardly, I
+suppose, be called in evidence on the question of beauty or ugliness. Is
+there any more to be found in favour of "_green eyes_?"
+
+    HARRY LEROY TEMPLE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SHAKSPEARE CORRESPONDENCE.
+
+_On the Death of Falstaff_ (Vol. viii., p. 314.).--The remarks of your
+correspondents J. B. and NEMO on this subject are so obvious, and I
+think I may also admit in a measure so just, that it appears to me only
+respectful to them, and to all who may feel reluctant to give up
+Theobald's reading, that I should give some detailed reason for
+dissenting from their conclusion.
+
+In the first place, when Falstaff began to "play with flowers and smile
+upon his fingers' ends," it was no far-fetched thought to place him in
+fancy among green fields; and if the disputed passage were in immediate
+connexion with the above, the argument in its favour would be stronger.
+But, unfortunately, Mrs. Quickly brings in here the conclusion at which
+she arrives: "I knew there was but one way; _for_," she adds, as a
+farther reason, and referring to the physical evidences upon his frame
+of the approach of death, "his nose was as sharp as a pen on a table of
+green frieze." We can hardly imagine him "babbling" at this moment. "How
+now, Sir John, quoth I;" she continues, apparently to rouse him: "What,
+man! be of good cheer. _So_ [thus roused] 'a cried out--God, God, God!
+three or four times: now, I to _comfort_ him," &c. Does this look as
+though he were in the happy state of mind your correspondents imagine? I
+take no account of his crying out of sack and of women, &c., as that
+might have been at an earlier period. At the same time it does not
+follow, had Shakspeare intended to replace him in fancy amid the scenes
+of his youth, that he should have talked of them. A man who is (or
+imagines he is) in green fields, does not talk about green fields,
+however he may enjoy them. Both your correspondents seem to anticipate
+this difficulty, and meet it by supposing Falstaff to be "babbling
+snatches of hymns;" but this I conceive to be far beyond the limits of
+reasonable conjecture. In fact, the whole of their very beautiful theory
+rests upon the very disputed passage in question. At an earlier period
+apparently, his mind did wander; when, as Mrs. Quickly says, he was
+"rheumatick," meaning doubtless _lunatic_, that is, delirious; and then
+he talked of other things. When he began to "fumble with the sheets, and
+play with flowers, and smile upon his fingers' ends," though for a
+moment he might have fancied himself even "in his mother's lap," or
+anything else, he was clearly past all "babbling." In saying this, I
+treat Falstaff as a human being who lived and died, and whose actions
+were recorded by the faithfullest observer of Nature that ever wrote.
+
+    SAMUEL HICKSON.
+
+
+_Passage in "Tempest."--_
+
+  "Thy banks with pioned and twilled brims,
+  Which spongy April at thy best betrims,
+  To make cold nymphs chaste crowns."
+
+  _Tempest_, Act IV. Sc. 1.
+
+The above is the reading of the first folio. _Pioned_ is explained by
+MR. COLLIER, "to dig," as in Spenser; but MR. HALLIWELL (_Monograph
+Shakspeare_, vol. i. p. 425.) finds no authority to support such an
+interpretation. MR. COLLIER'S anonymous annotator writes "tilled;" but
+surely this is a very artificial process to be performed by "spongy
+April." Hanmer proposed "peonied;" Heath, "lilied;" and MR. HALLIWELL
+admits this is more poetical (and surely more correct), but appears to
+prefer "twilled," embroidered or interwoven with flowers. A friend of
+mine suggested that "lilied" was peculiarly appropriate to form "cold
+nymphs chaste crowns," from its imputed power as a preserver of
+chastity: and in MR. HALLIWELL'S folio, several examples are quoted from
+old poets of "peony" spelt "piony;" and of both _peony_ and _lily_ as
+"defending from unchaste thoughts." Surely, then, the reading of the
+first folio is a mere typographical error, and _peonied_ and _lilied_
+the most poetical and correct.
+
+    ESTE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+MINOR NOTES.
+
+
+_Monumental Inscriptions_ (Vol. viii., p. 215. &c.).--I have never seen
+the monumental inscription of Theodore Palæologus accurately copied in
+any book. When in Cornwall lately, I took the trouble to copy it, and as
+some of your readers may like to see the thing as it is, I send it line
+for line, word for word, and letter for letter. It is found, as is well
+known, in the little out-of-the-way church of St. Landulph, near
+Saltash.
+
+    "Here lyeth the body of Theodoro Paleologus Of Pesaro in Italye,
+    descended from ye Imperyail Lyne of ye last Christian Emperors of
+    Greece Being the sonne of Camilio, ye so[=n]e of Prosper the sonne
+    of Theodoro the sonne of Iohn, ye sonne of Thomas, second brother to
+    Constantine Paleologus, the 8th of that name and last of yt lyne yt
+    raygned in Constantinople, untill subdewed by the Turkes, who
+    married with Mary Ye daughter of William Balls of Hadlye in
+    Souffolke Gent, & had issue 5 children, Theodoro, Iohn, Ferdinando,
+    Maria & Dorothy, and departed this life at Clyfton ye 21th of
+    January, 1636."
+
+    ED. ST JACKSON.
+
+{409}
+_Marlborough at Blenheim._--Extract from a MS. sermon preached at Bitton
+(in Gloucestershire?) on the day of the thanksgiving for the victory
+near Hochstett, anno 1704. (By the Reverend Thomas Earle, afterwards
+Vicar of Malmesbury?)
+
+    "And so I pass to the great and glorious occasion of this day, wh
+    gives us manifold cause of praise and thanksgiving to Almighty God
+    for ... mercies and deliverances. For ye happy success of her
+    Majesty's arms both by land and sea [under the] Duke of
+    Marlborough, whose fame now flies through the world, and whose
+    glorious actions will render his name illustrious, and rank him
+    among the renowned worthies of all ages. Had that threatning
+    Bullet, wh bespattered him all over with dirt, only that he might
+    shine the brighter afterwards; had it, I say, took away his Life,
+    he had gone down to the grave with the laurels in his hand."
+
+Is this incident of the bullet mentioned in any of the cotemporary
+accounts of the battle?
+
+    E.
+
+
+_Etymology of "till," "until."_--Many monosyllables in language are,
+upon examination, found to be in reality compounds, disguised by
+contraction. A few instances are, _non_, Lat. ne-un-(us); _dont_, Fr.
+de-unde; _such_, Eng. so-like; _which_, who-like. In like manner I
+believe _till_, to-while, and _until_, unto-while. Now _while_ is
+properly a substantive, and signifies _time_, corresponding to _dum_,
+Lat., in many of its uses, which again is connected with _diu_, _dies_,
+both which are used in the indefinite sense of _a while_, as well as in
+the definite sense of _a day_. _Adesdum_, come here a while; _interdum_,
+between whiles. If ~te~ (Gr.) is connected with this root, then
+~este~, to-while, till. Lawrence Minot says, "_To time_ (till) he
+thinks to fight."
+
+_Dum_ has the double meaning of _while_ and _to-while_.
+
+    E. S. JACKSON.
+
+
+_Dog-whipping Day in Hull._--There was some time since the singular
+custom in Hull, of whipping all the dogs that were found running about
+the streets on October 10; and some thirty years since, when I was a
+boy, so common was the practice, that every little urchin considered it
+his duty to prepare a whip for any unlucky dog that might be seen in the
+streets on this day. This custom is now obsolete, those "putters down"
+of all boys' play in the streets--the new police--having effectually
+stopped this cruel pastime of the Hull boys. Perhaps some of your
+readers may be able to give a more correct origin of this singular
+custom than the one I now give from tradition:
+
+    "Previous to the suppression of monasteries in Hull, it was the
+    custom for the monks to provide liberally for the poor and the
+    wayfarer who came to the fair, held annually on the 11th of
+    October; and while busy in this necessary preparation the day
+    before the fair, a dog strolled into the larder, snatched up a
+    joint of meat and decamped with it. The cooks gave the alarm; and
+    when the dog got into the street, he was pursued by the expectants
+    of the charity of the monks, who were waiting outside the gate, and
+    made to give up the stolen joint. Whenever, after this, a dog
+    showed his face, while this annual preparation was going on, he was
+    instantly beaten off. Eventually this was taken up by the boys;
+    and, until the introduction of the new police, was rigidly put in
+    practice by them every 10th of October."
+
+I write this on October 10, 1853: and so effectually has this custom
+been suppressed, that I have neither seen nor heard of any dog having
+been this day whipped according to ancient custom.
+
+    JOHN RICHARDSON.
+
+13. Savile Street, Hull.
+
+
+_State_: _Hamlet_, Act I. Sc. 1.--Professor Wilson proposed that in the
+"high and palmy _state_ of Rome," _state_ should be taken in the sense
+of _city_:
+
+
+    "Write henceforth and for ever _State_ with a towering capital.
+    State, properly republic, here specifically and pointedly means
+    Reigning City. The ghosts walked in the city, not in the
+    republic."--Vide "Dies Boreales," No. III., _Blackwood_, August,
+    1849.
+
+Query, Has this reading been adopted by our skilled Shakspearian
+critics?
+
+Coleridge uses _state_ for _city_ in his translation of _The Death of
+Wallenstein_, Act III. Sc. 7.:
+
+                      "What think you?
+    Say, shall we have the _State_ illuminated
+    In honour of the Swede?"
+
+
+    J. M. B.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+QUERIES.
+
+
+POLARISED LIGHT.
+
+During the last summer, while amusing myself with verifying a statement
+of Sir D. Brewster respecting the light of the rainbow, viz. that it is
+polarised in particular planes, I observed a phenomenon which startled
+me exceedingly, insamuch as it was quite new to me at the time; and not
+withstanding subsequent enquiries, I cannot find that it has been
+observed by any other person. I found that _the light of the blue sky is
+partially polarised_. When analysed with a Nichols prism, the contrast
+with the surrounding clouds is very remarkable; so much so, indeed, that
+clouds of extreme tenuity, which make no impression on the unassisted
+eye, are rendered plainly visible.
+
+The most complete polarisation seems to take place near the horizon;
+and, when the sun is near the meridian, towards the west and east. The
+depth of colour appears to be immaterial, as far as I have been able to
+ascertain with an instrument but rudely constructed for the purpose. The
+light is polarised in planes passing through the {410} eye of the
+observer, and arcs of great circles intersecting the sun's disc.
+
+From the absence (so far as I am aware) of all mention of this
+remarkable fact in works on the subject, I am led to conclude that it is
+something new; should this, however, turn out otherwise, I shall be
+obliged by a reference to any author who explains the phenomenon. The
+greater intensity towards the horizon would point to successive
+refractions as the most probable theory.
+
+    H. C. K.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+MINOR QUERIES.
+
+_"Salus Populi," &c._--What is the origin of the saying, "Salus populi
+suprema lex?"
+
+    E. M.
+
+
+_Dramatic Representations by the Hour-glass._--I have seen it stated
+(but am now unable to trace the reference) that, in the infancy of the
+drama, its representations were sometimes regulated by the hour-glass.
+Does the history of the art, either among the Greeks or the Romans,
+furnish any well authenticated instance of this practice?
+
+    HENRY H. BREEN.
+
+St. Lucia.
+
+
+_John Campbell of Jamaica._--I shall be very much obliged if any of your
+readers can give me any information respecting John Campbell, Esq., of
+Gibraltar, Trelawny, Jamaica, who died in January, 1817, at Clifton (I
+believe), but to whose memory a monument was erected in Bristol
+Cathedral by his widow. I should be glad to know her maiden name, and
+whether he left any surviving family? Also how he was related to a
+family _going by the name_ of Hanam or Hannam, who lived at Arkindale,
+Yorkshire, about one hundred years before the date of his decease; he
+appears, too, to have had some connexion with a person named Isaac
+Madley, or Bradley, and through his mother with the Turners of
+Kirkleatham. This inquiry is made in the hope of unravelling a
+genealogical difficulty which has hitherto baffled all endeavour to
+solve it.
+
+    D. E. B.
+
+Leamington.
+
+
+_Hodgkins's Tree, Warwick._--In the plan of Warwick, drawn on Speed's
+Map of that county, is a tree at the end of West Street, called on the
+plan "Hodgkins's Tree:" against this tree is represented a gun, pointed
+to the left towards the fields.--Can any of your readers furnish the
+tradition to this tree pertaining?
+
+    O. L. R. G.
+
+
+_The Doctor, &c._, p. 5., one volume edition.--The sentence in the
+Garamna tongue, if anagrammatised into "You who have written Madoc and
+Thalaba and Kehama," would require a _k_ to be substituted for an _h_ in
+_Whehaha_. Query, Is this the proper mode of interpretation, or is there
+a misprint?
+
+_Saheco_, p. 248.--What name are these composite initials meant to
+represent? The others are easily deciphered. Should we read
+_Saneco_=Sarah Nelson Coleridge?
+
+    J. M. B.
+
+
+_English Clergyman in Spain._--I am anxious to discover the capacity in
+which a certain clergyman was present with the English army in Spain
+early in the eighteenth century (probably with Lord Peterborough's
+expedition). Can any readers of "N. & Q." refer me to any book or record
+from which I can obtain this information?
+
+    D. Y.
+
+
+_Caldecott's Translation of the New Testament._--I have a translation of
+the New Testament by a Mr. John Caldecott, printed and sold by J. Parry
+and Son, Chester, dated 1834. It is entitled _Holy Writings of the First
+Christians, called the New Testament_ (the text written from the common
+version, but altered by comparing with the Greek), with notes. I shall
+be glad to know who Mr. Caldecott was or is? and whether the edition
+appeared under the auspices of any society or sect of Christians?
+
+    S. A. S.
+
+Bridgewater.
+
+
+_Westhumble Chapel._--There is a ruin of a chapel in the hamlet of
+Westhumble, in Mickleham, Surrey. At what time was it built? To what
+saint consecrated? and from what cause was it allowed to fall into its
+present ruinous and desecrated condition?
+
+    J. P. S.
+
+
+_Perfect Tense._--In Albités' "Companion" to _How to speak French_, one
+of the first exercises is to turn into French the following phrase, "I
+have seen him yesterday." I should be much obliged to MR. J. S. WARDEN
+(to whom all readers of "N. & Q." stand so greatly indebted for his
+excellent article on "Will and Shall"), if he would state the rule for
+the use of the perfect tense in English in respect to specified time,
+and the _rationale_ involved in such rule.
+
+    C. MANSFIELD INGLEBY.
+
+Birmingham.
+
+
+_La Fleur des Saints._--To Molière's _Le Tartufe_ (Act I. Sc. 2.) occur
+the following lines:
+
+    "Le traitre, l'autre jour, nous rompit de ses mains Un mouchoir
+    qu'il trouva dans une _Fleur des Saints_, Disant que nous mêlions,
+    par un crime effroyable, Avec la sainteté les parures du diable."
+
+Can any of your readers inform me what _Fleur des Saints_ was? Was it a
+book? If so, what were its contents?
+
+    C. P. G.
+
+
+_Oasis._--Can any correspondent inform me of the correct quantity of the
+second syllable of this word? In Smith's _Geographical Dictionary_ it is
+marked long, while Andrews' _Lexicon_ gives it {411} short, neither of
+them giving any reason for their respective quantities.
+
+    T.
+
+
+_Book Reviews, their Origin._--Dodsley published in 1741 _The Public
+Register, or the Weekly Magazine_. Under the head of "Records of
+Literature," he undertook to give a compendious account of "whatever
+works are published either at home or abroad worthy the attention of the
+public." Was this _small_ beginning the origin of our innumerable
+reviews?
+
+    W. CRAMP
+
+
+_Martyr of Collet Well._--One James Martyr, in 1790, bought of George
+Lake the seat called Collet Well, in the parish of Otford. Can any
+reader of "N. & Q." tell from what family this Martyr sprang, and what
+their armorial bearings are?
+
+    Q. M. S.
+
+
+_Black as a Mourning Colour._--Can any of your correspondents kindly
+inform me when black was first known in England, as the colour of
+mourning robes? We read in _Hamlet_:
+
+    "'Tis not alone my inky cloak, good mother,
+    Nor customary suits of solemn black,
+    That can denote me truly."
+
+    W. W.
+
+Malta.
+
+
+_The Word "Mardel," or "Mardle," whence derived?_--It is in common use
+in the east of Norfolk in the sense of _to gossip_, thus "He would
+_mardel_ there all day long," meaning, waste his time in gossiping.
+
+    J. L. SISSON.
+
+
+_Analogy between the Genitive and Plural._--In a note by Rev. J.
+Bandinel, in Mr. Christmas' edition of Pegge's _Anecdotes of the English
+Language_, 1844, the question is asked at p. 167.:
+
+    "Why is there such an analogy, in many languages, between the
+    genitive and the plural? In Greek, in Latin, in English, and
+    German, it is so. What is the cause of this?"
+
+Can you point me to any work where this hint has been carried out?
+
+    H. T. G.
+
+Hull.
+
+
+_Ballina Castle._--Where can I see a view of Ballina Castle, in the
+county of Mayo? and what is the best historical and descriptive account
+of that county, or of the town of Castlebar, or other places in the
+county?
+
+    O. L. R. G.
+
+
+_Henry I.'s Tomb._--Lyttleton, in his _History of England_, quoting from
+an author whose name I forget, states that no monument was ever erected
+to the memory of this king in Reading Abbey. Man, on the contrary, in
+his _History of Reading_, without quoting his authority, states that a
+splendid monument was erected with recumbent figures of Henry and
+Adelais, his second wife; which was destroyed by the mistaken zeal of
+the populace during the Reformation.
+
+Which of these statements is the true one? And if Man's be, on what
+authority is it probably founded?
+
+    PEMBROKIENSIS.
+
+
+_"For man proposes, but God disposes."_--This celebrated saying is in
+book i. ch. xix. of the English translation of _De Imitatione Christi_,
+of which Hallam says more editions have been published than of any other
+book except the Bible.--Can any of your correspondents tell me whether
+the saying originated with the author, Thomas A. Kempis?
+
+    A. B. C.
+
+
+_Garrick Street, May Fair._--In Hertford Street, May Fair, there is
+fixed in the wall of a house (No. 15.) a square stone on which is
+inscribed:
+
+    "Garrick Street, January 15, 1764."
+
+I shall be glad to know the circumstances connected with this
+inscription, which is not in any way alluded to in the works descriptive
+of London to which I have referred.
+
+    C. I. R.
+
+
+_The Forlorn Hope._--The "Forlorn Hope" is the body of men who volunteer
+first to enter a besieged town, after a breach has been made in the
+fortifications. That I know: but it is evidently some quotation, and if
+any of your readers should be able to give any information as to its
+origin, and where it is to be found, I should, as I said before, be much
+obliged.
+
+    FENTON.
+
+
+_Mitred Abbot in Wroughton Church, Wilts._--Not very long ago, while
+this church was under repair, there was discovered on one of the
+pillars, behind the pulpit, a fresco painting of a mitred abbot. I have
+corresponded with the rector on the subject, but unfortunately he kept
+no drawing of it; and all the information he is able to afford me is,
+that "the vestments were those ordinarily pourtrayed, with scrip,
+crosier," &c. Such being the case, I have troubled "N. & Q." with this
+Query, in the hope that some one may be able to give me farther
+information as to date, name, &c.
+
+    RUSSELL GOLE.
+
+
+_Reynolds' Portrait of Barretti._--Can any of your correspondents inform
+me where the portrait of Barretti, by Sir Joshua Reynolds, now is?
+
+    GEO. R. CORNER.
+
+
+_Crosses on Stoles._--When were the three crosses now usually
+embroidered on priests' stoles in the Roman Catholic Church introduced?
+Were they used in England before the Reformation? In sepulchral brasses
+the stoles, although embroidered and fringed, and sometimes also
+enlarged at the ends, are (so far as I have observed) without the
+crosses. If used, what was their form?
+
+    H. P.
+
+
+{412}
+_Temporalities of the Church._--Is there any record existing of a want
+of money for the maintenance of the clergy, or for other pious uses, in
+any part of the world before the establishment of the Christian religion
+under Constantine? or of any necessity having arisen for enforcing the
+payment of tithes or offerings by ecclesiastical censures during that
+period?
+
+    H. P.
+
+
+_Etymology of "The Lizard."_--What is the etymology of the name "The
+Lizard," as applied in our maps to that long low green point, stretching
+out into the sea at the extreme south of England? My idea of the
+etymology would be (judging from the name and pronunciation of a small
+town in the immediate neighbourhood of the point) _lys-ard_, from two
+Celtic words: the first, _lys_, as found in the name _Lismore_, and
+others of a like class in Ireland and the Highlands of Scotland; the
+second _ard_, a long point running into the sea. In Cornwall, to my ear,
+the name had quite the Celtic intonation _L[=y]s-[=a]rd_; not at all
+like _L[(i]z[=a]rd_, as we would speak it, short.
+
+    C. D. LAMONT.
+
+Greenock.
+
+
+_Worm in Books._--Can you or any of your numerous correspondents suggest
+a remedy for the worm in old books and MSS.? I know of a valuable
+collection in the muniment room of a nobleman in the country, which is
+suffering severely at the present time from the above destructive agent;
+and although smoke has been tried, and shavings of Russia leather
+inserted within the pages of the books, the evil still exists. As this
+question has most likely been asked before, and answered in your
+valuable little work, I shall be obliged by your pointing out in what
+volume it occurs, as I have not a set by me to refer to and thus save
+you the trouble.
+
+    ALETHES.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+MINOR QUERIES WITH ANSWERS.
+
+
+_Siller Gun of Dumfries._--Can any of your readers tell me the history
+of the "Siller Gun of Dundee" [Dumfries], and give me an account of the
+annual shooting for it?
+
+    O. L. R. G.
+
+    [The Siller gun of Dumfries is a small silver tube, like the barrel
+    of a pistol, but derives great importance from its being the gift
+    of James VI., that monarch having ordained it as a prize to the
+    best marksman among the corporations of Dumfries. The contest was,
+    by royal authority, licensed to take place every year; but in
+    consequence of the trouble and expense attending it, the custom has
+    not been so frequently observed. Whenever the festival was
+    appointed, the 4th of June, during the long reign of George III.,
+    was invariably chosen for that purpose, being his majesty's
+    birthday. The institution itself may be regarded as a memorial of
+    the _Waponshaw_, or showing of arms, the shooting at butts and
+    bowmarks, and other military and gymnastic sports, introduced by
+    our ancestors to keep alive, by competition and prizes, the martial
+    ardour and heroic spirit of the people. In archery, the usual prize
+    to the best shooter was a silver arrow: at Dumfries the contest was
+    transferred to fire-arms. See the preface to the _Siller Gun_, a
+    poem in five cantos, by John Mayne, 1836.]
+
+
+_Margery Trussell._--Margery, daughter and coheiress of Roger Trussell,
+of Macclesfield, married Edmund de Downes (of the old Cheshire family of
+Downes of Taxall, Shrigley, &c.) in the fourth year of Edward II. Query,
+What arms did she bear? and were the Trussells of Macclesfield of the
+same family as that which, in consequence of a marriage with an heiress
+of Mainwaring, settled at Warmineham, in the reign of Edward III., and
+whose heiress, in later times, married a De Vere, Earl of Oxford?
+
+    W. SNEYD.
+
+Denton.
+
+    [In the Harleian MS. 4031. fol. 170. is a long and curious pedigree
+    of the Trussells and their intermarriage with the Mainwarings, in
+    the person of Sir William Trussell, Lord of Cubbleston, with Maud,
+    daughter and heiress of Sir Warren Mainwaring. The arms are: Argent
+    a fret gu. bezanté for Trussell. The same arms are found on the
+    window of the church of Warmineham in Cheshire. These would
+    consequently be the arms of Margery, daughter of Roger Trussell.
+    The arms originally were: Argent a cross formée flory gu.; but
+    changed on the marriage of Sir William Trussell of Mershton, co.
+    Northampton, with Rose, daughter and heiress to William Pantolph,
+    Lord of Cubbleston, who bore, Argent a fret gu. bezanté.]
+
+
+_Caves at Settle, Yorkshire._--Being engaged on antiquarian
+investigations, I have found it necessary to refer to some discoveries
+made in the caves at Settle in Yorkshire, of which my friends in that
+county have spoken. Now, I cannot find any printed account. I have
+referred to all the works on the county antiquities, and particularly to
+Mr. Phillips's book lately published (which professes to describe local
+antiquities), but in vain. I cannot find any notice of them. It is very
+likely some one of your better-informed readers may be able to assist
+me.
+
+    BRIGANTIA.
+
+Battersea.
+
+    [See two letters by Charles Roach Smith and Joseph Jackson in
+    _Archæologia_, vol. xxix. p. 384., on the "Roman Remains discovered
+    in the Caves near Settle in Yorkshire." Our correspondent has
+    perhaps consulted the following work:--_A Tour to the Caves in the
+    Environs of Ingleborough and Settle, in the West Riding of
+    Yorkshire_, 8vo. 1781.]
+
+_The Morrow of a Feast._--It appears from the papers, that the
+presentation of the civic functionaries to the Cursitor Baron at
+Westminster, took place on Sept. 30. Pray is this the _morrow_ of St.
+Michael, as commonly supposed? Does not the analogy of "Morrow of All
+Souls" (certainly the {413} same day as All Souls Day, _i. e._ Nov. 2)
+point out that the Morrow of St. Michael is the 29th, _i. e._ Michaelmas
+Day. That _morrow_ was anciently equivalent to morning, we may infer
+from the following passages:
+
+    "Upon a morrow tide."--Gower, _Conf. Am._, b. iii.
+
+    "Tho' when appeared the third morrow bright,
+    Upon the waves," &c.
+
+          Spenser's _Fairy Queen_, II. xii. 2.
+
+      "Good morrow."--_Passim._
+
+    R. H.
+
+    [Is not our correspondent confounding the morrow of _All Saint_s,
+    which the 2nd of November certainly is, with the morrow of _All
+    Souls_? Sir H. Nicolas, in his most useful _Chronology of History_,
+    says most distinctly:--"The morrow of a feast is the day following.
+    Thus, the feast of St. Peter ad Vincula is the 1st of August, and
+    the morrow of that feast is consequently the 2nd of August."--P.
+    99.]
+
+
+_Hotchpot._--Will you kindly tell me what is the derivation of the local
+term _hotchpot_, and when it was first used?
+
+    M. G. B.
+
+    [The origin of this phrase is involved in some obscurity. Jacob, in
+    his _Law Dictionary_, speaks of it as "from the French," and his
+    definition is _verbatim_ that given in _The Termes of the Law_ (ed.
+    1598), with a very slight addition. Blackstone (book II cap. 12.)
+    says, "which term I shall explain in the very words of Littleton:
+    'It seemeth that this word _hotchpot_ is in English a pudding; for
+    in a pudding is not commonly just one thing alone, but one thing
+    with other things together.' By this housewifely metaphor our
+    ancestors meant to inform us that the lands, both those given in
+    frankmarriage, and those descending in fee-simple, should be mixed
+    and blended together, and then divided in equal portions among all
+    the daughters."]
+
+
+_High and Low Dutch._--Is there any essential difference between High
+and Low Dutch; and if there be any, to which set do the Dutchmen at the
+Cape of Good Hope belong?
+
+    S. C. P.
+
+    [High and Low Dutch are vulgarisms to express the German and the
+    Dutch languages, which those nations themselves call, for the German
+    _Deutsch_, for the Dutch _Holländisch_. The latter is the language
+    which the Dutch colonists of the Cape carried with them, when that
+    colony was conquered by them from the Portuguese; and has for its
+    base the German as spoken before Martin Luther's translation of the
+    Bible made the dialect of Upper Saxony the written language of the
+    entire German empire.]
+
+
+_"A Wilderness of Monkeys."_--Would you kindly inform me where the
+expression is to be found: "I would not do such or such a thing for a
+wilderness of monkeys?"
+
+    C. A.
+
+Ripley.
+
+    ["_Tubal._ One of them showed me a ring that he had of your daughter
+    for a monkey.
+
+    "_Shylock._ Out upon her! Thou torturest me, Tubal: it was my
+    turquoise; I had it of Leah, when I was a bachelor: I would not have
+    given it for _a wilderness of monkies_."--_Merchant of Venice_, Act
+    III. Sc. 1.]
+
+
+_Splitting Paper._--Could any of your readers give the receipt for
+splitting paper, say a bank-note? In no book can I find it, but I
+believe that it is known by many.
+
+    H. C.
+
+Liverpool.
+
+    [Paste the paper which is to be split between two pieces of calico;
+    and, when thoroughly dry, tear them asunder. The paper will split,
+    and, when the calico is wetted, is easily removed from it.]
+
+
+_The Devil on Two Sticks in England._--Who is the author of a work,
+entitled as under?
+
+"The Devil upon Two Sticks in England; being a Continuation of Le Diable
+Boiteux of Le Sage. London: printed at the Logographic Press, and sold
+by T. Walter, No. 169. Piccadilly; and W. Richardson, under the Royal
+Exchange, 1790."
+
+It is a work of very considerable merit, an imitation in style and
+manner of Le Sage, but original in its matter. It is published in six
+volumes 8vo.
+
+    WILLIAM NEWMAN.
+
+    [William Coombe, Esq., the memorable author of _The Diaboliad_, and
+    _The Tour of Dr. Syntax in Search of the Picturesque_.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+REPLIES.
+
+
+STONE PILLAR WORSHIP AND IDOL WORSHIP.
+
+(Vol. v., p. 121.; Vol. vii., p. 383.)
+
+_Stone Pillar Worship._--Sir J. E. TENNENT inquires whether any traces
+of this worship are to be found in Ireland, and refers to a letter from
+a correspondent of Lord Roden's, which states that the peasantry of the
+island of Inniskea, off the coast of Mayo, hold in reverence a stone
+idol called _Neevougi_. This word I cannot find in my Irish dictionary,
+but it is evidently a diminutive, formed from the word _Eevan_
+(Io[.m]ai[.g]), image, or idol: and it is remarkable that the scriptural
+Hebrew term for idol is identical with the Irish, or nearly so--¤'WN¤
+(_Eevan_), derived from a root signifying _negation_, and applied to the
+vanity of idols, and to the idols themselves.
+
+I saw at Kenmare, in the county of Kerry, in the summer of 1847, a
+water-worn fragment of clay slate, bearing a rude likeness to the human
+form, which the peasantry called _Eevan_. Its original location was in
+or near the old graveyard of Kilmakillogue, and it was regarded with
+reverence as the image of some saint in "the ould auncient times," as an
+"ould auncient" native of Tuosist (the lonely place) informed me. In the
+same immediate neighbourhood is a gullaune (+gallán+), or stone
+pillar, at which the peasantry used "to give {414} rounds;" also the
+curious small lakes or tarns, on which the islands were said to move on
+July 8, St. Quinlan's [Kilian?] Day. (See Smith's _History of Kerry_.)
+
+However, such superstitious usages are fast falling into desuetude; and,
+whatever may have been the early history of Eevan, it is a sufficient
+proof of no vestige of stone pillar worship remaining in Tuosist, that,
+to gratify the whim of a young gentleman, some peasants from the
+neighbourhood removed this stone fragment by boat to Kenmare the spring
+of 1846, where it now lies, perched on the summit of a limestone rock in
+the grounds of the nursery-house.
+
+    J. L.
+
+Dublin.
+
+
+_Idol Worship._--The islands of Inniskea, on the north-west coast of
+Ireland, are said to be inhabited by a population of about four hundred
+human beings, who speak the Irish language, and retain among them a
+trace of that government by chiefs which in former times existed in
+Ireland. The present chief or king of Inniskea is an intelligent
+peasant, whose authority is universally acknowledged, and the settlement
+of all disputes is referred to his decision. Occasionally they have been
+visited by wandering schoolmasters, but so short and casual have such
+visits been, that there are not ten individuals who even know the
+letters of any language. Though nominally Roman Catholics, these
+islanders have no priest resident among them, and their worship consists
+in occasional meetings at their chief's house, with visits to a holy
+well. Here the absence of religion is filled with the open practice of
+pagan idolatry; for in the south island a stone idol, called in the
+Irish _Neevougi_, has been from time immemorial religiously preserved
+and worshipped. This god, in appearance, resembles a thick roll of
+homespun flannel, which arises from a custom of dedicating a material of
+their dress to it whenever its aid is sought: this is sewed on by an old
+woman, its priestess, whose peculiar care it is. They pray to it in time
+of sickness. It is invoked when a storm is desired to dash some helpless
+ship upon the coast; and, again, the exercise of its power is solicited
+in calming the angry waves to admit of fishing.
+
+Such is a brief outline of these islanders and their god; but of the
+early history of this idol no authentic information has yet been
+obtained. Can any of your numerous readers furnish an account of it?
+
+    WILLIAM BLOOD.
+
+Wicklow.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+"BLAGUEUR" AND "BLACKGUARD."
+
+(Vol. vii., p. 77.)
+
+I cannot concur in opinion with SIR EMERSON TENNANT, who thinks he has a
+right to identify the sense of our low word _blagueur_ with that of your
+lower one, _blackguard_. I allow that there some slight similitude of
+pronunciation between the words, but I contend that their sense is
+perfectly distinct, or, rather, wholly different; as distant, in fact,
+as is the date of their naturalisation in our respective idioms. Your
+_blackguard_ had already won a "local habitation and a name" under the
+reigns of Pope and his immediate predecessor Dryden. Of all living
+unrespectable characters our own _blagueur_ is the youngest, the most
+innocent, and the shyest. He is entirely of modern growth. He has but
+lately emerged from the soldier's barracks, the suttler's shop, and the
+mess-room. As a prolific tale-teller he amused the leisure hours of
+superannuated sergeants and half-pay subalterns. Ten or twelve years ago
+he had not yet made his appearance in plain clothes; he is now creeping
+and winding his way with slow and sure steps from his old haunts into
+some first-rate coffee-houses and shabby-genteel drawing-rooms, which
+Carlyle calls _sham gentility_. He bears on his very brow the newest
+_flunky-stamp_. The poor young fellow, after all, is no villain; he has
+no kind of connexion with the horrid rascal SIR EMERSOM TENNENT alludes
+to--with the _blackguard_. That he is a boaster, a talker, an idiot, a
+nincompoop; that he scatters "words, words, words," as Polonius did of
+old; that he is bombastic, wordy, prosy, nonsensical, and a fool, no one
+will deny. But he is no rogue, though he utters rogueries and
+drolleries. No one is justified in slandering him.
+
+The _blackguard_ is a dirty fellow in every sense of the word--a
+_gredin_ (a cur), the true translation, by-the-bye, of the word
+_blackguard_. Voltaire, who dealt largely in Billingsgate, was very fond
+of the word _gredin_:
+
+    "Je semble à trois gredins, dans leur petit cerveau,
+    Que pour être imprimés et reliés en veau," &c.
+
+The word _blagueur_ implies nothing so contemptuous or offensive as the
+word _blackguard_ does. The emptiness of the person to whom it applies
+is very harmless. Its etymon _blague_ (bladder, _tobacco-bag_), the
+pouch, which smoking voluptuaries use to deposit their tobacco, is
+perfectly symbolic of the inane, bombastic, windy, and long-winded
+speeches and sayings of the _blagueur_. Every French commercial
+traveller, buss-tooter, and Parisian jarvy is one. When he deports
+himself with modesty, and shows a gentlemanly tact in his peculiar
+avocation, we call him a _craqueur_ (a cracker). "Ancient Pistol" was
+the king of _blagueurs_; Falstaff, of _craqueurs_. I like our _Baron de
+Crac_, a native of the land of white-liars and honey-tongued gentlemen
+(Gascony). The genus _craqueur_ is common here: as it shoots out into a
+thousand branches, shades, varieties, and modifications, judicial,
+political, poetical, and so on, it would be {415} quite out of my
+province to pursue farther the description of _blagueur_-land or
+_blarney_-land.
+
+P.S.--Excuse my French-English.
+
+    PHILARÈTE CHASLES, Mazarinæus.
+
+Paris, Palais de l'Institut.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+HARMONY OF THE FOUR GOSPELS.
+
+(Vol. viii., p. 316.)
+
+In answer to Z. I may state that the first attempt of this kind is
+attributed to Tatian. Eusebius, in his _Ecc. Hist._ (quoted in Lardner's
+_Works_, vol. ii. p. 137. ed. 1788), says, he "composed I know not
+what--harmony and collection of the gospels, which he called ~dia
+tessarôn~." Eusebius himself composed a celebrated harmony, of which, as
+of some others in the sixteenth and two following centuries, there is a
+short account in Michaelis's _Introduction to the New Test._, translated
+by Bishop Marsh, vol. iii. part I. p. 32. The few works of the same kind
+written in the early and middle ages are noticed in Horne's
+_Introduct._, vol. ii. p. 274. About the year 330, Juvencus, a Spaniard,
+wrote the evangelical history in heroic verse. Of far greater merit were
+the four books of Augustine, _De Consensu Quatuor Evangeliorum_. After a
+long interval, Ludolphus the Saxon, a Carthusian monk, published a work
+which passed through thirty editions in Germany, besides being
+translated into French and Italian. Some years ago I made out the
+following list of Harmonies, Diatessarons, and Synoptical tables,
+published since the Reformation, which may in some measure meet the wish
+of your correspondent. It is probably incomplete. The dates are those of
+the first editions.
+
+    |Osiander, 1537.  |  Büsching, 1756.
+    |Jansenius, 1549. |  Macknight, 1756.
+    |Chemnitz, 1593.  |  Bertlings, 1767.
+    |Lightfoot, 1654. |  Griesbach, 1776.
+    |Cradock, 1668.   |  Priestley (Greek), 1777.
+    |Richardson, 1654.|  Priestley (Eng.), 1780.
+    |Sandhagen, 1684. |  Newcome (Greek), 1778.
+    |Le Clerc, 1699.  |  Newcome (Eng.), 1802.
+    |Whiston, 1702.   |  White, 1799.
+    |Toinard, 1707.   |  De Wette, 1818.
+    |Rein Rus, 1727.  |  Thompson, R., 1808.
+    |Bengelius, 1736. |  Chambers, 1813.
+    |Hauber, 1737.    |  Thompson, C., 1815.
+    |Doddridge, 1739. |  Warner, 1819.
+    |Pilkington, 1747.|  Carpenter, 1835.
+    |Michaelis, 1750. |
+
+    J. M.
+
+Cranwell, near Bath.
+
+
+Tatian wrote his ~Euangelion dia tôn tessarôn~ as early as the year 170.
+It is no longer extant, but we have some reason for believing that this
+Harmony had been compiled in an unfriendly spirit (Theodoret, _Hæret.
+Fabul._, lib. i. c. 20.). Tatian was followed by Ammonius, whose
+~Harmonia~ appeared about 230; and in the next century by Eusebius and
+St. Ambrose, the former entitling his production ô~Peri tês tôn
+Euangeliôn diaphônias~, the latter _Concordia Evangelii Mattæi et Lucæ_.
+But by far the ablest of the ancient writings on this subject is the _De
+Consensu Evangelistarum_ of St. Augustine. Many authors, such as
+Porphyry, in his ~Kata Christianôn logoi~, had pointed with an
+air of triumph to the seeming discrepancies in the Evangelic records as
+an argument subversive of their claim to paramount authority ("Hoc enim
+solent quasi palmare suæ vanitatis objicere, quod ipsi Evangelistæ inter
+seipsos dissentiant."--Lib. i. c. 7.). In writing these objections St.
+Augustine had to handle nearly all the difficulties which offend the
+microscopic critics of the present day. His work was urged afresh upon
+the notice of the biblical scholar by Gerson, chancellor of the
+University of Paris, who died in 1429. The _Monotessaron, seu unum ex
+quatuor Evangeliis_ of that gifted writer will be found in Du Pin's
+edition of his _Works_, iv. 83. sq. Some additional information
+respecting Harmonies is supplied in Ebrard's _Wissenschaftliche Kritik
+der evangelischen Geschichte_, pp. 36. sq. Francfurt a. M., 1842.
+
+    C. HARDWICK.
+
+St. Catharine's Hall, Cambridge.
+
+
+Seiler says (_Bibl. Herm._, part II. c. 4. s. 4.) that "The greater part
+of the works on the harmony of the gospels are quite useless for our
+times, as their authors mostly proceed on incorrect principles." He
+refers only to the chief of them, namely:
+
+    Osiander, 1537.       |  Macknight, 1756.
+    Jansen, 1549-72.      |  Bengel, 1766.
+    Chemnitz, 1593.       |  Büsching, 1766.
+    Lightfoot, 1644.      |  Bertlings, 1767.
+    Van Til, 1687.        |  Priestley, 1777.
+    Lamy, 1689.           |  Schutte, 1779.
+    Le Roux, 1699.        |  Stephan, 1779.
+    Le Clerc, 1700.       |  Michaelis in his New Test.
+    May, 1707.            |  Rullmann, 1790.
+    Von Canstein, 1718-27.|  Griesbach, 1776-97.
+    Rus, 1727-30.         |  White, 1799.
+    Hauber.               |  De Wette, 1818.
+
+For other Harmonies, see Mr. Horne's _Bibliog. Index_, p. 128. Heringa
+considers that the following writers "have brought the four Evangelists
+into an harmonious arrangement, namely:
+
+    Hesz, 1784. |  Stronck, 1800.
+    Bergen 1804.|  Townsend, 1834.
+
+And especially as to the sufferings and resurrection of Christ:
+
+    Voss, 1701. |  Michaelis (translated by Duckett, 1827).
+    Iken, 1743. |  Cremer, 1795.
+
+    T. J. BUCKTON.
+
+Birmingham.
+
+
+{416}
+Ammonius, an Egyptian Christian nearly cotemporary with Origen (third
+century), wrote a Harmony of the four gospels, which is supposed to be
+one of those still extant in the _Biblioth. Max. Patrum_. But whether
+the larger Harmony in tom. ii. part 2., or the smaller in tom. iii., is
+the genuine work is doubted. See a note to p. 97. of Reid's _Mosheim's
+Ecclesiastical History_, 1 vol. edition: London, Simms and McIntyre,
+1848.
+
+    CHRIS. ROBERTS.
+
+Bradford, Yorkshire.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SMALL WORDS AND LOW WORDS.
+
+(Vol. ii., pp. 305. 349. 377.; Vol. iii., p. 309.)
+
+A passage in Churchill, and one in Lord John Russell's _Life of Moore_,
+have lately reminded me of a former Note of mine on this subject. The
+structure of Churchill's second couplet must surely have been suggested
+by that of Pope, which formed my original text:
+
+  "Conjunction, adverb, preposition, join
+  To add new vigour to the nervous line:--
+  In monosyllables his thunders roll,--
+  He, she, it, and, we, ye, they, fright the soul."
+          _Censure on Mossop._
+
+Moore, in his Journals, notes, on the other side of the question,
+conversation between Rogers, Crowe, and himself, "on the beauty of
+monosyllabic verses. 'He jests at scars,' &c.; the couplet, 'Sigh on my
+lip,' &c.; 'Give all thou canst,' &c. &c., and many others, the most
+vigorous and musical, perhaps, of any." (Lord John Russell's _Moore_,
+vol. ii. p. 200.)
+
+The frequency of monosyllabic lines in English poetry will hardly be
+wondered at, however it may be open to such criticisms as Pope's and
+Churchill's, when it is noted that our language contains, of
+monosyllables formed by the vowel _a_ alone, considerably more than 500;
+by the vowel _e_, about 450; by the vowel _i_, nearly 400; by the vowel
+_o_, rather more than 400; and by the vowel _u_, upwards of 260; a
+calculation entirely exclusive of the large number of monosyllables
+formed by diphthongs.
+
+I hardly know whether the following "literary folly" (as "D'Israeli the
+Elder" would call it, see _Curiosities of Lit._ sub tit.), suggested by
+dipping into the above monosyllabical statistics, will be thought worthy
+to occupy a column of "N. & Q." However, it may take its chance as a
+supplementary Note, without farther preface, under the none, for want of
+a better, of _Univocalic verses_:
+
+_The Russo-Turkish War._
+
+_A._
+
+  Wars harm all ranks, all arts, all crafts appal:
+  At Mars' harsh blast arch, rampart, altar fall!
+  Ah! hard as adamant, a braggart Czar
+  Arms vassal-swarms, and fans a fatal war!
+  Rampant at that bad call, a Vandal-band
+  Harass, and harm, and ransack Wallach-land!
+  A Tartar phalanx Balkan's scarp hath past,
+  And Allah's standard falls, alas! at last.
+
+_The Fall of Eve._
+
+_E._
+
+  Eve, Eden's Empress, needs defended be;
+  The Serpent greets her when she seeks the tree.
+  Serene she sees the speckled tempter creep;
+  Gentle he seems--perversest schemer deep--
+  Yet endless pretexts, ever fresh, prefers,
+  Perverts her senses, revels when she errs,
+  Sneers when she weeps, regrets, repents she fell;
+  Then, deep-reveng'd, reseeks the nether hell!
+
+_The Approach of Evening._
+
+_I._
+
+  Idling I sit in this mild twilight dim,
+  Whilst birds, in wild swift vigils, circling skim.
+  Light winds in sighing sink, till, rising bright,
+  Night's Virgin Pilgrim swims in vivid light!
+
+_Incontrovertible Facts._
+
+_O._
+
+  No monk too good to rob, or cog, or plot.
+  No fool so gross to bolt Scotch collops hot.
+  From Donjon tops no Oroonoko rolls.
+  Logwood, not Lotos, floods Oporto's bowls.
+  Troops of old tosspots oft, to sot, consort.
+  Box tops, not bottoms, schoolboys flog for sport.
+  No cool monsoons blow soft on Oxford dons,
+  Orthodox, jog-trot, book-worm Solomons!
+  Bold Ostrogoths of ghosts no horror show.
+  On London shop fronts no hop-blossoms grow.
+  To crocks of gold no dodo looks for food.
+  On soft cloth footstools no old fox doth brood.
+  Long-storm-tost sloops forlorn work on to port.
+  Rooks do not roost on spoons, nor woodcocks snort,
+  Nor dog on snowdrop or on coltsfoot rolls,
+  Nor common frog concocts long protocols.
+
+_The same subject continued._
+
+_U._
+
+  Dull, humdrum murmurs lull, but hubbub stuns.
+  Lucullus snuffs up musk, mundungus shuns.
+  Puss purrs, buds burst, bucks butt, luck turns up trumps;
+  But full cups, hurtful, spur up unjust thumps.
+
+
+Although I am the veritable K. I. P. B. T. of the former Notes, I sign
+myself now, in accordance with more recent custom,
+
+    HARRY LEROY TEMPLE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+A CHAPTER ON RINGS.
+
+(Vol. vii. _passim._)
+
+The Scriptures prove the use of rings in remote antiquity. In Gen. xli.,
+Joseph has conferred on him the king's ring, an instance more ancient
+than Prometheus, whom fables call the inventor of the ring. Therefore
+let those who will hold, with Pliny and his followers, that its use is
+more recent than Homer. The Greeks seem to have derived the custom of
+wearing it from the East, and Italy from the Greeks. Juvenal and Persius
+refer to {417} rings which were worn only on birthdays. Clemens
+Alexandrinus recommends a limit within which the liberty of engraving
+upon them should be restrained. He thinks we should not allow an idol, a
+sword, a bow, or a cup, much less naked human figures; but a dove, a
+fish, or a ship in full sail, or a lyre, an anchor, or fishermen. By the
+dove he would denote the Holy Spirit; by the fish, the dinner which
+Christ prepared for his disciples (John xxi.), or the feeding of
+thousands (Luke ix.); by a ship, either the Church or human life; by a
+lyre, harmony; by an anchor, constancy; by fishermen, the apostles or
+the baptism of children. It is a wonder he did not mention the symbol of
+the name of Christ (~chi-rho~), the cross which is found on
+ancient gems, and Noah's ark.
+
+Rings were worn upon the joints and fingers, and hence Clement says a
+man should not wear a ring upon the joint (_in articulo_), for this is
+what women do, but upon the little finger, and at its lowest part. He
+failed to observe the Roman custom of wearing the ring upon the finger
+of the left hand, which is nearest the heart, and which we therefore
+term the ring-finger. And Macrobius says, that when a ring fell from the
+little finger of Avienus' right hand, those who were present asked why
+he placed it upon the wrong hand and finger, not on those which had been
+set apart for this use. The reasons which are given for this custom in
+Macrobius were often laughed at by H. Fabricius ab Aquapendente, viz.
+that it is stated in anatomical works, that "a certain nerve which rises
+at the heart proceeds directly to that finger of the left hand which is
+next the little finger," for nothing of the sort, he said, existed in
+the human body.
+
+The ring distinguished the free-born from the servile, who, however,
+sometimes obtained the _jus annuli_, or privilege of the ring. It was
+used as a seal, a pledge, and a bond. Women, when betrothed, received
+rings; and the virgin and martyr Agnes, in Ambrose, says, "My Lord Jesus
+Christ hath espoused me with his ring." Theosebius also, in Photius,
+says to his wife, "I formerly gave to thee the ring of union, now of
+temperance, to aid thee in the seemly custody of my house." He advisedly
+speaks of that _custody_, for the lady of the house in Plautus says,
+
+    "Obsignate cellas, referte annulum ad me:
+    Ego huc transeo."
+
+Wives generally used the same seals as their husbands: thus Cicero (_Ad
+Attic._ xi. 9) says, "Pomponia, I believe, has the seals of what is
+sealed." Sometimes, however, they used their own.
+
+Touching the marriage ring, of what style and material it was, and
+whether formerly, as now, consecrated by prayers to God. Its pattern
+appears to have been one which has gone out of use, viz. right hands
+joined, such as is often observed on ancient coins. Tacitus (_Hist._ i.
+ll.) calls it absolutely _dextras_, right hands. Among us it was called
+a faith (_una fede._ Comp. Eng. "Plight my _troth_"), and not without
+precedent, for on the coins of Vitellius, &c. right hands thus joined
+bear the motto _Fides_. An esteemed writer (Nider), in his
+_Formicarium_, mentions a rustic virgin who desired to find a material
+ring as a token of her espousal "_in signum Christiferæ
+desponsationis_," and found a ring of a white colour, like pure silver,
+upon which two hands were engraved where it was united. It was formerly
+customary to bless a crown or a ring by prayers. The form of
+consecration used by the priest is thus given in ancient liturgies:
+
+    "Bene [symbol, cross] die Domine, Annulum istum et coronam istam, ut
+    sicut Annulus circundat digitum hominis, et corona caput, ita gratia
+    Spiritus Sancti circundet sponsum et sponsam, ut videant filios et
+    filias usque tertiam et quartam generationem: qui collaudent nomen
+    viventis atque regnantis in secula seculorum. Amen."
+
+For the crown, see Is. lxii. 1. (E. V. lxi. 10.). The words of Agnes
+above cited have reference to giving the right hand and a pledge.
+
+These particulars are from the _Symbol. Epist. Liber_ of Laurentius
+Pignorius, Patar. 1628; where, in Ep. I. and XIX., many other references
+are to be found.
+
+    B. H. C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ANTICIPATORY USE OF THE CROSS.--RINGING BELLS FOR THE DEAD.
+
+(Vol. viii., pp. 130. 132.)
+
+I trust that the following information may be acceptable to you and the
+authors of two interesting papers in "N. & Q." (Vol. viii., pp. 130-2.),
+viz. "Anticipatory Use of the Cross," and "Curious Custom of ringing
+Bells for the Dead."
+
+When encamped, in 1823 or 1824, near the town (not the cantonment) of
+Muttra, on the river Jumna, a place of celebrated sanctity as the scene
+of the last incarnation of Vishnoo, the protective deity or myth of the
+Hindoos, an Italian gentleman of most polished manners, speaking English
+correctly and with fluency, was introduced to me. He travelled under the
+name of Count Venua, and was understood to be the eldest son of the then
+Prime Minister of Sardinia. The Count explained to me that his favourite
+pursuit was architecture, and that he preferred buildings of antiquity.
+I replied, that while breakfast was preparing I could meet his wishes,
+and led him to a large Hindoo edifice close by (or rather the remains),
+which a Mogul emperor had partially destroyed and thereby desecrated,
+the place having since been occasionally used by the townspeople as a
+cattle-shed, or for rubbish.
+
+The Count, not deterred by heaps of cattle-dung, paced the dimensions,
+gazed on the solidity of the {418} stone masonry, approved of the
+construction and shape of the arched roof, pointed out the absence of
+all ornament excepting a simple moulding or two as architectural lines,
+and then broke out into enthusiastic admiration. "The most beautiful
+building! the greatest wonder of the world! Shame on the English
+government and English gentlemen for secreting such a curiosity! Here is
+the cross! the basilica carried out with more correctness of order and
+symmetry than in Italy! The early Christians must have built it! I will
+take measurements and drawings to lay before the cardinals!"
+
+I was never more surprised, and assured the Count that I was
+unacquainted with the cathedral buildings of Europe, and I believed
+English gentlemen generally to be as ignorant as myself. I could not but
+acknowledge that the local governments had, as it seemed to him, evinced
+but little sympathy with Hindooism; and that whatever might be European
+policy in respect to religion, the East India Company might have
+participated in the desire which prevails in Europe to develop ancient
+customs, and the reasons of those customs. It might be presumed that we
+should then have contemplated this specimen of architecture with a
+knowledge of its original purposes, and the history of its events, had
+the Governor-General communicated his wish, and with due courtesy and
+disinterestedness invited the learned persons and scholars at the
+colleges of Muttra and Benares to assist such inquiries. It is but
+little the English now know of the Hindoo organisation, and the little
+they do know is derived from books not tested nor acknowledged by such
+learned persons.
+
+I assisted Count Venua as far as I was able, for I rejoiced at his
+intention to draw the minds of the _literati_ of Italy to the subject.
+Sad to say, the Count was some time after killed by falling into a
+volcanic crater in the Eastern Isles!
+
+I may here mention that I first saw the old building in 1809, when a
+youthful assistant to the secretary of a revenue commission. The party,
+during the inclement month of September, resided in one of the spacious
+houses at Muttra, which pious Hindoos had in past times erected for the
+use of pilgrims and the public. The old temple (or whatever it might
+have been) was cleaned out for our accommodation during the heat of the
+day, as it then was cooler than the house. The elder civilians were men
+of ability, classical scholars, and first-rate Asiatic linguists. They
+descanted on the mythological events which renders "Brij," or the
+country around Muttra, so holy with the Hindoos, but not one of them
+knew nor remarked the "cross and basilica."
+
+In youth, the language assigned to flowers appeared to me captivating
+and elegant, as imparting the finer feelings and sympathies of our
+nature. In maturer age, and after the study of the history of the
+customs of mankind, symbols and emblems seemed to me an universal
+language, which delicately delineated the violent passions of our kind,
+and transmitted from generation to generation national predilections and
+pious emotions towards the God of Creation. That mythology should so
+generally be interpreted Theism, and that forms or ceremonials of
+worship should be held to limit and define belief in creed, may, in my
+apprehension, be partly traceable to the school-book Lamprière's
+_Classical Dictionary_. You or your correspondents may attribute it to
+other and truer causes.
+
+The rose, the thistle, the shamrock, the leek, the lion, the unicorn,
+the harp, &c. are familiar examples of national emblems. The ivy, the
+holly, and the mistletoe are joined up with the Christmas worship,
+though probably of Druidical origin. The Assyrian sculptures present,
+under the "Joronher," or effulgence, a sacred tree, which may assimilate
+with the toolsu and the peepul tree, held in almost equal veneration by
+the Hindoos. The winged lions and bulls with the heads of men, the
+angels and cherubim, recall to mind passages of scriptural and pagan
+history. The sciences of astronomy and mathematics have afforded myths
+or symbols in the circle, the crescent, the bident, the trident, the
+cross, &c.
+
+The translators of the cuneiform inscriptions represent crucifixion as
+the common punishment for rebellion and treason. The Jews may have
+imitated the Assyrians, as crucifixion may have been adopted long before
+that of Christ and the two thieves (Qy. robbers). The Mahomedans, who
+have copied the Jews in many practices and customs, executed gang
+robbers or daccorts by suspending the criminals from a tree, their heads
+and arms being tied to the branches, and then ripping up the abdomen. I
+myself saw in Oude an instance of several bodies. It may be inferred,
+then, that the position of the culprits under execution was designated
+by crucifixion. The Hindoos mildly say that when their system of
+government existed in efficiency there was neither crime nor punishment.
+
+To the examples mentioned by your correspondent, I admit that the form
+of the cross, as now received, may be derived from that of Christ,
+discovered on Mount Calvary in 236 A.D. Constantine, in 306 A.D.,
+adopted it as a standard in Labarum. Other nations have attached staves
+to eagles, dragons, fish, &c. as standards and therefore, construing
+"Crux ansata" literally, the ensign of Constantine might be formed by
+attaching a staff to the Divine Glory represented in the Egyptian
+paintings and Assyrian sculptures.
+
+I should be glad to learn the precise shape of the cross on the Temple
+of Serapis. If it be the emblem of life or the Creative Power, then the
+mythology of the Nile agrees with that of the {419} Ganges. If it be
+the symbol of life, or rather of a future state after judgment, then the
+religious tenets and creed of Muttra should be elucidated, examined, and
+refuted by the advocates of conversion and their itinerant agents.
+Moore's _Hindoo Pantheon_ (though the author had at Bombay, as a
+military officer, little opportunity of ascertaining particulars of the
+doctrine) sufficiently treats, under the head of the "Krishna," the
+subject so as to explain to the conversionists, that unless this
+doctrine be openly refuted, the missionaries may in truth be fighting
+their own shadow.
+
+The basilica seems to have originally been the architectural plan of the
+Roman Forum, or court of justice. The Christians may have converted some
+of these edifices into churches; otherwise the first churches seem to
+have been in the form of a long parallelogram, a central nave, and an
+aisle on each side, the eastern end being rounded, as the station of the
+bishop or presbyter. The basilica, or cathedral, was probably not
+introduced until the eighth century, or later.
+
+I have not just now access to the works of Tod and Maurice. The former,
+I doubt not, is correct in respect to the Temple of Mundore, but I
+believe the latter is not so in regard to Benares. The trident, like
+that of Neptune, prevails in the province of Benares; and when it, in
+appropriate size, rises in the centre of large tanks, has a very solemn
+effect. I, a great many years ago, visited the chief temple of Benares,
+and do not recollect that the cross was either noticed to me or by me.
+This, I think, was the only occasion of observing the forms of worship.
+There is no fixed service, no presiding priest, no congregation. The
+people come and go in succession. I then first saw the bell, which, in
+size some twenty-five pounds weight, is suspended within the interior.
+Each person, at some period of his devotion, touched the tongue of the
+bell as invocation or grace. The same purpose is obtained by Hindoos,
+and particularly the men of the fighting classes, previously to
+commencing a cooked dinner, by winding a large shell, which gives a
+louder sound than a horn. The native boys however, on hearing it,
+exclaim in doggerel rhyme, which I translate,
+
+  "The shell is blown,
+  And the devil is flown."
+
+Fear seems so much the parent of superstition, that I attribute this
+saying to the women, who, as mothers, have usually a superstitious dread
+not only of evil spirits, but also of the evil eye of mortals towards
+their young ones. When, some twenty years ago, I was told by a Kentish
+countryman that the church bell was tolled to drive away evil spirits
+from a departing soul, I supposed the man to be profanely jocose; but
+since then I have travelled much in this country and on the Continent,
+and have seen enough to satisfy me that superstition prevails
+comparatively less in Asia than in Europe and the pages of "N. & Q."
+abundantly corroborate the opinion.
+
+    H. N.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.
+
+
+_Stereoscopic Angles._--I am concerned that my definition and
+solution of stereoscopic angles (a misnomer, for it should be
+_space_) in "N. & Q.," with subsequent illustrations, have not
+satisfied MR. SHADBOLT, as I am thus obliged to once more request
+room in your pages, and this time for a rather long letter. When I
+asserted that my method is the only correct one, it behoved me to be
+prepared to prove it, which I am, and will now do.
+
+It seems that MR. SHADBOLT has not a knowledge of perspective, or,
+with a little reflection and trifling pains in linear demonstration
+on paper, he might have convinced himself of the accuracy of my
+method. It were well, then, to inform MR. SHADBOLT, that in
+perspective, planes parallel to the plane of delineation (in this
+case, the glass at back of camera) have no vanishing points; that
+planes at right angles to plane of delineation have but one; and that
+planes oblique have but one vanishing point, to the right or left, as
+it may be, of the observer's eye. This premised, let the subject be a
+wall 300 feet in length, with two abutments of one foot in front and
+five feet in projection, and each placed five feet from the central
+point of the wall, which is to have a plinth at its base, and a stone
+coping at top. On a pedestal four feet high, two feet wide, and six
+feet long, exactly midway betwixt the abutments, let an ass be
+placed, a boy astride him, a bag drawn before the boy, who holds up a
+long stick in line with the ass, &c., that is, facing the observer.
+The right distance for the observer's place is 450 feet. If the
+cameras be placed two inches and a half apart, on one line parallel
+to the wall, the stereographs will be in true perspective for the
+_two_ eyes, that is, all the planes at right angles to the plane of
+delineation will have _two_ vanishing points, which, being merely two
+inches and a half apart, will, in the stereoscope, flow easily into
+one opposite the eye; whilst the plinth, coping, and all lines
+parallel to them, will be perfectly horizontal; and the two pictures
+would create in the mind just such a conception as the same objects
+would if seen by the eyes naturally. This would be stereoscopic, true
+to nature, true to art, and, I affirm, correct.
+
+Now, let the same subject be treated by Professor Wheatstone's
+method, when the cameras would be eighteen feet apart. Situated thus,
+if placed on one line, and that parallel to the wall, the extreme end
+at the right could not be seen by the camera at the left, and _vice
+versâ_; so that they {420} must radiate from the centre when the
+glass at back of camera would be oblique to the wall, and the plinth,
+coping, top and bottom of pedestal, would have _two_ vanishing
+points, at opposite sides of the centre, or observer's eye; both
+sides of the ass, both the legs of boy, and two heads to the drum
+would be visible; whilst the two sides of pedestals would have each a
+vanishing point, serving for all lines parallel to them. But these
+vanishing points would be so far apart that they could not, in the
+stereoscope, flow into one: the result would be, that the buttresses
+would be wider at back than in front, as would also the pedestal,
+while the stick held by the boy would appear like _two_ sticks united
+in front. This would be untrue to nature, false to art,
+preposterously absurd, and I pronounce it to be altogether erroneous.
+
+This being the case with a long distance, so must it be with shorter
+distances, modified in exact proportion to the diminution of space
+between the cameras, &c. For, let the object be a piece of wood three
+feet long, four inches wide, and six inches deep, with a small square
+piece one inch and six inches high, placed upright exactly on a line
+from end to end of the three feet (that is, one at each end) and
+midway between the sides. Let this arrangement be placed across
+another piece of wood three or four feet long, which will thus be at
+right angles to the piece at top. By my method all will be
+correct--true to nature and to art, and perfectly stereoscopic:
+whilst by the radial method (recommended by MR. SHADBOLT), with two
+feet space for cameras, there would be the top piece divided at the
+farther end, where there would be two small upright pieces instead of
+one; and this because the two vanishing points could not, in
+stereoscope, flow into one: whilst the lower piece of wood would have
+two vanishing points at opposite sides. This, then, being untrue to
+nature, untrue in art, in short, a most absurd misrepresentation, I
+pronounce to be utterly wrong. I have made the space two feet between
+cameras in order to show how ridiculous those pictures might become
+where there is an absence of taste, as, by such a person, two or ten
+feet are as likely to be taken as any less offensively incorrect.
+
+As regards range of vision, I apologise to MR. SHADBOLT for having
+misconceived his exact meaning, and say that I perfectly agree with
+him.
+
+With respect to the "trifling exaggeration" I spoke of, allow me to
+explain. For the sake of clearness, I denominate the angle formed
+from the focal point of lens, and the glass at back of camera, the
+angle of delineation; the said glass the plane of delineation and the
+angle formed by the stereograph to the eye, the stereoscopic angle.
+It must be borne in mind that the stereoscopic angle is that
+subtended by one stereograph and the eye. I find by experiments that
+the angle of delineation is very often larger than the stereoscopic
+angle, so that the apparent enlargement spoken of by MR. SHADBOLT
+does not often exist; but if it did, as my vision (though excellent)
+is not acute enough to discover the discrepancy, I was content. I
+doubt not, however, under such circumstances, MR. SHADBOLT would
+prefer the deformities and errors proved to be present, since he has
+admitted that he has such preference. I leave little doubt that, if
+desirable, the stereoscopic angle, and that of delineation, could be
+generally made to agree.
+
+As to the means by which persons with two eyes, or with only one eye,
+judge of distance, I say not one word, that being irrelevant to this
+subject. But that the axes of the eyes approximate when we view
+objects nearer and nearer cannot be doubted, and I expressed no
+doubt; and it appears to me very probable that on this fact MR.
+SHADBOLT founds his conclusion that the cameras should radiate. This,
+however, ought not to be done for the reasons I have assigned. It
+will not do to treat the cameras as two eyes, and make them radiate
+because our eyes do; for it must be remembered that light entering
+the eyes is received on curved--whilst when it enters the cameras it
+falls on flat surfaces, occasioning very different results. And if
+this be maturely considered by MR. SHADBOLT, I believe his opinion
+will be greatly altered.
+
+As to the model-like appearance, I cannot yet understand exactly why
+it should exist; but of this I am certain, the eyes naturally do not
+perceive at one view three sides of a cake (that is, two sides and
+the front), nor two heads to a drum, nor any other like absurdity; so
+that I perceive no analogy between this model-like appearance and
+natural vision, as stated to be the case by MR. SHADBOLT.
+
+To confirm, practically, the truth of my illustrative proofs, I will
+send you next week some glass stereographs, to be placed at MR.
+SHADBOLT'S disposal, if he likes, and you will be so kind as to take
+charge of them.
+
+    T. L. MERRITT.
+
+Maidstone.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES.
+
+
+_Berefellarii_ (Vol. vii., p. 207.).--JOHN WEBB mentions the
+_berefellarii_ as a distinct kind of mongrel dependents or
+half-ecclesiastics of the Middle Ages, dirty, shabby, ill-washed
+attendants, whose ragged clothes were a shame to the better sort of
+functionaries. He gave excellent and just reasons for his opinion, and a
+very probable construction of the sense of the word. But the etymon he
+proposes is rather unsatisfactory. Anglo-Saxonism is a very good thing;
+simplicity and common sense are very good things too. May not {421}
+_berefellarius_, the dirty raggamuffin with tattered clothes, be good
+monkish Latin for _bare-fell_ (i.e. _bare-skin_), or rather
+_bare-fellow_? the most natural metamorphosis imaginable. _Bere_ is the
+old orthoepy of _bare_; and every one knows that in London (east) a
+fell_ow_ naturally becomes a fell_ar_.
+
+P.S.--Excuse my French-English.
+
+    PHILARÈTE CHASLES, Mazarinæus.
+
+Paris, Palais de l'Institut.
+
+
+    _"To know ourselves diseased," &c._ (Vol. viii., p. 219.).--
+
+    "To know ourselves diseased is half our cure."
+
+This line is from Young's _Night Thoughts_, Night 9th, line 38.
+
+    J. W. THOMAS.
+
+Dewsbury.
+
+
+_Gloves at Fairs_ (Vol. viii., p. 136.).--As an emblem of power and an
+acknowledgment of goodness, "Saul set up a hand" after his victory over
+the Amalekites, 1 Sam. xv. 12., (Taylor's _Hebrew Concordance_, in voce
+ ¤YDH¤), 2 Sam xviii. 18., Isaiah lvi. 5. The Ph[oe]nician
+monuments are said to have had sculptured on them an arm and _hand held
+up_, with an inscription graven thereon. (See Gesenius and Lee.) If, as
+stated by your correspondents in the article referred to, the glove at
+fairs "denotes protection," and indicates "that parties frequenting the
+fair are exempt from arrest," it is at least a remarkable coincidence.
+The Phoenicians were the earliest merchants to the west of England
+that we have any account of; can any connexion be traced historically
+between the Phoenician traffic and the modern practice of setting up a
+hand, or glove, at fairs? I well remember the feelings of awe and wonder
+with which I gazed when taken in childhood to see "the glove brought in"
+and placed over the guildhall of my native city (Exeter) at the
+commencement of "Lammas Fair." Has the glove been associated with this
+fair from its commencement? and if not, how far back can its use be
+traced? The history of the fair is briefly this: it existed before the
+Norman Conquest, and was a great mart of business; the tolls had
+belonged to the corporation, but King John took one-half, and gave them
+to the priory of St. Nicholas. Henry VIII. sold the fair with the
+priory; and anno second and third of Philip and Mary it was made over to
+the corporation, who have ever since been lords of the fair. (Izacke's
+_Memorials_, p. 19.; Oliver's _History of Exeter_, pp. 83. 158., &c.)
+
+    J. W. THOMAS.
+
+Dewsbury.
+
+
+I may add that at Barnstaple, North Devon, the evening previous to the
+proclamation of the fair, a large glove, decked with dahlias, is
+protruded on a pole from a window of the Quay Hall, the most ancient
+building in the town, which remains during the fair, and is removed at
+its termination. May not the outstretched glove signify the consent of
+the authorities to the commencement and continuance of the festivities,
+&c., and its withdrawal a hint for their cessation?
+
+I may add also that on the morning of proclaiming the fair, the mayor
+and corporation meet their friends in the council chamber, and partake
+of spiced toast and ale.
+
+    DROFSNIAG.
+
+
+_"An" before "u" long_ (Vol. viii., p. 244.).--The custom of writing
+_an_ before _u_ long must have arisen and become established when _u_
+had its primitive and vowel sound, nearly resembling that of our _oo_, a
+sound which it still has in several languages, but seems to have lost in
+ours. The use of _an_ before _u_ long, was _then_ proper; habit and
+precedent will account for its retention by many, after the reason for
+it has ceased, and when its use has become improper. But although the
+custom is thus accounted for, there exists no satisfactory reason for
+its continuance, and I am sorry to learn from your correspondent that it
+is "increasingly prevailing."
+
+    J. W. THOMAS.
+
+Dewsbury.
+
+
+_"The Good Old Cause"_ (Vol. viii, p. 44.).--D'Israeli, in _Quarrels of
+Authors_, under the head of "Martin Mar-Prelate," has the following
+remarks on the origin and use of the expression, "The Good Old Cause:"
+
+"It is remarkable that Udall repeatedly employed that expression, which
+Algernon Sidney left as his last legacy to the people, when he told them
+he was about to die for 'that _Old Cause_, in which I was from my youth
+engaged.' Udall perpetually insisted on '_The Cause_.' This was a term
+which served at least for a watch-word: it rallied the scattered members
+of the republican party. The precision of the expression might have been
+difficult to ascertain; and, perhaps, like every popular expedient,
+varied with 'existing circumstances.' I did not, however, know it had so
+remote an origin as in the reign of Elizabeth; and suspect it may still
+be freshened up and varnished over for any present occasion."
+
+    HENRY H. BREEN.
+
+St. Lucia.
+
+
+The following curious paragraph in the _Post Boy_, June 3-5, 1714, seems
+to have been connected with the Jacobites:
+
+"There are lately arrived here the Dublin Plenipo's. All persons that
+have any business concerning the GOOD OLD CAUSE, let 'em repair to Jenny
+Man's Coffee House at Charing Cross, where they may meet with the said
+Plenipo's every day of the week except Sundays, and every evening of
+those days they are to be spoke with at the Kit-Cat Club."
+
+    E. G. BALLARD.
+
+
+_Jeroboam of Claret, &c._ (Vol vii., p.528.).--Is a _magnum_ anything
+more than a bottle larger {422} than those of the ordinary size, and
+containing about two quarts; or a _Jeroboam_ other than a witty conceit
+applied to the old measure _Joram_ or _Jorum_, by some profane
+_wine-bibber_?
+
+    H. C. K.
+
+
+_Humbug_ (Vol. vii., p. 631.).--The real signification of the word
+_humbug_ appears to me to lie in the following derivation of it. Among
+the many issues of base coin which from time to time were made in
+Ireland, there was none to be compared in worthlessness to that made by
+James II. from the Dublin Mint; it was composed of anything on which he
+could lay his hands, such as lead, pewter, copper, and brass, and so low
+was its intrinsic value, that twenty shillings of it was only worth
+twopence sterling. William III., a few days after the Battle of the
+Boyne, ordered that the crown piece and half-crown should be taken as
+one penny and one halfpenny respectively. The soft mixed metal of which
+that worthless coining was composed, was known among the Irish as _Uim
+bog_, pronounced _Oom-bug_, _i.e._ soft copper, _i.e._ worthless money;
+and in the course of their dealings the modern use of the word _humbug_
+took its rise, as in the phrases "that's a _piece of uimbog_ (humbug),"
+"don't think to _pass off_ your _uimbug_ on me." Hence the word _humbug_
+came to be applied to anything that had a specious appearance, but which
+was in reality spurious. It is curious to note that the very opposite of
+_humbug_, _i.e._ false metal, is the word _sterling_, which is also
+taken from a term applied to the _true_ coinage of the realm, as
+_sterling_ coin, _sterling_ truth, _sterling_ worth, &c.
+
+    FRAS. CROSSLEY.
+
+
+_"Could we with ink," &c._ (Vol. viii., pp. 127, 180.).-If Rabbi Mayir
+Ben Isaac is the _bonâ fide_ author of the lines in question, or the
+substance of them, then the author of the _Koran_ has been indebted to
+him for the following passage:
+
+    "If the sea were ink, to write the words of my Lord, verily the sea
+    would fail before the words of my Lord would fail; although we added
+    another sea unto it as a farther supply."--_Al Koran_, chap. xviii.,
+    entitled "The Cave," translated by Sale.
+
+The question is, Did Rabbi Mayir Ben Isaac, author of the Chaldee ode
+sung in every synagogue on the day of Pentecost, flourish before or
+since the Mohamedan era?
+
+    J. W. THOMAS.
+
+Dewsbury.
+
+
+_"Hurrah!"_ (Vol. viii., pp. 20, 277, 323.).--It would almost deem that
+we are never to hear the last of "Hurrah! and other war-cries." Your
+correspondents T. F. and SIR J. EMERSON TENNENT appear to me to have
+made the nearest approach to a satisfactory solution of the difficulty;
+a step farther and the goal is won--the object of inquiry is found. I
+suppose it will be admitted that the language which supplies the
+_meaning_ of a word has the fairest claim to be considered its _parent_
+language. What, then, is the meaning of "Hurrah," and in whet language?
+As a reply to this Query, allow me to quote a writer in _Blackwood's
+Magazine_, April 1843, p. 477.
+
+    "'Hurrah!' means _strike_ in the Tartar language."--Note to art.
+    "Amulet Bek."
+
+So then, according to this respectable authority, the end of our shouts
+and war-cries is, that we have "caught a Tartar!"
+
+Again, in _Blackwood_, 1849, vol. i. p.673., we read:
+
+    "He opened a window and cried 'Hourra!' At the signal, a hundred
+    soldiers crowded into the house. Mastering his fury, the Czar
+    ordered the young officer to be taken to prison."--Art. "Romance of
+    Russian History."
+
+Thus, in describing the "awful pause" on the night preceding the Russian
+attack on Ismail, then in possession of the Turks, Lord Byron says:
+
+  "A moment--and all will be life again!
+   The march! the charge! the shouts of either faith!
+  Hurra! and Allah! and--one instant more--
+   The death-cry drowning in the battle's roar."
+          _Works_, p. 684. col. 2.
+
+    J. W. THOMAS.
+
+Dewsbury.
+
+
+_"Qui facit per alium facit per se"_ (Vol. viii., p. 231.).--"Qui facit
+per alium, est perinde ac si faciat per seipsum," is one of the maxims
+of Boniface VIII. (_Sexti Decret._, lib. v. tit. 12., de Reg. Jur. c.
+72.; _Böhm. Corp. Jur. can._, tom. ii. col. 1040.), derived, according
+to the glossary (vid. in _Decret._, ed. fol., Par. 1612), from the maxim
+of Paulus (_Digest_, lib. 1. tit. 17., de Div. Reg. Jur. 1. 180.), "Quod
+jussu alterius solvitur, pro eo est quasi ipsi solutum esset."
+
+    E. M.
+
+
+_Tsar_ (Vol. viii., pp. 150, 226.).--Is not _tsar_ rather cognate with
+the Heb. (¤Sar¤), a leader, commander, or prince? This root is
+to be found in many other languages, as Arabic, Persian; Latin _serro_.
+Gesenius gives the meaning of the word (¤Sarah¤), to place in a
+row, to set in order; to be leader, commander, prince. If _tsar_ have
+this origin, it will be synonymous with _imperator_, emperor.
+
+    B. H. C.
+
+
+_Scrape_ (Vol. viii., p. 292.).--I do not know when this word began to
+be used in this sense. Shakspeare says "Ay, there's the _rub:_" an
+analogous phrase, which may throw light upon the one "to get into a
+scrape." Both are metaphors, derived from the unpleasant sensations
+produced by rubbing or grazing the skin. The word _pinch_ is, on the
+same principle, used for difficulty; and the Lat. _tribulatio_=trouble,
+and its synonym in Gr., ~thlipsis~, have a similar origin and
+application. {423} "To get into a scrape" is, therefore, to get into
+trouble.
+
+    B. H. C.
+
+
+_Baskerville_ (Vol. viii., p. 202.).--Among the _articles_ consumed at
+Mr. Ryland's at Birmingham, was the body of the late Mr. Baskerville,
+who by his will ordered that he should be buried in his own house, and
+he was accordingly interred there. A stone closet was erected in it,
+where he was deposited in a standing posture. The house was afterwards
+sold with this express condition, that it should remain there."--Account
+of the Birmingham riots in 1791, from the _Historical Magazine_, vol.
+iii., where it is said the house was burned on Friday afternoon, July
+15."
+
+    B. H. C.
+
+
+A great-uncle of mine owned the Baskerville property (he, Baskerville,
+was buried in his own grounds) at the time of the Church and King Riot
+in 1791; but it was the recent growth of the town that occasioned the
+disinterment.
+
+    R.
+
+
+_Sheriffs of Glamorganshire_ (Vol. iii., p. 186.; Vol. viii., p.
+353.).--Your correspondent TEWARS is certainly wrong in ascribing to the
+Rev. H. H. Knight the list of Glamorganshire sheriffs inquired for by
+EDMUND W. It is true this gentleman printed a list of them many years
+after the former, which was privately printed by the Rev. J. M.
+Traherne, and subsequently published a _Cardiff Guide_, by Mr. Bird of
+Cardiff. I have seen both copies, and the latter may doubtless yet be
+seen upon application to Mr. Bird. I have also seen the more recent list
+by my learned friend the rector of Neath.
+
+    BIBLIOTHECAR.
+
+CHETHAM.
+
+
+_Synge Family--sub voce Carr Pedigree_ (Vol. vii., p. 558.; Vol. viii.,
+p. 327.).--Has the statement made by GULIELMUS, as to the origin of the
+name of Synge, ever appeared in print before? And if so, where? I have
+long been curious to identify the individual whose name underwent such a
+singular change, and to ascertain if he really was a chantry priest as
+reported. Was he George Synge, the grandfather of George Synge, Bishop
+of Cloyne, born 1594? Of what family was Mary Paget, wife of the Rev.
+Richard Synge, preacher at the Savoy in 1715? The name appears to have
+been indifferently spelt, Sing, Singe, and Synge. And I believe an older
+branch than the baronet's still exists at Bridgenorth, writing
+themselves Sing. The punning motto of this family is worth noticing:
+"Celestia canimus."
+
+    ARTHUR PAGET.
+
+
+_Lines on Woman_ (Vol. viii., p. 350).--Your correspondent F. W. J. has
+occasioned me some perplexity in tracing the quotation which he refers
+to Vol. viii., p. 204., but which is really to be found at p. 292. He
+appears to have fallen into this error by mistaking the number on the
+right hand for the paging on the left. As accuracy in these matters is
+essential in a publication like "N. & Q.," he will excuse me for setting
+him right. The name of the author of the poem of "Woman" was not Eton
+Barrett, but Eaton Stannard Barrett. He was connected with the press in
+London. Your correspondent is correct in stating that the Barretts were
+from Cork. Eaton Stannard Barrett was a man of considerable ability. He
+published several works anonymously, all of which acquired celebrity;
+but I believe the poem of "Woman," published by Mr. Colburn, was the
+only work to which he attached his name. He was the author of the
+well-known political satire called _All the Talents_; of the mock
+romance of _The Heroine_, in which the absurdities of a school of
+fiction, at that time in high favour, are happily ridiculed; and of a
+novel which had great success in its day, and is still to be found in
+some of the circulating libraries, called _Six Weeks at Long's_. Eaton
+Stannard Barrett died many years ago in the prime of his life and
+powers. His brother, Richard Barrett, is still living, and resides in
+the neighbourhood of Dublin. He is the author of some controversial and
+political pamphlets, of which the principal were _Irish Priests_, and
+_The Bible not a Dangerous Book_. He afterwards conducted _The Pilot_
+newspaper, established for the support of Mr. O'Connell's policy in
+Ireland, and was one of the persons who suffered imprisonment with Mr.
+O'Connell, and who were designated in the Irish papers as the "martyrs."
+
+    ROBERT BELL.
+
+
+_Lisle Family_ (Vol. vii., p. 365. _et ante_).--R. H. C. will find in
+Berry's _Hampshire Genealogies_ (1 vol. folio, London, 1833) a pedigree
+of the Lisles he alludes to as being buried at Thruxton, Hampshire. The
+shield, Lisle impaling Courtenay, on the altar tomb there would appear
+to belong to Sir John Lisle, Kt., who married Joan, daughter of John
+Courtenay, Earl of Exeter.
+
+    ARTHUR PAGET.
+
+
+_Duval Family_ (Vol. viii., p. 318.).--If H. will have the kindness to
+address himself to me either personally or by letter, I shall be happy
+to give him any information I can, derived from old family documents in
+my possession, respecting the Duval family and the Walls of the south of
+Ireland.
+
+    C. A. DUVAL.
+
+74. George St., Manchester.
+
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+
+WILLIAM SHAKSPEARE: A Biography, by Charles Knight (First Edition).
+
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+
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+OXFORD ALMANACK for 1719.
+
+AM[OE]NITATES ACADEMICÆ. Vol. I. Holmiæ, 1749.
+
+BROURÆ HIST. NAT. JAMAICÆ. London, 1756. Folio.
+
+AMMANUS I. STIRPES RARIORES. Petrop. 1739.
+
+PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS for 1683.
+
+ANNALS OF PHILOSOPHY for January, 1824.
+
+A POEM UPON THE MOST HOPEFUL AND EVER-FLOURISHING SPROUTS OF VALOUR, THE
+INDEFATIGABLE CENTRYS OF THE PHYSIC GARDEN.
+
+POEM UPON MR. JACOB BOBART'S YEWMEN OF THE GUARDS TO THE PHYSIC GARDEN,
+TO THE TUNE OF "THE COUNTER-SCUFFLE." Oxon. 1662.
+
+The above two Ballads are by Edmund Gayton.
+
+Wanted by _H. T. Bobart_, Ashby-de-la-Zouch.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
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+PEYRAN'S COPTIC LEXICON.
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+MURE ON THE CALENDAR AND ZODIACS OF ANCIENT EGYPT.
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+London. J. Williams. 1826. Vol. I.
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+HISTORY OF THE OLD AND NEW TESTAMENT, by Prideaux. Vol. I. 1717-18.
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+HISTORICAL MEMOIRS OF QUEENS OF ENGLAND, by Hannah Lawrence. Vol. II.
+
+BRYAN'S DICTIONARY OF PAINTERS AND ENGRAVERS.
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+JARDINE'S NATURALIST'S LIBRARY. First Edition. All except first 13
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+PETER SIMPLE. Illustrated Edition. Saunders and Otley. Vols. II. and
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+
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+
+       *       *       *       *       *
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+ROMAN STATIONS IN BRITAIN. London, 1726.
+
+A SURVEY OF ROMAN ANTIQUITIES IN SOME MIDLAND COUNTIES. London, 1726.
+
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+
+A GERMAN INVESTIGATOR, _who states that some important moves towards the
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+inquires "what noblemen or gentlemen would be likely to foster similar
+researches in this country," should rather address himself to some of
+the journals devoted to mechanical science._
+
+SCIOLUS. _The author of_ Doctor Syntax _was the well-known_ William
+Coombe, _a curious list of whose works will be found in the_ Gentleman's
+Magazine _for May, 1852, p. 467._
+
+CHARLES DEMAYNE. _We have a letter for this Correspondent; where shall
+it be sent?_
+
+ERICA _will find his illustration of Campbell's_ Like Angel Visits
+_anticipated in our_ 1st Vol.
+
+J. N. C. (King's Lynn). _We have one or two Replies on the same subject
+already in the Printer's hands._
+
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+
+_Our Correspondent_ C. E. F. (p. 373.) _is informed_--1. _That both the
+solutions of the muriate salts and the nitrate of silver may be used in
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+grape sugar, as has been previously recommended, much accelerates the
+process._ 2. _The positives should be printed about one-third deeper
+than is required, and they should remain in the hypo. bath until the
+mottled appearance is removed, which is visible when held up against the
+light and they are looked through: at first the positive often assumes a
+very unpleasant red colour; this gradually disappears by longer
+immersion, when the proofs may be removed at the point of tint required,
+remembering that they become rather darker when dry, especially if
+ironed, and which is generally desirable, especially if the print is
+rather pale._ 3. _The sel d'or does not seem to have the destructive
+effect which the chloride of gold has, and if the chemicals are entirely
+removed, in all probability they are quite permanent. Those which we
+have seen printed several months since appear to have suffered no
+change. Pictures produced by the ammonio-nitrate are most uncertain.
+There are few who have not had the mortification to see some of their
+best productions fade and disappear. A learned professor, about eighteen
+months since, sent us a picture so printed "as something to work up to;"
+a few yellowish stains are now all that remains on the paper._
+
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+
+GROTIUS
+
+DE JURE BELLI ET PACIS;
+
+Accompanied by and Abridged Translation of the Text. By W. WHEWELL,
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+THE STEREOSCOPE.
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+(426)
+INDIGESTION, CONSTIPATION, NERVOUSNESS, &c.--BARRY, DU BARRY & CO.'S
+HEALTH-RESTORING FOOD for INVALIDS and INFANTS.
+
+THE REVALENTA ARABICA FOOD, the only natural, pleasant, and effectual
+remedy (without medicine, purging, inconvenience, or expense, as it
+saves fifty times its cost in other remedies) for nervous, stomachic,
+intestinal, liver and bilious complaints, however deeply rooted,
+dyspepsia (indigestion), habitual constipation, diarrhoea, acidity,
+heartburn, flatulency, oppression, distension, palpitation, eruption of
+the skin, rheumatism, gout, dropsy, sickness at the stomach during
+pregnancy, at sea, and under all other circumstances, debility in the
+aged as well as infants, fits, spasms, cramps, paralysis, &c.
+
+_A few out of 50,000 Cures_:--
+
+Cure, No. 71, of dyspepsia; from the Right Hon. the Lord Stuart de
+Decies:--"I have derived considerable benefits from your Revalenta
+Arabica Food, and consider it due to yourselves and the public to
+authorise the publication of these lines.--STUART DE DECIES."
+
+Cure, No. 49,832:--"Fifty years' indescribable agony from dyspepsia,
+nervousness, asthma, cough, constipation, flatulency, spasms, sickness
+at the stomach and vomitings have been removed by Du Barry's excellent
+food.--MARIA JOLLY, Wortham Ling, near Diss, Norfolk."
+
+Cure, No. 180:--"Twenty-five years' nervousness, constipation,
+indigestion, and debility, from which I had suffered great misery and
+which no medicine could remove or relieve, have been effectually cured
+by Du Barry's food in a very short time.--W. R. REEVES, Pool Anthony,
+Tiverton."
+
+Cure, No. 4,208:--"Eight years' dyspepsia, nervousness, debility, with
+cramps, spasms, and nausea, for which my servant had consulted the
+advice of many, have been effectually removed by Du Barry's delicious
+food in a very short time. I shall be happy to answer any
+inquiries.--REV. JOHN W. FLAVELL, Ridlington Rectory, Norfolk."
+
+_Dr. Wurzer's Testimonial._
+
+"Bonn, July 19, 1852.
+
+"This light and pleasant Farina is one of the most excellent,
+nourishing, and restorative remedies, and supersedes, in many cases, all
+kinds of medicines. It is particularly useful in confined habit of body,
+as also diarrhoea, bowel complaints, affections of the kidneys and
+bladder, such as stone or gravel; inflammatory irritation and cramp of
+the urethra, cramp of the kidneys and bladder, strictures, and
+hemorrhoids. This really invaluable remedy is employed with the most
+satisfactory result, not only in bronchial and pulmonary complaints,
+where irritation and pain are to be removed, but also in pulmonary and
+bronchial consumption, in which it counteracts effectually the
+troublesome cough; and I am enabled with perfect truth to express the
+conviction that Du Barry's Revalenta Arabica is adapted to the cure of
+incipient hectic complaints and consumption.
+
+"DR. RUD WURZER. "Counsel of Medicine, and practical M.D. in Bonn."
+
+London Agents:--Fortnum, Mason & Co., 182. Piccadilly, purveyors to Her
+Majesty the Queen; Hedges & Butler, 155. Regent Street; and through all
+respectable grocers, chemists, and medicine venders. In canisters,
+suitably packed for all climates, and with full instructions, 1lb. 2_s._
+9_d._; 2lb. 4_s._ 6_d._; 5lb. 11_s._; 12lb. 22_s._; super-refined, 5lb.
+22_s._; 10lb. 33_s._ The 10lb. and 12lb. carriage free, on receipt of
+Post-office order.--Barry, Du Barry Co., 77. Regent Street, London.
+
+IMPORTANT CAUTION.--Many invalids having been seriously injured by
+spurious imitations under closely similar names, such as Ervalenta,
+Arabaca, and others, the public will do well to see that each canister
+bears the name BARRY, DU BARRY & CO., 77. Regent Street, London, in
+full, _without which none is genuine_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PHOTOGRAPHIC PICTURES.--A Selection of the above beautiful Productions
+(comprising Views in VENICE, PARIS, RUSSIA, NUBIA, &c.) may be seen at
+BLAND & LONG'S, 153. Fleet Street, where may also be procured Apparatus
+of every Description, and pure Chemicals for the practice of Photography
+in all its Branches.
+
+Calotype, Daguerreotype, and Glass Pictures for the Stereoscope.
+
+Catalogues may be had on application.
+
+BLAND & LONG, Opticians, Philosophical and Photographical Instrument
+Makers, and Operative Chemists, 153. Fleet Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PHOTOGRAPHY.--HORNE & CO.'S Iodised Collodion, for obtaining
+Instantaneous Views and Portraits in from three to thirty seconds,
+according to light.
+
+Portraits obtained by the above, for delicacy of detail rival the
+choicest Daguerreotypes, specimens of which may be seen at their
+Establishment.
+
+Also every description of Apparatus, Chemicals, &c. &c. used in this
+beautiful Art.--123. and 121. Newgate Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+IMPROVEMENT IN COLLODION.--J. B. HOCKIN & CO., Chemists, 289. Strand,
+have, by an improved mode of Iodizing, succeeded in producing a
+Collodion equal, they may say superior, in sensitiveness and density of
+Negative, to any other hitherto published; without diminishing the
+keeping properties and appreciation of half tint for which their
+manufacture has been esteemed.
+
+Apparatus, pure Chemicals, and all the requirements for the practice of
+Photography. Instruction in the Art.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PHOTOGRAPHIC CAMERAS.--OTTEWILL'S REGISTERED DOUBLE-BODIED FOLDING
+CAMERA, is superior to every other form of Camera, for the Photographic
+Tourist, from its capability of Elongation or Contraction to any Focal
+Adjustment, its Portability, and its adaptation for taking either Views
+or Portraits.--The Trade supplied.
+
+Every Description of Camera, or Slides, Tripod Stands, Printing Frames,
+&c., may be obtained at his MANUFACTORY, Charlotte Terrace, Barnsbury
+Road, Islington.
+
+New Inventions, Models, &c., made to order or from Drawings.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS, MATERIALS, and PURE CHEMICAL PREPARATIONS.
+
+KNIGHT & SONS' Illustrated Catalogue, containing Description and Price
+of the best forms of Cameras and other Apparatus. Voightlander and Son's
+Lenses for Portraits and Views, together with the various Materials, and
+pure Chemical Preparations required in practising the Photographic Art.
+Forwarded free on receipt of Six Postage Stamps.
+
+Instructions given in every branch of the Art.
+
+An extensive Collection of Stereoscopic and other Photographic
+Specimens.
+
+GEORGE KNIGHT & SONS, Foster Lane, London.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CYANOGEN SOAP for removing all kinds of Photographic Stains. Beware of
+purchasing spurious and worthless imitations of this valuable detergent.
+The genuine is made only by the inventor, and is secured with a red
+label pasted round each pot, bearing this signature and address:--
+
+RICHARD W. THOMAS, Chemist, Manufacturer of pure Photographic Chemicals,
+10. Pall Mall, and may be procured of all respectable Chemists in pots
+at 1_s._, 2_s._, and 3_s._ 6_d._ each, through MESSRS. EDWARDS, 67. St.
+Paul's Churchyard, and MESSRS. BARCLAY & CO., Farringdon Street,
+Wholesale Agents.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PHOTOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION.--An EXHIBITION of PICTURES, by the most
+celebrated French, Italian, and English Photographers, embracing Views
+of the principal Countries and Cities of Europe, is now OPEN. Admission
+6_d._ A Portrait taken by MR. TALBOT'S Patent Process, One Guinea; Three
+extra Copies for 10_s._
+
+PHOTOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION, 168. NEW BOND STREET.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER.--Negative and Positive Papers of Whatman's,
+Turner's, Sanford's, and Canson Frères' make. Waxed-Paper for Le Gray's
+Process. Iodized and Sensitive Paper for every kind of Photography.
+
+Sold by JOHN SANFORD, Photographic Stationer, Aldine Chambers, 13.
+Paternoster Row, London.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+WESTERN LIFE ASSURANCE AND ANNUITY SOCIETY, 3. PARLIAMENT STREET.
+LONDON.
+
+Founded A.D. 1842.
+
+_Directors._
+
+    H. E. Bicknell. Esq.
+    T. S. Cocks, Jun. Esq. M.P.
+    G. H. Drew, Esq.
+    W. Evans, Esq.
+    W. Freeman, Esq.
+    F. Fuller, Esq.
+    J. H. Goodhart, Esq.
+    T. Grissell, Esq.
+    J. Hunt Esq.
+    J. A. Lethbridge, Esq.
+    E. Lucas, Esq.
+    J. Lys Seager, Esq.
+    J. B. White, Esq.
+    J. Carter Wood, Esq.
+
+_Trustees._
+
+W. Whateley, Esq., Q.C.; George Drew, Esq.; T. Grissell, Esq.
+
+_Physician._--William Rich. Basham, M.D.
+
+_Bankers._--Messrs. Cocks, Biddulph, and Co., Charing Cross.
+
+VALUABLE PRIVILEGE.
+
+POLICIES effected in this Office do not become void through temporary
+difficulty in paying a Premium, as permission is given upon application
+to suspend the payment at interest, according to the conditions detailed
+in the Prospectus.
+
+Specimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring 100_l_., with a Share in
+three-fourths of the Profits:--
+
+    Age    £  s.  d.
+    17     1  14  4
+    22     1  18  8
+    27     2   4  5
+    32     2  10  8
+    37     2  18  6
+    42     3   8  2
+
+ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., F.R.A.S., Actuary.
+
+Now ready, price 10_s._ 6_d._, Second Edition with material additions,
+INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT and EMIGRATION: being a TREATISE on BENEFIT
+BUILDING SOCIETIES, and on the General Principles of Land Investment,
+exemplified in the Cases of Freehold Land Societies, Building Companies,
+&c. With a Mathematical Appendix on Compound Interest and Life
+Assurance. By ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., Actuary to the Western Life
+Assurance Society, 3. Parliament Street, London.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ACHILLES LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY,--25. CANNON STREET, CITY.--The
+Advantages offered by this Society are Security, Economy, and lower
+Rates of Premium than most other Offices.
+
+No charge is made for Policy Stamps or Medical Fees. Policies
+indisputable.
+
+Loans granted to Policy-holders.
+
+For the convenience of the Working Classes, Policies are issued as low
+as 20_l._ at the same Rates of Premium as larger Policies.
+
+Prospectuses and full particulars may be obtained on application to
+
+HUGH B. TAPLIN, Secretary.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+{427}
+NEW PUBLICATIONS.
+
+ELIZABETH BARRETT BROWNING'S POETICAL WORKS. Third Edition. With
+numerous Additions and Corrections. 2 vols. 16_s._
+
+SKETCHES OF THE HUNGARIAN EMIGRATION INTO TURKEY. By a HONVED.
+Fcap. 1_s._
+
+THE TURKS IN EUROPE: a SKETCH of MANNERS and POLITICS in the OTTOMAN
+EMPIRE. By BAYLE ST. JOHN. Post 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._
+
+CRANFORD. By the Author of "Mary Barton." Second Edition.
+Fcap. 7_s._6_d._
+
+THE DIARY OF MARTHA BETHUNE BALIOL, from 1753 to 1754. Post 8vo. 9_s._
+
+CHAMOIS HUNTING IN THE MOUNTAINS OF BAVARIA. By CHARLES BONER. With
+Illustrations. 8vo. 18_s._
+
+NARRATIVE OF A MISSION TO CENTRAL AFRICA, performed in the years
+1850-51, under the orders and at the expense of her Majesty's
+Government. By the late JAMES RICHARDSON. 2 vols. 21_s._
+
+LANGUAGE AS A MEANS OF MENTAL CULTURE AND INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION;
+or, Manual of the Teacher and the Learner of Languages. By C. MARCEL,
+KNT., L.H., French Consul at----. 2 vols. 16_s._
+
+NIEBUHR'S LIFE AND LETTERS. With Selections from his Minor Writings.
+Edited and Translated by SUSANNA WINKWORTH. With Essays on his Character
+and Influence, by the CHEVALIER BUNSEN, and PROFESSORS BRANDIS and
+LOEBELL. Second Edition. 3 vols. 8vo. 42_s._
+
+ALTON LOCKE: TAILOR AND POET. By the REV. CHARLES KINGSLEY. Third
+Edition. 7_s._
+
+THE LIFE OF BERNARD PALISSY, OF SAINTES. By HENRY MORLEY. 2 vols. 18_s._
+
+
+THOMAS CARLYLE'S WORKS.
+
+THE LIFE OF JOHN STERLING. Second Edition. Post 8vo. 10_s._ 6_d._
+
+SARTOR RESARTUS; or, THE LIFE AND OPINIONS OF HERR TEUFELSDROKH. Third
+Edition. Post 8vo. 10_s._ 6_d._
+
+LATTER-DAY PAMPHLETS. Post 8vo. 9_s._
+
+OLIVER CROMWELL'S LETTERS AND SPEECHES. With Elucidations and Connecting
+Narrative. Third Edition. In 4 vols. Post 8vo. 2_l._ 2_s._
+
+THE LIFE OF SCHILLER. New Edition, with Portrait. Small 8vo. 8_s._ 6_d._
+
+PAST AND PRESENT. Second edition. Post 8vo. 10_s._ 6_d._
+
+LECTURES ON HEROES AND HERO-WORSHIP. Fourth Edition. Small 8vo. 9_s._
+
+THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. A HISTORY. Third Edition. 3vols. Post 8vo. 1_l._
+11_s._ 6_d._
+
+CRITICAL AND MISCELLANEOUS ESSAYS. Third Edition. 4 vols. Post 8vo.
+2_l._ 2_s._
+
+TRANSLATION OF GOETHE'S WILHELM-MEISTER. Second Edition. 3 vols. Small
+8vo. 18_s._
+
+London: CHAPMAN & HALL, 193. Piccadilly.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+On the First of November, 1853, will be Published,
+
+NO. I.,
+
+Containing Sixteen Pages, Crown Quarto, Price Three Halfpence, of
+
+THE CHURCH OF THE PEOPLE,
+
+A Monthly Journal of Literature, Science, the Fine Arts, &c., devoted to
+the Religious, Moral, Physical, and Social Elevation of the great body
+of the People.
+
+This periodical, projected and conducted by a committee of Clergy and
+Laity, in the heart of the manufacturing districts, is intended to
+express the sympathies of earnest Churchmen towards both their brethren
+in the faith, and their fellow-men in general.
+
+Designed to avoid unreality, lukewarmness, and dry dogmatism, as well as
+compromise and controversy--and not unmindful of things temporal, whilst
+chiefly directed to things eternal--it is hoped that it may assist to
+refresh the faithful, correct the erring, and win the unbeliever.
+
+A trial is respectfully requested for it, and that at once.
+
+It is a work of love, not of lucre; and, as such, is commended to the
+brotherhood.
+
+It will be eminently fitted for parochial distribution and, by God's
+blessing, may do its part towards removing English heathenism.
+
+*** Suggestions and communications, written in a plain, earnest, and
+attractive style, are respectfully requested, and may be addressed to
+the editors of "The Church of the People," care of MR. SOWLER, St. Ann's
+Square, Manchester, to whom books for review, and advertisements, may be
+sent.
+
+London: GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street.
+
+Manchester: T. SOWLER, St. Ann's Square; A. HEYWOOD, Oldham Street; J.
+HEYWOOD, Deansgate.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+BOHN'S STANDARD LIBRARY FOR NOVEMBER.
+
+COWPER'S COMPLETE WORKS, edited by SOUTHEY; comprising his Poems,
+Correspondence, and Translations with a Memoir of the Author.
+Illustrated with Fifty Fine Engravings on Steel, after Designs by
+Harvey. To be completed in 8 vols. Vol. I. containing Memoir. Post 8vo.,
+cloth. 3_s._ 6_d._
+
+HENRY G. BOHN, 4. 5. & 6. York Street,
+
+Covent Garden.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+BOHN'S CLASSICAL LIBRARY FOR NOVEMBER.
+
+APULEIUS, THE WORKS OF, comprising the Metamorphoses, or Golden Ass; the
+Death of Socrates; Florida; and his Defences, or Essay on Magic. A New
+and Literal Translation. To which added, a Metrical Version of Cupid and
+Psyche; and Mrs. Tighe's Psyche, a Poem in Six Cantos. Fine
+Frontispiece. Post 8vo., cloth. 5_s._
+
+HENRY G. BOHN, 4. 5. & 6. York Street, Covent Garden.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+BOHN'S ECCLESIASTICAL LIBRARY FOR NOVEMBER.
+
+SOCRATES, his ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY, in Continuation of EUSEBIUS, with
+the Notes of VALESIUS. Post 8vo., cloth. 5_s._
+
+HENRY G. BOHN, 4, 5, 6. York Street, Covent Garden.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Will be published, November 23rd, THE BRITISH ALMANAC FOR 1854. Sewed in
+Wrapper, price 1_s._
+
+THE COMPANION TO THE ALMANAC. Sewed in Wrapper, price 2_s._ 6_d._
+
+THE BRITISH ALMANAC AND THE COMPANION together, in cloth boards,
+lettered, price 4_s._
+
+
+_Extracts from Reviews, 1853._
+
+
+"First in years, repute, and high utility must be placed 'The British
+Almanac and Companion.'"--_Spectator._
+
+"'The British' still maintains its place as foremost among
+almanacs."--_Athenæum._
+
+"For twenty-six years Mr. Knight has given the Almanac a
+'Companion'--one always brimful of information and useful
+knowledge."--_The Builder._
+
+"The 'British Almanac and Companion' maintains its reputation as being
+the very best work of the kind published."--_The Atlas._
+
+
+London: CHARLES KNIGHT, 90. Fleet Street. And sold by all Booksellers in
+the United Kingdom.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Just published, fcap. 8vo., 6_s._, cloth,
+
+TRUTH SPOKEN IN LOVE; or, Romanism and Tractarianism refuted by the Word
+of God. By the REV. H. H. BEAMISH, A.M., Minister of Trinity Chapel,
+Conduit Street.
+
+London. JOHN F. SHAW, Southampton Row, and Paternoster Row.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+NEW WORK BY DR. CUMMING.
+
+Just published, uniform with "Voices of the Night."
+
+BENEDICTIONS: or, THE BLESSED LIFE. By the REV. JOHN CUMMING, D.D. Fcap.
+8vo., 7_s._, cloth.
+
+London: JOHN F. SHAW, Southampton Row, and Paternoster Row.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This Day is published, fcp. 8vo., 6_s._ cloth.
+
+MANNA IN THE HOUSE; or Daily Expositions of the Gospel of St. Luke,
+specially adapted for the Use of Families. By the REV. BARTON BOUCHIER,
+M.A., Curate of Cheam.
+
+Also may be had, THE GOSPELS of ST. MATTHEW AND MARK, 2 vols., 6_s._
+6_d._; or in 1 vol. 6_s._ cloth. For the convenience of Purchasers, it
+is also published in Parts, price 1_s._
+
+JOHN F. SHAW, Southampton Row, and Paternoster Row.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Now ready, post 8vo., cloth, price 6_s._ 6_d._
+
+CURIOSITIES OF LONDON LIFE; or Phases, Physiological and Social, of the
+Great Metropolis. By C. M. SMITH, Author of "The Working Man's Way in
+the World." May be had at all the Libraries.
+
+Just published, post 8vo., cloth, price 5_s._
+
+THE WORKING MAN'S WAY IN THE WORLD, or the AUTO-BIOGRAPHY OF A
+JOURNEYMAN PRINTER.
+
+London: W. & F. G. CASH, 5. Bishopsgate Street Without.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+STANDARD BOOKS CHEAP--Now ready, Part IX. of HENRY C. STROUD'S CATALOGUE
+OF SECOND-HAND BOOKS in Theology and Miscellaneous Literature, the
+Sciences, Classics, &c. Also Parts VII. and VIII., containing an
+Interesting Collection of Scarce Old Books on Astrology, Curious
+Recipes, Facetiæ, the Drama, Old Plays, Songs, &c. Forwarded GRATIS on
+Application.
+
+163. BLACKFRIARS ROAD, LONDON.
+
+{428}
+"Mr. Murray's meritorious Series."--_The Times._
+
+Now Ready, complete in 76 Parts. Post 8vo., 2_s._ 6_d._ each.
+
+MURRAY'S HOME AND COLONIAL LIBRARY.
+
+Forming a compact and portable work, the bulk of which does not exceed
+the compass of a single shelf, or of one trunk, suited for all classes
+and all climates.
+
+_Contents of the Series._
+
+    The Bible in Spain. By George Borrow.
+    Journals in India. By Bishop Heber.
+    Egypt and the Holy Land. By Irby and Mangles.
+    The Siege of Gibraltar. By John Drinkwater.
+    Morocco and the Moore. By Drummond Hay.
+    The Amber Witch. Cromwell and Bunyan. By Robert Southey.
+    New South Wales. By Mrs. Charles Meredith.
+    Life of Drake. By John Barrow.
+    The Court of Pekin. By Father Ripa.
+    The West Indies. By M. G. Lewis.
+    Sketches of Persia. By Sir John Malcolm.
+    The French in Algiers.
+    The Fall of the Jesuits.
+    Bracebridge Hall. By Washington Irving.
+    A Naturalists's Voyage Round the World. By Charles Darwin.
+    Life of Condé. By Lord Mahon.
+    The Gypsies of Spain. By George Borrow.
+    Typee and Omoo. By Herman Melville.
+    Livonian Tales. By a Lady.
+    The Church Missionary in Canada. By the Rev. J. Abott.
+    Sale's Brigade in Afghanistan. By Rev. G. R. Gleig.
+    Letters from Madras. By a Lady.
+    Highland Sports. By Charles St. John.
+    Pampas Journeys. By Sir Francis Head.
+    The Siege of Vienna. Translated by Lord Ellesmere.
+    Gatherings from Spain. By Richard Ford.
+    Sketches of German Life during the War of Liberation.
+    Story of the Battle of Waterloo. By Rev. G. R. Gleig.
+    A Voyage up the Amazon. By W.H. Edwards.
+    The Wayside Cross. By Captain Milman.
+    A Popular Account of India. By Rev. Charles Acland.
+    The British Army at Washington. By Rev. G. R. Gleig.
+    Adventures in Mexico. By George F. Ruxton.
+    Portugal and Galicia. By Lord Carnarvon.
+    Life of Lord Clive. By Rev. G. R. Gleig.
+    Bush Life in Australia. By H. W. Haygarth.
+    Autobiography of Henry Steffens.
+    Tales of a Traveller. By Washington Irving.
+    Lives of the British Poets. By Thomas Campbell.
+    Historical Essays. By Lord Mahon.
+    Stokers and Pokers. By Author of "Bubbles."
+    The Lybian Desert. By Bayle St. John.
+    Letters from Sierra Leone. By a Lady.
+    Life of Sir Thomas Munro. By Rev. G. R. Gleig.
+    Memoirs of Sir Fowell Buxton. By his Son.
+    ife of Goldsmith. By Washington Irving.
+
+*** Subscribers should complete their copies of the above Series without
+delay, as after December the issue of the separate parts will be
+discontinued.
+
+JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+MARKHAM'S POPULAR SCHOOL
+HISTORIES.
+
+New and Cheaper Editions.
+
+MARKHAM'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND. (68th Thousand.) With Woodcuts. 12mo.
+6_s._ Strongly bound.
+
+II.
+
+MARKHAM'S HISTORY OF FRANCE. (30th Thousand.) With Wood-Cuts. 12mo.
+6_s._ Strongly bound.
+
+III.
+
+MARKHAM'S HISTORY OF GERMANY (6th Thousand.) With Woodcuts 12mo. 6_s._
+Strongly bound.
+
+ALSO, just ready, uniform with the above,
+
+A SCHOOL HISTORY OF GREECE. By DR. WM. SMITH. With Woodcuts. 12mo.
+
+JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE QUARTERLY REVIEW, NO. CLXXXVI., is published THIS Day.
+
+    CONTENTS:
+      I. THE INSTITUTE OF FRANCE.
+     II. MURDER OF THOMAS A BECKET.
+    III. THE DAUPHIN IN THE TEMPLE.
+     IV. THE HOLY PLACES.
+      V. DIARY OF CASAUBON
+     VI. ELECTRO-BIOLOGY, MESMERISM, AND TABLE-TURNING.
+    VII. LIFE OF HAYDON.
+
+JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+MR. HALLAM'S HISTORICAL WORKS.
+
+This Day is published, HISTORY OF EUROPE DURING THE MIDDLE AGES. By
+HENRY HALLAM, ESQ. Tenth and revised Edition, incorporating the
+SUPPLEMENTAL NOTES. 3 vols. 8vo 30_s._
+
+Also,
+
+HALLAM'S CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND, from the Accession of Henry
+VII. to the Death of George II. Sixth Edition. 2 vols. 8vo. 24_s._
+
+II.
+
+HALLAM'S INTRODUCTION TO THE LITERARY HISTORY OF EUROPE, during the
+15th, 16th, and 17th Centuries. Third Edition. 3 vols. 8vo. 36_s._
+
+III.
+
+HALLAM'S LITERARY ESSAYS AND CHARACTER: selected from the above Work,
+for Popular Circulation. (5th Thousand.) Fcp. 8vo. 2_s._
+
+JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CRABB'S DICTIONARY.
+
+The Fifth Edition, corrected, enlarged, and brought down to the present
+time, by the REV. HENRY DAVIS, M.A., illustrated with 700 Engravings.
+Crown 8vo. cloth price 9_s._
+
+A DICTIONARY OF GENERAL KNOWLEDGE, comprising an Explanation of Words
+and Things connected with Literature and Science, &c., by GEORGE CRABB,
+A.M.
+
+London: WILLIAM TEGG & CO.,
+85. Queen Street, Cheapside.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CHEAP AND POPULAR EDITIONS OF STANDARD AUTHORS.
+
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+
+REV. GEORGE CRABBE'S LIFE. 3_s._
+
+COLERIDGE'S TABLE-TALK. 6_s._
+
+COLERIDGE'S GREEK CLASSIC POETS. 5_s._ 6_d._
+
+BELL ON THE HAND, 7_s._ 6_d._
+
+LAYARD'S POPULAR ACCOUNT OF NINEVEH. 5_s._
+
+WILKINSON'S POPULAR ACCOUNT OF THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS.
+
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+
+JESSE'S GLEANINGS IN NATURAL HISTORY. 6_s._ 6_d._
+
+JESSE'S SCENES AND OCCUPATIONS OF COUNTRY LIFE. (Shortly.)
+
+PHILOSOPHY IN SPORT. 7_s._ 6_d._
+
+SOMERVILLE'S PHYSICAL SCIENCES. 10_s._ 6_d._
+
+SOMERVILLE'S PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 12_s._
+
+JAMES' EDITION OF ÆSOP'S FABLES. 2_s._ 6_d._
+
+HEBER'S POETICAL WORKS. 7_s._ 6_d._
+
+REJECTED ADDRESSES. 5_s._
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+BYRON'S POETICAL WORKS. 8 vols. 2_s._ 6_d._ each.
+
+MAHON'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 5 vols. 6_s._ each.
+
+JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+MURRAY'S RAILWAY READING.
+
+This Day, with Woodcuts, fcap. 8vo., 1_s._
+
+HISTORY OF THE GUILLOTINE. By the RIGHT HON. JOHN WILSON CROKER.
+Reprinted, with Additions, from "The Quarterly Review."
+
+The last Volume published, contained--
+
+ANCIENT SPANISH BALLADS: HISTORICAL AND ROMANTIC. By J. G. LOCKHART.
+
+To be followed by--
+
+A POPULAR ACCOUNT OF THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS. By SIR J. G. WILKINSON. With
+500 Woodcuts.
+
+JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Printed by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 10. Stonefield Street, in the
+Parish of St. Mary, Islington, at No. 5. New Street Square, in the
+Parish of St. Bride, in the City of London; and published by GEORGE
+BELL, of No. 186. Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the
+West, in the City of London, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street
+aforesaid.--Saturday, October 29, 1853.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, No. 209, October 29
+1853, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES ***
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+Project Gutenberg's Notes and Queries, No. 209, October 29 1853, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Notes and Queries, No. 209, October 29 1853
+       A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists,
+              Antiquaries, Geneologists, etc.
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: December 15, 2008 [EBook #27538]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES ***
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+
+
+Produced by Charlene Taylor, Neville Allen, Jonathan Ingram
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by The Internet Library of Early
+Journals.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<p class='tnote'>Transcriber's Note:<br />
+This text contains Greek <span lang='el' title='ky&ocirc;n'>&#954;&#965;&#969;&#957;</span> and Hebrew <span lang='he' title='lamed'>&#1500;</span>
+characters. You may want to change fonts if these characters render as ? or boxes
+on your monitor. If your system allows for it, hovering over the text will
+show a transliteration. Archaic spellings have not been modernized.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page405" name="page405"></a>{405}</span></p>
+
+<h1><span class='smcap'>NOTES and QUERIES:</span></h1>
+
+<h2>A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION<br />
+
+<span class='smfont'>FOR</span><br />
+
+LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC.</h2>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>"When found, make a note of."&mdash;
+<span class='smcap'>Captain Cuttle.</span></h3>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<table class= 'masthead' summary='masthead'>
+<col width='20%' />
+<col width='60%' />
+<col width='20%' />
+    <tr>
+      <td class="tdmhl"><b>No. 290.]</b></td>
+      <td class="tdmhc"><b><span class="smcap">Saturday, October</span> 29. 1853.</b></td>
+      <td class="tdmhr"><b>Price Fourpence. <br />Stamped Edition,
+      5<i>d.</i></b></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+<h2>CONTENTS.</h2>
+
+<table class ='toc' summary='Table of Contents'>
+
+<tr>
+ <td><span class="smcap">Notes</span>:&mdash;</td>
+ <td class='tocnum'>Page</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+  <td class='toc1'>The Scottish National Records</td>
+  <td class='tocnum'><a href="#page405">405</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+  <td class='toc1'>Patrick Carey</td>
+  <td class='tocnum'><a href="#page406">406</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+  <td class='toc1'>Inedited Lyric by Felicia Hemans, by Weld Taylor</td>
+  <td class='tocnum'><a href="#page407">407</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+  <td class='toc1'>"Green Eyes," by Harry Leroy Temple</td>
+  <td class='tocnum'><a href="#page407">407</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+  <td class='toc1'>Shakspeare Correspondence, by Samuel Hickson, &amp;c.</td>
+  <td class='tocnum'><a href="#page408">408</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+  <td class='toc1'><span class="smcap">Minor Notes:</span>&mdash;Monumental Inscriptions&mdash;Marlborough
+    at Blenheim&mdash;Etymology of "till," "until"&mdash;Dog-whipping Day in Hull&mdash;State</td>
+  <td class='tocnum'><a href="#page408">408</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+  <td><span class="smcap">Queries</span>:&mdash;</td>
+  <td></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+  <td class='toc1'>Polarised Light</td>
+  <td class='tocnum'><a href="#page409">409</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+  <td class='toc1'><span class="smcap">Minor Queries:</span>&mdash;"Salus Populi," &amp;c.&mdash;Dramatic
+    Representations by the Hour-glass&mdash;John Campbell
+    of Jamaica&mdash;Hodgkins's Tree, Warwick&mdash;The
+    Doctor&mdash;English Clergyman in Spain&mdash;Caldecott's
+    Translation of the New Testament&mdash;Westhumble
+    Chapel&mdash;Perfect Tense&mdash;La Fleur des Saints&mdash;
+    Oasis&mdash;Book Reviews, their Origin&mdash;Martyr of
+    Collet Well&mdash;Black as a Mourning Colour&mdash;The
+    Word "Mardel," or "Mardle," whence derived?&mdash;
+    Analogy between the Genitive and Plural&mdash;Ballina
+    Castle&mdash;Henry I.'s Tomb&mdash;"For man proposes, but
+    God disposes"&mdash;Garrick Street, May Fair&mdash;The
+    Forlorn Hope&mdash;Mitred Abbot in Wroughton Church,
+    Wilts&mdash;Reynolds' Portrait of Barretti&mdash;Crosses on
+    Stoles&mdash;Temporalities of the Church&mdash;Etymology
+    of "The Lizard"&mdash;Worm in Books</td>
+  <td class='tocnum'><a href="#page410">410</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+  <td class='toc1'><span class="smcap">Minor Queries With Answers:</span>&mdash;
+    Siller Gun of Dumfries
+    &mdash;Margery Trussell&mdash;Caves at Settle, Yorkshire&mdash;
+    The Morrow of a Feast&mdash;Hotchpot&mdash;High and Low
+    Dutch&mdash;"A Wilderness of Monkies"&mdash;Splitting
+    Paper&mdash;The Devil on Two Sticks in England</td>
+  <td class='tocnum'><a href="#page412">412</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+  <td><span class="smcap">Replies:</span>&mdash;</td>
+  <td></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+  <td class='toc1'>Stone Pillar Worship and Idol Worship, by William
+    Blood, &amp;c.</td>
+  <td class='tocnum'><a href="#page413">413</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+  <td class='toc1'>"Blagueur" and "Blackguard" by Philarète Chasles</td>
+  <td class='tocnum'><a href="#page414">414</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+  <td class='toc1'>Harmony of the Four Gospels by C. Hardwick, T. J.
+    Buckton, Chris. Roberts, &amp;c.</td>
+  <td class='tocnum'><a href="#page415">415</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+  <td class='toc1'>Small Words and Low Words, by Harry Leroy Temple</td>
+  <td class='tocnum'><a href="#page416">416</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+  <td class='toc1'>A Chapter on Rings</td>
+  <td class='tocnum'><a href="#page416">416</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+  <td class='toc1'>Anticipatory Use of the Cross.&mdash;Ringing Bells for the Dead</td>
+  <td class='tocnum'><a href="#page417">417</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+  <td class='toc1'><span class="smcap">Photographic Correspondence:</span>&mdash;Stereoscopic Angles</td>
+  <td class='tocnum'><a href="#page419">419</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+  <td class='toc1'><span class="smcap">Replies to Minor Queries:</span>&mdash;Berefellarii&mdash;"To
+  know ourselves diseased," &amp;c.&mdash;Gloves at Fairs&mdash;
+  "An" before "u" long&mdash;"The Good Old Cause"
+&mdash;Jeroboam of Claret, &amp;c.&mdash;Humbug&mdash;"Could we
+  with ink," &amp;c.&mdash;"Hurrah!"&mdash;"Qui facit per alium
+  facit per se"&mdash;Tsar&mdash;Scrape&mdash;Baskerville&mdash;
+  Sheriffs of Glamorganshire&mdash;Synge Family&mdash;Lines
+  on Woman&mdash;Lisle Family&mdash;Duval Family</td>
+  <td class='tocnum'><a href="#page420">420</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+  <td><span class="smcap">Miscellaneous:</span>&mdash;</td>
+    <td></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+  <td class='toc1'>Books and Odd Volumes wanted</td>
+  <td class='tocnum'><a href="#page423">423</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+  <td class='toc1'>Notices to Correspondents</td>
+  <td class='tocnum'><a href="#page424">424</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+  <td class='toc1'>Advertisements</td>
+  <td class='tocnum'><a href="#page424">424</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+</table>
+
+<hr class='full' />
+
+
+<h2>Notes.</h2>
+
+<h3>THE SCOTTISH NATIONAL RECORDS.</h3>
+
+<p>The two principal causes of the loss of these records are, the
+abstraction of them by Edward I. in 1292, and the destruction of a
+great many others by the reformers in their religious zeal. It so
+happens that up to the time of King Robert Bruce, the history is not
+much to be depended on. A great many valuable papers connected with
+the ancient ecclesiastical state of Scotland were carried off to the
+Continent by the members of the ancient hierarchy, who retired there
+after the Reformation. Many have, no doubt, been destroyed by time,
+and in the destruction of their depositories by revolutions and
+otherwise. That a great many are yet in existence abroad, as well as
+at home, which would throw great light on Scottish history, and which
+have not yet been discovered, there is no doubt, notwithstanding the
+unceremonious manner in which many of them were treated. At the
+time when the <i>literati</i> were engaged in investigating the
+authenticity of Ossian's <i>Poems</i> (to go no farther back), it was
+stated that there was in the library of the Scotch College at Douay a
+Gaelic MS. of several of the poems of great antiquity, and which, if
+produced, would have set the question at rest. On farther inquiry,
+however, it was stated that it had been torn up, along with others,
+and used by the students for the purpose of kindling the fires. It
+is gratifying to the antiquary that discoveries are from time to time
+being made, of great importance: it was announced lately that there
+had been discovered at the Treasury a series of papers relating to the
+rebellion of 1715-16, consisting chiefly of informations of persons
+said to have taken part in the rising; and an important mass of papers
+relative to the rebellion of 1745-46. There has also been discovered
+at the Chapter House at Westminster, the correspondence between Edward
+I., Edward II., and their lieutenants in Scotland, Aymer de Valance,
+Earl of Pembroke, John, Earl of Warren, and Hugh Cressingham. The
+letters patent have also been found, by which, in 1304, William
+Lamberton, Bishop of St. Andrew's, testified his having come into
+the peace of the king of England, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="page406" id="page406">{406}</a></span> bound himself to answer for the
+temporalities of his bishopric to the English king. Stray discoveries
+are now and then made in the charter-rooms of royal burghs, as
+sometime ago there was found in the Town-house of Aberdeen a charter
+and several confirmations by King Robert Bruce. The ecclesiastical
+records of Scotland also suffered in our own day; the original
+charters of the assembly from 1560 to 1616 were presented to the
+library of Sion College, London Wall, London, in 1737, by the
+Honorable Archibald Campbell (who had been chosen by the Presbyters
+as Bishop of Aberdeen in 1721), under such conditions as might
+effectually prevent them again becoming the property of the Kirk of
+Scotland. Their production having been requested by a committee of the
+House of Commons, the records were produced and laid on the table of
+the committee-room on the 5th of May, 1834. They were consumed in the
+fire which destroyed the houses of parliament on the 16th of October
+of the same year. It was only after 1746, and on the breaking up
+of the feudal system, when men's minds began to calm down, that any
+attention was paid to Scottish antiquities. Indeed, previous to that
+period, had any one asked permission to examine the charter chests
+of our most ancient families, purely for a literary purpose, he would
+have been suspected of maturing evidence for the purpose of depriving
+them of their estates. No such objection now exists, and every
+facility is afforded both the publishing clubs and private individuals
+in their researches. Much has been done by the Abbotsford, Bannatyne,
+Maitland, Roxburgh, Spalding, and other clubs, in elucidating Scottish
+history and antiquities, but much remains to be done. "If it were
+done, when 'tis done, then 'twere well it were done quickly," as every
+day lost renders the attainment of the object more difficult; and it
+is to be hoped that these clubs will be supported as they deserve.
+<a id="footnotetag1" name="footnotetag1"></a><a href="#footnote1"><sup>[1]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>The student of Scottish history will find much useful and important
+information in Robertson's <i>Index of Charters</i>; Sir Joseph
+Ayloffe's <i>Calendars of Ancient Charters</i>; <i>Documents and
+Records illustrative of the History Of Scotland</i>, edited by Sir
+Francis Palgrave, 1837; Jamieson's <i>History of the Culdees</i>;
+Toland's <i>History of the Druids</i>; Balfour's <i>History of
+the Picts</i>; Chalmers' <i>Caledonia</i>; Stuart's <i>Caledonia
+Romana</i>; <i>History of the House and Clan Mackay</i>; <i>The
+Genealogical Account of the Barclays of Ury for upwards of 700
+Years</i>; Gordon's <i>History of the House of Sutherland</i>;
+M'Nicol's <i>Remarks on Johnson's Journey to the Western Isles</i>;
+Kennedy's <i>Annals of Aberdeen</i>; Dalrymple's <i>Annals</i>, &amp;c.
+&amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='author'><span class="smcap">Abredonensis.</span></p>
+
+<blockquote class="footnote">
+<p><a id="footnote1" name="footnote1"></a><b>Footnote 1</b>:
+    <a href="#footnotetag1">(return)</a></p>
+<p>See <i>Scottish Journal</i>, Edinburgh, 1847, p. 3., for a
+very interesting article on the Early Records of Scotland.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>PATRICK CAREY.</h3>
+
+<p>Looking over Evelyn's <i>Diary</i>, edited by Mr. Barry, 4to., 2nd
+edit., London, 1819, I came upon the following. Evelyn being at Rome,
+in 1644, says:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>"I was especially recommended to Father John, a Benedictine Monk and
+Superior of the Order for the English College of Douay; a person of
+singular learning, religion, and humanity; also to Mr. Patrick Cary, an
+abbot, brother to our learned Lord Falkland, a witty young priest, who
+afterwards came over to our church."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>It immediately occurred to me, that this "witty young priest" might
+be Sir Walter Scott's <i>protégé</i>, and the author of "<i>Triviall
+Poems and Triolets</i>, written in obedience to Mrs. Tomkins' commands
+by Patrick Carey, Aug. 20, 1651," and published for the first time at
+London in 1820, from a MS. in the possession of the editor.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Walter, in introducing his "forgotten poet," merely informs us
+that his author "appears to have been a gentleman, a loyalist, a
+lawyer, and a rigid high churchman, if not a Roman Catholic."</p>
+
+<p>In the first part of this book, which the author calls his "Triviall
+Poems," the reader will find ample proof that his character would fit
+the "witty young priest" of Evelyn; as well as the gentle blood,
+and hatred to the Roundheads of Sir Walter. As a farther proof that
+Patrick Carey the priest, and Patrick the poet, may be identical, take
+the following from one of his poems, comparing the old Church with the
+existing one:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<p class="i4">"Our Church still flourishing w' had seene,</p>
+<p class="i4">If th' holy-writt had euer beene</p>
+<p class="i4">Kept out of laymen's reach;</p>
+<p class="i4">But, when 'twas English'd, men halfe-witted,</p>
+<p class="i4">Nay, woemen too, would be permitted,</p>
+<p class="i4">T' expound all texts and preach."</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The second part of Carey's poetical essays is entitled "I will sing
+unto the Lord," and contains a few "Triolets;" all of an ascetic
+savour, and strongly confirmatory of the belief that the author may
+have taken the monastic vow:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<p class="i4">"Worldly designes, feares, hopes, farwell!</p>
+<p class="i4">Farwell all earthly joyes and cares!</p>
+<p class="i4">On nobler thoughts my soule shall dwell;</p>
+<p class="i4">Worldly designes, feares, hopes, farwell!</p>
+<p class="i4">Att quiett, in my peaceful cell,</p>
+<p class="i4">I'le thincke on God, free from your snares;</p>
+<p class="i4">Worldly designes, feares, hopes, farwell!</p>
+<p class="i4">Farwell all earthly joys and cares.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<p class="i4">Pleasure att courts is but in show,</p>
+<p class="i4">With true content in cells wee meete;</p>
+<p class="i4">Yes (my deare Lord!) I've found it soe,</p>
+<p class="i4">Noe joyes but thine are purely sweete!"</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The quotation from the Psalms, which forms the title to this second
+part, is placed above "a helmet and a shield," which Sir Walter
+has transferred<span class='pagenum'><a name="page407" id="page407">{407}</a></span> to his title. This "bears what heralds call a cross
+anchorée, or a cross moline, with a motto, <i>Tant que je
+puis</i>." With the exception of the rose beneath this, there is no
+identification here of Patrick Carey with the Falkland family. This
+cross, placed before religious poems, may however be intended to
+indicate their subjects, and the writer's profession, rather than his
+family escutcheon; although that may be pointed at in the rose alluded
+to, the Falklands bearing "on a bend three roses of the field."</p>
+
+<p class='author'>J. O.</p>
+
+<p class='note'>["Ah! you do not know Pat Carey, a younger brother of Lord
+    Falkland's," says the disguised Prince Charles to Dr. Albany
+    Rochecliffe in Sir Walter Scott's <i>Woodstock</i>. So
+    completely has the fame of the great Lord Falkland eclipsed
+    that of his brothers, that many are, doubtless, in the same
+    blissful state with good Dr. Rochecliffe, although <i>two</i>
+    editions of the poet's works have been given to the world.
+    In 1771, Mr. John Murray published the poems of Carey, from
+    a collection alleged to be in the hands of a Rev. Pierrepont
+    Cromp, apparently a fictitious name. In 1820, Sir Walter
+    Scott, ignorant, as he confesses himself, at the time of an
+    earlier edition, edited once more the poems, employing an
+    original MS. presented to him by Mr. Murray. In a note in
+    <i>Woodstock</i>, Sir Walter sums up the information he had
+    procured concerning the author, which, scanty as it is, is
+    not without interest. "Of Carey," he says, "the second editor,
+    like the first, only knew the name and the spirit of the
+    verses. He has since been enabled to ascertain that the poetic
+    cavalier was a younger brother of the celebrated Henry Lord
+    Carey, who fell at the battle of Newberry, and escaped the
+    researches of Horace Walpole, to whose list of noble authors
+    he would have been an important addition." The first edition
+    of the poems appeared under the following title, <i>Poems from
+    a Manuscript written in the Time of Oliver Cromwell</i>, 4to.
+    1771, 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>: Murray. It contains only
+    nine pieces, whereas the present edition contains
+    thirty-seven.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Ed.</span>]</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>INEDITED LYRIC BY FELICIA HEMANS.</h3>
+
+<p>A short time since I discovered the following in the handwriting
+of Mrs. Hemans, and it accompanied an invitation of a more prosaic
+description to a gentleman of her acquaintance, and a relative of
+mine, now deceased. I thought it worth preserving, in case any future
+edition of her works appeared; but the 13th, 14th, and 15th lines are
+defective, from the seal, or some other accident, having torn them
+off, and one is missing. And though perhaps it would not be difficult
+to restore them, yet I have not ventured to do so myself. The last two
+lines appear to convey a melancholy foreboding of the poet's sad and
+early fate. Can any one restore the defective parts?</p>
+
+
+<p class='author'><span class="smcap">Weld Taylor.</span></p>
+
+<p>Bayswater.</p>
+
+
+<p class='center'><i>Water Lilies.</i></p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<p class="i8">Come away, Puck, while the dew is sweet;</p>
+<p class="i8">Come to the dingle where fairies meet.</p>
+<p class="i8">Know that the lilies have spread their bells</p>
+<p class="i8">O'er all the pools in our mossy dells;</p>
+<p class="i8">Stilly and lightly their vases rest</p>
+<p class="i8">On the quivering sleep of the waters' breast,</p>
+<p class="i8">Catching the sunshine thro' leaves that throw</p>
+<p class="i8">To their scented bosoms an emerald glow;</p>
+<p class="i8">And a star from the depth of each pearly cup,</p>
+<p class="i8">A golden star! unto heaven looks up,</p>
+<p class="i8">As if seeking its kindred, where bright they lie,</p>
+<p class="i8">Set in the blue of the summer sky.</p>
+<p class="i8">.... under arching leaves we'll float,</p>
+<p class="i8">.... with reeds o'er the fairy moat,</p>
+<p class="i8">.... forth wild music both sweet and low.</p>
+<p class="i8">It shall seem from the rich flower's heart,</p>
+<p class="i8">As if 'twere a breeze, with a flute's faint sigh.</p>
+<p class="i8">Cone, Puck, for the midsummer sun grows strong,</p>
+<p class="i8">And the life of the Lily may not belong.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Mab.</span></p>
+</div></div>
+<hr />
+
+<h3>"GREEN EYES."</h3>
+
+<p>Having long been familiar with only one instance of the possession
+of eyes of this hue&mdash;the well-known case of the "<i>green-eyed</i>
+monster Jealousy,"&mdash;and not having been led by that association to
+think of them as a beauty, I have been surprised lately at finding
+them not unfrequently seriously admired. <i>Ex. gr.</i>:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<p class="i2">"<i>Victorian.</i> How is that and <i>green-eyed</i> Gaditana</p>
+<p class="i0">That you both wot of?</p>
+
+<p class="i2"><i>Don Carlos.</i> Ay, soft <i>emerald</i> eyes!"</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<hr class='short' />
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<p class="i2"><i>Victorian.</i> A pretty girl: and in her tender eyes,</p>
+<p class="i0">Just that soft shade of <i>green</i> we sometimes see</p>
+<p class="i0"> In evening skies."</p>
+<p class="i4">Longfellow's <i>Spanish Student</i>, Act II. Sc. 3.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Mr. Longfellow adds in a note:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>"The Spaniards, with good reason, consider this colour of the
+    eye as beautiful, and celebrate it in a song; as, for example,
+    in the well-known Villancico:</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<p class="i4">'Ay ojuelos verdes,</p>
+<p class="i4">Ay los mis ojuelos,</p>
+<p class="i4">Ay hagan los cielos</p>
+<p class="i4">Que de mi te acuerdes!</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<hr class='short' />
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<p class="i4">Tengo confianza,</p>
+<p class="i4">De mis verdes ojos.'"</p>
+<p class="i6">Böhl de Faber, <i>Floresta</i>, No. 255.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>I have seen somewhere, I think in one of the historical romances of
+Alexander Dumas (Père), a popular jingle about</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<p class="i4">"La belle Duchesse de Nevers,</p>
+<p class="i4">Aux yeux verts," &amp;c.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>And lastly, see <i>Two Gentlemen of Verona</i>, Act IV. Sc. 4., where
+the ordinary text has:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<p class="i2">"Her eyes are grey as glass, and so are mine."</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Here "The MS. corrector of the folio 1682 converts 'grey' into
+'<i>green</i>:' 'Her eyes are <i>green</i> as<span class='pagenum'><a name="page408" id="page408">{408}</a></span> <i>grass</i>;' and such,
+we have good reason to suppose, was the true reading." (Collier's
+<i>Shakspeare Notes and Emendations</i>, p. 25.)</p>
+
+<p>The modern slang, "Do you see anything <i>green</i> in my eye?" can
+hardly, I suppose, be called in evidence on the question of beauty
+or ugliness. Is there any more to be found in favour of "<i>green
+eyes</i>?"</p>
+
+<p class='author'><span class="smcap">Harry Leroy Temple.</span></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<h3>SHAKSPEARE CORRESPONDENCE.</h3>
+
+<p><i>On the Death of Falstaff</i> (Vol. viii., p. 314.).&mdash;The remarks
+of your correspondents J. B. and <span class="smcap">Nemo</span> on this subject are so
+obvious, and I think I may also admit in a measure so just, that
+it appears to me only respectful to them, and to all who may feel
+reluctant to give up Theobald's reading, that I should give some
+detailed reason for dissenting from their conclusion.</p>
+
+<p>In the first place, when Falstaff began to "play with flowers and
+smile upon his fingers' ends," it was no far-fetched thought to place
+him in fancy among green fields; and if the disputed passage were in
+immediate connexion with the above, the argument in its favour would
+be stronger. But, unfortunately, Mrs. Quickly brings in here the
+conclusion at which she arrives: "I knew there was but one way;
+<i>for</i>," she adds, as a farther reason, and referring to the
+physical evidences upon his frame of the approach of death, "his
+nose was as sharp as a pen on a table of green frieze." We can hardly
+imagine him "babbling" at this moment. "How now, Sir John, quoth I;"
+she continues, apparently to rouse him: "What, man! be of good cheer.
+<i>So</i> [thus roused] 'a cried out&mdash;God, God, God! three or four
+times: now, I to <i>comfort</i> him," &amp;c. Does this look as though he
+were in the happy state of mind your correspondents imagine? I take
+no account of his crying out of sack and of women, &amp;c., as that might
+have been at an earlier period. At the same time it does not follow,
+had Shakspeare intended to replace him in fancy amid the scenes of his
+youth, that he should have talked of them. A man who is (or imagines
+he is) in green fields, does not talk about green fields, however
+he may enjoy them. Both your correspondents seem to anticipate this
+difficulty, and meet it by supposing Falstaff to be "babbling
+snatches of hymns;" but this I conceive to be far beyond the limits
+of reasonable conjecture. In fact, the whole of their very beautiful
+theory rests upon the very disputed passage in question. At an earlier
+period apparently, his mind did wander; when, as Mrs. Quickly says,
+he was "rheumatick," meaning doubtless <i>lunatic</i>, that is,
+delirious; and then he talked of other things. When he began to
+"fumble with the sheets, and play with flowers, and smile upon his
+fingers' ends," though for a moment he might have fancied himself
+even "in his mother's lap," or anything else, he was clearly past
+all "babbling." In saying this, I treat Falstaff as a human being who
+lived and died, and whose actions were recorded by the faithfullest
+observer of Nature that ever wrote.</p>
+
+<p class='author'><span class="smcap">Samuel Hickson.</span></p>
+
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<p class="i0"><i>Passage in "Tempest.</i>"&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="i2">"Thy banks with pioned and twilled brims,</p>
+<p class="i2">Which spongy April at thy best betrims,</p>
+<p class="i2">To make cold nymphs chaste crowns."</p>
+
+<p class="i8"><i>Tempest</i>, Act IV. Sc. 1.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The above is the reading of the first folio. <i>Pioned</i> is
+explained by <span class="smcap">Mr. Collier</span>, "to dig," as in Spenser; but
+<span class="smcap">Mr. Halliwell</span> (<i>Monograph Shakspeare</i>, vol. i. p.
+425.) finds no authority to support such an interpretation. <span class="smcap">Mr.
+Collier's</span> anonymous annotator writes "tilled;" but surely this
+is a very artificial process to be performed by "spongy April." Hanmer
+proposed "peonied;" Heath, "lilied;" and <span class="smcap">Mr. Halliwell</span> admits
+this is more poetical (and surely more correct), but appears to prefer
+"twilled," embroidered or interwoven with flowers. A friend of mine
+suggested that "lilied" was peculiarly appropriate to form "cold
+nymphs chaste crowns," from its imputed power as a preserver of
+chastity: and in <span class="smcap">Mr. Halliwell's</span> folio, several examples
+are quoted from old poets of "peony" spelt "piony;" and of both
+<i>peony</i> and <i>lily</i> as "defending from unchaste thoughts."
+Surely, then, the reading of the first folio is a mere typographical
+error, and <i>peonied</i> and <i>lilied</i> the most poetical and
+correct.</p>
+
+<p class='author'><span class="smcap">Este.</span></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<h3>Minor Notes.</h3>
+
+<p><i>Monumental Inscriptions</i> (Vol. viii., p. 215. &amp;c.).&mdash;I
+have never seen the monumental inscription of Theodore Pal&aelig;ologus
+accurately copied in any book. When in Cornwall lately, I took the
+trouble to copy it, and as some of your readers may like to see the
+thing as it is, I send it line for line, word for word, and letter for
+letter. It is found, as is well known, in the little out-of-the-way
+church of St. Landulph, near Saltash.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Here lyeth the body of Theodoro Paleologus<br />
+  Of Pesaro in Italye, descended from y<sup>e</sup> Imperyail<br />
+  Lyne of y<sup>e</sup> last Christian Emperors of Greece<br />
+  Being the sonne of Camilio, y<sup>e</sup> son&#x304;e of Prosper<br />
+  the sonne of Theodoro the sonne of Iohn, y<sup>e</sup> sonne<br />
+  of Thomas, second brother to Constantine<br />
+  Paleologus, the 8th of that name and last of<br />
+  y<sup>t</sup> lyne y<sup>t</sup> raygned in Constantinople, untill subdewed<br />
+  by the Turkes, who married with Mary<br />
+  Y<sup>e</sup> daughter of William Balls of Hadlye in<br />
+  Souffolke Gent, &amp; had issue 5 children, Theodoro,<br />
+  Iohn, Ferdinando, Maria &amp; Dorothy, and departed<br />
+  this life at Clyfton y<sup>e</sup> 21<sup>th</sup> of January, 1636."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p class='author'><span class="smcap">Ed. St. Jackson.</span></p>
+
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="page409" id="page409">{409}</a></span><i>Marlborough at Blenheim.</i>&mdash;Extract from a MS. sermon preached
+at Bitton (in Gloucestershire?) on the day of the thanksgiving for
+the victory near Hochstett, anno 1704. (By the Reverend Thomas Earle,
+afterwards Vicar of Malmesbury?)</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>"And so I pass to the great and glorious occasion of this
+    day, w<sup>h</sup> gives us manifold cause of praise and thanksgiving to
+    Almighty God for ... mercies and deliverances. For y<sup>e</sup> happy
+    success of her Majesty's arms both by land and sea [under the]
+    Duke of Marlborough, whose fame now flies through the world,
+    and whose glorious actions will render his name illustrious,
+    and rank him among the renowned worthies of all ages. Had that
+    threatning Bullet, w<sup>h</sup> bespattered him all over with dirt,
+    only that he might shine the brighter afterwards; had it, I
+    say, took away his Life, he had gone down to the grave with
+    the laurels in his hand."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Is this incident of the bullet mentioned in any of the cotemporary
+accounts of the battle?</p>
+
+<p class='author'>E.</p>
+
+
+<p><i>Etymology of "till," "until."</i>"&mdash;Many monosyllables in language
+are, upon examination, found to be in reality compounds, disguised
+by contraction. A few instances are, <i>non</i>, Lat. ne-un-(us);
+<i>dont</i>, Fr. de-unde; <i>such</i>, Eng. so-like; <i>which</i>,
+who-like. In like manner I believe <i>till</i>, to-while, and
+<i>until</i>, unto-while. Now <i>while</i> is properly a substantive,
+and signifies <i>time</i>, corresponding to <i>dum</i>, Lat., in many
+of its uses, which again is connected with <i>diu</i>, <i>dies</i>,
+both which are used in the indefinite sense of <i>a while</i>, as well
+as in the definite sense of <i>a day</i>. <i>Adesdum</i>, come here
+a while; <i>interdum</i>, between whiles. If &#964;&#949; (Gr.) is
+connected with this root, then &#7953;&#963;&#964;&#949;, to-while, till. Lawrence
+Minot says, "<i>To time</i> (till) he thinks to fight."</p>
+
+<p><i>Dum</i> has the double meaning of <i>while</i> and <i>to-while</i>.</p>
+
+<p class='author'><span class="smcap">E. S. Jackson.</span></p>
+
+
+<p><i>Dog-whipping Day in Hull.</i>&mdash;There was some time since the
+singular custom in Hull, of whipping all the dogs that were found
+running about the streets on October 10; and some thirty years since,
+when I was a boy, so common was the practice, that every little urchin
+considered it his duty to prepare a whip for any unlucky dog that
+might be seen in the streets on this day. This custom is now obsolete,
+those "putters down" of all boys' play in the streets&mdash;the new
+police&mdash;having effectually stopped this cruel pastime of the Hull
+boys. Perhaps some of your readers may be able to give a more correct
+origin of this singular custom than the one I now give from tradition:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>"Previous to the suppression of monasteries in Hull, it was
+    the custom for the monks to provide liberally for the poor and
+    the wayfarer who came to the fair, held annually on the 11th
+    of October; and while busy in this necessary preparation the
+    day before the fair, a dog strolled into the larder, snatched
+    up a joint of meat and decamped with it. The cooks gave the
+    alarm; and when the dog got into the street, he was pursued by
+    the expectants of the charity of the monks, who were waiting
+    outside the gate, and made to give up the stolen joint.
+    Whenever, after this, a dog showed his face, while this
+    annual preparation was going on, he was instantly beaten
+    off. Eventually this was taken up by the boys; and, until the
+    introduction of the new police, was rigidly put in practice by
+    them every 10th of October."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>I write this on October 10, 1853: and so effectually has this custom
+been suppressed, that I have neither seen nor heard of any dog having
+been this day whipped according to ancient custom.</p>
+
+<p class='author'><span class="smcap">John Richardson.</span></p>
+
+<p>13. Savile Street, Hull.</p>
+
+
+<p><i>State</i>: <i>Hamlet</i>, Act I. Sc. 1.&mdash;Professor Wilson proposed
+that in the "high and palmy <i>state</i> of Rome," <i>state</i> should
+be taken in the sense of <i>city</i>:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>"Write henceforth and for ever <i>State</i> with a towering
+    capital. State, properly republic, here specifically and
+    pointedly means Reigning City. The ghosts walked in the
+    city, not in the republic."&mdash;Vide "Dies Boreales," No. III.,
+    <i>Blackwood</i>, August, 1849.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Query, Has this reading been adopted by our skilled Shakspearian
+critics?</p>
+
+<p>Coleridge uses <i>state</i> for <i>city</i> in his translation of
+<i>The Death of Wallenstein</i>, Act III. Sc. 7.:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<p class="i8">"What think you?</p>
+<p class="i4">Say, shall we have the <i>State</i> illuminated</p>
+<p class="i4">In honour of the Swede?"</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p class='author'>J. M. B.</p>
+
+<hr class='full' />
+
+
+<h2>Queries.</h2>
+
+
+<h3>POLARISED LIGHT.</h3>
+
+<p>During the last summer, while amusing myself with verifying a
+statement of Sir D. Brewster respecting the light of the rainbow, viz.
+that it is polarised in particular planes, I observed a phenomenon
+which startled me exceedingly, inasmuch as it was quite new to me at
+the time; and, notwithstanding subsequent inquiries, I cannot find
+that it has been observed by any other person. I found that <i>the
+light of the blue sky is partially polarised</i>. When analysed with
+a Nicols' prism, the contrast with the surrounding clouds is very
+remarkable; so much so, indeed, that clouds of extreme tenuity, which
+make no impression whatever on the un-assisted eye, are rendered
+plainly visible.</p>
+
+<p>The most complete polarisation seems to take place near the horizon;
+and, when the sun is near the meridian, towards the west and east. The
+depth of colour appears to be immaterial, as far as I have been
+able to ascertain with an instrument but rudely constructed for the
+purpose. The light is polarised in planes passing through the<span class='pagenum'><a name="page410" id="page410">{410}</a></span> eye of
+the observer, and arcs of great circles intersecting the sun's disc.</p>
+
+<p>From the absence (so far as I am aware) of all mention of this
+remarkable fact in works on the subject, I am led to conclude that it
+is something new; should this, however, turn out otherwise, I shall be
+obliged by a reference to any author who explains the phenomenon.
+The greater intensity towards the horizon would point to successive
+refractions as the most probable theory.</p>
+
+
+<p class='author'>H. C. K.</p>
+
+
+<hr class='full' />
+
+
+<h2>Minor Queries.</h2>
+
+<p><i>"Salus Populi," &amp;c.</i>&mdash;What is the origin of the saying, "Salus
+populi suprema lex?"</p>
+
+
+<p class='author'>E. M.</p>
+
+
+<p><i>Dramatic Representations by the Hour-glass.</i>&mdash;I have seen it
+stated (but am now unable to trace the reference) that, in the infancy
+of the drama, its representations were sometimes regulated by the
+hour-glass. Does the history of the art, either among the Greeks or
+the Romans, furnish any well authenticated instance of this practice?</p>
+
+
+<p class='author'><span class="smcap">Henry H. Breen.</span></p>
+
+<p>St. Lucia.</p>
+
+
+<p><i>John Campbell of Jamaica.</i>&mdash;I shall be very much obliged if any
+of your readers can give me any information respecting John Campbell,
+Esq., of Gibraltar, Trelawny, Jamaica, who died in January, 1817, at
+Clifton (I believe), but to whose memory a monument was erected in
+Bristol Cathedral by his widow. I should be glad to know her maiden
+name, and whether he left any surviving family? Also how he was
+related to a family <i>going by the name</i> of Hanam or Hannam, who
+lived at Arkindale, Yorkshire, about one hundred years before the date
+of his decease; he appears, too, to have had some connexion with a
+person named Isaac Madley, or Bradley, and through his mother with
+the Turners of Kirkleatham. This inquiry is made in the hope of
+unravelling a genealogical difficulty which has hitherto baffled all
+endeavour to solve it.</p>
+
+
+<p class='author'>D. E. B.</p>
+
+<p>Leamington.</p>
+
+
+<p><i>Hodgkins's Tree, Warwick.</i>&mdash;In the plan of Warwick, drawn on
+Speed's Map of that county, is a tree at the end of West Street,
+called on the plan "Hodgkins's Tree:" against this tree is represented
+a gun, pointed to the left towards the fields.&mdash;Can any of your
+readers furnish the tradition to this tree pertaining?</p>
+
+
+<p class='author'>O. L. R. G.</p>
+
+
+<p><i>The Doctor, &amp;c.</i>, p. 5., one volume edition.&mdash;The sentence in
+the Garamna tongue, if anagrammatised into "You who have written Madoc
+and Thalaba and Kehama," would require a <i>k</i> to be substituted
+for an <i>h</i> in <i>Whehaha</i>. Query, Is this the proper mode of
+interpretation, or is there a misprint?</p>
+
+<p><i>Saheco</i>, p. 248.&mdash;What name are these composite initials
+meant to represent? The others are easily deciphered. Should we read
+<i>Saneco</i>=Sarah Nelson Coleridge?</p>
+
+
+<p class='author'>J. M. B.</p>
+
+
+<p><i>English Clergyman in Spain.</i>&mdash;I am anxious to discover the
+capacity in which a certain clergyman was present with the English
+army in Spain early in the eighteenth century (probably with Lord
+Peterborough's expedition). Can any readers of "N. &amp; Q." refer me to
+any book or record from which I can obtain this information?</p>
+
+
+<p class='author'>D. Y.</p>
+
+
+<p><i>Caldecott's Translation of the New Testament.</i>&mdash;I have a
+translation of the New Testament by a Mr. John Caldecott, printed and
+sold by J. Parry and Son, Chester, dated 1834. It is entitled <i>Holy
+Writings of the First Christians, called the New Testament</i> (the
+text written from the common version, but altered by comparing with
+the Greek), with notes. I shall be glad to know who Mr. Caldecott
+was or is? and whether the edition appeared under the auspices of any
+society or sect of Christians?</p>
+
+
+<p class='author'>S. A. S.</p>
+
+<p>Bridgewater.</p>
+
+
+<p><i>Westhumble Chapel.</i>&mdash;There is a ruin of a chapel in the hamlet
+of Westhumble, in Mickleham, Surrey. At what time was it built? To
+what saint consecrated? and from what cause was it allowed to fall
+into its present ruinous and desecrated condition?</p>
+
+
+<p class='author'>J. P. S.</p>
+
+
+<p><i>Perfect Tense.</i>&mdash;In Albités' "Companion" to <i>How to speak
+French</i>, one of the first exercises is to turn into French the
+following phrase, "I have seen him yesterday." I should be much
+obliged to <span class="smcap">Mr. J. S. Warden</span> (to whom all readers of "N. &amp;
+Q." stand so greatly indebted for his excellent article on "Will and
+Shall"), if he would state the rule for the use of the perfect tense
+in English in respect to specified time, and the <i>rationale</i>
+involved in such rule.</p>
+
+
+<p class='author'><span class="smcap">C. Mansfield Ingleby.</span></p>
+
+<p>Birmingham.</p>
+
+
+<p><i>La Fleur des Saints.</i>&mdash;To Molière's <i>Le Tartufe</i> (Act I.
+Sc. 2.) occur the following lines:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<p class="i4">"Le traitre, I'autre jour, nous rompit de ses mains</p>
+<p class="i4">Un mouchoir qu'il trouva dans une <i>Fleur des Saints</i>,</p>
+<p class="i4">Disant que nous mêlions, par un crime effroyable,</p>
+<p class="i4">Avec la sainteté les parures du diable."</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Can any of your readers inform me what <i>Fleur des Saints</i> was?
+Was it a book? If so, what were its contents?</p>
+
+
+<p class='author'>C. P. G.</p>
+
+
+<p><i>Oasis.</i>&mdash;Can any correspondent inform me of the correct quantity
+of the second syllable of this word? In Smith's <i>Geographical
+Dictionary</i> it is marked long, while Andrews' <i>Lexicon</i> gives
+it<span class='pagenum'><a name="page411" id="page411">{411}</a></span> short, neither of them giving any reason for their respective
+quantities.</p>
+
+
+<p class='author'>T.</p>
+
+
+<p><i>Book Reviews, their Origin.</i>&mdash;Dodsley published in 1741 <i>The
+Public Register, or the Weekly Magazine</i>. Under the head of
+"Records of Literature," he undertook to give a compendious account
+of "whatever works are published either at home or abroad worthy the
+attention of the public." Was this <i>small</i> beginning the origin
+of our innumerable reviews?</p>
+
+
+<p class='author'><span class="smcap">W. Cramp.</span></p>
+
+
+<p><i>Martyr of Collet Well.</i>&mdash;One James Martyr, in 1790, bought of
+George Lake the seat called Collet Well, in the parish of Otford. Can
+any reader of "N. &amp; Q." tell from what family this Martyr sprang, and
+what their armorial bearings are?</p>
+
+
+<p class='author'>Q. M. S.</p>
+
+
+<p><i>Black as a Mourning Colour.</i>&mdash;Can any of your correspondents
+kindly inform me when black was first known in England, as the colour
+of mourning robes? We read in <i>Hamlet</i>:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<p class="i4">"'Tis not alone my inky cloak, good mother,</p>
+<p class="i4">Nor customary suits of solemn black,</p>
+<p class="i4">That can denote me truly."</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p class='author'>W. W.</p>
+
+<p>Malta.</p>
+
+
+<p><i>The Word "Mardel," or "Mardle," whence derived?</i>&mdash;It is in
+common use in the east of Norfolk in the sense of <i>to gossip</i>,
+thus "He would <i>mardel</i> there all day long," meaning, waste his
+time in gossiping.</p>
+
+
+<p class='author'><span class="smcap">J. L. Sisson.</span></p>
+
+
+<p><i>Analogy between the Genitive and Plural.</i>&mdash;In a note by Rev.
+J. Bandinel, in Mr. Christmas' edition of Pegge's <i>Anecdotes of the
+English Language</i>, 1844, the question is asked at p. 167.:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>"Why is there such an analogy, in many languages, between the
+    genitive and the plural? In Greek, in Latin, in English, and
+    German, it is so. What is the cause of this?"</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Can you point me to any work where this hint has been carried out?</p>
+
+
+<p class='author'>H. T. G.</p>
+
+<p>Hull.</p>
+
+
+<p><i>Ballina Castle.</i>&mdash;Where can I see a view of Ballina Castle, in
+the county of Mayo? and what is the best historical and descriptive
+account of that county, or of the town of Castlebar, or other places
+in the county?</p>
+
+
+<p class='author'>O. L. R. G.</p>
+
+
+<p><i>Henry I.'s Tomb.</i>&mdash;Lyttleton, in his <i>History of England</i>,
+quoting from an author whose name I forget, states that no monument
+was ever erected to the memory of this king in Reading Abbey. Man, on
+the contrary, in his <i>History of Reading</i>, without quoting his
+authority, states that a splendid monument was erected with recumbent
+figures of Henry and Adelais, his second wife; which was destroyed by
+the mistaken zeal of the populace during the Reformation.</p>
+
+<p>Which of these statements is the true one? And if Man's be, on what
+authority is it probably founded?</p>
+
+
+<p class='author'><span class="smcap">Pembrokiensis.</span></p>
+
+
+<p><i>"For man proposes, but God disposes."</i>&mdash;This celebrated saying
+is in book i. ch. xix. of the English translation of <i>De Imitatione
+Christi</i>, of which Hallam says more editions have been
+published than of any other book except the Bible.&mdash;Can any of your
+correspondents tell me whether the saying originated with the author,
+Thomas A. Kempis?</p>
+
+
+<p class='author'>A. B. C.</p>
+
+
+<p><i>Garrick Street, May Fair.</i>&mdash;In Hertford Street, May Fair, there
+is fixed in the wall of a house (No. 15.) a square stone on which is
+inscribed:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>"Garrick Street, January 15, 1764."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>I shall be glad to know the circumstances connected with this
+inscription, which is not in any way alluded to in the works
+descriptive of London to which I have referred.</p>
+
+
+<p class='author'>C. I. R.</p>
+
+
+<p><i>The Forlorn Hope.</i>&mdash;The "Forlorn Hope" is the body of men who
+volunteer first to enter a besieged town, after a breach has been
+made in the fortifications. That I know: but it is evidently some
+quotation, and if any of your readers should be able to give any
+information as to its origin, and where it is to be found, I should,
+as I said before, be much obliged.</p>
+
+
+<p class='author'><span class="smcap">Fenton.</span></p>
+
+
+<p><i>Mitred Abbot in Wroughton Church, Wilts.</i>&mdash;Not very long ago,
+while this church was under repair, there was discovered on one of
+the pillars, behind the pulpit, a fresco painting of a mitred abbot. I
+have corresponded with the rector on the subject, but unfortunately he
+kept no drawing of it; and all the information he is able to afford me
+is, that "the vestments were those ordinarily pourtrayed, with scrip,
+crosier," &amp;c. Such being the case, I have troubled "N. &amp; Q." with
+this Query, in the hope that some one may be able to give me farther
+information as to date, name, &amp;c.</p>
+
+
+<p class='author'><span class="smcap">Rusell Gole.</span></p>
+
+
+<p><i>Reynolds' Portrait of Barretti.</i>&mdash;Can any of your correspondents
+inform me where the portrait of Barretti, by Sir Joshua Reynolds, now
+is?</p>
+
+
+<p class='author'><span class="smcap">Geo. R. Corner.</span></p>
+
+
+<p><i>Crosses on Stoles.</i>&mdash;When were the three crosses now usually
+embroidered on priests' stoles in the Roman Catholic Church
+introduced? Were they used in England before the Reformation? In
+sepulchral brasses the stoles, although embroidered and fringed, and
+sometimes also enlarged at the ends, are (so far as I have observed)
+without the crosses. If used, what was their form?</p>
+
+
+<p class='author'>H. P.</p>
+
+
+<p><i>Temporalities of the Church.</i>&mdash;Is<span class='pagenum'><a name="page412" id="page412">{412}</a></span> there any record existing of
+a want of money for the maintenance of the clergy, or for other
+pious uses, in any part of the world before the establishment of
+the Christian religion under Constantine? or of any necessity
+having arisen for enforcing the payment of tithes or offerings by
+ecclesiastical censures during that period?</p>
+
+
+<p class='author'>H. P.</p>
+
+
+<p><i>Etymology of "The Lizard."</i>&mdash;What is the etymology of the name
+"The Lizard," as applied in our maps to that long low green point,
+stretching out into the sea at the extreme south of England? My idea
+of the etymology would be (judging from the name and pronunciation
+of a small town in the immediate neighbourhood of the point)
+<i>lys-ard</i>, from two Celtic words: the first, <i>lys</i>, as found
+in the name <i>Lismore</i>, and others of a like class in Ireland and
+the Highlands of Scotland; the second <i>ard</i>, a long point running
+into the sea. In Cornwall, to my ear, the name had quite the Celtic
+intonation <i>L&#x304;ys-&#x304;ard</i>; not at all like <i>L&#774;iz&#x304;ard</i>,
+as we would speak it, short.</p>
+
+
+<p class='author'><span class="smcap">C. D. Lamont.</span></p>
+
+<p>Greenock.</p>
+
+
+<p><i>Worm in Books.</i>&mdash;Can you or any of your numerous correspondents
+suggest a remedy for the worm in old books and MSS.? I know of a
+valuable collection in the muniment room of a nobleman in the country,
+which is suffering severely at the present time from the above
+destructive agent; and although smoke has been tried, and shavings of
+Russia leather inserted within the pages of the books, the evil
+still exists. As this question has most likely been asked before,
+and answered in your valuable little work, I shall be obliged by your
+pointing out in what volume it occurs, as I have not a set by me to
+refer to and thus save you the trouble.</p>
+
+
+<p class='author'><span class="smcap">Alethes.</span></p>
+
+
+<hr class='full' />
+
+
+<h2>Minor Queries with Answers.</h2>
+
+<p><i>Siller Gun of Dumfries.</i>&mdash;Can any of your readers tell me the
+history of the "Siller Gun of Dundee" [Dumfries], and give me an
+account of the annual shooting for it?</p>
+
+
+<p class='author'>O. L. R. G.</p>
+
+
+<blockquote><p>[The Siller gun of Dumfries is a small silver tube, like the
+    barrel of a pistol, but derives great importance from its
+    being the gift of James VI., that monarch having ordained
+    it as a prize to the best marksman among the corporations of
+    Dumfries. The contest was, by royal authority, licensed to
+    take place every year; but in consequence of the trouble and
+    expense attending it, the custom has not been so frequently
+    observed. Whenever the festival was appointed, the 4th of
+    June, during the long reign of George III., was invariably
+    chosen for that purpose, being his majesty's birthday. The
+    institution itself may be regarded as a memorial of the
+    <i>Waponshaw</i>, or showing of arms, the shooting at butts
+    and bowmarks, and other military and gymnastic sports,
+    introduced by our ancestors to keep alive, by competition and
+    prizes, the martial ardour and heroic spirit of the people.
+    In archery, the usual prize to the best shooter was a silver
+    arrow: at Dumfries the contest was transferred to fire-arms.
+    See the preface to the <i>Siller Gun</i>, a poem in five
+    cantos, by John Mayne, 1836.]</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><i>Margery Trussell.</i>&mdash;Margery, daughter and coheiress of Roger
+Trussell, of Macclesfield, married Edmund de Downes (of the old
+Cheshire family of Downes of Taxall, Shrigley, &amp;c.) in the fourth year
+of Edward II. Query, What arms did she bear? and were the Trussells
+of Macclesfield of the same family as that which, in consequence of a
+marriage with an heiress of Mainwaring, settled at Warmineham, in the
+reign of Edward III., and whose heiress, in later times, married a De
+Vere, Earl of Oxford?</p>
+
+
+<p class='author'><span class="smcap">W. Sneyd.</span></p>
+
+<p>Denton.</p>
+
+
+<blockquote><p>[In the Harleian MS. 4031. fol. 170. is a long and curious
+    pedigree of the Trussells and their intermarriage with the
+    Mainwarings, in the person of Sir William Trussell, Lord of
+    Cubbleston, with Maud, daughter and heiress of Sir Warren
+    Mainwaring. The arms are: Argent a fret gu. bezanté for
+    Trussell. The same arms are found on the window of the church
+    of Warmineham in Cheshire. These would consequently be
+    the arms of Margery, daughter of Roger Trussell. The arms
+    originally were: Argent a cross formée flory gu.; but changed
+    on the marriage of Sir William Trussell of Mershton, co.
+    Northampton, with Rose, daughter and heiress to William
+    Pantolph, Lord of Cubbleston, who bore, Argent a fret gu.
+    bezanté.]</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><i>Caves at Settle, Yorkshire.</i>&mdash;Being engaged on antiquarian
+investigations, I have found it necessary to refer to some discoveries
+made in the caves at Settle in Yorkshire, of which my friends in that
+county have spoken. Now, I cannot find any printed account. I have
+referred to all the works on the county antiquities, and particularly
+to Mr. Phillips's book lately published (which professes to describe
+local antiquities), but in vain. I cannot find any notice of them. It
+is very likely some one of your better-informed readers may be able to
+assist me.</p>
+
+
+<p class='author'><span class="smcap">Brigantia.</span></p>
+
+<p>Battersea.</p>
+
+
+<blockquote><p>[See two letters by Charles Roach Smith and Joseph Jackson in
+    <i>Arch&aelig;ologia</i>, vol. xxix. p. 384., on the "Roman Remains
+    discovered in the Caves near Settle in Yorkshire." Our
+    correspondent has perhaps consulted the following work:&mdash;<i>A
+    Tour to the Caves in the Environs of Ingleborough and Settle,
+    in the West Riding of Yorkshire</i>, 8vo. 1781.]</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><i>The Morrow of a Feast.</i>&mdash;It appears from the papers, that the
+presentation of the civic functionaries to the Cursitor Baron at
+Westminster, took place on Sept. 30. Pray is this the <i>morrow</i> of
+St. Michael, as commonly supposed? Does not the analogy of "Morrow of
+All Souls" (certainly the<span class='pagenum'><a name="page413" id="page413">{413}</a></span> same day as All Souls Day, <i>i.e.</i> Nov.
+2) point out that the Morrow of St. Michael is the 29th, <i>i.e.</i>
+Michaelmas Day. That <i>morrow</i> was anciently equivalent to
+morning, we may infer from the following passages:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>"Upon a morrow tide."&mdash;Gower, <i>Conf. Am.</i>, b. iii.</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<p class="i2">"Tho' when appeared the third morrow bright,</p>
+<p class="i2">Upon the waves," &amp;c.</p>
+<p class="i8">Spenser's <i>Fairy Queen</i>, <span class="smcap">II</span>. xii. 2.</p><br/>
+<p class="i6">"Good morrow."&mdash;<i>Passim.</i></p>
+
+</div></div>
+<p class='author'>R. H.</p>
+
+
+<blockquote><p>[Is not our correspondent confounding the morrow of <i>All
+    Saint</i>s, which the 2nd of November certainly is, with the
+    morrow of <i>All Souls</i>? Sir H. Nicolas, in his most useful
+    <i>Chronology of History</i>, says most distinctly:&mdash;"The
+    morrow of a feast is the day following. Thus, the feast of St.
+    Peter ad Vincula is the 1st of August, and the morrow of that
+    feast is consequently the 2nd of August."&mdash;P. 99.]</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><i>Hotchpot.</i>&mdash;Will you kindly tell me what is the derivation of
+the local term <i>hotchpot</i>, and when it was first used?</p>
+
+
+<p class='author'>M. G. B.</p>
+
+
+<blockquote><p>[The origin of this phrase is involved in some obscurity.
+    Jacob, in his <i>Law Dictionary</i>, speaks of it as "from the
+    French," and his definition is <i>verbatim</i> that given in
+    <i>The Termes of the Law</i> (ed. 1598), with a very slight
+    addition. Blackstone (book <span class="smcap">ii.</span> cap. 12.) says, "which
+    term I shall explain in the very words of Littleton: 'It
+    seemeth that this word <i>hotchpot</i> is in English a
+    pudding; for in a pudding is not commonly just one thing
+    alone, but one thing with other things together.' By this
+    housewifely metaphor our ancestors meant to inform us that the
+    lands, both those given in frankmarriage, and those descending
+    in fee-simple, should be mixed and blended together, and then
+    divided in equal portions among all the daughters."]</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><i>High and Low Dutch.</i>&mdash;Is there any essential difference between
+High and Low Dutch; and if there be any, to which set do the Dutchmen
+at the Cape of Good Hope belong?</p>
+
+
+<p class='author'>S. C. P.</p>
+
+
+<blockquote><p>[High and Low Dutch are vulgarisms to express the German and
+    the Dutch languages, which those nations themselves call, for
+    the German <i>Deutsch</i>, for the Dutch <i>Holländisch</i>.
+    The latter is the language which the Dutch colonists of the
+    Cape carried with them, when that colony was conquered by them
+    from the Portuguese; and has for its base the German as spoken
+    before Martin Luther's translation of the Bible made the
+    dialect of Upper Saxony the written language of the entire
+    German empire.]</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><i>"A Wilderness of Monkeys."</i>&mdash;Would you kindly inform me where
+the expression is to be found: "I would not do such or such a thing
+for a wilderness of monkeys?"</p>
+
+
+<p class='author'>C. A.</p>
+
+<p>Ripley.</p>
+
+
+<blockquote><p>["<i>Tubal.</i> One of them showed me a ring that he had of
+    your daughter for a monkey.</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Shylock.</i> Out upon her! Thou torturest me,</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Tubal:</i> it was my turquoise; I had it of Leah, when I was a bachelor:
+    I would not have given it for <i>a wilderness of
+    monkies</i>."&mdash;<i>Merchant of Venice</i>, Act III. Sc. 1.]</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><i>Splitting Paper.</i>&mdash;Could any of your readers give the receipt
+for splitting paper, say a bank-note? In no book can I find it, but I
+believe that it is known by many.</p>
+
+
+<p class='author'>H. C.</p>
+
+<p>Liverpool.</p>
+
+
+<blockquote><p>[Paste the paper which is to be split between two pieces of
+    calico; and, when thoroughly dry, tear them asunder. The paper
+    will split, and, when the calico is wetted, is easily removed
+    from it.]</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><i>The Devil on Two Sticks in England.</i>&mdash;Who is the author of a
+work, entitled as under?</p>
+
+<p>"The Devil upon Two Sticks in England; being a Continuation
+    of Le Diable Boiteux of Le Sage. London: printed at the
+    Logographic Press, and sold by T. Walter, No. 169. Piccadilly;
+    and W. Richardson, under the Royal Exchange, 1790."</p>
+
+<p>It is a work of very considerable merit, an imitation in style and
+manner of Le Sage, but original in its matter. It is published in six
+volumes 8vo.</p>
+
+
+<p class='author'><span class="smcap">William Newman.</span></p>
+
+
+<blockquote><p>[William Coombe, Esq., the memorable author of <i>The
+    Diaboliad</i>, and <i>The Tour of Dr. Syntax in Search of the
+    Picturesque</i>.]</p></blockquote>
+
+<hr class='full' />
+
+
+<h2>Replies.</h2>
+
+<h3>STONE PILLAR WORSHIP AND IDOL WORSHIP.</h3>
+
+
+<p class='center'>(Vol. v., p. 121.; Vol. vii., p. 383.)</p>
+
+<p><i>Stone Pillar Worship.</i>&mdash;Sir <span class="smcap">J. E. Tennent</span> inquires
+whether any traces of this worship are to be found in Ireland, and
+refers to a letter from a correspondent of Lord Roden's, which states
+that the peasantry of the island of Inniskea, off the coast of Mayo,
+hold in reverence a stone idol called <i>Neevougi</i>. This word I
+cannot find in my Irish dictionary, but it is evidently a diminutive,
+formed from the word <i>Eevan</i> (Iomhaigh), image, or
+idol: and it is remarkable that the scriptural Hebrew term for idol
+is identical with the Irish, or nearly so&mdash;<span class='lfont'>&#1488;&#1464;&#1493;&#1462;&#1504;</span>
+(<i>Eevan</i>), derived from a root signifying <i>negation</i>, and
+applied to the vanity of idols, and to the idols themselves.</p>
+
+<p>I saw at Kenmare, in the county of Kerry, in the summer of 1847, a
+water-worn fragment of clay slate, bearing a rude likeness to the
+human form, which the peasantry called <i>Eevan</i>. Its original
+location was in or near the old graveyard of Kilmakillogue, and it
+was regarded with reverence as the image of some saint in "the ould
+auncient times," as an "ould auncient" native of Tuosist (the lonely
+place) informed me. In the same immediate neighbourhood is a gullaune
+(gallán), or stone pillar, at which the peasantry used
+"to give<span class='pagenum'><a name="page414" id="page414">{414}</a></span> rounds;" also the curious small lakes or tarns, on which the
+islands were said to move on July 8, St. Quinlan's [Kilian?] Day. (See
+Smith's <i>History of Kerry</i>.)</p>
+
+<p>However, such superstitious usages are fast falling into desuetude;
+and, whatever may have been the early history of Eevan, it is a
+sufficient proof of no vestige of stone pillar worship remaining in
+Tuosist, that, to gratify the whim of a young gentleman, some peasants
+from the neighbourhood removed this stone fragment by boat to Kenmare
+the spring of 1846, where it now lies, perched on the summit of a
+limestone rock in the grounds of the nursery-house.</p>
+
+
+<p class='author'>J. L.</p>
+
+<p>Dublin.</p>
+
+
+<p><i>Idol Worship.</i>&mdash;The islands of Inniskea, on the north-west coast
+of Ireland, are said to be inhabited by a population of about four
+hundred human beings, who speak the Irish language, and retain among
+them a trace of that government by chiefs which in former times
+existed in Ireland. The present chief or king of Inniskea is an
+intelligent peasant, whose authority is universally acknowledged,
+and the settlement of all disputes is referred to his decision.
+Occasionally they have been visited by wandering schoolmasters, but
+so short and casual have such visits been, that there are not
+ten individuals who even know the letters of any language. Though
+nominally Roman Catholics, these islanders have no priest resident
+among them, and their worship consists in occasional meetings at
+their chief's house, with visits to a holy well. Here the absence of
+religion is filled with the open practice of pagan idolatry; for in
+the south island a stone idol, called in the Irish <i>Neevougi</i>,
+has been from time immemorial religiously preserved and worshipped.
+This god, in appearance, resembles a thick roll of homespun flannel,
+which arises from a custom of dedicating a material of their dress to
+it whenever its aid is sought: this is sewed on by an old woman,
+its priestess, whose peculiar care it is. They pray to it in time of
+sickness. It is invoked when a storm is desired to dash some helpless
+ship upon the coast; and, again, the exercise of its power is
+solicited in calming the angry waves to admit of fishing.</p>
+
+<p>Such is a brief outline of these islanders and their god; but of
+the early history of this idol no authentic information has yet been
+obtained. Can any of your numerous readers furnish an account of it?</p>
+
+
+<p class='author'><span class="smcap">William Blood.</span></p>
+
+<p>Wicklow.</p>
+
+
+<hr class='full' />
+
+<h3>"BLAGUEUR" AND "BLACKGUARD."</h3>
+
+<p class='center'>(Vol. vii., p. 77.)</p>
+
+<p>I cannot concur in opinion with <span class="smcap">Sir Emerson Tennent</span>,
+who thinks he has a right to identify the sense of our low word
+<i>blagueur</i> with that of your lower one, <i>blackguard</i>. I
+allow that there some slight similitude of pronunciation between
+the words, but I contend that their sense is perfectly distinct, or,
+rather, wholly different; as distant, in fact, as is the date of their
+naturalisation in our respective idioms. Your <i>blackguard</i> had
+already won a "local habitation and a name" under the reigns of Pope
+and his immediate predecessor Dryden. Of all living unrespectable
+characters our own <i>blagueur</i> is the youngest, the most innocent,
+and the shyest. He is entirely of modern growth. He has but lately
+emerged from the soldier's barracks, the suttler's shop, and the
+mess-room. As a prolific tale-teller he amused the leisure hours of
+superannuated sergeants and half-pay subalterns. Ten or twelve years
+ago he had not yet made his appearance in plain clothes; he is now
+creeping and winding his way with slow and sure steps from his
+old haunts into some first-rate coffee-houses and shabby-genteel
+drawing-rooms, which Carlyle calls <i>sham gentility</i>. He bears on
+his very brow the newest <i>flunky-stamp</i>. The poor young fellow,
+after all, is no villain; he has no kind of connexion with the
+horrid rascal <span class="smcap">Sir Emerson Tennent</span> alludes to&mdash;with the
+<i>blackguard</i>. That he is a boaster, a talker, an idiot, a
+nincompoop; that he scatters "words, words, words," as Polonius did of
+old; that he is bombastic, wordy, prosy, nonsensical, and a fool,
+no one will deny. But he is no rogue, though he utters rogueries and
+drolleries. No one is justified in slandering him.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>blackguard</i> is a dirty fellow in every sense of the word&mdash;a
+<i>gredin</i> (a cur), the true translation, by-the-bye, of the word
+<i>blackguard</i>. Voltaire, who dealt largely in Billingsgate, was
+very fond of the word <i>gredin</i>:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>"Je semble à trois <i>gredins</i>, dans leur petit cerveau,<br />
+Que pour être imprimés et reliés en veau," &amp;c.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The word <i>blagueur</i> implies nothing so contemptuous or offensive
+as the word <i>blackguard</i> does. The emptiness of the person to
+whom it applies is very harmless. Its etymon <i>blague</i> (bladder,
+<i>tobacco-bag</i>), the pouch, which smoking voluptuaries use to
+deposit their tobacco, is perfectly symbolic of the inane, bombastic,
+windy, and long-winded speeches and sayings of the <i>blagueur</i>.
+Every French commercial traveller, buss-tooter, and Parisian jarvy
+is one. When he deports himself with modesty, and shows a gentlemanly
+tact in his peculiar avocation, we call him a <i>craqueur</i> (a
+cracker). "Ancient Pistol" was the king of <i>blagueurs</i>; Falstaff,
+of <i>craqueurs</i>. I like our <i>Baron de Crac</i>, a native of the
+land of white-liars and honey-tongued gentlemen (Gascony). The genus
+<i>craqueur</i> is common here: as it shoots out into a thousand
+branches, shades, varieties, and modifications, judicial, political,
+poetical, and so on, it would be<span class='pagenum'><a name="page415" id="page415">{415}</a></span> quite out of my province to
+pursue farther the description of <i>blagueur</i>-land or
+<i>blarney</i>-land.</p>
+
+<p>P.S.&mdash;Excuse my French-English.</p>
+
+
+<p class='author'><span class="smcap">Philarète Chasles</span>, Mazarin&aelig;us.</p>
+
+<p>Paris, Palais de l'Institut.</p>
+
+
+<hr class='full' />
+
+<h3>HARMONY OF THE FOUR GOSPELS.</h3>
+
+<p class='center'>(Vol. viii., p. 316.)</p>
+
+<p>In answer to Z. I may state that the first attempt of this kind is
+attributed to Tatian. Eusebius, in his <i>Ecc. Hist.</i> (quoted in
+Lardner's <i>Works</i>, vol. ii. p. 137. ed. 1788), says, he "composed
+I know not what&mdash;harmony and collection of the gospels, which he
+called <span lang='el' title='dia tessar&#244;n'>&#948;&#953;&#945; &#964;&#949;&#963;&#963;&#969;&#957;</span>." Eusebius himself composed a celebrated
+harmony, of which, as of some others in the sixteenth and two
+following centuries, there is a short account in Michaelis's
+<i>Introduction to the New Test.</i>, translated by Bishop Marsh, vol.
+iii. part <span class="smcap">I.</span> p. 32. The few works of the same kind written
+in the early and middle ages are noticed in Horne's <i>Introduct.</i>,
+vol. ii. p. 274. About the year 330, Juvencus, a Spaniard, wrote the
+evangelical history in heroic verse. Of far greater merit were the
+four books of Augustine, <i>De Consensu Quatuor Evangeliorum</i>.
+After a long interval, Ludolphus the Saxon, a Carthusian monk,
+published a work which passed through thirty editions in Germany,
+besides being translated into French and Italian. Some years ago I
+made out the following list of Harmonies, Diatessarons, and Synoptical
+tables, published since the Reformation, which may in some measure
+meet the wish of your correspondent. It is probably incomplete. The
+dates are those of the first editions.</p>
+
+<table summary="List of Harmonies Diatessarons Synopticals">
+<tr><td>Osiander,</td><td> 1537.  </td><td> |</td><td>  Büsching,</td><td> 1756.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Jansenius,</td><td> 1549. </td><td> |</td><td>  Macknight,</td><td> 1756.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Chemnitz,</td><td> 1593.  </td><td> |</td><td>  Bertlings,</td><td> 1767.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Lightfoot,</td><td> 1654. </td><td> |</td><td>  Griesbach,</td><td> 1776.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Cradock,</td><td> 1668.   </td><td>|</td><td>   Priestley (Greek),</td><td> 1777.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Richardson,</td><td> 1654.</td><td>|</td><td>   Priestley (Eng.),</td><td> 1780.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sandhagen,</td><td> 1684. </td><td>|</td><td>   Newcome (Greek),</td><td> 1778.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Le Clerc,</td><td> 1699.  </td><td>|</td><td>  Newcome (Eng.),</td><td> 1802.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Whiston,</td><td> 1702.   </td><td>|</td><td>   White,</td><td> 1799.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Toinard,</td><td> 1707.   </td><td>|</td><td>   De Wette,</td><td> 1818.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Rein Rus,</td><td> 1727.  </td><td>|</td><td>   Thompson, R.</td><td> 1808.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Bengelius,</td><td> 1736. </td><td>|</td><td>   Chambers,</td><td> 1813.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Hauber,</td><td> 1737.    </td><td>|</td><td>   Thompson, C.,</td><td> 1815.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Doddridge,</td><td> 1739. </td><td>|</td><td>   Warner,</td><td> 1819.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Pilkington,</td><td> 1747.</td><td>|</td><td>   Carpenter,</td><td> 1835.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Michaelis,</td><td> 1750. </td><td>|</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class='author'>J. M.</p>
+
+<p>Cranwell, near Bath.</p>
+
+
+<p>Tatian wrote his <span lang='el' title='Euangelion dia t&#244;n tessar&#244;n'>&#917;&#965;&#945;&#957;&#947;&#949;&#955;&#953;&#959;&#957; &#948;&#953;&#945; &#964;&#949;&#963;&#963;&#969;&#957;</span>
+as early as the year 170. It is no longer extant, but we have some reason for
+believing that this Harmony had been compiled in an unfriendly spirit
+(Theodoret, <i>H&aelig;ret. Fabul.</i>, lib. i. c. 20.). Tatian was followed
+by Ammonius, whose <span lang='el' title='Harmonia'>&#919;&#945;&#961;&#956;&#959;&#953;&#945;</span> appeared about 230; and in the
+next century by Eusebius and St. Ambrose, the former entitling his
+production <span lang='el' title='Peri t&#234;s ti&#244;n Euangeli&#244;n diaphi&#244;nias'>&#928;&#949;&#961;&#953; &#964;&#951;&#963; &#964;&#969;&#957; &#917;&#965;&#945;&#957;&#947;&#949;&#955;&#953;&#969;&#957; &#948;&#953;&#945;&#960;&#969;&#953;&#945;&#963;</span>,
+the latter <i>Concordia Evangelii Matt&aelig;i et Luc&aelig;</i>. But by far the ablest
+of the ancient writings on this subject is the <i>De Consensu
+Evangelistarum</i> of St. Augustine. Many authors, such as Porphyry,
+in his <span lang='el' title='Kata Christian&#244;n logoi'>&#922;&#945;&#964;&#945; &#935;&#961;&#953;&#963;&#964;&#953;&#945;&#957;&#959;&#957; &#955;&#959;&#947;&#959;&#953;</span>,
+had pointed with an air of triumph to the seeming discrepancies in the Evangelic records as an
+argument subversive of their claim to paramount authority ("Hoc enim
+solent quasi palmare su&aelig; vanitatis objicere, quod ipsi Evangelist&aelig;
+inter seipsos dissentiant."&mdash;Lib. i. c. 7.). In writing these
+objections St. Augustine had to handle nearly all the difficulties
+which offend the microscopic critics of the present day. His work
+was urged afresh upon the notice of the biblical scholar by Gerson,
+chancellor of the University of Paris, who died in 1429. The
+<i>Monotessaron, seu unum ex quatuor Evangeliis</i> of that gifted
+writer will be found in Du Pin's edition of his <i>Works</i>, iv. 83.
+sq. Some additional information respecting Harmonies is supplied in
+Ebrard's <i>Wissenschaftliche Kritik der evangelischen Geschichte</i>,
+pp. 36. sq. Francfurt a. M., 1842.</p>
+
+
+<p class='author'><span class="smcap">C. Hardwick.</span></p>
+
+<p>St. Catharine's Hall, Cambridge.</p>
+
+
+<p>Seiler says (<i>Bibl. Herm.</i>, part <span class="smcap">ii.</span> c. 4. s. 4.) that
+"The greater part of the works on the harmony of the gospels are quite
+useless for our times, as their authors mostly proceed on incorrect
+principles." He refers only to the chief of them, namely:</p>
+
+<table summary="The greater part of the works on the harmony of the gospels are quite
+useless for our times, as their authors mostly proceed on incorrect
+principles.">
+<tr><td>Osiander,</td><td> 1537.</td><td> |</td><td>Macknight,</td><td>1756.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Jansen,</td><td> 1549-72.</td> <td> |</td><td>  Bengel,</td><td> 1766.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Chemnitz,</td><td> 1593.</td> <td> |</td><td>  Büsching,</td><td> 1766.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Lightfoot,</td><td> 1644.</td> <td> |</td><td>  Bertlings,</td><td> 1767.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Van Til,</td><td> 1687.</td> <td>  |</td><td> Priestley,</td><td> 1777.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Lamy,</td><td> 1689.</td> <td>  |</td><td> Schutte,</td><td> 1779.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Le Roux,</td><td> 1699.</td> <td> |</td><td>  Stephan,</td><td> 1779.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Le Clerc, </td><td>1700.</td> <td> |</td><td>  Michaelis</td><td> in his New Test.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>May, </td><td> 1707.</td> <td> |</td><td>  Rullmann,</td><td> 1790.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Von Canstein, </td><td> 1718-27.</td> <td>  |</td><td> Griesbach,</td><td> 1776-97.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Rus, </td><td> 1727-30.</td> <td>  |</td><td> White,</td><td> 1799.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Hauber.</td> <td> </td> <td>  |</td><td>De Wette,</td><td> 1818.</td></tr>
+</table >
+<p>For other Harmonies, see Mr. Horne's <i>Bibliog. Index</i>, p. 128.
+Heringa considers that the following writers "have brought the four
+Evangelists into an harmonious arrangement, namely:</p>
+
+<table summary="Heringa considers that the following writers have brought the four
+Evangelists into an harmonious arrangement">
+<tr><td>Hesz,</td> <td> 1784. </td><td>|</td><td> Stronck,</td> <td> 1800.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Bergen</td> <td> 1804.</td><td>|</td><td> Townsend,</td> <td>1834.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>And especially as to the sufferings and resurrection of Christ:</p>
+
+<table summary="Especially as to the sufferings and resurrection of Christ">
+<tr><td>Voss,</td><td> 1701.</td><td>|</td><td>Michaelis (translated by Duckett, 1827).</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Iken,</td><td> 1743.</td><td>|</td><td> Cremer, 1795.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class='author'><span class="smcap">T. J. Buckton.</span></p>
+
+<p>Birmingham.</p>
+
+<p>Ammonius,<span class='pagenum'><a name="page416" id="page416">{416}</a></span> an Egyptian Christian nearly cotemporary with Origen (third
+century), wrote a Harmony of the four gospels, which is supposed to
+be one of those still extant in the <i>Biblioth. Max. Patrum</i>. But
+whether the larger Harmony in tom. ii. part 2., or the smaller in tom.
+iii., is the genuine work is doubted. See a note to p. 97. of Reid's
+<i>Mosheim's Ecclesiastical History</i>, 1 vol. edition: London, Simms
+and McIntyre, 1848.</p>
+
+
+<p class='author'><span class="smcap">Chris. Roberts.</span></p>
+
+<p>Bradford, Yorkshire.</p>
+
+
+<hr class='full' />
+
+<h3>SMALL WORDS AND LOW WORDS.</h3>
+
+<p class='center'>(Vol. ii., pp. 305. 349. 377.; Vol. iii., p. 309.)</p>
+
+<p>A passage in Churchill, and one in Lord John Russell's <i>Life of
+Moore</i>, have lately reminded me of a former Note of mine on this
+subject. The structure of Churchill's second couplet must surely have
+been suggested by that of Pope, which formed my original text:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<p class="i2">"Conjunction, adverb, preposition, join</p>
+<p class="i2">  To add new vigour to the nervous line:&mdash;</p>
+<p class="i2">  In monosyllables his thunders roll,&mdash;</p>
+<p class="i2">  He, she, it, and, we, ye, they, fright the soul."</p>
+<p class="i8"><i>Censure on Mossop.</i></p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Moore, in his Journals, notes, on the other side of the question,
+conversation between Rogers, Crowe, and himself, "on the beauty of
+monosyllabic verses. 'He jests at scars,' &amp;c.; the couplet, 'Sigh on
+my lip,' &amp;c.; 'Give all thou canst,' &amp;c. &amp;c., and many others, the
+most vigorous and musical, perhaps, of any." (Lord John Russell's
+<i>Moore</i>, vol. ii. p. 200.)</p>
+
+<p>The frequency of monosyllabic lines in English poetry will hardly be
+wondered at, however it may be open to such criticisms as Pope's
+and Churchill's, when it is noted that our language contains, of
+monosyllables formed by the vowel <i>a</i> alone, considerably more
+than 500; by the vowel <i>e</i>, about 450; by the vowel <i>i</i>,
+nearly 400; by the vowel <i>o</i>, rather more than 400; and by the
+vowel <i>u</i>, upwards of 260; a calculation entirely exclusive of
+the large number of monosyllables formed by diphthongs.</p>
+
+<p>I hardly know whether the following "literary folly" (as "D'Israeli
+the Elder" would call it, see <i>Curiosities of Lit.</i> sub tit.),
+suggested by dipping into the above monosyllabical statistics, will
+be thought worthy to occupy a column of "N. &amp; Q." However, it may take
+its chance as a supplementary Note, without farther preface, under the
+name, for want of a better, of <i>Univocalic verses</i>:</p>
+
+<p class='center'><i>The Russo-Turkish War.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>A.</i></p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<p class="i4">Wars harm all ranks, all arts, all crafts appal:</p>
+<p class="i4">At Mars' harsh blast arch, rampart, altar fall!</p>
+<p class="i4">Ah! hard as adamant, a braggart Czar</p>
+<p class="i4">Arms vassal-swarms, and fans a fatal war!</p>
+<p class="i4">Rampant at that bad call, a Vandal-band</p>
+<p class="i4">Harass, and harm, and ransack Wallach-land!</p>
+<p class="i4">A Tartar phalanx Balkan's scarp hath past,</p>
+<p class="i4">And Allah's standard falls, alas! at last.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p class='center'><i>The Fall of Eve.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>E.</i></p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<p class="i4">Eve, Eden's Empress, needs defended be;</p>
+<p class="i4">The Serpent greets her when she seeks the tree.</p>
+<p class="i4">Serene she sees the speckled tempter creep;</p>
+<p class="i4">Gentle he seems&mdash;perversest schemer deep&mdash;</p>
+<p class="i4">Yet endless pretexts, ever fresh, prefers,</p>
+<p class="i4">Perverts her senses, revels when she errs,</p>
+<p class="i4">Sneers when she weeps, regrets, repents she fell;</p>
+<p class="i4">Then, deep-reveng'd, reseeks the nether hell!</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p class='center'><i>The Approach of Evening.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>I.</i></p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<p class="i4">Idling I sit in this mild twilight dim,</p>
+<p class="i4">Whilst birds, in wild swift vigils, circling skim.</p>
+<p class="i4">Light winds in sighing sink, till, rising bright,</p>
+<p class="i4">Night's Virgin Pilgrim swims in vivid light!</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Incontrovertible Facts.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>O.</i></p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<p class="i4">No monk too good to rob, or cog, or plot.</p>
+<p class="i4">No fool so gross to bolt Scotch collops hot.</p>
+<p class="i4">From Donjon tops no Oroonoko rolls.</p>
+<p class="i4">Logwood, not Lotos, floods Oporto's bowls.</p>
+<p class="i4">Troops of old tosspots oft, to sot, consort.</p>
+<p class="i4">Box tops, not bottoms, schoolboys flog for sport.</p>
+<p class="i4">No cool monsoons blow soft on Oxford dons,</p>
+<p class="i4">Orthodox, jog-trot, book-worm Solomons!</p>
+<p class="i4">Bold Ostrogoths of ghosts no horror show.</p>
+<p class="i4">On London shop fronts no hop-blossoms grow.</p>
+<p class="i4">To crocks of gold no dodo looks for food.</p>
+<p class="i4">On soft cloth footstools no old fox doth brood.</p>
+<p class="i4">Long-storm-tost sloops forlorn work on to port.</p>
+<p class="i4">Rooks do not roost on spoons, nor woodcocks snort,</p>
+<p class="i4">Nor dog on snowdrop or on coltsfoot rolls,</p>
+<p class="i4">Nor common frog concocts long protocols.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p class='center'><i>The same subject continued.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>U.</i></p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<p class="i4">Dull, humdrum murmurs lull, but hubbub stuns.</p>
+<p class="i4">Lucullus snuffs up musk, mundungus shuns.</p>
+<p class="i4">Puss purrs, buds burst, bucks butt, luck turns up trumps;</p>
+<p class="i4">But full cups, hurtful, spur up unjust thumps.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Although I am the veritable K. I. P. B. T. of the former Notes, I sign
+myself now, in accordance with more recent custom,</p>
+
+<p class='author'><span class="smcap">Harry Leroy Temple.</span></p>
+
+
+<hr class='full' />
+
+<h3>A CHAPTER ON RINGS.</h3>
+
+<p class='center'>(Vol. vii. <i>passim.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>The Scriptures prove the use of rings in remote antiquity. In Gen.
+xli., Joseph has conferred on him the king's ring, an instance more
+ancient than Prometheus, whom fables call the inventor of the ring.
+Therefore let those who will hold, with Pliny and his followers, that
+its use is more recent than Homer. The Greeks seem to have derived the
+custom of wearing it from the East, and Italy from the Greeks. Juvenal
+and Persius refer to<span class='pagenum'><a name="page417" id="page417">{417}</a></span> rings which were worn only on birthdays. Clemens
+Alexandrinus recommends a limit within which the liberty of engraving
+upon them should be restrained. He thinks we should not allow an idol,
+a sword, a bow, or a cup, much less naked human figures; but a dove,
+a fish, or a ship in full sail, or a lyre, an anchor, or fishermen.
+By the dove he would denote the Holy Spirit; by the fish, the dinner
+which Christ prepared for his disciples (John xxi.), or the feeding of
+thousands (Luke ix.); by a ship, either the Church or human life; by a
+lyre, harmony; by an anchor, constancy; by fishermen, the apostles or
+the baptism of children. It is a wonder he did not mention the symbol
+of the name of Christ (<span lang='el' title='Chi-rho'>&#935;&#961;</span>), the cross which is found
+on ancient gems, and Noah's ark.</p>
+
+<p>Rings were worn upon the joints and fingers, and hence Clement says
+a man should not wear a ring upon the joint (<i>in articulo</i>), for
+this is what women do, but upon the little finger, and at its lowest
+part. He failed to observe the Roman custom of wearing the ring upon
+the finger of the left hand, which is nearest the heart, and which we
+therefore term the ring-finger. And Macrobius says, that when a ring
+fell from the little finger of Avienus' right hand, those who were
+present asked why he placed it upon the wrong hand and finger, not
+on those which had been set apart for this use. The reasons which
+are given for this custom in Macrobius were often laughed at by H.
+Fabricius ab Aquapendente, viz. that it is stated in anatomical works,
+that "a certain nerve which rises at the heart proceeds directly to
+that finger of the left hand which is next the little finger," for
+nothing of the sort, he said, existed in the human body.</p>
+
+<p>The ring distinguished the free-born from the servile, who, however,
+sometimes obtained the <i>jus annuli</i>, or privilege of the ring.
+It was used as a seal, a pledge, and a bond. Women, when betrothed,
+received rings; and the virgin and martyr Agnes, in Ambrose, says, "My
+Lord Jesus Christ hath espoused me with his ring." Theosebius also, in
+Photius, says to his wife, "I formerly gave to thee the ring of union,
+now of temperance, to aid thee in the seemly custody of my house." He
+advisedly speaks of that <i>custody</i>, for the lady of the house in
+Plautus says,</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>"Obsignate cellas, referte annulum ad me:<br />
+  Ego huc transeo."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Wives generally used the same seals as their husbands: thus Cicero
+(<i>Ad Attic.</i> xi. 9) says, "Pomponia, I believe, has the seals of
+what is sealed." Sometimes, however, they used their own.</p>
+
+<p>Touching the marriage ring, of what style and material it was, and
+whether formerly, as now, consecrated by prayers to God. Its pattern
+appears to have been one which has gone out of use, viz. right
+hands joined, such as is often observed on ancient coins. Tacitus
+(<i>Hist.</i> i. ll.) calls it absolutely <i>dextras</i>, right hands.
+Among us it was called a faith (<i>una fede.</i> Comp. Eng. "Plight
+my <i>troth</i>"), and not without precedent, for on the coins of
+Vitellius, &amp;c. right hands thus joined bear the motto <i>Fides</i>. An
+esteemed writer (Nider), in his <i>Formicarium</i>, mentions a rustic
+virgin who desired to find a material ring as a token of her espousal
+"<i>in signum Christifer&aelig; desponsationis</i>," and found a ring of
+a white colour, like pure silver, upon which two hands were engraved
+where it was united. It was formerly customary to bless a crown or a
+ring by prayers. The form of consecration used by the priest is thus
+given in ancient liturgies:</p>
+
+
+<blockquote><p>"Bene <img src="images/image01.png" width="15" height="15" alt="cross" />
+    die Domine, Annulum istum et coronam istam, ut
+    sicut Annulus circundat digitum hominis, et corona caput,
+    ita gratia Spiritus Sancti circundet sponsum et sponsam,
+    ut videant filios et filias usque tertiam et quartam
+    generationem: qui collaudent nomen viventis atque regnantis in
+    secula seculorum. Amen."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>For the crown, see Is. lxii. 1. (E. V. lxi. 10.). The words of Agnes
+above cited have reference to giving the right hand and a pledge.</p>
+
+<p>These particulars are from the <i>Symbol. Epist. Liber</i> of
+Laurentius Pignorius, Patar. 1628; where, in Ep. I. and XIX., many
+other references are to be found.</p>
+
+
+<p class='author'>B. H. C.</p>
+
+
+<hr class='full' />
+
+<h3>ANTICIPATORY USE OF THE CROSS.&mdash;RINGING BELLS FOR THE DEAD.</h3>
+
+<p class='center'>(Vol. viii., pp. 130. 132.)</p>
+
+<p>I trust that the following information may be acceptable to you and
+the authors of two interesting papers in "N. &amp; Q." (Vol. viii., pp.
+130-2.), viz. "Anticipatory Use of the Cross," and "Curious Custom of
+ringing Bells for the Dead."</p>
+
+<p>When encamped, in 1823 or 1824, near the town (not the cantonment)
+of Muttra, on the river Jumna, a place of celebrated sanctity as the
+scene of the last incarnation of Vishnoo, the protective deity or
+myth of the Hindoos, an Italian gentleman of most polished manners,
+speaking English correctly and with fluency, was introduced to me. He
+travelled under the name of Count Venua, and was understood to be the
+eldest son of the then Prime Minister of Sardinia. The Count explained
+to me that his favourite pursuit was architecture, and that he
+preferred buildings of antiquity. I replied, that while breakfast
+was preparing I could meet his wishes, and led him to a large Hindoo
+edifice close by (or rather the remains), which a Mogul emperor had
+partially destroyed and thereby desecrated, the place having since
+been occasionally used by the townspeople as a cattle-shed, or for
+rubbish.</p>
+
+<p>The Count, not deterred by heaps of cattle-dung, paced the dimensions,
+gazed on the solidity of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="page418" id="page418">{418}</a></span> stone masonry, approved of the
+construction and shape of the arched roof, pointed out the absence
+of all ornament excepting a simple moulding or two as architectural
+lines, and then broke out into enthusiastic admiration. "The most
+beautiful building! the greatest wonder of the world! Shame on
+the English government and English gentlemen for secreting such a
+curiosity! Here is the cross! the basilica carried out with more
+correctness of order and symmetry than in Italy! The early Christians
+must have built it! I will take measurements and drawings to lay
+before the cardinals!"</p>
+
+<p>I was never more surprised, and assured the Count that I was
+unacquainted with the cathedral buildings of Europe, and I believed
+English gentlemen generally to be as ignorant as myself. I could not
+but acknowledge that the local governments had, as it seemed to him,
+evinced but little sympathy with Hindooism; and that whatever might be
+European policy in respect to religion, the East India Company might
+have participated in the desire which prevails in Europe to develop
+ancient customs, and the reasons of those customs. It might be
+presumed that we should then have contemplated this specimen of
+architecture with a knowledge of its original purposes, and the
+history of its events, had the Governor-General communicated his
+wish, and with due courtesy and disinterestedness invited the learned
+persons and scholars at the colleges of Muttra and Benares to assist
+such inquiries. It is but little the English now know of the Hindoo
+organisation, and the little they do know is derived from books not
+tested nor acknowledged by such learned persons.</p>
+
+<p>I assisted Count Venua as far as I was able, for I rejoiced at his
+intention to draw the minds of the <i>literati</i> of Italy to the
+subject. Sad to say, the Count was some time after killed by falling
+into a volcanic crater in the Eastern Isles!</p>
+
+<p>I may here mention that I first saw the old building in 1809, when
+a youthful assistant to the secretary of a revenue commission. The
+party, during the inclement month of September, resided in one of
+the spacious houses at Muttra, which pious Hindoos had in past times
+erected for the use of pilgrims and the public. The old temple (or
+whatever it might have been) was cleaned out for our accommodation
+during the heat of the day, as it then was cooler than the house.
+The elder civilians were men of ability, classical scholars, and
+first-rate Asiatic linguists. They descanted on the mythological
+events which renders "Brij," or the country around Muttra, so holy
+with the Hindoos, but not one of them knew nor remarked the "cross and
+basilica."</p>
+
+<p>In youth, the language assigned to flowers appeared to me captivating
+and elegant, as imparting the finer feelings and sympathies of our
+nature. In maturer age, and after the study of the history of the
+customs of mankind, symbols and emblems seemed to me an universal
+language, which delicately delineated the violent passions of
+our kind, and transmitted from generation to generation national
+predilections and pious emotions towards the God of Creation. That
+mythology should so generally be interpreted Theism, and that forms
+or ceremonials of worship should be held to limit and define belief in
+creed, may, in my apprehension, be partly traceable to the school-book
+Lamprière's <i>Classical Dictionary</i>. You or your correspondents
+may attribute it to other and truer causes.</p>
+
+<p>The rose, the thistle, the shamrock, the leek, the lion, the unicorn,
+the harp, &amp;c. are familiar examples of national emblems. The ivy, the
+holly, and the mistletoe are joined up with the Christmas worship,
+though probably of Druidical origin. The Assyrian sculptures present,
+under the "Joronher," or effulgence, a sacred tree, which may
+assimilate with the toolsu and the peepul tree, held in almost equal
+veneration by the Hindoos. The winged lions and bulls with the heads
+of men, the angels and cherubim, recall to mind passages of scriptural
+and pagan history. The sciences of astronomy and mathematics have
+afforded myths or symbols in the circle, the crescent, the bident, the
+trident, the cross, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>The translators of the cuneiform inscriptions represent crucifixion
+as the common punishment for rebellion and treason. The Jews may have
+imitated the Assyrians, as crucifixion may have been adopted
+long before that of Christ and the two thieves (Qy. robbers). The
+Mahomedans, who have copied the Jews in many practices and customs,
+executed gang robbers or daccorts by suspending the criminals from
+a tree, their heads and arms being tied to the branches, and then
+ripping up the abdomen. I myself saw in Oude an instance of several
+bodies. It may be inferred, then, that the position of the culprits
+under execution was designated by crucifixion. The Hindoos mildly say
+that when their system of government existed in efficiency there was
+neither crime nor punishment.</p>
+
+<p>To the examples mentioned by your correspondent, I admit that the form
+of the cross, as now received, may be derived from that of Christ,
+discovered on Mount Calvary in 236 <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> Constantine, in 306
+<span class="smcap">A.D.</span>, adopted it as a standard in Labarum. Other nations
+have attached staves to eagles, dragons, fish, &amp;c. as standards
+and therefore, construing "Crux ansata" literally, the ensign of
+Constantine might be formed by attaching a staff to the Divine Glory
+represented in the Egyptian paintings and Assyrian sculptures.</p>
+
+<p>I should be glad to learn the precise shape of the cross on the Temple
+of Serapis. If it be the emblem of life or the Creative Power, then
+the mythology of the Nile agrees with that of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="page419" id="page419">{419}</a></span> Ganges. If it be the
+symbol of life, or rather of a future state after judgment, then the
+religious tenets and creed of Muttra should be elucidated, examined,
+and refuted by the advocates of conversion and their itinerant agents.
+Moore's <i>Hindoo Pantheon</i> (though the author had at Bombay, as
+a military officer, little opportunity of ascertaining particulars of
+the doctrine) sufficiently treats, under the head of the "Krishna,"
+the subject so as to explain to the conversionists, that unless this
+doctrine be openly refuted, the missionaries may in truth be fighting
+their own shadow.</p>
+
+<p>The basilica seems to have originally been the architectural plan
+of the Roman Forum, or court of justice. The Christians may have
+converted some of these edifices into churches; otherwise the first
+churches seem to have been in the form of a long parallelogram,
+a central nave, and an aisle on each side, the eastern end being
+rounded, as the station of the bishop or presbyter. The basilica, or
+cathedral, was probably not introduced until the eighth century, or
+later.</p>
+
+<p>I have not just now access to the works of Tod and Maurice. The
+former, I doubt not, is correct in respect to the Temple of Mundore,
+but I believe the latter is not so in regard to Benares. The trident,
+like that of Neptune, prevails in the province of Benares; and when
+it, in appropriate size, rises in the centre of large tanks, has
+a very solemn effect. I, a great many years ago, visited the chief
+temple of Benares, and do not recollect that the cross was either
+noticed to me or by me. This, I think, was the only occasion of
+observing the forms of worship. There is no fixed service, no
+presiding priest, no congregation. The people come and go in
+succession. I then first saw the bell, which, in size some twenty-five
+pounds weight, is suspended within the interior. Each person, at some
+period of his devotion, touched the tongue of the bell as invocation
+or grace. The same purpose is obtained by Hindoos, and particularly
+the men of the fighting classes, previously to commencing a cooked
+dinner, by winding a large shell, which gives a louder sound than
+a horn. The native boys however, on hearing it, exclaim in doggerel
+rhyme, which I translate,</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<p class="i4">"The shell is blown,</p>
+<p class="i4">And the devil is flown."</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Fear seems so much the parent of superstition, that I attribute this
+saying to the women, who, as mothers, have usually a superstitious
+dread not only of evil spirits, but also of the evil eye of mortals
+towards their young ones. When, some twenty years ago, I was told by a
+Kentish countryman that the church bell was tolled to drive away evil
+spirits from a departing soul, I supposed the man to be profanely
+jocose; but since then I have travelled much in this country and on
+the Continent, and have seen enough to satisfy me that superstition
+prevails comparatively less in Asia than in Europe and the pages of
+"N. &amp; Q." abundantly corroborate the opinion.</p>
+
+
+<p class='author'>H. N.</p>
+
+
+<hr class='full' />
+
+<h3>PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.</h3>
+
+<p><i>Stereoscopic Angles.</i>&mdash;I am concerned that my definition
+and solution of stereoscopic angles (a misnomer, for it should be
+<i>space</i>) in "N. &amp; Q.," with subsequent illustrations, have not
+satisfied <span class="smcap">Mr. Shadbolt</span>, as I am thus obliged to once more
+request room in your pages, and this time for a rather long letter.
+When I asserted that my method is the only correct one, it behoved me
+to be prepared to prove it, which I am, and will now do.</p>
+
+<p>It seems that <span class="smcap">Mr. Shadbolt</span> has not a knowledge of
+perspective, or, with a little reflection and trifling pains in
+linear demonstration on paper, he might have convinced himself of
+the accuracy of my method. It were well, then, to inform <span class="smcap">Mr.
+Shadbolt</span>, that in perspective, planes parallel to the plane
+of delineation (in this case, the glass at back of camera) have no
+vanishing points; that planes at right angles to plane of delineation
+have but one; and that planes oblique have but one vanishing point, to
+the right or left, as it may be, of the observer's eye. This promised,
+let the subject be a wall 300 feet in length, with two abutments of
+one foot in front and five feet in projection, and each placed five
+feet from the central point of the wall, which is to have a plinth at
+its base, and a stone coping at top. On a pedestal four feet high, two
+feet wide, and six feet long, exactly midway betwixt the abutments,
+let an ass be placed, a boy astride him, a bag drawn before the boy,
+who holds up a long stick in line with the ass, &amp;c., that is, facing
+the observer. The right distance for the observer's place is 450 feet.
+If the cameras be placed two inches and a half apart, on one line
+parallel to the wall, the stereographs will be in true perspective for
+the <i>two</i> eyes, that is, all the planes at right angles to the
+plane of delineation will have <i>two</i> vanishing points, which,
+being merely two inches and a half apart, will, in the stereoscope,
+flow easily into one opposite the eye; whilst the plinth, coping, and
+all lines parallel to them, will be perfectly horizontal; and the two
+pictures would create in the mind just such a conception as the
+same objects would if seen by the eyes naturally. This would be
+stereoscopic, true to nature, true to art, and, I affirm, correct.</p>
+
+<p>Now, let the same subject be treated by Professor Wheatstone's method,
+when the cameras would be eighteen feet apart. Situated thus, if
+placed on one line, and that parallel to the wall, the extreme end
+at the right could not be seen by the camera at the left, and <i>vice
+versâ</i>; so that they<span class='pagenum'><a name="page420" id="page420">{420}</a></span> must radiate from the centre when the glass at
+back of camera would be oblique to the wall, and the plinth, coping,
+top and bottom of pedestal, would have <i>two</i> vanishing points,
+at opposite sides of the centre, or observer's eye; both sides of the
+ass, both the legs of boy, and two heads to the drum would be visible;
+whilst the two sides of pedestals would have each a vanishing point,
+serving for all lines parallel to them. But these vanishing points
+would be so far apart that they could not, in the stereoscope, flow
+into one: the result would be, that the buttresses would be wider at
+back than in front, as would also the pedestal, while the stick held
+by the boy would appear like <i>two</i> sticks united in front. This
+would be untrue to nature, false to art, preposterously absurd, and I
+pronounce it to be altogether erroneous.</p>
+
+<p>This being the case with a long distance, so must it be with shorter
+distances, modified in exact proportion to the diminution of space
+between the cameras, &amp;c. For, let the object be a piece of wood three
+feet long, four inches wide, and six inches deep, with a small square
+piece one inch and six inches high, placed upright exactly on a line
+from end to end of the three feet (that is, one at each end) and
+midway between the sides. Let this arrangement be placed across
+another piece of wood three or four feet long, which will thus be
+at right angles to the piece at top. By my method all will be
+correct&mdash;true to nature and to art, and perfectly stereoscopic: whilst
+by the radial method (recommended by <span class="smcap">Mr. Shadbolt</span>), with two
+feet space for cameras, there would be the top piece divided at the
+farther end, where there would be two small upright pieces instead
+of one; and this because the two vanishing points could not, in
+stereoscope, flow into one: whilst the lower piece of wood would have
+two vanishing points at opposite sides. This, then, being untrue to
+nature, untrue in art, in short, a most absurd misrepresentation, I
+pronounce to be utterly wrong. I have made the space two feet between
+cameras in order to show how ridiculous those pictures might become
+where there is an absence of taste, as, by such a person, two or ten
+feet are as likely to be taken as any less offensively incorrect.</p>
+
+<p>As regards range of vision, I apologise to <span class="smcap">Mr. Shadbolt</span> for
+having misconceived his exact meaning, and say that I perfectly agree
+with him.</p>
+
+<p>With respect to the "trifling exaggeration" I spoke of, allow me to
+explain. For the sake of clearness, I denominate the angle formed from
+the focal point of lens, and the glass at back of camera, the angle
+of delineation; the said glass the plane of delineation and the angle
+formed by the stereograph to the eye, the stereoscopic angle. It must
+be borne in mind that the stereoscopic angle is that subtended by
+one stereograph and the eye. I find by experiments that the angle of
+delineation is very often larger than the stereoscopic angle, so that
+the apparent enlargement spoken of by <span class="smcap">Mr. Shadbolt</span> does not
+often exist; but if it did, as my vision (though excellent) is not
+acute enough to discover the discrepancy, I was content. I doubt not,
+however, under such circumstances, <span class="smcap">Mr. Shadbolt</span> would prefer
+the deformities and errors proved to be present, since he has admitted
+that he has such preference. I leave little doubt that, if desirable,
+the stereoscopic angle, and that of delineation, could be generally
+made to agree.</p>
+
+<p>As to the means by which persons with two eyes, or with only one eye,
+judge of distance, I say not one word, that being irrelevant to
+this subject. But that the axes of the eyes approximate when we view
+objects nearer and nearer cannot be doubted, and I expressed no
+doubt; and it appears to me very probable that on this fact <span class="smcap">Mr.
+Shadbolt</span> founds his conclusion that the cameras should radiate.
+This, however, ought not to be done for the reasons I have assigned.
+It will not do to treat the cameras as two eyes, and make them radiate
+because our eyes do; for it must be remembered that light entering the
+eyes is received on curved&mdash;whilst when it enters the cameras it falls
+on flat surfaces, occasioning very different results. And if this be
+maturely considered by <span class="smcap">Mr. Shadbolt</span>, I believe his opinion
+will be greatly altered.</p>
+
+<p>As to the model-like appearance, I cannot yet understand exactly why
+it should exist; but of this I am certain, the eyes naturally do not
+perceive at one view three sides of a cake (that is, two sides and the
+front), nor two heads to a drum, nor any other like absurdity; so that
+I perceive no analogy between this model-like appearance and natural
+vision, as stated to be the case by <span class="smcap">Mr. Shadbolt</span>.</p>
+
+<p>To confirm, practically, the truth of my illustrative proofs, I will
+send you next week some glass stereographs, to be placed at <span class="smcap">Mr.
+Shadbolt's</span> disposal, if he likes, and you will be so kind as to
+take charge of them.</p>
+
+
+<p class='author'><span class="smcap">T. L. Merritt.</span></p>
+
+<p>Maidstone.</p>
+
+
+<hr class='full' />
+
+
+<h3>Replies to Minor Queries.</h3>
+
+<p><i>Berefellarii</i> (Vol. vii., p. 207.).&mdash;<span class="smcap">John Jebb</span> mentions
+the <i>berefellarii</i> as a distinct kind of mongrel dependents
+or half-ecclesiastics of the Middle Ages, dirty, shabby, ill-washed
+attendants, whose ragged clothes were a shame to the better sort of
+functionaries. He gave excellent and just reasons for his opinion, and
+a very probable construction of the sense of the word. But the etymon
+he proposes is rather unsatisfactory. Anglo-Saxonism is a very good
+thing; simplicity and common sense are very good things too. May not<span class='pagenum'><a name="page421" id="page421">{421}</a></span>
+<i>berefellarius</i>, the dirty raggamuffin with tattered clothes, be
+good monkish Latin for <i>bare-fell</i> (i.e. <i>bare-skin</i>), or
+rather <i>bare-fellow</i>? the most natural metamorphosis imaginable.
+<i>Bere</i> is the old orthoepy of <i>bare</i>; and every one
+knows that in London (east) a fell<i>ow</i> naturally becomes a
+fell<i>ar</i>.</p>
+
+<p>P.S.&mdash;Excuse my French-English.</p>
+
+
+<p class='author'><span class="smcap">Philarète Chasles</span>, Mazarin&aelig;us.</p>
+
+<p>Paris, Palais de I'Institut.</p>
+
+
+<p><i>"To know ourselves diseased," &amp;c.</i> (Vol. viii., p. 219.).&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>"To know ourselves diseased is half our cure."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This line is from Young's <i>Night Thoughts</i>, Night 9th, line 38.</p>
+
+
+<p class='author'><span class="smcap">J. W. Thomas.</span></p>
+
+<p>Dewsbury.</p>
+
+
+<p><i>Gloves at Fairs</i> (Vol. viii., p. 136.).&mdash;As an emblem of power
+and an acknowledgment of goodness, "Saul set up a hand" after his
+victory over the Amalekites, 1 Sam. <span class="smcap">xv.</span> 12., (Taylor's
+<i>Hebrew Concordance</i>, in voce, <span lang='el' title='YDH'><span class='lfont'>&#1497;&#1491;&#1492;</span>)</span> Sam 2 xviii.
+18., Isaiah lvi. 5. The Ph&oelig;nician monuments are said to have had
+sculptured on them an arm and <i>hand held up</i>, with an inscription
+graven thereon. (See Gesenius and Lee.) If, as stated by your
+correspondents in the article referred to, the glove at fairs "denotes
+protection," and indicates "that parties frequenting the fair are
+exempt from arrest," it is at least a remarkable coincidence. The
+Ph&oelig;nicians were the earliest merchants to the west of England
+that we have any account of; can any connexion be traced historically
+between the Ph&oelig;nician traffic and the modern practice of setting
+up a hand, or glove, at fairs? I well remember the feelings of awe and
+wonder with which I gazed when taken in childhood to see "the glove
+brought in" and placed over the guildhall of my native city (Exeter)
+at the commencement of "Lammas Fair." Has the glove been associated
+with this fair from its commencement? and if not, how far back can
+its use be traced? The history of the fair is briefly this: it existed
+before the Norman Conquest, and was a great mart of business; the
+tolls had belonged to the corporation, but King John took one-half,
+and gave them to the priory of St. Nicholas. Henry VIII. sold the fair
+with the priory; and anno second and third of Philip and Mary it was
+made over to the corporation, who have ever since been lords of the
+fair. (Izacke's <i>Memorials</i>, p. 19.; Oliver's <i>History of
+Exeter</i>, pp. 83. 158., &amp;c.)</p>
+
+
+<p class='author'><span class="smcap">J. W. Thomas.</span></p>
+
+<p>Dewsbury.</p>
+
+
+<p>I may add that at Barnstaple, North Devon, the evening previous to
+the proclamation of the fair, a large glove, decked with dahlias, is
+protruded on a pole from a window of the Quay Hall, the most ancient
+building in the town, which remains during the fair, and is removed at
+its termination. May not the outstretched glove signify the consent
+of the authorities to the commencement and continuance of the
+festivities, &amp;c., and its withdrawal a hint for their cessation?</p>
+
+<p>I may add also that on the morning of proclaiming the fair, the mayor
+and corporation meet their friends in the council chamber, and partake
+of spiced toast and ale.</p>
+
+
+<p class='author'><span class="smcap">Drofsniag.</span></p>
+
+
+<p><i>"An" before "u" long</i> (Vol. viii., p. 244.).&mdash;The custom of
+writing <i>an</i> before <i>u</i> long must have arisen and become
+established when <i>u</i> had its primitive and vowel sound, nearly
+resembling that of our <i>oo</i>, a sound which it still has in
+several languages, but seems to have lost in ours. The use of
+<i>an</i> before <i>u</i> long, was <i>then</i> proper; habit and
+precedent will account for its retention by many, after the reason for
+it has ceased, and when its use has become improper. But although the
+custom is thus accounted for, there exists no satisfactory reason for
+its continuance, and I am sorry to learn from your correspondent that
+it is "increasingly prevailing."</p>
+
+
+<p class='author'><span class="smcap">J. W. Thomas.</span></p>
+
+<p>Dewsbury.</p>
+
+
+<p><i>"The Good Old Cause"</i> (Vol. viii, p. 44.).&mdash;D'Israeli, in
+<i>Quarrels of Authors</i>, under the head of "Martin Mar-Prelate,"
+has the following remarks on the origin and use of the expression,
+"The Good Old Cause:"</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>"It is remarkable that Udall repeatedly employed that
+    expression, which Algernon Sidney left as his last legacy to
+    the people, when he told them he was about to die for 'that
+    <i>Old Cause</i>, in which I was from my youth engaged.' Udall
+    perpetually insisted on '<i>The Cause</i>.' This was a
+    term which served at least for a watch-word: it rallied the
+    scattered members of the republican party. The precision of
+    the expression might have been difficult to ascertain; and,
+    perhaps, like every popular expedient, varied with 'existing
+    circumstances.' I did not, however, know it had so remote an
+    origin as in the reign of Elizabeth; and suspect it may still
+    be freshened up and varnished over for any present occasion."</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<p class='author'><span class="smcap">Henry H. Breen.</span></p>
+
+<p>St. Lucia.</p>
+
+
+<p>The following curious paragraph in the <i>Post Boy</i>, June 3-5,
+1714, seems to have been connected with the Jacobites:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>"There are lately arrived here the Dublin Plenipo's. All
+    persons that have any business concerning the <span class="smcap">Good Old
+    Cause</span>, let 'em repair to Jenny Man's Coffee House at
+    Charing Cross, where they may meet with the said Plenipo's
+    every day of the week except Sundays, and every evening of
+    those days they are to be spoke with at the Kit-Cat Club."</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<p class='author'><span class="smcap">E. G. Ballard.</span></p>
+
+
+<p><i>Jeroboam of Claret, &amp;c.</i> (Vol vii., p.528.).&mdash;Is a <i>magnum</i>
+anything more than a bottle larger than<span class='pagenum'><a name="page422" id="page422">{422}</a></span> those of the ordinary size,
+and containing about two quarts; or a <i>Jeroboam</i> other than a
+witty conceit applied to the old measure <i>Joram</i> or <i>Jorum</i>,
+by some profane <i>wine-bibber</i>?</p>
+
+
+<p class='author'>H. C. K.</p>
+
+
+<p><i>Humbug</i> (Vol. vii., p. 631.).&mdash;The real signification of the
+word <i>humbug</i> appears to me to lie in the following derivation
+of it. Among the many issues of base coin which from time to time were
+made in Ireland, there was none to be compared in worthlessness
+to that made by James II. from the Dublin Mint; it was composed
+of anything on which he could lay his hands, such as lead, pewter,
+copper, and brass, and so low was its intrinsic value, that twenty
+shillings of it was only worth twopence sterling. William III., a few
+days after the Battle of the Boyne, ordered that the crown piece
+and half-crown should be taken as one penny and one halfpenny
+respectively. The soft mixed metal of which that worthless coining
+was composed, was known among the Irish as <i>Uim bog</i>, pronounced
+<i>Oom-bug</i>, <i>i.e.</i> soft copper, <i>i.e.</i> worthless
+money; and in the course of their dealings the modern use of the word
+<i>humbug</i> took its rise, as in the phrases "that's a <i>piece
+of uimbog</i> (humbug)," "don't think to <i>pass off</i> your
+<i>uimbug</i> on me." Hence the word <i>humbug</i> came to be applied
+to anything that had a specious appearance, but which was in
+reality spurious. It is curious to note that the very opposite of
+<i>humbug</i>, <i>i.e.</i> false metal, is the word <i>sterling</i>,
+which is also taken from a term applied to the <i>true</i> coinage
+of the realm, as <i>sterling</i> coin, <i>sterling</i> truth,
+<i>sterling</i> worth, &amp;c.</p>
+
+
+<p class='author'><span class="smcap">Fras. Crossley.</span></p>
+
+
+<p><i>"Could we with ink," &amp;c.</i> (Vol. viii., pp. 127, 180.).-If
+Rabbi Mayir Ben Isaac is the <i>bonâ fide</i> author of the lines
+in question, or the substance of them, then the author of the
+<i>Koran</i> has been indebted to him for the following passage:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>"If the sea were ink, to write the words of my Lord, verily
+    the sea would fail before the words of my Lord would
+    fail; although we added another sea unto it as a farther
+    supply."&mdash;<i>Al Koran</i>, chap. xviii., entitled "The Cave,"
+    translated by Sale.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The question is, Did Rabbi Mayir Ben Isaac, author of the Chaldee ode
+sung in every synagogue on the day of Pentecost, flourish before or
+since the Mohamedan era?</p>
+
+
+<p class='author'><span class="smcap">J. W. Thomas.</span></p>
+
+<p>Dewsbury.</p>
+
+
+<p><i>"Hurrah!"</i> (Vol. viii., pp. 20, 277, 323.).&mdash;It would almost
+deem that we are never to hear the last of "Hurrah! and other
+war-cries." Your correspondents T. F. and <span class="smcap">Sir J. Emerson
+Tennent</span> appear to me to have made the nearest approach to a
+satisfactory solution of the difficulty; a step farther and the goal
+is won&mdash;the object of inquiry is found. I suppose it will be admitted
+that the language which supplies the <i>meaning</i> of a word has the
+fairest claim to be considered its <i>parent</i> language. What, then,
+is the meaning of "Hurrah," and in whet language? As a reply to this
+Query, allow me to quote a writer in <i>Blackwood's Magazine</i>,
+April 1843, p. 477.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>"'Hurrah!' means <i>strike</i> in the Tartar language."&mdash;Note
+    to art. "Amulet Bek."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>So then, according to this respectable authority, the end of our
+shouts and war-cries is, that we have "caught a Tartar!"</p>
+
+<p>Again, in <i>Blackwood</i>, 1849, vol. i. p.673., we read:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>"He opened a window and cried 'Hourra!' At the signal, a
+    hundred soldiers crowded into the house. Mastering his
+    fury, the Czar ordered the young officer to be taken to
+    prison."&mdash;Art. "Romance of Russian History."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Thus, in describing the "awful pause" on the night preceding the
+Russian attack on Ismail, then in possession of the Turks, Lord Byron
+says:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<p class="i4">"A moment&mdash;and all will be life again!</p>
+<p class="i5">The march! the charge! the shouts of either faith!</p>
+<p class="i4">Hurra! and Allah! and&mdash;one instant more&mdash;</p>
+<p class="i5">The death-cry drowning in the battle's roar."</p>
+<p class="i8"><i>Works</i>, p. 684. col. 2.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p class='author'><span class="smcap">J. W. Thomas.</span></p>
+
+<p>Dewsbury.</p>
+
+
+<p><i>"Qui facit per alium facit per se"</i> (Vol. viii., p. 231.).&mdash;"Qui
+facit per alium, est perinde ac si faciat per seipsum," is one of the
+maxims of Boniface VIII. (<i>Sexti Decret.</i>, lib. v. tit. 12., de
+Reg. Jur. c. 72.; <i>Böhm. Corp. Jur. can.</i>, tom. ii. col. 1040.),
+derived, according to the glossary (vid. in <i>Decret.</i>, ed. fol.,
+Par. 1612), from the maxim of Paulus (<i>Digest</i>, lib. 1. tit. 17.,
+de Div. Reg. Jur. 1. 180.), "Quod jussu alterius solvitur, pro eo est
+quasi ipsi solutum esset."</p>
+
+
+<p class='author'>E. M.</p>
+
+
+<p><i>Tsar</i> (Vol. viii., pp. 150, 226.).&mdash;Is not <i>tsar</i> rather
+cognate with the Heb. <span class='lfont'>&#1513;&#1474;&#1463;&#1512;</span> (Sar), a leader, commander, or
+prince? This root is to be found in many other languages, as Arabic,
+Persian; Latin <i>serro</i>. Gesenius gives the meaning of the word
+<span class='lfont'>&#1513;&#1474;&#1464;&#1512;&#1464;&#1492;</span> (Sarah), to place in a row, to set in order; to be leader,
+commander, prince. If <i>tsar</i> have this origin, it will be
+synonymous with <i>imperator</i>, emperor.</p>
+
+
+<p class='author'>B. H. C.</p>
+
+
+<p><i>Scrape</i> (Vol. viii., p. 292.).&mdash;I do not know when this word
+began to be used in this sense. Shakspeare says "Ay, there's the
+<i>rub</i>:" an analogous phrase, which may throw light upon the
+one "to get into a scrape." Both are metaphors, derived from the
+unpleasant sensations produced by rubbing or grazing the skin. The
+word <i>pinch</i> is, on the same principle, used for difficulty; and
+the Lat. <i>tribulatio</i>=trouble, and its synonym in Gr.,
+<span lang='el' title='thlipsis'>&#952;&#955;&#953;&#961;&#963;&#953;&#963;</span>, have a
+similar origin and application.<span class='pagenum'><a name="page423" id="page423">{423}</a></span></p>
+
+<blockquote><p>"To get into a scrape" is, therefore, to get into trouble.</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<p class='author'>B. H. C.</p>
+
+
+<p><i>Baskerville</i> (Vol. viii., p. 202.).&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Among the <i>articles</i> consumed at Mr. Ryland's at
+    Birmingham, was the body of the late Mr. Baskerville, who by
+    his will ordered that he should be buried in his own house,
+    and he was accordingly interred there. A stone closet was
+    erected in it, where he was deposited in a standing posture.
+    The house was afterwards sold with this express condition,
+    that it should remain there."&mdash;Account of the Birmingham riots
+    in 1791, from the <i>Historical Magazine</i>, vol. iii., where
+    it is said the house was burned on Friday afternoon, July 15."</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<p class='author'>B. H. C.</p>
+
+
+<p>A great-uncle of mine owned the Baskerville property (he, Baskerville,
+was buried in his own grounds) at the time of the Church and King Riot
+in 1791; but it was the recent growth of the town that occasioned the
+disinterment.</p>
+
+
+<p class='author'>R.</p>
+
+
+<p><i>Sheriffs of Glamorganshire</i> (Vol. iii., p. 186.; Vol. viii.,
+p. 353.).&mdash;Your correspondent <span class="smcap">Tewars</span> is certainly wrong in
+ascribing to the Rev. H. H. Knight the list of Glamorganshire sheriffs
+inquired for by <span class="smcap">Edmund W</span>. It is true this gentleman printed a
+list of them many years after the former, which was privately printed
+by the Rev. J. M. Traherne, and subsequently published a <i>Cardiff
+Guide</i>, by Mr. Bird of Cardiff. I have seen both copies, and the
+latter may doubtless yet be seen upon application to Mr. Bird. I have
+also seen the more recent list by my learned friend the rector of
+Neath.</p>
+
+
+<p class='author'><span class="smcap">Bibliothecar. Chetham.</span></p>
+
+
+<p><i>Synge Family&mdash;sub voce Carr Pedigree</i> (Vol. vii., p. 558.; Vol.
+viii., p. 327.).&mdash;Has the statement made by <span class="smcap">Gulielmus</span>, as to
+the origin of the name of Synge, ever appeared in print before? And if
+so, where? I have long been curious to identify the individual whose
+name underwent such a singular change, and to ascertain if he really
+was a chantry priest as reported. Was he George Synge, the grandfather
+of George Synge, Bishop of Cloyne, born 1594? Of what family was Mary
+Paget, wife of the Rev. Richard Synge, preacher at the Savoy in 1715?
+The name appears to have been indifferently spelt, Sing, Singe, and
+Synge. And I believe an older branch than the baronet's still exists
+at Bridgenorth, writing themselves Sing. The punning motto of this
+family is worth noticing: "Celestia canimus."</p>
+
+
+<p class='author'><span class="smcap">Arthur Paget.</span></p>
+
+
+<p><i>Lines on Woman</i> (Vol. viii., p. 350).&mdash;Your correspondent F. W.
+J. has occasioned me some perplexity in tracing the quotation which he
+refers to Vol. viii., p. 204., but which is really to be found at p.
+292. He appears to have fallen into this error by mistaking the number
+on the right hand for the paging on the left. As accuracy in these
+matters is essential in a publication like "N. &amp; Q.," he will excuse
+me for setting him right. The name of the author of the poem of
+"Woman" was not Eton Barrett, but Eaton Stannard Barrett. He was
+connected with the press in London. Your correspondent is correct in
+stating that the Barretts were from Cork. Eaton Stannard Barrett was
+a man of considerable ability. He published several works anonymously,
+all of which acquired celebrity; but I believe the poem of "Woman,"
+published by Mr. Colburn, was the only work to which he attached his
+name. He was the author of the well-known political satire called
+<i>All the Talents</i>; of the mock romance of <i>The Heroine</i>,
+in which the absurdities of a school of fiction, at that time in high
+favour, are happily ridiculed; and of a novel which had great success
+in its day, and is still to be found in some of the circulating
+libraries, called <i>Six Weeks at Long's</i>. Eaton Stannard Barrett
+died many years ago in the prime of his life and powers. His brother,
+Richard Barrett, is still living, and resides in the neighbourhood
+of Dublin. He is the author of some controversial and political
+pamphlets, of which the principal were <i>Irish Priests</i>, and
+<i>The Bible not a Dangerous Book</i>. He afterwards conducted <i>The
+Pilot</i> newspaper, established for the support of Mr. O'Connell's
+policy in Ireland, and was one of the persons who suffered
+imprisonment with Mr. O'Connell, and who were designated in the Irish
+papers as the "martyrs."</p>
+
+
+<p class='author'><span class="smcap">Robert Bell.</span></p>
+
+
+<p><i>Lisle Family</i> (Vol. vii., p. 365. <i>et ante</i>).&mdash;R. H. C.
+will find in Berry's <i>Hampshire Genealogies</i> (1 vol. folio,
+London, 1833) a pedigree of the Lisles he alludes to as being buried
+at Thruxton, Hampshire. The shield, Lisle impaling Courtenay, on the
+altar tomb there would appear to belong to Sir John Lisle, Kt., who
+married Joan, daughter of John Courtenay, Earl of Exeter.</p>
+
+
+<p class='author'><span class="smcap">Arthur Paget.</span></p>
+
+
+<p><i>Duval Family</i> (Vol. viii., p. 318.).&mdash;If H. will have the
+kindness to address himself to me either personally or by letter, I
+shall be happy to give him any information I can, derived from old
+family documents in my possession, respecting the Duval family and the
+Walls of the south of Ireland.</p>
+
+
+<p class='author'><span class="smcap">C. A. Duval.</span></p>
+
+<p>74. George St., Manchester.</p>
+
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<h2>Miscellaneous.</h2>
+
+<h3>BOOKS AND OLD VOLUMES</h3>
+
+<h4>WANTED TO PURCHASE.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Examiner (Newspaper)</span>, No. 2297, February 7, 1853.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William Shakspeare</span>: A Biography, by Charles Knight (First
+Edition).</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Marsh's History of Hursley and Baddesley.</span> About 1805. 8vo.
+Two Copies.</p>
+
+<p>&#8258;Letters, stating particulars and lowest prices, <i>carriage free</i>,
+to be sent to <span class="smcap">Mr. Bell</span>, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES,"
+186. Fleet Street.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="page424" id="page424">{424}</a></span>Particulars of Price, &amp;c. of the following Books to be sent direct to
+the gentlemen by whom they are required, and names and addresses are
+given for that purpose:</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Oxford Almanack</span> for 1719.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Am&oelig;nitates Academic&aelig;.</span> Vol. I. Holmi&aelig;, 1749.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Brour&aelig; Hist. Nat. Jamaic&aelig;.</span> London, 1756. Folio.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ammanus I. Stirpes Rariores.</span> Petrop. 1739.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Philosophical Transactions</span> for 1683.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Annals of Philosophy</span> for January, 1824.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A Poem upon the most hopeful and ever-flourishing Sprouts of
+Valour, the Indefatigable Centrys of the Physic Garden.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Poem upon Mr. Jacob Bobart's Yewmen of the Guards to the Physic
+Garden, to the Tune of "The Counter-Scuffle</span>." Oxon. 1662.</p>
+
+<p>The above two Ballads are by Edmund Gayton.</p>
+
+<p class='center'>Wanted by <i>H. T. Bobart</i>, Ashby-de-la-Zouch.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Peyran's Coptic Lexicon.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mure on the Calendar and Zodiacs of Ancient Egypt.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Gladwin's Persian Moonshee.</span> 4to.</p>
+
+<p>Jones's <span class="smcap">Classical Library</span> (the 8vo. Edition). The Volume
+containing Herodotus, Vol. I.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Chronicles of London.</span> 1827.</p>
+
+<p class='center'>Wanted by <i>Mr. Hayward</i>, Bookseller, Bath.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A Register of Elections</span>, by H. S. Smith, of Leeds (published
+in Parts).</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">James' Naval History.</span> Vols. III., IV., and V. 8vo. 6-Vol.
+Edition by Bentley.</p>
+
+<p class='center'>Wanted by <i>Mr. J. Howes</i>, Stonham-Aspall, Suffolk.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Monuments and Genii of St. Paul's and Westminster Abbey</span>, by
+G. L. Smith. London. J. Williams. 1826. Vol. I.</p>
+
+<p class='center'>Wanted by <i>Charles Reed</i>, Paternoster Row.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Pettingall's Tract on Jury Trial</span>, 1769.</p>
+
+<p class='center'>Wanted by <i>Mr. T. Stephens</i>, Merthyr Tydfil.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">History of the Old and New Testament</span>, by Prideaux. Vol. I.
+1717-18.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Historical Memoirs of Queens of England</span>, by Hannah Lawrence.
+Vol. II.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Bryan's Dictionary of Painters and Engravers.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jardine's Naturalist's Library.</span> First Edition. All except
+first 13 Volumes.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Peter Simple.</span> Illustrated Edition. Saunders and Otley. Vols.
+II. and III.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">History and Antiquities of Somersetshire</span>, by Rev. W. Phelps,
+1839. All except Parts I., II., III., V., VI., VII., and VIII.</p>
+
+<p class='center'>Wanted by <i>John Garland</i>, Solicitor, Dorchester.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Roman Stations in Britain.</span> London, 1726.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A Survey of Roman Antiquities in Some Midland Counties.</span>
+London, 1726.</p>
+
+<p class='center'>Wanted by <i>Rev. J. W. Hewett</i>, Bloxham, Banbury.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Indications of Spring</span>, by Robt. Marsham, Esq., F.R.S.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Village Curate</span>, by Hurdis.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Calendar of Flora</span>, by Stillingfleete.</p>
+
+<p class='center'>Wanted by <i>J. B. Whitborne</i>, 54. Russell Terrace, Leamington.</p>
+
+<hr class='full' />
+
+
+<h3>Notices to Correspondents.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Books Wanted.</span> <i>So many of our Correspondents seem disposed
+to avail themselves of our plan of placing the booksellers in direct
+communication with them, that we find ourselves compelled to limit
+each list of books to two insertions. We would also express a hope
+that those gentlemen who may at once succeed in obtaining any desired
+volumes will be good enough to notify the same to us, in order that
+such books may not unnecessarily appear in such list even a second
+time.</i></p>
+
+<p>P. G. <i>We are not in a position to answer</i> P. G.'s<i> inquiries.
+Why not try one of the series and judge for yourself?</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A German Investigator</span>, <i>who states that some important
+moves towards the "flying by man" have lately been made upon the
+Continent, and who inquires "what noblemen or gentlemen would be
+likely to foster similar researches in this country," should rather
+address himself to some of the journals devoted to mechanical
+science.</i></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sciolus.</span> <i>The author of</i> Doctor Syntax <i>was the
+well-known</i> William Coombe, <i>a curious list of whose works will
+be found in the</i> Gentleman's Magazine <i>for May, 1852, p. 467.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Charles Demayne.</span> <i>We have a letter for this Correspondent;
+where shall it be sent?</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Erica</span> <i>will find his illustration of Campbell's</i> Like
+Angel Visits <i>anticipated in our</i> 1st Vol.</p>
+
+<p>J. N. C. (King's Lynn). <i>We have one or two Replies on the same
+subject already in the Printer's hands.</i></p>
+
+<p>A. J. V. (University Club) <i>will find his Query respecting</i>
+Solamen miseris, &amp;c. <i>in</i> Vol. viii., p. 272., <i>and an answer
+respecting</i> Tempora mutantur <i>in</i> p. 306.</p>
+
+<p><i>Our Correspondent</i> C. E. F. (p. 373.) <i>is informed</i>&mdash;1.
+<i>That both the solutions of the muriate salts and the nitrate of
+silver may be used in the manner he proposes; but a portion of sugar
+of milk, mannite, or grape sugar, as has been previously recommended,
+much accelerates the process.</i> 2. <i>The positives should be
+printed about one-third deeper than is required, and they should
+remain in the hypo. bath until the mottled appearance is removed,
+which is visible when held up against the light and they are looked
+through: at first the positive often assumes a very unpleasant red
+colour; this gradually disappears by longer immersion, when the proofs
+may be removed at the point of tint required, remembering that they
+become rather darker when dry, especially if ironed, and which is
+generally desirable, especially if the print is rather pale.</i> 3.
+<i>The sel d'or does not seem to have the destructive effect which the
+chloride of gold has, and if the chemicals are entirely removed, in
+all probability they are quite permanent. Those which we have seen
+printed several months since appear to have suffered no change.
+Pictures produced by the ammonio-nitrate are most uncertain. There
+are few who have not had the mortification to see some of their best
+productions fade and disappear. A learned professor, about eighteen
+months since, sent us a picture so printed "as something to work up
+to;" a few yellowish stains are now all that remains on the paper.</i></p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Notes and Queries</span>," Vols. i. <i>to</i> vii., <i>price
+Three Guineas and a Half.&mdash;Copies are being made up and may be had by
+order.</i></p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Notes and Queries</span>" <i>is published at noon on Friday,
+so that the Country Booksellers may receive Copies in that night's
+parcels, and deliver them to their Subscribers on the Saturday.</i></p>
+
+<hr class='adverts' />
+
+
+<p class='center'>EDITED FOR THE SYNDICS OF THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS.</p>
+
+<p class='center'>This Day, 3 vols. 8vo., 42<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<h4>GROTIUS</h4>
+<p class='center'><b>DE JURE BELLI ET PACIS;</b></p>
+
+<p>Accompanied by and Abridged Translation of the Text. By W. WHEWELL,
+D.D., Master of Trinity College, and Professor of Moral Philosophy in
+the University. With the Notes of the Author, Barbeyrac and others.</p>
+
+<p class='center'>Also, 8vo., 14<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<h4>GROTIUS</h4>
+
+<p class='center'><b>ON THE RIGHTS OF WAR AND PEACE.</b></p>
+
+<p>An Abridged Translation. By DR. WHEWELL.</p>
+
+<p>London: J. W. PARKER &amp; SON, West Strand.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<p class='center'>This Day, small octavo, 9<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>PHRASEOLOGICAL AND EXPLANATORY NOTES ON THE HEBREW TEXT OF THE BOOK
+OF GENESIS. By THEODORE PRESTON, M.A. Fellow of Trinity College,
+Cambridge.</p>
+
+<p class='center'>London JOHN W. PARKER &amp; SON.<br /> Cambridge J. DEIGHTON.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<p class='center'>This Day, Octavo, 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class='center'>CICERO PRO MILONE.</p>
+
+<p>With a Translation of Asconius' Introduction, Marginal Analysis, and
+English Notes. Edited for the Syndics of the Cambridge University
+Press. By the REV. J. S. PURTON, M.A., President and Tutor of St.
+Catharine's Hall.</p>
+
+<p class='center'>London: JOHN W. PARKER &amp; SON, West Strand.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<p class='center'>Just published, price 1<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<h4>THE STEREOSCOPE.</h4>
+
+<p>Considered in relation to the Philosophy of Binocular Vision. An
+Essay, by C. MANSFIELD INGLEBY, M.A., of Trinity College, Cambridge.</p>
+
+<p class='center'>London WALTON &amp; MABERLEY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane,
+Paternoster Row.<br /> Cambridge: J. DEIGHTON.</p>
+
+<p class='center'>Also, by the same Author, price 1<i>s.</i>,</p>
+
+<p class='center'><b>REMARKS</b> on some of Sir William Hamilton's Notes on the Works of Dr.
+Thomas Reid.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>"Nothing in my opinion can be more cogent than your refutation
+    of M. Jobert,"&mdash;<i>Sir W. Hamilton.</i></p></blockquote>
+
+<p class='center'>London: JOHN W. PARKER, West Strand.<br /> Cambridge: E. JOHNSON.<br />
+Birmingham: H. C. LANGBRIDGE.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<p>W. H. HART, RECORD AGENT and LEGAL ANTIQUARIAN<span class='pagenum'><a name="page425" id="page425">{425}</a></span> (who is in the
+Possession of Indices to many of the early Public Records whereby
+his Inquiries are greatly facilitated) begs to inform Authors and
+Gentlemen engaged in Antiquarian or literary Pursuits, that he is
+prepared to undertake searches among the Public Records, MSS. in the
+British Museum, Ancient Wills, or other Depositories of a similar
+Nature, in any Branch of Literature, History, Topography, Genealogy,
+or the like, and in which he has had considerable experience.</p>
+
+<p class='center'>1. ALBERT TERRACE, NEW CROSS, HATCHAM, SURREY.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<p>ALLEN'S ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, containing Size, Price, and Description
+of upwards of 100 articles, consisting of
+PORTMANTEAUS, TRAVELLING-BAGS, Ladies' Portmanteaus,</p>
+
+<p>DESPATCH-BOXES, WRITING-DESKS, DRESSING-CASES, and other travelling
+requisites. Gratis on application, or sent free by Post on receipt of
+Two Stamps.</p>
+
+<p>MESSRS. ALLEN'S registered Despatch-box and Writing-desk, their
+Travelling-bag with the opening as large as the bag, and the new
+Portmanteau containing four compartments, are undoubtedly the best
+articles of the kind ever produced.</p>
+
+<p class='center'>J. W. &amp; T. ALLEN, 18. &amp; 22. West Strand.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<p>DAGUERREOTYPE MATERIALS.&mdash;Plates, Cases, Passepartoutes. Best and
+Cheapest. To be had in great variety at</p>
+
+<p class='center'>M<sup>c</sup>MILLAN'S Wholesale Depot, 132. Fleet Street.</p>
+
+<p class='center'>Price List Gratis.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<p class='center'>BANK OF DEPOSIT.</p>
+
+<p class='center'>7. St. Martin's Place, Trafalgar Square, London.</p>
+
+<p>PARTIES desirous of INVESTING MONEY are requested to examine the Plan
+of this Institution, by which a high rate of Interest may be obtained
+with perfect Security.</p>
+
+<p class='center'>Interest payable in January and July.</p>
+
+<p class="regards">PETER MORRISON,</p>
+<p class="author"> Managing Director.</p>
+
+<p class='center'>Prospectuses free on application.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<p>BENNETT'S MODEL WATCH, as shown at the GREAT EXHIBITION. No. 1. Class
+X., in Gold and Silver Cases, in five qualities, and adapted to all
+Climates, may now be had at the MANUFACTORY, 65. CHEAPSIDE. Superior
+Gold London-made Patent Levers, 17, 15, and 12 guineas. Ditto, in
+Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 4 guineas. First-rate Geneva Levers, in Gold
+Cases, 12, 10, and 8 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 5
+guineas. Superior Lever, with Chronometer Balance, Gold, 27, 23, and
+19 guineas. Bennett's Pocket Chronometer, Gold, 50 guineas, Silver,
+40 guineas. Every Watch skilfully examined, timed, and its performance
+guaranteed. Barometers, 2<i>l.</i>, 3<i>l.</i>, and 4<i>l.</i>
+Thermometers from 1<i>s.</i> each.</p>
+
+<p>BENNETT, Watch, Clock, and Instrument Maker to the Royal Observatory,
+the Board of Ordnance, the Admiralty, and the Queen.</p>
+
+<p class='center'>65. CHEAPSIDE.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<p>HEAL &amp; SON'S ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE OF BEDSTEADS, sent free by post.
+It contains designs and prices of upwards of ONE HUNDRED different
+Bedsteads: also of every description of Bedding, Blankets, and Quilts.
+And their new warerooms contain an extensive assortment of Bed-room
+Furniture, Furniture Chintzes, Damasks, and Dimities, so as to render
+their Establishment complete for the general furnishing of Bed-rooms.</p>
+
+<p class='center'>HEAL &amp; SON, Bedstead and Bedding Manufacturers, 196. Tottenham Court
+Road.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<p>OLD CHURCH PSALMODY; a Manual of good and useful Tunes, either Old
+or in Old Style. Edited by REV. W. H. HAVORGAL, M.A. Organ Score,
+5<i>s.</i>; Single Parts, 1<i>s.</i> 4<i>d.</i> each Voice (Post
+Free).</p>
+
+<p>The Editor has no pecuniary interest in this work, his sole object
+being to assist the Publisher in bringing forward good Music, and to
+inculcate sound taste respecting it.</p>
+
+<p class='center'>London: JOSEPH HART, 109. Hatton Garden.</p>
+
+<p>A CLASSIFIED LIST (the most Extensive of any House in the Trade)
+of CHRISTMAS ANTHEMS, CAROLS, &amp;c., for Choirs or Private Practice,
+forwarded, Post Free, by JOSEPH HART, 109. Hatton Garden.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<p class='center'>IN THE PRESS.</p>
+
+<p class='center'>In 1 vol. folio, price 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>SUPPLEMENT TO THE MONASTICON DI&OElig;CESIS EXONIENSIS. Being a
+Collection of Records and Instruments further illustrating the Ancient
+Conventual, Collegiate, and Eleemosynary Foundations in the Counties
+of Devon and Cornwall. By GEORGE OLIVER, D.D. To correspond exactly in
+size, paper, and type with the original work, and to contain a large
+folding Map of the Diocese of Exeter at the time of the Dissolution of
+Monasteries. When published the price will be raised.</p>
+
+<p class='center'>Subscribers' Names received by A. HOLDEN, Bookseller, Exeter.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<p>COMPLETION OF THE WORK. cloth 1<i>s.</i> by post, 1<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i>, pp. 192.&mdash;WELSH SKETCHES, THIRD (and Last) SERIES. By the
+Author of "Proposals for Christian Union."&mdash;Contents 1. Edward the
+Black Prince. 2. Owen Glendower, Prince of Wales. 3. Medi&aelig;val Bardism.
+4. The Welsh Church.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>"Will be read with great satisfaction, not only by all sons
+    of the principality, but by all who look with interest on that
+    portion of our island in which the last traces of our ancient
+    British race and language still linger."&mdash;<i>Notes and
+    Queries.</i></p></blockquote>
+
+<p class='center'>London: JAMES DARLING, 81. Great Queen Street, Lincoln's Inn Fields.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<p class='center'><b>Solicitors' &amp; General Life Assurance Society,</b><br /><br />
+
+52, CHANCERY LANE, LONDON.<br />
+
+<i>Subscribed Capital, ONE MILLION.</i><br />
+
+THIS SOCIETY PRESENTS THE FOLLOWING ADVANTAGES:<br />
+
+The Security of a Subscribed Capital of ONE MILLION.<br />
+
+Exemption of the Assured from all Liability.<br />
+
+Premiums affording particular advantages to Young Lives.<br />
+
+Participating and Non-Participating Premiums.</p>
+
+<p>In the former EIGHTY PER CENT. or FOUR-FIFTHS of the Profits are
+divided amongst the Assured Triennially, either by way of addition to
+the sum assured, or in diminution of Premium, at their option.</p>
+
+<p>No deduction is made from the four-fifths of the profits for Interest
+on Capital, for a Guarantee Fund, or on any other account.</p>
+
+<p>POLICIES FREE OF STAMP DUTY and INDISPUTABLE, except in case of fraud.</p>
+
+<p>At the General Meeting, on the 31st May last, a BONUS was declared of
+nearly <span class="smcap">Two Per Cent.</span> per annum on the <i>amount assured</i>,
+or at the rate of from THIRTY to upwards of SIXTY per cent. on the
+<i>Premium paid</i>.</p>
+
+<p>POLICIES share in the Profits, even if ONE PREMIUM ONLY has been paid.</p>
+
+<p>Next DIVISION OF PROFITS in 1856.</p>
+
+<p>The Directors meet on Thursdays at 2 o'clock. Assurances may be
+effected by applying on any other day, between the hours of 10 and
+4, at the Office of the Society, where prospectuses and all other
+requisite information can be obtained.</p>
+
+<p class='regards'>CHARLES JOHN GILL, Secretary.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<p class='center'>SAUNDERS &amp; OTLEY'S PUBLICATIONS.<br /><br />
+
+THE FLORAL LANGUAGE INTERPRETED.<br />
+
+Eleventh Edition, Coloured Plate, Silk Binding, a beautiful Gift Book,<br /><br />
+
+<b>THE LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS.</b><br />
+
+By the Editor of the "Forget Me Not."<br />
+
+Dedicated to the Duchess of Kent (by permission).</p>
+
+<hr class='short' />
+
+<p class='center'>BY MRS. JAMESON.<br />
+
+Fourth Edition, 2 vols., with Designs by the Author,<br /><br />
+
+<b>CHARACTERISTICS OF WOMEN.</b><br />
+
+By the Author of "Legends of the Madonna," &amp;c.<br /><br />
+
+"Truly delightful volumes&mdash;the most charming of all the works
+    of a charming writer."&mdash;<i>Blackwood.</i><br /><br />
+
+LIVES OF CELEBRATED FEMALE SOVEREIGNS. 2 vols. By the same Author.</p>
+
+<hr class='short' />
+
+<p class='center'>TURNING IN ALL ITS BRANCHES.<br /><br />
+
+A Complete and Practical Guide to this beautiful Science, entitled<br /><br />
+
+<b>THE HANDBOOK OF TURNING.</b><br />
+
+With numerous Plates, price 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> bound, and Post
+Free.</p>
+
+<hr class='short' />
+
+<p><b>FOR WRITERS OF FICTION, POEMS, DRAMAS, PAMPHLETS, SERMONS, ESSAYS,
+ETC., HOW TO PRINT AND WHEN TO PUBLISH.</b></p>
+
+<p>Advice to Authors, Inexperienced Writers, and Possessors of
+Manuscripts, on the Efficient Publication of Books intended for
+General Circulation or Private Distribution, sent Post Free to Orders
+enclosing Twelve Stamps, addressed to</p>
+
+<p class='center'>SAUNDERS &amp; OTLEY, Publishers, Conduit Street, Hanover Square.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<p class='center'><b>LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS.</b></p>
+
+<p class='center'>The Proprietors of the LIVERPOOL GENERAL REVIEW AND LOCAL ADVERTISER</p>
+
+<p>HAVE made Arrangements to REPORT the PROCEEDINGS of the various
+LITERARY and SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES in Liverpool, including the
+following:</p>
+
+<p>Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire.<br />
+  Liverpool Architectural and Arch&aelig;ological Society.<br />
+  Liverpool Photographic Society.<br />
+  Liverpool Polytechnic Society.<br />
+  Liverpool Literary and Philosophical Society.<br />
+  Liverpool Chemists' Association.</p>
+
+<p>Occasional Reports will also be given of Lectures delivered before the
+Collegiate, Mechanics', and other Institutions.</p>
+
+<p>The REVIEW, thus devoting itself to subjects of Scientific and
+Literary interest, will, no doubt, prove acceptable to Members of
+Kindred Societies throughout the Kingdom; and will be supplied on the
+undermentioned terms:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>Unstamped, 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> per annum. Stamped, 8<i>s.</i> per
+annum.</p>
+
+<p class='center'>PUBLISHED EVERY WEDNESDAY.</p>
+
+<p>May be had through all Booksellers and Newsmen, or forwarded from the
+Office,</p>
+
+<p class='center'>63. CHURCH STREET, LIVERPOOL.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="page426" id="page426">{426}</a></span></p><p class='center'>INDIGESTION, CONSTIPATION, NERVOUSNESS, &amp;c.&mdash;BARRY, DU BARRY &amp; CO.'S
+HEALTH-RESTORING FOOD for INVALIDS and INFANTS.</p>
+
+<p class='center'>THE REVALENTA ARABICA FOOD,</p>
+<p>the only natural, pleasant, and effectual
+remedy (without medicine, purging, inconvenience, or expense, as it
+saves fifty times its cost in other remedies) for nervous, stomachic,
+intestinal, liver and bilious complaints, however deeply rooted,
+dyspepsia (indigestion), habitual constipation, diarrhoea, acidity,
+heartburn, flatulency, oppression, distension, palpitation, eruption
+of the skin, rheumatism, gout, dropsy, sickness at the stomach during
+pregnancy, at sea, and under all other circumstances, debility in the
+aged as well as infants, fits, spasms, cramps, paralysis, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class='center'><i>A few out of 50,000 Cures</i>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>Cure, No. 71, of dyspepsia; from the Right Hon. the Lord
+    Stuart de Decies:&mdash;"I have derived considerable benefits from
+    your Revalenta Arabica Food, and consider it due to yourselves
+    and the public to authorise the publication of these
+    lines.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Stuart de Decies.</span>"</p>
+
+<p>Cure, No. 49,832:&mdash;"Fifty years' indescribable agony
+    from dyspepsia, nervousness, asthma, cough, constipation,
+    flatulency, spasms, sickness at the stomach and vomitings
+    have been removed by Du Barry's excellent food.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Maria
+    Jolly</span>, Wortham Ling, near Diss, Norfolk."</p>
+
+<p>Cure, No. 180:&mdash;"Twenty-five years' nervousness, constipation,
+    indigestion, and debility, from which I had suffered great
+    misery and which no medicine could remove or relieve, have
+    been effectually cured by Du Barry's food in a very short
+    time.&mdash;<span class="smcap">W. R. Reeves</span>, Pool Anthony, Tiverton."</p>
+
+<p>Cure, No. 4,208:&mdash;"Eight years' dyspepsia, nervousness,
+    debility, with cramps, spasms, and nausea, for which
+    my servant had consulted the advice of many, have been
+    effectually removed by Du Barry's delicious food in a
+    very short time. I shall be happy to answer any
+    inquiries.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Rev. John W. Flavell</span>, Ridlington Rectory,
+    Norfolk."</p>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Dr. Wurzer's Testimonial.</i></p>
+
+<p class="regards">"Bonn, July 19, 1852.</p>
+
+<p>"This light and pleasant Farina is one of the most excellent,
+nourishing, and restorative remedies, and supersedes, in many cases,
+all kinds of medicines. It is particularly useful in confined habit of
+body, as also diarrhoea, bowel complaints, affections of the kidneys
+and bladder, such as stone or gravel; inflammatory irritation and
+cramp of the urethra, cramp of the kidneys and bladder, strictures,
+and hemorrhoids. This really invaluable remedy is employed with
+the most satisfactory result, not only in bronchial and pulmonary
+complaints, where irritation and pain are to be removed, but also
+in pulmonary and bronchial consumption, in which it counteracts
+effectually the troublesome cough; and I am enabled with perfect truth
+to express the conviction that Du Barry's Revalenta Arabica is adapted
+to the cure of incipient hectic complaints and consumption.</p>
+
+<p class="regards">"<span class="smcap">Dr. Rud Wurzer,</span></p>
+<p class='center'>Counsel of Medicine, and practical M.D.
+  in Bonn."</p>
+
+<p>London Agents:&mdash;Fortnum, Mason &amp; Co., 182. Piccadilly, purveyors
+to Her Majesty the Queen; Hedges &amp; Butler, 155. Regent Street; and
+through all respectable grocers, chemists, and medicine venders.
+In canisters, suitably packed for all climates, and with full
+instructions, 1lb. 2<i>s.</i> 9<i>d.</i>; 2lb. 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>;
+5lb. 11<i>s.</i>; 12lb. 22<i>s.</i>; super-refined, 5lb. 22<i>s.</i>;
+10lb. 33<i>s.</i> The 10lb. and 12lb. carriage free, on receipt of
+Post-office order.&mdash;Barry, Du Barry Co., 77. Regent Street, London.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Important Caution.</span>&mdash;Many invalids having been seriously
+injured by spurious imitations under closely similar names, such as
+Ervalenta, Arabaca, and others, the public will do well to see that
+each canister bears the name <span class="smcap">Barry, Du Barry &amp; Co.</span>, 77.
+Regent Street, London, in full, <i>without which none is genuine</i>.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<p>PHOTOGRAPHIC PICTURES.&mdash;A Selection of the above beautiful Productions
+(comprising Views in VENICE, PARIS, RUSSIA, NUBIA, &amp;c.) may be seen
+at BLAND &amp; LONG'S, 153. Fleet Street, where may also be procured
+Apparatus of every Description, and pure Chemicals for the practice of
+Photography in all its Branches.</p>
+
+<p>Calotype, Daguerreotype, and Glass Pictures for the Stereoscope.</p>
+
+<p>&#8258; Catalogues may be had on application.</p>
+
+<p class='center'>BLAND &amp; LONG, Opticians, Philosophical and Photographical Instrument
+Makers, and Operative Chemists, 153. Fleet Street.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<p>PHOTOGRAPHY.&mdash;HORNE &amp; CO.'S Iodised Collodion, for obtaining
+Instantaneous Views and Portraits in from three to thirty seconds,
+according to light.</p>
+
+<p>Portraits obtained by the above, for delicacy of detail rival the
+choicest Daguerreotypes, specimens of which may be seen at their
+Establishment.</p>
+
+<p>Also every description of Apparatus, Chemicals, &amp;c. &amp;c. used in this
+beautiful Art.&mdash;123. and 121. Newgate Street.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<p>IMPROVEMENT IN COLLODION.&mdash;J. B. HOCKIN &amp; CO., Chemists, 289. Strand,
+have, by an improved mode of Iodizing, succeeded in producing a
+Collodion equal, they may say superior, in sensitiveness and density
+of Negative, to any other hitherto published; without diminishing
+the keeping properties and appreciation of half tint for which their
+manufacture has been esteemed.</p>
+
+<p>Apparatus, pure Chemicals, and all the requirements for the practice
+of Photography. Instruction in the Art.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<p>PHOTOGRAPHIC CAMERAS.&mdash;OTTEWILL'S REGISTERED DOUBLE-BODIED
+FOLDING CAMERA, is superior to every other form of Camera, for the
+Photographic Tourist, from its capability of Elongation or Contraction
+to any Focal Adjustment, its Portability, and its adaptation for
+taking either Views or Portraits.&mdash;The Trade supplied.</p>
+
+<p>Every Description of Camera, or Slides, Tripod Stands, Printing
+Frames, &amp;c., may be obtained at his MANUFACTORY, Charlotte Terrace,
+Barnsbury Road, Islington.</p>
+
+<p>New Inventions, Models, &amp;c., made to order or from Drawings.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<p>PHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS, MATERIALS, and PURE CHEMICAL PREPARATIONS.</p>
+
+<p>KNIGHT &amp; SONS' Illustrated Catalogue, containing Description and Price
+of the best forms of Cameras and other Apparatus. Voightlander and
+Son's Lenses for Portraits and Views, together with the various
+Materials, and pure Chemical Preparations required in practising the
+Photographic Art. Forwarded free on receipt of Six Postage Stamps.</p>
+
+<p>Instructions given in every branch of the Art.</p>
+
+<p>An extensive Collection of Stereoscopic and other Photographic
+Specimens.</p>
+
+<p class="center">GEORGE KNIGHT &amp; SONS, Foster Lane, London.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<p>CYANOGEN SOAP for removing all kinds of Photographic Stains. Beware
+of purchasing spurious and worthless imitations of this valuable
+detergent. The genuine is made only by the inventor, and is secured
+with a red label pasted round each pot, bearing this signature and
+address:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>RICHARD W. THOMAS, Chemist, Manufacturer of pure Photographic
+Chemicals, 10. Pall Mall, and may be procured of all respectable
+Chemists in pots at 1<i>s.</i>, 2<i>s.</i>, and 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>
+each, through MESSRS. EDWARDS, 67. St. Paul's Churchyard, and MESSRS.
+BARCLAY &amp; CO., Farringdon Street, Wholesale Agents.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<p>PHOTOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION.&mdash;An EXHIBITION of PICTURES, by the most
+celebrated French, Italian, and English Photographers, embracing
+Views of the principal Countries and Cities of Europe, is now OPEN.
+Admission 6<i>d.</i> A Portrait taken by MR. TALBOT'S Patent Process,
+One Guinea; Three extra Copies for 10<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class='center'>PHOTOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION, 168. NEW BOND STREET.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<p>PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER.&mdash;Negative and Positive Papers of Whatman's,
+Turner's, Sanford's, and Canson Frères' make. Waxed-Paper for
+Le Gray's Process. Iodized and Sensitive Paper for every kind of
+Photography.</p>
+
+<p>Sold by JOHN SANFORD, Photographic Stationer, Aldine Chambers, 13.
+Paternoster Row, London.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class='center'>WESTERN LIFE ASSURANCE AND ANNUITY SOCIETY,</p>
+
+<p class='center'>3. PARLIAMENT STREET, LONDON.</p>
+
+<p class='center'>Founded A.D. 1842.</p>
+
+<hr class='short' />
+
+<p class='center'><i>Directors.</i><br /><br />
+
+ H. E. Bicknell. Esq.<br />
+ T. S. Cocks, Jun. Esq. M.P.<br />
+ G. H. Drew, Esq.<br />
+ W. Evans, Esq.<br />
+ W. Freeman, Esq.<br />
+ F. Fuller, Esq.<br />
+ J. H. Goodhart, Esq.<br />
+ T. Grissell, Esq.<br />
+ J. Hunt Esq.<br />
+ J. A. Lethbridge, Esq.<br />
+ E. Lucas, Esq.<br />
+ J. Lys Seager, Esq.<br />
+ J. B. White, Esq.<br />
+ J. Carter Wood, Esq.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class='center'><i>Trustees.</i><br /><br />
+
+W. Whateley, Esq., Q.C.; George Drew, Esq.; T. Grissell, Esq.<br /><br />
+
+<i>Physician.</i>&mdash;William Rich. Basham, M.D.<br /><br />
+
+<i>Bankers.</i>&mdash;Messrs. Cocks, Biddulph, and Co., Charing Cross.</p>
+
+<h4>VALUABLE PRIVILEGE.</h4>
+
+<p>POLICIES effected in this Office do not become void through
+temporary difficulty in paying a Premium, as permission is given
+upon application to suspend the payment at interest, according to the
+conditions detailed in the Prospectus.</p>
+
+<p>Specimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring 100<i>l</i>., with a Share
+in three-fourths of the Profits:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border='0' cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"
+summary="Premium rates based on age">
+
+<tr>
+  <td class='tdc'>Age</td>
+  <td class='tdc'><i>&pound;</i></td>
+  <td class='tdc'><i>s.</i></td>
+  <td class='tdc'><i>d.</i></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+  <td class='tdc'>17</td>
+  <td class='tdr'>1</td>
+  <td class='tdr'>14</td>
+  <td class='tdr'>4</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+  <td class='tdc'>22</td>
+  <td class='tdr'>1</td>
+  <td class='tdr'>18</td>
+  <td class='tdr'>8</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+  <td class='tdc'>27</td>
+  <td class='tdr'>2</td>
+  <td class='tdr'>4</td>
+  <td class='tdr'>5</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+  <td class='tdc'>32</td>
+  <td class='tdr'>2</td>
+  <td class='tdr'>10</td>
+  <td class='tdr'>8</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+  <td class='tdc'>37</td>
+  <td class='tdr'>2</td>
+  <td class='tdr'>18</td>
+  <td class='tdr'>6</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+  <td class='tdc'>42</td>
+  <td class='tdr'>3</td>
+  <td class='tdr'>8</td>
+  <td class='tdr'>2</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<p class='center'>ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., F.R.A.S., Actuary.</p>
+
+<p>Now ready, price 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>, Second Edition with material
+additions, INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT and EMIGRATION: being a TREATISE
+on BENEFIT BUILDING SOCIETIES, and on the General Principles of Land
+Investment, exemplified in the Cases of Freehold Land Societies,
+Building Companies, &amp;c. With a Mathematical Appendix on Compound
+Interest and Life Assurance. By ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., Actuary to
+the Western Life Assurance Society, 3. Parliament Street, London.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<p>ACHILLES LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY,&mdash;25. CANNON STREET, CITY.&mdash;The
+Advantages offered by this Society are Security, Economy, and lower
+Rates of Premium than most other Offices.</p>
+
+<p>No charge is made for Policy Stamps or Medical Fees. Policies
+indisputable.</p>
+
+<p>Loans granted to Policy-holders.</p>
+
+<p>For the convenience of the Working Classes, Policies are issued as low
+as 20<i>l.</i> at the same Rates of Premium as larger Policies.</p>
+
+<p>Prospectuses and full particulars may be obtained on application to</p>
+
+<p class='center'>HUGH B. TAPLIN, Secretary.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h4>NEW PUBLICATIONS.</h4>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="page427" id="page427">{427}</a></span>ELIZABETH BARRETT BROWNING'S POETICAL WORKS. Third Edition. With
+numerous Additions and Corrections. 2 vols. 16<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p>SKETCHES OF THE HUNGARIAN EMIGRATION INTO TURKEY. By a HONVED. Fcap.
+1<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p>THE TURKS IN EUROPE: a SKETCH of MANNERS and POLITICS in the OTTOMAN
+EMPIRE. By BAYLE ST. JOHN. Post 8vo. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>CRANFORD. By the Author of "Mary Barton." Second Edition. Fcap.
+7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>THE DIARY OF MARTHA BETHUNE BALIOL, from 1753 to 1754. Post 8vo.
+9<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p>CHAMOIS HUNTING IN THE MOUNTAINS OF BAVARIA. By CHARLES BONER. With
+Illustrations. 8vo. 18<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p>NARRATIVE OF A MISSION TO CENTRAL AFRICA, performed in the years
+1850-51, under the orders and at the expense of her Majesty's
+Government. By the late JAMES RICHARDSON. 2 vols. 21<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p>LANGUAGE AS A MEANS OF MENTAL CULTURE AND INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION;
+or, Manual of the Teacher and the Learner of Languages. By C. MARCEL,
+KNT., L.H., French Consul at&mdash;&mdash;. 2 vols. 16<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p>NIEBUHR'S LIFE AND LETTERS. With Selections from his Minor Writings.
+Edited and Translated by SUSANNA WINKWORTH. With Essays on his
+Character and Influence, by the CHEVALIER BUNSEN, and PROFESSORS
+BRANDIS and LOEBELL. Second Edition. 3 vols. 8vo. 42<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p>ALTON LOCKE: TAILOR AND POET. By the REV. CHARLES KINGSLEY. Third
+Edition. 7<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p>THE LIFE OF BERNARD PALISSY, OF SAINTES. By HENRY MORLEY. 2 vols.
+18<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class='center'>THOMAS CARLYLE'S WORKS.</p>
+
+<p>THE LIFE OF JOHN STERLING. Second Edition. Post 8vo. 10<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>SARTOR RESARTUS; or, THE LIFE AND OPINIONS OF HERR TEUFELSDROKH. Third
+Edition. Post 8vo. 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>LATTER-DAY PAMPHLETS. Post 8vo. 9<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p>OLIVER CROMWELL'S LETTERS AND SPEECHES. With Elucidations and
+Connecting Narrative. Third Edition. In 4 vols. Post 8vo. 2<i>l.</i>
+2<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p>THE LIFE OF SCHILLER. New Edition, with Portrait. Small 8vo.
+8<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>PAST AND PRESENT. Second edition. Post 8vo. 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>LECTURES ON HEROES AND HERO-WORSHIP. Fourth Edition. Small 8vo.
+9<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p>THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. A HISTORY. Third Edition. 3vols. Post 8vo.
+1<i>l.</i> 11<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>CRITICAL AND MISCELLANEOUS ESSAYS. Third Edition. 4 vols. Post 8vo.
+2<i>l.</i> 2<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p>TRANSLATION OF GOETHE'S WILHELM-MEISTER. Second Edition. 3 vols. Small
+8vo. 18<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class='center'>London: CHAPMAN &amp; HALL, 193. Piccadilly.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="center">
+On the First of November, 1853, will be Published,<br /><br />
+
+NO. I.,<br /><br />
+
+Containing Sixteen Pages, Crown Quarto, Price Three Halfpence, of</p>
+
+<h4>THE CHURCH OF THE PEOPLE,</h4>
+
+<p class="center"> Monthly Journal of Literature, Science, the Fine Arts, &amp;c., devoted
+to the Religious, Moral, Physical, and Social Elevation of the great
+body of the People.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>This periodical, projected and conducted by a committee of Clergy and
+Laity, in the heart of the manufacturing districts, is intended
+to express the sympathies of earnest Churchmen towards both their
+brethren in the faith, and their fellow-men in general.</p>
+
+<p>Designed to avoid unreality, lukewarmness, and dry dogmatism, as well
+as compromise and controversy&mdash;and not unmindful of things temporal,
+whilst chiefly directed to things eternal&mdash;it is hoped that it may
+assist to refresh the faithful, correct the erring, and win the
+unbeliever.</p>
+
+<p>A trial is respectfully requested for it, and that at once.</p>
+
+<p>It is a work of love, not of lucre; and, as such, is commended to the
+brotherhood.</p>
+
+<p>It will be eminently fitted for parochial distribution and, by God's
+blessing, may do its part towards removing English heathenism.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>&#8258;Suggestions and communications, written in a plain, earnest, and
+attractive style, are respectfully requested, and may be addressed
+to the editors of "The Church of the People," care of MR. SOWLER,
+St. Ann's Square, Manchester, to whom books for review, and
+advertisements, may be sent.</p>
+
+<p class='center'>London: GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street.<br /><br />
+
+Manchester: T. SOWLER, St. Ann's Square; A. HEYWOOD, Oldham Street; J.
+HEYWOOD, Deansgate.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Bohn's Standard Library for November.</span></p>
+
+<p>COWPER'S COMPLETE WORKS, edited by SOUTHEY; comprising his Poems,
+Correspondence, and Translations with a Memoir of the Author.
+Illustrated with Fifty Fine Engravings on Steel, after Designs by
+Harvey. To be completed in 8 vols. Vol. I. containing Memoir. Post
+8vo., cloth. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class='center'>HENRY G. BOHN, 4. 5. &amp; 6. York Street, Covent Garden.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Bohn's Classical Library for November.</span></p>
+
+<p>APULEIUS, THE WORKS OF, comprising the Metamorphoses, or Golden Ass;
+the Death of Socrates; Florida; and his Defences, or Essay on Magic.
+A New and Literal Translation. To which added, a Metrical Version of
+Cupid and Psyche; and Mrs. Tighe's Psyche, a Poem in Six Cantos. Fine
+Frontispiece. Post 8vo., cloth. 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class='center'>HENRY G. BOHN, 4. 5. &amp; 6. York Street, Covent Garden.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Bohn's Ecclesiastical Library for November.</span></p>
+
+<p class='center'>SOCRATES, his ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY, in Continuation of EUSEBIUS,
+with the Notes of VALESIUS.<br />
+Post 8vo., cloth. 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class='center'>HENRY G. BOHN, 4, 5, 6. York Street, Covent Garden.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<p class='center'>Will be published, November 23rd,<br />
+THE BRITISH ALMANAC FOR 1854.<br />
+Sewed in Wrapper, price 1<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p>THE COMPANION TO THE ALMANAC. Sewed in Wrapper, price 2<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>THE BRITISH ALMANAC AND THE COMPANION together, in cloth boards,
+lettered, price 4<i>s.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class='center'><i>Extracts from Reviews, 1853.</i></p>
+
+<blockquote><p>"First in years, repute, and high utility must be placed 'The
+    British Almanac and Companion.'"&mdash;<i>Spectator.</i></p></blockquote>
+
+<blockquote><p>"'The British' still maintains its place as foremost among
+    almanacs."&mdash;<i>Athen&aelig;um.</i></p></blockquote>
+
+<blockquote><p>"For twenty-six years Mr. Knight has given the Almanac a
+    'Companion'&mdash;one always brimful of information and useful
+    knowledge."&mdash;<i>The Builder.</i></p></blockquote>
+
+<blockquote><p>"The 'British Almanac and Companion' maintains its reputation
+    as being the very best work of the kind published."&mdash;<i>The
+    Atlas.</i></p></blockquote>
+
+<p class='center'>London: CHARLES KNIGHT, 90. Fleet Street. And sold by all Booksellers
+in the United Kingdom.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<p class='center'>Just published, fcap. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i>, cloth,</p>
+
+<p>TRUTH SPOKEN IN LOVE; or, Romanism and Tractarianism refuted by the
+Word of God. By the REV. H. H. BEAMISH, A.M., Minister of Trinity
+Chapel, Conduit Street.</p>
+
+<p class='center'>London. JOHN F. SHAW, Southampton Row, and Paternoster Row.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<p class='center'>NEW WORK BY DR. CUMMING.<br />
+
+Just published, uniform with "Voices of the Night."</p>
+
+<p>BENEDICTIONS: or, THE BLESSED LIFE. By the REV. JOHN CUMMING, D.D.
+Fcap. 8vo., 7<i>s.</i>, cloth.</p>
+
+<p class='center'>London: JOHN F. SHAW, Southampton Row, and Paternoster Row.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<p class='center'>This Day is published, fcp. 8vo., 6<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
+
+<p>MANNA IN THE HOUSE; or Daily Expositions of the Gospel of St.
+Luke, specially adapted for the Use of Families. By the REV. BARTON
+BOUCHIER, M.A., Curate of Cheam.</p>
+
+<p class='center'>Also may be had,</p>
+
+<p>THE GOSPELS of ST. MATTHEW AND MARK, 2 vols.,
+6<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>; or in 1 vol. 6<i>s.</i> cloth. For the
+convenience of Purchasers, it is also published in Parts, price
+1<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class='center'>JOHN F. SHAW, Southampton Row, and Paternoster Row.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<p class='center'>Now ready, post 8vo., cloth, price 6<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>CURIOSITIES OF LONDON LIFE; or Phases, Physiological and Social, of
+the Great Metropolis. By C. M. SMITH, Author of "The Working Man's Way
+in the World." May be had at all the Libraries.</p>
+
+<p class='center'>Just published, post 8vo., cloth, price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p>THE WORKING MAN'S WAY IN THE WORLD, or the AUTO-BIOGRAPHY OF A
+JOURNEYMAN PRINTER.</p>
+
+<p class='center'>London: W. &amp; F. G. CASH, 5. Bishopsgate Street Without.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<p>STANDARD BOOKS CHEAP&mdash;Now ready, Part IX. of HENRY C. STROUD'S
+CATALOGUE OF SECOND-HAND BOOKS in Theology and Miscellaneous
+Literature, the Sciences, Classics, &amp;c. Also Parts VII. and VIII.,
+containing an Interesting Collection of Scarce Old Books on Astrology,
+Curious Recipes, Faceti&aelig;, the Drama, Old Plays, Songs, &amp;c. Forwarded
+GRATIS on Application.</p>
+
+<p class='center'>163. BLACKFRIARS ROAD, LONDON.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class='center'>"Mr. Murray's<span class='pagenum'><a name="page428" id="page428">{428}</a></span> meritorious Series."&mdash;<i>The Times.</i><br />
+
+Now Ready, complete in 76 Parts. Post 8vo., 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>
+each.</p>
+
+ <h4>MURRAY'S HOME AND COLONIAL LIBRARY.</h4>
+
+<p class='center'>Forming a compact and portable work, the bulk of which does not exceed
+the compass of a single shelf, or of one trunk, suited for all classes
+and all climates.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class='center'><i>Contents of the Series.</i></p>
+<blockquote><p>
+The Bible in Spain. By George Borrow.<br />
+Journals in India. By Bishop Heber.<br />
+Egypt and the Holy Land. By Irby and Mangles.<br />
+The Siege of Gibraltar. By John Drinkwater.<br />
+Morocco and the Moore. By Drummond Hay.<br />
+Letters from the Baltic. By a Lady.<br />
+The Amber Witch.<br />
+Cromwell and Bunyan. By Robert Southey.<br />
+New South Wales. By Mrs. Charles Meredith.<br />
+Life of Drake. By John Barrow.<br />
+The Court of Pekin. By Father Ripa.<br />
+The West Indies. By M. G. Lewis.<br />
+Sketches of Persia. By Sir John Malcolm.<br />
+The French in Algiers.<br />
+The Fall of the Jesuits.<br />
+Bracebridge Hall. By Washington Irving.<br />
+A Naturalists's Voyage Round the World. By Charles Darwin.<br />
+Life of Condé. By Lord Mahon.<br />
+The Gypsies of Spain. By George Borrow.<br />
+Typee and Omoo. By Herman Melville.<br />
+Livonian Tales. By a Lady.<br />
+The Church Missionary in Canada. By the Rev. J. Abott.<br />
+Sale's Brigade in Afghanistan. By Rev. G. R. Gleig.<br />
+Letters from Madras. By a Lady.<br />
+Highland Sports. By Charles St. John.<br />
+Pampas Journeys. By Sir Francis Head.<br />
+The Siege of Vienna. Translated by Lord Ellesmere.<br />
+Gatherings from Spain. By Richard Ford.<br />
+Sketches of German Life during the War of Liberation.<br />
+Story of the Battle of Waterloo. By Rev. G. R. Gleig.<br />
+A Voyage up the Amazon. By W. H. Edwards.<br />
+The Wayside Cross. By Captain Milman.<br />
+A Popular Account of India. By Rev. Charles Acland.<br />
+The British Army at Washington. By Rev. G. R. Gleig.<br />
+Adventures in Mexico. By George F. Ruxton.<br />
+Portugal and Galicia. By Lord Carnarvon.<br />
+Life of Lord Clive. By Rev. G. R. Gleig.<br />
+Bush Life in Australia. By H. W. Haygarth.<br />
+Autobiography of Henry Steffens.<br />
+Tales of a Traveller. By Washington Irving.<br />
+Lives of the British Poets. By Thomas Campbell.<br />
+Historical Essays. By Lord Mahon.<br />
+Stokers and Pokers. By Author of "Bubbles."<br />
+The Lybian Desert. By Bayle St. John.<br />
+Letters from Sierra Leone. By a Lady.<br />
+Life of Sir Thomas Munro. By Rev. G. R. Gleig.<br />
+Memoirs of Sir Fowell Buxton. By his Son.<br />
+Life of Goldsmith. By Washington Irving.<br />
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>&#8258; Subscribers should complete their copies of the above Series
+without delay, as after December the issue of the separate parts will
+be discontinued.</p>
+
+<p class='center'>JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<p class='center'>MARKHAM'S POPULAR SCHOOL HISTORIES.</p>
+
+<p class='center'>New and Cheaper Editions.</p>
+
+<hr class='short' />
+
+<p>MARKHAM'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND. (68th Thousand.) With Woodcuts. 12mo.
+6<i>s.</i> Strongly bound.</p>
+
+<p class='center'>II.</p>
+
+
+<p>MARKHAM'S HISTORY OF FRANCE. (30th Thousand.) With Wood-Cuts. 12mo.
+6<i>s.</i> Strongly bound.</p>
+
+<p class='center'>III.</p>
+
+<p>MARKHAM'S HISTORY OF GERMANY (6th Thousand.) With Woodcuts 12mo.
+6<i>s.</i> Strongly bound.</p>
+
+<p class='center'>Also, just ready, uniform with the above,</p>
+
+<p>A SCHOOL HISTORY OF GREECE. By DR. WM. SMITH. With Woodcuts. 12mo.</p>
+
+<p class='center'>JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<p class='center'>THE QUARTERLY REVIEW, NO. CLXXXVI., is published THIS Day.<br /><br />
+
+<span class="smcap">Contents</span>:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I. THE INSTITUTE OF FRANCE.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;II. MURDER OF THOMAS A BECKET.<br />
+&nbsp;III. THE DAUPHIN IN THE TEMPLE.<br />
+&nbsp;IV. THE HOLY PLACES.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;V. DIARY OF CASAUBON<br />
+&nbsp;VI. ELECTRO-BIOLOGY, MESMERISM, AND TABLE-TURNING.<br />
+VII. LIFE OF HAYDON.<br />
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p class='center'>JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<p class='center'>MR. HALLAM'S HISTORICAL WORKS.</p>
+
+<p class='center'>This Day is published,</p>
+
+<p>HISTORY OF EUROPE DURING THE MIDDLE AGES. By HENRY HALLAM, ESQ. Tenth
+and revised Edition, incorporating the SUPPLEMENTAL NOTES. 3 vols. 8vo
+30<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class='center'>Also,</p>
+
+<p>HALLAM'S CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND, from the Accession of
+Henry VII. to the Death of George II. Sixth Edition. 2 vols. 8vo.
+24<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class='center'>II.</p>
+
+<p>HALLAM'S INTRODUCTION TO THE LITERARY HISTORY OF EUROPE, during
+the 15th, 16th, and 17th Centuries. Third Edition. 3 vols. 8vo.
+36<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class='center'>III.</p>
+
+<p>HALLAM'S LITERARY ESSAYS AND CHARACTER: selected from the above Work,
+for Popular Circulation. (5th Thousand.) Fcp. 8vo. 2<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class='center'>JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<p class='center'>CRABB'S DICTIONARY.</p>
+
+<p>The Fifth Edition, corrected, enlarged, and brought down to the
+present time, by the REV. HENRY DAVIS, M.A., illustrated with 700
+Engravings. Crown 8vo. cloth price 9<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p>A DICTIONARY OF GENERAL KNOWLEDGE, comprising an Explanation of Words
+and Things connected with Literature and Science, &amp;c., by GEORGE
+CRABB, A.M.</p>
+
+<p class='center'>London: WILLIAM TEGG &amp; CO., 85. Queen Street, Cheapside.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<p class='center'><b>CHEAP AND POPULAR EDITIONS OF STANDARD AUTHORS.</b></p>
+
+<p>ABERCROMBIE'S INTELLECTUAL POWERS. 5<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>ABERCROMBIE ON THE MORAL FEELINGS. 4<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p>DAVY'S SALMONIA. 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p>DAVY'S CONSOLATIONS IN TRAVEL. 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p>REV. GEORGE CRABBE'S LIFE. 3<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p>COLERIDGE'S TABLE-TALK. 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p>COLERIDGE'S GREEK CLASSIC POETS. 5<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>BELL ON THE HAND, 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>LAYARD'S POPULAR ACCOUNT OF NINEVEH. 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p>WILKINSON'S POPULAR ACCOUNT OF THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS. (Shortly.)</p>
+
+<p>JESSE'S GLEANINGS IN NATURAL HISTORY. 6<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>JESSE'S SCENES AND OCCUPATIONS OF COUNTRY LIFE. (Shortly.)</p>
+
+<p>PHILOSOPHY IN SPORT. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>SOMERVILLE'S PHYSICAL SCIENCES. 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
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+<p>SOMERVILLE'S PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 12<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p>JAMES' EDITION OF &AElig;SOP'S FABLES. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>HEBER'S POETICAL WORKS. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>REJECTED ADDRESSES. 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p>BYRON'S POETICAL WORKS. 8 vols. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p>
+
+<p>MAHON'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 5 vols. 6<i>s.</i> each.</p>
+
+<p class='center'>JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<h4>MURRAY'S RAILWAY READING.</h4>
+
+<p class='center'>This Day, with Woodcuts, fcap. 8vo., 1<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p>HISTORY OF THE GUILLOTINE. By the RIGHT HON. JOHN WILSON CROKER.
+Reprinted, with Additions, from "The Quarterly Review."</p>
+
+<p class='center'>The last Volume published, contained&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>ANCIENT SPANISH BALLADS: HISTORICAL AND ROMANTIC. By J. G. LOCKHART.</p>
+
+<p class='center'>To be followed by&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>A POPULAR ACCOUNT OF THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS. By SIR J. G. WILKINSON.
+With 500 Woodcuts.</p>
+
+<p>JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<p>Printed by <span class="smcap">Thomas Clark Shaw</span>, of No. 10. Stonefield Street,
+in the Parish of St. Mary, Islington, at No. 5. New Street Square,
+in the Parish of St. Bride, in the City of London; and published by
+<span class="smcap">George Bell</span>, of No. 186. Fleet Street, in the Parish of St.
+Dunstan in the West, in the City of London, Publisher, at No. 186.
+Fleet Street aforesaid.&mdash;Saturday, October 29, 1853.</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, No. 209, October 29
+1853, by Various
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+</body>
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+Project Gutenberg's Notes and Queries, No. 209, October 29 1853, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Notes and Queries, No. 209, October 29 1853
+       A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists,
+       Antiquaries, Geneologists, etc.
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: December 15, 2008 [EBook #27538]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Charlene Taylor, Neville Allen, Jonathan Ingram
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by The Internet Library of Early
+Journals.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
++--------------------------------------------------------------+
+| Transcriber's Note: Italicized words, phrases, etc. are      |
+| surrounded by _underline characters_. Greek transliterations |
+| are surrounded by ~tildes~. Hebrew transliterations appear   |
+| like ¤this¤. Irish is indicated thus: +Irish+. Diacritical   |
+| marks over characters are bracketed: [=x] indicates a macron |
+| over the letter, [(x] indicates a breve. Archaic spellings   |
+| have been retained.                                          |
++--------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+{405}
+NOTES AND QUERIES:
+
+A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES,
+GENEALOGISTS, ETC.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"WHEN FOUND, MAKE A NOTE OF."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+No. 209.]
+Saturday, October 29. 1853.
+[Price Fourpence. Stamped Edition, 5d.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+NOTES:--                                                         Page
+  The Scottish National Records                                   405
+  Patrick Carey                                                   406
+  Inedited Lyric by Felicia Hemans, by Weld Taylor                407
+  "Green Eyes," by Harry Leroy Temple                             407
+  Shakspeare Correspondence, by Samuel Hickson, &c.               408
+
+  MINOR NOTES:--Monumental Inscriptions--Marlborough
+    at Blenheim--Etymology of "till," "until"
+  --Dog-whipping Day in Hull--State                               408
+
+QUERIES:--
+  Polarised Light.                                                409
+
+  MINOR QUERIES:--"Salus Populi," &c.--Dramatic
+    Representations by the Hour-glass--John Campbell
+    of Jamaica--Hodgkins's Tree, Warwick--The
+    Doctor--English Clergyman in Spain--Caldecott's
+    Translation of the New Testament--Westhumble
+    Chapel--Perfect Tense--La Fleur des Saints--
+    Oasis--Book Reviews, their Origin--Martyr of
+    Collet Well--Black as a Mourning Colour--The
+    Word "Mardel," or "Mardle," whence derived?--
+    Analogy between the Genitive and Plural--Ballina
+    Castle--Henry I.'s Tomb--"For man proposes, but
+    God disposes"--Garrick Street, May Fair--The
+    Forlorn Hope--Mitred Abbot in Wroughton Church,
+    Wilts--Reynolds' Portrait of Barretti--Crosses on
+    Stoles--Temporalities of the Church--Etymology
+    of "The Lizard"--Worm in Books                                410
+
+  MINOR QUERIES WITH ANSWERS:--Siller Gun of Dumfries
+    --Margery Trussell--Caves at Settle, Yorkshire--
+    The Morrow of a Feast--Hotchpot--High and Low
+    Dutch--"A Wilderness of Monkies"--Splitting
+    Paper--The Devil on Two Sticks in England                     412
+
+REPLIES:--
+  Stone Pillar Worship and Idol Worship, by William
+  Blood, &c.                                                      413
+  "Blagueur" and "Blackguard" by Philarete Chasles                414
+  Harmony of the Four Gospels by C. Hardwick, T. J.
+  Buckton, Chris. Roberts, &c.                                    415
+  Small Words and Low Words, by Harry Leroy Temple                416
+  A Chapter on Rings                                              416
+  Anticipatory Use of the Cross.--Ringing Bells for the
+  Dead                                                            417
+
+  PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE:--Stereoscopic Angles               419
+
+  REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES:--Berefellarii--"To
+    know ourselves diseased," &c.--Gloves at Fairs--
+    "An" before "u" long--"The Good Old Cause"
+    --Jeroboam of Claret, &c.--Humbug--"Could we
+    with ink," &c.--"Hurrah!"--"Qui facit per alium
+    facit per se"--Tsar--Scrape--Baskerville--
+    Sheriffs of Glamorganshire--Synge Family--Lines
+    on Woman--Lisle Family--Duval Family                          420
+
+MISCELLANEOUS:--
+  Books and Odd Volumes wanted                                    423
+  Notices to Correspondents                                       424
+  Advertisements                                                  424
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+NOTES.
+
+THE SCOTTISH NATIONAL RECORDS.
+
+The two principal causes of the loss of these records are, the
+abstraction of them by Edward I. in 1292, and the destruction of a great
+many others by the reformers in their religious zeal. It so happens that
+up to the time of King Robert Bruce, the history is not much to be
+depended on. A great many valuable papers connected with the ancient
+ecclesiastical state of Scotland were carried off to the Continent by
+the members of the ancient hierarchy, who retired there after the
+Reformation. Many have, no doubt, been destroyed by time, and in the
+destruction of their depositories by revolutions and otherwise. That a
+great many are yet in existence abroad, as well as at home, which would
+throw great light on Scottish history, and which have not yet been
+discovered, there is no doubt, notwithstanding the unceremonious manner
+in which many of them were treated. At the time when the _literati_ were
+engaged in investigating the authenticity of Ossian's _Poems_ (to go no
+farther back), it was stated that there was in the library of the Scotch
+College at Douay a Gaelic MS. of several of the poems of great
+antiquity, and which, if produced, would have set the question at rest.
+On farther inquiry, however, it was stated that it had been torn up,
+along with others, and used by the students for the purpose of kindling
+the fires. It is gratifying to the antiquary that discoveries are from
+time to time being made, of great importance: it was announced lately
+that there had been discovered at the Treasury a series of papers
+relating to the rebellion of 1715-16, consisting chiefly of informations
+of persons said to have taken part in the rising; and an important mass
+of papers relative to the rebellion of 1745-46. There has also been
+discovered at the Chapter House at Westminster, the correspondence
+between Edward I., Edward II., and their lieutenants in Scotland, Aymer
+de Valance, Earl of Pembroke, John, Earl of Warren, and Hugh
+Cressingham. The letters patent have also been found, by which, in 1304,
+William Lamberton, Bishop of St. Andrew's, testified his having come
+into the peace of the king of England, and {406}found himself to answer
+for the temporalities of his bishopric to the English king. Stray
+discoveries are now and then made in the charter-rooms of royal burghs,
+as sometime ago there was found in the Town-house of Aberdeen a charter
+and several confirmations by King Robert Bruce. The ecclesiastical
+records of Scotland also suffered in our own day; the original charters
+of the assembly from 1560 to 1616 were presented to the library of Sion
+College, London Wall, London, in 1737, by the Honorable Archibald
+Campbell (who had been chosen by the Presbyters as Bishop of Aberdeen in
+1721), under such conditions as might effectually prevent them again
+becoming the property of the Kirk of Scotland. Their production having
+been requested by a committee of the House of Commons, the records were
+produced and laid on the table of the committee-room on the 5th of May,
+1834. They were consumed in the fire which destroyed the houses of
+parliament on the 16th of October of the same year. It was only after
+1746, and on the breaking up of the feudal system, when men's minds
+began to calm down, that any attention was paid to Scottish antiquities.
+Indeed, previous to that period, had any one asked permission to examine
+the charter chests of our most ancient families, purely for a literary
+purpose, he would have been suspected of maturing evidence for the
+purpose of depriving them of their estates. No such objection now
+exists, and every facility is afforded both the publishing clubs and
+private individuals in their researches. Much has been done by the
+Abbotsford, Bannatyne, Maitland, Roxburgh, Spalding, and other clubs, in
+elucidating Scottish history and antiquities, but much remains to be
+done. "If it were done, when 'tis done, then 'twere well it were done
+quickly," as every day lost renders the attainment of the object more
+difficult; and it is to be hoped that these clubs will be supported as
+they deserve.[1]
+
+The student of Scottish history will find much useful and important
+information in Robertson's _Index of Charters_; Sir Joseph Ayloffe's
+_Calendars of Ancient Charters_; _Documents and Records illustrative of
+the History Of Scotland_, edited by Sir Francis Palgrave, 1837;
+Jamieson's _History of the Culdees_; Toland's _History of the Druids_;
+Balfour's _History of the Picts_; Chalmers' _Caledonia_; Stuart's
+_Caledonia Romana_; _History of the House and Clan Mackay_; _The
+Genealogical Account of the Barclays of Ury for upwards of 700 Years_;
+Gordon's _History of the House of Sutherland_; M'Nicol's _Remarks on
+Johnson's Journey to the Western Isles_; Kennedy's _Annals of Aberdeen_;
+Dalrymple's _Annals_, &c. &c.
+
+    ABREDONENSIS.
+
+    [Footnote 1: See _Scottish Journal_, Edinburgh, 1847, p. 3., for a
+    very interesting article on the Early Records of Scotland.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PATRICK CAREY.
+
+Looking over Evelyn's _Diary_, edited by Mr. Barry, 4to., 2nd edit.,
+London, 1819, I came upon the following. Evelyn being at Rome, in 1644,
+says:
+
+    "I was especially recommended to Father John, a Benedictine Monk and
+    Superior of the Order for the English College of Douay; a person of
+    singular learning, religion, and humanity; also to Mr. Patrick Cary,
+    an abbot, brother to our learned Lord Falkland, a witty young priest,
+    who afterwards came over to our church."
+
+It immediately occurred to me, that this "witty young priest" might be
+Sir Walter Scott's _protege_, and the author of "_Triviall Poems and
+Triolets_, written in obedience to Mrs. Tomkins' commands by Patrick
+Carey, Aug. 20, 1651," and published for the first time at London in
+1820, from a MS. in the possession of the editor.
+
+Sir Walter, in introducing his "forgotten poet," merely informs us that
+his author "appears to have been a gentleman, a loyalist, a lawyer, and
+a rigid high churchman, if not a Roman Catholic."
+
+In the first part of this book, which the author calls his "Triviall
+Poems," the reader will find ample proof that his character would fit
+the "witty young priest" of Evelyn; as well as the gentle blood, and
+hatred to the Roundheads of Sir Walter. As a farther proof that Patrick
+Carey the priest, and Patrick the poet, may be identical, take the
+following from one of his poems, comparing the old Church with the
+existing one:
+
+  "Our Church still flourishing w' had seene,
+  If th' holy-writt had euer beene
+  Kept out of laymen's reach;
+  But, when 'twas English'd, men halfe-witted,
+  Nay, woemen too, would be permitted,
+  T' expound all texts and preach."
+
+The second part of Carey's poetical essays is entitled "I will sing unto
+the Lord," and contains a few "Triolets;" all of an ascetic savour, and
+strongly confirmatory of the belief that the author may have taken the
+monastic vow:
+
+  "Worldly designes, feares, hopes, farwell!
+  Farwell all earthly joyes and cares!
+  On nobler thoughts my soule shall dwell;
+  Worldly designes, feares, hopes, farwell!
+  Att quiett, in my peaceful cell,
+  I'le thincke on God, free from your snares;
+  Worldly designes, feares, hopes, farwell!
+  Farwell all earthly joys and cares.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  Pleasure att courts is but in show,
+  With true content in cells wee meete;
+  Yes (my deare Lord!) I've found it soe,
+  Noe joyes but thine are purely sweete!"
+
+The quotation from the Psalms, which forms the title to this second
+part, is placed above "a helmet and a shield," which Sir Walter has
+transferred {407}to his title. This "bears what heralds call a cross
+anchoree, or a cross moline, with a motto, _Tant que je puis_." With the
+exception of the rose beneath this, there is no identification here of
+Patrick Carey with the Falkland family. This cross, placed before
+religious poems, may however be intended to indicate their subjects, and
+the writer's profession, rather than his family escutcheon; although
+that may be pointed at in the rose alluded to, the Falklands bearing "on
+a bend three roses of the field."
+
+    J. O.
+
+    ["Ah! you do not know Pat Carey, a younger brother of Lord
+    Falkland's," says the disguised Prince Charles to Dr. Albany
+    Rochecliffe in Sir Walter Scott's _Woodstock_. So completely has
+    the fame of the great Lord Falkland eclipsed that of his brothers,
+    that many are, doubtless, in the same blissful state with good Dr.
+    Rochecliffe, although _two_ editions of the poet's works have been
+    given to the world. In 1771, Mr. John Murray published the poems of
+    Carey, from a collection alleged to be in the hands of a Rev.
+    Pierrepont Cromp, apparently a fictitious name. In 1820, Sir Walter
+    Scott, ignorant, as he confesses himself, at the time of an earlier
+    edition, edited once more the poems, employing an original MS.
+    presented to him by Mr. Murray. In a note in _Woodstock_, Sir Walter
+    sums up the information he had procured concerning the author,
+    which, scanty as it is, is not without interest. "Of Carey," he
+    says, "the second editor, like the first, only knew the name and the
+    spirit of the verses. He has since been enabled to ascertain that
+    the poetic cavalier was a younger brother of the celebrated Henry
+    Lord Carey, who fell at the battle of Newberry, and escaped the
+    researches of Horace Walpole, to whose list of noble authors he
+    would have been an important addition." The first edition of the
+    poems appeared under the following title, _Poems from a Manuscript
+    written in the Time of Oliver Cromwell_, 4to. 1771, 1_s._ 6_d._:
+    Murray. It contains only nine pieces, whereas the present edition
+    contains thirty-seven.--ED.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+INEDITED LYRIC BY FELICIA HEMANS.
+
+A short time since I discovered the following in the handwriting of Mrs.
+Hemans, and it accompanied an invitation of a more prosaic description
+to a gentleman of her acquaintance, and a relative of mine, now
+deceased. I thought it worth preserving, in case any future edition of
+her works appeared; but the 13th, 14th, and 15th lines are defective,
+from the seal, or some other accident, having torn them off, and one is
+missing. And though perhaps it would not be difficult to restore them,
+yet I have not ventured to do so myself. The last two lines appear to
+convey a melancholy foreboding of the poet's sad and early fate. Can any
+one restore the defective parts?
+
+    WELD TAYLOR.
+
+Bayswater.
+
+_Water Lilies._
+
+  Come away, Puck, while the dew is sweet;
+  Come to the dingle where fairies meet.
+  Know that the lilies have spread their bells
+  O'er all the pools in our mossy dells;
+  Stilly and lightly their vases rest
+  On the quivering sleep of the waters' breast,
+  Catching the sunshine thro' leaves that throw
+  To their scented bosoms an emerald glow;
+  And a star from the depth of each pearly cup,
+  A golden star! unto heaven looks up,
+  As if seeking its kindred, where bright they lie,
+  Set in the blue of the summer sky.
+  .... under arching leaves we'll float,
+  .... with reeds o'er the fairy moat,
+  .... forth wild music both sweet and low.
+  It shall seem from the rich flower's heart,
+  As if 'twere a breeze, with a flute's faint sigh.
+  Cone, Puck, for the midsummer sun uproars strong,
+  And the life of the Lily may not be long.--MAB.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+"GREEN EYES."
+
+Having long been familiar with only one instance of the possession of
+eyes of this hue--the well-known case of the "_green-eyed_ monster
+Jealousy,"--and not having been led by that association to think of them
+as a beauty, I have been surprised lately at finding them not
+unfrequently seriously admired. _Ex. gr.:_
+
+    "_Victorian._ How is that young and _green-eyed_ Gaditana
+    That you both wot of?
+
+    _Don Carlos._ Ay, soft _emerald_ eyes!"
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    _Victorian._ A pretty girl: and in her tender eyes,
+    Just that soft shade of _green_ we sometimes see
+    In evening skies."
+
+          Longfellow's _Spanish Student_, Act II. Sc. 3.
+
+    Mr. Longfellow adds in a note:
+
+    "The Spaniards, with good reason, consider this colour of the eye as
+    beautiful, and celebrate it in a song; as, for example, in the
+    well-known Villancico:
+
+  'Ay ojuelos verdes,
+  Ay los mis ojuelos,
+  Ay hagan los cielos
+  Que de mi te acuerdes!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  Tengo confianza,
+  De mis verdes ojos.'"
+
+    Boehl de Faber, _Floresta_, No. 255.
+
+
+I have seen somewhere, I think in one of the historical romances of
+Alexander Dumas (Pere), a popular jingle about
+
+    "La belle Duchesse de Nevers,
+    Aux yeux verts," &c.
+
+And lastly, see _Two Gentlemen of Verona_, Act IV. Sc. 4., where the
+ordinary text has:
+
+    "Her eyes are grey as glass, and so are mine."
+
+Here "The MS. corrector of the folio 1682 converts 'grey' into
+'_green_:' 'Her eyes are _green_ as {408} _grass;_' and such, we have
+good reason to suppose, was the true reading." (Collier's _Shakspeare
+Notes and Emendations_, p. 25.)
+
+The modern slang, "Do you see anything _green_ in my eye?" can hardly, I
+suppose, be called in evidence on the question of beauty or ugliness. Is
+there any more to be found in favour of "_green eyes_?"
+
+    HARRY LEROY TEMPLE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SHAKSPEARE CORRESPONDENCE.
+
+_On the Death of Falstaff_ (Vol. viii., p. 314.).--The remarks of your
+correspondents J. B. and NEMO on this subject are so obvious, and I
+think I may also admit in a measure so just, that it appears to me only
+respectful to them, and to all who may feel reluctant to give up
+Theobald's reading, that I should give some detailed reason for
+dissenting from their conclusion.
+
+In the first place, when Falstaff began to "play with flowers and smile
+upon his fingers' ends," it was no far-fetched thought to place him in
+fancy among green fields; and if the disputed passage were in immediate
+connexion with the above, the argument in its favour would be stronger.
+But, unfortunately, Mrs. Quickly brings in here the conclusion at which
+she arrives: "I knew there was but one way; _for_," she adds, as a
+farther reason, and referring to the physical evidences upon his frame
+of the approach of death, "his nose was as sharp as a pen on a table of
+green frieze." We can hardly imagine him "babbling" at this moment. "How
+now, Sir John, quoth I;" she continues, apparently to rouse him: "What,
+man! be of good cheer. _So_ [thus roused] 'a cried out--God, God, God!
+three or four times: now, I to _comfort_ him," &c. Does this look as
+though he were in the happy state of mind your correspondents imagine? I
+take no account of his crying out of sack and of women, &c., as that
+might have been at an earlier period. At the same time it does not
+follow, had Shakspeare intended to replace him in fancy amid the scenes
+of his youth, that he should have talked of them. A man who is (or
+imagines he is) in green fields, does not talk about green fields,
+however he may enjoy them. Both your correspondents seem to anticipate
+this difficulty, and meet it by supposing Falstaff to be "babbling
+snatches of hymns;" but this I conceive to be far beyond the limits of
+reasonable conjecture. In fact, the whole of their very beautiful theory
+rests upon the very disputed passage in question. At an earlier period
+apparently, his mind did wander; when, as Mrs. Quickly says, he was
+"rheumatick," meaning doubtless _lunatic_, that is, delirious; and then
+he talked of other things. When he began to "fumble with the sheets, and
+play with flowers, and smile upon his fingers' ends," though for a
+moment he might have fancied himself even "in his mother's lap," or
+anything else, he was clearly past all "babbling." In saying this, I
+treat Falstaff as a human being who lived and died, and whose actions
+were recorded by the faithfullest observer of Nature that ever wrote.
+
+    SAMUEL HICKSON.
+
+
+_Passage in "Tempest."--_
+
+  "Thy banks with pioned and twilled brims,
+  Which spongy April at thy best betrims,
+  To make cold nymphs chaste crowns."
+
+  _Tempest_, Act IV. Sc. 1.
+
+The above is the reading of the first folio. _Pioned_ is explained by
+MR. COLLIER, "to dig," as in Spenser; but MR. HALLIWELL (_Monograph
+Shakspeare_, vol. i. p. 425.) finds no authority to support such an
+interpretation. MR. COLLIER'S anonymous annotator writes "tilled;" but
+surely this is a very artificial process to be performed by "spongy
+April." Hanmer proposed "peonied;" Heath, "lilied;" and MR. HALLIWELL
+admits this is more poetical (and surely more correct), but appears to
+prefer "twilled," embroidered or interwoven with flowers. A friend of
+mine suggested that "lilied" was peculiarly appropriate to form "cold
+nymphs chaste crowns," from its imputed power as a preserver of
+chastity: and in MR. HALLIWELL'S folio, several examples are quoted from
+old poets of "peony" spelt "piony;" and of both _peony_ and _lily_ as
+"defending from unchaste thoughts." Surely, then, the reading of the
+first folio is a mere typographical error, and _peonied_ and _lilied_
+the most poetical and correct.
+
+    ESTE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+MINOR NOTES.
+
+
+_Monumental Inscriptions_ (Vol. viii., p. 215. &c.).--I have never seen
+the monumental inscription of Theodore Palaeologus accurately copied in
+any book. When in Cornwall lately, I took the trouble to copy it, and as
+some of your readers may like to see the thing as it is, I send it line
+for line, word for word, and letter for letter. It is found, as is well
+known, in the little out-of-the-way church of St. Landulph, near
+Saltash.
+
+    "Here lyeth the body of Theodoro Paleologus Of Pesaro in Italye,
+    descended from ye Imperyail Lyne of ye last Christian Emperors of
+    Greece Being the sonne of Camilio, ye so[=n]e of Prosper the sonne
+    of Theodoro the sonne of Iohn, ye sonne of Thomas, second brother to
+    Constantine Paleologus, the 8th of that name and last of yt lyne yt
+    raygned in Constantinople, untill subdewed by the Turkes, who
+    married with Mary Ye daughter of William Balls of Hadlye in
+    Souffolke Gent, & had issue 5 children, Theodoro, Iohn, Ferdinando,
+    Maria & Dorothy, and departed this life at Clyfton ye 21th of
+    January, 1636."
+
+    ED. ST JACKSON.
+
+{409}
+_Marlborough at Blenheim._--Extract from a MS. sermon preached at Bitton
+(in Gloucestershire?) on the day of the thanksgiving for the victory
+near Hochstett, anno 1704. (By the Reverend Thomas Earle, afterwards
+Vicar of Malmesbury?)
+
+    "And so I pass to the great and glorious occasion of this day, wh
+    gives us manifold cause of praise and thanksgiving to Almighty God
+    for ... mercies and deliverances. For ye happy success of her
+    Majesty's arms both by land and sea [under the] Duke of
+    Marlborough, whose fame now flies through the world, and whose
+    glorious actions will render his name illustrious, and rank him
+    among the renowned worthies of all ages. Had that threatning
+    Bullet, wh bespattered him all over with dirt, only that he might
+    shine the brighter afterwards; had it, I say, took away his Life,
+    he had gone down to the grave with the laurels in his hand."
+
+Is this incident of the bullet mentioned in any of the cotemporary
+accounts of the battle?
+
+    E.
+
+
+_Etymology of "till," "until."_--Many monosyllables in language are,
+upon examination, found to be in reality compounds, disguised by
+contraction. A few instances are, _non_, Lat. ne-un-(us); _dont_, Fr.
+de-unde; _such_, Eng. so-like; _which_, who-like. In like manner I
+believe _till_, to-while, and _until_, unto-while. Now _while_ is
+properly a substantive, and signifies _time_, corresponding to _dum_,
+Lat., in many of its uses, which again is connected with _diu_, _dies_,
+both which are used in the indefinite sense of _a while_, as well as in
+the definite sense of _a day_. _Adesdum_, come here a while; _interdum_,
+between whiles. If ~te~ (Gr.) is connected with this root, then
+~este~, to-while, till. Lawrence Minot says, "_To time_ (till) he
+thinks to fight."
+
+_Dum_ has the double meaning of _while_ and _to-while_.
+
+    E. S. JACKSON.
+
+
+_Dog-whipping Day in Hull._--There was some time since the singular
+custom in Hull, of whipping all the dogs that were found running about
+the streets on October 10; and some thirty years since, when I was a
+boy, so common was the practice, that every little urchin considered it
+his duty to prepare a whip for any unlucky dog that might be seen in the
+streets on this day. This custom is now obsolete, those "putters down"
+of all boys' play in the streets--the new police--having effectually
+stopped this cruel pastime of the Hull boys. Perhaps some of your
+readers may be able to give a more correct origin of this singular
+custom than the one I now give from tradition:
+
+    "Previous to the suppression of monasteries in Hull, it was the
+    custom for the monks to provide liberally for the poor and the
+    wayfarer who came to the fair, held annually on the 11th of
+    October; and while busy in this necessary preparation the day
+    before the fair, a dog strolled into the larder, snatched up a
+    joint of meat and decamped with it. The cooks gave the alarm; and
+    when the dog got into the street, he was pursued by the expectants
+    of the charity of the monks, who were waiting outside the gate, and
+    made to give up the stolen joint. Whenever, after this, a dog
+    showed his face, while this annual preparation was going on, he was
+    instantly beaten off. Eventually this was taken up by the boys;
+    and, until the introduction of the new police, was rigidly put in
+    practice by them every 10th of October."
+
+I write this on October 10, 1853: and so effectually has this custom
+been suppressed, that I have neither seen nor heard of any dog having
+been this day whipped according to ancient custom.
+
+    JOHN RICHARDSON.
+
+13. Savile Street, Hull.
+
+
+_State_: _Hamlet_, Act I. Sc. 1.--Professor Wilson proposed that in the
+"high and palmy _state_ of Rome," _state_ should be taken in the sense
+of _city_:
+
+
+    "Write henceforth and for ever _State_ with a towering capital.
+    State, properly republic, here specifically and pointedly means
+    Reigning City. The ghosts walked in the city, not in the
+    republic."--Vide "Dies Boreales," No. III., _Blackwood_, August,
+    1849.
+
+Query, Has this reading been adopted by our skilled Shakspearian
+critics?
+
+Coleridge uses _state_ for _city_ in his translation of _The Death of
+Wallenstein_, Act III. Sc. 7.:
+
+                      "What think you?
+    Say, shall we have the _State_ illuminated
+    In honour of the Swede?"
+
+
+    J. M. B.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+QUERIES.
+
+
+POLARISED LIGHT.
+
+During the last summer, while amusing myself with verifying a statement
+of Sir D. Brewster respecting the light of the rainbow, viz. that it is
+polarised in particular planes, I observed a phenomenon which startled
+me exceedingly, insamuch as it was quite new to me at the time; and not
+withstanding subsequent enquiries, I cannot find that it has been
+observed by any other person. I found that _the light of the blue sky is
+partially polarised_. When analysed with a Nichols prism, the contrast
+with the surrounding clouds is very remarkable; so much so, indeed, that
+clouds of extreme tenuity, which make no impression on the unassisted
+eye, are rendered plainly visible.
+
+The most complete polarisation seems to take place near the horizon;
+and, when the sun is near the meridian, towards the west and east. The
+depth of colour appears to be immaterial, as far as I have been able to
+ascertain with an instrument but rudely constructed for the purpose. The
+light is polarised in planes passing through the {410} eye of the
+observer, and arcs of great circles intersecting the sun's disc.
+
+From the absence (so far as I am aware) of all mention of this
+remarkable fact in works on the subject, I am led to conclude that it is
+something new; should this, however, turn out otherwise, I shall be
+obliged by a reference to any author who explains the phenomenon. The
+greater intensity towards the horizon would point to successive
+refractions as the most probable theory.
+
+    H. C. K.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+MINOR QUERIES.
+
+_"Salus Populi," &c._--What is the origin of the saying, "Salus populi
+suprema lex?"
+
+    E. M.
+
+
+_Dramatic Representations by the Hour-glass._--I have seen it stated
+(but am now unable to trace the reference) that, in the infancy of the
+drama, its representations were sometimes regulated by the hour-glass.
+Does the history of the art, either among the Greeks or the Romans,
+furnish any well authenticated instance of this practice?
+
+    HENRY H. BREEN.
+
+St. Lucia.
+
+
+_John Campbell of Jamaica._--I shall be very much obliged if any of your
+readers can give me any information respecting John Campbell, Esq., of
+Gibraltar, Trelawny, Jamaica, who died in January, 1817, at Clifton (I
+believe), but to whose memory a monument was erected in Bristol
+Cathedral by his widow. I should be glad to know her maiden name, and
+whether he left any surviving family? Also how he was related to a
+family _going by the name_ of Hanam or Hannam, who lived at Arkindale,
+Yorkshire, about one hundred years before the date of his decease; he
+appears, too, to have had some connexion with a person named Isaac
+Madley, or Bradley, and through his mother with the Turners of
+Kirkleatham. This inquiry is made in the hope of unravelling a
+genealogical difficulty which has hitherto baffled all endeavour to
+solve it.
+
+    D. E. B.
+
+Leamington.
+
+
+_Hodgkins's Tree, Warwick._--In the plan of Warwick, drawn on Speed's
+Map of that county, is a tree at the end of West Street, called on the
+plan "Hodgkins's Tree:" against this tree is represented a gun, pointed
+to the left towards the fields.--Can any of your readers furnish the
+tradition to this tree pertaining?
+
+    O. L. R. G.
+
+
+_The Doctor, &c._, p. 5., one volume edition.--The sentence in the
+Garamna tongue, if anagrammatised into "You who have written Madoc and
+Thalaba and Kehama," would require a _k_ to be substituted for an _h_ in
+_Whehaha_. Query, Is this the proper mode of interpretation, or is there
+a misprint?
+
+_Saheco_, p. 248.--What name are these composite initials meant to
+represent? The others are easily deciphered. Should we read
+_Saneco_=Sarah Nelson Coleridge?
+
+    J. M. B.
+
+
+_English Clergyman in Spain._--I am anxious to discover the capacity in
+which a certain clergyman was present with the English army in Spain
+early in the eighteenth century (probably with Lord Peterborough's
+expedition). Can any readers of "N. & Q." refer me to any book or record
+from which I can obtain this information?
+
+    D. Y.
+
+
+_Caldecott's Translation of the New Testament._--I have a translation of
+the New Testament by a Mr. John Caldecott, printed and sold by J. Parry
+and Son, Chester, dated 1834. It is entitled _Holy Writings of the First
+Christians, called the New Testament_ (the text written from the common
+version, but altered by comparing with the Greek), with notes. I shall
+be glad to know who Mr. Caldecott was or is? and whether the edition
+appeared under the auspices of any society or sect of Christians?
+
+    S. A. S.
+
+Bridgewater.
+
+
+_Westhumble Chapel._--There is a ruin of a chapel in the hamlet of
+Westhumble, in Mickleham, Surrey. At what time was it built? To what
+saint consecrated? and from what cause was it allowed to fall into its
+present ruinous and desecrated condition?
+
+    J. P. S.
+
+
+_Perfect Tense._--In Albites' "Companion" to _How to speak French_, one
+of the first exercises is to turn into French the following phrase, "I
+have seen him yesterday." I should be much obliged to MR. J. S. WARDEN
+(to whom all readers of "N. & Q." stand so greatly indebted for his
+excellent article on "Will and Shall"), if he would state the rule for
+the use of the perfect tense in English in respect to specified time,
+and the _rationale_ involved in such rule.
+
+    C. MANSFIELD INGLEBY.
+
+Birmingham.
+
+
+_La Fleur des Saints._--To Moliere's _Le Tartufe_ (Act I. Sc. 2.) occur
+the following lines:
+
+    "Le traitre, l'autre jour, nous rompit de ses mains Un mouchoir
+    qu'il trouva dans une _Fleur des Saints_, Disant que nous melions,
+    par un crime effroyable, Avec la saintete les parures du diable."
+
+Can any of your readers inform me what _Fleur des Saints_ was? Was it a
+book? If so, what were its contents?
+
+    C. P. G.
+
+
+_Oasis._--Can any correspondent inform me of the correct quantity of the
+second syllable of this word? In Smith's _Geographical Dictionary_ it is
+marked long, while Andrews' _Lexicon_ gives it {411} short, neither of
+them giving any reason for their respective quantities.
+
+    T.
+
+
+_Book Reviews, their Origin._--Dodsley published in 1741 _The Public
+Register, or the Weekly Magazine_. Under the head of "Records of
+Literature," he undertook to give a compendious account of "whatever
+works are published either at home or abroad worthy the attention of the
+public." Was this _small_ beginning the origin of our innumerable
+reviews?
+
+    W. CRAMP
+
+
+_Martyr of Collet Well._--One James Martyr, in 1790, bought of George
+Lake the seat called Collet Well, in the parish of Otford. Can any
+reader of "N. & Q." tell from what family this Martyr sprang, and what
+their armorial bearings are?
+
+    Q. M. S.
+
+
+_Black as a Mourning Colour._--Can any of your correspondents kindly
+inform me when black was first known in England, as the colour of
+mourning robes? We read in _Hamlet_:
+
+    "'Tis not alone my inky cloak, good mother,
+    Nor customary suits of solemn black,
+    That can denote me truly."
+
+    W. W.
+
+Malta.
+
+
+_The Word "Mardel," or "Mardle," whence derived?_--It is in common use
+in the east of Norfolk in the sense of _to gossip_, thus "He would
+_mardel_ there all day long," meaning, waste his time in gossiping.
+
+    J. L. SISSON.
+
+
+_Analogy between the Genitive and Plural._--In a note by Rev. J.
+Bandinel, in Mr. Christmas' edition of Pegge's _Anecdotes of the English
+Language_, 1844, the question is asked at p. 167.:
+
+    "Why is there such an analogy, in many languages, between the
+    genitive and the plural? In Greek, in Latin, in English, and
+    German, it is so. What is the cause of this?"
+
+Can you point me to any work where this hint has been carried out?
+
+    H. T. G.
+
+Hull.
+
+
+_Ballina Castle._--Where can I see a view of Ballina Castle, in the
+county of Mayo? and what is the best historical and descriptive account
+of that county, or of the town of Castlebar, or other places in the
+county?
+
+    O. L. R. G.
+
+
+_Henry I.'s Tomb._--Lyttleton, in his _History of England_, quoting from
+an author whose name I forget, states that no monument was ever erected
+to the memory of this king in Reading Abbey. Man, on the contrary, in
+his _History of Reading_, without quoting his authority, states that a
+splendid monument was erected with recumbent figures of Henry and
+Adelais, his second wife; which was destroyed by the mistaken zeal of
+the populace during the Reformation.
+
+Which of these statements is the true one? And if Man's be, on what
+authority is it probably founded?
+
+    PEMBROKIENSIS.
+
+
+_"For man proposes, but God disposes."_--This celebrated saying is in
+book i. ch. xix. of the English translation of _De Imitatione Christi_,
+of which Hallam says more editions have been published than of any other
+book except the Bible.--Can any of your correspondents tell me whether
+the saying originated with the author, Thomas A. Kempis?
+
+    A. B. C.
+
+
+_Garrick Street, May Fair._--In Hertford Street, May Fair, there is
+fixed in the wall of a house (No. 15.) a square stone on which is
+inscribed:
+
+    "Garrick Street, January 15, 1764."
+
+I shall be glad to know the circumstances connected with this
+inscription, which is not in any way alluded to in the works descriptive
+of London to which I have referred.
+
+    C. I. R.
+
+
+_The Forlorn Hope._--The "Forlorn Hope" is the body of men who volunteer
+first to enter a besieged town, after a breach has been made in the
+fortifications. That I know: but it is evidently some quotation, and if
+any of your readers should be able to give any information as to its
+origin, and where it is to be found, I should, as I said before, be much
+obliged.
+
+    FENTON.
+
+
+_Mitred Abbot in Wroughton Church, Wilts._--Not very long ago, while
+this church was under repair, there was discovered on one of the
+pillars, behind the pulpit, a fresco painting of a mitred abbot. I have
+corresponded with the rector on the subject, but unfortunately he kept
+no drawing of it; and all the information he is able to afford me is,
+that "the vestments were those ordinarily pourtrayed, with scrip,
+crosier," &c. Such being the case, I have troubled "N. & Q." with this
+Query, in the hope that some one may be able to give me farther
+information as to date, name, &c.
+
+    RUSSELL GOLE.
+
+
+_Reynolds' Portrait of Barretti._--Can any of your correspondents inform
+me where the portrait of Barretti, by Sir Joshua Reynolds, now is?
+
+    GEO. R. CORNER.
+
+
+_Crosses on Stoles._--When were the three crosses now usually
+embroidered on priests' stoles in the Roman Catholic Church introduced?
+Were they used in England before the Reformation? In sepulchral brasses
+the stoles, although embroidered and fringed, and sometimes also
+enlarged at the ends, are (so far as I have observed) without the
+crosses. If used, what was their form?
+
+    H. P.
+
+
+{412}
+_Temporalities of the Church._--Is there any record existing of a want
+of money for the maintenance of the clergy, or for other pious uses, in
+any part of the world before the establishment of the Christian religion
+under Constantine? or of any necessity having arisen for enforcing the
+payment of tithes or offerings by ecclesiastical censures during that
+period?
+
+    H. P.
+
+
+_Etymology of "The Lizard."_--What is the etymology of the name "The
+Lizard," as applied in our maps to that long low green point, stretching
+out into the sea at the extreme south of England? My idea of the
+etymology would be (judging from the name and pronunciation of a small
+town in the immediate neighbourhood of the point) _lys-ard_, from two
+Celtic words: the first, _lys_, as found in the name _Lismore_, and
+others of a like class in Ireland and the Highlands of Scotland; the
+second _ard_, a long point running into the sea. In Cornwall, to my ear,
+the name had quite the Celtic intonation _L[=y]s-[=a]rd_; not at all
+like _L[(i]z[=a]rd_, as we would speak it, short.
+
+    C. D. LAMONT.
+
+Greenock.
+
+
+_Worm in Books._--Can you or any of your numerous correspondents suggest
+a remedy for the worm in old books and MSS.? I know of a valuable
+collection in the muniment room of a nobleman in the country, which is
+suffering severely at the present time from the above destructive agent;
+and although smoke has been tried, and shavings of Russia leather
+inserted within the pages of the books, the evil still exists. As this
+question has most likely been asked before, and answered in your
+valuable little work, I shall be obliged by your pointing out in what
+volume it occurs, as I have not a set by me to refer to and thus save
+you the trouble.
+
+    ALETHES.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+MINOR QUERIES WITH ANSWERS.
+
+
+_Siller Gun of Dumfries._--Can any of your readers tell me the history
+of the "Siller Gun of Dundee" [Dumfries], and give me an account of the
+annual shooting for it?
+
+    O. L. R. G.
+
+    [The Siller gun of Dumfries is a small silver tube, like the barrel
+    of a pistol, but derives great importance from its being the gift
+    of James VI., that monarch having ordained it as a prize to the
+    best marksman among the corporations of Dumfries. The contest was,
+    by royal authority, licensed to take place every year; but in
+    consequence of the trouble and expense attending it, the custom has
+    not been so frequently observed. Whenever the festival was
+    appointed, the 4th of June, during the long reign of George III.,
+    was invariably chosen for that purpose, being his majesty's
+    birthday. The institution itself may be regarded as a memorial of
+    the _Waponshaw_, or showing of arms, the shooting at butts and
+    bowmarks, and other military and gymnastic sports, introduced by
+    our ancestors to keep alive, by competition and prizes, the martial
+    ardour and heroic spirit of the people. In archery, the usual prize
+    to the best shooter was a silver arrow: at Dumfries the contest was
+    transferred to fire-arms. See the preface to the _Siller Gun_, a
+    poem in five cantos, by John Mayne, 1836.]
+
+
+_Margery Trussell._--Margery, daughter and coheiress of Roger Trussell,
+of Macclesfield, married Edmund de Downes (of the old Cheshire family of
+Downes of Taxall, Shrigley, &c.) in the fourth year of Edward II. Query,
+What arms did she bear? and were the Trussells of Macclesfield of the
+same family as that which, in consequence of a marriage with an heiress
+of Mainwaring, settled at Warmineham, in the reign of Edward III., and
+whose heiress, in later times, married a De Vere, Earl of Oxford?
+
+    W. SNEYD.
+
+Denton.
+
+    [In the Harleian MS. 4031. fol. 170. is a long and curious pedigree
+    of the Trussells and their intermarriage with the Mainwarings, in
+    the person of Sir William Trussell, Lord of Cubbleston, with Maud,
+    daughter and heiress of Sir Warren Mainwaring. The arms are: Argent
+    a fret gu. bezante for Trussell. The same arms are found on the
+    window of the church of Warmineham in Cheshire. These would
+    consequently be the arms of Margery, daughter of Roger Trussell.
+    The arms originally were: Argent a cross formee flory gu.; but
+    changed on the marriage of Sir William Trussell of Mershton, co.
+    Northampton, with Rose, daughter and heiress to William Pantolph,
+    Lord of Cubbleston, who bore, Argent a fret gu. bezante.]
+
+
+_Caves at Settle, Yorkshire._--Being engaged on antiquarian
+investigations, I have found it necessary to refer to some discoveries
+made in the caves at Settle in Yorkshire, of which my friends in that
+county have spoken. Now, I cannot find any printed account. I have
+referred to all the works on the county antiquities, and particularly to
+Mr. Phillips's book lately published (which professes to describe local
+antiquities), but in vain. I cannot find any notice of them. It is very
+likely some one of your better-informed readers may be able to assist
+me.
+
+    BRIGANTIA.
+
+Battersea.
+
+    [See two letters by Charles Roach Smith and Joseph Jackson in
+    _Archaeologia_, vol. xxix. p. 384., on the "Roman Remains discovered
+    in the Caves near Settle in Yorkshire." Our correspondent has
+    perhaps consulted the following work:--_A Tour to the Caves in the
+    Environs of Ingleborough and Settle, in the West Riding of
+    Yorkshire_, 8vo. 1781.]
+
+_The Morrow of a Feast._--It appears from the papers, that the
+presentation of the civic functionaries to the Cursitor Baron at
+Westminster, took place on Sept. 30. Pray is this the _morrow_ of St.
+Michael, as commonly supposed? Does not the analogy of "Morrow of All
+Souls" (certainly the {413} same day as All Souls Day, _i. e._ Nov. 2)
+point out that the Morrow of St. Michael is the 29th, _i. e._ Michaelmas
+Day. That _morrow_ was anciently equivalent to morning, we may infer
+from the following passages:
+
+    "Upon a morrow tide."--Gower, _Conf. Am._, b. iii.
+
+    "Tho' when appeared the third morrow bright,
+    Upon the waves," &c.
+
+          Spenser's _Fairy Queen_, II. xii. 2.
+
+      "Good morrow."--_Passim._
+
+    R. H.
+
+    [Is not our correspondent confounding the morrow of _All Saint_s,
+    which the 2nd of November certainly is, with the morrow of _All
+    Souls_? Sir H. Nicolas, in his most useful _Chronology of History_,
+    says most distinctly:--"The morrow of a feast is the day following.
+    Thus, the feast of St. Peter ad Vincula is the 1st of August, and
+    the morrow of that feast is consequently the 2nd of August."--P.
+    99.]
+
+
+_Hotchpot._--Will you kindly tell me what is the derivation of the local
+term _hotchpot_, and when it was first used?
+
+    M. G. B.
+
+    [The origin of this phrase is involved in some obscurity. Jacob, in
+    his _Law Dictionary_, speaks of it as "from the French," and his
+    definition is _verbatim_ that given in _The Termes of the Law_ (ed.
+    1598), with a very slight addition. Blackstone (book II cap. 12.)
+    says, "which term I shall explain in the very words of Littleton:
+    'It seemeth that this word _hotchpot_ is in English a pudding; for
+    in a pudding is not commonly just one thing alone, but one thing
+    with other things together.' By this housewifely metaphor our
+    ancestors meant to inform us that the lands, both those given in
+    frankmarriage, and those descending in fee-simple, should be mixed
+    and blended together, and then divided in equal portions among all
+    the daughters."]
+
+
+_High and Low Dutch._--Is there any essential difference between High
+and Low Dutch; and if there be any, to which set do the Dutchmen at the
+Cape of Good Hope belong?
+
+    S. C. P.
+
+    [High and Low Dutch are vulgarisms to express the German and the
+    Dutch languages, which those nations themselves call, for the German
+    _Deutsch_, for the Dutch _Hollaendisch_. The latter is the language
+    which the Dutch colonists of the Cape carried with them, when that
+    colony was conquered by them from the Portuguese; and has for its
+    base the German as spoken before Martin Luther's translation of the
+    Bible made the dialect of Upper Saxony the written language of the
+    entire German empire.]
+
+
+_"A Wilderness of Monkeys."_--Would you kindly inform me where the
+expression is to be found: "I would not do such or such a thing for a
+wilderness of monkeys?"
+
+    C. A.
+
+Ripley.
+
+    ["_Tubal._ One of them showed me a ring that he had of your daughter
+    for a monkey.
+
+    "_Shylock._ Out upon her! Thou torturest me, Tubal: it was my
+    turquoise; I had it of Leah, when I was a bachelor: I would not have
+    given it for _a wilderness of monkies_."--_Merchant of Venice_, Act
+    III. Sc. 1.]
+
+
+_Splitting Paper._--Could any of your readers give the receipt for
+splitting paper, say a bank-note? In no book can I find it, but I
+believe that it is known by many.
+
+    H. C.
+
+Liverpool.
+
+    [Paste the paper which is to be split between two pieces of calico;
+    and, when thoroughly dry, tear them asunder. The paper will split,
+    and, when the calico is wetted, is easily removed from it.]
+
+
+_The Devil on Two Sticks in England._--Who is the author of a work,
+entitled as under?
+
+"The Devil upon Two Sticks in England; being a Continuation of Le Diable
+Boiteux of Le Sage. London: printed at the Logographic Press, and sold
+by T. Walter, No. 169. Piccadilly; and W. Richardson, under the Royal
+Exchange, 1790."
+
+It is a work of very considerable merit, an imitation in style and
+manner of Le Sage, but original in its matter. It is published in six
+volumes 8vo.
+
+    WILLIAM NEWMAN.
+
+    [William Coombe, Esq., the memorable author of _The Diaboliad_, and
+    _The Tour of Dr. Syntax in Search of the Picturesque_.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+REPLIES.
+
+
+STONE PILLAR WORSHIP AND IDOL WORSHIP.
+
+(Vol. v., p. 121.; Vol. vii., p. 383.)
+
+_Stone Pillar Worship._--Sir J. E. TENNENT inquires whether any traces
+of this worship are to be found in Ireland, and refers to a letter from
+a correspondent of Lord Roden's, which states that the peasantry of the
+island of Inniskea, off the coast of Mayo, hold in reverence a stone
+idol called _Neevougi_. This word I cannot find in my Irish dictionary,
+but it is evidently a diminutive, formed from the word _Eevan_
+(Io[.m]ai[.g]), image, or idol: and it is remarkable that the scriptural
+Hebrew term for idol is identical with the Irish, or nearly so--¤'WN¤
+(_Eevan_), derived from a root signifying _negation_, and applied to the
+vanity of idols, and to the idols themselves.
+
+I saw at Kenmare, in the county of Kerry, in the summer of 1847, a
+water-worn fragment of clay slate, bearing a rude likeness to the human
+form, which the peasantry called _Eevan_. Its original location was in
+or near the old graveyard of Kilmakillogue, and it was regarded with
+reverence as the image of some saint in "the ould auncient times," as an
+"ould auncient" native of Tuosist (the lonely place) informed me. In the
+same immediate neighbourhood is a gullaune (+gallan+), or stone
+pillar, at which the peasantry used "to give {414} rounds;" also the
+curious small lakes or tarns, on which the islands were said to move on
+July 8, St. Quinlan's [Kilian?] Day. (See Smith's _History of Kerry_.)
+
+However, such superstitious usages are fast falling into desuetude; and,
+whatever may have been the early history of Eevan, it is a sufficient
+proof of no vestige of stone pillar worship remaining in Tuosist, that,
+to gratify the whim of a young gentleman, some peasants from the
+neighbourhood removed this stone fragment by boat to Kenmare the spring
+of 1846, where it now lies, perched on the summit of a limestone rock in
+the grounds of the nursery-house.
+
+    J. L.
+
+Dublin.
+
+
+_Idol Worship._--The islands of Inniskea, on the north-west coast of
+Ireland, are said to be inhabited by a population of about four hundred
+human beings, who speak the Irish language, and retain among them a
+trace of that government by chiefs which in former times existed in
+Ireland. The present chief or king of Inniskea is an intelligent
+peasant, whose authority is universally acknowledged, and the settlement
+of all disputes is referred to his decision. Occasionally they have been
+visited by wandering schoolmasters, but so short and casual have such
+visits been, that there are not ten individuals who even know the
+letters of any language. Though nominally Roman Catholics, these
+islanders have no priest resident among them, and their worship consists
+in occasional meetings at their chief's house, with visits to a holy
+well. Here the absence of religion is filled with the open practice of
+pagan idolatry; for in the south island a stone idol, called in the
+Irish _Neevougi_, has been from time immemorial religiously preserved
+and worshipped. This god, in appearance, resembles a thick roll of
+homespun flannel, which arises from a custom of dedicating a material of
+their dress to it whenever its aid is sought: this is sewed on by an old
+woman, its priestess, whose peculiar care it is. They pray to it in time
+of sickness. It is invoked when a storm is desired to dash some helpless
+ship upon the coast; and, again, the exercise of its power is solicited
+in calming the angry waves to admit of fishing.
+
+Such is a brief outline of these islanders and their god; but of the
+early history of this idol no authentic information has yet been
+obtained. Can any of your numerous readers furnish an account of it?
+
+    WILLIAM BLOOD.
+
+Wicklow.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+"BLAGUEUR" AND "BLACKGUARD."
+
+(Vol. vii., p. 77.)
+
+I cannot concur in opinion with SIR EMERSON TENNANT, who thinks he has a
+right to identify the sense of our low word _blagueur_ with that of your
+lower one, _blackguard_. I allow that there some slight similitude of
+pronunciation between the words, but I contend that their sense is
+perfectly distinct, or, rather, wholly different; as distant, in fact,
+as is the date of their naturalisation in our respective idioms. Your
+_blackguard_ had already won a "local habitation and a name" under the
+reigns of Pope and his immediate predecessor Dryden. Of all living
+unrespectable characters our own _blagueur_ is the youngest, the most
+innocent, and the shyest. He is entirely of modern growth. He has but
+lately emerged from the soldier's barracks, the suttler's shop, and the
+mess-room. As a prolific tale-teller he amused the leisure hours of
+superannuated sergeants and half-pay subalterns. Ten or twelve years ago
+he had not yet made his appearance in plain clothes; he is now creeping
+and winding his way with slow and sure steps from his old haunts into
+some first-rate coffee-houses and shabby-genteel drawing-rooms, which
+Carlyle calls _sham gentility_. He bears on his very brow the newest
+_flunky-stamp_. The poor young fellow, after all, is no villain; he has
+no kind of connexion with the horrid rascal SIR EMERSOM TENNENT alludes
+to--with the _blackguard_. That he is a boaster, a talker, an idiot, a
+nincompoop; that he scatters "words, words, words," as Polonius did of
+old; that he is bombastic, wordy, prosy, nonsensical, and a fool, no one
+will deny. But he is no rogue, though he utters rogueries and
+drolleries. No one is justified in slandering him.
+
+The _blackguard_ is a dirty fellow in every sense of the word--a
+_gredin_ (a cur), the true translation, by-the-bye, of the word
+_blackguard_. Voltaire, who dealt largely in Billingsgate, was very fond
+of the word _gredin_:
+
+    "Je semble a trois gredins, dans leur petit cerveau,
+    Que pour etre imprimes et relies en veau," &c.
+
+The word _blagueur_ implies nothing so contemptuous or offensive as the
+word _blackguard_ does. The emptiness of the person to whom it applies
+is very harmless. Its etymon _blague_ (bladder, _tobacco-bag_), the
+pouch, which smoking voluptuaries use to deposit their tobacco, is
+perfectly symbolic of the inane, bombastic, windy, and long-winded
+speeches and sayings of the _blagueur_. Every French commercial
+traveller, buss-tooter, and Parisian jarvy is one. When he deports
+himself with modesty, and shows a gentlemanly tact in his peculiar
+avocation, we call him a _craqueur_ (a cracker). "Ancient Pistol" was
+the king of _blagueurs_; Falstaff, of _craqueurs_. I like our _Baron de
+Crac_, a native of the land of white-liars and honey-tongued gentlemen
+(Gascony). The genus _craqueur_ is common here: as it shoots out into a
+thousand branches, shades, varieties, and modifications, judicial,
+political, poetical, and so on, it would be {415} quite out of my
+province to pursue farther the description of _blagueur_-land or
+_blarney_-land.
+
+P.S.--Excuse my French-English.
+
+    PHILARETE CHASLES, Mazarinaeus.
+
+Paris, Palais de l'Institut.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+HARMONY OF THE FOUR GOSPELS.
+
+(Vol. viii., p. 316.)
+
+In answer to Z. I may state that the first attempt of this kind is
+attributed to Tatian. Eusebius, in his _Ecc. Hist._ (quoted in Lardner's
+_Works_, vol. ii. p. 137. ed. 1788), says, he "composed I know not
+what--harmony and collection of the gospels, which he called ~dia
+tessaron~." Eusebius himself composed a celebrated harmony, of which, as
+of some others in the sixteenth and two following centuries, there is a
+short account in Michaelis's _Introduction to the New Test._, translated
+by Bishop Marsh, vol. iii. part I. p. 32. The few works of the same kind
+written in the early and middle ages are noticed in Horne's
+_Introduct._, vol. ii. p. 274. About the year 330, Juvencus, a Spaniard,
+wrote the evangelical history in heroic verse. Of far greater merit were
+the four books of Augustine, _De Consensu Quatuor Evangeliorum_. After a
+long interval, Ludolphus the Saxon, a Carthusian monk, published a work
+which passed through thirty editions in Germany, besides being
+translated into French and Italian. Some years ago I made out the
+following list of Harmonies, Diatessarons, and Synoptical tables,
+published since the Reformation, which may in some measure meet the wish
+of your correspondent. It is probably incomplete. The dates are those of
+the first editions.
+
+    |Osiander, 1537.  |  Buesching, 1756.
+    |Jansenius, 1549. |  Macknight, 1756.
+    |Chemnitz, 1593.  |  Bertlings, 1767.
+    |Lightfoot, 1654. |  Griesbach, 1776.
+    |Cradock, 1668.   |  Priestley (Greek), 1777.
+    |Richardson, 1654.|  Priestley (Eng.), 1780.
+    |Sandhagen, 1684. |  Newcome (Greek), 1778.
+    |Le Clerc, 1699.  |  Newcome (Eng.), 1802.
+    |Whiston, 1702.   |  White, 1799.
+    |Toinard, 1707.   |  De Wette, 1818.
+    |Rein Rus, 1727.  |  Thompson, R., 1808.
+    |Bengelius, 1736. |  Chambers, 1813.
+    |Hauber, 1737.    |  Thompson, C., 1815.
+    |Doddridge, 1739. |  Warner, 1819.
+    |Pilkington, 1747.|  Carpenter, 1835.
+    |Michaelis, 1750. |
+
+    J. M.
+
+Cranwell, near Bath.
+
+
+Tatian wrote his ~Euangelion dia ton tessaron~ as early as the year 170.
+It is no longer extant, but we have some reason for believing that this
+Harmony had been compiled in an unfriendly spirit (Theodoret, _Haeret.
+Fabul._, lib. i. c. 20.). Tatian was followed by Ammonius, whose
+~Harmonia~ appeared about 230; and in the next century by Eusebius and
+St. Ambrose, the former entitling his production o~Peri tes ton
+Euangelion diaphonias~, the latter _Concordia Evangelii Mattaei et Lucae_.
+But by far the ablest of the ancient writings on this subject is the _De
+Consensu Evangelistarum_ of St. Augustine. Many authors, such as
+Porphyry, in his ~Kata Christianon logoi~, had pointed with an
+air of triumph to the seeming discrepancies in the Evangelic records as
+an argument subversive of their claim to paramount authority ("Hoc enim
+solent quasi palmare suae vanitatis objicere, quod ipsi Evangelistae inter
+seipsos dissentiant."--Lib. i. c. 7.). In writing these objections St.
+Augustine had to handle nearly all the difficulties which offend the
+microscopic critics of the present day. His work was urged afresh upon
+the notice of the biblical scholar by Gerson, chancellor of the
+University of Paris, who died in 1429. The _Monotessaron, seu unum ex
+quatuor Evangeliis_ of that gifted writer will be found in Du Pin's
+edition of his _Works_, iv. 83. sq. Some additional information
+respecting Harmonies is supplied in Ebrard's _Wissenschaftliche Kritik
+der evangelischen Geschichte_, pp. 36. sq. Francfurt a. M., 1842.
+
+    C. HARDWICK.
+
+St. Catharine's Hall, Cambridge.
+
+
+Seiler says (_Bibl. Herm._, part II. c. 4. s. 4.) that "The greater part
+of the works on the harmony of the gospels are quite useless for our
+times, as their authors mostly proceed on incorrect principles." He
+refers only to the chief of them, namely:
+
+    Osiander, 1537.       |  Macknight, 1756.
+    Jansen, 1549-72.      |  Bengel, 1766.
+    Chemnitz, 1593.       |  Buesching, 1766.
+    Lightfoot, 1644.      |  Bertlings, 1767.
+    Van Til, 1687.        |  Priestley, 1777.
+    Lamy, 1689.           |  Schutte, 1779.
+    Le Roux, 1699.        |  Stephan, 1779.
+    Le Clerc, 1700.       |  Michaelis in his New Test.
+    May, 1707.            |  Rullmann, 1790.
+    Von Canstein, 1718-27.|  Griesbach, 1776-97.
+    Rus, 1727-30.         |  White, 1799.
+    Hauber.               |  De Wette, 1818.
+
+For other Harmonies, see Mr. Horne's _Bibliog. Index_, p. 128. Heringa
+considers that the following writers "have brought the four Evangelists
+into an harmonious arrangement, namely:
+
+    Hesz, 1784. |  Stronck, 1800.
+    Bergen 1804.|  Townsend, 1834.
+
+And especially as to the sufferings and resurrection of Christ:
+
+    Voss, 1701. |  Michaelis (translated by Duckett, 1827).
+    Iken, 1743. |  Cremer, 1795.
+
+    T. J. BUCKTON.
+
+Birmingham.
+
+
+{416}
+Ammonius, an Egyptian Christian nearly cotemporary with Origen (third
+century), wrote a Harmony of the four gospels, which is supposed to be
+one of those still extant in the _Biblioth. Max. Patrum_. But whether
+the larger Harmony in tom. ii. part 2., or the smaller in tom. iii., is
+the genuine work is doubted. See a note to p. 97. of Reid's _Mosheim's
+Ecclesiastical History_, 1 vol. edition: London, Simms and McIntyre,
+1848.
+
+    CHRIS. ROBERTS.
+
+Bradford, Yorkshire.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SMALL WORDS AND LOW WORDS.
+
+(Vol. ii., pp. 305. 349. 377.; Vol. iii., p. 309.)
+
+A passage in Churchill, and one in Lord John Russell's _Life of Moore_,
+have lately reminded me of a former Note of mine on this subject. The
+structure of Churchill's second couplet must surely have been suggested
+by that of Pope, which formed my original text:
+
+  "Conjunction, adverb, preposition, join
+  To add new vigour to the nervous line:--
+  In monosyllables his thunders roll,--
+  He, she, it, and, we, ye, they, fright the soul."
+          _Censure on Mossop._
+
+Moore, in his Journals, notes, on the other side of the question,
+conversation between Rogers, Crowe, and himself, "on the beauty of
+monosyllabic verses. 'He jests at scars,' &c.; the couplet, 'Sigh on my
+lip,' &c.; 'Give all thou canst,' &c. &c., and many others, the most
+vigorous and musical, perhaps, of any." (Lord John Russell's _Moore_,
+vol. ii. p. 200.)
+
+The frequency of monosyllabic lines in English poetry will hardly be
+wondered at, however it may be open to such criticisms as Pope's and
+Churchill's, when it is noted that our language contains, of
+monosyllables formed by the vowel _a_ alone, considerably more than 500;
+by the vowel _e_, about 450; by the vowel _i_, nearly 400; by the vowel
+_o_, rather more than 400; and by the vowel _u_, upwards of 260; a
+calculation entirely exclusive of the large number of monosyllables
+formed by diphthongs.
+
+I hardly know whether the following "literary folly" (as "D'Israeli the
+Elder" would call it, see _Curiosities of Lit._ sub tit.), suggested by
+dipping into the above monosyllabical statistics, will be thought worthy
+to occupy a column of "N. & Q." However, it may take its chance as a
+supplementary Note, without farther preface, under the none, for want of
+a better, of _Univocalic verses_:
+
+_The Russo-Turkish War._
+
+_A._
+
+  Wars harm all ranks, all arts, all crafts appal:
+  At Mars' harsh blast arch, rampart, altar fall!
+  Ah! hard as adamant, a braggart Czar
+  Arms vassal-swarms, and fans a fatal war!
+  Rampant at that bad call, a Vandal-band
+  Harass, and harm, and ransack Wallach-land!
+  A Tartar phalanx Balkan's scarp hath past,
+  And Allah's standard falls, alas! at last.
+
+_The Fall of Eve._
+
+_E._
+
+  Eve, Eden's Empress, needs defended be;
+  The Serpent greets her when she seeks the tree.
+  Serene she sees the speckled tempter creep;
+  Gentle he seems--perversest schemer deep--
+  Yet endless pretexts, ever fresh, prefers,
+  Perverts her senses, revels when she errs,
+  Sneers when she weeps, regrets, repents she fell;
+  Then, deep-reveng'd, reseeks the nether hell!
+
+_The Approach of Evening._
+
+_I._
+
+  Idling I sit in this mild twilight dim,
+  Whilst birds, in wild swift vigils, circling skim.
+  Light winds in sighing sink, till, rising bright,
+  Night's Virgin Pilgrim swims in vivid light!
+
+_Incontrovertible Facts._
+
+_O._
+
+  No monk too good to rob, or cog, or plot.
+  No fool so gross to bolt Scotch collops hot.
+  From Donjon tops no Oroonoko rolls.
+  Logwood, not Lotos, floods Oporto's bowls.
+  Troops of old tosspots oft, to sot, consort.
+  Box tops, not bottoms, schoolboys flog for sport.
+  No cool monsoons blow soft on Oxford dons,
+  Orthodox, jog-trot, book-worm Solomons!
+  Bold Ostrogoths of ghosts no horror show.
+  On London shop fronts no hop-blossoms grow.
+  To crocks of gold no dodo looks for food.
+  On soft cloth footstools no old fox doth brood.
+  Long-storm-tost sloops forlorn work on to port.
+  Rooks do not roost on spoons, nor woodcocks snort,
+  Nor dog on snowdrop or on coltsfoot rolls,
+  Nor common frog concocts long protocols.
+
+_The same subject continued._
+
+_U._
+
+  Dull, humdrum murmurs lull, but hubbub stuns.
+  Lucullus snuffs up musk, mundungus shuns.
+  Puss purrs, buds burst, bucks butt, luck turns up trumps;
+  But full cups, hurtful, spur up unjust thumps.
+
+
+Although I am the veritable K. I. P. B. T. of the former Notes, I sign
+myself now, in accordance with more recent custom,
+
+    HARRY LEROY TEMPLE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+A CHAPTER ON RINGS.
+
+(Vol. vii. _passim._)
+
+The Scriptures prove the use of rings in remote antiquity. In Gen. xli.,
+Joseph has conferred on him the king's ring, an instance more ancient
+than Prometheus, whom fables call the inventor of the ring. Therefore
+let those who will hold, with Pliny and his followers, that its use is
+more recent than Homer. The Greeks seem to have derived the custom of
+wearing it from the East, and Italy from the Greeks. Juvenal and Persius
+refer to {417} rings which were worn only on birthdays. Clemens
+Alexandrinus recommends a limit within which the liberty of engraving
+upon them should be restrained. He thinks we should not allow an idol, a
+sword, a bow, or a cup, much less naked human figures; but a dove, a
+fish, or a ship in full sail, or a lyre, an anchor, or fishermen. By the
+dove he would denote the Holy Spirit; by the fish, the dinner which
+Christ prepared for his disciples (John xxi.), or the feeding of
+thousands (Luke ix.); by a ship, either the Church or human life; by a
+lyre, harmony; by an anchor, constancy; by fishermen, the apostles or
+the baptism of children. It is a wonder he did not mention the symbol of
+the name of Christ (~chi-rho~), the cross which is found on
+ancient gems, and Noah's ark.
+
+Rings were worn upon the joints and fingers, and hence Clement says a
+man should not wear a ring upon the joint (_in articulo_), for this is
+what women do, but upon the little finger, and at its lowest part. He
+failed to observe the Roman custom of wearing the ring upon the finger
+of the left hand, which is nearest the heart, and which we therefore
+term the ring-finger. And Macrobius says, that when a ring fell from the
+little finger of Avienus' right hand, those who were present asked why
+he placed it upon the wrong hand and finger, not on those which had been
+set apart for this use. The reasons which are given for this custom in
+Macrobius were often laughed at by H. Fabricius ab Aquapendente, viz.
+that it is stated in anatomical works, that "a certain nerve which rises
+at the heart proceeds directly to that finger of the left hand which is
+next the little finger," for nothing of the sort, he said, existed in
+the human body.
+
+The ring distinguished the free-born from the servile, who, however,
+sometimes obtained the _jus annuli_, or privilege of the ring. It was
+used as a seal, a pledge, and a bond. Women, when betrothed, received
+rings; and the virgin and martyr Agnes, in Ambrose, says, "My Lord Jesus
+Christ hath espoused me with his ring." Theosebius also, in Photius,
+says to his wife, "I formerly gave to thee the ring of union, now of
+temperance, to aid thee in the seemly custody of my house." He advisedly
+speaks of that _custody_, for the lady of the house in Plautus says,
+
+    "Obsignate cellas, referte annulum ad me:
+    Ego huc transeo."
+
+Wives generally used the same seals as their husbands: thus Cicero (_Ad
+Attic._ xi. 9) says, "Pomponia, I believe, has the seals of what is
+sealed." Sometimes, however, they used their own.
+
+Touching the marriage ring, of what style and material it was, and
+whether formerly, as now, consecrated by prayers to God. Its pattern
+appears to have been one which has gone out of use, viz. right hands
+joined, such as is often observed on ancient coins. Tacitus (_Hist._ i.
+ll.) calls it absolutely _dextras_, right hands. Among us it was called
+a faith (_una fede._ Comp. Eng. "Plight my _troth_"), and not without
+precedent, for on the coins of Vitellius, &c. right hands thus joined
+bear the motto _Fides_. An esteemed writer (Nider), in his
+_Formicarium_, mentions a rustic virgin who desired to find a material
+ring as a token of her espousal "_in signum Christiferae
+desponsationis_," and found a ring of a white colour, like pure silver,
+upon which two hands were engraved where it was united. It was formerly
+customary to bless a crown or a ring by prayers. The form of
+consecration used by the priest is thus given in ancient liturgies:
+
+    "Bene [symbol, cross] die Domine, Annulum istum et coronam istam, ut
+    sicut Annulus circundat digitum hominis, et corona caput, ita gratia
+    Spiritus Sancti circundet sponsum et sponsam, ut videant filios et
+    filias usque tertiam et quartam generationem: qui collaudent nomen
+    viventis atque regnantis in secula seculorum. Amen."
+
+For the crown, see Is. lxii. 1. (E. V. lxi. 10.). The words of Agnes
+above cited have reference to giving the right hand and a pledge.
+
+These particulars are from the _Symbol. Epist. Liber_ of Laurentius
+Pignorius, Patar. 1628; where, in Ep. I. and XIX., many other references
+are to be found.
+
+    B. H. C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ANTICIPATORY USE OF THE CROSS.--RINGING BELLS FOR THE DEAD.
+
+(Vol. viii., pp. 130. 132.)
+
+I trust that the following information may be acceptable to you and the
+authors of two interesting papers in "N. & Q." (Vol. viii., pp. 130-2.),
+viz. "Anticipatory Use of the Cross," and "Curious Custom of ringing
+Bells for the Dead."
+
+When encamped, in 1823 or 1824, near the town (not the cantonment) of
+Muttra, on the river Jumna, a place of celebrated sanctity as the scene
+of the last incarnation of Vishnoo, the protective deity or myth of the
+Hindoos, an Italian gentleman of most polished manners, speaking English
+correctly and with fluency, was introduced to me. He travelled under the
+name of Count Venua, and was understood to be the eldest son of the then
+Prime Minister of Sardinia. The Count explained to me that his favourite
+pursuit was architecture, and that he preferred buildings of antiquity.
+I replied, that while breakfast was preparing I could meet his wishes,
+and led him to a large Hindoo edifice close by (or rather the remains),
+which a Mogul emperor had partially destroyed and thereby desecrated,
+the place having since been occasionally used by the townspeople as a
+cattle-shed, or for rubbish.
+
+The Count, not deterred by heaps of cattle-dung, paced the dimensions,
+gazed on the solidity of the {418} stone masonry, approved of the
+construction and shape of the arched roof, pointed out the absence of
+all ornament excepting a simple moulding or two as architectural lines,
+and then broke out into enthusiastic admiration. "The most beautiful
+building! the greatest wonder of the world! Shame on the English
+government and English gentlemen for secreting such a curiosity! Here is
+the cross! the basilica carried out with more correctness of order and
+symmetry than in Italy! The early Christians must have built it! I will
+take measurements and drawings to lay before the cardinals!"
+
+I was never more surprised, and assured the Count that I was
+unacquainted with the cathedral buildings of Europe, and I believed
+English gentlemen generally to be as ignorant as myself. I could not but
+acknowledge that the local governments had, as it seemed to him, evinced
+but little sympathy with Hindooism; and that whatever might be European
+policy in respect to religion, the East India Company might have
+participated in the desire which prevails in Europe to develop ancient
+customs, and the reasons of those customs. It might be presumed that we
+should then have contemplated this specimen of architecture with a
+knowledge of its original purposes, and the history of its events, had
+the Governor-General communicated his wish, and with due courtesy and
+disinterestedness invited the learned persons and scholars at the
+colleges of Muttra and Benares to assist such inquiries. It is but
+little the English now know of the Hindoo organisation, and the little
+they do know is derived from books not tested nor acknowledged by such
+learned persons.
+
+I assisted Count Venua as far as I was able, for I rejoiced at his
+intention to draw the minds of the _literati_ of Italy to the subject.
+Sad to say, the Count was some time after killed by falling into a
+volcanic crater in the Eastern Isles!
+
+I may here mention that I first saw the old building in 1809, when a
+youthful assistant to the secretary of a revenue commission. The party,
+during the inclement month of September, resided in one of the spacious
+houses at Muttra, which pious Hindoos had in past times erected for the
+use of pilgrims and the public. The old temple (or whatever it might
+have been) was cleaned out for our accommodation during the heat of the
+day, as it then was cooler than the house. The elder civilians were men
+of ability, classical scholars, and first-rate Asiatic linguists. They
+descanted on the mythological events which renders "Brij," or the
+country around Muttra, so holy with the Hindoos, but not one of them
+knew nor remarked the "cross and basilica."
+
+In youth, the language assigned to flowers appeared to me captivating
+and elegant, as imparting the finer feelings and sympathies of our
+nature. In maturer age, and after the study of the history of the
+customs of mankind, symbols and emblems seemed to me an universal
+language, which delicately delineated the violent passions of our kind,
+and transmitted from generation to generation national predilections and
+pious emotions towards the God of Creation. That mythology should so
+generally be interpreted Theism, and that forms or ceremonials of
+worship should be held to limit and define belief in creed, may, in my
+apprehension, be partly traceable to the school-book Lampriere's
+_Classical Dictionary_. You or your correspondents may attribute it to
+other and truer causes.
+
+The rose, the thistle, the shamrock, the leek, the lion, the unicorn,
+the harp, &c. are familiar examples of national emblems. The ivy, the
+holly, and the mistletoe are joined up with the Christmas worship,
+though probably of Druidical origin. The Assyrian sculptures present,
+under the "Joronher," or effulgence, a sacred tree, which may assimilate
+with the toolsu and the peepul tree, held in almost equal veneration by
+the Hindoos. The winged lions and bulls with the heads of men, the
+angels and cherubim, recall to mind passages of scriptural and pagan
+history. The sciences of astronomy and mathematics have afforded myths
+or symbols in the circle, the crescent, the bident, the trident, the
+cross, &c.
+
+The translators of the cuneiform inscriptions represent crucifixion as
+the common punishment for rebellion and treason. The Jews may have
+imitated the Assyrians, as crucifixion may have been adopted long before
+that of Christ and the two thieves (Qy. robbers). The Mahomedans, who
+have copied the Jews in many practices and customs, executed gang
+robbers or daccorts by suspending the criminals from a tree, their heads
+and arms being tied to the branches, and then ripping up the abdomen. I
+myself saw in Oude an instance of several bodies. It may be inferred,
+then, that the position of the culprits under execution was designated
+by crucifixion. The Hindoos mildly say that when their system of
+government existed in efficiency there was neither crime nor punishment.
+
+To the examples mentioned by your correspondent, I admit that the form
+of the cross, as now received, may be derived from that of Christ,
+discovered on Mount Calvary in 236 A.D. Constantine, in 306 A.D.,
+adopted it as a standard in Labarum. Other nations have attached staves
+to eagles, dragons, fish, &c. as standards and therefore, construing
+"Crux ansata" literally, the ensign of Constantine might be formed by
+attaching a staff to the Divine Glory represented in the Egyptian
+paintings and Assyrian sculptures.
+
+I should be glad to learn the precise shape of the cross on the Temple
+of Serapis. If it be the emblem of life or the Creative Power, then the
+mythology of the Nile agrees with that of the {419} Ganges. If it be
+the symbol of life, or rather of a future state after judgment, then the
+religious tenets and creed of Muttra should be elucidated, examined, and
+refuted by the advocates of conversion and their itinerant agents.
+Moore's _Hindoo Pantheon_ (though the author had at Bombay, as a
+military officer, little opportunity of ascertaining particulars of the
+doctrine) sufficiently treats, under the head of the "Krishna," the
+subject so as to explain to the conversionists, that unless this
+doctrine be openly refuted, the missionaries may in truth be fighting
+their own shadow.
+
+The basilica seems to have originally been the architectural plan of the
+Roman Forum, or court of justice. The Christians may have converted some
+of these edifices into churches; otherwise the first churches seem to
+have been in the form of a long parallelogram, a central nave, and an
+aisle on each side, the eastern end being rounded, as the station of the
+bishop or presbyter. The basilica, or cathedral, was probably not
+introduced until the eighth century, or later.
+
+I have not just now access to the works of Tod and Maurice. The former,
+I doubt not, is correct in respect to the Temple of Mundore, but I
+believe the latter is not so in regard to Benares. The trident, like
+that of Neptune, prevails in the province of Benares; and when it, in
+appropriate size, rises in the centre of large tanks, has a very solemn
+effect. I, a great many years ago, visited the chief temple of Benares,
+and do not recollect that the cross was either noticed to me or by me.
+This, I think, was the only occasion of observing the forms of worship.
+There is no fixed service, no presiding priest, no congregation. The
+people come and go in succession. I then first saw the bell, which, in
+size some twenty-five pounds weight, is suspended within the interior.
+Each person, at some period of his devotion, touched the tongue of the
+bell as invocation or grace. The same purpose is obtained by Hindoos,
+and particularly the men of the fighting classes, previously to
+commencing a cooked dinner, by winding a large shell, which gives a
+louder sound than a horn. The native boys however, on hearing it,
+exclaim in doggerel rhyme, which I translate,
+
+  "The shell is blown,
+  And the devil is flown."
+
+Fear seems so much the parent of superstition, that I attribute this
+saying to the women, who, as mothers, have usually a superstitious dread
+not only of evil spirits, but also of the evil eye of mortals towards
+their young ones. When, some twenty years ago, I was told by a Kentish
+countryman that the church bell was tolled to drive away evil spirits
+from a departing soul, I supposed the man to be profanely jocose; but
+since then I have travelled much in this country and on the Continent,
+and have seen enough to satisfy me that superstition prevails
+comparatively less in Asia than in Europe and the pages of "N. & Q."
+abundantly corroborate the opinion.
+
+    H. N.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.
+
+
+_Stereoscopic Angles._--I am concerned that my definition and
+solution of stereoscopic angles (a misnomer, for it should be
+_space_) in "N. & Q.," with subsequent illustrations, have not
+satisfied MR. SHADBOLT, as I am thus obliged to once more request
+room in your pages, and this time for a rather long letter. When I
+asserted that my method is the only correct one, it behoved me to be
+prepared to prove it, which I am, and will now do.
+
+It seems that MR. SHADBOLT has not a knowledge of perspective, or,
+with a little reflection and trifling pains in linear demonstration
+on paper, he might have convinced himself of the accuracy of my
+method. It were well, then, to inform MR. SHADBOLT, that in
+perspective, planes parallel to the plane of delineation (in this
+case, the glass at back of camera) have no vanishing points; that
+planes at right angles to plane of delineation have but one; and that
+planes oblique have but one vanishing point, to the right or left, as
+it may be, of the observer's eye. This premised, let the subject be a
+wall 300 feet in length, with two abutments of one foot in front and
+five feet in projection, and each placed five feet from the central
+point of the wall, which is to have a plinth at its base, and a stone
+coping at top. On a pedestal four feet high, two feet wide, and six
+feet long, exactly midway betwixt the abutments, let an ass be
+placed, a boy astride him, a bag drawn before the boy, who holds up a
+long stick in line with the ass, &c., that is, facing the observer.
+The right distance for the observer's place is 450 feet. If the
+cameras be placed two inches and a half apart, on one line parallel
+to the wall, the stereographs will be in true perspective for the
+_two_ eyes, that is, all the planes at right angles to the plane of
+delineation will have _two_ vanishing points, which, being merely two
+inches and a half apart, will, in the stereoscope, flow easily into
+one opposite the eye; whilst the plinth, coping, and all lines
+parallel to them, will be perfectly horizontal; and the two pictures
+would create in the mind just such a conception as the same objects
+would if seen by the eyes naturally. This would be stereoscopic, true
+to nature, true to art, and, I affirm, correct.
+
+Now, let the same subject be treated by Professor Wheatstone's
+method, when the cameras would be eighteen feet apart. Situated thus,
+if placed on one line, and that parallel to the wall, the extreme end
+at the right could not be seen by the camera at the left, and _vice
+versa_; so that they {420} must radiate from the centre when the
+glass at back of camera would be oblique to the wall, and the plinth,
+coping, top and bottom of pedestal, would have _two_ vanishing
+points, at opposite sides of the centre, or observer's eye; both
+sides of the ass, both the legs of boy, and two heads to the drum
+would be visible; whilst the two sides of pedestals would have each a
+vanishing point, serving for all lines parallel to them. But these
+vanishing points would be so far apart that they could not, in the
+stereoscope, flow into one: the result would be, that the buttresses
+would be wider at back than in front, as would also the pedestal,
+while the stick held by the boy would appear like _two_ sticks united
+in front. This would be untrue to nature, false to art,
+preposterously absurd, and I pronounce it to be altogether erroneous.
+
+This being the case with a long distance, so must it be with shorter
+distances, modified in exact proportion to the diminution of space
+between the cameras, &c. For, let the object be a piece of wood three
+feet long, four inches wide, and six inches deep, with a small square
+piece one inch and six inches high, placed upright exactly on a line
+from end to end of the three feet (that is, one at each end) and
+midway between the sides. Let this arrangement be placed across
+another piece of wood three or four feet long, which will thus be at
+right angles to the piece at top. By my method all will be
+correct--true to nature and to art, and perfectly stereoscopic:
+whilst by the radial method (recommended by MR. SHADBOLT), with two
+feet space for cameras, there would be the top piece divided at the
+farther end, where there would be two small upright pieces instead of
+one; and this because the two vanishing points could not, in
+stereoscope, flow into one: whilst the lower piece of wood would have
+two vanishing points at opposite sides. This, then, being untrue to
+nature, untrue in art, in short, a most absurd misrepresentation, I
+pronounce to be utterly wrong. I have made the space two feet between
+cameras in order to show how ridiculous those pictures might become
+where there is an absence of taste, as, by such a person, two or ten
+feet are as likely to be taken as any less offensively incorrect.
+
+As regards range of vision, I apologise to MR. SHADBOLT for having
+misconceived his exact meaning, and say that I perfectly agree with
+him.
+
+With respect to the "trifling exaggeration" I spoke of, allow me to
+explain. For the sake of clearness, I denominate the angle formed
+from the focal point of lens, and the glass at back of camera, the
+angle of delineation; the said glass the plane of delineation and the
+angle formed by the stereograph to the eye, the stereoscopic angle.
+It must be borne in mind that the stereoscopic angle is that
+subtended by one stereograph and the eye. I find by experiments that
+the angle of delineation is very often larger than the stereoscopic
+angle, so that the apparent enlargement spoken of by MR. SHADBOLT
+does not often exist; but if it did, as my vision (though excellent)
+is not acute enough to discover the discrepancy, I was content. I
+doubt not, however, under such circumstances, MR. SHADBOLT would
+prefer the deformities and errors proved to be present, since he has
+admitted that he has such preference. I leave little doubt that, if
+desirable, the stereoscopic angle, and that of delineation, could be
+generally made to agree.
+
+As to the means by which persons with two eyes, or with only one eye,
+judge of distance, I say not one word, that being irrelevant to this
+subject. But that the axes of the eyes approximate when we view
+objects nearer and nearer cannot be doubted, and I expressed no
+doubt; and it appears to me very probable that on this fact MR.
+SHADBOLT founds his conclusion that the cameras should radiate. This,
+however, ought not to be done for the reasons I have assigned. It
+will not do to treat the cameras as two eyes, and make them radiate
+because our eyes do; for it must be remembered that light entering
+the eyes is received on curved--whilst when it enters the cameras it
+falls on flat surfaces, occasioning very different results. And if
+this be maturely considered by MR. SHADBOLT, I believe his opinion
+will be greatly altered.
+
+As to the model-like appearance, I cannot yet understand exactly why
+it should exist; but of this I am certain, the eyes naturally do not
+perceive at one view three sides of a cake (that is, two sides and
+the front), nor two heads to a drum, nor any other like absurdity; so
+that I perceive no analogy between this model-like appearance and
+natural vision, as stated to be the case by MR. SHADBOLT.
+
+To confirm, practically, the truth of my illustrative proofs, I will
+send you next week some glass stereographs, to be placed at MR.
+SHADBOLT'S disposal, if he likes, and you will be so kind as to take
+charge of them.
+
+    T. L. MERRITT.
+
+Maidstone.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES.
+
+
+_Berefellarii_ (Vol. vii., p. 207.).--JOHN WEBB mentions the
+_berefellarii_ as a distinct kind of mongrel dependents or
+half-ecclesiastics of the Middle Ages, dirty, shabby, ill-washed
+attendants, whose ragged clothes were a shame to the better sort of
+functionaries. He gave excellent and just reasons for his opinion, and a
+very probable construction of the sense of the word. But the etymon he
+proposes is rather unsatisfactory. Anglo-Saxonism is a very good thing;
+simplicity and common sense are very good things too. May not {421}
+_berefellarius_, the dirty raggamuffin with tattered clothes, be good
+monkish Latin for _bare-fell_ (i.e. _bare-skin_), or rather
+_bare-fellow_? the most natural metamorphosis imaginable. _Bere_ is the
+old orthoepy of _bare_; and every one knows that in London (east) a
+fell_ow_ naturally becomes a fell_ar_.
+
+P.S.--Excuse my French-English.
+
+    PHILARETE CHASLES, Mazarinaeus.
+
+Paris, Palais de l'Institut.
+
+
+    _"To know ourselves diseased," &c._ (Vol. viii., p. 219.).--
+
+    "To know ourselves diseased is half our cure."
+
+This line is from Young's _Night Thoughts_, Night 9th, line 38.
+
+    J. W. THOMAS.
+
+Dewsbury.
+
+
+_Gloves at Fairs_ (Vol. viii., p. 136.).--As an emblem of power and an
+acknowledgment of goodness, "Saul set up a hand" after his victory over
+the Amalekites, 1 Sam. xv. 12., (Taylor's _Hebrew Concordance_, in voce
+ ¤YDH¤), 2 Sam xviii. 18., Isaiah lvi. 5. The Ph[oe]nician
+monuments are said to have had sculptured on them an arm and _hand held
+up_, with an inscription graven thereon. (See Gesenius and Lee.) If, as
+stated by your correspondents in the article referred to, the glove at
+fairs "denotes protection," and indicates "that parties frequenting the
+fair are exempt from arrest," it is at least a remarkable coincidence.
+The Phoenicians were the earliest merchants to the west of England
+that we have any account of; can any connexion be traced historically
+between the Phoenician traffic and the modern practice of setting up a
+hand, or glove, at fairs? I well remember the feelings of awe and wonder
+with which I gazed when taken in childhood to see "the glove brought in"
+and placed over the guildhall of my native city (Exeter) at the
+commencement of "Lammas Fair." Has the glove been associated with this
+fair from its commencement? and if not, how far back can its use be
+traced? The history of the fair is briefly this: it existed before the
+Norman Conquest, and was a great mart of business; the tolls had
+belonged to the corporation, but King John took one-half, and gave them
+to the priory of St. Nicholas. Henry VIII. sold the fair with the
+priory; and anno second and third of Philip and Mary it was made over to
+the corporation, who have ever since been lords of the fair. (Izacke's
+_Memorials_, p. 19.; Oliver's _History of Exeter_, pp. 83. 158., &c.)
+
+    J. W. THOMAS.
+
+Dewsbury.
+
+
+I may add that at Barnstaple, North Devon, the evening previous to the
+proclamation of the fair, a large glove, decked with dahlias, is
+protruded on a pole from a window of the Quay Hall, the most ancient
+building in the town, which remains during the fair, and is removed at
+its termination. May not the outstretched glove signify the consent of
+the authorities to the commencement and continuance of the festivities,
+&c., and its withdrawal a hint for their cessation?
+
+I may add also that on the morning of proclaiming the fair, the mayor
+and corporation meet their friends in the council chamber, and partake
+of spiced toast and ale.
+
+    DROFSNIAG.
+
+
+_"An" before "u" long_ (Vol. viii., p. 244.).--The custom of writing
+_an_ before _u_ long must have arisen and become established when _u_
+had its primitive and vowel sound, nearly resembling that of our _oo_, a
+sound which it still has in several languages, but seems to have lost in
+ours. The use of _an_ before _u_ long, was _then_ proper; habit and
+precedent will account for its retention by many, after the reason for
+it has ceased, and when its use has become improper. But although the
+custom is thus accounted for, there exists no satisfactory reason for
+its continuance, and I am sorry to learn from your correspondent that it
+is "increasingly prevailing."
+
+    J. W. THOMAS.
+
+Dewsbury.
+
+
+_"The Good Old Cause"_ (Vol. viii, p. 44.).--D'Israeli, in _Quarrels of
+Authors_, under the head of "Martin Mar-Prelate," has the following
+remarks on the origin and use of the expression, "The Good Old Cause:"
+
+"It is remarkable that Udall repeatedly employed that expression, which
+Algernon Sidney left as his last legacy to the people, when he told them
+he was about to die for 'that _Old Cause_, in which I was from my youth
+engaged.' Udall perpetually insisted on '_The Cause_.' This was a term
+which served at least for a watch-word: it rallied the scattered members
+of the republican party. The precision of the expression might have been
+difficult to ascertain; and, perhaps, like every popular expedient,
+varied with 'existing circumstances.' I did not, however, know it had so
+remote an origin as in the reign of Elizabeth; and suspect it may still
+be freshened up and varnished over for any present occasion."
+
+    HENRY H. BREEN.
+
+St. Lucia.
+
+
+The following curious paragraph in the _Post Boy_, June 3-5, 1714, seems
+to have been connected with the Jacobites:
+
+"There are lately arrived here the Dublin Plenipo's. All persons that
+have any business concerning the GOOD OLD CAUSE, let 'em repair to Jenny
+Man's Coffee House at Charing Cross, where they may meet with the said
+Plenipo's every day of the week except Sundays, and every evening of
+those days they are to be spoke with at the Kit-Cat Club."
+
+    E. G. BALLARD.
+
+
+_Jeroboam of Claret, &c._ (Vol vii., p.528.).--Is a _magnum_ anything
+more than a bottle larger {422} than those of the ordinary size, and
+containing about two quarts; or a _Jeroboam_ other than a witty conceit
+applied to the old measure _Joram_ or _Jorum_, by some profane
+_wine-bibber_?
+
+    H. C. K.
+
+
+_Humbug_ (Vol. vii., p. 631.).--The real signification of the word
+_humbug_ appears to me to lie in the following derivation of it. Among
+the many issues of base coin which from time to time were made in
+Ireland, there was none to be compared in worthlessness to that made by
+James II. from the Dublin Mint; it was composed of anything on which he
+could lay his hands, such as lead, pewter, copper, and brass, and so low
+was its intrinsic value, that twenty shillings of it was only worth
+twopence sterling. William III., a few days after the Battle of the
+Boyne, ordered that the crown piece and half-crown should be taken as
+one penny and one halfpenny respectively. The soft mixed metal of which
+that worthless coining was composed, was known among the Irish as _Uim
+bog_, pronounced _Oom-bug_, _i.e._ soft copper, _i.e._ worthless money;
+and in the course of their dealings the modern use of the word _humbug_
+took its rise, as in the phrases "that's a _piece of uimbog_ (humbug),"
+"don't think to _pass off_ your _uimbug_ on me." Hence the word _humbug_
+came to be applied to anything that had a specious appearance, but which
+was in reality spurious. It is curious to note that the very opposite of
+_humbug_, _i.e._ false metal, is the word _sterling_, which is also
+taken from a term applied to the _true_ coinage of the realm, as
+_sterling_ coin, _sterling_ truth, _sterling_ worth, &c.
+
+    FRAS. CROSSLEY.
+
+
+_"Could we with ink," &c._ (Vol. viii., pp. 127, 180.).-If Rabbi Mayir
+Ben Isaac is the _bona fide_ author of the lines in question, or the
+substance of them, then the author of the _Koran_ has been indebted to
+him for the following passage:
+
+    "If the sea were ink, to write the words of my Lord, verily the sea
+    would fail before the words of my Lord would fail; although we added
+    another sea unto it as a farther supply."--_Al Koran_, chap. xviii.,
+    entitled "The Cave," translated by Sale.
+
+The question is, Did Rabbi Mayir Ben Isaac, author of the Chaldee ode
+sung in every synagogue on the day of Pentecost, flourish before or
+since the Mohamedan era?
+
+    J. W. THOMAS.
+
+Dewsbury.
+
+
+_"Hurrah!"_ (Vol. viii., pp. 20, 277, 323.).--It would almost deem that
+we are never to hear the last of "Hurrah! and other war-cries." Your
+correspondents T. F. and SIR J. EMERSON TENNENT appear to me to have
+made the nearest approach to a satisfactory solution of the difficulty;
+a step farther and the goal is won--the object of inquiry is found. I
+suppose it will be admitted that the language which supplies the
+_meaning_ of a word has the fairest claim to be considered its _parent_
+language. What, then, is the meaning of "Hurrah," and in whet language?
+As a reply to this Query, allow me to quote a writer in _Blackwood's
+Magazine_, April 1843, p. 477.
+
+    "'Hurrah!' means _strike_ in the Tartar language."--Note to art.
+    "Amulet Bek."
+
+So then, according to this respectable authority, the end of our shouts
+and war-cries is, that we have "caught a Tartar!"
+
+Again, in _Blackwood_, 1849, vol. i. p.673., we read:
+
+    "He opened a window and cried 'Hourra!' At the signal, a hundred
+    soldiers crowded into the house. Mastering his fury, the Czar
+    ordered the young officer to be taken to prison."--Art. "Romance of
+    Russian History."
+
+Thus, in describing the "awful pause" on the night preceding the Russian
+attack on Ismail, then in possession of the Turks, Lord Byron says:
+
+  "A moment--and all will be life again!
+   The march! the charge! the shouts of either faith!
+  Hurra! and Allah! and--one instant more--
+   The death-cry drowning in the battle's roar."
+          _Works_, p. 684. col. 2.
+
+    J. W. THOMAS.
+
+Dewsbury.
+
+
+_"Qui facit per alium facit per se"_ (Vol. viii., p. 231.).--"Qui facit
+per alium, est perinde ac si faciat per seipsum," is one of the maxims
+of Boniface VIII. (_Sexti Decret._, lib. v. tit. 12., de Reg. Jur. c.
+72.; _Boehm. Corp. Jur. can._, tom. ii. col. 1040.), derived, according
+to the glossary (vid. in _Decret._, ed. fol., Par. 1612), from the maxim
+of Paulus (_Digest_, lib. 1. tit. 17., de Div. Reg. Jur. 1. 180.), "Quod
+jussu alterius solvitur, pro eo est quasi ipsi solutum esset."
+
+    E. M.
+
+
+_Tsar_ (Vol. viii., pp. 150, 226.).--Is not _tsar_ rather cognate with
+the Heb. (¤Sar¤), a leader, commander, or prince? This root is
+to be found in many other languages, as Arabic, Persian; Latin _serro_.
+Gesenius gives the meaning of the word (¤Sarah¤), to place in a
+row, to set in order; to be leader, commander, prince. If _tsar_ have
+this origin, it will be synonymous with _imperator_, emperor.
+
+    B. H. C.
+
+
+_Scrape_ (Vol. viii., p. 292.).--I do not know when this word began to
+be used in this sense. Shakspeare says "Ay, there's the _rub:_" an
+analogous phrase, which may throw light upon the one "to get into a
+scrape." Both are metaphors, derived from the unpleasant sensations
+produced by rubbing or grazing the skin. The word _pinch_ is, on the
+same principle, used for difficulty; and the Lat. _tribulatio_=trouble,
+and its synonym in Gr., ~thlipsis~, have a similar origin and
+application. {423} "To get into a scrape" is, therefore, to get into
+trouble.
+
+    B. H. C.
+
+
+_Baskerville_ (Vol. viii., p. 202.).--Among the _articles_ consumed at
+Mr. Ryland's at Birmingham, was the body of the late Mr. Baskerville,
+who by his will ordered that he should be buried in his own house, and
+he was accordingly interred there. A stone closet was erected in it,
+where he was deposited in a standing posture. The house was afterwards
+sold with this express condition, that it should remain there."--Account
+of the Birmingham riots in 1791, from the _Historical Magazine_, vol.
+iii., where it is said the house was burned on Friday afternoon, July
+15."
+
+    B. H. C.
+
+
+A great-uncle of mine owned the Baskerville property (he, Baskerville,
+was buried in his own grounds) at the time of the Church and King Riot
+in 1791; but it was the recent growth of the town that occasioned the
+disinterment.
+
+    R.
+
+
+_Sheriffs of Glamorganshire_ (Vol. iii., p. 186.; Vol. viii., p.
+353.).--Your correspondent TEWARS is certainly wrong in ascribing to the
+Rev. H. H. Knight the list of Glamorganshire sheriffs inquired for by
+EDMUND W. It is true this gentleman printed a list of them many years
+after the former, which was privately printed by the Rev. J. M.
+Traherne, and subsequently published a _Cardiff Guide_, by Mr. Bird of
+Cardiff. I have seen both copies, and the latter may doubtless yet be
+seen upon application to Mr. Bird. I have also seen the more recent list
+by my learned friend the rector of Neath.
+
+    BIBLIOTHECAR.
+
+CHETHAM.
+
+
+_Synge Family--sub voce Carr Pedigree_ (Vol. vii., p. 558.; Vol. viii.,
+p. 327.).--Has the statement made by GULIELMUS, as to the origin of the
+name of Synge, ever appeared in print before? And if so, where? I have
+long been curious to identify the individual whose name underwent such a
+singular change, and to ascertain if he really was a chantry priest as
+reported. Was he George Synge, the grandfather of George Synge, Bishop
+of Cloyne, born 1594? Of what family was Mary Paget, wife of the Rev.
+Richard Synge, preacher at the Savoy in 1715? The name appears to have
+been indifferently spelt, Sing, Singe, and Synge. And I believe an older
+branch than the baronet's still exists at Bridgenorth, writing
+themselves Sing. The punning motto of this family is worth noticing:
+"Celestia canimus."
+
+    ARTHUR PAGET.
+
+
+_Lines on Woman_ (Vol. viii., p. 350).--Your correspondent F. W. J. has
+occasioned me some perplexity in tracing the quotation which he refers
+to Vol. viii., p. 204., but which is really to be found at p. 292. He
+appears to have fallen into this error by mistaking the number on the
+right hand for the paging on the left. As accuracy in these matters is
+essential in a publication like "N. & Q.," he will excuse me for setting
+him right. The name of the author of the poem of "Woman" was not Eton
+Barrett, but Eaton Stannard Barrett. He was connected with the press in
+London. Your correspondent is correct in stating that the Barretts were
+from Cork. Eaton Stannard Barrett was a man of considerable ability. He
+published several works anonymously, all of which acquired celebrity;
+but I believe the poem of "Woman," published by Mr. Colburn, was the
+only work to which he attached his name. He was the author of the
+well-known political satire called _All the Talents_; of the mock
+romance of _The Heroine_, in which the absurdities of a school of
+fiction, at that time in high favour, are happily ridiculed; and of a
+novel which had great success in its day, and is still to be found in
+some of the circulating libraries, called _Six Weeks at Long's_. Eaton
+Stannard Barrett died many years ago in the prime of his life and
+powers. His brother, Richard Barrett, is still living, and resides in
+the neighbourhood of Dublin. He is the author of some controversial and
+political pamphlets, of which the principal were _Irish Priests_, and
+_The Bible not a Dangerous Book_. He afterwards conducted _The Pilot_
+newspaper, established for the support of Mr. O'Connell's policy in
+Ireland, and was one of the persons who suffered imprisonment with Mr.
+O'Connell, and who were designated in the Irish papers as the "martyrs."
+
+    ROBERT BELL.
+
+
+_Lisle Family_ (Vol. vii., p. 365. _et ante_).--R. H. C. will find in
+Berry's _Hampshire Genealogies_ (1 vol. folio, London, 1833) a pedigree
+of the Lisles he alludes to as being buried at Thruxton, Hampshire. The
+shield, Lisle impaling Courtenay, on the altar tomb there would appear
+to belong to Sir John Lisle, Kt., who married Joan, daughter of John
+Courtenay, Earl of Exeter.
+
+    ARTHUR PAGET.
+
+
+_Duval Family_ (Vol. viii., p. 318.).--If H. will have the kindness to
+address himself to me either personally or by letter, I shall be happy
+to give him any information I can, derived from old family documents in
+my possession, respecting the Duval family and the Walls of the south of
+Ireland.
+
+    C. A. DUVAL.
+
+74. George St., Manchester.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+MISCELLANEOUS.
+
+BOOKS AND OLD VOLUMES
+
+
+WANTED TO PURCHASE.
+
+EXAMINER (Newspaper), No. 2297, February 7, 1853.
+
+WILLIAM SHAKSPEARE: A Biography, by Charles Knight (First Edition).
+
+MARSH'S HISTORY OF HURSLEY AND BADDESLEY. About 1805. 8vo. Two Copies.
+
+Letters, stating particulars and lowest prices, _carriage free_, to be
+sent to MR. BELL, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+{424}
+Particulars of Price, &c. of the following Books to be sent direct to
+the gentlemen by whom they are required, and names and addresses are
+given for that purpose:
+
+OXFORD ALMANACK for 1719.
+
+AM[OE]NITATES ACADEMICAE. Vol. I. Holmiae, 1749.
+
+BROURAE HIST. NAT. JAMAICAE. London, 1756. Folio.
+
+AMMANUS I. STIRPES RARIORES. Petrop. 1739.
+
+PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS for 1683.
+
+ANNALS OF PHILOSOPHY for January, 1824.
+
+A POEM UPON THE MOST HOPEFUL AND EVER-FLOURISHING SPROUTS OF VALOUR, THE
+INDEFATIGABLE CENTRYS OF THE PHYSIC GARDEN.
+
+POEM UPON MR. JACOB BOBART'S YEWMEN OF THE GUARDS TO THE PHYSIC GARDEN,
+TO THE TUNE OF "THE COUNTER-SCUFFLE." Oxon. 1662.
+
+The above two Ballads are by Edmund Gayton.
+
+Wanted by _H. T. Bobart_, Ashby-de-la-Zouch.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PEYRAN'S COPTIC LEXICON.
+
+MURE ON THE CALENDAR AND ZODIACS OF ANCIENT EGYPT.
+
+GLADWIN'S PERSIAN MOONSHEE. 4to.
+
+Jones's CLASSICAL LIBRARY (the 8vo. Edition). The Volume containing
+Herodotus, Vol. I.
+
+THE CHRONICLES OF LONDON. 1827.
+
+Wanted by _Mr. Hayward_, Bookseller, Bath.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A REGISTER OF ELECTIONS, by H. S. Smith, of Leeds (published in Parts).
+
+JAMES' NAVAL HISTORY. Vols. III., IV., and V. 8vo. 6-Vol. Edition by
+Bentley.
+
+Wanted by _Mr. J. Howes_, Stonham-Aspall, Suffolk.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MONUMENTS AND GENII OF ST. PAUL'S AND WESTMINSTER ABBEY, by G. L. Smith.
+London. J. Williams. 1826. Vol. I.
+
+Wanted by _Charles Reed_, Paternoster Row.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+DR. PETTINGALL'S TRACT ON JURY TRIAL, 1769.
+
+Wanted by _Mr. T. Stephens_, Merthyr Tydfil.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+HISTORY OF THE OLD AND NEW TESTAMENT, by Prideaux. Vol. I. 1717-18.
+
+HISTORICAL MEMOIRS OF QUEENS OF ENGLAND, by Hannah Lawrence. Vol. II.
+
+BRYAN'S DICTIONARY OF PAINTERS AND ENGRAVERS.
+
+JARDINE'S NATURALIST'S LIBRARY. First Edition. All except first 13
+Volumes.
+
+PETER SIMPLE. Illustrated Edition. Saunders and Otley. Vols. II. and
+III.
+
+HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES OF SOMERSETSHIRE, by Rev. W. Phelps, 1839. All
+except Parts I., II., III., V., VI., VII., and VIII.
+
+Wanted by _John Garland_, Solicitor, Dorchester.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ROMAN STATIONS IN BRITAIN. London, 1726.
+
+A SURVEY OF ROMAN ANTIQUITIES IN SOME MIDLAND COUNTIES. London, 1726.
+
+Wanted by _Rev. J. W. Hewett_, Bloxham, Banbury.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+INDICATIONS OF SPRING, by Robt. Marsham, Esq., F.R.S.
+
+THE VILLAGE CURATE, by Hurdis.
+
+CALENDAR OF FLORA, by Stillingfleete.
+
+Wanted by _J. B. Whitborne_, 54. Russell Terrace, Leamington.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+NOTICES TO CORRESPONDENTS.
+
+BOOKS WANTED. _So many of our Correspondents seem disposed to avail
+themselves of our plan of placing the booksellers in direct
+communication with them, that we find ourselves compelled to limit each
+list of books to two insertions. We would also express a hope that those
+gentlemen who may at once succeed in obtaining any desired volumes will
+be good enough to notify the same to us, in order that such books may
+not unnecessarily appear in such list even a second time._
+
+P. G. _We are not in a position to answer_ P. G.'s_inquiries. Why not
+try one of the series and judge for yourself?_
+
+A GERMAN INVESTIGATOR, _who states that some important moves towards the
+"flying by man" have lately been made upon the Continent, and who
+inquires "what noblemen or gentlemen would be likely to foster similar
+researches in this country," should rather address himself to some of
+the journals devoted to mechanical science._
+
+SCIOLUS. _The author of_ Doctor Syntax _was the well-known_ William
+Coombe, _a curious list of whose works will be found in the_ Gentleman's
+Magazine _for May, 1852, p. 467._
+
+CHARLES DEMAYNE. _We have a letter for this Correspondent; where shall
+it be sent?_
+
+ERICA _will find his illustration of Campbell's_ Like Angel Visits
+_anticipated in our_ 1st Vol.
+
+J. N. C. (King's Lynn). _We have one or two Replies on the same subject
+already in the Printer's hands._
+
+A. J. V. (University Club) _will find his Query respecting_ Solamen
+miseris, &c. _in_ Vol. viii., p. 272., _and an answer respecting_
+Tempora mutantur _in_ p. 306.
+
+_Our Correspondent_ C. E. F. (p. 373.) _is informed_--1. _That both the
+solutions of the muriate salts and the nitrate of silver may be used in
+the manner he proposes; but a portion of sugar of milk, mannite, or
+grape sugar, as has been previously recommended, much accelerates the
+process._ 2. _The positives should be printed about one-third deeper
+than is required, and they should remain in the hypo. bath until the
+mottled appearance is removed, which is visible when held up against the
+light and they are looked through: at first the positive often assumes a
+very unpleasant red colour; this gradually disappears by longer
+immersion, when the proofs may be removed at the point of tint required,
+remembering that they become rather darker when dry, especially if
+ironed, and which is generally desirable, especially if the print is
+rather pale._ 3. _The sel d'or does not seem to have the destructive
+effect which the chloride of gold has, and if the chemicals are entirely
+removed, in all probability they are quite permanent. Those which we
+have seen printed several months since appear to have suffered no
+change. Pictures produced by the ammonio-nitrate are most uncertain.
+There are few who have not had the mortification to see some of their
+best productions fade and disappear. A learned professor, about eighteen
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+GROTIUS
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+DE JURE BELLI ET PACIS;
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+INDIGESTION, CONSTIPATION, NERVOUSNESS, &c.--BARRY, DU BARRY & CO.'S
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+
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+
+"This light and pleasant Farina is one of the most excellent,
+nourishing, and restorative remedies, and supersedes, in many cases, all
+kinds of medicines. It is particularly useful in confined habit of body,
+as also diarrhoea, bowel complaints, affections of the kidneys and
+bladder, such as stone or gravel; inflammatory irritation and cramp of
+the urethra, cramp of the kidneys and bladder, strictures, and
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+
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+22_s._; 10lb. 33_s._ The 10lb. and 12lb. carriage free, on receipt of
+Post-office order.--Barry, Du Barry Co., 77. Regent Street, London.
+
+IMPORTANT CAUTION.--Many invalids having been seriously injured by
+spurious imitations under closely similar names, such as Ervalenta,
+Arabaca, and others, the public will do well to see that each canister
+bears the name BARRY, DU BARRY & CO., 77. Regent Street, London, in
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+       *       *       *       *       *
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+PHOTOGRAPHIC PICTURES.--A Selection of the above beautiful Productions
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+       *       *       *       *       *
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+
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+
+PHOTOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION, 168. NEW BOND STREET.
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+       *       *       *       *       *
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+
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+Paternoster Row, London.
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