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diff --git a/27538.txt b/27538.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..94483a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/27538.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3882 @@ +Project Gutenberg's Notes and Queries, No. 209, October 29 1853, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Notes and Queries, No. 209, October 29 1853 + A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists, + Antiquaries, Geneologists, etc. + +Author: Various + +Release Date: December 15, 2008 [EBook #27538] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES *** + + + + +Produced by Charlene Taylor, Neville Allen, Jonathan Ingram +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Library of Early +Journals.) + + + + + + ++--------------------------------------------------------------+ +| Transcriber's Note: Italicized words, phrases, etc. are | +| surrounded by _underline characters_. Greek transliterations | +| are surrounded by ~tildes~. Hebrew transliterations appear | +| like ¤this¤. Irish is indicated thus: +Irish+. Diacritical | +| marks over characters are bracketed: [=x] indicates a macron | +| over the letter, [(x] indicates a breve. Archaic spellings | +| have been retained. | ++--------------------------------------------------------------+ + + * * * * * + +{405} +NOTES AND QUERIES: + +A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, +GENEALOGISTS, ETC. + + * * * * * + +"WHEN FOUND, MAKE A NOTE OF."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE. + + * * * * * + +No. 209.] +Saturday, October 29. 1853. +[Price Fourpence. Stamped Edition, 5d. + + * * * * * + + +CONTENTS. + +NOTES:-- Page + The Scottish National Records 405 + Patrick Carey 406 + Inedited Lyric by Felicia Hemans, by Weld Taylor 407 + "Green Eyes," by Harry Leroy Temple 407 + Shakspeare Correspondence, by Samuel Hickson, &c. 408 + + MINOR NOTES:--Monumental Inscriptions--Marlborough + at Blenheim--Etymology of "till," "until" + --Dog-whipping Day in Hull--State 408 + +QUERIES:-- + Polarised Light. 409 + + MINOR QUERIES:--"Salus Populi," &c.--Dramatic + Representations by the Hour-glass--John Campbell + of Jamaica--Hodgkins's Tree, Warwick--The + Doctor--English Clergyman in Spain--Caldecott's + Translation of the New Testament--Westhumble + Chapel--Perfect Tense--La Fleur des Saints-- + Oasis--Book Reviews, their Origin--Martyr of + Collet Well--Black as a Mourning Colour--The + Word "Mardel," or "Mardle," whence derived?-- + Analogy between the Genitive and Plural--Ballina + Castle--Henry I.'s Tomb--"For man proposes, but + God disposes"--Garrick Street, May Fair--The + Forlorn Hope--Mitred Abbot in Wroughton Church, + Wilts--Reynolds' Portrait of Barretti--Crosses on + Stoles--Temporalities of the Church--Etymology + of "The Lizard"--Worm in Books 410 + + MINOR QUERIES WITH ANSWERS:--Siller Gun of Dumfries + --Margery Trussell--Caves at Settle, Yorkshire-- + The Morrow of a Feast--Hotchpot--High and Low + Dutch--"A Wilderness of Monkies"--Splitting + Paper--The Devil on Two Sticks in England 412 + +REPLIES:-- + Stone Pillar Worship and Idol Worship, by William + Blood, &c. 413 + "Blagueur" and "Blackguard" by Philarete Chasles 414 + Harmony of the Four Gospels by C. Hardwick, T. J. + Buckton, Chris. Roberts, &c. 415 + Small Words and Low Words, by Harry Leroy Temple 416 + A Chapter on Rings 416 + Anticipatory Use of the Cross.--Ringing Bells for the + Dead 417 + + PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE:--Stereoscopic Angles 419 + + REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES:--Berefellarii--"To + know ourselves diseased," &c.--Gloves at Fairs-- + "An" before "u" long--"The Good Old Cause" + --Jeroboam of Claret, &c.--Humbug--"Could we + with ink," &c.--"Hurrah!"--"Qui facit per alium + facit per se"--Tsar--Scrape--Baskerville-- + Sheriffs of Glamorganshire--Synge Family--Lines + on Woman--Lisle Family--Duval Family 420 + +MISCELLANEOUS:-- + Books and Odd Volumes wanted 423 + Notices to Correspondents 424 + Advertisements 424 + + * * * * * + + +NOTES. + +THE SCOTTISH NATIONAL RECORDS. + +The two principal causes of the loss of these records are, the +abstraction of them by Edward I. in 1292, and the destruction of a great +many others by the reformers in their religious zeal. It so happens that +up to the time of King Robert Bruce, the history is not much to be +depended on. A great many valuable papers connected with the ancient +ecclesiastical state of Scotland were carried off to the Continent by +the members of the ancient hierarchy, who retired there after the +Reformation. Many have, no doubt, been destroyed by time, and in the +destruction of their depositories by revolutions and otherwise. That a +great many are yet in existence abroad, as well as at home, which would +throw great light on Scottish history, and which have not yet been +discovered, there is no doubt, notwithstanding the unceremonious manner +in which many of them were treated. At the time when the _literati_ were +engaged in investigating the authenticity of Ossian's _Poems_ (to go no +farther back), it was stated that there was in the library of the Scotch +College at Douay a Gaelic MS. of several of the poems of great +antiquity, and which, if produced, would have set the question at rest. +On farther inquiry, however, it was stated that it had been torn up, +along with others, and used by the students for the purpose of kindling +the fires. It is gratifying to the antiquary that discoveries are from +time to time being made, of great importance: it was announced lately +that there had been discovered at the Treasury a series of papers +relating to the rebellion of 1715-16, consisting chiefly of informations +of persons said to have taken part in the rising; and an important mass +of papers relative to the rebellion of 1745-46. There has also been +discovered at the Chapter House at Westminster, the correspondence +between Edward I., Edward II., and their lieutenants in Scotland, Aymer +de Valance, Earl of Pembroke, John, Earl of Warren, and Hugh +Cressingham. The letters patent have also been found, by which, in 1304, +William Lamberton, Bishop of St. Andrew's, testified his having come +into the peace of the king of England, and {406}found himself to answer +for the temporalities of his bishopric to the English king. Stray +discoveries are now and then made in the charter-rooms of royal burghs, +as sometime ago there was found in the Town-house of Aberdeen a charter +and several confirmations by King Robert Bruce. The ecclesiastical +records of Scotland also suffered in our own day; the original charters +of the assembly from 1560 to 1616 were presented to the library of Sion +College, London Wall, London, in 1737, by the Honorable Archibald +Campbell (who had been chosen by the Presbyters as Bishop of Aberdeen in +1721), under such conditions as might effectually prevent them again +becoming the property of the Kirk of Scotland. Their production having +been requested by a committee of the House of Commons, the records were +produced and laid on the table of the committee-room on the 5th of May, +1834. They were consumed in the fire which destroyed the houses of +parliament on the 16th of October of the same year. It was only after +1746, and on the breaking up of the feudal system, when men's minds +began to calm down, that any attention was paid to Scottish antiquities. +Indeed, previous to that period, had any one asked permission to examine +the charter chests of our most ancient families, purely for a literary +purpose, he would have been suspected of maturing evidence for the +purpose of depriving them of their estates. No such objection now +exists, and every facility is afforded both the publishing clubs and +private individuals in their researches. Much has been done by the +Abbotsford, Bannatyne, Maitland, Roxburgh, Spalding, and other clubs, in +elucidating Scottish history and antiquities, but much remains to be +done. "If it were done, when 'tis done, then 'twere well it were done +quickly," as every day lost renders the attainment of the object more +difficult; and it is to be hoped that these clubs will be supported as +they deserve.[1] + +The student of Scottish history will find much useful and important +information in Robertson's _Index of Charters_; Sir Joseph Ayloffe's +_Calendars of Ancient Charters_; _Documents and Records illustrative of +the History Of Scotland_, edited by Sir Francis Palgrave, 1837; +Jamieson's _History of the Culdees_; Toland's _History of the Druids_; +Balfour's _History of the Picts_; Chalmers' _Caledonia_; Stuart's +_Caledonia Romana_; _History of the House and Clan Mackay_; _The +Genealogical Account of the Barclays of Ury for upwards of 700 Years_; +Gordon's _History of the House of Sutherland_; M'Nicol's _Remarks on +Johnson's Journey to the Western Isles_; Kennedy's _Annals of Aberdeen_; +Dalrymple's _Annals_, &c. &c. + + ABREDONENSIS. + + [Footnote 1: See _Scottish Journal_, Edinburgh, 1847, p. 3., for a + very interesting article on the Early Records of Scotland.] + + * * * * * + + +PATRICK CAREY. + +Looking over Evelyn's _Diary_, edited by Mr. Barry, 4to., 2nd edit., +London, 1819, I came upon the following. Evelyn being at Rome, in 1644, +says: + + "I was especially recommended to Father John, a Benedictine Monk and + Superior of the Order for the English College of Douay; a person of + singular learning, religion, and humanity; also to Mr. Patrick Cary, + an abbot, brother to our learned Lord Falkland, a witty young priest, + who afterwards came over to our church." + +It immediately occurred to me, that this "witty young priest" might be +Sir Walter Scott's _protege_, and the author of "_Triviall Poems and +Triolets_, written in obedience to Mrs. Tomkins' commands by Patrick +Carey, Aug. 20, 1651," and published for the first time at London in +1820, from a MS. in the possession of the editor. + +Sir Walter, in introducing his "forgotten poet," merely informs us that +his author "appears to have been a gentleman, a loyalist, a lawyer, and +a rigid high churchman, if not a Roman Catholic." + +In the first part of this book, which the author calls his "Triviall +Poems," the reader will find ample proof that his character would fit +the "witty young priest" of Evelyn; as well as the gentle blood, and +hatred to the Roundheads of Sir Walter. As a farther proof that Patrick +Carey the priest, and Patrick the poet, may be identical, take the +following from one of his poems, comparing the old Church with the +existing one: + + "Our Church still flourishing w' had seene, + If th' holy-writt had euer beene + Kept out of laymen's reach; + But, when 'twas English'd, men halfe-witted, + Nay, woemen too, would be permitted, + T' expound all texts and preach." + +The second part of Carey's poetical essays is entitled "I will sing unto +the Lord," and contains a few "Triolets;" all of an ascetic savour, and +strongly confirmatory of the belief that the author may have taken the +monastic vow: + + "Worldly designes, feares, hopes, farwell! + Farwell all earthly joyes and cares! + On nobler thoughts my soule shall dwell; + Worldly designes, feares, hopes, farwell! + Att quiett, in my peaceful cell, + I'le thincke on God, free from your snares; + Worldly designes, feares, hopes, farwell! + Farwell all earthly joys and cares. + + * * * * * + + Pleasure att courts is but in show, + With true content in cells wee meete; + Yes (my deare Lord!) I've found it soe, + Noe joyes but thine are purely sweete!" + +The quotation from the Psalms, which forms the title to this second +part, is placed above "a helmet and a shield," which Sir Walter has +transferred {407}to his title. This "bears what heralds call a cross +anchoree, or a cross moline, with a motto, _Tant que je puis_." With the +exception of the rose beneath this, there is no identification here of +Patrick Carey with the Falkland family. This cross, placed before +religious poems, may however be intended to indicate their subjects, and +the writer's profession, rather than his family escutcheon; although +that may be pointed at in the rose alluded to, the Falklands bearing "on +a bend three roses of the field." + + J. O. + + ["Ah! you do not know Pat Carey, a younger brother of Lord + Falkland's," says the disguised Prince Charles to Dr. Albany + Rochecliffe in Sir Walter Scott's _Woodstock_. So completely has + the fame of the great Lord Falkland eclipsed that of his brothers, + that many are, doubtless, in the same blissful state with good Dr. + Rochecliffe, although _two_ editions of the poet's works have been + given to the world. In 1771, Mr. John Murray published the poems of + Carey, from a collection alleged to be in the hands of a Rev. + Pierrepont Cromp, apparently a fictitious name. In 1820, Sir Walter + Scott, ignorant, as he confesses himself, at the time of an earlier + edition, edited once more the poems, employing an original MS. + presented to him by Mr. Murray. In a note in _Woodstock_, Sir Walter + sums up the information he had procured concerning the author, + which, scanty as it is, is not without interest. "Of Carey," he + says, "the second editor, like the first, only knew the name and the + spirit of the verses. He has since been enabled to ascertain that + the poetic cavalier was a younger brother of the celebrated Henry + Lord Carey, who fell at the battle of Newberry, and escaped the + researches of Horace Walpole, to whose list of noble authors he + would have been an important addition." The first edition of the + poems appeared under the following title, _Poems from a Manuscript + written in the Time of Oliver Cromwell_, 4to. 1771, 1_s._ 6_d._: + Murray. It contains only nine pieces, whereas the present edition + contains thirty-seven.--ED.] + + * * * * * + + +INEDITED LYRIC BY FELICIA HEMANS. + +A short time since I discovered the following in the handwriting of Mrs. +Hemans, and it accompanied an invitation of a more prosaic description +to a gentleman of her acquaintance, and a relative of mine, now +deceased. I thought it worth preserving, in case any future edition of +her works appeared; but the 13th, 14th, and 15th lines are defective, +from the seal, or some other accident, having torn them off, and one is +missing. And though perhaps it would not be difficult to restore them, +yet I have not ventured to do so myself. The last two lines appear to +convey a melancholy foreboding of the poet's sad and early fate. Can any +one restore the defective parts? + + WELD TAYLOR. + +Bayswater. + +_Water Lilies._ + + Come away, Puck, while the dew is sweet; + Come to the dingle where fairies meet. + Know that the lilies have spread their bells + O'er all the pools in our mossy dells; + Stilly and lightly their vases rest + On the quivering sleep of the waters' breast, + Catching the sunshine thro' leaves that throw + To their scented bosoms an emerald glow; + And a star from the depth of each pearly cup, + A golden star! unto heaven looks up, + As if seeking its kindred, where bright they lie, + Set in the blue of the summer sky. + .... under arching leaves we'll float, + .... with reeds o'er the fairy moat, + .... forth wild music both sweet and low. + It shall seem from the rich flower's heart, + As if 'twere a breeze, with a flute's faint sigh. + Cone, Puck, for the midsummer sun uproars strong, + And the life of the Lily may not be long.--MAB. + + * * * * * + + +"GREEN EYES." + +Having long been familiar with only one instance of the possession of +eyes of this hue--the well-known case of the "_green-eyed_ monster +Jealousy,"--and not having been led by that association to think of them +as a beauty, I have been surprised lately at finding them not +unfrequently seriously admired. _Ex. gr.:_ + + "_Victorian._ How is that young and _green-eyed_ Gaditana + That you both wot of? + + _Don Carlos._ Ay, soft _emerald_ eyes!" + + * * * * * + + _Victorian._ A pretty girl: and in her tender eyes, + Just that soft shade of _green_ we sometimes see + In evening skies." + + Longfellow's _Spanish Student_, Act II. Sc. 3. + + Mr. Longfellow adds in a note: + + "The Spaniards, with good reason, consider this colour of the eye as + beautiful, and celebrate it in a song; as, for example, in the + well-known Villancico: + + 'Ay ojuelos verdes, + Ay los mis ojuelos, + Ay hagan los cielos + Que de mi te acuerdes! + + * * * * * + + Tengo confianza, + De mis verdes ojos.'" + + Boehl de Faber, _Floresta_, No. 255. + + +I have seen somewhere, I think in one of the historical romances of +Alexander Dumas (Pere), a popular jingle about + + "La belle Duchesse de Nevers, + Aux yeux verts," &c. + +And lastly, see _Two Gentlemen of Verona_, Act IV. Sc. 4., where the +ordinary text has: + + "Her eyes are grey as glass, and so are mine." + +Here "The MS. corrector of the folio 1682 converts 'grey' into +'_green_:' 'Her eyes are _green_ as {408} _grass;_' and such, we have +good reason to suppose, was the true reading." (Collier's _Shakspeare +Notes and Emendations_, p. 25.) + +The modern slang, "Do you see anything _green_ in my eye?" can hardly, I +suppose, be called in evidence on the question of beauty or ugliness. Is +there any more to be found in favour of "_green eyes_?" + + HARRY LEROY TEMPLE. + + * * * * * + + +SHAKSPEARE CORRESPONDENCE. + +_On the Death of Falstaff_ (Vol. viii., p. 314.).--The remarks of your +correspondents J. B. and NEMO on this subject are so obvious, and I +think I may also admit in a measure so just, that it appears to me only +respectful to them, and to all who may feel reluctant to give up +Theobald's reading, that I should give some detailed reason for +dissenting from their conclusion. + +In the first place, when Falstaff began to "play with flowers and smile +upon his fingers' ends," it was no far-fetched thought to place him in +fancy among green fields; and if the disputed passage were in immediate +connexion with the above, the argument in its favour would be stronger. +But, unfortunately, Mrs. Quickly brings in here the conclusion at which +she arrives: "I knew there was but one way; _for_," she adds, as a +farther reason, and referring to the physical evidences upon his frame +of the approach of death, "his nose was as sharp as a pen on a table of +green frieze." We can hardly imagine him "babbling" at this moment. "How +now, Sir John, quoth I;" she continues, apparently to rouse him: "What, +man! be of good cheer. _So_ [thus roused] 'a cried out--God, God, God! +three or four times: now, I to _comfort_ him," &c. Does this look as +though he were in the happy state of mind your correspondents imagine? I +take no account of his crying out of sack and of women, &c., as that +might have been at an earlier period. At the same time it does not +follow, had Shakspeare intended to replace him in fancy amid the scenes +of his youth, that he should have talked of them. A man who is (or +imagines he is) in green fields, does not talk about green fields, +however he may enjoy them. Both your correspondents seem to anticipate +this difficulty, and meet it by supposing Falstaff to be "babbling +snatches of hymns;" but this I conceive to be far beyond the limits of +reasonable conjecture. In fact, the whole of their very beautiful theory +rests upon the very disputed passage in question. At an earlier period +apparently, his mind did wander; when, as Mrs. Quickly says, he was +"rheumatick," meaning doubtless _lunatic_, that is, delirious; and then +he talked of other things. When he began to "fumble with the sheets, and +play with flowers, and smile upon his fingers' ends," though for a +moment he might have fancied himself even "in his mother's lap," or +anything else, he was clearly past all "babbling." In saying this, I +treat Falstaff as a human being who lived and died, and whose actions +were recorded by the faithfullest observer of Nature that ever wrote. + + SAMUEL HICKSON. + + +_Passage in "Tempest."--_ + + "Thy banks with pioned and twilled brims, + Which spongy April at thy best betrims, + To make cold nymphs chaste crowns." + + _Tempest_, Act IV. Sc. 1. + +The above is the reading of the first folio. _Pioned_ is explained by +MR. COLLIER, "to dig," as in Spenser; but MR. HALLIWELL (_Monograph +Shakspeare_, vol. i. p. 425.) finds no authority to support such an +interpretation. MR. COLLIER'S anonymous annotator writes "tilled;" but +surely this is a very artificial process to be performed by "spongy +April." Hanmer proposed "peonied;" Heath, "lilied;" and MR. HALLIWELL +admits this is more poetical (and surely more correct), but appears to +prefer "twilled," embroidered or interwoven with flowers. A friend of +mine suggested that "lilied" was peculiarly appropriate to form "cold +nymphs chaste crowns," from its imputed power as a preserver of +chastity: and in MR. HALLIWELL'S folio, several examples are quoted from +old poets of "peony" spelt "piony;" and of both _peony_ and _lily_ as +"defending from unchaste thoughts." Surely, then, the reading of the +first folio is a mere typographical error, and _peonied_ and _lilied_ +the most poetical and correct. + + ESTE. + + * * * * * + + +MINOR NOTES. + + +_Monumental Inscriptions_ (Vol. viii., p. 215. &c.).--I have never seen +the monumental inscription of Theodore Palaeologus accurately copied in +any book. When in Cornwall lately, I took the trouble to copy it, and as +some of your readers may like to see the thing as it is, I send it line +for line, word for word, and letter for letter. It is found, as is well +known, in the little out-of-the-way church of St. Landulph, near +Saltash. + + "Here lyeth the body of Theodoro Paleologus Of Pesaro in Italye, + descended from ye Imperyail Lyne of ye last Christian Emperors of + Greece Being the sonne of Camilio, ye so[=n]e of Prosper the sonne + of Theodoro the sonne of Iohn, ye sonne of Thomas, second brother to + Constantine Paleologus, the 8th of that name and last of yt lyne yt + raygned in Constantinople, untill subdewed by the Turkes, who + married with Mary Ye daughter of William Balls of Hadlye in + Souffolke Gent, & had issue 5 children, Theodoro, Iohn, Ferdinando, + Maria & Dorothy, and departed this life at Clyfton ye 21th of + January, 1636." + + ED. ST JACKSON. + +{409} +_Marlborough at Blenheim._--Extract from a MS. sermon preached at Bitton +(in Gloucestershire?) on the day of the thanksgiving for the victory +near Hochstett, anno 1704. (By the Reverend Thomas Earle, afterwards +Vicar of Malmesbury?) + + "And so I pass to the great and glorious occasion of this day, wh + gives us manifold cause of praise and thanksgiving to Almighty God + for ... mercies and deliverances. For ye happy success of her + Majesty's arms both by land and sea [under the] Duke of + Marlborough, whose fame now flies through the world, and whose + glorious actions will render his name illustrious, and rank him + among the renowned worthies of all ages. Had that threatning + Bullet, wh bespattered him all over with dirt, only that he might + shine the brighter afterwards; had it, I say, took away his Life, + he had gone down to the grave with the laurels in his hand." + +Is this incident of the bullet mentioned in any of the cotemporary +accounts of the battle? + + E. + + +_Etymology of "till," "until."_--Many monosyllables in language are, +upon examination, found to be in reality compounds, disguised by +contraction. A few instances are, _non_, Lat. ne-un-(us); _dont_, Fr. +de-unde; _such_, Eng. so-like; _which_, who-like. In like manner I +believe _till_, to-while, and _until_, unto-while. Now _while_ is +properly a substantive, and signifies _time_, corresponding to _dum_, +Lat., in many of its uses, which again is connected with _diu_, _dies_, +both which are used in the indefinite sense of _a while_, as well as in +the definite sense of _a day_. _Adesdum_, come here a while; _interdum_, +between whiles. If ~te~ (Gr.) is connected with this root, then +~este~, to-while, till. Lawrence Minot says, "_To time_ (till) he +thinks to fight." + +_Dum_ has the double meaning of _while_ and _to-while_. + + E. S. JACKSON. + + +_Dog-whipping Day in Hull._--There was some time since the singular +custom in Hull, of whipping all the dogs that were found running about +the streets on October 10; and some thirty years since, when I was a +boy, so common was the practice, that every little urchin considered it +his duty to prepare a whip for any unlucky dog that might be seen in the +streets on this day. This custom is now obsolete, those "putters down" +of all boys' play in the streets--the new police--having effectually +stopped this cruel pastime of the Hull boys. Perhaps some of your +readers may be able to give a more correct origin of this singular +custom than the one I now give from tradition: + + "Previous to the suppression of monasteries in Hull, it was the + custom for the monks to provide liberally for the poor and the + wayfarer who came to the fair, held annually on the 11th of + October; and while busy in this necessary preparation the day + before the fair, a dog strolled into the larder, snatched up a + joint of meat and decamped with it. The cooks gave the alarm; and + when the dog got into the street, he was pursued by the expectants + of the charity of the monks, who were waiting outside the gate, and + made to give up the stolen joint. Whenever, after this, a dog + showed his face, while this annual preparation was going on, he was + instantly beaten off. Eventually this was taken up by the boys; + and, until the introduction of the new police, was rigidly put in + practice by them every 10th of October." + +I write this on October 10, 1853: and so effectually has this custom +been suppressed, that I have neither seen nor heard of any dog having +been this day whipped according to ancient custom. + + JOHN RICHARDSON. + +13. Savile Street, Hull. + + +_State_: _Hamlet_, Act I. Sc. 1.--Professor Wilson proposed that in the +"high and palmy _state_ of Rome," _state_ should be taken in the sense +of _city_: + + + "Write henceforth and for ever _State_ with a towering capital. + State, properly republic, here specifically and pointedly means + Reigning City. The ghosts walked in the city, not in the + republic."--Vide "Dies Boreales," No. III., _Blackwood_, August, + 1849. + +Query, Has this reading been adopted by our skilled Shakspearian +critics? + +Coleridge uses _state_ for _city_ in his translation of _The Death of +Wallenstein_, Act III. Sc. 7.: + + "What think you? + Say, shall we have the _State_ illuminated + In honour of the Swede?" + + + J. M. B. + + * * * * * + + +QUERIES. + + +POLARISED LIGHT. + +During the last summer, while amusing myself with verifying a statement +of Sir D. Brewster respecting the light of the rainbow, viz. that it is +polarised in particular planes, I observed a phenomenon which startled +me exceedingly, insamuch as it was quite new to me at the time; and not +withstanding subsequent enquiries, I cannot find that it has been +observed by any other person. I found that _the light of the blue sky is +partially polarised_. When analysed with a Nichols prism, the contrast +with the surrounding clouds is very remarkable; so much so, indeed, that +clouds of extreme tenuity, which make no impression on the unassisted +eye, are rendered plainly visible. + +The most complete polarisation seems to take place near the horizon; +and, when the sun is near the meridian, towards the west and east. The +depth of colour appears to be immaterial, as far as I have been able to +ascertain with an instrument but rudely constructed for the purpose. The +light is polarised in planes passing through the {410} eye of the +observer, and arcs of great circles intersecting the sun's disc. + +From the absence (so far as I am aware) of all mention of this +remarkable fact in works on the subject, I am led to conclude that it is +something new; should this, however, turn out otherwise, I shall be +obliged by a reference to any author who explains the phenomenon. The +greater intensity towards the horizon would point to successive +refractions as the most probable theory. + + H. C. K. + + * * * * * + + +MINOR QUERIES. + +_"Salus Populi," &c._--What is the origin of the saying, "Salus populi +suprema lex?" + + E. M. + + +_Dramatic Representations by the Hour-glass._--I have seen it stated +(but am now unable to trace the reference) that, in the infancy of the +drama, its representations were sometimes regulated by the hour-glass. +Does the history of the art, either among the Greeks or the Romans, +furnish any well authenticated instance of this practice? + + HENRY H. BREEN. + +St. Lucia. + + +_John Campbell of Jamaica._--I shall be very much obliged if any of your +readers can give me any information respecting John Campbell, Esq., of +Gibraltar, Trelawny, Jamaica, who died in January, 1817, at Clifton (I +believe), but to whose memory a monument was erected in Bristol +Cathedral by his widow. I should be glad to know her maiden name, and +whether he left any surviving family? Also how he was related to a +family _going by the name_ of Hanam or Hannam, who lived at Arkindale, +Yorkshire, about one hundred years before the date of his decease; he +appears, too, to have had some connexion with a person named Isaac +Madley, or Bradley, and through his mother with the Turners of +Kirkleatham. This inquiry is made in the hope of unravelling a +genealogical difficulty which has hitherto baffled all endeavour to +solve it. + + D. E. B. + +Leamington. + + +_Hodgkins's Tree, Warwick._--In the plan of Warwick, drawn on Speed's +Map of that county, is a tree at the end of West Street, called on the +plan "Hodgkins's Tree:" against this tree is represented a gun, pointed +to the left towards the fields.--Can any of your readers furnish the +tradition to this tree pertaining? + + O. L. R. G. + + +_The Doctor, &c._, p. 5., one volume edition.--The sentence in the +Garamna tongue, if anagrammatised into "You who have written Madoc and +Thalaba and Kehama," would require a _k_ to be substituted for an _h_ in +_Whehaha_. Query, Is this the proper mode of interpretation, or is there +a misprint? + +_Saheco_, p. 248.--What name are these composite initials meant to +represent? The others are easily deciphered. Should we read +_Saneco_=Sarah Nelson Coleridge? + + J. M. B. + + +_English Clergyman in Spain._--I am anxious to discover the capacity in +which a certain clergyman was present with the English army in Spain +early in the eighteenth century (probably with Lord Peterborough's +expedition). Can any readers of "N. & Q." refer me to any book or record +from which I can obtain this information? + + D. Y. + + +_Caldecott's Translation of the New Testament._--I have a translation of +the New Testament by a Mr. John Caldecott, printed and sold by J. Parry +and Son, Chester, dated 1834. It is entitled _Holy Writings of the First +Christians, called the New Testament_ (the text written from the common +version, but altered by comparing with the Greek), with notes. I shall +be glad to know who Mr. Caldecott was or is? and whether the edition +appeared under the auspices of any society or sect of Christians? + + S. A. S. + +Bridgewater. + + +_Westhumble Chapel._--There is a ruin of a chapel in the hamlet of +Westhumble, in Mickleham, Surrey. At what time was it built? To what +saint consecrated? and from what cause was it allowed to fall into its +present ruinous and desecrated condition? + + J. P. S. + + +_Perfect Tense._--In Albites' "Companion" to _How to speak French_, one +of the first exercises is to turn into French the following phrase, "I +have seen him yesterday." I should be much obliged to MR. J. S. WARDEN +(to whom all readers of "N. & Q." stand so greatly indebted for his +excellent article on "Will and Shall"), if he would state the rule for +the use of the perfect tense in English in respect to specified time, +and the _rationale_ involved in such rule. + + C. MANSFIELD INGLEBY. + +Birmingham. + + +_La Fleur des Saints._--To Moliere's _Le Tartufe_ (Act I. Sc. 2.) occur +the following lines: + + "Le traitre, l'autre jour, nous rompit de ses mains Un mouchoir + qu'il trouva dans une _Fleur des Saints_, Disant que nous melions, + par un crime effroyable, Avec la saintete les parures du diable." + +Can any of your readers inform me what _Fleur des Saints_ was? Was it a +book? If so, what were its contents? + + C. P. G. + + +_Oasis._--Can any correspondent inform me of the correct quantity of the +second syllable of this word? In Smith's _Geographical Dictionary_ it is +marked long, while Andrews' _Lexicon_ gives it {411} short, neither of +them giving any reason for their respective quantities. + + T. + + +_Book Reviews, their Origin._--Dodsley published in 1741 _The Public +Register, or the Weekly Magazine_. Under the head of "Records of +Literature," he undertook to give a compendious account of "whatever +works are published either at home or abroad worthy the attention of the +public." Was this _small_ beginning the origin of our innumerable +reviews? + + W. CRAMP + + +_Martyr of Collet Well._--One James Martyr, in 1790, bought of George +Lake the seat called Collet Well, in the parish of Otford. Can any +reader of "N. & Q." tell from what family this Martyr sprang, and what +their armorial bearings are? + + Q. M. S. + + +_Black as a Mourning Colour._--Can any of your correspondents kindly +inform me when black was first known in England, as the colour of +mourning robes? We read in _Hamlet_: + + "'Tis not alone my inky cloak, good mother, + Nor customary suits of solemn black, + That can denote me truly." + + W. W. + +Malta. + + +_The Word "Mardel," or "Mardle," whence derived?_--It is in common use +in the east of Norfolk in the sense of _to gossip_, thus "He would +_mardel_ there all day long," meaning, waste his time in gossiping. + + J. L. SISSON. + + +_Analogy between the Genitive and Plural._--In a note by Rev. J. +Bandinel, in Mr. Christmas' edition of Pegge's _Anecdotes of the English +Language_, 1844, the question is asked at p. 167.: + + "Why is there such an analogy, in many languages, between the + genitive and the plural? In Greek, in Latin, in English, and + German, it is so. What is the cause of this?" + +Can you point me to any work where this hint has been carried out? + + H. T. G. + +Hull. + + +_Ballina Castle._--Where can I see a view of Ballina Castle, in the +county of Mayo? and what is the best historical and descriptive account +of that county, or of the town of Castlebar, or other places in the +county? + + O. L. R. G. + + +_Henry I.'s Tomb._--Lyttleton, in his _History of England_, quoting from +an author whose name I forget, states that no monument was ever erected +to the memory of this king in Reading Abbey. Man, on the contrary, in +his _History of Reading_, without quoting his authority, states that a +splendid monument was erected with recumbent figures of Henry and +Adelais, his second wife; which was destroyed by the mistaken zeal of +the populace during the Reformation. + +Which of these statements is the true one? And if Man's be, on what +authority is it probably founded? + + PEMBROKIENSIS. + + +_"For man proposes, but God disposes."_--This celebrated saying is in +book i. ch. xix. of the English translation of _De Imitatione Christi_, +of which Hallam says more editions have been published than of any other +book except the Bible.--Can any of your correspondents tell me whether +the saying originated with the author, Thomas A. Kempis? + + A. B. C. + + +_Garrick Street, May Fair._--In Hertford Street, May Fair, there is +fixed in the wall of a house (No. 15.) a square stone on which is +inscribed: + + "Garrick Street, January 15, 1764." + +I shall be glad to know the circumstances connected with this +inscription, which is not in any way alluded to in the works descriptive +of London to which I have referred. + + C. I. R. + + +_The Forlorn Hope._--The "Forlorn Hope" is the body of men who volunteer +first to enter a besieged town, after a breach has been made in the +fortifications. That I know: but it is evidently some quotation, and if +any of your readers should be able to give any information as to its +origin, and where it is to be found, I should, as I said before, be much +obliged. + + FENTON. + + +_Mitred Abbot in Wroughton Church, Wilts._--Not very long ago, while +this church was under repair, there was discovered on one of the +pillars, behind the pulpit, a fresco painting of a mitred abbot. I have +corresponded with the rector on the subject, but unfortunately he kept +no drawing of it; and all the information he is able to afford me is, +that "the vestments were those ordinarily pourtrayed, with scrip, +crosier," &c. Such being the case, I have troubled "N. & Q." with this +Query, in the hope that some one may be able to give me farther +information as to date, name, &c. + + RUSSELL GOLE. + + +_Reynolds' Portrait of Barretti._--Can any of your correspondents inform +me where the portrait of Barretti, by Sir Joshua Reynolds, now is? + + GEO. R. CORNER. + + +_Crosses on Stoles._--When were the three crosses now usually +embroidered on priests' stoles in the Roman Catholic Church introduced? +Were they used in England before the Reformation? In sepulchral brasses +the stoles, although embroidered and fringed, and sometimes also +enlarged at the ends, are (so far as I have observed) without the +crosses. If used, what was their form? + + H. P. + + +{412} +_Temporalities of the Church._--Is there any record existing of a want +of money for the maintenance of the clergy, or for other pious uses, in +any part of the world before the establishment of the Christian religion +under Constantine? or of any necessity having arisen for enforcing the +payment of tithes or offerings by ecclesiastical censures during that +period? + + H. P. + + +_Etymology of "The Lizard."_--What is the etymology of the name "The +Lizard," as applied in our maps to that long low green point, stretching +out into the sea at the extreme south of England? My idea of the +etymology would be (judging from the name and pronunciation of a small +town in the immediate neighbourhood of the point) _lys-ard_, from two +Celtic words: the first, _lys_, as found in the name _Lismore_, and +others of a like class in Ireland and the Highlands of Scotland; the +second _ard_, a long point running into the sea. In Cornwall, to my ear, +the name had quite the Celtic intonation _L[=y]s-[=a]rd_; not at all +like _L[(i]z[=a]rd_, as we would speak it, short. + + C. D. LAMONT. + +Greenock. + + +_Worm in Books._--Can you or any of your numerous correspondents suggest +a remedy for the worm in old books and MSS.? I know of a valuable +collection in the muniment room of a nobleman in the country, which is +suffering severely at the present time from the above destructive agent; +and although smoke has been tried, and shavings of Russia leather +inserted within the pages of the books, the evil still exists. As this +question has most likely been asked before, and answered in your +valuable little work, I shall be obliged by your pointing out in what +volume it occurs, as I have not a set by me to refer to and thus save +you the trouble. + + ALETHES. + + * * * * * + + +MINOR QUERIES WITH ANSWERS. + + +_Siller Gun of Dumfries._--Can any of your readers tell me the history +of the "Siller Gun of Dundee" [Dumfries], and give me an account of the +annual shooting for it? + + O. L. R. G. + + [The Siller gun of Dumfries is a small silver tube, like the barrel + of a pistol, but derives great importance from its being the gift + of James VI., that monarch having ordained it as a prize to the + best marksman among the corporations of Dumfries. The contest was, + by royal authority, licensed to take place every year; but in + consequence of the trouble and expense attending it, the custom has + not been so frequently observed. Whenever the festival was + appointed, the 4th of June, during the long reign of George III., + was invariably chosen for that purpose, being his majesty's + birthday. The institution itself may be regarded as a memorial of + the _Waponshaw_, or showing of arms, the shooting at butts and + bowmarks, and other military and gymnastic sports, introduced by + our ancestors to keep alive, by competition and prizes, the martial + ardour and heroic spirit of the people. In archery, the usual prize + to the best shooter was a silver arrow: at Dumfries the contest was + transferred to fire-arms. See the preface to the _Siller Gun_, a + poem in five cantos, by John Mayne, 1836.] + + +_Margery Trussell._--Margery, daughter and coheiress of Roger Trussell, +of Macclesfield, married Edmund de Downes (of the old Cheshire family of +Downes of Taxall, Shrigley, &c.) in the fourth year of Edward II. Query, +What arms did she bear? and were the Trussells of Macclesfield of the +same family as that which, in consequence of a marriage with an heiress +of Mainwaring, settled at Warmineham, in the reign of Edward III., and +whose heiress, in later times, married a De Vere, Earl of Oxford? + + W. SNEYD. + +Denton. + + [In the Harleian MS. 4031. fol. 170. is a long and curious pedigree + of the Trussells and their intermarriage with the Mainwarings, in + the person of Sir William Trussell, Lord of Cubbleston, with Maud, + daughter and heiress of Sir Warren Mainwaring. The arms are: Argent + a fret gu. bezante for Trussell. The same arms are found on the + window of the church of Warmineham in Cheshire. These would + consequently be the arms of Margery, daughter of Roger Trussell. + The arms originally were: Argent a cross formee flory gu.; but + changed on the marriage of Sir William Trussell of Mershton, co. + Northampton, with Rose, daughter and heiress to William Pantolph, + Lord of Cubbleston, who bore, Argent a fret gu. bezante.] + + +_Caves at Settle, Yorkshire._--Being engaged on antiquarian +investigations, I have found it necessary to refer to some discoveries +made in the caves at Settle in Yorkshire, of which my friends in that +county have spoken. Now, I cannot find any printed account. I have +referred to all the works on the county antiquities, and particularly to +Mr. Phillips's book lately published (which professes to describe local +antiquities), but in vain. I cannot find any notice of them. It is very +likely some one of your better-informed readers may be able to assist +me. + + BRIGANTIA. + +Battersea. + + [See two letters by Charles Roach Smith and Joseph Jackson in + _Archaeologia_, vol. xxix. p. 384., on the "Roman Remains discovered + in the Caves near Settle in Yorkshire." Our correspondent has + perhaps consulted the following work:--_A Tour to the Caves in the + Environs of Ingleborough and Settle, in the West Riding of + Yorkshire_, 8vo. 1781.] + +_The Morrow of a Feast._--It appears from the papers, that the +presentation of the civic functionaries to the Cursitor Baron at +Westminster, took place on Sept. 30. Pray is this the _morrow_ of St. +Michael, as commonly supposed? Does not the analogy of "Morrow of All +Souls" (certainly the {413} same day as All Souls Day, _i. e._ Nov. 2) +point out that the Morrow of St. Michael is the 29th, _i. e._ Michaelmas +Day. That _morrow_ was anciently equivalent to morning, we may infer +from the following passages: + + "Upon a morrow tide."--Gower, _Conf. Am._, b. iii. + + "Tho' when appeared the third morrow bright, + Upon the waves," &c. + + Spenser's _Fairy Queen_, II. xii. 2. + + "Good morrow."--_Passim._ + + R. H. + + [Is not our correspondent confounding the morrow of _All Saint_s, + which the 2nd of November certainly is, with the morrow of _All + Souls_? Sir H. Nicolas, in his most useful _Chronology of History_, + says most distinctly:--"The morrow of a feast is the day following. + Thus, the feast of St. Peter ad Vincula is the 1st of August, and + the morrow of that feast is consequently the 2nd of August."--P. + 99.] + + +_Hotchpot._--Will you kindly tell me what is the derivation of the local +term _hotchpot_, and when it was first used? + + M. G. B. + + [The origin of this phrase is involved in some obscurity. Jacob, in + his _Law Dictionary_, speaks of it as "from the French," and his + definition is _verbatim_ that given in _The Termes of the Law_ (ed. + 1598), with a very slight addition. Blackstone (book II cap. 12.) + says, "which term I shall explain in the very words of Littleton: + 'It seemeth that this word _hotchpot_ is in English a pudding; for + in a pudding is not commonly just one thing alone, but one thing + with other things together.' By this housewifely metaphor our + ancestors meant to inform us that the lands, both those given in + frankmarriage, and those descending in fee-simple, should be mixed + and blended together, and then divided in equal portions among all + the daughters."] + + +_High and Low Dutch._--Is there any essential difference between High +and Low Dutch; and if there be any, to which set do the Dutchmen at the +Cape of Good Hope belong? + + S. C. P. + + [High and Low Dutch are vulgarisms to express the German and the + Dutch languages, which those nations themselves call, for the German + _Deutsch_, for the Dutch _Hollaendisch_. The latter is the language + which the Dutch colonists of the Cape carried with them, when that + colony was conquered by them from the Portuguese; and has for its + base the German as spoken before Martin Luther's translation of the + Bible made the dialect of Upper Saxony the written language of the + entire German empire.] + + +_"A Wilderness of Monkeys."_--Would you kindly inform me where the +expression is to be found: "I would not do such or such a thing for a +wilderness of monkeys?" + + C. A. + +Ripley. + + ["_Tubal._ One of them showed me a ring that he had of your daughter + for a monkey. + + "_Shylock._ Out upon her! Thou torturest me, Tubal: it was my + turquoise; I had it of Leah, when I was a bachelor: I would not have + given it for _a wilderness of monkies_."--_Merchant of Venice_, Act + III. Sc. 1.] + + +_Splitting Paper._--Could any of your readers give the receipt for +splitting paper, say a bank-note? In no book can I find it, but I +believe that it is known by many. + + H. C. + +Liverpool. + + [Paste the paper which is to be split between two pieces of calico; + and, when thoroughly dry, tear them asunder. The paper will split, + and, when the calico is wetted, is easily removed from it.] + + +_The Devil on Two Sticks in England._--Who is the author of a work, +entitled as under? + +"The Devil upon Two Sticks in England; being a Continuation of Le Diable +Boiteux of Le Sage. London: printed at the Logographic Press, and sold +by T. Walter, No. 169. Piccadilly; and W. Richardson, under the Royal +Exchange, 1790." + +It is a work of very considerable merit, an imitation in style and +manner of Le Sage, but original in its matter. It is published in six +volumes 8vo. + + WILLIAM NEWMAN. + + [William Coombe, Esq., the memorable author of _The Diaboliad_, and + _The Tour of Dr. Syntax in Search of the Picturesque_.] + + * * * * * + + +REPLIES. + + +STONE PILLAR WORSHIP AND IDOL WORSHIP. + +(Vol. v., p. 121.; Vol. vii., p. 383.) + +_Stone Pillar Worship._--Sir J. E. TENNENT inquires whether any traces +of this worship are to be found in Ireland, and refers to a letter from +a correspondent of Lord Roden's, which states that the peasantry of the +island of Inniskea, off the coast of Mayo, hold in reverence a stone +idol called _Neevougi_. This word I cannot find in my Irish dictionary, +but it is evidently a diminutive, formed from the word _Eevan_ +(Io[.m]ai[.g]), image, or idol: and it is remarkable that the scriptural +Hebrew term for idol is identical with the Irish, or nearly so--¤'WN¤ +(_Eevan_), derived from a root signifying _negation_, and applied to the +vanity of idols, and to the idols themselves. + +I saw at Kenmare, in the county of Kerry, in the summer of 1847, a +water-worn fragment of clay slate, bearing a rude likeness to the human +form, which the peasantry called _Eevan_. Its original location was in +or near the old graveyard of Kilmakillogue, and it was regarded with +reverence as the image of some saint in "the ould auncient times," as an +"ould auncient" native of Tuosist (the lonely place) informed me. In the +same immediate neighbourhood is a gullaune (+gallan+), or stone +pillar, at which the peasantry used "to give {414} rounds;" also the +curious small lakes or tarns, on which the islands were said to move on +July 8, St. Quinlan's [Kilian?] Day. (See Smith's _History of Kerry_.) + +However, such superstitious usages are fast falling into desuetude; and, +whatever may have been the early history of Eevan, it is a sufficient +proof of no vestige of stone pillar worship remaining in Tuosist, that, +to gratify the whim of a young gentleman, some peasants from the +neighbourhood removed this stone fragment by boat to Kenmare the spring +of 1846, where it now lies, perched on the summit of a limestone rock in +the grounds of the nursery-house. + + J. L. + +Dublin. + + +_Idol Worship._--The islands of Inniskea, on the north-west coast of +Ireland, are said to be inhabited by a population of about four hundred +human beings, who speak the Irish language, and retain among them a +trace of that government by chiefs which in former times existed in +Ireland. The present chief or king of Inniskea is an intelligent +peasant, whose authority is universally acknowledged, and the settlement +of all disputes is referred to his decision. Occasionally they have been +visited by wandering schoolmasters, but so short and casual have such +visits been, that there are not ten individuals who even know the +letters of any language. Though nominally Roman Catholics, these +islanders have no priest resident among them, and their worship consists +in occasional meetings at their chief's house, with visits to a holy +well. Here the absence of religion is filled with the open practice of +pagan idolatry; for in the south island a stone idol, called in the +Irish _Neevougi_, has been from time immemorial religiously preserved +and worshipped. This god, in appearance, resembles a thick roll of +homespun flannel, which arises from a custom of dedicating a material of +their dress to it whenever its aid is sought: this is sewed on by an old +woman, its priestess, whose peculiar care it is. They pray to it in time +of sickness. It is invoked when a storm is desired to dash some helpless +ship upon the coast; and, again, the exercise of its power is solicited +in calming the angry waves to admit of fishing. + +Such is a brief outline of these islanders and their god; but of the +early history of this idol no authentic information has yet been +obtained. Can any of your numerous readers furnish an account of it? + + WILLIAM BLOOD. + +Wicklow. + + * * * * * + + +"BLAGUEUR" AND "BLACKGUARD." + +(Vol. vii., p. 77.) + +I cannot concur in opinion with SIR EMERSON TENNANT, who thinks he has a +right to identify the sense of our low word _blagueur_ with that of your +lower one, _blackguard_. I allow that there some slight similitude of +pronunciation between the words, but I contend that their sense is +perfectly distinct, or, rather, wholly different; as distant, in fact, +as is the date of their naturalisation in our respective idioms. Your +_blackguard_ had already won a "local habitation and a name" under the +reigns of Pope and his immediate predecessor Dryden. Of all living +unrespectable characters our own _blagueur_ is the youngest, the most +innocent, and the shyest. He is entirely of modern growth. He has but +lately emerged from the soldier's barracks, the suttler's shop, and the +mess-room. As a prolific tale-teller he amused the leisure hours of +superannuated sergeants and half-pay subalterns. Ten or twelve years ago +he had not yet made his appearance in plain clothes; he is now creeping +and winding his way with slow and sure steps from his old haunts into +some first-rate coffee-houses and shabby-genteel drawing-rooms, which +Carlyle calls _sham gentility_. He bears on his very brow the newest +_flunky-stamp_. The poor young fellow, after all, is no villain; he has +no kind of connexion with the horrid rascal SIR EMERSOM TENNENT alludes +to--with the _blackguard_. That he is a boaster, a talker, an idiot, a +nincompoop; that he scatters "words, words, words," as Polonius did of +old; that he is bombastic, wordy, prosy, nonsensical, and a fool, no one +will deny. But he is no rogue, though he utters rogueries and +drolleries. No one is justified in slandering him. + +The _blackguard_ is a dirty fellow in every sense of the word--a +_gredin_ (a cur), the true translation, by-the-bye, of the word +_blackguard_. Voltaire, who dealt largely in Billingsgate, was very fond +of the word _gredin_: + + "Je semble a trois gredins, dans leur petit cerveau, + Que pour etre imprimes et relies en veau," &c. + +The word _blagueur_ implies nothing so contemptuous or offensive as the +word _blackguard_ does. The emptiness of the person to whom it applies +is very harmless. Its etymon _blague_ (bladder, _tobacco-bag_), the +pouch, which smoking voluptuaries use to deposit their tobacco, is +perfectly symbolic of the inane, bombastic, windy, and long-winded +speeches and sayings of the _blagueur_. Every French commercial +traveller, buss-tooter, and Parisian jarvy is one. When he deports +himself with modesty, and shows a gentlemanly tact in his peculiar +avocation, we call him a _craqueur_ (a cracker). "Ancient Pistol" was +the king of _blagueurs_; Falstaff, of _craqueurs_. I like our _Baron de +Crac_, a native of the land of white-liars and honey-tongued gentlemen +(Gascony). The genus _craqueur_ is common here: as it shoots out into a +thousand branches, shades, varieties, and modifications, judicial, +political, poetical, and so on, it would be {415} quite out of my +province to pursue farther the description of _blagueur_-land or +_blarney_-land. + +P.S.--Excuse my French-English. + + PHILARETE CHASLES, Mazarinaeus. + +Paris, Palais de l'Institut. + + * * * * * + + +HARMONY OF THE FOUR GOSPELS. + +(Vol. viii., p. 316.) + +In answer to Z. I may state that the first attempt of this kind is +attributed to Tatian. Eusebius, in his _Ecc. Hist._ (quoted in Lardner's +_Works_, vol. ii. p. 137. ed. 1788), says, he "composed I know not +what--harmony and collection of the gospels, which he called ~dia +tessaron~." Eusebius himself composed a celebrated harmony, of which, as +of some others in the sixteenth and two following centuries, there is a +short account in Michaelis's _Introduction to the New Test._, translated +by Bishop Marsh, vol. iii. part I. p. 32. The few works of the same kind +written in the early and middle ages are noticed in Horne's +_Introduct._, vol. ii. p. 274. About the year 330, Juvencus, a Spaniard, +wrote the evangelical history in heroic verse. Of far greater merit were +the four books of Augustine, _De Consensu Quatuor Evangeliorum_. After a +long interval, Ludolphus the Saxon, a Carthusian monk, published a work +which passed through thirty editions in Germany, besides being +translated into French and Italian. Some years ago I made out the +following list of Harmonies, Diatessarons, and Synoptical tables, +published since the Reformation, which may in some measure meet the wish +of your correspondent. It is probably incomplete. The dates are those of +the first editions. + + |Osiander, 1537. | Buesching, 1756. + |Jansenius, 1549. | Macknight, 1756. + |Chemnitz, 1593. | Bertlings, 1767. + |Lightfoot, 1654. | Griesbach, 1776. + |Cradock, 1668. | Priestley (Greek), 1777. + |Richardson, 1654.| Priestley (Eng.), 1780. + |Sandhagen, 1684. | Newcome (Greek), 1778. + |Le Clerc, 1699. | Newcome (Eng.), 1802. + |Whiston, 1702. | White, 1799. + |Toinard, 1707. | De Wette, 1818. + |Rein Rus, 1727. | Thompson, R., 1808. + |Bengelius, 1736. | Chambers, 1813. + |Hauber, 1737. | Thompson, C., 1815. + |Doddridge, 1739. | Warner, 1819. + |Pilkington, 1747.| Carpenter, 1835. + |Michaelis, 1750. | + + J. M. + +Cranwell, near Bath. + + +Tatian wrote his ~Euangelion dia ton tessaron~ as early as the year 170. +It is no longer extant, but we have some reason for believing that this +Harmony had been compiled in an unfriendly spirit (Theodoret, _Haeret. +Fabul._, lib. i. c. 20.). Tatian was followed by Ammonius, whose +~Harmonia~ appeared about 230; and in the next century by Eusebius and +St. Ambrose, the former entitling his production o~Peri tes ton +Euangelion diaphonias~, the latter _Concordia Evangelii Mattaei et Lucae_. +But by far the ablest of the ancient writings on this subject is the _De +Consensu Evangelistarum_ of St. Augustine. Many authors, such as +Porphyry, in his ~Kata Christianon logoi~, had pointed with an +air of triumph to the seeming discrepancies in the Evangelic records as +an argument subversive of their claim to paramount authority ("Hoc enim +solent quasi palmare suae vanitatis objicere, quod ipsi Evangelistae inter +seipsos dissentiant."--Lib. i. c. 7.). In writing these objections St. +Augustine had to handle nearly all the difficulties which offend the +microscopic critics of the present day. His work was urged afresh upon +the notice of the biblical scholar by Gerson, chancellor of the +University of Paris, who died in 1429. The _Monotessaron, seu unum ex +quatuor Evangeliis_ of that gifted writer will be found in Du Pin's +edition of his _Works_, iv. 83. sq. Some additional information +respecting Harmonies is supplied in Ebrard's _Wissenschaftliche Kritik +der evangelischen Geschichte_, pp. 36. sq. Francfurt a. M., 1842. + + C. HARDWICK. + +St. Catharine's Hall, Cambridge. + + +Seiler says (_Bibl. Herm._, part II. c. 4. s. 4.) that "The greater part +of the works on the harmony of the gospels are quite useless for our +times, as their authors mostly proceed on incorrect principles." He +refers only to the chief of them, namely: + + Osiander, 1537. | Macknight, 1756. + Jansen, 1549-72. | Bengel, 1766. + Chemnitz, 1593. | Buesching, 1766. + Lightfoot, 1644. | Bertlings, 1767. + Van Til, 1687. | Priestley, 1777. + Lamy, 1689. | Schutte, 1779. + Le Roux, 1699. | Stephan, 1779. + Le Clerc, 1700. | Michaelis in his New Test. + May, 1707. | Rullmann, 1790. + Von Canstein, 1718-27.| Griesbach, 1776-97. + Rus, 1727-30. | White, 1799. + Hauber. | De Wette, 1818. + +For other Harmonies, see Mr. Horne's _Bibliog. Index_, p. 128. Heringa +considers that the following writers "have brought the four Evangelists +into an harmonious arrangement, namely: + + Hesz, 1784. | Stronck, 1800. + Bergen 1804.| Townsend, 1834. + +And especially as to the sufferings and resurrection of Christ: + + Voss, 1701. | Michaelis (translated by Duckett, 1827). + Iken, 1743. | Cremer, 1795. + + T. J. BUCKTON. + +Birmingham. + + +{416} +Ammonius, an Egyptian Christian nearly cotemporary with Origen (third +century), wrote a Harmony of the four gospels, which is supposed to be +one of those still extant in the _Biblioth. Max. Patrum_. But whether +the larger Harmony in tom. ii. part 2., or the smaller in tom. iii., is +the genuine work is doubted. See a note to p. 97. of Reid's _Mosheim's +Ecclesiastical History_, 1 vol. edition: London, Simms and McIntyre, +1848. + + CHRIS. ROBERTS. + +Bradford, Yorkshire. + + * * * * * + + +SMALL WORDS AND LOW WORDS. + +(Vol. ii., pp. 305. 349. 377.; Vol. iii., p. 309.) + +A passage in Churchill, and one in Lord John Russell's _Life of Moore_, +have lately reminded me of a former Note of mine on this subject. The +structure of Churchill's second couplet must surely have been suggested +by that of Pope, which formed my original text: + + "Conjunction, adverb, preposition, join + To add new vigour to the nervous line:-- + In monosyllables his thunders roll,-- + He, she, it, and, we, ye, they, fright the soul." + _Censure on Mossop._ + +Moore, in his Journals, notes, on the other side of the question, +conversation between Rogers, Crowe, and himself, "on the beauty of +monosyllabic verses. 'He jests at scars,' &c.; the couplet, 'Sigh on my +lip,' &c.; 'Give all thou canst,' &c. &c., and many others, the most +vigorous and musical, perhaps, of any." (Lord John Russell's _Moore_, +vol. ii. p. 200.) + +The frequency of monosyllabic lines in English poetry will hardly be +wondered at, however it may be open to such criticisms as Pope's and +Churchill's, when it is noted that our language contains, of +monosyllables formed by the vowel _a_ alone, considerably more than 500; +by the vowel _e_, about 450; by the vowel _i_, nearly 400; by the vowel +_o_, rather more than 400; and by the vowel _u_, upwards of 260; a +calculation entirely exclusive of the large number of monosyllables +formed by diphthongs. + +I hardly know whether the following "literary folly" (as "D'Israeli the +Elder" would call it, see _Curiosities of Lit._ sub tit.), suggested by +dipping into the above monosyllabical statistics, will be thought worthy +to occupy a column of "N. & Q." However, it may take its chance as a +supplementary Note, without farther preface, under the none, for want of +a better, of _Univocalic verses_: + +_The Russo-Turkish War._ + +_A._ + + Wars harm all ranks, all arts, all crafts appal: + At Mars' harsh blast arch, rampart, altar fall! + Ah! hard as adamant, a braggart Czar + Arms vassal-swarms, and fans a fatal war! + Rampant at that bad call, a Vandal-band + Harass, and harm, and ransack Wallach-land! + A Tartar phalanx Balkan's scarp hath past, + And Allah's standard falls, alas! at last. + +_The Fall of Eve._ + +_E._ + + Eve, Eden's Empress, needs defended be; + The Serpent greets her when she seeks the tree. + Serene she sees the speckled tempter creep; + Gentle he seems--perversest schemer deep-- + Yet endless pretexts, ever fresh, prefers, + Perverts her senses, revels when she errs, + Sneers when she weeps, regrets, repents she fell; + Then, deep-reveng'd, reseeks the nether hell! + +_The Approach of Evening._ + +_I._ + + Idling I sit in this mild twilight dim, + Whilst birds, in wild swift vigils, circling skim. + Light winds in sighing sink, till, rising bright, + Night's Virgin Pilgrim swims in vivid light! + +_Incontrovertible Facts._ + +_O._ + + No monk too good to rob, or cog, or plot. + No fool so gross to bolt Scotch collops hot. + From Donjon tops no Oroonoko rolls. + Logwood, not Lotos, floods Oporto's bowls. + Troops of old tosspots oft, to sot, consort. + Box tops, not bottoms, schoolboys flog for sport. + No cool monsoons blow soft on Oxford dons, + Orthodox, jog-trot, book-worm Solomons! + Bold Ostrogoths of ghosts no horror show. + On London shop fronts no hop-blossoms grow. + To crocks of gold no dodo looks for food. + On soft cloth footstools no old fox doth brood. + Long-storm-tost sloops forlorn work on to port. + Rooks do not roost on spoons, nor woodcocks snort, + Nor dog on snowdrop or on coltsfoot rolls, + Nor common frog concocts long protocols. + +_The same subject continued._ + +_U._ + + Dull, humdrum murmurs lull, but hubbub stuns. + Lucullus snuffs up musk, mundungus shuns. + Puss purrs, buds burst, bucks butt, luck turns up trumps; + But full cups, hurtful, spur up unjust thumps. + + +Although I am the veritable K. I. P. B. T. of the former Notes, I sign +myself now, in accordance with more recent custom, + + HARRY LEROY TEMPLE. + + * * * * * + + +A CHAPTER ON RINGS. + +(Vol. vii. _passim._) + +The Scriptures prove the use of rings in remote antiquity. In Gen. xli., +Joseph has conferred on him the king's ring, an instance more ancient +than Prometheus, whom fables call the inventor of the ring. Therefore +let those who will hold, with Pliny and his followers, that its use is +more recent than Homer. The Greeks seem to have derived the custom of +wearing it from the East, and Italy from the Greeks. Juvenal and Persius +refer to {417} rings which were worn only on birthdays. Clemens +Alexandrinus recommends a limit within which the liberty of engraving +upon them should be restrained. He thinks we should not allow an idol, a +sword, a bow, or a cup, much less naked human figures; but a dove, a +fish, or a ship in full sail, or a lyre, an anchor, or fishermen. By the +dove he would denote the Holy Spirit; by the fish, the dinner which +Christ prepared for his disciples (John xxi.), or the feeding of +thousands (Luke ix.); by a ship, either the Church or human life; by a +lyre, harmony; by an anchor, constancy; by fishermen, the apostles or +the baptism of children. It is a wonder he did not mention the symbol of +the name of Christ (~chi-rho~), the cross which is found on +ancient gems, and Noah's ark. + +Rings were worn upon the joints and fingers, and hence Clement says a +man should not wear a ring upon the joint (_in articulo_), for this is +what women do, but upon the little finger, and at its lowest part. He +failed to observe the Roman custom of wearing the ring upon the finger +of the left hand, which is nearest the heart, and which we therefore +term the ring-finger. And Macrobius says, that when a ring fell from the +little finger of Avienus' right hand, those who were present asked why +he placed it upon the wrong hand and finger, not on those which had been +set apart for this use. The reasons which are given for this custom in +Macrobius were often laughed at by H. Fabricius ab Aquapendente, viz. +that it is stated in anatomical works, that "a certain nerve which rises +at the heart proceeds directly to that finger of the left hand which is +next the little finger," for nothing of the sort, he said, existed in +the human body. + +The ring distinguished the free-born from the servile, who, however, +sometimes obtained the _jus annuli_, or privilege of the ring. It was +used as a seal, a pledge, and a bond. Women, when betrothed, received +rings; and the virgin and martyr Agnes, in Ambrose, says, "My Lord Jesus +Christ hath espoused me with his ring." Theosebius also, in Photius, +says to his wife, "I formerly gave to thee the ring of union, now of +temperance, to aid thee in the seemly custody of my house." He advisedly +speaks of that _custody_, for the lady of the house in Plautus says, + + "Obsignate cellas, referte annulum ad me: + Ego huc transeo." + +Wives generally used the same seals as their husbands: thus Cicero (_Ad +Attic._ xi. 9) says, "Pomponia, I believe, has the seals of what is +sealed." Sometimes, however, they used their own. + +Touching the marriage ring, of what style and material it was, and +whether formerly, as now, consecrated by prayers to God. Its pattern +appears to have been one which has gone out of use, viz. right hands +joined, such as is often observed on ancient coins. Tacitus (_Hist._ i. +ll.) calls it absolutely _dextras_, right hands. Among us it was called +a faith (_una fede._ Comp. Eng. "Plight my _troth_"), and not without +precedent, for on the coins of Vitellius, &c. right hands thus joined +bear the motto _Fides_. An esteemed writer (Nider), in his +_Formicarium_, mentions a rustic virgin who desired to find a material +ring as a token of her espousal "_in signum Christiferae +desponsationis_," and found a ring of a white colour, like pure silver, +upon which two hands were engraved where it was united. It was formerly +customary to bless a crown or a ring by prayers. The form of +consecration used by the priest is thus given in ancient liturgies: + + "Bene [symbol, cross] die Domine, Annulum istum et coronam istam, ut + sicut Annulus circundat digitum hominis, et corona caput, ita gratia + Spiritus Sancti circundet sponsum et sponsam, ut videant filios et + filias usque tertiam et quartam generationem: qui collaudent nomen + viventis atque regnantis in secula seculorum. Amen." + +For the crown, see Is. lxii. 1. (E. V. lxi. 10.). The words of Agnes +above cited have reference to giving the right hand and a pledge. + +These particulars are from the _Symbol. Epist. Liber_ of Laurentius +Pignorius, Patar. 1628; where, in Ep. I. and XIX., many other references +are to be found. + + B. H. C. + + * * * * * + + +ANTICIPATORY USE OF THE CROSS.--RINGING BELLS FOR THE DEAD. + +(Vol. viii., pp. 130. 132.) + +I trust that the following information may be acceptable to you and the +authors of two interesting papers in "N. & Q." (Vol. viii., pp. 130-2.), +viz. "Anticipatory Use of the Cross," and "Curious Custom of ringing +Bells for the Dead." + +When encamped, in 1823 or 1824, near the town (not the cantonment) of +Muttra, on the river Jumna, a place of celebrated sanctity as the scene +of the last incarnation of Vishnoo, the protective deity or myth of the +Hindoos, an Italian gentleman of most polished manners, speaking English +correctly and with fluency, was introduced to me. He travelled under the +name of Count Venua, and was understood to be the eldest son of the then +Prime Minister of Sardinia. The Count explained to me that his favourite +pursuit was architecture, and that he preferred buildings of antiquity. +I replied, that while breakfast was preparing I could meet his wishes, +and led him to a large Hindoo edifice close by (or rather the remains), +which a Mogul emperor had partially destroyed and thereby desecrated, +the place having since been occasionally used by the townspeople as a +cattle-shed, or for rubbish. + +The Count, not deterred by heaps of cattle-dung, paced the dimensions, +gazed on the solidity of the {418} stone masonry, approved of the +construction and shape of the arched roof, pointed out the absence of +all ornament excepting a simple moulding or two as architectural lines, +and then broke out into enthusiastic admiration. "The most beautiful +building! the greatest wonder of the world! Shame on the English +government and English gentlemen for secreting such a curiosity! Here is +the cross! the basilica carried out with more correctness of order and +symmetry than in Italy! The early Christians must have built it! I will +take measurements and drawings to lay before the cardinals!" + +I was never more surprised, and assured the Count that I was +unacquainted with the cathedral buildings of Europe, and I believed +English gentlemen generally to be as ignorant as myself. I could not but +acknowledge that the local governments had, as it seemed to him, evinced +but little sympathy with Hindooism; and that whatever might be European +policy in respect to religion, the East India Company might have +participated in the desire which prevails in Europe to develop ancient +customs, and the reasons of those customs. It might be presumed that we +should then have contemplated this specimen of architecture with a +knowledge of its original purposes, and the history of its events, had +the Governor-General communicated his wish, and with due courtesy and +disinterestedness invited the learned persons and scholars at the +colleges of Muttra and Benares to assist such inquiries. It is but +little the English now know of the Hindoo organisation, and the little +they do know is derived from books not tested nor acknowledged by such +learned persons. + +I assisted Count Venua as far as I was able, for I rejoiced at his +intention to draw the minds of the _literati_ of Italy to the subject. +Sad to say, the Count was some time after killed by falling into a +volcanic crater in the Eastern Isles! + +I may here mention that I first saw the old building in 1809, when a +youthful assistant to the secretary of a revenue commission. The party, +during the inclement month of September, resided in one of the spacious +houses at Muttra, which pious Hindoos had in past times erected for the +use of pilgrims and the public. The old temple (or whatever it might +have been) was cleaned out for our accommodation during the heat of the +day, as it then was cooler than the house. The elder civilians were men +of ability, classical scholars, and first-rate Asiatic linguists. They +descanted on the mythological events which renders "Brij," or the +country around Muttra, so holy with the Hindoos, but not one of them +knew nor remarked the "cross and basilica." + +In youth, the language assigned to flowers appeared to me captivating +and elegant, as imparting the finer feelings and sympathies of our +nature. In maturer age, and after the study of the history of the +customs of mankind, symbols and emblems seemed to me an universal +language, which delicately delineated the violent passions of our kind, +and transmitted from generation to generation national predilections and +pious emotions towards the God of Creation. That mythology should so +generally be interpreted Theism, and that forms or ceremonials of +worship should be held to limit and define belief in creed, may, in my +apprehension, be partly traceable to the school-book Lampriere's +_Classical Dictionary_. You or your correspondents may attribute it to +other and truer causes. + +The rose, the thistle, the shamrock, the leek, the lion, the unicorn, +the harp, &c. are familiar examples of national emblems. The ivy, the +holly, and the mistletoe are joined up with the Christmas worship, +though probably of Druidical origin. The Assyrian sculptures present, +under the "Joronher," or effulgence, a sacred tree, which may assimilate +with the toolsu and the peepul tree, held in almost equal veneration by +the Hindoos. The winged lions and bulls with the heads of men, the +angels and cherubim, recall to mind passages of scriptural and pagan +history. The sciences of astronomy and mathematics have afforded myths +or symbols in the circle, the crescent, the bident, the trident, the +cross, &c. + +The translators of the cuneiform inscriptions represent crucifixion as +the common punishment for rebellion and treason. The Jews may have +imitated the Assyrians, as crucifixion may have been adopted long before +that of Christ and the two thieves (Qy. robbers). The Mahomedans, who +have copied the Jews in many practices and customs, executed gang +robbers or daccorts by suspending the criminals from a tree, their heads +and arms being tied to the branches, and then ripping up the abdomen. I +myself saw in Oude an instance of several bodies. It may be inferred, +then, that the position of the culprits under execution was designated +by crucifixion. The Hindoos mildly say that when their system of +government existed in efficiency there was neither crime nor punishment. + +To the examples mentioned by your correspondent, I admit that the form +of the cross, as now received, may be derived from that of Christ, +discovered on Mount Calvary in 236 A.D. Constantine, in 306 A.D., +adopted it as a standard in Labarum. Other nations have attached staves +to eagles, dragons, fish, &c. as standards and therefore, construing +"Crux ansata" literally, the ensign of Constantine might be formed by +attaching a staff to the Divine Glory represented in the Egyptian +paintings and Assyrian sculptures. + +I should be glad to learn the precise shape of the cross on the Temple +of Serapis. If it be the emblem of life or the Creative Power, then the +mythology of the Nile agrees with that of the {419} Ganges. If it be +the symbol of life, or rather of a future state after judgment, then the +religious tenets and creed of Muttra should be elucidated, examined, and +refuted by the advocates of conversion and their itinerant agents. +Moore's _Hindoo Pantheon_ (though the author had at Bombay, as a +military officer, little opportunity of ascertaining particulars of the +doctrine) sufficiently treats, under the head of the "Krishna," the +subject so as to explain to the conversionists, that unless this +doctrine be openly refuted, the missionaries may in truth be fighting +their own shadow. + +The basilica seems to have originally been the architectural plan of the +Roman Forum, or court of justice. The Christians may have converted some +of these edifices into churches; otherwise the first churches seem to +have been in the form of a long parallelogram, a central nave, and an +aisle on each side, the eastern end being rounded, as the station of the +bishop or presbyter. The basilica, or cathedral, was probably not +introduced until the eighth century, or later. + +I have not just now access to the works of Tod and Maurice. The former, +I doubt not, is correct in respect to the Temple of Mundore, but I +believe the latter is not so in regard to Benares. The trident, like +that of Neptune, prevails in the province of Benares; and when it, in +appropriate size, rises in the centre of large tanks, has a very solemn +effect. I, a great many years ago, visited the chief temple of Benares, +and do not recollect that the cross was either noticed to me or by me. +This, I think, was the only occasion of observing the forms of worship. +There is no fixed service, no presiding priest, no congregation. The +people come and go in succession. I then first saw the bell, which, in +size some twenty-five pounds weight, is suspended within the interior. +Each person, at some period of his devotion, touched the tongue of the +bell as invocation or grace. The same purpose is obtained by Hindoos, +and particularly the men of the fighting classes, previously to +commencing a cooked dinner, by winding a large shell, which gives a +louder sound than a horn. The native boys however, on hearing it, +exclaim in doggerel rhyme, which I translate, + + "The shell is blown, + And the devil is flown." + +Fear seems so much the parent of superstition, that I attribute this +saying to the women, who, as mothers, have usually a superstitious dread +not only of evil spirits, but also of the evil eye of mortals towards +their young ones. When, some twenty years ago, I was told by a Kentish +countryman that the church bell was tolled to drive away evil spirits +from a departing soul, I supposed the man to be profanely jocose; but +since then I have travelled much in this country and on the Continent, +and have seen enough to satisfy me that superstition prevails +comparatively less in Asia than in Europe and the pages of "N. & Q." +abundantly corroborate the opinion. + + H. N. + + * * * * * + + +PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE. + + +_Stereoscopic Angles._--I am concerned that my definition and +solution of stereoscopic angles (a misnomer, for it should be +_space_) in "N. & Q.," with subsequent illustrations, have not +satisfied MR. SHADBOLT, as I am thus obliged to once more request +room in your pages, and this time for a rather long letter. When I +asserted that my method is the only correct one, it behoved me to be +prepared to prove it, which I am, and will now do. + +It seems that MR. SHADBOLT has not a knowledge of perspective, or, +with a little reflection and trifling pains in linear demonstration +on paper, he might have convinced himself of the accuracy of my +method. It were well, then, to inform MR. SHADBOLT, that in +perspective, planes parallel to the plane of delineation (in this +case, the glass at back of camera) have no vanishing points; that +planes at right angles to plane of delineation have but one; and that +planes oblique have but one vanishing point, to the right or left, as +it may be, of the observer's eye. This premised, let the subject be a +wall 300 feet in length, with two abutments of one foot in front and +five feet in projection, and each placed five feet from the central +point of the wall, which is to have a plinth at its base, and a stone +coping at top. On a pedestal four feet high, two feet wide, and six +feet long, exactly midway betwixt the abutments, let an ass be +placed, a boy astride him, a bag drawn before the boy, who holds up a +long stick in line with the ass, &c., that is, facing the observer. +The right distance for the observer's place is 450 feet. If the +cameras be placed two inches and a half apart, on one line parallel +to the wall, the stereographs will be in true perspective for the +_two_ eyes, that is, all the planes at right angles to the plane of +delineation will have _two_ vanishing points, which, being merely two +inches and a half apart, will, in the stereoscope, flow easily into +one opposite the eye; whilst the plinth, coping, and all lines +parallel to them, will be perfectly horizontal; and the two pictures +would create in the mind just such a conception as the same objects +would if seen by the eyes naturally. This would be stereoscopic, true +to nature, true to art, and, I affirm, correct. + +Now, let the same subject be treated by Professor Wheatstone's +method, when the cameras would be eighteen feet apart. Situated thus, +if placed on one line, and that parallel to the wall, the extreme end +at the right could not be seen by the camera at the left, and _vice +versa_; so that they {420} must radiate from the centre when the +glass at back of camera would be oblique to the wall, and the plinth, +coping, top and bottom of pedestal, would have _two_ vanishing +points, at opposite sides of the centre, or observer's eye; both +sides of the ass, both the legs of boy, and two heads to the drum +would be visible; whilst the two sides of pedestals would have each a +vanishing point, serving for all lines parallel to them. But these +vanishing points would be so far apart that they could not, in the +stereoscope, flow into one: the result would be, that the buttresses +would be wider at back than in front, as would also the pedestal, +while the stick held by the boy would appear like _two_ sticks united +in front. This would be untrue to nature, false to art, +preposterously absurd, and I pronounce it to be altogether erroneous. + +This being the case with a long distance, so must it be with shorter +distances, modified in exact proportion to the diminution of space +between the cameras, &c. For, let the object be a piece of wood three +feet long, four inches wide, and six inches deep, with a small square +piece one inch and six inches high, placed upright exactly on a line +from end to end of the three feet (that is, one at each end) and +midway between the sides. Let this arrangement be placed across +another piece of wood three or four feet long, which will thus be at +right angles to the piece at top. By my method all will be +correct--true to nature and to art, and perfectly stereoscopic: +whilst by the radial method (recommended by MR. SHADBOLT), with two +feet space for cameras, there would be the top piece divided at the +farther end, where there would be two small upright pieces instead of +one; and this because the two vanishing points could not, in +stereoscope, flow into one: whilst the lower piece of wood would have +two vanishing points at opposite sides. This, then, being untrue to +nature, untrue in art, in short, a most absurd misrepresentation, I +pronounce to be utterly wrong. I have made the space two feet between +cameras in order to show how ridiculous those pictures might become +where there is an absence of taste, as, by such a person, two or ten +feet are as likely to be taken as any less offensively incorrect. + +As regards range of vision, I apologise to MR. SHADBOLT for having +misconceived his exact meaning, and say that I perfectly agree with +him. + +With respect to the "trifling exaggeration" I spoke of, allow me to +explain. For the sake of clearness, I denominate the angle formed +from the focal point of lens, and the glass at back of camera, the +angle of delineation; the said glass the plane of delineation and the +angle formed by the stereograph to the eye, the stereoscopic angle. +It must be borne in mind that the stereoscopic angle is that +subtended by one stereograph and the eye. I find by experiments that +the angle of delineation is very often larger than the stereoscopic +angle, so that the apparent enlargement spoken of by MR. SHADBOLT +does not often exist; but if it did, as my vision (though excellent) +is not acute enough to discover the discrepancy, I was content. I +doubt not, however, under such circumstances, MR. SHADBOLT would +prefer the deformities and errors proved to be present, since he has +admitted that he has such preference. I leave little doubt that, if +desirable, the stereoscopic angle, and that of delineation, could be +generally made to agree. + +As to the means by which persons with two eyes, or with only one eye, +judge of distance, I say not one word, that being irrelevant to this +subject. But that the axes of the eyes approximate when we view +objects nearer and nearer cannot be doubted, and I expressed no +doubt; and it appears to me very probable that on this fact MR. +SHADBOLT founds his conclusion that the cameras should radiate. This, +however, ought not to be done for the reasons I have assigned. It +will not do to treat the cameras as two eyes, and make them radiate +because our eyes do; for it must be remembered that light entering +the eyes is received on curved--whilst when it enters the cameras it +falls on flat surfaces, occasioning very different results. And if +this be maturely considered by MR. SHADBOLT, I believe his opinion +will be greatly altered. + +As to the model-like appearance, I cannot yet understand exactly why +it should exist; but of this I am certain, the eyes naturally do not +perceive at one view three sides of a cake (that is, two sides and +the front), nor two heads to a drum, nor any other like absurdity; so +that I perceive no analogy between this model-like appearance and +natural vision, as stated to be the case by MR. SHADBOLT. + +To confirm, practically, the truth of my illustrative proofs, I will +send you next week some glass stereographs, to be placed at MR. +SHADBOLT'S disposal, if he likes, and you will be so kind as to take +charge of them. + + T. L. MERRITT. + +Maidstone. + + * * * * * + + +REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES. + + +_Berefellarii_ (Vol. vii., p. 207.).--JOHN WEBB mentions the +_berefellarii_ as a distinct kind of mongrel dependents or +half-ecclesiastics of the Middle Ages, dirty, shabby, ill-washed +attendants, whose ragged clothes were a shame to the better sort of +functionaries. He gave excellent and just reasons for his opinion, and a +very probable construction of the sense of the word. But the etymon he +proposes is rather unsatisfactory. Anglo-Saxonism is a very good thing; +simplicity and common sense are very good things too. May not {421} +_berefellarius_, the dirty raggamuffin with tattered clothes, be good +monkish Latin for _bare-fell_ (i.e. _bare-skin_), or rather +_bare-fellow_? the most natural metamorphosis imaginable. _Bere_ is the +old orthoepy of _bare_; and every one knows that in London (east) a +fell_ow_ naturally becomes a fell_ar_. + +P.S.--Excuse my French-English. + + PHILARETE CHASLES, Mazarinaeus. + +Paris, Palais de l'Institut. + + + _"To know ourselves diseased," &c._ (Vol. viii., p. 219.).-- + + "To know ourselves diseased is half our cure." + +This line is from Young's _Night Thoughts_, Night 9th, line 38. + + J. W. THOMAS. + +Dewsbury. + + +_Gloves at Fairs_ (Vol. viii., p. 136.).--As an emblem of power and an +acknowledgment of goodness, "Saul set up a hand" after his victory over +the Amalekites, 1 Sam. xv. 12., (Taylor's _Hebrew Concordance_, in voce + ¤YDH¤), 2 Sam xviii. 18., Isaiah lvi. 5. The Ph[oe]nician +monuments are said to have had sculptured on them an arm and _hand held +up_, with an inscription graven thereon. (See Gesenius and Lee.) If, as +stated by your correspondents in the article referred to, the glove at +fairs "denotes protection," and indicates "that parties frequenting the +fair are exempt from arrest," it is at least a remarkable coincidence. +The Phoenicians were the earliest merchants to the west of England +that we have any account of; can any connexion be traced historically +between the Phoenician traffic and the modern practice of setting up a +hand, or glove, at fairs? I well remember the feelings of awe and wonder +with which I gazed when taken in childhood to see "the glove brought in" +and placed over the guildhall of my native city (Exeter) at the +commencement of "Lammas Fair." Has the glove been associated with this +fair from its commencement? and if not, how far back can its use be +traced? The history of the fair is briefly this: it existed before the +Norman Conquest, and was a great mart of business; the tolls had +belonged to the corporation, but King John took one-half, and gave them +to the priory of St. Nicholas. Henry VIII. sold the fair with the +priory; and anno second and third of Philip and Mary it was made over to +the corporation, who have ever since been lords of the fair. (Izacke's +_Memorials_, p. 19.; Oliver's _History of Exeter_, pp. 83. 158., &c.) + + J. W. THOMAS. + +Dewsbury. + + +I may add that at Barnstaple, North Devon, the evening previous to the +proclamation of the fair, a large glove, decked with dahlias, is +protruded on a pole from a window of the Quay Hall, the most ancient +building in the town, which remains during the fair, and is removed at +its termination. May not the outstretched glove signify the consent of +the authorities to the commencement and continuance of the festivities, +&c., and its withdrawal a hint for their cessation? + +I may add also that on the morning of proclaiming the fair, the mayor +and corporation meet their friends in the council chamber, and partake +of spiced toast and ale. + + DROFSNIAG. + + +_"An" before "u" long_ (Vol. viii., p. 244.).--The custom of writing +_an_ before _u_ long must have arisen and become established when _u_ +had its primitive and vowel sound, nearly resembling that of our _oo_, a +sound which it still has in several languages, but seems to have lost in +ours. The use of _an_ before _u_ long, was _then_ proper; habit and +precedent will account for its retention by many, after the reason for +it has ceased, and when its use has become improper. But although the +custom is thus accounted for, there exists no satisfactory reason for +its continuance, and I am sorry to learn from your correspondent that it +is "increasingly prevailing." + + J. W. THOMAS. + +Dewsbury. + + +_"The Good Old Cause"_ (Vol. viii, p. 44.).--D'Israeli, in _Quarrels of +Authors_, under the head of "Martin Mar-Prelate," has the following +remarks on the origin and use of the expression, "The Good Old Cause:" + +"It is remarkable that Udall repeatedly employed that expression, which +Algernon Sidney left as his last legacy to the people, when he told them +he was about to die for 'that _Old Cause_, in which I was from my youth +engaged.' Udall perpetually insisted on '_The Cause_.' This was a term +which served at least for a watch-word: it rallied the scattered members +of the republican party. The precision of the expression might have been +difficult to ascertain; and, perhaps, like every popular expedient, +varied with 'existing circumstances.' I did not, however, know it had so +remote an origin as in the reign of Elizabeth; and suspect it may still +be freshened up and varnished over for any present occasion." + + HENRY H. BREEN. + +St. Lucia. + + +The following curious paragraph in the _Post Boy_, June 3-5, 1714, seems +to have been connected with the Jacobites: + +"There are lately arrived here the Dublin Plenipo's. All persons that +have any business concerning the GOOD OLD CAUSE, let 'em repair to Jenny +Man's Coffee House at Charing Cross, where they may meet with the said +Plenipo's every day of the week except Sundays, and every evening of +those days they are to be spoke with at the Kit-Cat Club." + + E. G. BALLARD. + + +_Jeroboam of Claret, &c._ (Vol vii., p.528.).--Is a _magnum_ anything +more than a bottle larger {422} than those of the ordinary size, and +containing about two quarts; or a _Jeroboam_ other than a witty conceit +applied to the old measure _Joram_ or _Jorum_, by some profane +_wine-bibber_? + + H. C. K. + + +_Humbug_ (Vol. vii., p. 631.).--The real signification of the word +_humbug_ appears to me to lie in the following derivation of it. Among +the many issues of base coin which from time to time were made in +Ireland, there was none to be compared in worthlessness to that made by +James II. from the Dublin Mint; it was composed of anything on which he +could lay his hands, such as lead, pewter, copper, and brass, and so low +was its intrinsic value, that twenty shillings of it was only worth +twopence sterling. William III., a few days after the Battle of the +Boyne, ordered that the crown piece and half-crown should be taken as +one penny and one halfpenny respectively. The soft mixed metal of which +that worthless coining was composed, was known among the Irish as _Uim +bog_, pronounced _Oom-bug_, _i.e._ soft copper, _i.e._ worthless money; +and in the course of their dealings the modern use of the word _humbug_ +took its rise, as in the phrases "that's a _piece of uimbog_ (humbug)," +"don't think to _pass off_ your _uimbug_ on me." Hence the word _humbug_ +came to be applied to anything that had a specious appearance, but which +was in reality spurious. It is curious to note that the very opposite of +_humbug_, _i.e._ false metal, is the word _sterling_, which is also +taken from a term applied to the _true_ coinage of the realm, as +_sterling_ coin, _sterling_ truth, _sterling_ worth, &c. + + FRAS. CROSSLEY. + + +_"Could we with ink," &c._ (Vol. viii., pp. 127, 180.).-If Rabbi Mayir +Ben Isaac is the _bona fide_ author of the lines in question, or the +substance of them, then the author of the _Koran_ has been indebted to +him for the following passage: + + "If the sea were ink, to write the words of my Lord, verily the sea + would fail before the words of my Lord would fail; although we added + another sea unto it as a farther supply."--_Al Koran_, chap. xviii., + entitled "The Cave," translated by Sale. + +The question is, Did Rabbi Mayir Ben Isaac, author of the Chaldee ode +sung in every synagogue on the day of Pentecost, flourish before or +since the Mohamedan era? + + J. W. THOMAS. + +Dewsbury. + + +_"Hurrah!"_ (Vol. viii., pp. 20, 277, 323.).--It would almost deem that +we are never to hear the last of "Hurrah! and other war-cries." Your +correspondents T. F. and SIR J. EMERSON TENNENT appear to me to have +made the nearest approach to a satisfactory solution of the difficulty; +a step farther and the goal is won--the object of inquiry is found. I +suppose it will be admitted that the language which supplies the +_meaning_ of a word has the fairest claim to be considered its _parent_ +language. What, then, is the meaning of "Hurrah," and in whet language? +As a reply to this Query, allow me to quote a writer in _Blackwood's +Magazine_, April 1843, p. 477. + + "'Hurrah!' means _strike_ in the Tartar language."--Note to art. + "Amulet Bek." + +So then, according to this respectable authority, the end of our shouts +and war-cries is, that we have "caught a Tartar!" + +Again, in _Blackwood_, 1849, vol. i. p.673., we read: + + "He opened a window and cried 'Hourra!' At the signal, a hundred + soldiers crowded into the house. Mastering his fury, the Czar + ordered the young officer to be taken to prison."--Art. "Romance of + Russian History." + +Thus, in describing the "awful pause" on the night preceding the Russian +attack on Ismail, then in possession of the Turks, Lord Byron says: + + "A moment--and all will be life again! + The march! the charge! the shouts of either faith! + Hurra! and Allah! and--one instant more-- + The death-cry drowning in the battle's roar." + _Works_, p. 684. col. 2. + + J. W. THOMAS. + +Dewsbury. + + +_"Qui facit per alium facit per se"_ (Vol. viii., p. 231.).--"Qui facit +per alium, est perinde ac si faciat per seipsum," is one of the maxims +of Boniface VIII. (_Sexti Decret._, lib. v. tit. 12., de Reg. Jur. c. +72.; _Boehm. Corp. Jur. can._, tom. ii. col. 1040.), derived, according +to the glossary (vid. in _Decret._, ed. fol., Par. 1612), from the maxim +of Paulus (_Digest_, lib. 1. tit. 17., de Div. Reg. Jur. 1. 180.), "Quod +jussu alterius solvitur, pro eo est quasi ipsi solutum esset." + + E. M. + + +_Tsar_ (Vol. viii., pp. 150, 226.).--Is not _tsar_ rather cognate with +the Heb. (¤Sar¤), a leader, commander, or prince? This root is +to be found in many other languages, as Arabic, Persian; Latin _serro_. +Gesenius gives the meaning of the word (¤Sarah¤), to place in a +row, to set in order; to be leader, commander, prince. If _tsar_ have +this origin, it will be synonymous with _imperator_, emperor. + + B. H. C. + + +_Scrape_ (Vol. viii., p. 292.).--I do not know when this word began to +be used in this sense. Shakspeare says "Ay, there's the _rub:_" an +analogous phrase, which may throw light upon the one "to get into a +scrape." Both are metaphors, derived from the unpleasant sensations +produced by rubbing or grazing the skin. The word _pinch_ is, on the +same principle, used for difficulty; and the Lat. _tribulatio_=trouble, +and its synonym in Gr., ~thlipsis~, have a similar origin and +application. {423} "To get into a scrape" is, therefore, to get into +trouble. + + B. H. C. + + +_Baskerville_ (Vol. viii., p. 202.).--Among the _articles_ consumed at +Mr. Ryland's at Birmingham, was the body of the late Mr. Baskerville, +who by his will ordered that he should be buried in his own house, and +he was accordingly interred there. A stone closet was erected in it, +where he was deposited in a standing posture. The house was afterwards +sold with this express condition, that it should remain there."--Account +of the Birmingham riots in 1791, from the _Historical Magazine_, vol. +iii., where it is said the house was burned on Friday afternoon, July +15." + + B. H. C. + + +A great-uncle of mine owned the Baskerville property (he, Baskerville, +was buried in his own grounds) at the time of the Church and King Riot +in 1791; but it was the recent growth of the town that occasioned the +disinterment. + + R. + + +_Sheriffs of Glamorganshire_ (Vol. iii., p. 186.; Vol. viii., p. +353.).--Your correspondent TEWARS is certainly wrong in ascribing to the +Rev. H. H. Knight the list of Glamorganshire sheriffs inquired for by +EDMUND W. It is true this gentleman printed a list of them many years +after the former, which was privately printed by the Rev. J. M. +Traherne, and subsequently published a _Cardiff Guide_, by Mr. Bird of +Cardiff. I have seen both copies, and the latter may doubtless yet be +seen upon application to Mr. Bird. I have also seen the more recent list +by my learned friend the rector of Neath. + + BIBLIOTHECAR. + +CHETHAM. + + +_Synge Family--sub voce Carr Pedigree_ (Vol. vii., p. 558.; Vol. viii., +p. 327.).--Has the statement made by GULIELMUS, as to the origin of the +name of Synge, ever appeared in print before? And if so, where? I have +long been curious to identify the individual whose name underwent such a +singular change, and to ascertain if he really was a chantry priest as +reported. Was he George Synge, the grandfather of George Synge, Bishop +of Cloyne, born 1594? Of what family was Mary Paget, wife of the Rev. +Richard Synge, preacher at the Savoy in 1715? The name appears to have +been indifferently spelt, Sing, Singe, and Synge. And I believe an older +branch than the baronet's still exists at Bridgenorth, writing +themselves Sing. The punning motto of this family is worth noticing: +"Celestia canimus." + + ARTHUR PAGET. + + +_Lines on Woman_ (Vol. viii., p. 350).--Your correspondent F. W. J. has +occasioned me some perplexity in tracing the quotation which he refers +to Vol. viii., p. 204., but which is really to be found at p. 292. He +appears to have fallen into this error by mistaking the number on the +right hand for the paging on the left. As accuracy in these matters is +essential in a publication like "N. & Q.," he will excuse me for setting +him right. The name of the author of the poem of "Woman" was not Eton +Barrett, but Eaton Stannard Barrett. He was connected with the press in +London. Your correspondent is correct in stating that the Barretts were +from Cork. Eaton Stannard Barrett was a man of considerable ability. He +published several works anonymously, all of which acquired celebrity; +but I believe the poem of "Woman," published by Mr. Colburn, was the +only work to which he attached his name. He was the author of the +well-known political satire called _All the Talents_; of the mock +romance of _The Heroine_, in which the absurdities of a school of +fiction, at that time in high favour, are happily ridiculed; and of a +novel which had great success in its day, and is still to be found in +some of the circulating libraries, called _Six Weeks at Long's_. Eaton +Stannard Barrett died many years ago in the prime of his life and +powers. His brother, Richard Barrett, is still living, and resides in +the neighbourhood of Dublin. He is the author of some controversial and +political pamphlets, of which the principal were _Irish Priests_, and +_The Bible not a Dangerous Book_. He afterwards conducted _The Pilot_ +newspaper, established for the support of Mr. O'Connell's policy in +Ireland, and was one of the persons who suffered imprisonment with Mr. +O'Connell, and who were designated in the Irish papers as the "martyrs." + + ROBERT BELL. + + +_Lisle Family_ (Vol. vii., p. 365. _et ante_).--R. H. C. will find in +Berry's _Hampshire Genealogies_ (1 vol. folio, London, 1833) a pedigree +of the Lisles he alludes to as being buried at Thruxton, Hampshire. The +shield, Lisle impaling Courtenay, on the altar tomb there would appear +to belong to Sir John Lisle, Kt., who married Joan, daughter of John +Courtenay, Earl of Exeter. + + ARTHUR PAGET. + + +_Duval Family_ (Vol. viii., p. 318.).--If H. will have the kindness to +address himself to me either personally or by letter, I shall be happy +to give him any information I can, derived from old family documents in +my possession, respecting the Duval family and the Walls of the south of +Ireland. + + C. A. DUVAL. + +74. George St., Manchester. + + * * * * * + + +MISCELLANEOUS. + +BOOKS AND OLD VOLUMES + + +WANTED TO PURCHASE. + +EXAMINER (Newspaper), No. 2297, February 7, 1853. + +WILLIAM SHAKSPEARE: A Biography, by Charles Knight (First Edition). + +MARSH'S HISTORY OF HURSLEY AND BADDESLEY. About 1805. 8vo. Two Copies. + +Letters, stating particulars and lowest prices, _carriage free_, to be +sent to MR. BELL, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street. + + * * * * * +{424} +Particulars of Price, &c. of the following Books to be sent direct to +the gentlemen by whom they are required, and names and addresses are +given for that purpose: + +OXFORD ALMANACK for 1719. + +AM[OE]NITATES ACADEMICAE. Vol. I. Holmiae, 1749. + +BROURAE HIST. NAT. JAMAICAE. London, 1756. Folio. + +AMMANUS I. STIRPES RARIORES. 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London, 1726. + +Wanted by _Rev. J. W. Hewett_, Bloxham, Banbury. + + * * * * * + +INDICATIONS OF SPRING, by Robt. Marsham, Esq., F.R.S. + +THE VILLAGE CURATE, by Hurdis. + +CALENDAR OF FLORA, by Stillingfleete. + +Wanted by _J. B. Whitborne_, 54. Russell Terrace, Leamington. + + * * * * * + + +NOTICES TO CORRESPONDENTS. + +BOOKS WANTED. _So many of our Correspondents seem disposed to avail +themselves of our plan of placing the booksellers in direct +communication with them, that we find ourselves compelled to limit each +list of books to two insertions. We would also express a hope that those +gentlemen who may at once succeed in obtaining any desired volumes will +be good enough to notify the same to us, in order that such books may +not unnecessarily appear in such list even a second time._ + +P. G. _We are not in a position to answer_ P. G.'s_inquiries. Why not +try one of the series and judge for yourself?_ + +A GERMAN INVESTIGATOR, _who states that some important moves towards the +"flying by man" have lately been made upon the Continent, and who +inquires "what noblemen or gentlemen would be likely to foster similar +researches in this country," should rather address himself to some of +the journals devoted to mechanical science._ + +SCIOLUS. _The author of_ Doctor Syntax _was the well-known_ William +Coombe, _a curious list of whose works will be found in the_ Gentleman's +Magazine _for May, 1852, p. 467._ + +CHARLES DEMAYNE. _We have a letter for this Correspondent; where shall +it be sent?_ + +ERICA _will find his illustration of Campbell's_ Like Angel Visits +_anticipated in our_ 1st Vol. + +J. N. C. (King's Lynn). _We have one or two Replies on the same subject +already in the Printer's hands._ + +A. J. V. (University Club) _will find his Query respecting_ Solamen +miseris, &c. _in_ Vol. viii., p. 272., _and an answer respecting_ +Tempora mutantur _in_ p. 306. + +_Our Correspondent_ C. E. F. (p. 373.) _is informed_--1. _That both the +solutions of the muriate salts and the nitrate of silver may be used in +the manner he proposes; but a portion of sugar of milk, mannite, or +grape sugar, as has been previously recommended, much accelerates the +process._ 2. _The positives should be printed about one-third deeper +than is required, and they should remain in the hypo. bath until the +mottled appearance is removed, which is visible when held up against the +light and they are looked through: at first the positive often assumes a +very unpleasant red colour; this gradually disappears by longer +immersion, when the proofs may be removed at the point of tint required, +remembering that they become rather darker when dry, especially if +ironed, and which is generally desirable, especially if the print is +rather pale._ 3. _The sel d'or does not seem to have the destructive +effect which the chloride of gold has, and if the chemicals are entirely +removed, in all probability they are quite permanent. Those which we +have seen printed several months since appear to have suffered no +change. Pictures produced by the ammonio-nitrate are most uncertain. +There are few who have not had the mortification to see some of their +best productions fade and disappear. A learned professor, about eighteen +months since, sent us a picture so printed "as something to work up to;" +a few yellowish stains are now all that remains on the paper._ + + * * * * * + +"NOTES AND QUERIES," Vols. i. _to_ vii., _price Three Guineas +and a Half.--Copies are being made up and may be had by order._ + +"NOTES AND QUERIES" _is published at noon on Friday, so that the Country +Booksellers may receive Copies in that night's parcels, and deliver them +to their Subscribers on the Saturday._ + + * * * * * + +EDITED FOR THE SYNDICS OF THE +CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS. + +This Day, 3 vols. 8vo., 42_s._ + +GROTIUS + +DE JURE BELLI ET PACIS; + +Accompanied by and Abridged Translation of the Text. By W. 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CHURCH STREET, LIVERPOOL. + + * * * * * + +(426) +INDIGESTION, CONSTIPATION, NERVOUSNESS, &c.--BARRY, DU BARRY & CO.'S +HEALTH-RESTORING FOOD for INVALIDS and INFANTS. + +THE REVALENTA ARABICA FOOD, the only natural, pleasant, and effectual +remedy (without medicine, purging, inconvenience, or expense, as it +saves fifty times its cost in other remedies) for nervous, stomachic, +intestinal, liver and bilious complaints, however deeply rooted, +dyspepsia (indigestion), habitual constipation, diarrhoea, acidity, +heartburn, flatulency, oppression, distension, palpitation, eruption of +the skin, rheumatism, gout, dropsy, sickness at the stomach during +pregnancy, at sea, and under all other circumstances, debility in the +aged as well as infants, fits, spasms, cramps, paralysis, &c. + +_A few out of 50,000 Cures_:-- + +Cure, No. 71, of dyspepsia; from the Right Hon. the Lord Stuart de +Decies:--"I have derived considerable benefits from your Revalenta +Arabica Food, and consider it due to yourselves and the public to +authorise the publication of these lines.--STUART DE DECIES." + +Cure, No. 49,832:--"Fifty years' indescribable agony from dyspepsia, +nervousness, asthma, cough, constipation, flatulency, spasms, sickness +at the stomach and vomitings have been removed by Du Barry's excellent +food.--MARIA JOLLY, Wortham Ling, near Diss, Norfolk." + +Cure, No. 180:--"Twenty-five years' nervousness, constipation, +indigestion, and debility, from which I had suffered great misery and +which no medicine could remove or relieve, have been effectually cured +by Du Barry's food in a very short time.--W. R. REEVES, Pool Anthony, +Tiverton." + +Cure, No. 4,208:--"Eight years' dyspepsia, nervousness, debility, with +cramps, spasms, and nausea, for which my servant had consulted the +advice of many, have been effectually removed by Du Barry's delicious +food in a very short time. I shall be happy to answer any +inquiries.--REV. JOHN W. FLAVELL, Ridlington Rectory, Norfolk." + +_Dr. Wurzer's Testimonial._ + +"Bonn, July 19, 1852. + +"This light and pleasant Farina is one of the most excellent, +nourishing, and restorative remedies, and supersedes, in many cases, all +kinds of medicines. It is particularly useful in confined habit of body, +as also diarrhoea, bowel complaints, affections of the kidneys and +bladder, such as stone or gravel; inflammatory irritation and cramp of +the urethra, cramp of the kidneys and bladder, strictures, and +hemorrhoids. This really invaluable remedy is employed with the most +satisfactory result, not only in bronchial and pulmonary complaints, +where irritation and pain are to be removed, but also in pulmonary and +bronchial consumption, in which it counteracts effectually the +troublesome cough; and I am enabled with perfect truth to express the +conviction that Du Barry's Revalenta Arabica is adapted to the cure of +incipient hectic complaints and consumption. + +"DR. RUD WURZER. "Counsel of Medicine, and practical M.D. in Bonn." + +London Agents:--Fortnum, Mason & Co., 182. Piccadilly, purveyors to Her +Majesty the Queen; Hedges & Butler, 155. Regent Street; and through all +respectable grocers, chemists, and medicine venders. In canisters, +suitably packed for all climates, and with full instructions, 1lb. 2_s._ +9_d._; 2lb. 4_s._ 6_d._; 5lb. 11_s._; 12lb. 22_s._; super-refined, 5lb. +22_s._; 10lb. 33_s._ The 10lb. and 12lb. carriage free, on receipt of +Post-office order.--Barry, Du Barry Co., 77. Regent Street, London. + +IMPORTANT CAUTION.--Many invalids having been seriously injured by +spurious imitations under closely similar names, such as Ervalenta, +Arabaca, and others, the public will do well to see that each canister +bears the name BARRY, DU BARRY & CO., 77. Regent Street, London, in +full, _without which none is genuine_. + + * * * * * + +PHOTOGRAPHIC PICTURES.--A Selection of the above beautiful Productions +(comprising Views in VENICE, PARIS, RUSSIA, NUBIA, &c.) may be seen at +BLAND & LONG'S, 153. 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Strand, +have, by an improved mode of Iodizing, succeeded in producing a +Collodion equal, they may say superior, in sensitiveness and density of +Negative, to any other hitherto published; without diminishing the +keeping properties and appreciation of half tint for which their +manufacture has been esteemed. + +Apparatus, pure Chemicals, and all the requirements for the practice of +Photography. 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BARCLAY & CO., Farringdon Street, +Wholesale Agents. + + * * * * * + +PHOTOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION.--An EXHIBITION of PICTURES, by the most +celebrated French, Italian, and English Photographers, embracing Views +of the principal Countries and Cities of Europe, is now OPEN. Admission +6_d._ A Portrait taken by MR. TALBOT'S Patent Process, One Guinea; Three +extra Copies for 10_s._ + +PHOTOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION, 168. NEW BOND STREET. + + * * * * * + +PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER.--Negative and Positive Papers of Whatman's, +Turner's, Sanford's, and Canson Freres' make. Waxed-Paper for Le Gray's +Process. Iodized and Sensitive Paper for every kind of Photography. + +Sold by JOHN SANFORD, Photographic Stationer, Aldine Chambers, 13. +Paternoster Row, London. + + * * * * * + +WESTERN LIFE ASSURANCE AND ANNUITY SOCIETY, 3. PARLIAMENT STREET. +LONDON. + +Founded A.D. 1842. + +_Directors._ + + H. E. Bicknell. Esq. + T. S. Cocks, Jun. Esq. M.P. + G. H. Drew, Esq. + W. Evans, Esq. + W. Freeman, Esq. + F. 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