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+Project Gutenberg's Buchanan's Journal of Man, July 1887, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Buchanan's Journal of Man, July 1887
+       Volume 1, Number 6
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: J. R. Buchanan
+
+Release Date: December 19, 2008 [EBook #27570]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JOURNAL OF MAN, JULY 1887 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+                             BUCHANAN'S
+                           JOURNAL OF MAN.
+
+             VOL. I.         JULY, 1887.        NO. 6.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS OF JOURNAL OF MAN.
+
+
+    Magnetic Education and Therapeutics--The So-Called Scientific
+    Immortality--Review of the New Education--Victoria's Half
+    Century--Outlook of Diogenes--A Bill to Destroy the Indians
+    MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE--The Seybert Commission; The Evils
+      that need Attention; Condensed Items--Mesmerism in
+      Paris--Medical Freedom--Victoria's Jubilee; Delightful Homes
+    Outlines of Anthropology Continued--Cranioscopy--Illustrated
+
+
+
+
+MAGNETIC EDUCATION AND THERAPEUTICS.
+
+EXTRACTS FROM AN ESSAY BY DR. CHARLES DU PREL, IN SPHINX, TRANSLATED
+FOR THE JOURNAL OF MAN.
+
+
+    "In the _Wiener Allgemeiner_ I spoke of the possibility of
+    moral education by means of magnetism, which has been carried
+    out." * * *
+
+    "Dr. Bernheim, a Professor of the Medical Faculty in Nancy who
+    is a champion of hypnotism has written a book on 'Suggestion and
+    its Application in Therapeutics,' in which a great many hypnotic
+    cures are recorded."
+
+           *       *       *       *       *
+
+    "Dr. ---- quotes Franklin against magnetism but Sprengel in his
+    Pharmacology says 'Franklin, sickly as he was, took no part
+    whatever in the investigation.' The Academy again investigated
+    (1825-31) somnambulism, discovered by Puysegur, Mesmer's
+    scholar. In their report of two year's investigation, eleven M.
+    D.'s unanimously pronounced in favor of all important phenomena
+    ascribed to somnambulism. A fairly complete synopsis of their
+    report will be found in my 'Philosophy of Mystics.'"
+
+           *       *       *       *       *
+
+    "Du Potet first studied medicine, but disgusted by the poor
+    results of Pharmacology he embraced magnetism. He performed a
+    series of mesmeric experiments in the Hotel Dieu of so potent a
+    nature that twenty M. D.'s of that celebrated hospital signed
+    the minutes of these proceedings. People ran after Du Potet,
+    pointing at him and crying 'The man who cures.'"
+
+           *       *       *       *       *
+
+    "The respect for medical therapeutics never has been at as low
+    an ebb as just now. The public cannot be blamed for this lack of
+    respect, for they have daily experiences of the ill results of
+    medicine. Even high medical authorities are of the opinion that
+    we have to-day a disintegration of medical principles worse than
+    ever. More uncertain than therapeutics is the manner of
+    diagnosing to-day! The public is well aware that each doctor has
+    something different to say or prescribe. I have a personal case
+    in point. During eighteen months I consulted seven different
+    doctors, and got seven different contrary diagnoses as well as
+    contradictory modes of treatment, and this, too, in the city of
+    Munich, which is hardly secondary to any other city for its
+    medical talent. Is there any cause to blame the public for
+    running to the magnetizers? I should do so myself if my magnetic
+    susceptibility was greater. In such magnetizers as even Mesmer,
+    Dr. B. can see nothing but charlatans, but I desire to make him
+    aware that a physician whose reputation he is cognizant of,
+    Prof. Nussbaum in Munich, said to his audience in College,
+    'Gentlemen, magnetism is the medicine of the future.' As I am
+    writing this I have been disturbed by a visitor desiring the
+    address of a reliable magnetizer, as the physician recommended a
+    magnetizer, as he was at his wits end."
+
+    "In our medicine the adjunct sciences alone are scientific, and
+    we must respect their high grade; but therapeutics we have none.
+    Hence Mesmer should be called a benefactor to mankind, for he
+    has pointed out the correct way. He, with Hippocrates, says that
+    not the physician but nature cures--that the real therapeutics
+    consists only in aiding the _vis medicatrix naturæ_. In this
+    direction the professors at Nancy and Paris are laboring. They
+    have given the experimental proof that _if the idea of an
+    organic change of the body is instilled into the mind of the
+    hypnotized, then such change will take place_. In this we have
+    a foundation for a PSYCHIC THERAPEUTICS which we hope will soon
+    put an end to the anarchic condition of medicine of the present
+    day. But the greatest curse to science of old, and which makes
+    its appearance even to-day, is that _the old ideas are the
+    greatest enemies of the new_."
+
+    "Unfortunately it is the same in the thought realm as in
+    lifeless nature, _vis inertiæ_--the law of indolence, according
+    to which nature remains in its condition to all eternity, until
+    she is forced into some new condition from a new cause. This
+    _vis inertiæ_ is harder to conquer in the thought realm than in
+    lifeless nature, for Mesmer appeared a hundred years ago, and
+    yet to-day they call him "a perfect charlatan." Braid, thirty
+    years ago, started hypnotism, but only after Hansen made a
+    multitude of experiments for profit and pleasure in the largest
+    cities of Germany, did the physicians wake up to the idea of
+    investigating it. They teach nothing of mesmerism or hypnotism
+    at the universities. Yes, even one year ago a professor of
+    medicine confessed to me, should I pronounce the word
+    somnambulism I'd be ruined. This is the manner in which ideas
+    are kept from medical students."
+
+    "If medicine, in its results, could look with pride on its
+    therapeutics, it might be explained. But a therapeutics that
+    allows thousands of children to sink yearly into untimely graves
+    from all manner of diseases, that allows a large proportion of
+    grown persons to be decimated yearly by epidemics, that in its
+    psychiatry is perfectly impotent to stop the rapid increase of
+    insanity, that notoriously cannot cure a migraine, a cold, yea,
+    not even a corn,--such a system ought surely to have some
+    modesty, and be only too glad to accept improvements that tend
+    to ameliorate this condition."
+
+
+CONDITION OF THE MEDICAL PROFESSION.
+
+These remarks of Dr. Du Prel, though somewhat exaggerated, are
+probably based on truth in their reference to the backward condition
+of the medical profession in Europe, and of all that portion in
+America which is essentially European, and governed by European
+authority. But the healing art in America has been to a great extent
+emancipated by the spirit of American liberty, and in its actual
+results among liberal physicians is far in advance of the European
+system. One signal proof of this was given at Cincinnati in 1849, when
+that city was visited by a terrible epidemic of Asiatic cholera, which
+swept off five thousand of its inhabitants. The mortality of cholera
+under old school practise had been from twenty-five to sixty per
+cent., the latter having been realized in hospitals at Paris. Under
+the practice taught in our college at that time, the mortality in
+1,500 cases did not exceed six per cent.
+
+The atmosphere of freedom in this country, and the absolute medical
+freedom (until within a few years the colleges have procured medical
+legislation to help their diplomas, and their graduates) have given a
+progressiveness and practicality to American physicians which are
+beginning to be recognized abroad.
+
+Dr. Lawson Tait is eminent in the treatment of women in England. In
+the _Medical Current_ of April 20th, he is quoted as expressing a
+regret that his time and money had not been directed to the Western
+instead of the Eastern Hemisphere, when picking up his medical
+knowledge. He predicted that 'ere long it will be to the medical
+colleges of America rather than to those of Europe that students will
+travel.' Then he goes on to say:
+
+    "American visitors abroad who have given weeks and months to see
+    me work, have one and all impressed me with their possession of
+    that feature of mind which in England I fear we do not possess,
+    the power of judging any question solely upon its merits, and
+    entirely apart from any prejudice, tradition, or personal bias.
+    No matter how we may struggle against it, tradition rules all we
+    do; we cannot throw off its shackles, and I am bound to plead
+    guilty to this weakness myself, perhaps as fully as any of my
+    countrymen may be compelled to do. I may have thrown off the
+    shackles in some instances, but I know that I am firmly bound in
+    others, and my hope is that my visit to a freer country and a
+    better climate may extend my mental vision."
+
+
+POWER OF MAGNETISM AND SUGGESTION.
+
+The suggestion of Du Prel as to the hypnotic teaching in France, that
+an idea impressed on the mind of the hypnotized will be realized in
+the body is the basis of a great deal of therapeutic philosophy. It is
+true in practice just to the extent of human impressibility. A
+cheerful physician or friend, by encouraging words impresses the idea
+of recovery and thus sometimes produces it. Judicious friends never
+speak in a discouraging manner to the invalid. The success of mind
+cure practitioners is based on this principle. They endeavor to
+impress on the patient's mind the idea of perfect health, but they
+know too little of the whole subject to know how to place the patient
+in that passive and receptive condition in which the results are most
+promptly and certainly produced.
+
+Such methods are limited in their effect in proportion to human
+impressibility and cannot possibly supersede all use of remedies which
+reach thousands of cases in which mental operations would be entirely
+futile. But the power of animal magnetism over all diseases and
+infirmities of mind and body has been so often demonstrated that its
+neglect is a deep disgrace to the medical colleges. A correspondent of
+the _Daily Telegraph_ gives the following illustration of its power
+over drunkenness:
+
+    "About eighteen months ago I was conversing with my friend B.,
+    who is an enthusiastic believer in mesmerism, and has repute as
+    an amateur practitioner. My contention was that his favorite
+    science (?) had contributed absolutely nothing to the world's
+    good to cause its recognition by either scientists or
+    philosophers. 'Can you give me,' said I, 'one instance in which
+    you have conferred an actual benefit by the practice of your
+    favorite art?' He related several, from which I selected the
+    following:--'There lives by my parsonage,' said my friend B., 'a
+    man who for many years, had been a confirmed drunkard.
+    Repeatedly were his wife and children forced to flee from him,
+    for when in his drunken frenzies, he attempted to murder them.
+    Again and again have I striven to induce him to flee from his
+    horrible vice, but my efforts were always futile. One day he
+    called to see me when he was suffering acutely from the effects
+    of drink. I resolved to place him under mesmeric influence. This
+    I did, and while subject to me made him promise not to touch
+    strong drink again, and if he attempted to break his pledge,
+    might the drink taste to him filthy as putrid soapsuds. I then
+    restored him to his normal state, and he left me. He kept his
+    unconsciously given promise. In the course of a couple of years
+    this man raised himself from a condition of poverty to the
+    comfortable position of a thriving market gardener. 'Not a
+    fortnight since,' resumed my friend, 'my neighbor's wife
+    laughingly said to me, 'There is no fear of my husband ever
+    drinking again, sir. You know he has to be in the market very
+    early in the morning with his vegetables. Yesterday morning,
+    while he was drinking a cup of coffee at the hotel an old mate
+    said to him, 'Why don't you drink some spirits; are you afraid?'
+    To show his mate that he was not afraid, he ordered a glass of
+    brandy, but no sooner did he put it in his mouth than he spat it
+    out again, saying the 'filthy stuff tasted like rotten
+    soapsuds.' My friend B. said, that, till he told me, to no one
+    had he mentioned the fact, and that what he did to his poor
+    neighbor he did in order to see if it were possible to use
+    mesmerism as a remedial agent in cases of drunkenness."
+
+The power of control over the impressible condition (which is so
+easily developed into hypnotism) has been recently illustrated in
+France, and reports of the phenomena published in the _London News_,
+concerning which Mr. Charles Dawbarn has published the following in
+the _Banner of Light_:
+
+    "According to the reports published in the _Daily News_ of
+    London, Eng., an attempt has been made by physicians in Paris,
+    France, to determine the duration of an hypnotic influence. Some
+    of my readers may not be aware that 'hypnotism' is a word coined
+    by the medical faculty to replace the term 'mesmerism,' which
+    they consider disreputably associated with spiritualism. These
+    physicians seem to have had some very fine sensitives upon whom
+    to operate. The first experiment was upon a lady of some means,
+    but having a mother and sister dependent upon her for support.
+    The hypnotizer first established his influence in the usual
+    manner, and then told the lady he wished her to go to a lawyer
+    the next day, and make her will in his favor. She protested, but
+    finally gave way. All memory of this promise seemed to be lost
+    as soon as she returned to her normal condition. But next day
+    she went to a lawyer, and although he begged her to remember her
+    mother and sister, the will was made just as suggested by the
+    physician. She was an affectionate daughter and told the lawyer
+    she was impelled to leave her property to a stranger by _an
+    influence which she could not resist_.
+
+    "A second experiment with another sensitive was then tried. This
+    time the poor girl promised to poison a friend next day, she
+    carried away with her a dose prepared by the doctor. Not knowing
+    why, and like the other sensitive, _under an influence she could
+    not resist_, she gave her friend the harmless drug in a glass of
+    milk, and thus enacted the part of a murderer.
+
+    "These experiments have the novelty of having been made by the
+    regular faculty; but thousands of Spiritualists have proved the
+    truth of an hypnotic influence lasting long after the apparent
+    release of the sensitive. We know, or ought to know, that the
+    hypnotic condition can be induced without visible passes; and
+    many of us have seen a sensitive under influence sitting
+    quietly, showing no sign of her slavery to the will of another.
+    We may go yet a step further and assert that men and women,
+    visible and invisible, are constantly psychologizing each other,
+    although we only use the term "sensitive" when the effect is
+    visible to our dull senses.
+
+    "But Spiritualists as a whole have been converted by the
+    phenomena appealing to their outward senses, and know little and
+    care little for effects that can only be traced by shrewd,
+    careful and scientific experiment. Yet such facts as come to the
+    surface in those experiments with sensitives in France, are keys
+    with which to unlock some of life's darkest mysteries, and
+    expose the harsh treatment of many mediums.
+
+    "Many of us have been greatly troubled by the conduct of our
+    mediums, and often puzzled by their careful prepared attempts at
+    fraud. Mediums we have met and loved, because they have given us
+    proof after proof of the 'gates ajar' for angel visitors, have
+    been presently detected in frauds that required days of careful
+    preparation. We have cried, 'Down with the frauds!' and insisted
+    that they should return to wash-tub and spade for an honest
+    living.
+
+    "We have omitted to keep in view that one who is a medium
+    Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays must also be a medium Tuesdays,
+    Thursdays and Saturdays, and we have neglected to learn the
+    lessons of our own experience. I was talking recently to a
+    gentleman of prominence, twice sheriff of his county, who was
+    narrating with glee how he had mesmerised a young man, and then
+    told him, 'At noon to-morrow you will be lame, and it will last
+    two hours.' Of course it happened much to the poor fellows
+    perplexity, but my friend would have been surprised to discover
+    that therein was the entire case of the French sensitives and of
+    our poor mediums.
+
+    "A very important thought is that an hypnotic influence need not
+    spring from any verbal expression. We all carry with us an
+    influence which strikes every sensitive we meet; and if we sit
+    with her when she is, of course, specially passive, she must
+    receive a yet more marked influence. There is a photographic
+    curiosity now often exhibited which, I think, illustrates the
+    thought I want to emphasize. A family or a class can be
+    photographed, one by one, at exactly the same focus and on the
+    same negative, with a result that you have a clear and distinct
+    face, not of any one's personality, but that actually combines
+    the features of the whole into a new individual unlike any of
+    the sitters."
+
+    "This is the very influence we cast upon a sensitive when she
+    sits for us in a miscellaneous circle. We cannot say that any
+    one of us has powerfully affected her, but we know the entire
+    influence has got control and possession, and that influence
+    follows her, too often with irresistible power."
+
+The publication of a work on animal magnetism by Binet and Féré of
+Paris prompts the following sketch of the subject by the _Boston
+Herald_, a newspaper which pays great attention to anything foreign or
+anything from the old school profession, but ignores that which is
+American and original. The reader will observe that the writers are
+all in the dark, unable to explain the phenomena they describe.
+
+
+PROGRESS OF MAGNETISM.
+
+One of the most notable features of the scientific tendencies of the
+present day is the extraordinary interest taken in the investigation
+of those peculiar physical and psychical conditions attending the
+states now known collectively under the name of hypnotism, varying
+from lethargy, catalepsy, etc., to somnambulism. Until quite recently
+these investigations have been frowned upon and tabooed in scientific
+circles, and the fact that any man of scientific inclinations was
+known to feel an interest in matters associated with "mesmerism" or
+"animal magnetism" was sufficient to make him an object of suspicion,
+and injure his good standing amongst his fellow-scientists. The result
+of the so-called investigations long ago instituted by the French
+Academy, pronouncing in effect the whole subject a humbug and
+delusion, has lain like an interdict upon further researches, and the
+whole matter was left over, for the most part, to charlatans or to
+persons hardly capable of forming sound judgments or proceeding
+according to the accurate methods demanded by modern science. Science,
+however, in the remarkable progress attained of late, has advanced so
+far upon certain lines that it has been hardly possible to proceed
+further in those directions without entering upon the forbidden field.
+Therefore, the old signboards against trespassing have been taken
+down. For "mesmerism," that verbal scarecrow, has been substituted
+"hypnotism," which word has had a wonderfully legitimatizing effect;
+while "animal magnetism," that once flouted idea, has been proven to
+be an existent fact by methods as accurate as those adopted by Faraday
+or Edison to verify their observations.
+
+
+EFFORTS OF SCIENTISTS.
+
+Many of the most eminent scientists of Europe are now devoting
+themselves assiduously to these researches. Periodicals making a
+specialty of the subject are now published in France, Germany, and
+England. A catalogue of the recent literature of hypnotism and related
+phenomena, compiled by Max Dessoir, was printed in the number of the
+German magazine called the _Sphinx_ for February of this year, and
+this catalogue occupied nine pages. The list is limited to those works
+written on the lines laid under the methods of the modern school, all
+books being excluded whose authors hold to "mesmeric" theories, or who
+are even professional magnetizers. The catalogue is, therefore, as
+strictly scientific as possible, and, being classified with German
+thoroughness under the different branches of the subject, such as
+"hystero-hypnotism," "suggestion," "fascination," etc., it will prove
+a valuable assistance to the student.
+
+In this country the interest of scientists has not yet been aroused to
+an extent comparable with that of European investigators. Old
+prejudices have not entirely lost their potency. One of the most
+eminent professors of a leading university is said to have been
+subjected to ridicule from his colleagues because of a marked interest
+shown in the subject, and a Boston physician of high standing within a
+few months confided to the writer that he had made use of hypnotic
+methods, with gratifying success, in the case of a patient where
+ordinary remedies had proven unavailing, but he did not venture to
+make the results public, since his fellow doctors might be inclined to
+condemn his action as "irregular."
+
+A work embracing the whole subject has lately appeared in Paris, and,
+as it is to form a volume of the valuable International Scientific
+series, published in English, French, German, and Italian, it can
+hardly fail to diffuse a correct popular understanding of the results
+thus far attained. The book is called "Le Magnetism Animal" (Animal
+Magnetism), and its authors are Messrs. Alfred Binet and Charles Féré
+of the medical staff of the Salpètrière Hospital for Nervous Disorders
+in Paris. It gives a history of the patient researches conducted at
+that institution by the medical staff under the celebrated Prof.
+Charcot during the past nine years. These experiments have been
+prosecuted according to the most exact scientific methods, and with
+the most extreme caution. The endeavor has been to obtain, first of
+all, the most elementary psychic phenomena, and to test every step in
+the investigations by separate experiment, specially devised to prove
+the good faith of the subject and the reality of his hallucination, to
+eliminate the possibility of unconscious suggestion, to establish
+relations with similar phenomena of disease or health in the domain of
+physiology and psychology, and to note the modifications which can be
+brought about by altering the conditions of the experiments. The
+authors possess the great scientific virtue of never dogmatising. In
+the entire book not a single law is laid down, not a single hypothesis
+is advanced, which is not reached by the most approved inductive
+processes. A great service of the book lies in its enunciation of new
+and trustworthy methods for studying the physiology of the brain in
+health and disease, while it brings into the realm of physical
+experiment vexed questions of psychology heretofore given over to
+metaphysical methods exclusively.
+
+
+THE HYPNOTIC SLEEP
+
+Is described as a different form of natural sleep, and all the causes
+which bring on fatigue are capable of bringing on hypnotism in
+suitable subjects. Two of the leading hypnotic states are lethargy and
+catalepsy, the former being analogous to deep sleep, and the latter to
+a light slumber. In lethargy the respiratory movements are slow and
+deep; in catalepsy slight, shallow, very slow, and separated by a long
+interval. In lethargy the application of a magnet over the region of
+the stomach causes profound modifications in the breathing and
+circulation, while there is no such effect in catalepsy. This shows
+the connection of hypnotism with magnetism, and various other
+experiments with magnets have produced some remarkable results. Here
+it may be added that Dr. Gessmann, a Vienna scientist who has made a
+specialty of hypnotic studies, has invented and successfully applied
+an instrument called a hypnoscope, consisting of an arrangement of
+magnets for the purpose of ascertaining whether any person is a good
+hypnotic subject.
+
+The experiments demonstrate that sensation in the hypnotic states
+varies between the two opposite poles of hyperæsthesia and
+anæesthesia; in other words, the senses may be extraordinarily
+exalted, as in somnambulism, or, as in lethargy, they may be extinct,
+except sometimes hearing. In somnambulism the field of vision and
+acuteness of sight are about doubled, hearing is made very acute, and
+smell is so intensely developed that a subject can find by scent the
+fragment of a card, previously given him to feel, and then torn up and
+hidden. The memory in somnambulism is similarly exalted. When awakened
+the subject does not, as a rule, remember anything that occurred while
+he was entranced, but, when again hypnotized, his memory includes all
+the facts of his sleep, his life when awake and his former sleeps.
+Richet attests how somnambules recall with a luxury of detail scenes
+in which they have taken part and places they have visited long ago.
+M----, one of his somnambules, sings the air of the second act of the
+opera "L'Africaine" when she is asleep, but can not remember a note of
+it when awake.
+
+There is a theory that no experience whatever of any person is lost to
+the memory; it is only the power to recall it that is defective. The
+authors of this work say that, while the exaltation of the memory
+during somnambulism does not give absolute proof to the theory that
+nothing is lost, it proves at any rate that the memory of preservation
+is much greater than is generally imagined, in comparison with the
+memory of reproduction, or recollection. "It is evident," they say,
+"that in a great number of cases, where we believe the memory is
+completely blotted out, it is nothing of the kind. The trace is always
+there, but what is lacking is the power to evoke it; and it is highly
+probable that if we were subjected to hypnotism, or the action of
+suitable excitants, memories to all appearance dead might be revived."
+
+A comparison between the phenomena of awakening from natural and
+artificial sleep is instituted. In the case of dreams, recollection
+more or less vivid persists for a few seconds, then becomes effaced.
+This forgetfulness is even more marked in the case of hypnosis. On
+returning to natural consciousness, the subject cannot recompose a
+single one of the scenes in which he has played his part as witness or
+actor. The loss, however, is not complete, for often a word or two is
+sufficient to bring back a whole scene, though this word or two coming
+from operator to subject, partakes more or less of the nature of a
+suggestion.
+
+
+SUGGESTION.
+
+"Suggestion," by which is meant the production of thoughts and actions
+on the part of the subject through some indication or hint given by
+the operator, is found to be analogous to dreaming. Say the authors:
+"For suggestion to succeed, the subject must have naturally fallen, or
+been artificially thrown into a state of morbid receptivity: but it is
+difficult to determine accurately the conditions of suggestionability.
+However, we may mention two. The first, the mental inertia of the
+subject: * * * the consciousness is completely empty: an idea is
+suggested, and reigns supreme over the slumbering consciousness, * * *
+The second is psychic hyperexcitability, the cause of the aptitude for
+suggestion." "For example, we say to a patient: 'Look, you have a bird
+in your apron,' and no sooner are these simple words pronounced than
+she sees the bird, feels it with her fingers, and sometimes even hears
+it sing." "Again, in place of speech we engage the attention of the
+patient, and when her gaze has become settled and obediently follows
+all our movements, we imitate with the hand the motion of an object
+which flies. Soon the subject cries: 'Oh, what a pretty bird!' How has
+a simple gesture produced so singular an effect?"
+
+    "It is admitted, however, that the hypothesis of the association
+    of ideas only partly covers the facts of suggestion, even when
+    stretched to include resemblances. For instance, when we charge
+    the brain of an entranced patient with some strange idea, such
+    as, 'On awakening you will rob Mr. So-and-so of his
+    handkerchief,' and on awakening, the patient accomplishes the
+    theft commanded, can we believe that in such a sequence there is
+    nothing more than an image associated with an act? In point of
+    fact, the patient has appropriated and assimilated the idea of
+    the experimenter. She does not passively execute a strange
+    order, but the order has passed in her consciousness from
+    passive to active. We can go so far as to say that the patient
+    has the will to steal. This state is complex and obscure,
+    hitherto no one has explained it. * * * The facts of paralysis
+    by suggestion completely upset classical psychology. The
+    experimenter who produces them so easily knows neither what he
+    produces nor how he does it. Take the example of a systematic
+    anæsthesia (paralysis of sensation). We say to the subject, 'On
+    awakening you will not see Mr. X., who is there before us; he
+    will have completely disappeared.' No sooner said than done; the
+    patient on awakening sees every one around her except Mr. X.
+    When he speaks she does not answer his questions; if he places
+    his hand on her shoulder she does not feel the contact; if he
+    gets in her way, she walks straight on, and is terrified at
+    being stopped by an invisible obstacle. * * * Here the laws of
+    association, which do such good service in solving psychological
+    problems, abandon us completely. Apparently they do not account
+    for all the facts of consciousness."
+
+
+PORTRAITS BY HALLUCINATION.
+
+A remarkable and suggestive series of experiments performed with
+portraits by hallucination is given in the book. These experiments
+show, that if by suggestion a subject is made to see a portrait on a
+sheet of card board which is exactly alike on both sides, the image
+will always be seen on the same side, and, however it is presented,
+the subject will always place the card with the surfaces and edges in
+the exact positions they occupied at the moment of suggestion, in such
+a manner that the image can neither be reversed nor inclined. If the
+surfaces are reversed, the image is no longer seen; if the edges, it
+is seen upside down. The subject is never caught in a mistake; the
+changes may be made out of his sight, but the image is invariably seen
+in accordance with the primitive conditions, although absolutely no
+difference is to be detected by the normal vision between the two
+blank surfaces.
+
+One experiment brings out this fact clearly. On a white sheet of paper
+is placed a card equally white; with a fine point, but without
+touching the paper, the contour of the card is followed while the idea
+of a line traced in black is suggested to the subject. The subject,
+when awakened, is asked to fold the paper according to these imaginary
+lines. He holds the paper at the distance at which it was at the
+moment of suggestion, and folds it in the form of a rectangle exactly
+superposable on the card.
+
+A curious experiment in the same line has been often repeated by Prof.
+Charcot. The subject is given the suggestion of a portrait on a white
+card, which is then shuffled up with a dozen cards all alike. On
+awakening, the subject is asked to run over the collection, without
+being told the reason why it is wished. When he comes to the card on
+which had been located the imaginary portrait, he at once perceives
+it. One detail of these experiments is very significant. Supposing we
+show the imaginary portrait at a distance of two yards from the
+subject's eyes, the card appears white, whereas a real photograph
+would appear gray. If it is gradually brought nearer, the imaginary
+portrait at last appears, but it is necessary for it to be much nearer
+than an ordinary photograph for the patient to recognize the subject.
+By means of opera glasses we can make the patient recognize her
+hallucination at a distance at which she could not perceive it with
+the naked eye. In short, the imaginary object which figures in the
+hallucination is perceived under the same conditions as if it were
+real. Various other experiments are detailed in support of this
+formula. The opera glasses only act as if they were focussed upon the
+point of hallucination, and in the case of a short-sighted subject
+they had to be altered to allow for the defect of vision. If the
+patient looks through a prism the image is seen duplicated, although
+the subject is absolutely ignorant of the properties of a prism, as
+well as of the fact that the glass is a prism. A photograph of the
+plain white card used when the photograph was suggested may be
+substituted, and on being shown to the patient, the hallucinatory
+image is seen just the same, even two years after the original
+experiment, as was done in one case.
+
+Some strange phenomena of polarity are related. The following
+experiments by MM. Binet and Féré are given in illustration: "We give
+a patient in somnambulism the common hallucination of a bird poised on
+her finger. While she is caressing the imaginary bird she is awakened
+and a magnet is brought near her head. After a few minutes she stops
+short, raises her eyes and looks about in astonishment. The bird which
+was on her finger has disappeared. She looks all over the ward and at
+last finds it, for we hear her say, 'So you thought you would leave
+me, little bird.' After a few minutes the bird again disappears anew,
+but almost immediately reappears. The patient complains from time to
+time of a pain in the head at a point corresponding to what has been
+described in this book as the visual centre (some distance above and
+slightly posterior to the ear)." The magnet also has the same effect
+in suspending the real perception. One of the patients was shown a
+Chinese gong and striker, and took fright on sight of the instrument.
+When a blow was struck she instantly fell into catalepsy. She was
+reawakened, and asked to look attentively at the gong; meanwhile,
+without her knowledge, a small magnet was brought near her head. After
+a minute the instrument had completely disappeared from her sight.
+When it was struck with redoubled force, she only looked from side to
+side with an air of slight astonishment.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The mysteries which puzzle these writers are made plain by
+anthropology, and I have been presenting the explanation for over
+forty years to my pupils. The sensibility to hypnotic phenomena is due
+to the anterior portion of the middle lobe of the brain--to the
+portion which is developed one inch behind the external angle of the
+eye, by exciting which we bring on the somnolent condition. The
+predominance of this region renders the person liable to the mesmeric
+phenomena.
+
+The hypnoscope proposed is quite unnecessary. The proper test of
+magnetic susceptibility is either to excite the organ of somnolence
+and observe if the eyes are disposed to close, or to pass your fingers
+over the outstretched hand of the subject, within one or two inches,
+and observe if he feels any impression. A distinct feeling of coolness
+is sufficient proof of magnetic susceptibility.
+
+Let those who wish to investigate the subject begin in accordance with
+true science by testing the sensitiveness of the hand. If sensitive,
+let the subject sit in a passive state, while you touch the somnolent
+region on the temples, one inch horizontally behind the brow. In from
+one to ten minutes the eyes will show a disposition to close, winking
+repeatedly until a dreamy condition arises, with a tendency to a
+conscious sleep. In this condition the susceptibility is extreme.
+Experiments in psychometry may be tried with success; the organs of
+the brain may be excited, and many interesting experiments may be made
+by those who understand the brain, for intellectual purposes, or for
+the promotion of health and cure of diseases.
+
+The whole subject is thoroughly explained in the College of
+Therapeutics, making thereby a perfect guidance to health, and to
+progress in philosophy, and supplying the great lack in all systems of
+education--self-knowledge and the sublime art of health, longevity,
+and progress in Divine wisdom.
+
+
+
+
+THE SO-CALLED SCIENTIFIC IMMORTALITY.
+
+
+The Smithsonian Institution at Washington was founded for the increase
+and diffusion of knowledge. Guided by the contracted notions prevalent
+among scientists, it has not accomplished much for either object. The
+theory of Lester F. Ward of this institution was paraphrased as
+follows in the last JOURNAL:
+
+  As for immortal life I must confess,
+  Science has never, never answered "yes."
+  Indeed all psycho-physiological sciences show,
+  If we'd be loyal, we must answer "no!"
+  Man cannot recollect before being born,
+  And hence his future life must be "in a horn."
+  There must be a _parte ante_ if there's a _parte post_,
+  And logic thus demolishes every future ghost.
+  Upon this subject the voice of science
+  Has ne'er been aught but stern defiance.
+  Mythology and magic belong to "_limbus fatuorum_;"
+  If fools believe them, we scientists deplore 'em.
+  But, nevertheless, the immortal can't be lost,
+  For every atom has its bright, eternal ghost!
+
+Mr. Ward appears to enjoy greatly this theory of his own final
+extinction, and he exclaims with infinite self-satisfaction, "this
+pure and ennobling sense of truth he would scorn to barter for the
+selfish and illusory hope of an eternity of personal existence." This
+is quite a jolly funeral indeed!
+
+It is true Mr. Ward's very profound theories contradict an immense
+number of facts observed by wiser men than himself, but so much the
+worse for the facts,--they must not embarrass a Smithsonian
+philosopher when he solves to his own satisfaction the vast problem of
+the universe. This Mr. Ward thinks he has done. It is quite an
+ingenious and laboriously constructed hypothesis, but like all other
+attempts to construct a grand philosophy without a basis of fact, it
+is hard to manufacture the theory and hard to comprehend it. Mr. Ward
+says himself in the _Open Court_ that even to comprehend his doctrine
+would require the "careful reading of nearly 200 pages," while "to see
+the matter in precisely the same light as I see it would require the
+reading of the entire work of some 1400 pages!" Really, Mr. Ward, the
+writer who cannot sufficiently befuddle himself and his readers in
+fifty pages is not very skilful.
+
+Nevertheless the Ward theory is one of the best that has ever been
+gotten up by the champions of nescience, and is worthy of a statement
+in the Journal as quite an improvement on the common expression of
+materialistic stolidity. He claims that he does not deny immortality,
+but he recognizes no immortality of man--no human soul. He recognizes
+only the immortality of the world, such as it is, which nobody denies.
+The future life of man he considers nothing but an illusion, though
+there is an immortality of intelligence _here_ in successive forms.
+
+The doctrine, is that spirit, intelligence, or consciousness is a part
+of matter--that every atom has its own little share, which practically
+amounts to nothing in its infinite subdivision, but when matter comes
+into organized forms the spiritual powers thus aggregated and
+organized become an efficient spiritual energy; and the higher the
+organism the grander the power that is developed, man being the most
+perfect organization evolves the grandest spiritual power, as a
+superior violin evolves finer music than a tambourine. But the
+intelligence and will of man are only phenomena, like the music, and
+have no existence beyond that of the organism that produces them. This
+is substantially the theory of materialists generally, and of the old
+school medical colleges which consider human life a mere product of
+human tissues in combination--a doctrine conclusively refuted in
+"Therapeutic Sarcognomy."
+
+The special merit of the Ward theory lies in the supposition that mind
+and matter are elements everywhere inseparably united, and that human
+intelligence is developed by the aggregation and organization of the
+mind powers that reside in the atoms of matter,--an explanation which
+does not often occur to the exponents of materialism,--and has the
+merit of ingenuity. The theory would do very well if it were not
+demonstrable that life exists only from influx, and that human life
+and personality survive the body, and become known to every highly
+organized sensitive, who knows how to investigate such matters.
+
+The Ward theory demolishes the Deity with the greatest ease, and
+places man, fleeting or evanescent as he is, at the summit of the
+universe! As he expresses it, "The only intelligence in the universe
+worthy of the name is the intelligence of the organized beings which
+have been evolved; and the highest manifestations of the psychic power
+known to the occupants of this planet is that which emanates from the
+human brain. Thus does science invert the pantheistic pyramid."
+
+Such is the fog that emanates from the institution that should help
+the advance and diffusion of knowledge. No God! no soul! not even the
+awful power that Spencer blindly acknowledges--nothing but matter
+bubbling up and organizing itself into temporary forms that decay and
+are gone forever. We may well reciprocate his suggestion, and say that
+such doctrines belong to the _limbus fatuorum_, and, if enjoyed as Mr.
+Ward enjoys them, they may well be called the "fool's paradise." I
+think Hegel has some similar notion--that God becomes conscious only
+in man, unconscious everywhere else! And even so brilliant a writer as
+M. Renan says, "For myself I think that there is not in the universe
+any intelligence superior to that of man." In reading such expressions
+we are strongly reminded of the poem on the "rationalistic chicken,"
+which would not admit that it ever came out of an egg. When the wisdom
+shown in the universe is so immensely beyond the comprehension of man,
+how can he assume his own to be the highest wisdom?
+
+To such dreary absurdities as this the _Open Court_ newspaper at
+Chicago is devoted, and it has a bevy of well-educated friends and
+supporters--well-educated as the world goes,--and graced with literary
+capacity and culture, but educated into blindness and ignorance of the
+scientific phenomena of psychic science,--unwilling to investigate or
+incapable of candid investigation. The coterie sustaining such a
+newspaper are precisely in the position of the contemporaries of
+Galileo, who refused to look through his telescope or study his
+demonstrations.
+
+It is not from any scientific spirit or scientific acumen that this
+materialistic coterie avoid psychometric and spiritual facts. The
+newspapers which ignore or sneer at such knowledge are easily gulled
+in matters of science. A writer in the _Open Court_ upon the
+possibilities of the future, which he presents as being confined
+"strictly to legitimate deductions from present knowledge," exhibits
+an amount and variety of ignorant credulity which ought not to have
+gained admission to an intelligent journal. He speaks of an unlimited
+freedom of submarine navigation and navigation of the air which would
+not have appeared possible to any but the most superficial sciolist.
+He also speaks of an electroscope that will telegraph rays of light
+(!) and enable us thereby to see our most distant friends, and of
+stowing in a small compass electricity enough to exterminate an army.
+This imaginative ignoramus adds, "Give to our present biped
+acquaintance the ability to exterminate armies with a lightning flash,
+added to the power of sailing at will through the air or of passing at
+will and in safety beneath the ocean waves, and he would depopulate
+the earth." The writer gives much more of this Munchausen stuff which
+is not worthy of notice except as an illustration of the feeble
+scientific intelligence with which many newspapers are edited. The
+editor of a really scientific journal referred to this article in the
+_Open Court_ "as a proof of the danger of a little knowledge."[1]
+
+    [1] The air is certainly yet to be navigated when a
+        sufficient amount of power can be concentrated in the
+        machine, but at present we can do little more than float
+        with the wind. It is probable that an engine sufficiently
+        strong, built of the best steel, and propelled by the
+        explosive power of gun cotton, or some similar explosive,
+        would overcome the difficulty. If I were to construct such
+        an engine I would substitute for the lifting power of a
+        balloon that of a sail acting as a kite.
+
+
+
+
+REVIEW OF THE NEW EDUCATION.
+
+BY SAMUEL EADON, M.A., M.D., PH.D., F.S.A., ETC.
+
+
+I have read very carefully the third edition of the "New Education,"
+and feel impelled, in order to satisfy my conscientiousness, to write
+a short article relative to the impressions which the reading of the
+book produced in my mind.
+
+It is a work of extraordinary merit. Like George Combe's "Constitution
+of Man," it is highly suggestive; the fascination of the author was
+such that I could not help but write. To know its value and appreciate
+its lofty moral outpourings, people must buy the book and read for
+themselves. The first thought would be that it is the production of an
+original thinker who had the courage to utter opinions fearless of
+results, however antagonistic to the common-herd notions.
+
+In all ages, the human understanding, the reasoning faculties, have
+ever been considered to hold the supremacy in the scale of
+development, of culture, and of advance toward a higher form of
+civilization; the moral faculties were thought next in order, and then
+the propensities common to all animal natures held the third or
+inferior position. This view of human nature has been handed down from
+an elder antiquity and still retains its hold largely in the
+universities and great public schools of the present day.
+
+If this view of the nature of man be a correct one, there ought to be
+a vast intellectual brotherhood of mankind; but it is not so. From the
+days of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, this culture of the
+intellectual power has been continuously pursued, but with very
+slender results; for were this kind of education pursued for 100,000
+years, the morale of society would be little better than it is at the
+present time.
+
+Dr. Buchanan takes quite a different view and makes the moral or
+ethical faculties supreme, in development and culture, the intellect
+being the instruments for acquiring facts and the propensities the
+steam to bring about the desired results. According to his views of
+man, our emotional faculties are of a higher or more God-like order
+than our intellectual powers. The intellect being the hand-maid to the
+emotions, to _feel_ the force of truth is higher in mental excellence
+than to _perceive_ it. Depth of emotions is the climax of spiritual
+power.
+
+The ethical and æsthetic being the foundation of the New Education,
+Dr. Buchanan, in a series of beautifully written chapters, enters into
+details in reference to what teachers should be, what the subjects
+taught ought to be, and what are the shells and what the kernels of
+knowledge. He shows clearly that woman will ultimately be the
+regenerator of humanity, that education so far has been merely
+fractional and one-sided--that true development consists in the
+co-education of soul and body, the co-education of man and woman, the
+co-education of the material and spiritual worlds.
+
+There are a million of teachers, and every one should have a copy of
+this work. No man is fit to teach in the high sense advocated by this
+author unless he has thoroughly mastered this work. It is easy to pull
+down a system, but not so easy to build it up; but in the New
+Education the follies of the old educational systems are not only
+levelled to the dust, but a higher and more practical, industrious,
+and crime-preventing system of training and teaching takes its place.
+This book will become the grand educational Bible for teachers in all
+countries where the English language is spoken.
+
+Nor should it be in the hands of teachers only. Every intelligent
+father and mother, anxious for the development of their sons and
+daughters should study this book night and day. It should be
+translated into every European language, and also into Chinese and
+other Eastern tongues; the refined, æsthetic, and knowledge-loving
+people of Japan, were the work translated into their language, would
+enjoy it intensely.
+
+HAMBROOK COURT, near Bristol, England.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A Japanese scholar has already undertaken the translation of the "New
+Education" in Japan. The JOURNAL has not room at present for the
+essays of correspondents, and I have only given a small portion of the
+essay of the learned Dr. Eadon, who is the most progressive member of
+the medical profession in England.
+
+
+
+
+VICTORIA'S HALF CENTURY
+
+
+We are nearing the fiftieth anniversary of the beginning of Queen
+Victoria's reign. A London writer, reviewing the changes which have
+taken place in the period marks these notable points: A strange
+country was England in those far-off days; there was but little
+difference between the general state of society under William and the
+general state of society under George II. If we compared the courts of
+George IV. and William with the company of a low tap-room, we should
+not flatter the tap-room. Broad-blown coarseness, rank debauchery,
+reckless prodigality, were seen at their worst in the abode of English
+monarchs. A decent woman was out of place amid the stupid horrors of
+the Pavilion or of Windsor; and we do not wonder at the sedulous care
+which the Queen's guardians employed to keep her beyond reach of the
+prevailing corruption. A man like the Duke of Cumberland would not now
+be permitted to show his face in public save in the dock; but in those
+times his peculiar habits were regarded as quite royal and quite
+natural. Jockeys, blacklegs, gamblers, prize-fighters were esteemed as
+the natural companions of princes; and when England's king drove up to
+the verge of a prize-ring in the company of a burly rough who was
+about to exchange buffets with another rough, the proceeding was
+considered as quite manly and orthodox. Imagine the Prince of Wales
+driving in the park with a champion boxer!
+
+A strange country indeed was England in those times; and to look
+through the newspapers and memoirs of fifty years ago is an amusement
+at once instructive and humiliating. The king dines with the premier
+duke, makes him drunk, and has him carefully driven round the streets,
+so that the public may see what an intoxicated nobleman is like. The
+same king pushes a statesman into a pond, and screams with laughter as
+the drenched victim crawls out. Morning after morning the chief man of
+the realm visits the boxing-saloon, and learns to batter the faces and
+ribs of other noble gentlemen. We hear of visits paid by royalty to an
+obscure Holborn tavern, where, after noisy suppers, the fighting-men
+were wont to roar their hurricane choruses and talk with many
+blasphemies of by-gone combats. Think of that succession of ugly and
+foul sports compared with the peace, the refinement, the gentle and
+subdued manners of Victoria's court, and we see how far England has
+travelled since 1837.
+
+Fifty years ago our myriads of kinsmen across the seas were strangers
+to us, and the amazing friendship which has sprung up between the
+subjects of Victoria and the citizens of the vast republic was
+represented fifty years ago by a kind of sheepish, good-humored
+ignorance, tempered by jealousy. The smart packets left London and
+Liverpool to thrash their way across the Atlantic swell, and they were
+lucky if they managed to complete the voyage in a month--Charles
+Dickens sailed in a vessel which took twenty-two days for the trip,
+and she was a steamer, no less! For all practical purposes England and
+America are now one country. The trifling distance of 3,000 miles
+across the Atlantic seems hardly worth counting, according to our
+modern notions; and the American gentleman talks quite easily and
+naturally about running over to London or Paris to see a series of
+dramatic performances or an exhibition of pictures. When Victoria
+began to reign the English people mostly regarded America as a dim
+region, and the voyage thither was a fearsome understanding.
+
+There is something in the catalogue of mechanical devices which almost
+affects the mind with fatigue. Fifty years ago the ordinary citizen
+picked up his ideas of all that was going on in the world from a
+sorely-taxed news-sheet; and a very blurred idea he managed to get at
+the best. Poor folk had to do without the luxury of the news, and they
+were as much circumscribed mentally as though they had been cattle; we
+remember a village where even in 1852 the common people did not know
+who the Duke of Wellington was. No such thing as a newspaper had been
+seen there within the memory of man; only one or two of the natives
+had seen a railway engine, and nobody in the whole village row had
+been known to visit a town. But now-a-days the villager has his
+high-class news-sheet; and he is very much discontented indeed if he
+does not see the latest intelligence from America, India, Australia,
+China--everywhere. An American statesman's conversation of Monday
+afternoon is reported accurately in the London journals on Tuesday
+morning; a speech of Mr. Gladstone's delivered at midnight on one day
+is summarized in New York and San Francisco the next day; the result
+of a race run at Epsom is known in Bombay within forty minutes. We use
+no paradox when we say that every man in the civilized world now lives
+next door to everybody else; oceans are merely convenient pathways,
+howling deserts are merely handy places for planting telegraph poles
+and for swinging wires along which thoughts travel between country and
+country with the velocity of lightning. We see that the world with its
+swarming populations is growing more and more like some great organism
+whereof the nerve-centres are subtly, delicately connected by
+sensitive nerve-tissues. Even now, using a lady's thimble, two pieces
+of metal, and a little acid, we can speak to a friend across the
+Atlantic gulf, and before ten years are over, a gentleman in London
+will doubtless be able to sit in his office and hear the actual tones
+of some speaker in New York.
+
+So much has the magic half century brought about.
+
+If we think of the scientific knowledge possessed by the most
+intelligent men when the Queen ascended the throne, we can hardly
+refrain from smiling, for it seems as though we were studying the
+mental endowment of a race of children. The science of electricity was
+in its infancy; the laws of force were misunderstood; men did not know
+what heat really was. They knew next to nothing of the history of the
+globe, and they accounted for the existence of varying species of
+plants and animals by means of the most infantine hypotheses. A
+complete revolution--vital and all-embracing--has altered our modes of
+thought, so that the man of 1887 can scarcely bring himself to
+conceive the state of mind which contented the man of 1837. We have
+dark doubts now, perplexing misgivings, weary uncertainties, painful
+consciousness of limited powers; but along with these weaknesses we
+have our share of certainties. Are we happier? Nay, not in mind. A
+quiet melancholy marks the words of all the men who have thought most
+deeply and learned most. The wise no longer cry out or complain--they
+accept life and fate with calm sadness, and perhaps with prayerful
+resignation. We have learned to know how little we can know, and we
+see with composure that even the miracles already achieved by the
+restless mind of man are as nothing.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There is a far better reason than this for the sadness of thinking
+men. It is that, with all the progress of science, art, and education,
+poverty, misery, disease, and crime still afflict society as they did
+in ruder ages, and our progress is _onward_, but not _upward_. It is
+_upward_ progress to which the JOURNAL OF MAN is devoted.
+
+In the foregoing sketch very little is said of the real progress of
+the age--the increase of education, the uprising of the people into
+greater political power and liberty, the prostration of the power of
+the church, which is destined to disestablishment, and the uprising of
+spiritual science.
+
+What is there in the reign of Victoria to be celebrated? Was there
+ever a more perfect specimen of barely respectable commonplace than
+the reign of Victoria? What generous impulse, or what notable wisdom
+has she ever shown? What has she done for the relief of Ireland, for
+the improvement of a society full of pauperism, crime and suffering,
+or for the prevention of unjust foreign wars? When has she ever given
+even a respectable gift to any good object from her enormous income?
+But virtue is not expected in sovereigns; they are expected only to
+enjoy themselves hugely, to make an ostentatious display, and consume
+all their benighted subjects give them.
+
+Mrs. Stanton says:--"The two great questions now agitating Great
+Britain are 'Coercion for Ireland,' and the 'Queen's Jubilee,' a
+tragedy and a comedy in the same hour."
+
+Speaking of the Queen's Jubilee she says:
+
+    "In this supreme moment of the nation's political crisis, the
+    Queen and her suite are junketing around in their royal yachts
+    on the coast of France, while proposing to celebrate her year of
+    Jubilee by levying new taxes on her people, in the form of penny
+    and pound contributions to build a monument to Prince Albert.
+    The year of Jubilee! While under the eyes of the Queen her Irish
+    subjects are being evicted from their holdings at the point of
+    the bayonet; their cottages burned to the ground; aged and
+    helpless men and women and newborn children, alike left
+    crouching on the highways, under bridges, hayricks and hedges,
+    crowded into poorhouses, jails and prisons, to expiate their
+    crimes growing out of poverty on the one hand and patriotism on
+    the other.
+
+    "A far more fitting way to celebrate the year of Jubilee would
+    be for the Queen to scatter the millions hoarded in her private
+    vaults among her needy subjects, to mitigate, in some measure,
+    the miseries they have endured from generation to generation; to
+    inaugurate some grand improvement in her system of education; to
+    extend still further the civil and political rights of her
+    people; to suggest, perchance, an Inviolable Homestead Bill for
+    Ireland, and to open the prison doors to her noble priests and
+    patriots.
+
+    "But instead of such worthy ambitions in the fiftieth year of her
+    reign, what does the Queen propose? With her knowledge and
+    consent, committees of ladies are formed in every county, town
+    and village in all the colonies under her flag, to solicit these
+    penny and pound contributions, to be placed at her disposal.
+
+    "Ladies go from house to house, not only to the residences of
+    the rich, but to the cottages of the poor, through all the marts
+    of trade, the fields, the factories, begging pennies for the
+    Queen from servants and day-laborers."
+
+These forced collections are not entirely for the benefit of the
+Queen, but are to be appropriated also to a vast variety of local
+objects and institutions.
+
+
+
+
+THE OUTLOOK OF DIOGENES.
+
+
+The ancient philosopher Diogenes, whom even the presence of Alexander
+could not overawe, is one of the most marked and heroic figures of
+ancient history. It is said "The Athenians admired his contempt for
+comfort, and allowed him a wide latitude of comment and rebuke.
+Practical good was the chief aim of his philosophy; for literature and
+the fine arts he did not conceal his disdain. He laughed at men of
+letters for reading the sufferings of Ulysses while neglecting their
+own; at musicians who spent in stringing their lyres the time which
+would have been much better employed in making their own discordant
+natures harmonious; at savants for gazing at the heavenly bodies while
+sublimely incognizant of earthly ones; at orators who studied how to
+enforce truth, but not how to practice it. * * * When asked what
+business he was proficient in, he answered, 'to command men.'"
+
+Psychometry brings up these ancient characters as vividly and
+truthfully as history. Such psychometric descriptions are a continual
+miracle. How the psychometers, knowing not of whom they are speaking,
+guided only by a mysterious intuition, should speak of the most
+ancient characters as familiarly and truly as of our acquaintances
+to-day, will ever stand as a psychic miracle, to illustrate the Divine
+Wisdom that established such a power in man. This is the daily
+experience of Mrs. Buchanan. Her description of Diogenes was as
+follows:
+
+    "I think this is an ancient. There is something quaint about
+    him. He does not seem to follow anything or anybody. He lived a
+    natural life, indifferent to current teachings. He had peculiar
+    original ideas of his own as to life and its purposes, and seems
+    to be a man of philanthropic nature, not æsthetic, but very
+    indifferent as to personal appearance and habits, or as to
+    pleasing people, not at all fastidious. He did not mind people's
+    opinions in the least. They never disturbed him.
+
+    "He had enough combativeness to fight his way through
+    difficulties. He had great self-reliance, and did not mind
+    obstacles. If he had to take part in disturbances, he was ready,
+    and had tact and tactics. He had a peculiar power of governing
+    men, and a peculiar way of gaining confidence and esteem. He did
+    not show off at all, and was not at all condescending. He had a
+    great deal of sagacity. He regarded as trifles things people
+    considered as momentous.
+
+    "(To what country did he belong?) He was probably a Greek, but
+    he did not accord with anything of his time. He lived in the
+    future and anticipated great changes. He did not agree with any
+    contemporary religion, politics, fashions or manners, but was
+    very sarcastic upon them. He was a philosopher, devoted to the
+    useful, and cared nothing for the ornamental, either in
+    architecture, fashions or anything else. He might not make war
+    on the religion as he was not rancorous or rebellious, but he
+    had different ideas in himself, and was candid in expressing
+    them. He does not give much attention to modern times, but if he
+    were here he would enjoy modern improvements and benevolence,
+    but would denounce our fashions and our bigotry, and teach a
+    primitive style of living."
+
+Let us invoke the strong spirit of Diogenes whose sturdy freedom
+of thought was like that of Walt Whitman, to coöperate in the review
+of modern life. Such men are greatly needed to review a
+corrupt civilization; and where is the civilization now, where was
+there ever a civilization that was not corrupt? The function of
+Diogenes is not performed either by the pulpit or the press. A
+few special journals are terribly severe on special evils, but the
+reformatory words of the press generally are few and far between, in
+comparison to what is needed. The JOURNAL OF MAN does not
+propose to fill the hiatus and make war upon the myriad evils of
+society, but it must speak out, now and then, like Diogenes, especially
+when others neglect their duty.
+
+What is the condition of our legislative bodies? Where is there
+one that does not provoke sharp criticism? The Albany correspondent
+of the _N. Y. Sun_, speaking of the legislative adjournment, says;
+"Mr. William F. Sheehan, leader of the Democratic minority to the
+Assembly, summed up the work of the Legislature of 1887 when in
+his address on the floor of the Assembly on the day of final adjournment,
+he said: 'Prayer will ascend from thousands of hearts of the
+citizens of this State at noon to-day for their deliverance from this
+Legislature. It began its session with the corrupt election of a
+United States Senator. It lived in bribery, and it dies a farce.'
+No one here regrets the adjournment except the gamblers and the
+lobbyists. Even the lobbyists would be glad for a vacation, as their
+labors in bidding for the legislative cattle the last month have been
+most arduous. The people of Albany look on the Legislature as a
+pestilence to which they must yearly submit, and they welcome its
+departure as a farmer does the going of a swarm of locusts from his
+fields.
+
+"Whatever else may be said about the Legislature of 1887, no one ever
+accused it of being honest, and there is no doubt that it was
+industrious."
+
+This corrupt Legislature passed two very discreditable bills which
+would have been made positively infamous if it had not been for the
+active opposition of a few friends of liberty. One of these bills was
+designed to add to the stringency of the present obstructive medical
+law; the other was designed to assist the labors of Anthony Comstock
+in interrupting the circulation of popular physiological literature,
+under pretence of suppressing obscenity.
+
+In the Legislature of Pennsylvania, the law designed to suppress the
+cultivation of spiritual science by severe penalties, was favorably
+reported by a committee but prevented by popular indignation from
+passing. Yet the people were not sufficiently alert to prevent
+legislation in favor of that monopoly the Standard Oil Company, which
+is considered a betrayal of justice.
+
+In Illinois a bill was passed in the Senate and came near passing in
+the House, which would have abolished all medical freedom and made it
+a crime for any one but a licensed doctor to help the sick in any way,
+even by a prayer. Verily the spirit of American liberty does not
+pervade American communities and American legislatures.
+
+In Massachusetts the Old Puritanic Sunday Laws having fallen into
+"_innocuous desuetude_," an attempt to give them a partial enforcement
+in Boston compelled a little legislative action and the result was
+what might have been expected in a State in which religious opinions
+are allowed to interfere with the credibility of a witness, and in
+which Diogenes, if he were here, would be struck with the vast
+inconsistency between the creed of Christendom and its practice, and
+the vast disparity between the progress of modern knowledge and the
+effete system of education in our Universities. He would wonder why
+modern colleges are more interested in the details of Greek life and
+letters than in the beneficent sciences of to-day of which the Greeks
+knew nothing.
+
+He would wonder why the edicts of the Pagan emperor, Constantine,
+concerning the observance of Sunday are observed and enforced as a
+religious duty, while the Divine love inculcated by Jesus Christ,
+which forbids all strife and war, is no more regarded by Christian
+nations than by the rulers of ancient Rome.
+
+He would look into the schools and universities professedly devoted to
+science and literature, and ask why they have even less freedom of
+discussion and thought than the schools of Athens, every professor
+being interested to discourage the investigation of novelties in
+philosophy instead of being ready to welcome original investigation.
+
+Under the new Sunday law of Massachusetts, Sunday trains and steamboat
+lines are at the mercy of the railroad commissioners, who can stop
+every one of them; but boating, yachting, and carriage driving on
+Sunday are free to all who have the money to pay for them. But while
+outdoor frolic is free-and-easy, indoor enjoyment is prohibited.
+Everybody is liable to five dollar fines for _attending_ "any sport,
+game, or play" on Sunday, unless it has been licensed, and private
+families never ask a license for their own amusements. But _to be
+present_ on Sunday "_at any dancing_," brings a liability to a $50
+fine for each offence! What a terrible thing dancing is to be sure,
+that looking on should cost $50, while a frolic in boating and
+yachting is unexceptionably holy, and the fast young men may kick up a
+dust, kill the horses, and smash the buggies with impunity, or kill
+themselves by rowing in the hot sun, under whiskey stimulus on Sunday.
+
+The laws for hotels and restaurants are even more absurd. Travellers,
+strangers and lodgers may be freely entertained, but if _anybody else_
+(who is he?) comes into the house, or remains on the grounds about it,
+on Sunday, the landlord can be fined as much as $50 at the first pop,
+$100 at the second pop, and at the third pop he is to be shut up and
+deprived of his license. Somebody else must be a terrible fellow on
+Sunday--and he is a dangerous customer on Saturday too, for if he
+comes in on Saturday evening, or even lounges on the grounds, it is a
+fine of five dollars for the landlord. But who is he? How is the poor
+landlord, or victualler to discover _somebody else_, who is neither
+lodger, stranger, nor traveller. The landlord cannot detect him, but
+all sheriffs, grand jurors, and constables are required to hunt for
+him! _Vive la bagatelle!_
+
+Strictly private gambling is safe on Sunday, and our _Chevaliers
+d'Industrie_ may ruin a dozen families, and provoke suicide and
+murder,--"plate sin with gold" and it is protected, and the swindling
+shyster is protected too on Sunday, for no civil process can be served
+on that holy day; the rogue who is bothered on that day can get
+exemplary damages by this law of Sunday asylum. But the poor keeper of
+a restaurant or of an inn, is the victim for old legislative boys to
+throw stones at. They have provided a hundred dollar fine for every
+innholder or victualler who keeps, or "suffers to be kept," on his
+premises, any implements "used in gaming," or which may be used for
+"purposes of amusement," and does not prevent such things from being
+used on Sunday. So if he is not extremely vigilant throughout his
+house and grounds, he may be caught with a hundred dollar fine, OR be
+imprisoned three months in the House of Correction at the pleasure of
+the magistrate!! and for every subsequent offense may be _imprisoned
+in the House of Correction_ as much as one year, and then required to
+give security for obeying the law. Under such a law a malicious young
+hoodlum may contrive to send a landlord to jail.
+
+To open a shop, warehouse, or workhouse on Sunday is a fifty dollar
+offense, and it is fifty dollars also for doing "any manner of labor,
+business or work" on Sunday, unless the judge considers it a matter of
+necessity or charity; nevertheless, the "making of butter and cheese"
+is good Sunday work, if we do not _open the doors_ which would bring
+on a $50 fine. So is the work of steam, gas and electricity,
+newspapers, telegraphs, telephones, druggists, milkmen, (bakers before
+10 and after 4,) boat houses, livery stables, ferry boats, and street
+cars. But to catch a fish or fire a pistol on Sunday is a $10 offense,
+and to look on at a game of chess is a $50 crime. However, the law
+does not punish whistling on Sunday, unless the whistler has
+spectators, then it is a $50 business for all concerned. To read
+Longfellow's Excelsior on Sunday to a parlor of company is a $50
+crime. Reading Milton's Paradise Lost, or the American Declaration of
+Independence would also rank as criminal business, being an
+entertainment, and a party of twenty playing a game of croquet may be
+fined a thousand dollars.
+
+Verily, if it were not for such hypocritical and asinine legislation
+as this, we might forget the history of New England witchcraft, and
+the hanging of Quakers in sight of the spot where this law was enacted
+as an _improvement_ on a still worse, but practically obsolete
+statute.
+
+Such Sunday legislation is a fair evidence of the absence of true
+religion, and the predominance of hypocrisy. It is not enforced, and
+is not expected to be. All the Sunday legislation in New York did not
+prevent the immense Syracuse Salt Works from carrying on their work
+day and night. Gov. Hill and the N. Y. Legislature have shown their
+character by increasing the penalties of the Sunday laws, but they
+have not approached the Massachusetts standard.
+
+
+
+
+A BILL TO DESTROY THE INDIANS.
+
+From the Boston Pilot.
+
+
+The Puritans of New England and the Cavaliers of Virginia alike
+treated the Indians as though they had no rights of manhood. The
+Catholics, Baptists, and Quakers treated them kindly and justly. The
+Puritans took Indian lands without permission or compensation. The
+Catholics, Baptists and Quakers bought lands from the Indians in an
+honorable way.
+
+The two policies have been in conflict for nearly three centuries.
+
+The Government has held to the policy of buying lands from the
+Indians, thus recognizing their ownership; but it has not always paid
+the price agreed upon. Now, under the lead of Senator Dawes Congress
+has passed a bill which annuls the treaties, and overrides all
+proprietary rights of every tribe, except nine of the most civilized.
+
+His bill is the "Indian Land in Severalty Bill." It pretends to be in
+the interest of the Indians, but that pretense is a fraud. It is
+wholly in the interest of railroad companies, land syndicates, and
+private white settlers.
+
+The treaties of 1868 and 1876 guarantee the Sioux tribes undisturbed
+possession of their reservation in Dakota. Not an acre of that land
+can be taken from them without the consent of three-fourths of them.
+So read the treaties signed by the United States Commissioners and
+confirmed by the United States Senate.
+
+The Dawes Severalty Bill takes the Sioux reservation from the control
+of the Sioux without asking the consent of a single Indian, surveys it
+as though it was a body of public land, and then says to the Sioux:
+The Government will return a small homestead for each of you, as
+individuals, and after twenty-five years you shall have titles to
+these small tracts, but the remainder of the reservation, (about
+four-fifth) must be opened to white settlers.
+
+The Sioux protest against this outrage, and have appealed to the
+National Indian Defence Association at Washington, D. C., to protect
+their rights. This association has resolved to test the
+constitutionality of this bill in the Supreme Court of the United
+States, and asks all friends of justice to sustain them in this legal
+contest.
+
+
+
+
+MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE.
+
+
+THE SEYBERT COMMISSION has reported against the claims of
+Spiritualism. Their report will not even have the effect of the French
+Academy report against animal magnetism, which checked its progress in
+the medical profession but not among the people; but before the
+century passed, the medical profession has taken up the science in
+earnest, and re-named it hypnotism. The Seybert report will not even
+be a temporary damper, for while thousands of inquirers, fully as
+competent as the commission, and many of them far more competent to
+the investigation, have made themselves familiar with the facts, the
+commission has done nothing but to emphasize the fact already familiar
+among the intelligent, of the prevalence of fraud among mediums.
+Notwithstanding the wonderful powers of Slade, no one acquainted with
+his history would place any reliance on his integrity. The more
+intelligent Spiritualists understood such matters, and the Ladies' Aid
+(Spiritualist) Society of Boston, recently had considerable amusement
+in the exhibition in their parlors of the materializing and
+dematerializing wire apparatus used by the fraudulent medium, Mrs.
+Ross, which was said to have been carried in her bustle. Mrs. Ross
+when prosecuted for her frauds was found to be protected by the law of
+coverture which makes the husband alone responsible. This is a relic
+of the idea of female subordination and obedience which ought to be
+abolished. The progress of spiritualism has been marked by as many
+follies as that of any popular movement, and the bequest of $60,000,
+by Mr. Seybert, to the old fogies of the Pennsylvania University was
+among the stupidest of these follies. If a friend of Galileo had made
+such a bequest to the Catholic church in his time, to get an opinion
+of the new astronomy, it would have been as sensible a proceeding. It
+will however have one good result; it will erect a permanent monument
+to the ignorance of the universities, a record from which they cannot
+hereafter escape. Prof. Leidy was one of the salaried commissioners
+whose mental status was thus exhibited in the last journal:
+
+   "Your doctrine of life eternal,
+   And everything else supernal,
+   Might well be pronounced an infernal
+                                   Delusion!"
+
+
+THE EVILS THAT NEED ATTENTION, mentioned in the JOURNAL for May, are
+as rampant as ever. The big combination in Chicago to raise the price
+of wheat by a corner, utterly burst on the 14th of June, leaving a few
+ruined speculators. The _Chicago News_ says: "What is called buying
+and selling futures in grain, is no more buying and selling in the
+innocent and proper interpretation of the words than the wagering on
+horse races is buying and selling horses. It is a species of gambling
+as pernicious to public morals as it is contrary to public policy."
+The _Chicago Herald_ says, "No one is in love with a cornerer who
+corners. Nobody wastes any pity on a cornerer who gets cornered
+himself." Such crimes in a petty way may be punished, but we need law
+for the millionaire gamblers who not only rob each other, but fleece
+the entire nation at the same time.
+
+
+CONDENSED ITEMS.--_Mesmerism, in Paris._ M. G. de Torcy has introduced
+a mesmerized woman into the lion's cage, where she unconsciously puts
+her head in the lion's mouth: then, in a state of cataleptic rigidity,
+head and feet resting on two stools, the lion is made to jump over the
+rigid body, then with paws resting on her body, to pull a string by
+his teeth and thus fire a pistol. Of course this draws enthusiastic
+audiences. _Medical Freedom._ The attempts at restrictive medical
+legislation have been defeated in Rhode Island, Connecticut, and
+Maine. In Maine, the bill had passed the Legislature and was approved
+by Gov. Bodwell, but upon re-consideration he vetoed it and the Senate
+then rejected it. The Allopathic State Society is quite indignant and
+calls it "_atrocious_" that they cannot enforce a law which the Senate
+and governor rejected. Mrs. Post in Iowa has been acquitted and will
+not be punished at all for the awful crime of healing a patient by
+prayer! The acquittal appears to be on the ground of the
+unconstitutionally of the law. _The Victoria Jubilee_ in Faneuil Hall,
+Boston, called out an immense indignation meeting, and many eloquent
+protests. But for the energy of the police a riot might have occurred
+at the time of the festival. _Delightful Homes._ Asheville, N. C.,
+2339 feet above tide water, has a delightful climate, especially for
+pulmonary invalids. Northern Georgia is an elevated region of
+remarkable general health, and freedom from malarious and consumptive
+diseases. California has still more delightful homes of health and
+beauty. Colorado has twelve towns over 5,000 feet above the sea, and
+ten over 10,000.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.--CRANIOSCOPY.
+
+
+    The Study of the Comparative Development of the Brain through
+    the Cranium--Importance of Cranioscopy--First Step--Facial
+    organs--Miller, Pestalozzi, Danton, Mirabeau--Caricatures--Upper
+    and lower parts of face--Female faces--Mode of comparing
+    organs--Mode of manipulation--Bony irregularities--Profile
+    comparison of height and depth--Vacca Pechassee and Lewis--Old
+    errors--Difficulties in estimation--Morbid
+    conditions--Criminals--Napoleon--Negro murderer.
+
+
+[Illustration: HUGH MILLER.]
+
+[Illustration: PESTALOZZI.]
+
+[Illustration: DANTON.]
+
+[Illustration: MIRABEAU.]
+
+
+The reader now understands the conformation of the brain, and the
+general character of its different regions. It is important that he
+should as soon as possible begin the study of heads, and learn to
+judge correctly their development. When he can do this, he has an
+inexhaustible source of knowledge continually with him, and every new
+acquaintance becomes an interesting study in ascertaining the
+indications of his head and comparing them with his daily conduct and
+manners. The more thorough and careful the study, the greater the
+satisfaction and delight that it yields. The good cranioscopist
+continually grows in knowledge, and solves all the problems of
+character presented in society. But he who simply studies the elements
+of character or organic faculties, and does not become acquainted with
+the organs and their measurement, soon finds his knowledge too
+abstract and remote from his daily life; and, instead of increasing
+his stock of knowledge on this subject, he continually loses more and
+more of what he has gained. It was for this reason, mainly, that the
+medical profession gradually dropped the discoveries of Gall, which
+would never have ceased to interest them if they had learned to apply
+them to the study of men and animals.
+
+I hope that no reader will neglect this chapter, or fail to reduce its
+instructions to practice, for on that it depends whether he shall
+become a practical master of cerebral science, and be able to read
+every character with which he meets.
+
+The first step in studying a head is to observe its general
+contour,--whether the forehead projects far in front of the ear, to
+indicate intellect; whether the upper surface rises above the forehead
+sufficiently to indicate the nobler qualities, and whether it is
+balanced or overpowered by the breadth and depth of the base of the
+skull and thickness of the neck. In connection with this, we may
+observe that the base of the brain is also expressed in the lower part
+of the face which corresponds to the organs for the expression of
+animal force, while the upper part of the face is devoted to the
+expression of the upper and anterior parts of the brain. The
+expressional faculties shown in the face do not always coincide
+exactly with the real power of the organs thus expressed; but if they
+do not, they at least indicate their activity and habitual display;
+for faculties habitually indulged will show their organic indications
+in the face, while those which are suppressed or restrained will be
+less conspicuous in the face.
+
+The reader will understand that organs located for observation on the
+face are organs of the brain lying behind the face, which may be
+reached and stimulated through it, as other organs are reached and
+stimulated through the cranium and integuments. The contour of the
+face cannot reveal the organs behind it by physical necessity, as does
+the contour of the skull, yet observation induces me to rely upon
+estimates based on facial development. I think there is a
+correspondence of development between the brain and face, based upon
+vital laws, and also a direct influence of each organ upon the surface
+that covers it, so that when the organ is excited the surface becomes
+flushed, and when it is kept inactive the surface becomes pale and
+withered. This may be most readily observed at the organ of Love of
+Stimulus, immediately in front of the cavity of the ear. The surface
+presents a shrunken appearance after many years of rigid abstinence,
+but becomes plump, bloated, or high-colored, in those whose habits are
+intemperate. I have also observed an itching sensation at the surface
+when the organs behind it were active. Any one may observe a warmth
+and fulness in the upper part of the face when the social sentiments
+are very active. In the act of blushing, the flush comes upon the part
+of the face associated with modest and refined sentiments, the centre
+of which is below the external angle of the eye, at the lower margin
+of the cheek-bone.
+
+The contrasting development of the upper and lower parts of the face
+may be seen when we compare such characters as the enthusiastic
+philanthropist and educational reformer, Pestalozzi, and the
+high-principled and intellectual Hugh Miller, the Scotch geologist,
+with such as Danton, the terrible demagogue of the French revolution,
+and Mirabeau, the brilliant but unprincipled orator.
+
+No skilful artist in caricature fails to observe these principles.
+When he would degrade a character, he magnifies the lower part of the
+face; and when he would represent a more refined character, the lower
+part of the face becomes correspondingly delicate.
+
+When _Puck_ would represent, a miserable wretch, he presents such a
+head as the following; and when a New York journalist desired to
+caricature an opponent as a saloon politician, he diminished the upper
+and developed the lower part of the head, as presented here.
+
+[Illustration: WRETCH.]
+
+[Illustration: SALOON POLITICIAN.]
+
+All observers of countenance and character unconsciously act upon
+these principles and recognize a great difference in the expressions
+of two faces,--one predominant in the lower and the other in the upper
+portion of the face. That there was any scientific basis for this was
+entirely unknown before my discoveries of the organs behind the face,
+which modify its development and expression. My lectures upon this
+subject in 1842 were attended by the physiognomical writer, Redfield,
+who derived from them many important suggestions.
+
+When the lower part of the face is massive, broad, and prominent,
+while the basilar region is broad and deep, with a stout neck, we know
+the great force and activity of the animal nature, and unless the
+upper surface of the brain is well developed all over, we may expect
+some excess in the way of violence, temper, selfishness, perversity,
+sensuality, dishonesty, avarice, rudeness of manners, moral
+insensibility, slander, contentiousness, jealousy, envy, revenge, or
+some other form of wickedness, according to the especial conformation.
+
+In the faces of women, we find the activity of the amiable sentiments
+marked by the fulness and roseate color of the upper part of the face,
+while the lower portion is more delicate than in the masculine face.
+
+But although the facial developments generally correspond with the
+activity of the organs expressed, the rule is not invariable, as the
+reader will learn hereafter that the facial developments may be
+moderate when the character is not excitable or demonstrative.
+
+If the upper surface of the head is sufficiently high, we know that
+great capacity for virtue exists, capable of restraining evil
+inclinations, and producing admirable traits of character, according
+to the organs especially developed.
+
+When we study the special organs we determine the special virtues or
+vices. For example, a head may have a good general development upward,
+giving many very pleasing traits of character, and yet be so deficient
+in the region of conscientiousness (while the selfish group that gives
+breadth at the ears is large) as to produce great moral unsoundness
+and a treacherous violation of obligations or disregard of principle.
+
+The most delicate task in craniological study, and the most important,
+is the balancing of opposite tendencies belonging to antagonistic
+organs; and it was for the want of the knowledge of antagonisms that
+the Gallian system so often failed in describing character and its
+representatives before the public have made the most disastrous
+blunders. Shrewd and honest observers discovered the imperfections of
+the science.[2]
+
+    [2] A letter just received from Australia states that the
+        writer had for many years been a student of phrenology, and
+        had ascertained from examining hundreds of crania that
+        phrenology "stood on a basis of fact, but was wrong as well
+        as deficient in some of its details. But though I could
+        point to several parts of the skull where the readings of
+        professionals as well as myself were always unreliable, I
+        could not discover the real function of the organs in these
+        places."
+
+While the eye readily gives us the contour of heads that have not much
+hair, there is but little accurate judgment without the use of the
+hand, which is the first thing to be learned. Not the tips of the
+fingers, but the whole hand should be laid upon the head gently, to
+cover as much surface as possible, while with a gentle pressure we
+cause the scalp to move slightly, and thus feel through it the exact
+form of the cranium as correctly as if the bones were exposed to view.
+If in this examination we find any sharp prominences, which might be
+called bumps, we attribute them to the growth of bone, which does not
+indicate the growth of the brain. The latter is indicated only by the
+general contour.
+
+A little anatomical knowledge will prevent us from being deceived, and
+enable us to make due allowances. There are no great difficulties in
+making a correct estimate, and the anatomists who have taught their
+pupils that correct cranial observations could not be made, only
+showed their own ignorance of the subject. We must consider the
+cranium as though all osseous protuberances had been shaved off,
+leaving the smooth, curving contour of the skull. The principal
+projection to be removed is the superciliary ridge corresponding to
+the brow at the base of the forehead. It is formed by the projection
+of the external plate of the skull, leaving a separation or cavity
+between it and the inner plate, which cavity is called the frontal
+sinus, and is sometimes half an inch wide. As there is no positive
+method of determining its dimensions in the living head, there must
+ever be some doubt concerning the development of the perceptive organs
+which it covers. The superciliary ridge at the external angle of the
+brow extends really as much as three-quarters of an inch from the
+brain. From this angle a ridge of bone (the temporal arch) extends
+upward and backward, separating the lateral surface of the head from
+the frontal and upper surfaces. This ridge is a convenient landmark,
+but must be excluded from an estimate of development as it is merely
+osseous. It extends back on the head a little behind its middle. The
+sagittal suture on the median line of the upper surface usually
+presents a slight, bony elevation or ridge (see the engraving of the
+skull, Chapter III.), and the lambdoid suture on the back of the head
+is frequently rough. A superficial practical phrenologist (of great
+pretensions) at Cincinnati, in examining the head of a gentleman of
+mild character, found the lambdoid suture quite rough, and gave him a
+terrifically pugnacious character, not knowing enough to distinguish
+between osseous and cerebral development. The occipital knob on the
+median line between the cerebrum and cerebellum, has been already
+mentioned. The mastoid process, the bony prominence behind the ear is
+a projection exterior to the cerebellum. Where it starts from the
+cranium above and behind the cavity of the ear, we may judge of
+basilar development by the breadth of the head, but the basilar depth
+which is more important is to be judged by the extension downward,
+which was illustrated in the last chapter by comparing the skulls of
+J. R. Smith and the slave-trading count.
+
+To judge the comparative strength of the higher and lower elements of
+character, we look for the height above the forehead and the depth at
+and behind the ear, which is ascertained by placing the hand on the
+base of the cranium behind the ears, while the height of the head is
+best appreciated by placing a hand on the top with the fingers
+reaching down to the brow.
+
+In a profile view the human head may be divided into three equal
+parts, the length of the nose being the central part, from the nose to
+the end of the chin another, and the remainder above the nose the
+third part. In inferior heads these three measurements are equal, the
+upper third extending to the top of the head; but in heads of superior
+character the upper third extends only to the top of the forehead, and
+the outline of the head rises a half breadth above the forehead, as
+the following profiles show. In heads of the lowest character the
+basilar depth exceeds the height, as in the French Count and the
+Indian Lewis.
+
+The contour of a well-developed head forms a semicircle above the base
+line through the brow, and its elevation above that line is equal to
+one half of the antero-posterior length of the head, while in the
+inferior class of heads the elevation is but four-tenths of the length
+or even less, and is hardly equal to the depth, while in the highest
+class the elevation is one-half greater than the depth or even more.
+We obtain another view of the comparative height and depth by drawing
+lines from the brow to the vertex and the base of the brain and
+comparing the two angles thus formed. In the good head we observe the
+great superiority of the upper angle over that formed by the line to
+the ear, the lower end of which corresponds to the lowest part of the
+brain, the base of the cerebellum.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+To take an illustration from nature, I would present the outlines of
+two Indian crania that I obtained in Florida,--Vacca Pechassee, or the
+cow chief, who headed a small tribe, and bore a good character among
+the whites, and Lewis, an Indian of bad character in the same
+neighborhood (on the Appalachicola River), who was shot for his
+crimes. (I might have obtained many more, but as the Seminole war was
+not then over, I found that my own cranium was placed in considerable
+danger by my explorations.)
+
+[Illustration: VACCA PECHASSEE]
+
+[Illustration: LEWIS]
+
+In Vacca Pechassee the height is to the depth as 11 to 9; in Lewis as
+9 to 11. In J. R. Smith the height is to the depth as 12 to 10; in the
+slave trading count as 9 to 14. This is the correct method of cranial
+study, for comparing the moral and animal nature.
+
+The basilar depth was entirely overlooked in the old method of
+phrenologists, and hence they were very often mistaken in judging the
+basilar energy by breadth alone, of which there has been no more
+striking example than that of the Thugs of India, whose heads (though
+a tribe of murderers) were below the European average in basilar
+breadth. These facts are so conspicuous to any careful observer that I
+became very familiar with them in the first six months of my study of
+heads fifty-two years ago.
+
+When the circulation of the brain is vigorous and regular, all
+portions being in regular activity, the fulness of the circulation
+being shown in the face, we may be sure that the character is fairly
+indicated by the cranium. The younger the individual the thinner the
+cranium, and the less the liability to deception by the thickness of
+the bones. Female skulls are _generally_ more delicate than male, and
+also more normal or uniform in their circulation. Hence there is less
+difficulty in making an accurate estimate of women and of youth. The
+greater difficulty is found in men of thick skulls and abnormal
+brains, and these difficulties are in some cases insurmountable by
+mere measurement. It will become necessary in the depraved classes to
+look at the condition of the circulation about the head, and the
+facial indications of the organs that have been cultivated. If these
+are not sufficient to guide us we must fall back upon psychometry.
+
+The morbid condition of the brain is a conspicuous fact, which we must
+not ignore, and it is important to learn how to detect it in the
+appearance of the individual, or in his psychometric indications and
+Pathognomy, which is itself a profound science and important guide to
+character. (Pathognomy is the science of expression, and has an exact
+mathematical basis.)
+
+We should bear in mind that it is just as possible to have impaired
+and unhealthy conditions in any part of the brain as to have them in
+the stomach, liver, lungs, or spinal cord. Physical diseases are
+contagious and so are moral. It is generally impossible to preserve
+the moral organs and faculties of a youth in healthy condition who is
+allowed to associate habitually with the depraved; and it is very
+difficult indeed for the mature adult to preserve his brain and mind
+in sound condition when compelled to associate with the depraved. To
+those who are very impressible, the contagion of vice, bad temper,
+profanity, turbulence, lying, obscenity, sullenness, melancholy, etc.,
+is as inevitable as the contagion of small pox.
+
+Our criminals are generally exposed to the contagion of crime in
+youth, and as they advance they are immersed in this contagion in
+prisons, which are the moral pest-houses in which law maintains the
+intense contagion of criminal depravity. Napoleon was an admirable
+subject for such contamination, and when we learn how he was reared
+amid the lawlessness and general scoundrelism of Corsica, we do not
+wonder that he became an imperial brigand. The low ethical standard of
+mankind, generally, and especially of historians, has heretofore
+prevented a just estimate of the character of Napoleon. Royal
+criminals have escaped condemnation; but the recent review of
+Napoleon's career by Taine gives a just philosophic estimate of the
+man, which coincides with the impartial estimation of psychometry.
+
+
+
+
+BUSINESS DEPARTMENT.
+
+
+The establishment of a new Journal is a hazardous and expensive
+undertaking. Every reader of this volume receives what has cost more
+than he pays for it, and in addition receives the product of months of
+editorial, and many years of scientific, labor. May I not therefore
+ask his aid in relieving me of this burden by increasing the
+circulation of the Journal among his friends?
+
+The establishment of the Journal was a duty. There was no other way
+effectively to reach the people with its new sphere of knowledge.
+Buckle has well said in his "History of Civilization," that "No great
+political improvement, no great reform, either legislative or
+executive, has ever been originated in any country by its ruling
+class. The first suggestors of such steps have invariably been bold
+and able thinkers, who discern the abuse, denounce it, and point out
+the remedy."
+
+This is equally true in science, philanthropy, and religion. When the
+advance of knowledge and enlightenment of conscience render reform or
+revolution necessary, the ruling powers of college, church,
+government, capital, and the press, present a solid combined
+resistance which the teachers of novel truth cannot overcome without
+an appeal to the people. The grandly revolutionary science of
+Anthropology, which offers in one department (Psychometry) "the dawn
+of a new civilization," and in other departments an entire revolution
+in social, ethical, educational, and medical philosophy, has
+experienced the same fate as all other great scientific and
+philanthropic innovations, in being compelled to sustain itself
+against the mountain mass of established error by the power of truth
+alone. The investigator whose life is devoted to the evolution of the
+truth cannot become its propagandist. A whole century would be
+necessary to the full development of these sciences to which I can
+give but a portion of one life. Upon those to whom these truths are
+given, who can intuitively perceive their value, rests the task of
+sustaining and diffusing the truth.
+
+Mrs. Croly of New York remarked in her address to the Women's Press
+Association of Boston. "The general public resents the advocacy of a
+cause and resists any attempt to commit it to special ideas. A paper
+that starts to represent a cause must be maintained by individual
+effort, and often at great sacrifice."
+
+The circulation of the Journal is necessarily limited to the sphere of
+liberal minds and advanced thinkers, but among these it has had a more
+warm and enthusiastic reception than was ever before given to any
+periodical. There must be in the United States twenty or thirty
+thousand of the class who would warmly appreciate the Journal, but
+they are scattered so widely it will be years before half of them can
+be reached without the active co-operation of my readers, which I most
+earnestly request.
+
+Prospectuses and specimen numbers will be furnished to those who will
+use them, and those who have liberal friends not in their own vicinity
+may confer a favor by sending their names that a prospectus or
+specimen may be sent them. A liberal commission will be allowed to
+those who canvass for subscribers.
+
+
+Enlargement of the Journal.
+
+The requests of readers for the enlargement of the Journal are already
+coming in. It is a great disappointment to the editor to be compelled
+each month to exclude so much of interesting matter, important to
+human welfare, which would be gratifying to its readers. The second
+volume therefore will be enlarged to 64 pages at $2 per annum.
+
+
+COLLEGE OF THERAPEUTICS.
+
+An interesting session closed on the 10th of June. Students attending
+a second course think they profited as much as by the first. The class
+adopted a strong expression of their high appreciation of the
+instruction received, and the importance of the new sciences.
+Everything was harmonious, intelligent, and successful. Fine
+psychometric powers were developed in four-fifths of the students. A
+fuller report will appear in the next JOURNAL. The next course (the
+ninth) will begin the first week of November next.
+
+
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+SUNDAY LEGISLATION.
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+applause, that the Sunday law is not enforced, for it does not really
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+    Transcriber's Note: The Table of Contents came from the first
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+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Buchanan's Journal of Man, July 1887, by Various
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+<pre>
+
+Project Gutenberg's Buchanan's Journal of Man, July 1887, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Buchanan's Journal of Man, July 1887
+       Volume 1, Number 6
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: J. R. Buchanan
+
+Release Date: December 19, 2008 [EBook #27570]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JOURNAL OF MAN, JULY 1887 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+<div id="masthead">
+	<h1 class="issue_title"><a class="pagenum" id="page1" title="1"></a><span class="proprietor">BUCHANAN’S</span><br />
+	JOURNAL OF MAN.</h1>
+	<div id="mastdate">
+		<p id="leftmast"><abbr title="Volume">Vol.</abbr> <abbr title="One">I.</abbr></p>
+		<p id="centermast">JULY, 1887.</p>
+		<p id="rightmast"><abbr title="number">No.</abbr> 6.</p>
+	</div>
+</div><!--Masthead-->
+
+<div id="contents">
+	<h2 class="title">CONTENTS.</h2>
+	<ul>
+		<li><a href="#art1">Magnetic Education and Therapeutics</a></li>
+		<li><a href="#art2">The So-Called Scientific Immortality</a></li>
+		<li><a href="#art3">Review of the New Education</a></li>
+		<li><a href="#art4">Victoria’s Half Century</a></li>
+		<li><a href="#art5">Outlook of Diogenes</a></li>
+		<li><a href="#art6">A Bill to Destroy the Indians</a></li>
+		<li><a href="#art7"><strong class="emphasis">Miscellaneous Intelligence</strong></a>—<a href="#misc1">The Seybert Commission</a>;
+			<a href="#misc2">The Evils that need Attention</a>;
+			<a href="#misc3">Condensed Items</a>—<a href="#condensed1">Mesmerism in
+			  Paris</a>—<a href="#condensed2">Medical
+			  Freedom</a>—<a href="#condensed3">Victoria’s
+			  Jubilee</a>—<a href="#condensed4">Delightful Homes</a>
+		</li>
+		<li><a href="#art8">Outlines of Anthropology Continued—Cranioscopy—Illustrated</a></li>
+		<li><a href="#business">Business Department</a></li>
+	</ul>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<div id="art1" class="article">
+	<h2 class="title">Magnetic Education and Therapeutics.</h2>
+
+	<p class="subtitle">EXTRACTS FROM AN ESSAY BY DR. CHARLES DU PREL, IN
+	SPHINX, TRANSLATED FOR THE JOURNAL OF MAN.</p>
+	<blockquote>
+		<p>“<span class="first_word">In</span> the <cite>Wiener Allgemeiner</cite> I spoke of the possibility of moral
+		education by means of magnetism, which has been carried out.�&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*</p>
+
+		<p>“Dr. Bernheim, a Professor of the Medical Faculty in Nancy who
+		is a champion of hypnotism has written a book on ‘Suggestion and
+		its Application in Therapeutics,’ in which a great many hypnotic
+		cures are recorded.�</p>
+
+		<hr class="short" />
+
+		<p>“Dr. —— quotes Franklin against magnetism but Sprengel in his
+		Pharmacology says ‘Franklin, sickly as he was, took no part whatever
+		in the investigation.’ The Academy again investigated
+		(1825-31) somnambulism, discovered by Puysegur, Mesmer’s
+		scholar. In their report of two year’s investigation, eleven M. D.’s
+		unanimously pronounced in favor of all important phenomena
+		ascribed to somnambulism. A fairly complete synopsis of their
+		report will be found in my ‘Philosophy of Mystics.’�</p>
+
+		<hr class="short" />
+
+		<p>“Du Potet first studied medicine, but disgusted by the poor results
+		of Pharmacology he embraced magnetism. He performed a series
+		of mesmeric experiments in the Hotel Dieu of so potent a nature
+		that twenty M. D.’s of that celebrated hospital signed the minutes of
+		these proceedings. People ran after Du Potet, pointing at him and
+		crying ‘The man who cures.’�</p>
+
+		<hr class="short" />
+
+		<p>“The respect for medical therapeutics never has been at as low an
+		ebb as just now. The public cannot be blamed for this lack of
+		respect, for they have daily experiences of the ill results
+		of medicine. Even high medical authorities are of the opinion that
+		we have to-day a disintegration of medical principles worse than ever.
+		More uncertain than therapeutics is the manner of diagnosing to-day!
+		The public is well aware that each doctor has something
+		different to say or prescribe. I have a personal case in point. During
+		eighteen months I consulted seven different doctors, and got seven
+		different contrary diagnoses as well as contradictory modes of treatment,
+		and this, too, in the city of Munich, which is hardly secondary
+		to any other city for its medical talent. Is there any cause to blame
+		the public for running to the magnetizers? I should do so myself if
+		<a class="pagenum" id="page2" title="2"> </a>my magnetic susceptibility was greater. In such magnetizers as even
+		Mesmer, Dr. B. can see nothing but charlatans, but I desire to make
+		him aware that a physician whose reputation he is cognizant of, Prof.
+		Nussbaum in Munich, said to his audience in College, ‘Gentlemen,
+		magnetism is the medicine of the future.’ As I am writing this I
+		have been disturbed by a visitor desiring the address of a reliable
+		magnetizer, as the physician recommended a magnetizer, as he was at
+		his wits end.�</p>
+
+		<p>“In our medicine the adjunct sciences alone are scientific, and we
+		must respect their high grade; but therapeutics we have none.
+		Hence Mesmer should be called a benefactor to mankind, for he has
+		pointed out the correct way. He, with Hippocrates, says that not
+		the physician but nature cures—that the real therapeutics consists
+		only in aiding the <em lang="la" xml:lang="la">vis medicatrix naturæ</em>. In this direction the professors
+		at Nancy and Paris are laboring. They have given the experimental
+		proof that <em>if the idea of an organic change of the body is
+		instilled into the mind of the hypnotized, then such change will take
+		place</em>. In this we have a foundation for a <strong class="small_all_caps">PSYCHIC THERAPEUTICS</strong>
+		which we hope will soon put an end to the anarchic condition of
+		medicine of the present day. But the greatest curse to science of
+		old, and which makes its appearance even to-day, is that <em>the old ideas
+		are the greatest enemies of the new</em>.�</p>
+
+		<p>“Unfortunately it is the same in the thought realm as in lifeless
+		nature, <em lang="la" xml:lang="la">vis inertiæ</em>—the law of indolence, according to which nature
+		remains in its condition to all eternity, until she is forced into
+		some new condition from a new cause. This <em lang="la" xml:lang="la">vis inertiæ</em> is harder
+		to conquer in the thought realm than in lifeless nature, for Mesmer
+		appeared a hundred years ago, and yet to-day they call him “a perfect
+		charlatan.� Braid, thirty years ago, started hypnotism, but only
+		after Hansen made a multitude of experiments for profit and pleasure
+		in the largest cities of Germany, did the physicians wake up to the
+		idea of investigating it. They teach nothing of mesmerism or hypnotism
+		at the universities. Yes, even one year ago a professor of
+		medicine confessed to me, should I pronounce the word somnambulism
+		I’d be ruined. This is the manner in which ideas are
+		kept from medical students.�</p>
+
+		<p>“If medicine, in its results, could look with pride on its therapeutics,
+		it might be explained. But a therapeutics that allows thousands
+		of children to sink yearly into untimely graves from all
+		manner of diseases, that allows a large proportion of grown persons
+		to be decimated yearly by epidemics, that in its psychiatry is perfectly
+		impotent to stop the rapid increase of insanity, that notoriously
+		cannot cure a migraine, a cold, yea, not even a corn,—such a
+		system ought surely to have some modesty, and be only too glad to
+		accept improvements that tend to ameliorate this condition.�</p>
+	</blockquote>
+
+	<h3>CONDITION OF THE MEDICAL PROFESSION.</h3>
+
+	<p>These remarks of Dr. Du Prel, though somewhat exaggerated, are
+	probably based on truth in their reference to the backward condition
+	of the medical profession in Europe, and of all that portion in
+	<a class="pagenum" id="page3" title="3"> </a>America which is essentially European, and governed by European
+	authority. But the healing art in America has been to a great
+	extent emancipated by the spirit of American liberty, and in its
+	actual results among liberal physicians is far in advance of the
+	European system. One signal proof of this was given at Cincinnati
+	in 1849, when that city was visited by a terrible epidemic of Asiatic
+	cholera, which swept off five thousand of its inhabitants. The
+	mortality of cholera under old school practise had been from twenty-five
+	to sixty per cent., the latter having been realized in hospitals at
+	Paris. Under the practice taught in our college at that time, the
+	mortality in 1,500 cases did not exceed six per cent.</p>
+
+	<p>The atmosphere of freedom in this country, and the absolute medical
+	freedom (until within a few years the colleges have procured medical
+	legislation to help their diplomas, and their graduates) have given
+	a progressiveness and practicality to American physicians which are
+	beginning to be recognized abroad.</p>
+
+	<p>Dr. Lawson Tait is eminent in the treatment of women in England.
+	In the <cite>Medical Current</cite> of April 20th, he is quoted as expressing
+	a regret that his time and money had not been directed to the
+	Western instead of the Eastern Hemisphere, when picking up his
+	medical knowledge. He predicted that ‘ere long it will be to the
+	medical colleges of America rather than to those of Europe that
+	students will travel.’ Then he goes on to say:</p>
+
+	<blockquote>
+		<p>“American visitors abroad who have given weeks and months to
+		see me work, have one and all impressed me with their possession of
+		that feature of mind which in England I fear we do not possess, the
+		power of judging any question solely upon its merits, and entirely
+		apart from any prejudice, tradition, or personal bias. No matter how
+		we may struggle against it, tradition rules all we do; we cannot
+		throw off its shackles, and I am bound to plead guilty to this weakness
+		myself, perhaps as fully as any of my countrymen may be compelled
+		to do. I may have thrown off the shackles in some instances,
+		but I know that I am firmly bound in others, and my hope is that my
+		visit to a freer country and a better climate may extend my mental
+		vision.�</p>
+	</blockquote>
+
+	<h3>POWER OF MAGNETISM AND SUGGESTION.</h3>
+
+	<p>The suggestion of Du Prel as to the hypnotic teaching in France,
+	that an idea impressed on the mind of the hypnotized will be realized
+	in the body is the basis of a great deal of therapeutic philosophy. It
+	is true in practice just to the extent of human impressibility. A
+	cheerful physician or friend, by encouraging words impresses the idea
+	of recovery and thus sometimes produces it. Judicious friends never
+	speak in a discouraging manner to the invalid. The success of mind
+	cure practitioners is based on this principle. They endeavor to impress
+	on the patient’s mind the idea of perfect health, but they know
+	too little of the whole subject to know how to place the patient
+	in that passive and receptive condition in which the results are
+	most promptly and certainly produced.</p>
+
+	<p>Such methods are limited in their effect in proportion to human
+	impressibility and cannot possibly supersede all use of remedies which
+	<a class="pagenum" id="page4" title="4"> </a>reach thousands of cases in which mental operations would be entirely
+	futile. But the power of animal magnetism over all diseases and
+	infirmities of mind and body has been so often demonstrated that its
+	neglect is a deep disgrace to the medical colleges. A correspondent
+	of the <cite>Daily Telegraph</cite> gives the following illustration of its power
+	over drunkenness:</p>
+
+	<blockquote>
+		<p>“About eighteen months ago I was conversing with my friend B.,
+		who is an enthusiastic believer in mesmerism, and has repute as an
+		amateur practitioner. My contention was that his favorite
+		science (?) had contributed absolutely nothing to the world’s good to
+		cause its recognition by either scientists or philosophers. ‘Can you
+		give me,’ said I, ‘one instance in which you have conferred an
+		actual benefit by the practice of your favorite art?’ He related
+		several, from which I selected the following:—‘There lives by my
+		parsonage,’ said my friend B., ‘a man who for many years, had
+		been a confirmed drunkard. Repeatedly were his wife and children
+		forced to flee from him, for when in his drunken frenzies, he
+		attempted to murder them. Again and again have I striven to induce
+		him to flee from his horrible vice, but my efforts were always
+		futile. One day he called to see me when he was suffering acutely
+		from the effects of drink. I resolved to place him under mesmeric
+		influence. This I did, and while subject to me made him promise
+		not to touch strong drink again, and if he attempted to break his
+		pledge, might the drink taste to him filthy as putrid soapsuds. I
+		then restored him to his normal state, and he left me. He kept his
+		unconsciously given promise. In the course of a couple of years
+		this man raised himself from a condition of poverty to the comfortable
+		position of a thriving market gardener. ‘Not a fortnight
+		since,’ resumed my friend, ‘my neighbor’s wife laughingly said to
+		me, ‘There is no fear of my husband ever drinking again, sir. You
+		know he has to be in the market very early in the morning with his
+		vegetables. Yesterday morning, while he was drinking a cup of
+		coffee at the hotel an old mate said to him, ‘Why don’t you drink
+		some spirits; are you afraid?’ To show his mate that he was not
+		afraid, he ordered a glass of brandy, but no sooner did he put it in
+		his mouth than he spat it out again, saying the ‘filthy stuff tasted
+		like rotten soapsuds.’ My friend B. said, that, till he told me, to
+		no one had he mentioned the fact, and that what he did to his poor
+		neighbor he did in order to see if it were possible to use mesmerism
+		as a remedial agent in cases of drunkenness.�</p>
+	</blockquote>
+
+	<p>The power of control over the impressible condition (which is so
+	easily developed into hypnotism) has been recently illustrated in
+	France, and reports of the phenomena published in the <cite>London News</cite>,
+	concerning which Mr. Charles Dawbarn has published the following
+	in the <cite>Banner of Light</cite>:</p>
+
+	<blockquote>
+		<p>“According to the reports published in the <cite>Daily News</cite> of London,
+		Eng., an attempt has been made by physicians in Paris, France, to
+		determine the duration of an hypnotic influence. Some of my readers
+		may not be aware that ‘hypnotism’ is a word coined by the
+		medical faculty to replace the term ‘mesmerism,’ which they consider
+		<a class="pagenum" id="page5" title="5"> </a>disreputably associated with spiritualism. These physicians
+		seem to have had some very fine sensitives upon whom to operate.
+		The first experiment was upon a lady of some means, but having a
+		mother and sister dependent upon her for support. The hypnotizer
+		first established his influence in the usual manner, and then told the
+		lady he wished her to go to a lawyer the next day, and make her will
+		in his favor. She protested, but finally gave way. All memory of
+		this promise seemed to be lost as soon as she returned to her normal
+		condition. But next day she went to a lawyer, and although he
+		begged her to remember her mother and sister, the will was made
+		just as suggested by the physician. She was an affectionate daughter
+		and told the lawyer she was impelled to leave her property to a
+		stranger by <em>an influence which she could not resist</em>.</p>
+
+		<p>“A second experiment with another sensitive was then tried. This
+		time the poor girl promised to poison a friend next day, she carried
+		away with her a dose prepared by the doctor. Not knowing why,
+		and like the other sensitive, <em>under an influence she could not resist</em>,
+		she gave her friend the harmless drug in a glass of milk, and thus
+		enacted the part of a murderer.</p>
+
+		<p>“These experiments have the novelty of having been made by the
+		regular faculty; but thousands of Spiritualists have proved the truth
+		of an hypnotic influence lasting long after the apparent release of the
+		sensitive. We know, or ought to know, that the hypnotic condition
+		can be induced without visible passes; and many of us have seen a
+		sensitive under influence sitting quietly, showing no sign of her
+		slavery to the will of another. We may go yet a step further and
+		assert that men and women, visible and invisible, are constantly psychologizing
+		each other, although we only use the term “sensitive�
+		when the effect is visible to our dull senses.</p>
+
+		<p>“But Spiritualists as a whole have been converted by the phenomena
+		appealing to their outward senses, and know little and care little
+		for effects that can only be traced by shrewd, careful and scientific
+		experiment. Yet such facts as come to the surface in those experiments
+		with sensitives in France, are keys with which to unlock some
+		of life’s darkest mysteries, and expose the harsh treatment of many
+		mediums.</p>
+
+		<p>“Many of us have been greatly troubled by the conduct of our
+		mediums, and often puzzled by their careful prepared attempts at
+		fraud. Mediums we have met and loved, because they have given
+		us proof after proof of the ‘gates ajar’ for angel visitors, have been
+		presently detected in frauds that required days of careful preparation.
+		We have cried, ‘Down with the frauds!’ and insisted that they
+		should return to wash-tub and spade for an honest living.</p>
+
+		<p>“We have omitted to keep in view that one who is a medium Mondays,
+		Wednesdays and Fridays must also be a medium Tuesdays,
+		Thursdays and Saturdays, and we have neglected to learn the lessons
+		of our own experience. I was talking recently to a gentleman of
+		prominence, twice sheriff of his county, who was narrating with glee
+		how he had mesmerised a young man, and then told him, ‘At noon
+		to-morrow you will be lame, and it will last two hours.’ Of course it
+		<a class="pagenum" id="page6" title="6"> </a>happened much to the poor fellows perplexity, but my friend would
+		have been surprised to discover that therein was the entire case of
+		the French sensitives and of our poor mediums.</p>
+
+		<p>“A very important thought is that an hypnotic influence need not
+		spring from any verbal expression. We all carry with us an
+		influence which strikes every sensitive we meet; and if we sit with
+		her when she is, of course, specially passive, she must receive a yet
+		more marked influence. There is a photographic curiosity now often
+		exhibited which, I think, illustrates the thought I want to emphasize.
+		A family or a class can be photographed, one by one, at exactly the
+		same focus and on the same negative, with a result that you have a
+		clear and distinct face, not of any one’s personality, but that actually
+		combines the features of the whole into a new individual unlike any
+		of the sitters.�</p>
+
+		<p>“This is the very influence we cast upon a sensitive when she sits
+		for us in a miscellaneous circle. We cannot say that any one of us
+		has powerfully affected her, but we know the entire influence has got
+		control and possession, and that influence follows her, too often with
+		irresistible power.�</p>
+	</blockquote>
+
+	<p>The publication of a work on animal magnetism by Binet and
+	Féré of Paris prompts the following sketch of the subject by the
+	<cite>Boston Herald</cite>, a newspaper which pays great attention to anything
+	foreign or anything from the old school profession, but ignores that
+	which is American and original. The reader will observe that
+	the writers are all in the dark, unable to explain the phenomena
+	they describe.</p>
+
+	<h3>PROGRESS OF MAGNETISM.</h3>
+
+	<p>One of the most notable features of the scientific tendencies of the
+	present day is the extraordinary interest taken in the investigation of
+	those peculiar physical and psychical conditions attending the states
+	now known collectively under the name of hypnotism, varying from
+	lethargy, catalepsy, etc., to somnambulism. Until quite recently these
+	investigations have been frowned upon and tabooed in scientific
+	circles, and the fact that any man of scientific inclinations was
+	known to feel an interest in matters associated with “mesmerism�
+	or “animal magnetism� was sufficient to make him an object of suspicion,
+	and injure his good standing amongst his fellow-scientists.
+	The result of the so-called investigations long ago instituted by the
+	French Academy, pronouncing in effect the whole subject a humbug
+	and delusion, has lain like an interdict upon further researches, and
+	the whole matter was left over, for the most part, to charlatans or to
+	persons hardly capable of forming sound judgments or proceeding
+	according to the accurate methods demanded by modern
+	science. Science, however, in the remarkable progress attained of
+	late, has advanced so far upon certain lines that it has been hardly
+	possible to proceed further in those directions without entering upon
+	the forbidden field. Therefore, the old signboards against trespassing
+	have been taken down. For “mesmerism,� that verbal scarecrow,
+	has been substituted “hypnotism,� which word has had a wonderfully
+	<a class="pagenum" id="page7" title="7"> </a>legitimatizing effect; while “animal magnetism,� that once
+	flouted idea, has been proven to be an existent fact by methods as
+	accurate as those adopted by Faraday or Edison to verify their observations.</p>
+
+	<h3>EFFORTS OF SCIENTISTS.</h3>
+
+	<p>Many of the most eminent scientists of Europe are now devoting
+	themselves assiduously to these researches. Periodicals making a
+	specialty of the subject are now published in France, Germany, and
+	England. A catalogue of the recent literature of hypnotism and related
+	phenomena, compiled by Max Dessoir, was printed in the number
+	of the German magazine called the <cite>Sphinx</cite> for February of
+	this year, and this catalogue occupied nine pages. The list is limited
+	to those works written on the lines laid under the methods of the
+	modern school, all books being excluded whose authors hold to
+	“mesmeric� theories, or who are even professional magnetizers. The
+	catalogue is, therefore, as strictly scientific as possible, and, being
+	classified with German thoroughness under the different branches of
+	the subject, such as “hystero-hypnotism,� “suggestion,� “fascination,�
+	etc., it will prove a valuable assistance to the student.</p>
+
+	<p>In this country the interest of scientists has not yet been aroused
+	to an extent comparable with that of European investigators. Old
+	prejudices have not entirely lost their potency. One of the most
+	eminent professors of a leading university is said to have been subjected
+	to ridicule from his colleagues because of a marked interest
+	shown in the subject, and a Boston physician of high standing
+	within a few months confided to the writer that he had made use of
+	hypnotic methods, with gratifying success, in the case of a patient
+	where ordinary remedies had proven unavailing, but he did not venture
+	to make the results public, since his fellow doctors might be inclined
+	to condemn his action as “irregular.�</p>
+
+	<p>A work embracing the whole subject has lately appeared in Paris,
+	and, as it is to form a volume of the valuable International Scientific
+	series, published in English, French, German, and Italian, it can
+	hardly fail to diffuse a correct popular understanding of the results
+	thus far attained. The book is called “Le Magnetism Animal�
+	(Animal Magnetism), and its authors are Messrs. Alfred Binet and
+	Charles Féré of the medical staff of the Salpètrière Hospital for
+	Nervous Disorders in Paris. It gives a history of the patient researches
+	conducted at that institution by the medical staff under the
+	celebrated Prof. Charcot during the past nine years. These experiments
+	have been prosecuted according to the most exact scientific
+	methods, and with the most extreme caution. The endeavor has
+	been to obtain, first of all, the most elementary psychic phenomena,
+	and to test every step in the investigations by separate experiment,
+	specially devised to prove the good faith of the subject and the reality
+	of his hallucination, to eliminate the possibility of unconscious
+	suggestion, to establish relations with similar phenomena of disease
+	or health in the domain of physiology and psychology, and to note
+	the modifications which can be brought about by altering the conditions
+	of the experiments. The authors possess the great scientific
+	<a class="pagenum" id="page8" title="8"> </a>virtue of never dogmatising. In the entire book not a single law is
+	laid down, not a single hypothesis is advanced, which is not reached
+	by the most approved inductive processes. A great service of the
+	book lies in its enunciation of new and trustworthy methods for
+	studying the physiology of the brain in health and disease, while it
+	brings into the realm of physical experiment vexed questions of
+	psychology heretofore given over to metaphysical methods exclusively.</p>
+
+	<h3>THE HYPNOTIC SLEEP</h3>
+
+	<p>Is described as a different form of natural sleep, and all the causes
+	which bring on fatigue are capable of bringing on hypnotism in
+	suitable subjects. Two of the leading hypnotic states are lethargy
+	and catalepsy, the former being analogous to deep sleep, and the
+	latter to a light slumber. In lethargy the respiratory movements are
+	slow and deep; in catalepsy slight, shallow, very slow, and separated
+	by a long interval. In lethargy the application of a magnet over
+	the region of the stomach causes profound modifications in the
+	breathing and circulation, while there is no such effect in catalepsy.
+	This shows the connection of hypnotism with magnetism, and various
+	other experiments with magnets have produced some remarkable
+	results. Here it may be added that Dr. Gessmann, a Vienna scientist
+	who has made a specialty of hypnotic studies, has invented and
+	successfully applied an instrument called a hypnoscope, consisting of
+	an arrangement of magnets for the purpose of ascertaining whether
+	any person is a good hypnotic subject.</p>
+
+	<p>The experiments demonstrate that sensation in the hypnotic states
+	varies between the two opposite poles of hyperæsthesia and anæesthesia;
+	in other words, the senses may be extraordinarily exalted, as in
+	somnambulism, or, as in lethargy, they may be extinct, except sometimes
+	hearing. In somnambulism the field of vision and acuteness
+	of sight are about doubled, hearing is made very acute, and smell is
+	so intensely developed that a subject can find by scent the fragment
+	of a card, previously given him to feel, and then torn up and hidden.
+	The memory in somnambulism is similarly exalted. When awakened
+	the subject does not, as a rule, remember anything that occurred
+	while he was entranced, but, when again hypnotized, his memory
+	includes all the facts of his sleep, his life when awake and his former
+	sleeps. Richet attests how somnambules recall with a luxury of
+	detail scenes in which they have taken part and places they have
+	visited long ago. M——, one of his somnambules, sings the air of the
+	second act of the opera “L’Africaine� when she is asleep, but can
+	not remember a note of it when awake.</p>
+
+	<p>There is a theory that no experience whatever of any person is
+	lost to the memory; it is only the power to recall it that is defective.
+	The authors of this work say that, while the exaltation of the
+	memory during somnambulism does not give absolute proof to the
+	theory that nothing is lost, it proves at any rate that the memory of
+	preservation is much greater than is generally imagined, in comparison
+	with the memory of reproduction, or recollection. “It is evident,�
+	they say, “that in a great number of cases, where we believe
+	<a class="pagenum" id="page9" title="9"> </a>the memory is completely blotted out, it is nothing of the kind.
+	The trace is always there, but what is lacking is the power to evoke
+	it; and it is highly probable that if we were subjected to hypnotism,
+	or the action of suitable excitants, memories to all appearance dead
+	might be revived.�</p>
+
+	<p>A comparison between the phenomena of awakening from natural
+	and artificial sleep is instituted. In the case of dreams, recollection
+	more or less vivid persists for a few seconds, then becomes effaced.
+	This forgetfulness is even more marked in the case of hypnosis. On
+	returning to natural consciousness, the subject cannot recompose a
+	single one of the scenes in which he has played his part as witness
+	or actor. The loss, however, is not complete, for often a word or
+	two is sufficient to bring back a whole scene, though this word or
+	two coming from operator to subject, partakes more or less of the
+	nature of a suggestion.</p>
+
+	<h3>SUGGESTION.</h3>
+
+	<p>“Suggestion,� by which is meant the production of thoughts and
+	actions on the part of the subject through some indication or hint
+	given by the operator, is found to be analogous to dreaming. Say
+	the authors: “For suggestion to succeed, the subject must have
+	naturally fallen, or been artificially thrown into a state of morbid
+	receptivity: but it is difficult to determine accurately the conditions
+	of suggestionability. However, we may mention two. The first,
+	the mental inertia of the subject:&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;* the consciousness is
+	completely empty: an idea is suggested, and reigns supreme over
+	the slumbering consciousness,&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;* The second is psychic
+	hyperexcitability, the cause of the aptitude for suggestion.� “For
+	example, we say to a patient: ‘Look, you have a bird in your apron,’
+	and no sooner are these simple words pronounced than she sees the
+	bird, feels it with her fingers, and sometimes even hears it sing.�
+	“Again, in place of speech we engage the attention of the patient,
+	and when her gaze has become settled and obediently follows all our
+	movements, we imitate with the hand the motion of an object which
+	flies. Soon the subject cries: ‘Oh, what a pretty bird!’ How has a
+	simple gesture produced so singular an effect?�</p>
+
+	<blockquote>
+		<p>“It is admitted, however, that the hypothesis of the association
+		of ideas only partly covers the facts of suggestion, even when
+		stretched to include resemblances. For instance, when we
+		charge the brain of an entranced patient with some strange idea,
+		such as, ‘On awakening you will rob Mr. So-and-so of his handkerchief,’
+		and on awakening, the patient accomplishes the theft commanded,
+		can we believe that in such a sequence there is nothing
+		more than an image associated with an act? In point of fact, the
+		patient has appropriated and assimilated the idea of the experimenter.
+		She does not passively execute a strange order, but the order
+		has passed in her consciousness from passive to active. We can go
+		so far as to say that the patient has the will to steal. This state is
+		complex and obscure, hitherto no one has explained it.&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*
+		The facts of paralysis by suggestion completely upset classical
+		psychology.  The experimenter who produces them so easily
+		<a class="pagenum" id="page10" title="10"> </a>knows neither what he produces nor how he does it. Take
+		the example of a systematic anæsthesia (paralysis of sensation).
+		We say to the subject, ‘On awakening you will not see Mr. X., who
+		is there before us; he will have completely disappeared.’ No
+		sooner said than done; the patient on awakening sees every one
+		around her except Mr. X. When he speaks she does not answer
+		his questions; if he places his hand on her shoulder she does not
+		feel the contact; if he gets in her way, she walks straight on, and is
+		terrified at being stopped by an invisible obstacle.&nbsp;*&nbsp;*&nbsp;* Here
+		the laws of association, which do such good service in solving
+		psychological problems, abandon us completely. Apparently they
+		do not account for all the facts of consciousness.�</p>
+	</blockquote>
+
+	<h3>PORTRAITS BY HALLUCINATION.</h3>
+
+	<p>A remarkable and suggestive series of experiments performed
+	with portraits by hallucination is given in the book. These experiments
+	show, that if by suggestion a subject is made to see a portrait
+	on a sheet of card board which is exactly alike on both sides, the
+	image will always be seen on the same side, and, however it is presented,
+	the subject will always place the card with the surfaces and
+	edges in the exact positions they occupied at the moment of suggestion,
+	in such a manner that the image can neither be reversed nor
+	inclined. If the surfaces are reversed, the image is no longer seen;
+	if the edges, it is seen upside down. The subject is never caught
+	in a mistake; the changes may be made out of his sight, but the
+	image is invariably seen in accordance with the primitive conditions,
+	although absolutely no difference is to be detected by the
+	normal vision between the two blank surfaces.</p>
+
+	<p>One experiment brings out this fact clearly. On a white sheet of
+	paper is placed a card equally white; with a fine point, but without
+	touching the paper, the contour of the card is followed while the
+	idea of a line traced in black is suggested to the subject. The subject,
+	when awakened, is asked to fold the paper according to these
+	imaginary lines. He holds the paper at the distance at which it was
+	at the moment of suggestion, and folds it in the form of a rectangle
+	exactly superposable on the card.</p>
+
+	<p>A curious experiment in the same line has been often repeated by
+	Prof. Charcot. The subject is given the suggestion of a portrait on
+	a white card, which is then shuffled up with a dozen cards all alike.
+	On awakening, the subject is asked to run over the collection, without
+	being told the reason why it is wished. When he comes to the card
+	on which had been located the imaginary portrait, he at once perceives
+	it. One detail of these experiments is very significant. Supposing
+	we show the imaginary portrait at a distance of two yards
+	from the subject’s eyes, the card appears white, whereas a real photograph
+	would appear gray. If it is gradually brought nearer, the
+	imaginary portrait at last appears, but it is necessary for it to be
+	much nearer than an ordinary photograph for the patient to recognize
+	the subject. By means of opera glasses we can make the
+	patient recognize her hallucination at a distance at which she could
+	<a class="pagenum" id="page11" title="11"> </a>not perceive it with the naked eye. In short, the imaginary object
+	which figures in the hallucination is perceived under the same conditions
+	as if it were real. Various other experiments are detailed in
+	support of this formula. The opera glasses only act as if they were
+	focussed upon the point of hallucination, and in the case of a short-sighted
+	subject they had to be altered to allow for the defect of vision.
+	If the patient looks through a prism the image is seen duplicated, although
+	the subject is absolutely ignorant of the properties of a prism,
+	as well as of the fact that the glass is a prism. A photograph of the
+	plain white card used when the photograph was suggested may be
+	substituted, and on being shown to the patient, the hallucinatory
+	image is seen just the same, even two years after the original
+	experiment, as was done in one case.</p>
+
+	<p>Some strange phenomena of polarity are related. The following
+	experiments by MM. Binet and Féré are given in illustration: “We
+	give a patient in somnambulism the common hallucination of a bird
+	poised on her finger. While she is caressing the imaginary bird she
+	is awakened and a magnet is brought near her head. After a few
+	minutes she stops short, raises her eyes and looks about in astonishment.
+	The bird which was on her finger has disappeared. She looks
+	all over the ward and at last finds it, for we hear her say, ‘So you
+	thought you would leave me, little bird.’ After a few minutes the
+	bird again disappears anew, but almost immediately reappears. The
+	patient complains from time to time of a pain in the head at a point
+	corresponding to what has been described in this book as the visual
+	centre (some distance above and slightly posterior to the ear).� The
+	magnet also has the same effect in suspending the real perception.
+	One of the patients was shown a Chinese gong and striker, and took
+	fright on sight of the instrument. When a blow was struck she instantly
+	fell into catalepsy. She was reawakened, and asked to look
+	attentively at the gong; meanwhile, without her knowledge, a small
+	magnet was brought near her head. After a minute the instrument
+	had completely disappeared from her sight. When it was struck with
+	redoubled force, she only looked from side to side with an air of
+	slight astonishment.</p>
+
+	<hr class="short" />
+
+	<p>The mysteries which puzzle these writers are made plain by anthropology,
+	and I have been presenting the explanation for over forty
+	years to my pupils. The sensibility to hypnotic phenomena is due to
+	the anterior portion of the middle lobe of the brain—to the portion
+	which is developed one inch behind the external angle of the eye,
+	by exciting which we bring on the somnolent condition. The predominance
+	of this region renders the person liable to the mesmeric
+	phenomena.</p>
+
+	<p>The hypnoscope proposed is quite unnecessary. The proper test of
+	magnetic susceptibility is either to excite the organ of somnolence
+	and observe if the eyes are disposed to close, or to pass your fingers
+	over the outstretched hand of the subject, within one or two inches,
+	and observe if he feels any impression. A distinct feeling of coolness
+	is sufficient proof of magnetic susceptibility.</p>
+
+	<p><a class="pagenum" id="page12" title="12"> </a>Let those who wish to investigate the subject begin in accordance
+	with true science by testing the sensitiveness of the hand. If
+	sensitive, let the subject sit in a passive state, while you touch the
+	somnolent region on the temples, one inch horizontally behind the
+	brow. In from one to ten minutes the eyes will show a disposition
+	to close, winking repeatedly until a dreamy condition arises, with
+	a tendency to a conscious sleep. In this condition the susceptibility
+	is extreme. Experiments in psychometry may be tried with success;
+	the organs of the brain may be excited, and many interesting experiments
+	may be made by those who understand the brain, for intellectual
+	purposes, or for the promotion of health and cure of diseases.</p>
+
+	<p>The whole subject is thoroughly explained in the College of
+	Therapeutics, making thereby a perfect guidance to health, and to
+	progress in philosophy, and supplying the great lack in all systems
+	of education—self-knowledge and the sublime art of health,
+	longevity, and progress in Divine wisdom.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<div id="art2" class="article">
+	<h2 class="title">The So-Called Scientific Immortality.</h2>
+
+
+	<p>The Smithsonian Institution at Washington was founded for the
+	increase and diffusion of knowledge. Guided by the contracted
+	notions prevalent among scientists, it has not accomplished much for
+	either object. The theory of Lester F. Ward of this institution was
+	paraphrased as follows in the last <cite class="name">Journal</cite>:</p>
+
+	<div class="poem">
+		<p>As for immortal life I must confess,</p>
+		<p>Science has never, never answered “yes.�</p>
+		<p>Indeed all psycho-physiological sciences show,</p>
+		<p>If we’d be loyal, we must answer “no!�</p>
+		<p>Man cannot recollect before being born,</p>
+		<p>And hence his future life must be “in a horn.�</p>
+		<p>There must be a <em lang="la" xml:lang="la">parte ante</em> if there’s a <em lang="la" xml:lang="la">parte post</em>,</p>
+		<p>And logic thus demolishes every future ghost.</p>
+		<p>Upon this subject the voice of science</p>
+		<p>Has ne’er been aught but stern defiance.</p>
+		<p>Mythology and magic belong to “<em lang="la" xml:lang="la">limbus fatuorum</em>;�</p>
+		<p>If fools believe them, we scientists deplore ’em.</p>
+		<p>But, nevertheless, the immortal can’t be lost,</p>
+		<p>For every atom has its bright, eternal ghost!</p>
+	</div>
+
+	<p>Mr. Ward appears to enjoy greatly this theory of his own final
+	extinction, and he exclaims with infinite self-satisfaction, “this
+	pure and ennobling sense of truth he would scorn to barter for the
+	selfish and illusory hope of an eternity of personal existence.� This
+	is quite a jolly funeral indeed!</p>
+
+	<p>It is true Mr. Ward’s very profound theories contradict an immense
+	number of facts observed by wiser men than himself, but so
+	much the worse for the facts,—they must not embarrass a Smithsonian
+	philosopher when he solves to his own satisfaction the vast
+	problem of the universe. This Mr. Ward thinks he has done. It is
+	quite an ingenious and laboriously constructed hypothesis, but like
+	all other attempts to construct a grand philosophy without a basis
+	<a class="pagenum" id="page13" title="13"> </a>of fact, it is hard to manufacture the theory and hard to comprehend
+	it. Mr. Ward says himself in the <cite>Open Court</cite> that even to
+	comprehend his doctrine would require the “careful reading of
+	nearly 200 pages,� while “to see the matter in precisely the same
+	light as I see it would require the reading of the entire work of some
+	1400 pages!� Really, Mr. Ward, the writer who cannot sufficiently
+	befuddle himself and his readers in fifty pages is not very skilful.</p>
+
+	<p>Nevertheless the Ward theory is one of the best that has ever been
+	gotten up by the champions of nescience, and is worthy of a statement
+	in the Journal as quite an improvement on the common expression
+	of materialistic stolidity. He claims that he does not deny immortality,
+	but he recognizes no immortality of man—no human soul.
+	He recognizes only the immortality of the world, such as it is, which
+	nobody denies. The future life of man he considers nothing but an
+	illusion, though there is an immortality of intelligence <em>here</em> in successive
+	forms.</p>
+
+	<p>The doctrine, is that spirit, intelligence, or consciousness is a
+	part of matter—that every atom has its own little share, which practically
+	amounts to nothing in its infinite subdivision, but when matter
+	comes into organized forms the spiritual powers thus aggregated and
+	organized become an efficient spiritual energy; and the higher the
+	organism the grander the power that is developed, man being the
+	most perfect organization evolves the grandest spiritual power, as a
+	superior violin evolves finer music than a tambourine. But the intelligence
+	and will of man are only phenomena, like the music, and
+	have no existence beyond that of the organism that produces them.
+	This is substantially the theory of materialists generally, and of the
+	old school medical colleges which consider human life a mere product
+	of human tissues in combination—a doctrine conclusively refuted in
+	“Therapeutic Sarcognomy.�</p>
+
+	<p>The special merit of the Ward theory lies in the supposition that
+	mind and matter are elements everywhere inseparably united, and
+	that human intelligence is developed by the aggregation and organization
+	of the mind powers that reside in the atoms of matter,—an
+	explanation which does not often occur to the exponents of
+	materialism,—and has the merit of ingenuity. The theory would
+	do very well if it were not demonstrable that life exists only from
+	influx, and that human life and personality survive the body, and
+	become known to every highly organized sensitive, who knows how
+	to investigate such matters.</p>
+
+	<p>The Ward theory demolishes the Deity with the greatest ease, and
+	places man, fleeting or evanescent as he is, at the summit of the
+	universe! As he expresses it, “The only intelligence in the
+	universe worthy of the name is the intelligence of the organized
+	beings which have been evolved; and the highest manifestations of
+	the psychic power known to the occupants of this planet is that
+	which emanates from the human brain. Thus does science invert
+	the pantheistic pyramid.�</p>
+
+	<p>Such is the fog that emanates from the institution that should
+	help the advance and diffusion of knowledge. No God! no soul!
+	<a class="pagenum" id="page14" title="14"> </a>not even the awful power that Spencer blindly acknowledges—nothing
+	but matter bubbling up and organizing itself into temporary
+	forms that decay and are gone forever. We may well reciprocate
+	his suggestion, and say that such doctrines belong to the <em lang="la" xml:lang="la">limbus
+	fatuorum</em>, and, if enjoyed as Mr. Ward enjoys them, they may well
+	be called the “fool’s paradise.� I think Hegel has some similar
+	notion—that God becomes conscious only in man, unconscious
+	everywhere else! And even so brilliant a writer as M. Renan
+	says, “For myself I think that there is not in the universe any
+	intelligence superior to that of man.� In reading such expressions
+	we are strongly reminded of the poem on the “rationalistic chicken,�
+	which would not admit that it ever came out of an egg. When the
+	wisdom shown in the universe is so immensely beyond the comprehension
+	of man, how can he assume his own to be the highest wisdom?</p>
+
+	<p>To such dreary absurdities as this the <cite>Open Court</cite> newspaper at
+	Chicago is devoted, and it has a bevy of well-educated friends and
+	supporters—well-educated as the world goes,—and graced with
+	literary capacity and culture, but educated into blindness and
+	ignorance of the scientific phenomena of psychic science,—unwilling
+	to investigate or incapable of candid investigation. The coterie
+	sustaining such a newspaper are precisely in the position of the
+	contemporaries of Galileo, who refused to look through his telescope
+	or study his demonstrations.</p>
+
+	<p>It is not from any scientific spirit or scientific acumen that this
+	materialistic coterie avoid psychometric and spiritual facts. The
+	newspapers which ignore or sneer at such knowledge are easily
+	gulled in matters of science. A writer in the <cite>Open Court</cite> upon the
+	possibilities of the future, which he presents as being confined
+	“strictly to legitimate deductions from present knowledge,� exhibits
+	an amount and variety of ignorant credulity which ought not to
+	have gained admission to an intelligent journal. He speaks of an
+	unlimited freedom of submarine navigation and navigation of the
+	air which would not have appeared possible to any but the most
+	superficial sciolist. He also speaks of an electroscope that will telegraph
+	rays of light (!) and enable us thereby to see our most distant
+	friends, and of stowing in a small compass electricity enough
+	to exterminate an army. This imaginative ignoramus adds, “Give
+	to our present biped acquaintance the ability to exterminate armies
+	with a lightning flash, added to the power of sailing at will through
+	the air or of passing at will and in safety beneath the ocean waves,
+	and he would depopulate the earth.� The writer gives much more
+	of this Munchausen stuff which is not worthy of notice except as
+	an illustration of the feeble scientific intelligence with which many
+	newspapers are edited. The editor of a really scientific journal
+	referred to this article in the <cite>Open Court</cite> “as a proof of the danger
+	of a little knowledge.�<a href="#footnote_1" id="fnm1" title="The air is certainly..." class="fnmarker">1</a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<div id="art3" class="article">
+	<h2 class="title"><a class="pagenum" id="page15" title="15"> </a>Review of the New Education.</h2>
+
+	<p class="author">BY SAMUEL EADON, M.A., M.D., PH.D., F.S.A., ETC.</p>
+
+	<p>I have read very carefully the third edition of the “New Education,�
+	and feel impelled, in order to satisfy my conscientiousness, to
+	write a short article relative to the impressions which the reading of
+	the book produced in my mind.</p>
+
+	<p>It is a work of extraordinary merit. Like George Combe’s “Constitution
+	of Man,� it is highly suggestive; the fascination of the
+	author was such that I could not help but write. To know its value
+	and appreciate its lofty moral outpourings, people must buy the book
+	and read for themselves. The first thought would be that it is the
+	production of an original thinker who had the courage to utter
+	opinions fearless of results, however antagonistic to the common-herd
+	notions.</p>
+
+	<p>In all ages, the human understanding, the reasoning faculties,
+	have ever been considered to hold the supremacy in the scale of
+	development, of culture, and of advance toward a higher form of
+	civilization; the moral faculties were thought next in order, and
+	then the propensities common to all animal natures held the third
+	or inferior position. This view of human nature has been handed
+	down from an elder antiquity and still retains its hold largely in the
+	universities and great public schools of the present day.</p>
+
+	<p>If this view of the nature of man be a correct one, there ought to
+	be a vast intellectual brotherhood of mankind; but it is not so.
+	From the days of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, this culture of the
+	intellectual power has been continuously pursued, but with very
+	slender results; for were this kind of education pursued for 100,000
+	years, the morale of society would be little better than it is at the
+	present time.</p>
+
+	<p>Dr. Buchanan takes quite a different view and makes the moral
+	or ethical faculties supreme, in development and culture, the intellect
+	being the instruments for acquiring facts and the propensities
+	the steam to bring about the desired results. According to his
+	views of man, our emotional faculties are of a higher or more God-like
+	order than our intellectual powers. The intellect being the
+	hand-maid to the emotions, to <em>feel</em> the force of truth is higher in mental
+	excellence than to <em>perceive</em> it. Depth of emotions is the climax
+	of spiritual power.</p>
+
+	<p>The ethical and æsthetic being the foundation of the New Education,
+	Dr. Buchanan, in a series of beautifully written chapters, enters
+	into details in reference to what teachers should be, what the subjects
+	taught ought to be, and what are the shells and what the kernels of
+	knowledge. He shows clearly that woman will ultimately be the
+	regenerator of humanity, that education so far has been merely fractional
+	and one-sided—that true development consists in the co-education
+	of soul and body, the co-education of man and woman, the
+	co-education of the material and spiritual worlds.</p>
+
+	<p><a class="pagenum" id="page16" title="16"> </a>There are a million of teachers, and every one should have a copy
+	of this work. No man is fit to teach in the high sense advocated by
+	this author unless he has thoroughly mastered this work. It is easy
+	to pull down a system, but not so easy to build it up; but in the
+	New Education the follies of the old educational systems are not
+	only levelled to the dust, but a higher and more practical, industrious,
+	and crime-preventing system of training and teaching takes
+	its place. This book will become the grand educational Bible for
+	teachers in all countries where the English language is spoken.</p>
+
+	<p>Nor should it be in the hands of teachers only. Every intelligent
+	father and mother, anxious for the development of their sons and
+	daughters should study this book night and day. It should be
+	translated into every European language, and also into Chinese and
+	other Eastern tongues; the refined, æsthetic, and knowledge-loving
+	people of Japan, were the work translated into their language, would
+	enjoy it intensely.</p>
+
+	<p><em class="emphasis">Hambrook Court</em>, near Bristol, England.</p>
+
+	<div class="aside">
+		<p>A Japanese scholar has already undertaken the translation of the
+		“New Education� in Japan. The <cite class="name">Journal</cite> has not room at present
+		for the essays of correspondents, and I have only given a small portion
+		of the essay of the learned Dr. Eadon, who is the most progressive
+		member of the medical profession in England.</p>
+	</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<div id="art4" class="article">
+	<h2 class="title">Victoria’s Half Century</h2>
+
+	<p>We are nearing the fiftieth anniversary of the beginning
+	of Queen Victoria’s reign. A London writer, reviewing the
+	changes which have taken place in the period marks these notable
+	points: A strange country was England in those far-off days; there
+	was but little difference between the general state of society under
+	William and the general state of society under George II. If we
+	compared the courts of George IV. and William with the company
+	of a low tap-room, we should not flatter the tap-room. Broad-blown
+	coarseness, rank debauchery, reckless prodigality, were seen
+	at their worst in the abode of English monarchs. A decent woman
+	was out of place amid the stupid horrors of the Pavilion or of Windsor;
+	and we do not wonder at the sedulous care which the Queen’s
+	guardians employed to keep her beyond reach of the prevailing corruption.
+	A man like the Duke of Cumberland would not now be
+	permitted to show his face in public save in the dock; but in those
+	times his peculiar habits were regarded as quite royal and quite natural.
+	Jockeys, blacklegs, gamblers, prize-fighters were esteemed as
+	the natural companions of princes; and when England’s king drove
+	up to the verge of a prize-ring in the company of a burly rough who
+	was about to exchange buffets with another rough, the proceeding
+	was considered as quite manly and orthodox. Imagine the Prince of
+	Wales driving in the park with a champion boxer!</p>
+
+	<p><a class="pagenum" id="page17" title="17"> </a>A strange country indeed was England in those times; and to look
+	through the newspapers and memoirs of fifty years ago is an amusement
+	at once instructive and humiliating. The king dines with the
+	premier duke, makes him drunk, and has him carefully driven round
+	the streets, so that the public may see what an intoxicated nobleman
+	is like. The same king pushes a statesman into a pond, and screams
+	with laughter as the drenched victim crawls out. Morning after
+	morning the chief man of the realm visits the boxing-saloon, and
+	learns to batter the faces and ribs of other noble gentlemen. We
+	hear of visits paid by royalty to an obscure Holborn tavern, where,
+	after noisy suppers, the fighting-men were wont to roar their hurricane
+	choruses and talk with many blasphemies of by-gone combats. Think
+	of that succession of ugly and foul sports compared with the peace,
+	the refinement, the gentle and subdued manners of Victoria’s court,
+	and we see how far England has travelled since 1837.</p>
+
+	<p>Fifty years ago our myriads of kinsmen across the seas were
+	strangers to us, and the amazing friendship which has sprung up between
+	the subjects of Victoria and the citizens of the vast republic
+	was represented fifty years ago by a kind of sheepish, good-humored
+	ignorance, tempered by jealousy. The smart packets left London
+	and Liverpool to thrash their way across the Atlantic swell, and they
+	were lucky if they managed to complete the voyage in a month—Charles
+	Dickens sailed in a vessel which took twenty-two days for
+	the trip, and she was a steamer, no less! For all practical purposes
+	England and America are now one country. The trifling distance
+	of 3,000 miles across the Atlantic seems hardly worth counting,
+	according to our modern notions; and the American gentleman
+	talks quite easily and naturally about running over to London or
+	Paris to see a series of dramatic performances or an exhibition of
+	pictures. When Victoria began to reign the English people mostly
+	regarded America as a dim region, and the voyage thither was a
+	fearsome understanding.</p>
+
+	<p>There is something in the catalogue of mechanical devices which
+	almost affects the mind with fatigue. Fifty years ago the ordinary
+	citizen picked up his ideas of all that was going on in the world
+	from a sorely-taxed news-sheet; and a very blurred idea he managed
+	to get at the best. Poor folk had to do without the luxury of the
+	news, and they were as much circumscribed mentally as though
+	they had been cattle; we remember a village where even in 1852 the
+	common people did not know who the Duke of Wellington was.
+	No such thing as a newspaper had been seen there within the
+	memory of man; only one or two of the natives had seen a railway
+	engine, and nobody in the whole village row had been known to
+	visit a town. But now-a-days the villager has his high-class news-sheet;
+	and he is very much discontented indeed if he does not see
+	the latest intelligence from America, India, Australia, China—everywhere.
+	An American statesman’s conversation of Monday afternoon
+	is reported accurately in the London journals on Tuesday morning;
+	a speech of Mr. Gladstone’s delivered at midnight on one day is
+	summarized in New York and San Francisco the next day; the
+	<a class="pagenum" id="page18" title="18"> </a>result of a race run at Epsom is known in Bombay within forty
+	minutes. We use no paradox when we say that every man in the
+	civilized world now lives next door to everybody else; oceans are
+	merely convenient pathways, howling deserts are merely handy
+	places for planting telegraph poles and for swinging wires along
+	which thoughts travel between country and country with the velocity
+	of lightning. We see that the world with its swarming populations
+	is growing more and more like some great organism whereof
+	the nerve-centres are subtly, delicately connected by sensitive nerve-tissues.
+	Even now, using a lady’s thimble, two pieces of metal, and
+	a little acid, we can speak to a friend across the Atlantic gulf, and
+	before ten years are over, a gentleman in London will doubtless be
+	able to sit in his office and hear the actual tones of some speaker in
+	New York.</p>
+
+	<p>So much has the magic half century brought about.</p>
+
+	<p>If we think of the scientific knowledge possessed by the most
+	intelligent men when the Queen ascended the throne, we can hardly
+	refrain from smiling, for it seems as though we were studying the
+	mental endowment of a race of children. The science of electricity
+	was in its infancy; the laws of force were misunderstood; men did
+	not know what heat really was. They knew next to nothing of the
+	history of the globe, and they accounted for the existence of varying
+	species of plants and animals by means of the most infantine hypotheses.
+	A complete revolution—vital and all-embracing—has
+	altered our modes of thought, so that the man of 1887 can scarcely
+	bring himself to conceive the state of mind which contented the
+	man of 1837. We have dark doubts now, perplexing misgivings,
+	weary uncertainties, painful consciousness of limited powers; but
+	along with these weaknesses we have our share of certainties. Are
+	we happier? Nay, not in mind. A quiet melancholy marks the
+	words of all the men who have thought most deeply and learned
+	most. The wise no longer cry out or complain—they accept life
+	and fate with calm sadness, and perhaps with prayerful resignation.
+	We have learned to know how little we can know, and we see with
+	composure that even the miracles already achieved by the restless
+	mind of man are as nothing.</p>
+
+	<hr class="short" />
+
+	<p>There is a far better reason than this for the sadness of thinking
+	men. It is that, with all the progress of science, art, and education,
+	poverty, misery, disease, and crime still afflict society as they did in
+	ruder ages, and our progress is <em>onward</em>, but not <em>upward</em>. It is <em>upward</em>
+	progress to which the <cite class="name">Journal of Man</cite> is devoted.</p>
+
+	<p>In the foregoing sketch very little is said of the real progress of
+	the age—the increase of education, the uprising of the people into
+	greater political power and liberty, the prostration of the power of
+	the church, which is destined to disestablishment, and the uprising
+	of spiritual science.</p>
+
+	<p>What is there in the reign of Victoria to be celebrated? Was
+	there ever a more perfect specimen of barely respectable commonplace
+	than the reign of Victoria? What generous impulse, or what
+	<a class="pagenum" id="page19" title="19"> </a>notable wisdom has she ever shown? What has she done for the
+	relief of Ireland, for the improvement of a society full of pauperism,
+	crime and suffering, or for the prevention of unjust foreign wars?
+	When has she ever given even a respectable gift to any good object
+	from her enormous income? But virtue is not expected in sovereigns;
+	they are expected only to enjoy themselves hugely, to make an
+	ostentatious display, and consume all their benighted subjects give
+	them.</p>
+
+	<p>Mrs. Stanton says:—“The two great questions now agitating
+	Great Britain are ‘Coercion for Ireland,’ and the ‘Queen’s Jubilee,’
+	a tragedy and a comedy in the same hour.�</p>
+
+	<p>Speaking of the Queen’s Jubilee she says:</p>
+
+	<blockquote>
+		<p>“In this supreme moment of the nation’s political crisis, the
+		Queen and her suite are junketing around in their royal yachts on
+		the coast of France, while proposing to celebrate her year of Jubilee
+		by levying new taxes on her people, in the form of penny and pound
+		contributions to build a monument to Prince Albert. The year of
+		Jubilee! While under the eyes of the Queen her Irish subjects are
+		being evicted from their holdings at the point of the bayonet; their
+		cottages burned to the ground; aged and helpless men and women
+		and newborn children, alike left crouching on the highways, under
+		bridges, hayricks and hedges, crowded into poorhouses, jails and
+		prisons, to expiate their crimes growing out of poverty on the one
+		hand and patriotism on the other.</p>
+
+		<p>“A far more fitting way to celebrate the year of Jubilee would be
+		for the Queen to scatter the millions hoarded in her private vaults
+		among her needy subjects, to mitigate, in some measure, the miseries
+		they have endured from generation to generation; to inaugurate
+		some grand improvement in her system of education; to extend still
+		further the civil and political rights of her people; to suggest, perchance,
+		an Inviolable Homestead Bill for Ireland, and to open the
+		prison doors to her noble priests and patriots.</p>
+
+		<p>“But instead of such worthy ambitions in the fiftieth year of her
+		reign, what does the Queen propose? With her knowledge and
+		consent, committees of ladies are formed in every county, town and
+		village in all the colonies under her flag, to solicit these penny and
+		pound contributions, to be placed at her disposal.</p>
+
+		<p>“Ladies go from house to house, not only to the residences of the
+		rich, but to the cottages of the poor, through all the marts of trade,
+		the fields, the factories, begging pennies for the Queen from servants
+		and day-laborers.�</p>
+	</blockquote>
+
+	<p>These forced collections are not entirely for the benefit of the
+	Queen, but are to be appropriated also to a vast variety of local
+	objects and institutions.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<div id="art5" class="article">
+	<h2 class="title">The Outlook of Diogenes.</h2>
+
+	<p>The ancient philosopher Diogenes, whom even the presence of
+	Alexander could not overawe, is one of the most marked and heroic
+	figures of ancient history. It is said “The Athenians admired his
+	<a class="pagenum" id="page20" title="20"> </a>contempt for comfort, and allowed him a wide latitude of comment
+	and rebuke. Practical good was the chief aim of his philosophy;
+	for literature and the fine arts he did not conceal his disdain. He
+	laughed at men of letters for reading the sufferings of Ulysses
+	while neglecting their own; at musicians who spent in stringing their
+	lyres the time which would have been much better employed in
+	making their own discordant natures harmonious; at savants for gazing
+	at the heavenly bodies while sublimely incognizant of earthly ones;
+	at orators who studied how to enforce truth, but not how to practice
+	it. <em> </em> * When asked what business he was proficient in, he answered,
+	‘to command men.’�</p>
+
+	<p>Psychometry brings up these ancient characters as vividly and
+	truthfully as history. Such psychometric descriptions are a continual
+	miracle. How the psychometers, knowing not of whom they are
+	speaking, guided only by a mysterious intuition, should speak of the
+	most ancient characters as familiarly and truly as of our acquaintances
+	to-day, will ever stand as a psychic miracle, to illustrate the
+	Divine Wisdom that established such a power in man. This is the
+	daily experience of Mrs. Buchanan. Her description of Diogenes
+	was as follows:</p>
+
+	<blockquote>
+		<p>“I think this is an ancient. There is something quaint about
+		him. He does not seem to follow anything or anybody. He lived
+		a natural life, indifferent to current teachings. He had peculiar
+		original ideas of his own as to life and its purposes, and seems to be
+		a man of philanthropic nature, not æsthetic, but very indifferent as
+		to personal appearance and habits, or as to pleasing people, not at all
+		fastidious. He did not mind people’s opinions in the least. They
+		never disturbed him.</p>
+
+		<p>“He had enough combativeness to fight his way through difficulties.
+		He had great self-reliance, and did not mind obstacles. If he
+		had to take part in disturbances, he was ready, and had tact and tactics.
+		He had a peculiar power of governing men, and a peculiar
+		way of gaining confidence and esteem. He did not show off at all,
+		and was not at all condescending. He had a great deal of sagacity.
+		He regarded as trifles things people considered as momentous.</p>
+
+		<p>“(To what country did he belong?) He was probably a Greek,
+		but he did not accord with anything of his time. He lived in the
+		future and anticipated great changes. He did not agree with any
+		contemporary religion, politics, fashions or manners, but was very
+		sarcastic upon them. He was a philosopher, devoted to the useful,
+		and cared nothing for the ornamental, either in architecture, fashions
+		or anything else. He might not make war on the religion as he
+		was not rancorous or rebellious, but he had different ideas in himself,
+		and was candid in expressing them. He does not give much
+		attention to modern times, but if he were here he would enjoy
+		modern improvements and benevolence, but would denounce our
+		fashions and our bigotry, and teach a primitive style of living.�</p>
+	</blockquote>
+
+	<p>Let us invoke the strong spirit of Diogenes whose sturdy freedom
+	of thought was like that of Walt Whitman, to coöperate in the review
+	of modern life. Such men are greatly needed to review a
+	<a class="pagenum" id="page21" title="21"> </a>corrupt civilization; and where is the civilization now, where was
+	there ever a civilization that was not corrupt? The function of
+	Diogenes is not performed either by the pulpit or the press. A
+	few special journals are terribly severe on special evils, but the
+	reformatory words of the press generally are few and far between, in
+	comparison to what is needed. The <cite class="name">Journal of Man</cite> does not
+	propose to fill the hiatus and make war upon the myriad evils of
+	society, but it must speak out, now and then, like Diogenes, especially
+	when others neglect their duty.</p>
+
+	<p>What is the condition of our legislative bodies? Where is there
+	one that does not provoke sharp criticism? The Albany correspondent
+	of the <cite>N. Y. Sun</cite>, speaking of the legislative adjournment, says;
+	“Mr. William F. Sheehan, leader of the Democratic minority to the
+	Assembly, summed up the work of the Legislature of 1887 when in
+	his address on the floor of the Assembly on the day of final adjournment,
+	he said: ‘Prayer will ascend from thousands of hearts of the
+	citizens of this State at noon to-day for their deliverance from this
+	Legislature. It began its session with the corrupt election of a
+	United States Senator. It lived in bribery, and it dies a farce.’
+	No one here regrets the adjournment except the gamblers and the
+	lobbyists. Even the lobbyists would be glad for a vacation, as their
+	labors in bidding for the legislative cattle the last month have been
+	most arduous. The people of Albany look on the Legislature as a
+	pestilence to which they must yearly submit, and they welcome its
+	departure as a farmer does the going of a swarm of locusts from his
+	fields.</p>
+
+	<p>“Whatever else may be said about the Legislature of 1887, no one
+	ever accused it of being honest, and there is no doubt that it was
+	industrious.�</p>
+
+	<p>This corrupt Legislature passed two very discreditable bills which
+	would have been made positively infamous if it had not been for the
+	active opposition of a few friends of liberty. One of these bills
+	was designed to add to the stringency of the present obstructive
+	medical law; the other was designed to assist the labors of Anthony
+	Comstock in interrupting the circulation of popular physiological
+	literature, under pretence of suppressing obscenity.</p>
+
+	<p>In the Legislature of Pennsylvania, the law designed to suppress
+	the cultivation of spiritual science by severe penalties, was favorably
+	reported by a committee but prevented by popular indignation from
+	passing. Yet the people were not sufficiently alert to prevent legislation
+	in favor of that monopoly the Standard Oil Company, which
+	is considered a betrayal of justice.</p>
+
+	<p>In Illinois a bill was passed in the Senate and came near passing
+	in the House, which would have abolished all medical freedom and
+	made it a crime for any one but a licensed doctor to help the sick in
+	any way, even by a prayer. Verily the spirit of American liberty
+	does not pervade American communities and American legislatures.</p>
+
+	<p>In Massachusetts the Old Puritanic Sunday Laws having fallen
+	into “<em>innocuous desuetude</em>,� an attempt to give them a partial enforcement
+	in Boston compelled a little legislative action and the
+	<a class="pagenum" id="page22" title="22"> </a>result was what might have been expected in a State in which religious
+	opinions are allowed to interfere with the credibility of a witness,
+	and in which Diogenes, if he were here, would be struck with the
+	vast inconsistency between the creed of Christendom and its practice,
+	and the vast disparity between the progress of modern knowledge
+	and the effete system of education in our Universities. He
+	would wonder why modern colleges are more interested in the details
+	of Greek life and letters than in the beneficent sciences of
+	to-day of which the Greeks knew nothing.</p>
+
+	<p>He would wonder why the edicts of the Pagan emperor, Constantine,
+	concerning the observance of Sunday are observed and enforced
+	as a religious duty, while the Divine love inculcated by Jesus Christ,
+	which forbids all strife and war, is no more regarded by Christian
+	nations than by the rulers of ancient Rome.</p>
+
+	<p>He would look into the schools and universities professedly devoted
+	to science and literature, and ask why they have even less freedom
+	of discussion and thought than the schools of Athens, every
+	professor being interested to discourage the investigation of novelties
+	in philosophy instead of being ready to welcome original investigation.</p>
+
+	<p>Under the new Sunday law of Massachusetts, Sunday trains and
+	steamboat lines are at the mercy of the railroad commissioners, who
+	can stop every one of them; but boating, yachting, and carriage
+	driving on Sunday are free to all who have the money to pay for
+	them. But while outdoor frolic is free-and-easy, indoor enjoyment
+	is prohibited. Everybody is liable to five dollar fines for <em>attending</em>
+	“any sport, game, or play� on Sunday, unless it has been licensed,
+	and private families never ask a license for their own amusements.
+	But <em>to be present</em> on Sunday “<em>at any dancing</em>,� brings a liability to a
+	$50 fine for each offence! What a terrible thing dancing is to be
+	sure, that looking on should cost $50, while a frolic in boating and
+	yachting is unexceptionably holy, and the fast young men may kick
+	up a dust, kill the horses, and smash the buggies with impunity, or
+	kill themselves by rowing in the hot sun, under whiskey stimulus on
+	Sunday.</p>
+
+	<p>The laws for hotels and restaurants are even more absurd.
+	Travellers, strangers and lodgers may be freely entertained, but if
+	<em>anybody else</em> (who is he?) comes into the house, or remains on the
+	grounds about it, on Sunday, the landlord can be fined as much as
+	$50 at the first pop, $100 at the second pop, and at the third pop he
+	is to be shut up and deprived of his license. Somebody else must
+	be a terrible fellow on Sunday—and he is a dangerous customer
+	on Saturday too, for if he comes in on Saturday evening, or even
+	lounges on the grounds, it is a fine of five dollars for the landlord.
+	But who is he? How is the poor landlord, or victualler to discover
+	<em>somebody else</em>, who is neither lodger, stranger, nor traveller. The
+	landlord cannot detect him, but all sheriffs, grand jurors, and
+	constables are required to hunt for him!  <em lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Vive la bagatelle!</em></p>
+
+	<p>Strictly private gambling is safe on Sunday, and our <em lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Chevaliers
+	d’Industrie</em> may ruin a dozen families, and provoke suicide and murder,—“plate
+	sin with gold� and it is protected, and the swindling
+	<a class="pagenum" id="page23" title="23"> </a>shyster is protected too on Sunday, for no civil process can be served
+	on that holy day; the rogue who is bothered on that day can get
+	exemplary damages by this law of Sunday asylum. But the poor
+	keeper of a restaurant or of an inn, is the victim for old legislative
+	boys to throw stones at. They have provided a hundred dollar fine
+	for every innholder or victualler who keeps, or “suffers to be kept,� on
+	his premises, any implements “used in gaming,� or which may be used
+	for “purposes of amusement,� and does not prevent such things from
+	being used on Sunday. So if he is not extremely vigilant throughout
+	his house and grounds, he may be caught with a hundred dollar fine,
+	OR be imprisoned three months in the House of Correction at the
+	pleasure of the magistrate!! and for every subsequent offense may be
+	<em>imprisoned in the House of Correction</em> as much as one year, and then
+	required to give security for obeying the law. Under such a law a
+	malicious young hoodlum may contrive to send a landlord to jail.</p>
+
+	<p>To open a shop, warehouse, or workhouse on Sunday is a fifty
+	dollar offense, and it is fifty dollars also for doing “any manner of
+	labor, business or work� on Sunday, unless the judge considers it a
+	matter of necessity or charity; nevertheless, the “making of butter
+	and cheese� is good Sunday work, if we do not <em>open the doors</em> which
+	would bring on a $50 fine. So is the work of steam, gas and electricity,
+	newspapers, telegraphs, telephones, druggists, milkmen, (bakers
+	before 10 and after 4,) boat houses, livery stables, ferry boats,
+	and street cars. But to catch a fish or fire a pistol on Sunday is a
+	$10 offense, and to look on at a game of chess is a $50 crime.
+	However, the law does not punish whistling on Sunday, unless the
+	whistler has spectators, then it is a $50 business for all concerned.
+	To read Longfellow’s Excelsior on Sunday to a parlor of
+	company is a $50 crime. Reading Milton’s Paradise Lost, or the
+	American Declaration of Independence would also rank as criminal
+	business, being an entertainment, and a party of twenty playing a
+	game of croquet may be fined a thousand dollars.</p>
+
+	<p>Verily, if it were not for such hypocritical and asinine legislation
+	as this, we might forget the history of New England witchcraft, and
+	the hanging of Quakers in sight of the spot where this law was
+	enacted as an <em>improvement</em> on a still worse, but practically obsolete
+	statute.</p>
+
+	<p>Such Sunday legislation is a fair evidence of the absence of true
+	religion, and the predominance of hypocrisy. It is not enforced,
+	and is not expected to be. All the Sunday legislation in New York
+	did not prevent the immense Syracuse Salt Works from carrying on
+	their work day and night. Gov. Hill and the N. Y. Legislature have
+	shown their character by increasing the penalties of the Sunday laws,
+	but they have not approached the Massachusetts standard.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<div id="art6" class="article">
+	<h2 class="title">A Bill to Destroy the Indians.</h2>
+
+	<p class="author">From the Boston Pilot.</p>
+
+	<p>The Puritans of New England and the Cavaliers of Virginia alike
+	treated the Indians as though they had no rights of manhood. The
+	Catholics, Baptists, and Quakers treated them kindly and justly.
+	<a class="pagenum" id="page24" title="24"> </a>The Puritans took Indian lands without permission or compensation.
+	The Catholics, Baptists and Quakers bought lands from the Indians in
+	an honorable way.</p>
+
+	<p>The two policies have been in conflict for nearly three centuries.</p>
+
+	<p>The Government has held to the policy of buying lands from the
+	Indians, thus recognizing their ownership; but it has not always
+	paid the price agreed upon. Now, under the lead of Senator Dawes
+	Congress has passed a bill which annuls the treaties, and overrides
+	all proprietary rights of every tribe, except nine of the most civilized.</p>
+
+	<p>His bill is the “Indian Land in Severalty Bill.� It pretends to be
+	in the interest of the Indians, but that pretense is a fraud. It is
+	wholly in the interest of railroad companies, land syndicates, and
+	private white settlers.</p>
+
+	<p>The treaties of 1868 and 1876 guarantee the Sioux tribes undisturbed
+	possession of their reservation in Dakota. Not an acre of that
+	land can be taken from them without the consent of three-fourths of
+	them. So read the treaties signed by the United States Commissioners
+	and confirmed by the United States Senate.</p>
+
+	<p>The Dawes Severalty Bill takes the Sioux reservation from the
+	control of the Sioux without asking the consent of a single Indian,
+	surveys it as though it was a body of public land, and then says to
+	the Sioux: The Government will return a small homestead for each
+	of you, as individuals, and after twenty-five years you shall have
+	titles to these small tracts, but the remainder of the reservation,
+	(about four-fifth) must be opened to white settlers.</p>
+
+	<p>The Sioux protest against this outrage, and have appealed to the
+	National Indian Defence Association at Washington, D. C., to
+	protect their rights. This association has resolved to test the constitutionality
+	of this bill in the Supreme Court of the United States,
+	and asks all friends of justice to sustain them in this legal contest.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<div id="art7" class="article">
+	<h2 class="title">Miscellaneous Intelligence.</h2>
+	<div class="miscellany_item" id="misc1">
+		<p><strong class="headline">The Seybert Commission</strong> has reported against the claims of Spiritualism.
+		Their report will not even have the effect of the French Academy
+		report against animal magnetism, which checked its progress in the medical
+		profession but not among the people; but before the century passed, the
+		medical profession has taken up the science in earnest, and re-named it hypnotism.
+		The Seybert report will not even be a temporary damper, for
+		while thousands of inquirers, fully as competent as the commission, and
+		many of them far more competent to the investigation, have made themselves
+		familiar with the facts, the commission has done nothing but to emphasize
+		the fact already familiar among the intelligent, of the prevalence of
+		fraud among mediums. Notwithstanding the wonderful powers of Slade,
+		no one acquainted with his history would place any reliance on his integrity.
+		The more intelligent Spiritualists understood such matters, and the Ladies’
+		Aid (Spiritualist) Society of Boston, recently had considerable amusement
+		in the exhibition in their parlors of the materializing and dematerializing
+		wire apparatus used by the fraudulent medium, Mrs. Ross, which
+		was said to have been carried in her bustle. Mrs. Ross when prosecuted for
+		<a class="pagenum" id="page25" title="25"> </a>her frauds was found to be protected by the law of coverture which makes the
+		husband alone responsible. This is a relic of the idea of female subordination
+		and obedience which ought to be abolished. The progress of spiritualism
+		has been marked by as many follies as that of any popular movement, and
+		the bequest of $60,000, by Mr. Seybert, to the old fogies of the Pennsylvania
+		University was among the stupidest of these follies. If a friend of Galileo
+		had made such a bequest to the Catholic church in his time, to get an opinion
+		of the new astronomy, it would have been as sensible a proceeding. It
+		will however have one good result; it will erect a permanent monument to
+		the ignorance of the universities, a record from which they cannot hereafter
+		escape. Prof. Leidy was one of the salaried commissioners whose mental
+		status was thus exhibited in the last journal:</p>
+
+		<div class="poem">
+			<p>"Your doctrine of life eternal,</p>
+			<p>And everything else supernal,</p>
+			<p>Might well be pronounced an infernal</p>
+			<p class="i20">Delusion!"</p>
+		</div>
+
+	</div>
+	<div class="miscellany_item" id="misc2">
+		<p><strong class="headline">The Evils that need attention</strong>, mentioned in the <cite class="name">Journal</cite> for May,
+		are as rampant as ever. The big combination in Chicago to raise the price
+		of wheat by a corner, utterly burst on the 14th of June, leaving a few
+		ruined speculators. The <cite>Chicago News</cite> says: “What is called buying and
+		selling futures in grain, is no more buying and selling in the innocent
+		and proper interpretation of the words than the wagering on horse races is
+		buying and selling horses. It is a species of gambling as pernicious to
+		public morals as it is contrary to public policy.� The <cite>Chicago Herald</cite> says,
+		“No one is in love with a cornerer who corners. Nobody wastes any pity
+		on a cornerer who gets cornered himself.� Such crimes in a petty way may
+		be punished, but we need law for the millionaire gamblers who not only rob
+		each other, but fleece the entire nation at the same time.</p>
+	</div>
+	<div class="miscellany_item" id="misc3">
+		<p><strong class="headline">Condensed Items.</strong>—<em class="subheadline" id="condensed1">Mesmerism, in Paris.</em> M. G. de Torcy has introduced
+		a mesmerized woman into the lion’s cage, where she unconsciously puts
+		her head in the lion’s mouth: then, in a state of cataleptic rigidity, head and
+		feet resting on two stools, the lion is made to jump over the rigid body, then
+		with paws resting on her body, to pull a string by his teeth and thus fire
+		a pistol. Of course this draws enthusiastic audiences. <em class="subheadline" id="condensed2">Medical Freedom.</em>
+		The attempts at restrictive medical legislation have been defeated in Rhode
+		Island, Connecticut, and Maine. In Maine, the bill had passed the Legislature
+		and was approved by Gov. Bodwell, but upon re-consideration he
+		vetoed it and the Senate then rejected it. The Allopathic State Society is
+		quite indignant and calls it “<em>atrocious</em>� that they cannot enforce a law
+		which the Senate and governor rejected. Mrs. Post in Iowa has been acquitted
+		and will not be punished at all for the awful crime of healing a
+		patient by prayer! The acquittal appears to be on the ground of the
+		unconstitutionally of the law. <em class="subheadline" id="condensed3">The Victoria Jubilee</em> in Faneuil Hall, Boston,
+		called out an immense indignation meeting, and many eloquent protests.
+		But for the energy of the police a riot might have occurred at the
+		time of the festival. <em class="subheadline" id="condensed4">Delightful Homes.</em> Asheville, N. C., 2339 feet above
+		tide water, has a delightful climate, especially for pulmonary invalids.
+		Northern Georgia is an elevated region of remarkable general health, and
+		freedom from malarious and consumptive diseases. California has still
+		more delightful homes of health and beauty. Colorado has twelve towns
+		over 5,000 feet above the sea, and ten over 10,000.</p>
+	</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<div id="art8" class="article">
+	<h2 class="title"><a class="pagenum" id="page26" title="26"> </a>Chapter IV.—Cranioscopy.</h2>
+
+	<p class="chapter_outline">The Study of the Comparative Development of the Brain through
+	the Cranium—Importance of Cranioscopy—First Step—Facial
+	organs—Miller, Pestalozzi, Danton, Mirabeau—Caricatures—Upper
+	and lower parts of face—Female faces—Mode of comparing
+	organs—Mode of manipulation—Bony irregularities—Profile
+	comparison of height and depth—Vacca Pechassee and
+	Lewis—Old errors—Difficulties in estimation—Morbid conditions—Criminals—Napoleon—Negro
+	murderer.</p>
+
+	<div id="figure-1" class="image" style="width:670px;">
+		<div id="illo-1" class="illo_left" style="width:330px;">
+			<a href="images/fig1a.png"><img src="images/fig1a-th.png" width="330" height="315" alt="Man's portrait" /></a>
+			<p class="caption">HUGH MILLER.</p>
+		</div>
+		<div id="illo-2" class="illo_right" style="width:330px;">
+			<a href="images/fig1b.png"><img src="images/fig1b-th.png" width="330" height="315" alt="Man's' portrait" /></a>
+			<p class="caption">PESTALOZZI.</p>
+		</div>
+		<div id="illo-3" class="illo_left" style="width:330px;">
+			<a href="images/fig1c.png"><img src="images/fig1c-th.png" width="330" height="315" alt="Man's portrait" /></a>
+			<p class="caption">DANTON.</p>
+		</div>
+		<div id="illo-4" class="illo_right" style="width:330px;">
+			<a href="images/fig1d.png"><img src="images/fig1d-th.png" width="330" height="315" alt="Man's' portrait" /></a>
+			<p class="caption">MIRABEAU.</p>
+		</div>
+		<p style="clear:both;">&nbsp;</p> <!-- Breathing room -->
+	</div>
+
+	<p>The reader now understands the conformation of the brain, and
+	the general character of its different regions. It is important that
+	he should as soon as possible begin the study of heads, and learn to
+	judge correctly their development. When he can do this, he has an
+	inexhaustible source of knowledge continually with him, and every
+	new acquaintance becomes an interesting study in ascertaining the
+	indications of his head and comparing them with his daily conduct
+	and manners.  The more thorough and careful the study, the
+	<a class="pagenum" id="page27" title="27"> </a>greater the satisfaction and delight that it yields. The good cranioscopist
+	continually grows in knowledge, and solves all the problems
+	of character presented in society. But he who simply studies the
+	elements of character or organic faculties, and does not become
+	acquainted with the organs and their measurement, soon finds his
+	knowledge too abstract and remote from his daily life; and, instead
+	of increasing his stock of knowledge on this subject, he continually
+	loses more and more of what he has gained. It was for this reason,
+	mainly, that the medical profession gradually dropped the discoveries
+	of Gall, which would never have ceased to interest them if they
+	had learned to apply them to the study of men and animals.</p>
+
+	<p>I hope that no reader will neglect this chapter, or fail to reduce
+	its instructions to practice, for on that it depends whether he shall
+	become a practical master of cerebral science, and be able to read
+	every character with which he meets.</p>
+
+	<p>The first step in studying a head is to observe its general contour,—whether
+	the forehead projects far in front of the ear, to indicate
+	intellect; whether the upper surface rises above the forehead
+	sufficiently to indicate the nobler qualities, and whether it is
+	balanced or overpowered by the breadth and depth of the base of
+	the skull and thickness of the neck. In connection with this, we
+	may observe that the base of the brain is also expressed in the lower
+	part of the face which corresponds to the organs for the expression
+	of animal force, while the upper part of the face is devoted to the
+	expression of the upper and anterior parts of the brain. The
+	expressional faculties shown in the face do not always coincide
+	exactly with the real power of the organs thus expressed; but if they
+	do not, they at least indicate their activity and habitual display; for
+	faculties habitually indulged will show their organic indications in
+	the face, while those which are suppressed or restrained will be less
+	conspicuous in the face.</p>
+
+	<p>The reader will understand that organs located for observation on
+	the face are organs of the brain lying behind the face, which may be
+	reached and stimulated through it, as other organs are reached and
+	stimulated through the cranium and integuments. The contour of
+	the face cannot reveal the organs behind it by physical necessity, as
+	does the contour of the skull, yet observation induces me to rely
+	upon estimates based on facial development. I think there is a
+	correspondence of development between the brain and face, based
+	upon vital laws, and also a direct influence of each organ upon the
+	surface that covers it, so that when the organ is excited the surface
+	becomes flushed, and when it is kept inactive the surface becomes
+	pale and withered. This may be most readily observed at the
+	organ of Love of Stimulus, immediately in front of the cavity of the
+	ear. The surface presents a shrunken appearance after many years
+	of rigid abstinence, but becomes plump, bloated, or high-colored, in
+	those whose habits are intemperate. I have also observed an itching
+	sensation at the surface when the organs behind it were active.
+	Any one may observe a warmth and fulness in the upper part of the
+	face when the social sentiments are very active. In the act of
+	<a class="pagenum" id="page28" title="28"> </a>blushing, the flush comes upon the part of the face associated with
+	modest and refined sentiments, the centre of which is below the
+	external angle of the eye, at the lower margin of the cheek-bone.</p>
+
+	<p>The contrasting development of the upper and lower parts of the
+	face may be seen when we compare such characters as the enthusiastic
+	philanthropist and educational reformer, Pestalozzi, and the high-principled
+	and intellectual Hugh Miller, the Scotch geologist, with
+	such as Danton, the terrible demagogue of the French revolution,
+	and Mirabeau, the brilliant but unprincipled orator.</p>
+
+	<p>No skilful artist in caricature fails to observe these principles.
+	When he would degrade a character, he magnifies the lower part of
+	the face; and when he would represent a more refined character,
+	the lower part of the face becomes correspondingly delicate.</p>
+
+	<p>When <cite>Puck</cite> would represent, a miserable wretch, he presents such
+	a head as the following; and when a New York journalist desired
+	to caricature an opponent as a saloon politician, he diminished the
+	upper and developed the lower part of the head, as presented here.</p>
+
+	<div id="figure-2" class="image" style="width:670px;">
+		<div id="illo-5" class="illo_left" style="width:330px;">
+			<a href="images/fig2a.png"><img src="images/fig2a-th.png" width="275" height="325" alt="Sketch of a man's head" /></a>
+			<p class="caption">WRETCH.</p>
+		</div>
+		<div id="illo-6" class="illo_right" style="width:330px;">
+			<a href="images/fig2b.png"><img src="images/fig2b-th.png" width="275" height="325" alt="Sketch of a man's head" /></a>
+			<p class="caption">SALOON POLITICIAN.</p>
+		</div>
+		<p style="clear:both;">&nbsp;</p> <!-- Breathing room -->
+	</div>
+
+	<p>All observers of countenance and character unconsciously act
+	upon these principles and recognize a great difference in the expressions
+	of two faces,—one predominant in the lower and the other in
+	the upper portion of the face. That there was any scientific basis
+	for this was entirely unknown before my discoveries of the organs
+	behind the face, which modify its development and expression. My
+	lectures upon this subject in 1842 were attended by the physiognomical
+	writer, Redfield, who derived from them many important suggestions.</p>
+
+	<p>When the lower part of the face is massive, broad, and prominent,
+	while the basilar region is broad and deep, with a stout neck, we
+	know the great force and activity of the animal nature, and unless
+	the upper surface of the brain is well developed all over, we may
+	expect some excess in the way of violence, temper, selfishness,
+	perversity, sensuality, dishonesty, avarice, rudeness of manners, moral
+	insensibility, slander, contentiousness, jealousy, envy, revenge, or
+	some other form of wickedness, according to the especial conformation.</p>
+
+	<p><a class="pagenum" id="page29" title="29"> </a>In the faces of women, we find the activity of the amiable sentiments
+	marked by the fulness and roseate color of the upper part of
+	the face, while the lower portion is more delicate than in the masculine
+	face.</p>
+
+	<p>But although the facial developments generally correspond with
+	the activity of the organs expressed, the rule is not invariable, as
+	the reader will learn hereafter that the facial developments may be
+	moderate when the character is not excitable or demonstrative.</p>
+
+	<p>If the upper surface of the head is sufficiently high, we know that
+	great capacity for virtue exists, capable of restraining evil inclinations,
+	and producing admirable traits of character, according to the
+	organs especially developed.</p>
+
+	<p>When we study the special organs we determine the special
+	virtues or vices. For example, a head may have a good general
+	development upward, giving many very pleasing traits of character,
+	and yet be so deficient in the region of conscientiousness (while the
+	selfish group that gives breadth at the ears is large) as to produce
+	great moral unsoundness and a treacherous violation of obligations
+	or disregard of principle.</p>
+
+	<p>The most delicate task in craniological study, and the most important,
+	is the balancing of opposite tendencies belonging to antagonistic
+	organs; and it was for the want of the knowledge of antagonisms
+	that the Gallian system so often failed in describing character
+	and its representatives before the public have made the most
+	disastrous blunders. Shrewd and honest observers discovered the
+	imperfections of the science.<a href="#footnote_2" id="fnm2" title="A letter just received..." class="fnmarker">2</a></p>
+
+	<p>While the eye readily gives us the contour of heads that have
+	not much hair, there is but little accurate judgment without the use
+	of the hand, which is the first thing to be learned. Not the tips of
+	the fingers, but the whole hand should be laid upon the head gently,
+	to cover as much surface as possible, while with a gentle pressure
+	we cause the scalp to move slightly, and thus feel through it the
+	exact form of the cranium as correctly as if the bones were exposed
+	to view. If in this examination we find any sharp prominences,
+	which might be called bumps, we attribute them to the growth of
+	bone, which does not indicate the growth of the brain. The latter
+	is indicated only by the general contour.</p>
+
+	<p>A little anatomical knowledge will prevent us from being deceived,
+	and enable us to make due allowances. There are no great difficulties
+	in making a correct estimate, and the anatomists who have
+	taught their pupils that correct cranial observations could not be
+	made, only showed their own ignorance of the subject. We must
+	consider the cranium as though all osseous protuberances had been
+	shaved off, leaving the smooth, curving contour of the skull. The
+	principal projection to be removed is the superciliary ridge corresponding
+	to the brow at the base of the forehead.  It is formed by
+	<a class="pagenum" id="page30" title="30"> </a>the projection of the external plate of the skull, leaving a separation
+	or cavity between it and the inner plate, which cavity is called
+	the frontal sinus, and is sometimes half an inch wide. As there is
+	no positive method of determining its dimensions in the living head,
+	there must ever be some doubt concerning the development of the
+	perceptive organs which it covers. The superciliary ridge at the
+	external angle of the brow extends really as much as three-quarters
+	of an inch from the brain. From this angle a ridge of bone (the
+	temporal arch) extends upward and backward, separating the
+	lateral surface of the head from the frontal and upper surfaces.
+	This ridge is a convenient landmark, but must be excluded from an
+	estimate of development as it is merely osseous. It extends back
+	on the head a little behind its middle. The sagittal suture on the
+	median line of the upper surface usually presents a slight, bony
+	elevation or ridge (see the engraving of the skull, Chapter III.), and
+	the lambdoid suture on the back of the head is frequently rough.
+	A superficial practical phrenologist (of great pretensions) at Cincinnati,
+	in examining the head of a gentleman of mild character, found
+	the lambdoid suture quite rough, and gave him a terrifically pugnacious
+	character, not knowing enough to distinguish between osseous
+	and cerebral development. The occipital knob on the median line
+	between the cerebrum and cerebellum, has been already mentioned.
+	The mastoid process, the bony prominence behind the ear is a projection
+	exterior to the cerebellum. Where it starts from the cranium
+	above and behind the cavity of the ear, we may judge of basilar
+	development by the breadth of the head, but the basilar depth
+	which is more important is to be judged by the extension downward,
+	which was illustrated in the last chapter by comparing the skulls of
+	J. R. Smith and the slave-trading count.</p>
+
+	<p>To judge the comparative strength of the higher and lower elements
+	of character, we look for the height above the forehead and
+	the depth at and behind the ear, which is ascertained by placing the
+	hand on the base of the cranium behind the ears, while the height
+	of the head is best appreciated by placing a hand on the top with
+	the fingers reaching down to the brow.</p>
+
+	<p>In a profile view the human head may be divided into three equal
+	parts, the length of the nose being the central part, from the nose to
+	the end of the chin another, and the remainder above the nose the
+	third part. In inferior heads these three measurements are
+	equal, the upper third extending to the top of the head; but in
+	heads of superior character the upper third extends only to the top
+	of the forehead, and the outline of the head rises a half breadth
+	above the forehead, as the following profiles show. In heads of
+	the lowest character the basilar depth exceeds the height, as in the
+	French Count and the Indian Lewis.</p>
+
+	<p>The contour of a well-developed head forms a semicircle above
+	the base line through the brow, and its elevation above that line is
+	equal to one half of the antero-posterior length of the head, while in
+	the inferior class of heads the elevation is but four-tenths of the
+	length or even less, and is hardly equal to the depth, while in the
+	<a class="pagenum" id="page31" title="31"> </a>highest class the elevation is one-half greater than the depth or even
+	more. We obtain another view of the comparative height and
+	depth by drawing lines from the brow to the vertex and the base of
+	the brain and comparing the two angles thus formed. In the good
+	head we observe the great superiority of the upper angle over that
+	formed by the line to the ear, the lower end of which corresponds
+	to the lowest part of the brain, the base of the cerebellum.</p>
+
+	<div id="figure-3" class="image">
+		<a href="images/fig3.png"><img src="images/fig3-th.png" width="674" height="314" alt="Profile views of two heads, with horizontal lines as described above." /></a>
+	</div>
+
+	<p>To take an illustration from nature, I would present the outlines
+	of two Indian crania that I obtained in Florida,—Vacca Pechassee,
+	or the cow chief, who headed a small tribe, and bore a good character
+	among the whites, and Lewis, an Indian of bad character in the same
+	neighborhood (on the Appalachicola River), who was shot for his
+	crimes. (I might have obtained many more, but as the Seminole
+	war was not then over, I found that my own cranium was placed in
+	considerable danger by my explorations.)</p>
+
+	<div id="figure-4" class="image">
+		<a href="images/fig4.png"><img src="images/fig4-th.png" width="652" height="312" alt="Two skulls in profile. Left is Vacca Pechassee, right is Lewis." /></a>
+	</div>
+
+	<p>In Vacca Pechassee the height is to the depth as 11 to 9; in Lewis
+	as 9 to 11. In J. R. Smith the height is to the depth as 12 to 10; in
+	the slave trading count as 9 to 14. This is the correct method
+	of cranial study, for comparing the moral and animal nature.</p>
+
+	<p>The basilar depth was entirely overlooked in the old method of
+	phrenologists, and hence they were very often mistaken in judging
+	<a class="pagenum" id="page32" title="32"> </a>the basilar energy by breadth alone, of which there has been no
+	more striking example than that of the Thugs of India, whose heads
+	(though a tribe of murderers) were below the European average in
+	basilar breadth. These facts are so conspicuous to any careful
+	observer that I became very familiar with them in the first six
+	months of my study of heads fifty-two years ago.</p>
+
+	<p>When the circulation of the brain is vigorous and regular, all
+	portions being in regular activity, the fulness of the circulation being
+	shown in the face, we may be sure that the character is fairly
+	indicated by the cranium. The younger the individual the thinner
+	the cranium, and the less the liability to deception by the thickness
+	of the bones. Female skulls are <em>generally</em> more delicate than male,
+	and also more normal or uniform in their circulation. Hence there
+	is less difficulty in making an accurate estimate of women and of
+	youth. The greater difficulty is found in men of thick skulls and
+	abnormal brains, and these difficulties are in some cases insurmountable
+	by mere measurement. It will become necessary in the depraved
+	classes to look at the condition of the circulation about the
+	head, and the facial indications of the organs that have been cultivated.
+	If these are not sufficient to guide us we must fall back upon
+	psychometry.</p>
+
+	<p>The morbid condition of the brain is a conspicuous fact, which
+	we must not ignore, and it is important to learn how to
+	detect it in the appearance of the individual, or in his psychometric
+	indications and Pathognomy, which is itself a profound
+	science and important guide to character. (Pathognomy is the
+	science of expression, and has an exact mathematical basis.)</p>
+
+	<p>We should bear in mind that it is just as possible to have impaired
+	and unhealthy conditions in any part of the brain as to have them in
+	the stomach, liver, lungs, or spinal cord. Physical diseases are contagious
+	and so are moral. It is generally impossible to preserve the
+	moral organs and faculties of a youth in healthy condition who is
+	allowed to associate habitually with the depraved; and it is very
+	difficult indeed for the mature adult to preserve his brain and mind
+	in sound condition when compelled to associate with the depraved.
+	To those who are very impressible, the contagion of vice, bad temper,
+	profanity, turbulence, lying, obscenity, sullenness, melancholy,
+	etc., is as inevitable as the contagion of small pox.</p>
+
+	<p>Our criminals are generally exposed to the contagion of crime in
+	youth, and as they advance they are immersed in this contagion
+	in prisons, which are the moral pest-houses in which law maintains
+	the intense contagion of criminal depravity. Napoleon was an admirable
+	subject for such contamination, and when we learn how he
+	was reared amid the lawlessness and general scoundrelism of Corsica,
+	we do not wonder that he became an imperial brigand. The low
+	ethical standard of mankind, generally, and especially of historians,
+	has heretofore prevented a just estimate of the character of Napoleon.
+	Royal criminals have escaped condemnation; but the recent
+	review of Napoleon’s career by Taine gives a just philosophic estimate
+	of the man, which coincides with the impartial estimation
+	of psychometry.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<div id="footnotes">
+	<h2>Footnotes</h2>
+	<ol>
+		<li id="footnote_1">
+			<p>The air is certainly yet to be navigated when a sufficient amount of power can be concentrated
+			in the machine, but at present we can do little more than float with the wind. It is probable that an
+			engine sufficiently strong, built of the best steel, and propelled by the explosive power of gun cotton,
+			or some similar explosive, would overcome the difficulty. If I were to construct such an engine I
+			would substitute for the lifting power of a balloon that of a sail acting as a kite. <a href="#fnm1" title="Return to marker 1" class="returnFN">Return</a></p>
+		</li>
+		<li id="footnote_2">
+			<p>A letter just received from Australia states that the writer had for many years been a student of
+			phrenology, and had ascertained from examining hundreds of crania that phrenology “stood on a
+			basis of fact, but was wrong as well as deficient in some of its details. But though I could point to
+			several parts of the skull where the readings of professionals as well as myself were always unreliable,
+			I could not discover the real function of the organs in these places.� <a href="#fnm2" title="Return to marker 2" class="returnFN">Return</a></p>
+		</li>
+
+	</ol>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<div id="business">
+	<h2><a class="pagenum" id="page33" title="33"> </a>BUSINESS DEPARTMENT.</h2>
+
+	<div class="ad_narrow">
+		<p>The establishment of a new Journal is a hazardous
+		and expensive undertaking. Every reader of
+		this volume receives what has cost more than he
+		pays for it, and in addition receives the product of
+		months of editorial, and many years of scientific,
+		labor. May I not therefore ask his aid in relieving
+		me of this burden by increasing the circulation of
+		the Journal among his friends?</p>
+
+		<p>The establishment of the Journal was a duty.
+		There was no other way effectively to reach the
+		people with its new sphere of knowledge. Buckle
+		has well said in his “History of Civilization,� that
+		“No great political improvement, no great reform,
+		either legislative or executive, has ever been originated
+		in any country by its ruling class. The first
+		suggestors of each steps have invariably been bold
+		and able thinkers, who discern the abuse, denounce
+		it, and point out the remedy.�</p>
+
+		<p>This is equally true in science, philanthropy, and
+		religion. When the advance of knowledge and
+		enlightenment of conscience render reform or revolution
+		necessary, the ruling powers of college,
+		church, government, capital, and the press, present
+		a solid combined resistance which the teachers of
+		novel truth cannot overcome without an appeal to
+		the people. The grandly revolutionary science of
+		Anthropology, which offers in one department (Psychometry)
+		“the dawn of a new civilization,� and
+		in other departments an entire revolution in social,
+		ethical, educational, and medical philosophy, has
+		experienced the same fate as all other great scientific
+		and philanthropic innovations, in being compelled
+		to sustain itself against the mountain mass
+		of established error by the power of truth alone.
+		The investigator whose life is devoted to the evolution
+		of the truth cannot become its propagandist.
+		A whole century would be necessary to the full
+		development of these sciences to which I can give but
+		a portion of one life. Upon those to whom these
+		truths are given, who can intuitively perceive their
+		value, rests the task of sustaining and diffusing the
+		truth.</p>
+
+		<p>The circulation of the Journal is necessarily
+		limited to the sphere of liberal minds and advanced
+		thinkers, but among these it has had a more warm
+		and enthusiastic reception than was ever before
+		given to any periodical. There must be in the
+		United States twenty or thirty thousand of the
+		class who would warmly appreciate the Journal,
+		but they are scattered so widely it will be years
+		before half of them can be reached without the
+		active co-operation of my readers, which I most
+		earnestly request.</p>
+
+		<p>Prospectuses and specimen numbers will be furnished
+		to those who will use them, and those who
+		have liberal friends not in their own vicinity may
+		confer a favor by sending their names that a prospectus
+		or specimen may be sent them. A liberal
+		commission will be allowed to those who canvass for
+		subscribers.</p>
+
+		<div class="subsection">
+			<h3>Enlargement of the Journal.</h3>
+
+			<p>The requests of readers for the enlargement of
+			the Journal are already coming in. It is a great
+			disappointment to the editor to be compelled each
+			month to exclude so much of interesting matter, important
+			to human welfare, which would be gratifying
+			to its readers. The second volume therefore
+			will be enlarged to 64 pages at $2 per
+			annum.</p>
+		</div>
+	</div>
+
+	<div class="ad_narrow">
+		<h3>COLLEGE OF THERAPEUTICS.</h3>
+
+		<p>The eighth session is now in progress with an
+		intelligent class. The ninth session will begin next
+		November. I do not approve of medical legislation,
+		but if it could be considered just to prohibit
+		medical practice without a college education, it
+		would be much more just to prohibit magnetic and
+		electric practice without such practical instruction
+		as is given in the College of Therapeutics and at
+		present nowhere else.</p>
+
+	</div>
+
+	<div class="ad_narrow">
+		<h3>UNLIKE ANY OTHER PAPER.</h3>
+
+		<p>The <cite>Spectator</cite>, unlike other home papers, seeks
+		(1) to acquaint every family with simple and efficient
+		treatment for the various common diseases,
+		to, in a word, educate the people so they can avoid
+		disease and cure sickness, thus saving enormous
+		doctors’ bills, and many precious lives. (2) To
+		elevate and cultivate the moral nature, awakening
+		the conscience, and developing the noblest attributes
+		of manhood. (3) To give instructive and
+		entertaining food to literary taste, thus developing
+		the mind. (4) To give just such hints to housekeepers
+		that they need to tell how to prepare
+		delicious dishes, to beautify homes, and to make
+		the fireside the most attractive spot in the world.</p>
+
+		<p>Write for terms for agents, and go to work. We
+		give liberal commission to those who will canvas
+		for the <cite>Spectator</cite>, and the paper so commends itself
+		to the people it is not difficult to secure subscribers.</p>
+
+		<p>The young ladies among our subscribers will take
+		much delight in the clear and practical article on
+		how to secure and retain beauty. The formulas
+		are the best, and instead of being injurious are
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+	</div>
+
+	<div class="ad_narrow">
+		<h3>SUNDAY LEGISLATION.</h3>
+
+		<p>At the annual meeting of the Free Religious
+		Association in Boston, “Judge Putnam showed,
+		in a speech which called out much laughter and
+		applause, that the Sunday law is not enforced, for
+		it does not really make our behavior different from
+		what it would be without it, except in so far as it
+		permits rascals to refuse to pay notes signed on that
+		day, or bills for goods then purchased.�</p>
+	</div>
+
+	<div class="ad_narrow">
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_1">Mayo’s Vegetable Anæsthetic.</p>
+
+		<p>A perfectly safe and pleasant substitute for chloroform,
+		ether, nitrous oxide gas, and all other
+		anæsthetics. Discovered by Dr. U. K. Mayo, April,
+		1883, and since administered by him and others in
+		over 300,000 cases successfully. The youngest child,
+		the most sensitive lady, and those having heart
+		disease, and lung complaint, inhale this vapor with
+		impunity. It stimulates the circulation of the
+		blood and builds up the tissues. Indorsed by the
+		highest authority in the professions, recommended
+		in midwifery and all cases of nervous prostration.
+		Physicians, surgeons, dentists and private families
+		supplied with this vapor, liquefied, in cylinders of
+		various capacities. It should be administered the
+		same as Nitrous Oxide, but it does not produce
+		headache and nausea as that sometimes does. For
+		further information pamphlets, testimonials, etc.,
+		apply to</p>
+
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_6"><span class="segment">DR. U. K. MAYO, Dentist,</span><br />
+        378 Tremont St., Boston, Mass.</p>
+	</div>
+
+	<div class="ad_narrow"><a class="pagenum" id="page34" title="34">&nbsp;</a>
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_1">FACTS,</p>
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_3">A MONTHLY MAGAZINE,</p>
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_8">DEVOTED TO</p>
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_2">Mental and Spiritual Phenomena,</p>
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_8">INCLUDING</p>
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_8">Dreams, Mesmerism, Psychometry, Clairvoyance,
+		Clairaudience, Inspiration, Trance, and Physical
+		Mediumship; Prayer, Mind, and Magnetic
+		Healing; and all classes of Psychical
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+		<p class="ad_pstyle_7">L. L. WHITLOCK, Editor.</p>
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_8">For Sale by COLBY &amp; RICH, 9 Bosworth Street.</p>
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+		<p class="ad_pstyle_3">THE</p>
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_1">CREDIT FONCIER</p>
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_2">OF SINALOA.</p>
+
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_7"><strong>PUBLISHED AT HAMMONTON, N. J.</strong></p>
+
+		<table class="ad_table_2">
+			<tr><td>MARIE HOWLAND</td><td></td></tr>
+			<tr><td>AND</td><td><span class="name">Editors.</span></td></tr>
+			<tr><td>EDWARD HOWLAND,</td><td></td></tr>
+		</table>
+
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_3">F. L. Browne and T. M. Burger, Printers.</p>
+		<hr class="short" />
+
+
+		<p>This paper is especially devoted to the interests
+        of our colonization enterprise, <cite class="name">The Credit
+        Foncier</cite> of Sinaloa, and generally to the practical
+        solution of the problem of Integral Co-operation.</p>
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+		<p class="ad_pstyle_5"><strong>PRICE:</strong> $1.00 a Year; 50 cents for Six Months;
+        25 cents for Three Months.</p>
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+	<div class="ad_narrow">
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_1" style="float:left;margin-left:20%;">OPIUM</p>
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_8"><strong>and MORPHINE HABITS</strong><br />
+		EASILY CURED BY A NEW METHOD.</p>
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_2">DR. J. C. HOFFMAN,</p>
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_7">JEFFERSON … WISCONSIN.</p>
+	</div>
+
+	<div class="ad_narrow">
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_1">Religio-Philosophical Journal.</p>
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_3">ESTABLISHED 1865.</p>
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_8">PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT</p>
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_2">92 La Salle Street, Chicago,</p>
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+		<p class="">All letters and communications should be addressed,
+		and all remittances made payable to</p>
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+		<p class="ad_pstyle_8">A Paper for all who Sincerely and Intelligently
+			Seek Truth without regard to Sect or Party.</p>
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_3">Press, Pulpit, and People Proclaim its Merits.</p>
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_7">Concurrent Commendations from Widely Opposite Sources.</p>
+		<p>Is the ablest Spiritualist paper in America….
+		Mr. Bundy has earned the respect of all lovers of the
+		truth, by his sincerity and courage.—<cite>Boston Evening
+		Transcript.</cite></p>
+		<p>I have a most thorough respect for the <strong class="name">Journal</strong>,
+		and believe its editor and proprietor is disposed to
+		treat the whole subject of spiritualism fairly.—<cite>Rev.
+		M. J. Savage (Unitarian) Boston.</cite></p>
+		<p>I wish you the fullest success in your courageous
+		course.—<cite>R. Heber Newton, D. D.</cite></p>
+		<p>Your course has made spiritualism respected by the
+		secular press as it never has been before, and compelled
+		an honorable recognition.—<cite>Hudson Tuttle,
+		Author and Lecturer.</cite></p>
+		<p>I read your paper every week with great interest.—<cite>H.
+		W. Thomas, D. D., Chicago.</cite></p>
+		<p>I congratulate you on the management of the
+		paper…. I indorse your position as to the investigation
+		of the phenomena.—<cite>Samuel Watson, D. D.,
+		Memphis, Tenn.</cite></p>
+	</div>
+
+	<div class="ad_narrow">
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_1">THE SPIRITUAL OFFERING,</p>
+
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_8">A LARGE EIGHT-PAGE, WEEKLY JOURNAL, DEVOTED
+		TO THE ADVOCACY OF SPIRITUALISM
+		IN ITS RELIGIOUS, SCIENTIFIC, AND HUMANITARIAN
+		ASPECTS.</p>
+
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_3">COL. D. M. FOX, Publisher.</p>
+
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_3"><span class="segment">D. M. &amp; NETTIE P. FOX</span> <strong class="name">Editors</strong>.</p>
+
+
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_3">EDITORIAL CONTRIBUTORS.</p>
+
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_5">Prof. Henry Kiddle, No. 7 East 130th St., New York
+		City.</p>
+
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_5">“Ouina,� through her medium, Mrs. Cora L. V. Richmond,
+		64 Union Park Place, Chicago, Ill.</p>
+
+		<p>Among its contributors will be found our oldest and
+		ablest writers. In it will be found Lectures, Essays
+		upon Scientific, Philosophical, and Spiritual subjects,
+		Spirit Communications and Messages.</p>
+
+		<p>A Young Folks’ Department has recently been
+		added, edited by <em>Ouina</em>, through her medium, Mrs.
+		Cora L. V. Richmond; also a Department, “<cite class="name">The
+		Offering’s</cite> School for Young and Old,� A. Danforth,
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+
+		<p>In remitting by mail, a Post-Office Money Order on
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+		cents; newsdealers 3 cents, payable in advance,
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+		<p>☞ The circulation of the <cite class="name">Offering</cite> in every
+		State and Territory now makes it a very desirable
+		paper for advertisers. Address,</p>
+
+		<p class="ad_pstyle_3">SPIRITUAL OFFERING, Ottumwa, Iowa.</p>
+	</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div id="transcriber_note">
+	<p>Transcriber’s Note: The Table of Contents was copied from
+    the index to the volume.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div id="the_end"> </div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Buchanan's Journal of Man, July 1887, by Various
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+Project Gutenberg's Buchanan's Journal of Man, July 1887, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Buchanan's Journal of Man, July 1887
+       Volume 1, Number 6
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: J. R. Buchanan
+
+Release Date: December 19, 2008 [EBook #27570]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JOURNAL OF MAN, JULY 1887 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+                             BUCHANAN'S
+                           JOURNAL OF MAN.
+
+             VOL. I.         JULY, 1887.        NO. 6.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS OF JOURNAL OF MAN.
+
+
+    Magnetic Education and Therapeutics--The So-Called Scientific
+    Immortality--Review of the New Education--Victoria's Half
+    Century--Outlook of Diogenes--A Bill to Destroy the Indians
+    MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE--The Seybert Commission; The Evils
+      that need Attention; Condensed Items--Mesmerism in
+      Paris--Medical Freedom--Victoria's Jubilee; Delightful Homes
+    Outlines of Anthropology Continued--Cranioscopy--Illustrated
+
+
+
+
+MAGNETIC EDUCATION AND THERAPEUTICS.
+
+EXTRACTS FROM AN ESSAY BY DR. CHARLES DU PREL, IN SPHINX, TRANSLATED
+FOR THE JOURNAL OF MAN.
+
+
+    "In the _Wiener Allgemeiner_ I spoke of the possibility of
+    moral education by means of magnetism, which has been carried
+    out." * * *
+
+    "Dr. Bernheim, a Professor of the Medical Faculty in Nancy who
+    is a champion of hypnotism has written a book on 'Suggestion and
+    its Application in Therapeutics,' in which a great many hypnotic
+    cures are recorded."
+
+           *       *       *       *       *
+
+    "Dr. ---- quotes Franklin against magnetism but Sprengel in his
+    Pharmacology says 'Franklin, sickly as he was, took no part
+    whatever in the investigation.' The Academy again investigated
+    (1825-31) somnambulism, discovered by Puysegur, Mesmer's
+    scholar. In their report of two year's investigation, eleven M.
+    D.'s unanimously pronounced in favor of all important phenomena
+    ascribed to somnambulism. A fairly complete synopsis of their
+    report will be found in my 'Philosophy of Mystics.'"
+
+           *       *       *       *       *
+
+    "Du Potet first studied medicine, but disgusted by the poor
+    results of Pharmacology he embraced magnetism. He performed a
+    series of mesmeric experiments in the Hotel Dieu of so potent a
+    nature that twenty M. D.'s of that celebrated hospital signed
+    the minutes of these proceedings. People ran after Du Potet,
+    pointing at him and crying 'The man who cures.'"
+
+           *       *       *       *       *
+
+    "The respect for medical therapeutics never has been at as low
+    an ebb as just now. The public cannot be blamed for this lack of
+    respect, for they have daily experiences of the ill results of
+    medicine. Even high medical authorities are of the opinion that
+    we have to-day a disintegration of medical principles worse than
+    ever. More uncertain than therapeutics is the manner of
+    diagnosing to-day! The public is well aware that each doctor has
+    something different to say or prescribe. I have a personal case
+    in point. During eighteen months I consulted seven different
+    doctors, and got seven different contrary diagnoses as well as
+    contradictory modes of treatment, and this, too, in the city of
+    Munich, which is hardly secondary to any other city for its
+    medical talent. Is there any cause to blame the public for
+    running to the magnetizers? I should do so myself if my magnetic
+    susceptibility was greater. In such magnetizers as even Mesmer,
+    Dr. B. can see nothing but charlatans, but I desire to make him
+    aware that a physician whose reputation he is cognizant of,
+    Prof. Nussbaum in Munich, said to his audience in College,
+    'Gentlemen, magnetism is the medicine of the future.' As I am
+    writing this I have been disturbed by a visitor desiring the
+    address of a reliable magnetizer, as the physician recommended a
+    magnetizer, as he was at his wits end."
+
+    "In our medicine the adjunct sciences alone are scientific, and
+    we must respect their high grade; but therapeutics we have none.
+    Hence Mesmer should be called a benefactor to mankind, for he
+    has pointed out the correct way. He, with Hippocrates, says that
+    not the physician but nature cures--that the real therapeutics
+    consists only in aiding the _vis medicatrix naturae_. In this
+    direction the professors at Nancy and Paris are laboring. They
+    have given the experimental proof that _if the idea of an
+    organic change of the body is instilled into the mind of the
+    hypnotized, then such change will take place_. In this we have
+    a foundation for a PSYCHIC THERAPEUTICS which we hope will soon
+    put an end to the anarchic condition of medicine of the present
+    day. But the greatest curse to science of old, and which makes
+    its appearance even to-day, is that _the old ideas are the
+    greatest enemies of the new_."
+
+    "Unfortunately it is the same in the thought realm as in
+    lifeless nature, _vis inertiae_--the law of indolence, according
+    to which nature remains in its condition to all eternity, until
+    she is forced into some new condition from a new cause. This
+    _vis inertiae_ is harder to conquer in the thought realm than in
+    lifeless nature, for Mesmer appeared a hundred years ago, and
+    yet to-day they call him "a perfect charlatan." Braid, thirty
+    years ago, started hypnotism, but only after Hansen made a
+    multitude of experiments for profit and pleasure in the largest
+    cities of Germany, did the physicians wake up to the idea of
+    investigating it. They teach nothing of mesmerism or hypnotism
+    at the universities. Yes, even one year ago a professor of
+    medicine confessed to me, should I pronounce the word
+    somnambulism I'd be ruined. This is the manner in which ideas
+    are kept from medical students."
+
+    "If medicine, in its results, could look with pride on its
+    therapeutics, it might be explained. But a therapeutics that
+    allows thousands of children to sink yearly into untimely graves
+    from all manner of diseases, that allows a large proportion of
+    grown persons to be decimated yearly by epidemics, that in its
+    psychiatry is perfectly impotent to stop the rapid increase of
+    insanity, that notoriously cannot cure a migraine, a cold, yea,
+    not even a corn,--such a system ought surely to have some
+    modesty, and be only too glad to accept improvements that tend
+    to ameliorate this condition."
+
+
+CONDITION OF THE MEDICAL PROFESSION.
+
+These remarks of Dr. Du Prel, though somewhat exaggerated, are
+probably based on truth in their reference to the backward condition
+of the medical profession in Europe, and of all that portion in
+America which is essentially European, and governed by European
+authority. But the healing art in America has been to a great extent
+emancipated by the spirit of American liberty, and in its actual
+results among liberal physicians is far in advance of the European
+system. One signal proof of this was given at Cincinnati in 1849, when
+that city was visited by a terrible epidemic of Asiatic cholera, which
+swept off five thousand of its inhabitants. The mortality of cholera
+under old school practise had been from twenty-five to sixty per
+cent., the latter having been realized in hospitals at Paris. Under
+the practice taught in our college at that time, the mortality in
+1,500 cases did not exceed six per cent.
+
+The atmosphere of freedom in this country, and the absolute medical
+freedom (until within a few years the colleges have procured medical
+legislation to help their diplomas, and their graduates) have given a
+progressiveness and practicality to American physicians which are
+beginning to be recognized abroad.
+
+Dr. Lawson Tait is eminent in the treatment of women in England. In
+the _Medical Current_ of April 20th, he is quoted as expressing a
+regret that his time and money had not been directed to the Western
+instead of the Eastern Hemisphere, when picking up his medical
+knowledge. He predicted that 'ere long it will be to the medical
+colleges of America rather than to those of Europe that students will
+travel.' Then he goes on to say:
+
+    "American visitors abroad who have given weeks and months to see
+    me work, have one and all impressed me with their possession of
+    that feature of mind which in England I fear we do not possess,
+    the power of judging any question solely upon its merits, and
+    entirely apart from any prejudice, tradition, or personal bias.
+    No matter how we may struggle against it, tradition rules all we
+    do; we cannot throw off its shackles, and I am bound to plead
+    guilty to this weakness myself, perhaps as fully as any of my
+    countrymen may be compelled to do. I may have thrown off the
+    shackles in some instances, but I know that I am firmly bound in
+    others, and my hope is that my visit to a freer country and a
+    better climate may extend my mental vision."
+
+
+POWER OF MAGNETISM AND SUGGESTION.
+
+The suggestion of Du Prel as to the hypnotic teaching in France, that
+an idea impressed on the mind of the hypnotized will be realized in
+the body is the basis of a great deal of therapeutic philosophy. It is
+true in practice just to the extent of human impressibility. A
+cheerful physician or friend, by encouraging words impresses the idea
+of recovery and thus sometimes produces it. Judicious friends never
+speak in a discouraging manner to the invalid. The success of mind
+cure practitioners is based on this principle. They endeavor to
+impress on the patient's mind the idea of perfect health, but they
+know too little of the whole subject to know how to place the patient
+in that passive and receptive condition in which the results are most
+promptly and certainly produced.
+
+Such methods are limited in their effect in proportion to human
+impressibility and cannot possibly supersede all use of remedies which
+reach thousands of cases in which mental operations would be entirely
+futile. But the power of animal magnetism over all diseases and
+infirmities of mind and body has been so often demonstrated that its
+neglect is a deep disgrace to the medical colleges. A correspondent of
+the _Daily Telegraph_ gives the following illustration of its power
+over drunkenness:
+
+    "About eighteen months ago I was conversing with my friend B.,
+    who is an enthusiastic believer in mesmerism, and has repute as
+    an amateur practitioner. My contention was that his favorite
+    science (?) had contributed absolutely nothing to the world's
+    good to cause its recognition by either scientists or
+    philosophers. 'Can you give me,' said I, 'one instance in which
+    you have conferred an actual benefit by the practice of your
+    favorite art?' He related several, from which I selected the
+    following:--'There lives by my parsonage,' said my friend B., 'a
+    man who for many years, had been a confirmed drunkard.
+    Repeatedly were his wife and children forced to flee from him,
+    for when in his drunken frenzies, he attempted to murder them.
+    Again and again have I striven to induce him to flee from his
+    horrible vice, but my efforts were always futile. One day he
+    called to see me when he was suffering acutely from the effects
+    of drink. I resolved to place him under mesmeric influence. This
+    I did, and while subject to me made him promise not to touch
+    strong drink again, and if he attempted to break his pledge,
+    might the drink taste to him filthy as putrid soapsuds. I then
+    restored him to his normal state, and he left me. He kept his
+    unconsciously given promise. In the course of a couple of years
+    this man raised himself from a condition of poverty to the
+    comfortable position of a thriving market gardener. 'Not a
+    fortnight since,' resumed my friend, 'my neighbor's wife
+    laughingly said to me, 'There is no fear of my husband ever
+    drinking again, sir. You know he has to be in the market very
+    early in the morning with his vegetables. Yesterday morning,
+    while he was drinking a cup of coffee at the hotel an old mate
+    said to him, 'Why don't you drink some spirits; are you afraid?'
+    To show his mate that he was not afraid, he ordered a glass of
+    brandy, but no sooner did he put it in his mouth than he spat it
+    out again, saying the 'filthy stuff tasted like rotten
+    soapsuds.' My friend B. said, that, till he told me, to no one
+    had he mentioned the fact, and that what he did to his poor
+    neighbor he did in order to see if it were possible to use
+    mesmerism as a remedial agent in cases of drunkenness."
+
+The power of control over the impressible condition (which is so
+easily developed into hypnotism) has been recently illustrated in
+France, and reports of the phenomena published in the _London News_,
+concerning which Mr. Charles Dawbarn has published the following in
+the _Banner of Light_:
+
+    "According to the reports published in the _Daily News_ of
+    London, Eng., an attempt has been made by physicians in Paris,
+    France, to determine the duration of an hypnotic influence. Some
+    of my readers may not be aware that 'hypnotism' is a word coined
+    by the medical faculty to replace the term 'mesmerism,' which
+    they consider disreputably associated with spiritualism. These
+    physicians seem to have had some very fine sensitives upon whom
+    to operate. The first experiment was upon a lady of some means,
+    but having a mother and sister dependent upon her for support.
+    The hypnotizer first established his influence in the usual
+    manner, and then told the lady he wished her to go to a lawyer
+    the next day, and make her will in his favor. She protested, but
+    finally gave way. All memory of this promise seemed to be lost
+    as soon as she returned to her normal condition. But next day
+    she went to a lawyer, and although he begged her to remember her
+    mother and sister, the will was made just as suggested by the
+    physician. She was an affectionate daughter and told the lawyer
+    she was impelled to leave her property to a stranger by _an
+    influence which she could not resist_.
+
+    "A second experiment with another sensitive was then tried. This
+    time the poor girl promised to poison a friend next day, she
+    carried away with her a dose prepared by the doctor. Not knowing
+    why, and like the other sensitive, _under an influence she could
+    not resist_, she gave her friend the harmless drug in a glass of
+    milk, and thus enacted the part of a murderer.
+
+    "These experiments have the novelty of having been made by the
+    regular faculty; but thousands of Spiritualists have proved the
+    truth of an hypnotic influence lasting long after the apparent
+    release of the sensitive. We know, or ought to know, that the
+    hypnotic condition can be induced without visible passes; and
+    many of us have seen a sensitive under influence sitting
+    quietly, showing no sign of her slavery to the will of another.
+    We may go yet a step further and assert that men and women,
+    visible and invisible, are constantly psychologizing each other,
+    although we only use the term "sensitive" when the effect is
+    visible to our dull senses.
+
+    "But Spiritualists as a whole have been converted by the
+    phenomena appealing to their outward senses, and know little and
+    care little for effects that can only be traced by shrewd,
+    careful and scientific experiment. Yet such facts as come to the
+    surface in those experiments with sensitives in France, are keys
+    with which to unlock some of life's darkest mysteries, and
+    expose the harsh treatment of many mediums.
+
+    "Many of us have been greatly troubled by the conduct of our
+    mediums, and often puzzled by their careful prepared attempts at
+    fraud. Mediums we have met and loved, because they have given us
+    proof after proof of the 'gates ajar' for angel visitors, have
+    been presently detected in frauds that required days of careful
+    preparation. We have cried, 'Down with the frauds!' and insisted
+    that they should return to wash-tub and spade for an honest
+    living.
+
+    "We have omitted to keep in view that one who is a medium
+    Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays must also be a medium Tuesdays,
+    Thursdays and Saturdays, and we have neglected to learn the
+    lessons of our own experience. I was talking recently to a
+    gentleman of prominence, twice sheriff of his county, who was
+    narrating with glee how he had mesmerised a young man, and then
+    told him, 'At noon to-morrow you will be lame, and it will last
+    two hours.' Of course it happened much to the poor fellows
+    perplexity, but my friend would have been surprised to discover
+    that therein was the entire case of the French sensitives and of
+    our poor mediums.
+
+    "A very important thought is that an hypnotic influence need not
+    spring from any verbal expression. We all carry with us an
+    influence which strikes every sensitive we meet; and if we sit
+    with her when she is, of course, specially passive, she must
+    receive a yet more marked influence. There is a photographic
+    curiosity now often exhibited which, I think, illustrates the
+    thought I want to emphasize. A family or a class can be
+    photographed, one by one, at exactly the same focus and on the
+    same negative, with a result that you have a clear and distinct
+    face, not of any one's personality, but that actually combines
+    the features of the whole into a new individual unlike any of
+    the sitters."
+
+    "This is the very influence we cast upon a sensitive when she
+    sits for us in a miscellaneous circle. We cannot say that any
+    one of us has powerfully affected her, but we know the entire
+    influence has got control and possession, and that influence
+    follows her, too often with irresistible power."
+
+The publication of a work on animal magnetism by Binet and Fere of
+Paris prompts the following sketch of the subject by the _Boston
+Herald_, a newspaper which pays great attention to anything foreign or
+anything from the old school profession, but ignores that which is
+American and original. The reader will observe that the writers are
+all in the dark, unable to explain the phenomena they describe.
+
+
+PROGRESS OF MAGNETISM.
+
+One of the most notable features of the scientific tendencies of the
+present day is the extraordinary interest taken in the investigation
+of those peculiar physical and psychical conditions attending the
+states now known collectively under the name of hypnotism, varying
+from lethargy, catalepsy, etc., to somnambulism. Until quite recently
+these investigations have been frowned upon and tabooed in scientific
+circles, and the fact that any man of scientific inclinations was
+known to feel an interest in matters associated with "mesmerism" or
+"animal magnetism" was sufficient to make him an object of suspicion,
+and injure his good standing amongst his fellow-scientists. The result
+of the so-called investigations long ago instituted by the French
+Academy, pronouncing in effect the whole subject a humbug and
+delusion, has lain like an interdict upon further researches, and the
+whole matter was left over, for the most part, to charlatans or to
+persons hardly capable of forming sound judgments or proceeding
+according to the accurate methods demanded by modern science. Science,
+however, in the remarkable progress attained of late, has advanced so
+far upon certain lines that it has been hardly possible to proceed
+further in those directions without entering upon the forbidden field.
+Therefore, the old signboards against trespassing have been taken
+down. For "mesmerism," that verbal scarecrow, has been substituted
+"hypnotism," which word has had a wonderfully legitimatizing effect;
+while "animal magnetism," that once flouted idea, has been proven to
+be an existent fact by methods as accurate as those adopted by Faraday
+or Edison to verify their observations.
+
+
+EFFORTS OF SCIENTISTS.
+
+Many of the most eminent scientists of Europe are now devoting
+themselves assiduously to these researches. Periodicals making a
+specialty of the subject are now published in France, Germany, and
+England. A catalogue of the recent literature of hypnotism and related
+phenomena, compiled by Max Dessoir, was printed in the number of the
+German magazine called the _Sphinx_ for February of this year, and
+this catalogue occupied nine pages. The list is limited to those works
+written on the lines laid under the methods of the modern school, all
+books being excluded whose authors hold to "mesmeric" theories, or who
+are even professional magnetizers. The catalogue is, therefore, as
+strictly scientific as possible, and, being classified with German
+thoroughness under the different branches of the subject, such as
+"hystero-hypnotism," "suggestion," "fascination," etc., it will prove
+a valuable assistance to the student.
+
+In this country the interest of scientists has not yet been aroused to
+an extent comparable with that of European investigators. Old
+prejudices have not entirely lost their potency. One of the most
+eminent professors of a leading university is said to have been
+subjected to ridicule from his colleagues because of a marked interest
+shown in the subject, and a Boston physician of high standing within a
+few months confided to the writer that he had made use of hypnotic
+methods, with gratifying success, in the case of a patient where
+ordinary remedies had proven unavailing, but he did not venture to
+make the results public, since his fellow doctors might be inclined to
+condemn his action as "irregular."
+
+A work embracing the whole subject has lately appeared in Paris, and,
+as it is to form a volume of the valuable International Scientific
+series, published in English, French, German, and Italian, it can
+hardly fail to diffuse a correct popular understanding of the results
+thus far attained. The book is called "Le Magnetism Animal" (Animal
+Magnetism), and its authors are Messrs. Alfred Binet and Charles Fere
+of the medical staff of the Salpetriere Hospital for Nervous Disorders
+in Paris. It gives a history of the patient researches conducted at
+that institution by the medical staff under the celebrated Prof.
+Charcot during the past nine years. These experiments have been
+prosecuted according to the most exact scientific methods, and with
+the most extreme caution. The endeavor has been to obtain, first of
+all, the most elementary psychic phenomena, and to test every step in
+the investigations by separate experiment, specially devised to prove
+the good faith of the subject and the reality of his hallucination, to
+eliminate the possibility of unconscious suggestion, to establish
+relations with similar phenomena of disease or health in the domain of
+physiology and psychology, and to note the modifications which can be
+brought about by altering the conditions of the experiments. The
+authors possess the great scientific virtue of never dogmatising. In
+the entire book not a single law is laid down, not a single hypothesis
+is advanced, which is not reached by the most approved inductive
+processes. A great service of the book lies in its enunciation of new
+and trustworthy methods for studying the physiology of the brain in
+health and disease, while it brings into the realm of physical
+experiment vexed questions of psychology heretofore given over to
+metaphysical methods exclusively.
+
+
+THE HYPNOTIC SLEEP
+
+Is described as a different form of natural sleep, and all the causes
+which bring on fatigue are capable of bringing on hypnotism in
+suitable subjects. Two of the leading hypnotic states are lethargy and
+catalepsy, the former being analogous to deep sleep, and the latter to
+a light slumber. In lethargy the respiratory movements are slow and
+deep; in catalepsy slight, shallow, very slow, and separated by a long
+interval. In lethargy the application of a magnet over the region of
+the stomach causes profound modifications in the breathing and
+circulation, while there is no such effect in catalepsy. This shows
+the connection of hypnotism with magnetism, and various other
+experiments with magnets have produced some remarkable results. Here
+it may be added that Dr. Gessmann, a Vienna scientist who has made a
+specialty of hypnotic studies, has invented and successfully applied
+an instrument called a hypnoscope, consisting of an arrangement of
+magnets for the purpose of ascertaining whether any person is a good
+hypnotic subject.
+
+The experiments demonstrate that sensation in the hypnotic states
+varies between the two opposite poles of hyperaesthesia and
+anaeesthesia; in other words, the senses may be extraordinarily
+exalted, as in somnambulism, or, as in lethargy, they may be extinct,
+except sometimes hearing. In somnambulism the field of vision and
+acuteness of sight are about doubled, hearing is made very acute, and
+smell is so intensely developed that a subject can find by scent the
+fragment of a card, previously given him to feel, and then torn up and
+hidden. The memory in somnambulism is similarly exalted. When awakened
+the subject does not, as a rule, remember anything that occurred while
+he was entranced, but, when again hypnotized, his memory includes all
+the facts of his sleep, his life when awake and his former sleeps.
+Richet attests how somnambules recall with a luxury of detail scenes
+in which they have taken part and places they have visited long ago.
+M----, one of his somnambules, sings the air of the second act of the
+opera "L'Africaine" when she is asleep, but can not remember a note of
+it when awake.
+
+There is a theory that no experience whatever of any person is lost to
+the memory; it is only the power to recall it that is defective. The
+authors of this work say that, while the exaltation of the memory
+during somnambulism does not give absolute proof to the theory that
+nothing is lost, it proves at any rate that the memory of preservation
+is much greater than is generally imagined, in comparison with the
+memory of reproduction, or recollection. "It is evident," they say,
+"that in a great number of cases, where we believe the memory is
+completely blotted out, it is nothing of the kind. The trace is always
+there, but what is lacking is the power to evoke it; and it is highly
+probable that if we were subjected to hypnotism, or the action of
+suitable excitants, memories to all appearance dead might be revived."
+
+A comparison between the phenomena of awakening from natural and
+artificial sleep is instituted. In the case of dreams, recollection
+more or less vivid persists for a few seconds, then becomes effaced.
+This forgetfulness is even more marked in the case of hypnosis. On
+returning to natural consciousness, the subject cannot recompose a
+single one of the scenes in which he has played his part as witness or
+actor. The loss, however, is not complete, for often a word or two is
+sufficient to bring back a whole scene, though this word or two coming
+from operator to subject, partakes more or less of the nature of a
+suggestion.
+
+
+SUGGESTION.
+
+"Suggestion," by which is meant the production of thoughts and actions
+on the part of the subject through some indication or hint given by
+the operator, is found to be analogous to dreaming. Say the authors:
+"For suggestion to succeed, the subject must have naturally fallen, or
+been artificially thrown into a state of morbid receptivity: but it is
+difficult to determine accurately the conditions of suggestionability.
+However, we may mention two. The first, the mental inertia of the
+subject: * * * the consciousness is completely empty: an idea is
+suggested, and reigns supreme over the slumbering consciousness, * * *
+The second is psychic hyperexcitability, the cause of the aptitude for
+suggestion." "For example, we say to a patient: 'Look, you have a bird
+in your apron,' and no sooner are these simple words pronounced than
+she sees the bird, feels it with her fingers, and sometimes even hears
+it sing." "Again, in place of speech we engage the attention of the
+patient, and when her gaze has become settled and obediently follows
+all our movements, we imitate with the hand the motion of an object
+which flies. Soon the subject cries: 'Oh, what a pretty bird!' How has
+a simple gesture produced so singular an effect?"
+
+    "It is admitted, however, that the hypothesis of the association
+    of ideas only partly covers the facts of suggestion, even when
+    stretched to include resemblances. For instance, when we charge
+    the brain of an entranced patient with some strange idea, such
+    as, 'On awakening you will rob Mr. So-and-so of his
+    handkerchief,' and on awakening, the patient accomplishes the
+    theft commanded, can we believe that in such a sequence there is
+    nothing more than an image associated with an act? In point of
+    fact, the patient has appropriated and assimilated the idea of
+    the experimenter. She does not passively execute a strange
+    order, but the order has passed in her consciousness from
+    passive to active. We can go so far as to say that the patient
+    has the will to steal. This state is complex and obscure,
+    hitherto no one has explained it. * * * The facts of paralysis
+    by suggestion completely upset classical psychology. The
+    experimenter who produces them so easily knows neither what he
+    produces nor how he does it. Take the example of a systematic
+    anaesthesia (paralysis of sensation). We say to the subject, 'On
+    awakening you will not see Mr. X., who is there before us; he
+    will have completely disappeared.' No sooner said than done; the
+    patient on awakening sees every one around her except Mr. X.
+    When he speaks she does not answer his questions; if he places
+    his hand on her shoulder she does not feel the contact; if he
+    gets in her way, she walks straight on, and is terrified at
+    being stopped by an invisible obstacle. * * * Here the laws of
+    association, which do such good service in solving psychological
+    problems, abandon us completely. Apparently they do not account
+    for all the facts of consciousness."
+
+
+PORTRAITS BY HALLUCINATION.
+
+A remarkable and suggestive series of experiments performed with
+portraits by hallucination is given in the book. These experiments
+show, that if by suggestion a subject is made to see a portrait on a
+sheet of card board which is exactly alike on both sides, the image
+will always be seen on the same side, and, however it is presented,
+the subject will always place the card with the surfaces and edges in
+the exact positions they occupied at the moment of suggestion, in such
+a manner that the image can neither be reversed nor inclined. If the
+surfaces are reversed, the image is no longer seen; if the edges, it
+is seen upside down. The subject is never caught in a mistake; the
+changes may be made out of his sight, but the image is invariably seen
+in accordance with the primitive conditions, although absolutely no
+difference is to be detected by the normal vision between the two
+blank surfaces.
+
+One experiment brings out this fact clearly. On a white sheet of paper
+is placed a card equally white; with a fine point, but without
+touching the paper, the contour of the card is followed while the idea
+of a line traced in black is suggested to the subject. The subject,
+when awakened, is asked to fold the paper according to these imaginary
+lines. He holds the paper at the distance at which it was at the
+moment of suggestion, and folds it in the form of a rectangle exactly
+superposable on the card.
+
+A curious experiment in the same line has been often repeated by Prof.
+Charcot. The subject is given the suggestion of a portrait on a white
+card, which is then shuffled up with a dozen cards all alike. On
+awakening, the subject is asked to run over the collection, without
+being told the reason why it is wished. When he comes to the card on
+which had been located the imaginary portrait, he at once perceives
+it. One detail of these experiments is very significant. Supposing we
+show the imaginary portrait at a distance of two yards from the
+subject's eyes, the card appears white, whereas a real photograph
+would appear gray. If it is gradually brought nearer, the imaginary
+portrait at last appears, but it is necessary for it to be much nearer
+than an ordinary photograph for the patient to recognize the subject.
+By means of opera glasses we can make the patient recognize her
+hallucination at a distance at which she could not perceive it with
+the naked eye. In short, the imaginary object which figures in the
+hallucination is perceived under the same conditions as if it were
+real. Various other experiments are detailed in support of this
+formula. The opera glasses only act as if they were focussed upon the
+point of hallucination, and in the case of a short-sighted subject
+they had to be altered to allow for the defect of vision. If the
+patient looks through a prism the image is seen duplicated, although
+the subject is absolutely ignorant of the properties of a prism, as
+well as of the fact that the glass is a prism. A photograph of the
+plain white card used when the photograph was suggested may be
+substituted, and on being shown to the patient, the hallucinatory
+image is seen just the same, even two years after the original
+experiment, as was done in one case.
+
+Some strange phenomena of polarity are related. The following
+experiments by MM. Binet and Fere are given in illustration: "We give
+a patient in somnambulism the common hallucination of a bird poised on
+her finger. While she is caressing the imaginary bird she is awakened
+and a magnet is brought near her head. After a few minutes she stops
+short, raises her eyes and looks about in astonishment. The bird which
+was on her finger has disappeared. She looks all over the ward and at
+last finds it, for we hear her say, 'So you thought you would leave
+me, little bird.' After a few minutes the bird again disappears anew,
+but almost immediately reappears. The patient complains from time to
+time of a pain in the head at a point corresponding to what has been
+described in this book as the visual centre (some distance above and
+slightly posterior to the ear)." The magnet also has the same effect
+in suspending the real perception. One of the patients was shown a
+Chinese gong and striker, and took fright on sight of the instrument.
+When a blow was struck she instantly fell into catalepsy. She was
+reawakened, and asked to look attentively at the gong; meanwhile,
+without her knowledge, a small magnet was brought near her head. After
+a minute the instrument had completely disappeared from her sight.
+When it was struck with redoubled force, she only looked from side to
+side with an air of slight astonishment.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The mysteries which puzzle these writers are made plain by
+anthropology, and I have been presenting the explanation for over
+forty years to my pupils. The sensibility to hypnotic phenomena is due
+to the anterior portion of the middle lobe of the brain--to the
+portion which is developed one inch behind the external angle of the
+eye, by exciting which we bring on the somnolent condition. The
+predominance of this region renders the person liable to the mesmeric
+phenomena.
+
+The hypnoscope proposed is quite unnecessary. The proper test of
+magnetic susceptibility is either to excite the organ of somnolence
+and observe if the eyes are disposed to close, or to pass your fingers
+over the outstretched hand of the subject, within one or two inches,
+and observe if he feels any impression. A distinct feeling of coolness
+is sufficient proof of magnetic susceptibility.
+
+Let those who wish to investigate the subject begin in accordance with
+true science by testing the sensitiveness of the hand. If sensitive,
+let the subject sit in a passive state, while you touch the somnolent
+region on the temples, one inch horizontally behind the brow. In from
+one to ten minutes the eyes will show a disposition to close, winking
+repeatedly until a dreamy condition arises, with a tendency to a
+conscious sleep. In this condition the susceptibility is extreme.
+Experiments in psychometry may be tried with success; the organs of
+the brain may be excited, and many interesting experiments may be made
+by those who understand the brain, for intellectual purposes, or for
+the promotion of health and cure of diseases.
+
+The whole subject is thoroughly explained in the College of
+Therapeutics, making thereby a perfect guidance to health, and to
+progress in philosophy, and supplying the great lack in all systems of
+education--self-knowledge and the sublime art of health, longevity,
+and progress in Divine wisdom.
+
+
+
+
+THE SO-CALLED SCIENTIFIC IMMORTALITY.
+
+
+The Smithsonian Institution at Washington was founded for the increase
+and diffusion of knowledge. Guided by the contracted notions prevalent
+among scientists, it has not accomplished much for either object. The
+theory of Lester F. Ward of this institution was paraphrased as
+follows in the last JOURNAL:
+
+  As for immortal life I must confess,
+  Science has never, never answered "yes."
+  Indeed all psycho-physiological sciences show,
+  If we'd be loyal, we must answer "no!"
+  Man cannot recollect before being born,
+  And hence his future life must be "in a horn."
+  There must be a _parte ante_ if there's a _parte post_,
+  And logic thus demolishes every future ghost.
+  Upon this subject the voice of science
+  Has ne'er been aught but stern defiance.
+  Mythology and magic belong to "_limbus fatuorum_;"
+  If fools believe them, we scientists deplore 'em.
+  But, nevertheless, the immortal can't be lost,
+  For every atom has its bright, eternal ghost!
+
+Mr. Ward appears to enjoy greatly this theory of his own final
+extinction, and he exclaims with infinite self-satisfaction, "this
+pure and ennobling sense of truth he would scorn to barter for the
+selfish and illusory hope of an eternity of personal existence." This
+is quite a jolly funeral indeed!
+
+It is true Mr. Ward's very profound theories contradict an immense
+number of facts observed by wiser men than himself, but so much the
+worse for the facts,--they must not embarrass a Smithsonian
+philosopher when he solves to his own satisfaction the vast problem of
+the universe. This Mr. Ward thinks he has done. It is quite an
+ingenious and laboriously constructed hypothesis, but like all other
+attempts to construct a grand philosophy without a basis of fact, it
+is hard to manufacture the theory and hard to comprehend it. Mr. Ward
+says himself in the _Open Court_ that even to comprehend his doctrine
+would require the "careful reading of nearly 200 pages," while "to see
+the matter in precisely the same light as I see it would require the
+reading of the entire work of some 1400 pages!" Really, Mr. Ward, the
+writer who cannot sufficiently befuddle himself and his readers in
+fifty pages is not very skilful.
+
+Nevertheless the Ward theory is one of the best that has ever been
+gotten up by the champions of nescience, and is worthy of a statement
+in the Journal as quite an improvement on the common expression of
+materialistic stolidity. He claims that he does not deny immortality,
+but he recognizes no immortality of man--no human soul. He recognizes
+only the immortality of the world, such as it is, which nobody denies.
+The future life of man he considers nothing but an illusion, though
+there is an immortality of intelligence _here_ in successive forms.
+
+The doctrine, is that spirit, intelligence, or consciousness is a part
+of matter--that every atom has its own little share, which practically
+amounts to nothing in its infinite subdivision, but when matter comes
+into organized forms the spiritual powers thus aggregated and
+organized become an efficient spiritual energy; and the higher the
+organism the grander the power that is developed, man being the most
+perfect organization evolves the grandest spiritual power, as a
+superior violin evolves finer music than a tambourine. But the
+intelligence and will of man are only phenomena, like the music, and
+have no existence beyond that of the organism that produces them. This
+is substantially the theory of materialists generally, and of the old
+school medical colleges which consider human life a mere product of
+human tissues in combination--a doctrine conclusively refuted in
+"Therapeutic Sarcognomy."
+
+The special merit of the Ward theory lies in the supposition that mind
+and matter are elements everywhere inseparably united, and that human
+intelligence is developed by the aggregation and organization of the
+mind powers that reside in the atoms of matter,--an explanation which
+does not often occur to the exponents of materialism,--and has the
+merit of ingenuity. The theory would do very well if it were not
+demonstrable that life exists only from influx, and that human life
+and personality survive the body, and become known to every highly
+organized sensitive, who knows how to investigate such matters.
+
+The Ward theory demolishes the Deity with the greatest ease, and
+places man, fleeting or evanescent as he is, at the summit of the
+universe! As he expresses it, "The only intelligence in the universe
+worthy of the name is the intelligence of the organized beings which
+have been evolved; and the highest manifestations of the psychic power
+known to the occupants of this planet is that which emanates from the
+human brain. Thus does science invert the pantheistic pyramid."
+
+Such is the fog that emanates from the institution that should help
+the advance and diffusion of knowledge. No God! no soul! not even the
+awful power that Spencer blindly acknowledges--nothing but matter
+bubbling up and organizing itself into temporary forms that decay and
+are gone forever. We may well reciprocate his suggestion, and say that
+such doctrines belong to the _limbus fatuorum_, and, if enjoyed as Mr.
+Ward enjoys them, they may well be called the "fool's paradise." I
+think Hegel has some similar notion--that God becomes conscious only
+in man, unconscious everywhere else! And even so brilliant a writer as
+M. Renan says, "For myself I think that there is not in the universe
+any intelligence superior to that of man." In reading such expressions
+we are strongly reminded of the poem on the "rationalistic chicken,"
+which would not admit that it ever came out of an egg. When the wisdom
+shown in the universe is so immensely beyond the comprehension of man,
+how can he assume his own to be the highest wisdom?
+
+To such dreary absurdities as this the _Open Court_ newspaper at
+Chicago is devoted, and it has a bevy of well-educated friends and
+supporters--well-educated as the world goes,--and graced with literary
+capacity and culture, but educated into blindness and ignorance of the
+scientific phenomena of psychic science,--unwilling to investigate or
+incapable of candid investigation. The coterie sustaining such a
+newspaper are precisely in the position of the contemporaries of
+Galileo, who refused to look through his telescope or study his
+demonstrations.
+
+It is not from any scientific spirit or scientific acumen that this
+materialistic coterie avoid psychometric and spiritual facts. The
+newspapers which ignore or sneer at such knowledge are easily gulled
+in matters of science. A writer in the _Open Court_ upon the
+possibilities of the future, which he presents as being confined
+"strictly to legitimate deductions from present knowledge," exhibits
+an amount and variety of ignorant credulity which ought not to have
+gained admission to an intelligent journal. He speaks of an unlimited
+freedom of submarine navigation and navigation of the air which would
+not have appeared possible to any but the most superficial sciolist.
+He also speaks of an electroscope that will telegraph rays of light
+(!) and enable us thereby to see our most distant friends, and of
+stowing in a small compass electricity enough to exterminate an army.
+This imaginative ignoramus adds, "Give to our present biped
+acquaintance the ability to exterminate armies with a lightning flash,
+added to the power of sailing at will through the air or of passing at
+will and in safety beneath the ocean waves, and he would depopulate
+the earth." The writer gives much more of this Munchausen stuff which
+is not worthy of notice except as an illustration of the feeble
+scientific intelligence with which many newspapers are edited. The
+editor of a really scientific journal referred to this article in the
+_Open Court_ "as a proof of the danger of a little knowledge."[1]
+
+    [1] The air is certainly yet to be navigated when a
+        sufficient amount of power can be concentrated in the
+        machine, but at present we can do little more than float
+        with the wind. It is probable that an engine sufficiently
+        strong, built of the best steel, and propelled by the
+        explosive power of gun cotton, or some similar explosive,
+        would overcome the difficulty. If I were to construct such
+        an engine I would substitute for the lifting power of a
+        balloon that of a sail acting as a kite.
+
+
+
+
+REVIEW OF THE NEW EDUCATION.
+
+BY SAMUEL EADON, M.A., M.D., PH.D., F.S.A., ETC.
+
+
+I have read very carefully the third edition of the "New Education,"
+and feel impelled, in order to satisfy my conscientiousness, to write
+a short article relative to the impressions which the reading of the
+book produced in my mind.
+
+It is a work of extraordinary merit. Like George Combe's "Constitution
+of Man," it is highly suggestive; the fascination of the author was
+such that I could not help but write. To know its value and appreciate
+its lofty moral outpourings, people must buy the book and read for
+themselves. The first thought would be that it is the production of an
+original thinker who had the courage to utter opinions fearless of
+results, however antagonistic to the common-herd notions.
+
+In all ages, the human understanding, the reasoning faculties, have
+ever been considered to hold the supremacy in the scale of
+development, of culture, and of advance toward a higher form of
+civilization; the moral faculties were thought next in order, and then
+the propensities common to all animal natures held the third or
+inferior position. This view of human nature has been handed down from
+an elder antiquity and still retains its hold largely in the
+universities and great public schools of the present day.
+
+If this view of the nature of man be a correct one, there ought to be
+a vast intellectual brotherhood of mankind; but it is not so. From the
+days of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, this culture of the
+intellectual power has been continuously pursued, but with very
+slender results; for were this kind of education pursued for 100,000
+years, the morale of society would be little better than it is at the
+present time.
+
+Dr. Buchanan takes quite a different view and makes the moral or
+ethical faculties supreme, in development and culture, the intellect
+being the instruments for acquiring facts and the propensities the
+steam to bring about the desired results. According to his views of
+man, our emotional faculties are of a higher or more God-like order
+than our intellectual powers. The intellect being the hand-maid to the
+emotions, to _feel_ the force of truth is higher in mental excellence
+than to _perceive_ it. Depth of emotions is the climax of spiritual
+power.
+
+The ethical and aesthetic being the foundation of the New Education,
+Dr. Buchanan, in a series of beautifully written chapters, enters into
+details in reference to what teachers should be, what the subjects
+taught ought to be, and what are the shells and what the kernels of
+knowledge. He shows clearly that woman will ultimately be the
+regenerator of humanity, that education so far has been merely
+fractional and one-sided--that true development consists in the
+co-education of soul and body, the co-education of man and woman, the
+co-education of the material and spiritual worlds.
+
+There are a million of teachers, and every one should have a copy of
+this work. No man is fit to teach in the high sense advocated by this
+author unless he has thoroughly mastered this work. It is easy to pull
+down a system, but not so easy to build it up; but in the New
+Education the follies of the old educational systems are not only
+levelled to the dust, but a higher and more practical, industrious,
+and crime-preventing system of training and teaching takes its place.
+This book will become the grand educational Bible for teachers in all
+countries where the English language is spoken.
+
+Nor should it be in the hands of teachers only. Every intelligent
+father and mother, anxious for the development of their sons and
+daughters should study this book night and day. It should be
+translated into every European language, and also into Chinese and
+other Eastern tongues; the refined, aesthetic, and knowledge-loving
+people of Japan, were the work translated into their language, would
+enjoy it intensely.
+
+HAMBROOK COURT, near Bristol, England.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A Japanese scholar has already undertaken the translation of the "New
+Education" in Japan. The JOURNAL has not room at present for the
+essays of correspondents, and I have only given a small portion of the
+essay of the learned Dr. Eadon, who is the most progressive member of
+the medical profession in England.
+
+
+
+
+VICTORIA'S HALF CENTURY
+
+
+We are nearing the fiftieth anniversary of the beginning of Queen
+Victoria's reign. A London writer, reviewing the changes which have
+taken place in the period marks these notable points: A strange
+country was England in those far-off days; there was but little
+difference between the general state of society under William and the
+general state of society under George II. If we compared the courts of
+George IV. and William with the company of a low tap-room, we should
+not flatter the tap-room. Broad-blown coarseness, rank debauchery,
+reckless prodigality, were seen at their worst in the abode of English
+monarchs. A decent woman was out of place amid the stupid horrors of
+the Pavilion or of Windsor; and we do not wonder at the sedulous care
+which the Queen's guardians employed to keep her beyond reach of the
+prevailing corruption. A man like the Duke of Cumberland would not now
+be permitted to show his face in public save in the dock; but in those
+times his peculiar habits were regarded as quite royal and quite
+natural. Jockeys, blacklegs, gamblers, prize-fighters were esteemed as
+the natural companions of princes; and when England's king drove up to
+the verge of a prize-ring in the company of a burly rough who was
+about to exchange buffets with another rough, the proceeding was
+considered as quite manly and orthodox. Imagine the Prince of Wales
+driving in the park with a champion boxer!
+
+A strange country indeed was England in those times; and to look
+through the newspapers and memoirs of fifty years ago is an amusement
+at once instructive and humiliating. The king dines with the premier
+duke, makes him drunk, and has him carefully driven round the streets,
+so that the public may see what an intoxicated nobleman is like. The
+same king pushes a statesman into a pond, and screams with laughter as
+the drenched victim crawls out. Morning after morning the chief man of
+the realm visits the boxing-saloon, and learns to batter the faces and
+ribs of other noble gentlemen. We hear of visits paid by royalty to an
+obscure Holborn tavern, where, after noisy suppers, the fighting-men
+were wont to roar their hurricane choruses and talk with many
+blasphemies of by-gone combats. Think of that succession of ugly and
+foul sports compared with the peace, the refinement, the gentle and
+subdued manners of Victoria's court, and we see how far England has
+travelled since 1837.
+
+Fifty years ago our myriads of kinsmen across the seas were strangers
+to us, and the amazing friendship which has sprung up between the
+subjects of Victoria and the citizens of the vast republic was
+represented fifty years ago by a kind of sheepish, good-humored
+ignorance, tempered by jealousy. The smart packets left London and
+Liverpool to thrash their way across the Atlantic swell, and they were
+lucky if they managed to complete the voyage in a month--Charles
+Dickens sailed in a vessel which took twenty-two days for the trip,
+and she was a steamer, no less! For all practical purposes England and
+America are now one country. The trifling distance of 3,000 miles
+across the Atlantic seems hardly worth counting, according to our
+modern notions; and the American gentleman talks quite easily and
+naturally about running over to London or Paris to see a series of
+dramatic performances or an exhibition of pictures. When Victoria
+began to reign the English people mostly regarded America as a dim
+region, and the voyage thither was a fearsome understanding.
+
+There is something in the catalogue of mechanical devices which almost
+affects the mind with fatigue. Fifty years ago the ordinary citizen
+picked up his ideas of all that was going on in the world from a
+sorely-taxed news-sheet; and a very blurred idea he managed to get at
+the best. Poor folk had to do without the luxury of the news, and they
+were as much circumscribed mentally as though they had been cattle; we
+remember a village where even in 1852 the common people did not know
+who the Duke of Wellington was. No such thing as a newspaper had been
+seen there within the memory of man; only one or two of the natives
+had seen a railway engine, and nobody in the whole village row had
+been known to visit a town. But now-a-days the villager has his
+high-class news-sheet; and he is very much discontented indeed if he
+does not see the latest intelligence from America, India, Australia,
+China--everywhere. An American statesman's conversation of Monday
+afternoon is reported accurately in the London journals on Tuesday
+morning; a speech of Mr. Gladstone's delivered at midnight on one day
+is summarized in New York and San Francisco the next day; the result
+of a race run at Epsom is known in Bombay within forty minutes. We use
+no paradox when we say that every man in the civilized world now lives
+next door to everybody else; oceans are merely convenient pathways,
+howling deserts are merely handy places for planting telegraph poles
+and for swinging wires along which thoughts travel between country and
+country with the velocity of lightning. We see that the world with its
+swarming populations is growing more and more like some great organism
+whereof the nerve-centres are subtly, delicately connected by
+sensitive nerve-tissues. Even now, using a lady's thimble, two pieces
+of metal, and a little acid, we can speak to a friend across the
+Atlantic gulf, and before ten years are over, a gentleman in London
+will doubtless be able to sit in his office and hear the actual tones
+of some speaker in New York.
+
+So much has the magic half century brought about.
+
+If we think of the scientific knowledge possessed by the most
+intelligent men when the Queen ascended the throne, we can hardly
+refrain from smiling, for it seems as though we were studying the
+mental endowment of a race of children. The science of electricity was
+in its infancy; the laws of force were misunderstood; men did not know
+what heat really was. They knew next to nothing of the history of the
+globe, and they accounted for the existence of varying species of
+plants and animals by means of the most infantine hypotheses. A
+complete revolution--vital and all-embracing--has altered our modes of
+thought, so that the man of 1887 can scarcely bring himself to
+conceive the state of mind which contented the man of 1837. We have
+dark doubts now, perplexing misgivings, weary uncertainties, painful
+consciousness of limited powers; but along with these weaknesses we
+have our share of certainties. Are we happier? Nay, not in mind. A
+quiet melancholy marks the words of all the men who have thought most
+deeply and learned most. The wise no longer cry out or complain--they
+accept life and fate with calm sadness, and perhaps with prayerful
+resignation. We have learned to know how little we can know, and we
+see with composure that even the miracles already achieved by the
+restless mind of man are as nothing.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There is a far better reason than this for the sadness of thinking
+men. It is that, with all the progress of science, art, and education,
+poverty, misery, disease, and crime still afflict society as they did
+in ruder ages, and our progress is _onward_, but not _upward_. It is
+_upward_ progress to which the JOURNAL OF MAN is devoted.
+
+In the foregoing sketch very little is said of the real progress of
+the age--the increase of education, the uprising of the people into
+greater political power and liberty, the prostration of the power of
+the church, which is destined to disestablishment, and the uprising of
+spiritual science.
+
+What is there in the reign of Victoria to be celebrated? Was there
+ever a more perfect specimen of barely respectable commonplace than
+the reign of Victoria? What generous impulse, or what notable wisdom
+has she ever shown? What has she done for the relief of Ireland, for
+the improvement of a society full of pauperism, crime and suffering,
+or for the prevention of unjust foreign wars? When has she ever given
+even a respectable gift to any good object from her enormous income?
+But virtue is not expected in sovereigns; they are expected only to
+enjoy themselves hugely, to make an ostentatious display, and consume
+all their benighted subjects give them.
+
+Mrs. Stanton says:--"The two great questions now agitating Great
+Britain are 'Coercion for Ireland,' and the 'Queen's Jubilee,' a
+tragedy and a comedy in the same hour."
+
+Speaking of the Queen's Jubilee she says:
+
+    "In this supreme moment of the nation's political crisis, the
+    Queen and her suite are junketing around in their royal yachts
+    on the coast of France, while proposing to celebrate her year of
+    Jubilee by levying new taxes on her people, in the form of penny
+    and pound contributions to build a monument to Prince Albert.
+    The year of Jubilee! While under the eyes of the Queen her Irish
+    subjects are being evicted from their holdings at the point of
+    the bayonet; their cottages burned to the ground; aged and
+    helpless men and women and newborn children, alike left
+    crouching on the highways, under bridges, hayricks and hedges,
+    crowded into poorhouses, jails and prisons, to expiate their
+    crimes growing out of poverty on the one hand and patriotism on
+    the other.
+
+    "A far more fitting way to celebrate the year of Jubilee would
+    be for the Queen to scatter the millions hoarded in her private
+    vaults among her needy subjects, to mitigate, in some measure,
+    the miseries they have endured from generation to generation; to
+    inaugurate some grand improvement in her system of education; to
+    extend still further the civil and political rights of her
+    people; to suggest, perchance, an Inviolable Homestead Bill for
+    Ireland, and to open the prison doors to her noble priests and
+    patriots.
+
+    "But instead of such worthy ambitions in the fiftieth year of her
+    reign, what does the Queen propose? With her knowledge and
+    consent, committees of ladies are formed in every county, town
+    and village in all the colonies under her flag, to solicit these
+    penny and pound contributions, to be placed at her disposal.
+
+    "Ladies go from house to house, not only to the residences of
+    the rich, but to the cottages of the poor, through all the marts
+    of trade, the fields, the factories, begging pennies for the
+    Queen from servants and day-laborers."
+
+These forced collections are not entirely for the benefit of the
+Queen, but are to be appropriated also to a vast variety of local
+objects and institutions.
+
+
+
+
+THE OUTLOOK OF DIOGENES.
+
+
+The ancient philosopher Diogenes, whom even the presence of Alexander
+could not overawe, is one of the most marked and heroic figures of
+ancient history. It is said "The Athenians admired his contempt for
+comfort, and allowed him a wide latitude of comment and rebuke.
+Practical good was the chief aim of his philosophy; for literature and
+the fine arts he did not conceal his disdain. He laughed at men of
+letters for reading the sufferings of Ulysses while neglecting their
+own; at musicians who spent in stringing their lyres the time which
+would have been much better employed in making their own discordant
+natures harmonious; at savants for gazing at the heavenly bodies while
+sublimely incognizant of earthly ones; at orators who studied how to
+enforce truth, but not how to practice it. * * * When asked what
+business he was proficient in, he answered, 'to command men.'"
+
+Psychometry brings up these ancient characters as vividly and
+truthfully as history. Such psychometric descriptions are a continual
+miracle. How the psychometers, knowing not of whom they are speaking,
+guided only by a mysterious intuition, should speak of the most
+ancient characters as familiarly and truly as of our acquaintances
+to-day, will ever stand as a psychic miracle, to illustrate the Divine
+Wisdom that established such a power in man. This is the daily
+experience of Mrs. Buchanan. Her description of Diogenes was as
+follows:
+
+    "I think this is an ancient. There is something quaint about
+    him. He does not seem to follow anything or anybody. He lived a
+    natural life, indifferent to current teachings. He had peculiar
+    original ideas of his own as to life and its purposes, and seems
+    to be a man of philanthropic nature, not aesthetic, but very
+    indifferent as to personal appearance and habits, or as to
+    pleasing people, not at all fastidious. He did not mind people's
+    opinions in the least. They never disturbed him.
+
+    "He had enough combativeness to fight his way through
+    difficulties. He had great self-reliance, and did not mind
+    obstacles. If he had to take part in disturbances, he was ready,
+    and had tact and tactics. He had a peculiar power of governing
+    men, and a peculiar way of gaining confidence and esteem. He did
+    not show off at all, and was not at all condescending. He had a
+    great deal of sagacity. He regarded as trifles things people
+    considered as momentous.
+
+    "(To what country did he belong?) He was probably a Greek, but
+    he did not accord with anything of his time. He lived in the
+    future and anticipated great changes. He did not agree with any
+    contemporary religion, politics, fashions or manners, but was
+    very sarcastic upon them. He was a philosopher, devoted to the
+    useful, and cared nothing for the ornamental, either in
+    architecture, fashions or anything else. He might not make war
+    on the religion as he was not rancorous or rebellious, but he
+    had different ideas in himself, and was candid in expressing
+    them. He does not give much attention to modern times, but if he
+    were here he would enjoy modern improvements and benevolence,
+    but would denounce our fashions and our bigotry, and teach a
+    primitive style of living."
+
+Let us invoke the strong spirit of Diogenes whose sturdy freedom
+of thought was like that of Walt Whitman, to cooperate in the review
+of modern life. Such men are greatly needed to review a
+corrupt civilization; and where is the civilization now, where was
+there ever a civilization that was not corrupt? The function of
+Diogenes is not performed either by the pulpit or the press. A
+few special journals are terribly severe on special evils, but the
+reformatory words of the press generally are few and far between, in
+comparison to what is needed. The JOURNAL OF MAN does not
+propose to fill the hiatus and make war upon the myriad evils of
+society, but it must speak out, now and then, like Diogenes, especially
+when others neglect their duty.
+
+What is the condition of our legislative bodies? Where is there
+one that does not provoke sharp criticism? The Albany correspondent
+of the _N. Y. Sun_, speaking of the legislative adjournment, says;
+"Mr. William F. Sheehan, leader of the Democratic minority to the
+Assembly, summed up the work of the Legislature of 1887 when in
+his address on the floor of the Assembly on the day of final adjournment,
+he said: 'Prayer will ascend from thousands of hearts of the
+citizens of this State at noon to-day for their deliverance from this
+Legislature. It began its session with the corrupt election of a
+United States Senator. It lived in bribery, and it dies a farce.'
+No one here regrets the adjournment except the gamblers and the
+lobbyists. Even the lobbyists would be glad for a vacation, as their
+labors in bidding for the legislative cattle the last month have been
+most arduous. The people of Albany look on the Legislature as a
+pestilence to which they must yearly submit, and they welcome its
+departure as a farmer does the going of a swarm of locusts from his
+fields.
+
+"Whatever else may be said about the Legislature of 1887, no one ever
+accused it of being honest, and there is no doubt that it was
+industrious."
+
+This corrupt Legislature passed two very discreditable bills which
+would have been made positively infamous if it had not been for the
+active opposition of a few friends of liberty. One of these bills was
+designed to add to the stringency of the present obstructive medical
+law; the other was designed to assist the labors of Anthony Comstock
+in interrupting the circulation of popular physiological literature,
+under pretence of suppressing obscenity.
+
+In the Legislature of Pennsylvania, the law designed to suppress the
+cultivation of spiritual science by severe penalties, was favorably
+reported by a committee but prevented by popular indignation from
+passing. Yet the people were not sufficiently alert to prevent
+legislation in favor of that monopoly the Standard Oil Company, which
+is considered a betrayal of justice.
+
+In Illinois a bill was passed in the Senate and came near passing in
+the House, which would have abolished all medical freedom and made it
+a crime for any one but a licensed doctor to help the sick in any way,
+even by a prayer. Verily the spirit of American liberty does not
+pervade American communities and American legislatures.
+
+In Massachusetts the Old Puritanic Sunday Laws having fallen into
+"_innocuous desuetude_," an attempt to give them a partial enforcement
+in Boston compelled a little legislative action and the result was
+what might have been expected in a State in which religious opinions
+are allowed to interfere with the credibility of a witness, and in
+which Diogenes, if he were here, would be struck with the vast
+inconsistency between the creed of Christendom and its practice, and
+the vast disparity between the progress of modern knowledge and the
+effete system of education in our Universities. He would wonder why
+modern colleges are more interested in the details of Greek life and
+letters than in the beneficent sciences of to-day of which the Greeks
+knew nothing.
+
+He would wonder why the edicts of the Pagan emperor, Constantine,
+concerning the observance of Sunday are observed and enforced as a
+religious duty, while the Divine love inculcated by Jesus Christ,
+which forbids all strife and war, is no more regarded by Christian
+nations than by the rulers of ancient Rome.
+
+He would look into the schools and universities professedly devoted to
+science and literature, and ask why they have even less freedom of
+discussion and thought than the schools of Athens, every professor
+being interested to discourage the investigation of novelties in
+philosophy instead of being ready to welcome original investigation.
+
+Under the new Sunday law of Massachusetts, Sunday trains and steamboat
+lines are at the mercy of the railroad commissioners, who can stop
+every one of them; but boating, yachting, and carriage driving on
+Sunday are free to all who have the money to pay for them. But while
+outdoor frolic is free-and-easy, indoor enjoyment is prohibited.
+Everybody is liable to five dollar fines for _attending_ "any sport,
+game, or play" on Sunday, unless it has been licensed, and private
+families never ask a license for their own amusements. But _to be
+present_ on Sunday "_at any dancing_," brings a liability to a $50
+fine for each offence! What a terrible thing dancing is to be sure,
+that looking on should cost $50, while a frolic in boating and
+yachting is unexceptionably holy, and the fast young men may kick up a
+dust, kill the horses, and smash the buggies with impunity, or kill
+themselves by rowing in the hot sun, under whiskey stimulus on Sunday.
+
+The laws for hotels and restaurants are even more absurd. Travellers,
+strangers and lodgers may be freely entertained, but if _anybody else_
+(who is he?) comes into the house, or remains on the grounds about it,
+on Sunday, the landlord can be fined as much as $50 at the first pop,
+$100 at the second pop, and at the third pop he is to be shut up and
+deprived of his license. Somebody else must be a terrible fellow on
+Sunday--and he is a dangerous customer on Saturday too, for if he
+comes in on Saturday evening, or even lounges on the grounds, it is a
+fine of five dollars for the landlord. But who is he? How is the poor
+landlord, or victualler to discover _somebody else_, who is neither
+lodger, stranger, nor traveller. The landlord cannot detect him, but
+all sheriffs, grand jurors, and constables are required to hunt for
+him! _Vive la bagatelle!_
+
+Strictly private gambling is safe on Sunday, and our _Chevaliers
+d'Industrie_ may ruin a dozen families, and provoke suicide and
+murder,--"plate sin with gold" and it is protected, and the swindling
+shyster is protected too on Sunday, for no civil process can be served
+on that holy day; the rogue who is bothered on that day can get
+exemplary damages by this law of Sunday asylum. But the poor keeper of
+a restaurant or of an inn, is the victim for old legislative boys to
+throw stones at. They have provided a hundred dollar fine for every
+innholder or victualler who keeps, or "suffers to be kept," on his
+premises, any implements "used in gaming," or which may be used for
+"purposes of amusement," and does not prevent such things from being
+used on Sunday. So if he is not extremely vigilant throughout his
+house and grounds, he may be caught with a hundred dollar fine, OR be
+imprisoned three months in the House of Correction at the pleasure of
+the magistrate!! and for every subsequent offense may be _imprisoned
+in the House of Correction_ as much as one year, and then required to
+give security for obeying the law. Under such a law a malicious young
+hoodlum may contrive to send a landlord to jail.
+
+To open a shop, warehouse, or workhouse on Sunday is a fifty dollar
+offense, and it is fifty dollars also for doing "any manner of labor,
+business or work" on Sunday, unless the judge considers it a matter of
+necessity or charity; nevertheless, the "making of butter and cheese"
+is good Sunday work, if we do not _open the doors_ which would bring
+on a $50 fine. So is the work of steam, gas and electricity,
+newspapers, telegraphs, telephones, druggists, milkmen, (bakers before
+10 and after 4,) boat houses, livery stables, ferry boats, and street
+cars. But to catch a fish or fire a pistol on Sunday is a $10 offense,
+and to look on at a game of chess is a $50 crime. However, the law
+does not punish whistling on Sunday, unless the whistler has
+spectators, then it is a $50 business for all concerned. To read
+Longfellow's Excelsior on Sunday to a parlor of company is a $50
+crime. Reading Milton's Paradise Lost, or the American Declaration of
+Independence would also rank as criminal business, being an
+entertainment, and a party of twenty playing a game of croquet may be
+fined a thousand dollars.
+
+Verily, if it were not for such hypocritical and asinine legislation
+as this, we might forget the history of New England witchcraft, and
+the hanging of Quakers in sight of the spot where this law was enacted
+as an _improvement_ on a still worse, but practically obsolete
+statute.
+
+Such Sunday legislation is a fair evidence of the absence of true
+religion, and the predominance of hypocrisy. It is not enforced, and
+is not expected to be. All the Sunday legislation in New York did not
+prevent the immense Syracuse Salt Works from carrying on their work
+day and night. Gov. Hill and the N. Y. Legislature have shown their
+character by increasing the penalties of the Sunday laws, but they
+have not approached the Massachusetts standard.
+
+
+
+
+A BILL TO DESTROY THE INDIANS.
+
+From the Boston Pilot.
+
+
+The Puritans of New England and the Cavaliers of Virginia alike
+treated the Indians as though they had no rights of manhood. The
+Catholics, Baptists, and Quakers treated them kindly and justly. The
+Puritans took Indian lands without permission or compensation. The
+Catholics, Baptists and Quakers bought lands from the Indians in an
+honorable way.
+
+The two policies have been in conflict for nearly three centuries.
+
+The Government has held to the policy of buying lands from the
+Indians, thus recognizing their ownership; but it has not always paid
+the price agreed upon. Now, under the lead of Senator Dawes Congress
+has passed a bill which annuls the treaties, and overrides all
+proprietary rights of every tribe, except nine of the most civilized.
+
+His bill is the "Indian Land in Severalty Bill." It pretends to be in
+the interest of the Indians, but that pretense is a fraud. It is
+wholly in the interest of railroad companies, land syndicates, and
+private white settlers.
+
+The treaties of 1868 and 1876 guarantee the Sioux tribes undisturbed
+possession of their reservation in Dakota. Not an acre of that land
+can be taken from them without the consent of three-fourths of them.
+So read the treaties signed by the United States Commissioners and
+confirmed by the United States Senate.
+
+The Dawes Severalty Bill takes the Sioux reservation from the control
+of the Sioux without asking the consent of a single Indian, surveys it
+as though it was a body of public land, and then says to the Sioux:
+The Government will return a small homestead for each of you, as
+individuals, and after twenty-five years you shall have titles to
+these small tracts, but the remainder of the reservation, (about
+four-fifth) must be opened to white settlers.
+
+The Sioux protest against this outrage, and have appealed to the
+National Indian Defence Association at Washington, D. C., to protect
+their rights. This association has resolved to test the
+constitutionality of this bill in the Supreme Court of the United
+States, and asks all friends of justice to sustain them in this legal
+contest.
+
+
+
+
+MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE.
+
+
+THE SEYBERT COMMISSION has reported against the claims of
+Spiritualism. Their report will not even have the effect of the French
+Academy report against animal magnetism, which checked its progress in
+the medical profession but not among the people; but before the
+century passed, the medical profession has taken up the science in
+earnest, and re-named it hypnotism. The Seybert report will not even
+be a temporary damper, for while thousands of inquirers, fully as
+competent as the commission, and many of them far more competent to
+the investigation, have made themselves familiar with the facts, the
+commission has done nothing but to emphasize the fact already familiar
+among the intelligent, of the prevalence of fraud among mediums.
+Notwithstanding the wonderful powers of Slade, no one acquainted with
+his history would place any reliance on his integrity. The more
+intelligent Spiritualists understood such matters, and the Ladies' Aid
+(Spiritualist) Society of Boston, recently had considerable amusement
+in the exhibition in their parlors of the materializing and
+dematerializing wire apparatus used by the fraudulent medium, Mrs.
+Ross, which was said to have been carried in her bustle. Mrs. Ross
+when prosecuted for her frauds was found to be protected by the law of
+coverture which makes the husband alone responsible. This is a relic
+of the idea of female subordination and obedience which ought to be
+abolished. The progress of spiritualism has been marked by as many
+follies as that of any popular movement, and the bequest of $60,000,
+by Mr. Seybert, to the old fogies of the Pennsylvania University was
+among the stupidest of these follies. If a friend of Galileo had made
+such a bequest to the Catholic church in his time, to get an opinion
+of the new astronomy, it would have been as sensible a proceeding. It
+will however have one good result; it will erect a permanent monument
+to the ignorance of the universities, a record from which they cannot
+hereafter escape. Prof. Leidy was one of the salaried commissioners
+whose mental status was thus exhibited in the last journal:
+
+   "Your doctrine of life eternal,
+   And everything else supernal,
+   Might well be pronounced an infernal
+                                   Delusion!"
+
+
+THE EVILS THAT NEED ATTENTION, mentioned in the JOURNAL for May, are
+as rampant as ever. The big combination in Chicago to raise the price
+of wheat by a corner, utterly burst on the 14th of June, leaving a few
+ruined speculators. The _Chicago News_ says: "What is called buying
+and selling futures in grain, is no more buying and selling in the
+innocent and proper interpretation of the words than the wagering on
+horse races is buying and selling horses. It is a species of gambling
+as pernicious to public morals as it is contrary to public policy."
+The _Chicago Herald_ says, "No one is in love with a cornerer who
+corners. Nobody wastes any pity on a cornerer who gets cornered
+himself." Such crimes in a petty way may be punished, but we need law
+for the millionaire gamblers who not only rob each other, but fleece
+the entire nation at the same time.
+
+
+CONDENSED ITEMS.--_Mesmerism, in Paris._ M. G. de Torcy has introduced
+a mesmerized woman into the lion's cage, where she unconsciously puts
+her head in the lion's mouth: then, in a state of cataleptic rigidity,
+head and feet resting on two stools, the lion is made to jump over the
+rigid body, then with paws resting on her body, to pull a string by
+his teeth and thus fire a pistol. Of course this draws enthusiastic
+audiences. _Medical Freedom._ The attempts at restrictive medical
+legislation have been defeated in Rhode Island, Connecticut, and
+Maine. In Maine, the bill had passed the Legislature and was approved
+by Gov. Bodwell, but upon re-consideration he vetoed it and the Senate
+then rejected it. The Allopathic State Society is quite indignant and
+calls it "_atrocious_" that they cannot enforce a law which the Senate
+and governor rejected. Mrs. Post in Iowa has been acquitted and will
+not be punished at all for the awful crime of healing a patient by
+prayer! The acquittal appears to be on the ground of the
+unconstitutionally of the law. _The Victoria Jubilee_ in Faneuil Hall,
+Boston, called out an immense indignation meeting, and many eloquent
+protests. But for the energy of the police a riot might have occurred
+at the time of the festival. _Delightful Homes._ Asheville, N. C.,
+2339 feet above tide water, has a delightful climate, especially for
+pulmonary invalids. Northern Georgia is an elevated region of
+remarkable general health, and freedom from malarious and consumptive
+diseases. California has still more delightful homes of health and
+beauty. Colorado has twelve towns over 5,000 feet above the sea, and
+ten over 10,000.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.--CRANIOSCOPY.
+
+
+    The Study of the Comparative Development of the Brain through
+    the Cranium--Importance of Cranioscopy--First Step--Facial
+    organs--Miller, Pestalozzi, Danton, Mirabeau--Caricatures--Upper
+    and lower parts of face--Female faces--Mode of comparing
+    organs--Mode of manipulation--Bony irregularities--Profile
+    comparison of height and depth--Vacca Pechassee and Lewis--Old
+    errors--Difficulties in estimation--Morbid
+    conditions--Criminals--Napoleon--Negro murderer.
+
+
+[Illustration: HUGH MILLER.]
+
+[Illustration: PESTALOZZI.]
+
+[Illustration: DANTON.]
+
+[Illustration: MIRABEAU.]
+
+
+The reader now understands the conformation of the brain, and the
+general character of its different regions. It is important that he
+should as soon as possible begin the study of heads, and learn to
+judge correctly their development. When he can do this, he has an
+inexhaustible source of knowledge continually with him, and every new
+acquaintance becomes an interesting study in ascertaining the
+indications of his head and comparing them with his daily conduct and
+manners. The more thorough and careful the study, the greater the
+satisfaction and delight that it yields. The good cranioscopist
+continually grows in knowledge, and solves all the problems of
+character presented in society. But he who simply studies the elements
+of character or organic faculties, and does not become acquainted with
+the organs and their measurement, soon finds his knowledge too
+abstract and remote from his daily life; and, instead of increasing
+his stock of knowledge on this subject, he continually loses more and
+more of what he has gained. It was for this reason, mainly, that the
+medical profession gradually dropped the discoveries of Gall, which
+would never have ceased to interest them if they had learned to apply
+them to the study of men and animals.
+
+I hope that no reader will neglect this chapter, or fail to reduce its
+instructions to practice, for on that it depends whether he shall
+become a practical master of cerebral science, and be able to read
+every character with which he meets.
+
+The first step in studying a head is to observe its general
+contour,--whether the forehead projects far in front of the ear, to
+indicate intellect; whether the upper surface rises above the forehead
+sufficiently to indicate the nobler qualities, and whether it is
+balanced or overpowered by the breadth and depth of the base of the
+skull and thickness of the neck. In connection with this, we may
+observe that the base of the brain is also expressed in the lower part
+of the face which corresponds to the organs for the expression of
+animal force, while the upper part of the face is devoted to the
+expression of the upper and anterior parts of the brain. The
+expressional faculties shown in the face do not always coincide
+exactly with the real power of the organs thus expressed; but if they
+do not, they at least indicate their activity and habitual display;
+for faculties habitually indulged will show their organic indications
+in the face, while those which are suppressed or restrained will be
+less conspicuous in the face.
+
+The reader will understand that organs located for observation on the
+face are organs of the brain lying behind the face, which may be
+reached and stimulated through it, as other organs are reached and
+stimulated through the cranium and integuments. The contour of the
+face cannot reveal the organs behind it by physical necessity, as does
+the contour of the skull, yet observation induces me to rely upon
+estimates based on facial development. I think there is a
+correspondence of development between the brain and face, based upon
+vital laws, and also a direct influence of each organ upon the surface
+that covers it, so that when the organ is excited the surface becomes
+flushed, and when it is kept inactive the surface becomes pale and
+withered. This may be most readily observed at the organ of Love of
+Stimulus, immediately in front of the cavity of the ear. The surface
+presents a shrunken appearance after many years of rigid abstinence,
+but becomes plump, bloated, or high-colored, in those whose habits are
+intemperate. I have also observed an itching sensation at the surface
+when the organs behind it were active. Any one may observe a warmth
+and fulness in the upper part of the face when the social sentiments
+are very active. In the act of blushing, the flush comes upon the part
+of the face associated with modest and refined sentiments, the centre
+of which is below the external angle of the eye, at the lower margin
+of the cheek-bone.
+
+The contrasting development of the upper and lower parts of the face
+may be seen when we compare such characters as the enthusiastic
+philanthropist and educational reformer, Pestalozzi, and the
+high-principled and intellectual Hugh Miller, the Scotch geologist,
+with such as Danton, the terrible demagogue of the French revolution,
+and Mirabeau, the brilliant but unprincipled orator.
+
+No skilful artist in caricature fails to observe these principles.
+When he would degrade a character, he magnifies the lower part of the
+face; and when he would represent a more refined character, the lower
+part of the face becomes correspondingly delicate.
+
+When _Puck_ would represent, a miserable wretch, he presents such a
+head as the following; and when a New York journalist desired to
+caricature an opponent as a saloon politician, he diminished the upper
+and developed the lower part of the head, as presented here.
+
+[Illustration: WRETCH.]
+
+[Illustration: SALOON POLITICIAN.]
+
+All observers of countenance and character unconsciously act upon
+these principles and recognize a great difference in the expressions
+of two faces,--one predominant in the lower and the other in the upper
+portion of the face. That there was any scientific basis for this was
+entirely unknown before my discoveries of the organs behind the face,
+which modify its development and expression. My lectures upon this
+subject in 1842 were attended by the physiognomical writer, Redfield,
+who derived from them many important suggestions.
+
+When the lower part of the face is massive, broad, and prominent,
+while the basilar region is broad and deep, with a stout neck, we know
+the great force and activity of the animal nature, and unless the
+upper surface of the brain is well developed all over, we may expect
+some excess in the way of violence, temper, selfishness, perversity,
+sensuality, dishonesty, avarice, rudeness of manners, moral
+insensibility, slander, contentiousness, jealousy, envy, revenge, or
+some other form of wickedness, according to the especial conformation.
+
+In the faces of women, we find the activity of the amiable sentiments
+marked by the fulness and roseate color of the upper part of the face,
+while the lower portion is more delicate than in the masculine face.
+
+But although the facial developments generally correspond with the
+activity of the organs expressed, the rule is not invariable, as the
+reader will learn hereafter that the facial developments may be
+moderate when the character is not excitable or demonstrative.
+
+If the upper surface of the head is sufficiently high, we know that
+great capacity for virtue exists, capable of restraining evil
+inclinations, and producing admirable traits of character, according
+to the organs especially developed.
+
+When we study the special organs we determine the special virtues or
+vices. For example, a head may have a good general development upward,
+giving many very pleasing traits of character, and yet be so deficient
+in the region of conscientiousness (while the selfish group that gives
+breadth at the ears is large) as to produce great moral unsoundness
+and a treacherous violation of obligations or disregard of principle.
+
+The most delicate task in craniological study, and the most important,
+is the balancing of opposite tendencies belonging to antagonistic
+organs; and it was for the want of the knowledge of antagonisms that
+the Gallian system so often failed in describing character and its
+representatives before the public have made the most disastrous
+blunders. Shrewd and honest observers discovered the imperfections of
+the science.[2]
+
+    [2] A letter just received from Australia states that the
+        writer had for many years been a student of phrenology, and
+        had ascertained from examining hundreds of crania that
+        phrenology "stood on a basis of fact, but was wrong as well
+        as deficient in some of its details. But though I could
+        point to several parts of the skull where the readings of
+        professionals as well as myself were always unreliable, I
+        could not discover the real function of the organs in these
+        places."
+
+While the eye readily gives us the contour of heads that have not much
+hair, there is but little accurate judgment without the use of the
+hand, which is the first thing to be learned. Not the tips of the
+fingers, but the whole hand should be laid upon the head gently, to
+cover as much surface as possible, while with a gentle pressure we
+cause the scalp to move slightly, and thus feel through it the exact
+form of the cranium as correctly as if the bones were exposed to view.
+If in this examination we find any sharp prominences, which might be
+called bumps, we attribute them to the growth of bone, which does not
+indicate the growth of the brain. The latter is indicated only by the
+general contour.
+
+A little anatomical knowledge will prevent us from being deceived, and
+enable us to make due allowances. There are no great difficulties in
+making a correct estimate, and the anatomists who have taught their
+pupils that correct cranial observations could not be made, only
+showed their own ignorance of the subject. We must consider the
+cranium as though all osseous protuberances had been shaved off,
+leaving the smooth, curving contour of the skull. The principal
+projection to be removed is the superciliary ridge corresponding to
+the brow at the base of the forehead. It is formed by the projection
+of the external plate of the skull, leaving a separation or cavity
+between it and the inner plate, which cavity is called the frontal
+sinus, and is sometimes half an inch wide. As there is no positive
+method of determining its dimensions in the living head, there must
+ever be some doubt concerning the development of the perceptive organs
+which it covers. The superciliary ridge at the external angle of the
+brow extends really as much as three-quarters of an inch from the
+brain. From this angle a ridge of bone (the temporal arch) extends
+upward and backward, separating the lateral surface of the head from
+the frontal and upper surfaces. This ridge is a convenient landmark,
+but must be excluded from an estimate of development as it is merely
+osseous. It extends back on the head a little behind its middle. The
+sagittal suture on the median line of the upper surface usually
+presents a slight, bony elevation or ridge (see the engraving of the
+skull, Chapter III.), and the lambdoid suture on the back of the head
+is frequently rough. A superficial practical phrenologist (of great
+pretensions) at Cincinnati, in examining the head of a gentleman of
+mild character, found the lambdoid suture quite rough, and gave him a
+terrifically pugnacious character, not knowing enough to distinguish
+between osseous and cerebral development. The occipital knob on the
+median line between the cerebrum and cerebellum, has been already
+mentioned. The mastoid process, the bony prominence behind the ear is
+a projection exterior to the cerebellum. Where it starts from the
+cranium above and behind the cavity of the ear, we may judge of
+basilar development by the breadth of the head, but the basilar depth
+which is more important is to be judged by the extension downward,
+which was illustrated in the last chapter by comparing the skulls of
+J. R. Smith and the slave-trading count.
+
+To judge the comparative strength of the higher and lower elements of
+character, we look for the height above the forehead and the depth at
+and behind the ear, which is ascertained by placing the hand on the
+base of the cranium behind the ears, while the height of the head is
+best appreciated by placing a hand on the top with the fingers
+reaching down to the brow.
+
+In a profile view the human head may be divided into three equal
+parts, the length of the nose being the central part, from the nose to
+the end of the chin another, and the remainder above the nose the
+third part. In inferior heads these three measurements are equal, the
+upper third extending to the top of the head; but in heads of superior
+character the upper third extends only to the top of the forehead, and
+the outline of the head rises a half breadth above the forehead, as
+the following profiles show. In heads of the lowest character the
+basilar depth exceeds the height, as in the French Count and the
+Indian Lewis.
+
+The contour of a well-developed head forms a semicircle above the base
+line through the brow, and its elevation above that line is equal to
+one half of the antero-posterior length of the head, while in the
+inferior class of heads the elevation is but four-tenths of the length
+or even less, and is hardly equal to the depth, while in the highest
+class the elevation is one-half greater than the depth or even more.
+We obtain another view of the comparative height and depth by drawing
+lines from the brow to the vertex and the base of the brain and
+comparing the two angles thus formed. In the good head we observe the
+great superiority of the upper angle over that formed by the line to
+the ear, the lower end of which corresponds to the lowest part of the
+brain, the base of the cerebellum.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+To take an illustration from nature, I would present the outlines of
+two Indian crania that I obtained in Florida,--Vacca Pechassee, or the
+cow chief, who headed a small tribe, and bore a good character among
+the whites, and Lewis, an Indian of bad character in the same
+neighborhood (on the Appalachicola River), who was shot for his
+crimes. (I might have obtained many more, but as the Seminole war was
+not then over, I found that my own cranium was placed in considerable
+danger by my explorations.)
+
+[Illustration: VACCA PECHASSEE]
+
+[Illustration: LEWIS]
+
+In Vacca Pechassee the height is to the depth as 11 to 9; in Lewis as
+9 to 11. In J. R. Smith the height is to the depth as 12 to 10; in the
+slave trading count as 9 to 14. This is the correct method of cranial
+study, for comparing the moral and animal nature.
+
+The basilar depth was entirely overlooked in the old method of
+phrenologists, and hence they were very often mistaken in judging the
+basilar energy by breadth alone, of which there has been no more
+striking example than that of the Thugs of India, whose heads (though
+a tribe of murderers) were below the European average in basilar
+breadth. These facts are so conspicuous to any careful observer that I
+became very familiar with them in the first six months of my study of
+heads fifty-two years ago.
+
+When the circulation of the brain is vigorous and regular, all
+portions being in regular activity, the fulness of the circulation
+being shown in the face, we may be sure that the character is fairly
+indicated by the cranium. The younger the individual the thinner the
+cranium, and the less the liability to deception by the thickness of
+the bones. Female skulls are _generally_ more delicate than male, and
+also more normal or uniform in their circulation. Hence there is less
+difficulty in making an accurate estimate of women and of youth. The
+greater difficulty is found in men of thick skulls and abnormal
+brains, and these difficulties are in some cases insurmountable by
+mere measurement. It will become necessary in the depraved classes to
+look at the condition of the circulation about the head, and the
+facial indications of the organs that have been cultivated. If these
+are not sufficient to guide us we must fall back upon psychometry.
+
+The morbid condition of the brain is a conspicuous fact, which we must
+not ignore, and it is important to learn how to detect it in the
+appearance of the individual, or in his psychometric indications and
+Pathognomy, which is itself a profound science and important guide to
+character. (Pathognomy is the science of expression, and has an exact
+mathematical basis.)
+
+We should bear in mind that it is just as possible to have impaired
+and unhealthy conditions in any part of the brain as to have them in
+the stomach, liver, lungs, or spinal cord. Physical diseases are
+contagious and so are moral. It is generally impossible to preserve
+the moral organs and faculties of a youth in healthy condition who is
+allowed to associate habitually with the depraved; and it is very
+difficult indeed for the mature adult to preserve his brain and mind
+in sound condition when compelled to associate with the depraved. To
+those who are very impressible, the contagion of vice, bad temper,
+profanity, turbulence, lying, obscenity, sullenness, melancholy, etc.,
+is as inevitable as the contagion of small pox.
+
+Our criminals are generally exposed to the contagion of crime in
+youth, and as they advance they are immersed in this contagion in
+prisons, which are the moral pest-houses in which law maintains the
+intense contagion of criminal depravity. Napoleon was an admirable
+subject for such contamination, and when we learn how he was reared
+amid the lawlessness and general scoundrelism of Corsica, we do not
+wonder that he became an imperial brigand. The low ethical standard of
+mankind, generally, and especially of historians, has heretofore
+prevented a just estimate of the character of Napoleon. Royal
+criminals have escaped condemnation; but the recent review of
+Napoleon's career by Taine gives a just philosophic estimate of the
+man, which coincides with the impartial estimation of psychometry.
+
+
+
+
+BUSINESS DEPARTMENT.
+
+
+The establishment of a new Journal is a hazardous and expensive
+undertaking. Every reader of this volume receives what has cost more
+than he pays for it, and in addition receives the product of months of
+editorial, and many years of scientific, labor. May I not therefore
+ask his aid in relieving me of this burden by increasing the
+circulation of the Journal among his friends?
+
+The establishment of the Journal was a duty. There was no other way
+effectively to reach the people with its new sphere of knowledge.
+Buckle has well said in his "History of Civilization," that "No great
+political improvement, no great reform, either legislative or
+executive, has ever been originated in any country by its ruling
+class. The first suggestors of such steps have invariably been bold
+and able thinkers, who discern the abuse, denounce it, and point out
+the remedy."
+
+This is equally true in science, philanthropy, and religion. When the
+advance of knowledge and enlightenment of conscience render reform or
+revolution necessary, the ruling powers of college, church,
+government, capital, and the press, present a solid combined
+resistance which the teachers of novel truth cannot overcome without
+an appeal to the people. The grandly revolutionary science of
+Anthropology, which offers in one department (Psychometry) "the dawn
+of a new civilization," and in other departments an entire revolution
+in social, ethical, educational, and medical philosophy, has
+experienced the same fate as all other great scientific and
+philanthropic innovations, in being compelled to sustain itself
+against the mountain mass of established error by the power of truth
+alone. The investigator whose life is devoted to the evolution of the
+truth cannot become its propagandist. A whole century would be
+necessary to the full development of these sciences to which I can
+give but a portion of one life. Upon those to whom these truths are
+given, who can intuitively perceive their value, rests the task of
+sustaining and diffusing the truth.
+
+Mrs. Croly of New York remarked in her address to the Women's Press
+Association of Boston. "The general public resents the advocacy of a
+cause and resists any attempt to commit it to special ideas. A paper
+that starts to represent a cause must be maintained by individual
+effort, and often at great sacrifice."
+
+The circulation of the Journal is necessarily limited to the sphere of
+liberal minds and advanced thinkers, but among these it has had a more
+warm and enthusiastic reception than was ever before given to any
+periodical. There must be in the United States twenty or thirty
+thousand of the class who would warmly appreciate the Journal, but
+they are scattered so widely it will be years before half of them can
+be reached without the active co-operation of my readers, which I most
+earnestly request.
+
+Prospectuses and specimen numbers will be furnished to those who will
+use them, and those who have liberal friends not in their own vicinity
+may confer a favor by sending their names that a prospectus or
+specimen may be sent them. A liberal commission will be allowed to
+those who canvass for subscribers.
+
+
+Enlargement of the Journal.
+
+The requests of readers for the enlargement of the Journal are already
+coming in. It is a great disappointment to the editor to be compelled
+each month to exclude so much of interesting matter, important to
+human welfare, which would be gratifying to its readers. The second
+volume therefore will be enlarged to 64 pages at $2 per annum.
+
+
+COLLEGE OF THERAPEUTICS.
+
+An interesting session closed on the 10th of June. Students attending
+a second course think they profited as much as by the first. The class
+adopted a strong expression of their high appreciation of the
+instruction received, and the importance of the new sciences.
+Everything was harmonious, intelligent, and successful. Fine
+psychometric powers were developed in four-fifths of the students. A
+fuller report will appear in the next JOURNAL. The next course (the
+ninth) will begin the first week of November next.
+
+
+UNLIKE ANY OTHER PAPER.
+
+The _Spectator_, unlike other home papers, seeks (1) to acquaint every
+family with simple and efficient treatment for the various common
+diseases, to, in a word, educate the people so they can avoid disease
+and cure sickness, thus saving enormous doctors' bills, and many
+precious lives. (2) To elevate and cultivate the moral nature,
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #27570 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/27570)