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diff --git a/27570.txt b/27570.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..21ccc63 --- /dev/null +++ b/27570.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2478 @@ +Project Gutenberg's Buchanan's Journal of Man, July 1887, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Buchanan's Journal of Man, July 1887 + Volume 1, Number 6 + +Author: Various + +Editor: J. R. Buchanan + +Release Date: December 19, 2008 [EBook #27570] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JOURNAL OF MAN, JULY 1887 *** + + + + +Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + BUCHANAN'S + JOURNAL OF MAN. + + VOL. I. JULY, 1887. NO. 6. + + + + +CONTENTS OF JOURNAL OF MAN. + + + Magnetic Education and Therapeutics--The So-Called Scientific + Immortality--Review of the New Education--Victoria's Half + Century--Outlook of Diogenes--A Bill to Destroy the Indians + MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE--The Seybert Commission; The Evils + that need Attention; Condensed Items--Mesmerism in + Paris--Medical Freedom--Victoria's Jubilee; Delightful Homes + Outlines of Anthropology Continued--Cranioscopy--Illustrated + + + + +MAGNETIC EDUCATION AND THERAPEUTICS. + +EXTRACTS FROM AN ESSAY BY DR. CHARLES DU PREL, IN SPHINX, TRANSLATED +FOR THE JOURNAL OF MAN. + + + "In the _Wiener Allgemeiner_ I spoke of the possibility of + moral education by means of magnetism, which has been carried + out." * * * + + "Dr. Bernheim, a Professor of the Medical Faculty in Nancy who + is a champion of hypnotism has written a book on 'Suggestion and + its Application in Therapeutics,' in which a great many hypnotic + cures are recorded." + + * * * * * + + "Dr. ---- quotes Franklin against magnetism but Sprengel in his + Pharmacology says 'Franklin, sickly as he was, took no part + whatever in the investigation.' The Academy again investigated + (1825-31) somnambulism, discovered by Puysegur, Mesmer's + scholar. In their report of two year's investigation, eleven M. + D.'s unanimously pronounced in favor of all important phenomena + ascribed to somnambulism. A fairly complete synopsis of their + report will be found in my 'Philosophy of Mystics.'" + + * * * * * + + "Du Potet first studied medicine, but disgusted by the poor + results of Pharmacology he embraced magnetism. He performed a + series of mesmeric experiments in the Hotel Dieu of so potent a + nature that twenty M. D.'s of that celebrated hospital signed + the minutes of these proceedings. People ran after Du Potet, + pointing at him and crying 'The man who cures.'" + + * * * * * + + "The respect for medical therapeutics never has been at as low + an ebb as just now. The public cannot be blamed for this lack of + respect, for they have daily experiences of the ill results of + medicine. Even high medical authorities are of the opinion that + we have to-day a disintegration of medical principles worse than + ever. More uncertain than therapeutics is the manner of + diagnosing to-day! The public is well aware that each doctor has + something different to say or prescribe. I have a personal case + in point. During eighteen months I consulted seven different + doctors, and got seven different contrary diagnoses as well as + contradictory modes of treatment, and this, too, in the city of + Munich, which is hardly secondary to any other city for its + medical talent. Is there any cause to blame the public for + running to the magnetizers? I should do so myself if my magnetic + susceptibility was greater. In such magnetizers as even Mesmer, + Dr. B. can see nothing but charlatans, but I desire to make him + aware that a physician whose reputation he is cognizant of, + Prof. Nussbaum in Munich, said to his audience in College, + 'Gentlemen, magnetism is the medicine of the future.' As I am + writing this I have been disturbed by a visitor desiring the + address of a reliable magnetizer, as the physician recommended a + magnetizer, as he was at his wits end." + + "In our medicine the adjunct sciences alone are scientific, and + we must respect their high grade; but therapeutics we have none. + Hence Mesmer should be called a benefactor to mankind, for he + has pointed out the correct way. He, with Hippocrates, says that + not the physician but nature cures--that the real therapeutics + consists only in aiding the _vis medicatrix naturae_. In this + direction the professors at Nancy and Paris are laboring. They + have given the experimental proof that _if the idea of an + organic change of the body is instilled into the mind of the + hypnotized, then such change will take place_. In this we have + a foundation for a PSYCHIC THERAPEUTICS which we hope will soon + put an end to the anarchic condition of medicine of the present + day. But the greatest curse to science of old, and which makes + its appearance even to-day, is that _the old ideas are the + greatest enemies of the new_." + + "Unfortunately it is the same in the thought realm as in + lifeless nature, _vis inertiae_--the law of indolence, according + to which nature remains in its condition to all eternity, until + she is forced into some new condition from a new cause. This + _vis inertiae_ is harder to conquer in the thought realm than in + lifeless nature, for Mesmer appeared a hundred years ago, and + yet to-day they call him "a perfect charlatan." Braid, thirty + years ago, started hypnotism, but only after Hansen made a + multitude of experiments for profit and pleasure in the largest + cities of Germany, did the physicians wake up to the idea of + investigating it. They teach nothing of mesmerism or hypnotism + at the universities. Yes, even one year ago a professor of + medicine confessed to me, should I pronounce the word + somnambulism I'd be ruined. This is the manner in which ideas + are kept from medical students." + + "If medicine, in its results, could look with pride on its + therapeutics, it might be explained. But a therapeutics that + allows thousands of children to sink yearly into untimely graves + from all manner of diseases, that allows a large proportion of + grown persons to be decimated yearly by epidemics, that in its + psychiatry is perfectly impotent to stop the rapid increase of + insanity, that notoriously cannot cure a migraine, a cold, yea, + not even a corn,--such a system ought surely to have some + modesty, and be only too glad to accept improvements that tend + to ameliorate this condition." + + +CONDITION OF THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. + +These remarks of Dr. Du Prel, though somewhat exaggerated, are +probably based on truth in their reference to the backward condition +of the medical profession in Europe, and of all that portion in +America which is essentially European, and governed by European +authority. But the healing art in America has been to a great extent +emancipated by the spirit of American liberty, and in its actual +results among liberal physicians is far in advance of the European +system. One signal proof of this was given at Cincinnati in 1849, when +that city was visited by a terrible epidemic of Asiatic cholera, which +swept off five thousand of its inhabitants. The mortality of cholera +under old school practise had been from twenty-five to sixty per +cent., the latter having been realized in hospitals at Paris. Under +the practice taught in our college at that time, the mortality in +1,500 cases did not exceed six per cent. + +The atmosphere of freedom in this country, and the absolute medical +freedom (until within a few years the colleges have procured medical +legislation to help their diplomas, and their graduates) have given a +progressiveness and practicality to American physicians which are +beginning to be recognized abroad. + +Dr. Lawson Tait is eminent in the treatment of women in England. In +the _Medical Current_ of April 20th, he is quoted as expressing a +regret that his time and money had not been directed to the Western +instead of the Eastern Hemisphere, when picking up his medical +knowledge. He predicted that 'ere long it will be to the medical +colleges of America rather than to those of Europe that students will +travel.' Then he goes on to say: + + "American visitors abroad who have given weeks and months to see + me work, have one and all impressed me with their possession of + that feature of mind which in England I fear we do not possess, + the power of judging any question solely upon its merits, and + entirely apart from any prejudice, tradition, or personal bias. + No matter how we may struggle against it, tradition rules all we + do; we cannot throw off its shackles, and I am bound to plead + guilty to this weakness myself, perhaps as fully as any of my + countrymen may be compelled to do. I may have thrown off the + shackles in some instances, but I know that I am firmly bound in + others, and my hope is that my visit to a freer country and a + better climate may extend my mental vision." + + +POWER OF MAGNETISM AND SUGGESTION. + +The suggestion of Du Prel as to the hypnotic teaching in France, that +an idea impressed on the mind of the hypnotized will be realized in +the body is the basis of a great deal of therapeutic philosophy. It is +true in practice just to the extent of human impressibility. A +cheerful physician or friend, by encouraging words impresses the idea +of recovery and thus sometimes produces it. Judicious friends never +speak in a discouraging manner to the invalid. The success of mind +cure practitioners is based on this principle. They endeavor to +impress on the patient's mind the idea of perfect health, but they +know too little of the whole subject to know how to place the patient +in that passive and receptive condition in which the results are most +promptly and certainly produced. + +Such methods are limited in their effect in proportion to human +impressibility and cannot possibly supersede all use of remedies which +reach thousands of cases in which mental operations would be entirely +futile. But the power of animal magnetism over all diseases and +infirmities of mind and body has been so often demonstrated that its +neglect is a deep disgrace to the medical colleges. A correspondent of +the _Daily Telegraph_ gives the following illustration of its power +over drunkenness: + + "About eighteen months ago I was conversing with my friend B., + who is an enthusiastic believer in mesmerism, and has repute as + an amateur practitioner. My contention was that his favorite + science (?) had contributed absolutely nothing to the world's + good to cause its recognition by either scientists or + philosophers. 'Can you give me,' said I, 'one instance in which + you have conferred an actual benefit by the practice of your + favorite art?' He related several, from which I selected the + following:--'There lives by my parsonage,' said my friend B., 'a + man who for many years, had been a confirmed drunkard. + Repeatedly were his wife and children forced to flee from him, + for when in his drunken frenzies, he attempted to murder them. + Again and again have I striven to induce him to flee from his + horrible vice, but my efforts were always futile. One day he + called to see me when he was suffering acutely from the effects + of drink. I resolved to place him under mesmeric influence. This + I did, and while subject to me made him promise not to touch + strong drink again, and if he attempted to break his pledge, + might the drink taste to him filthy as putrid soapsuds. I then + restored him to his normal state, and he left me. He kept his + unconsciously given promise. In the course of a couple of years + this man raised himself from a condition of poverty to the + comfortable position of a thriving market gardener. 'Not a + fortnight since,' resumed my friend, 'my neighbor's wife + laughingly said to me, 'There is no fear of my husband ever + drinking again, sir. You know he has to be in the market very + early in the morning with his vegetables. Yesterday morning, + while he was drinking a cup of coffee at the hotel an old mate + said to him, 'Why don't you drink some spirits; are you afraid?' + To show his mate that he was not afraid, he ordered a glass of + brandy, but no sooner did he put it in his mouth than he spat it + out again, saying the 'filthy stuff tasted like rotten + soapsuds.' My friend B. said, that, till he told me, to no one + had he mentioned the fact, and that what he did to his poor + neighbor he did in order to see if it were possible to use + mesmerism as a remedial agent in cases of drunkenness." + +The power of control over the impressible condition (which is so +easily developed into hypnotism) has been recently illustrated in +France, and reports of the phenomena published in the _London News_, +concerning which Mr. Charles Dawbarn has published the following in +the _Banner of Light_: + + "According to the reports published in the _Daily News_ of + London, Eng., an attempt has been made by physicians in Paris, + France, to determine the duration of an hypnotic influence. Some + of my readers may not be aware that 'hypnotism' is a word coined + by the medical faculty to replace the term 'mesmerism,' which + they consider disreputably associated with spiritualism. These + physicians seem to have had some very fine sensitives upon whom + to operate. The first experiment was upon a lady of some means, + but having a mother and sister dependent upon her for support. + The hypnotizer first established his influence in the usual + manner, and then told the lady he wished her to go to a lawyer + the next day, and make her will in his favor. She protested, but + finally gave way. All memory of this promise seemed to be lost + as soon as she returned to her normal condition. But next day + she went to a lawyer, and although he begged her to remember her + mother and sister, the will was made just as suggested by the + physician. She was an affectionate daughter and told the lawyer + she was impelled to leave her property to a stranger by _an + influence which she could not resist_. + + "A second experiment with another sensitive was then tried. This + time the poor girl promised to poison a friend next day, she + carried away with her a dose prepared by the doctor. Not knowing + why, and like the other sensitive, _under an influence she could + not resist_, she gave her friend the harmless drug in a glass of + milk, and thus enacted the part of a murderer. + + "These experiments have the novelty of having been made by the + regular faculty; but thousands of Spiritualists have proved the + truth of an hypnotic influence lasting long after the apparent + release of the sensitive. We know, or ought to know, that the + hypnotic condition can be induced without visible passes; and + many of us have seen a sensitive under influence sitting + quietly, showing no sign of her slavery to the will of another. + We may go yet a step further and assert that men and women, + visible and invisible, are constantly psychologizing each other, + although we only use the term "sensitive" when the effect is + visible to our dull senses. + + "But Spiritualists as a whole have been converted by the + phenomena appealing to their outward senses, and know little and + care little for effects that can only be traced by shrewd, + careful and scientific experiment. Yet such facts as come to the + surface in those experiments with sensitives in France, are keys + with which to unlock some of life's darkest mysteries, and + expose the harsh treatment of many mediums. + + "Many of us have been greatly troubled by the conduct of our + mediums, and often puzzled by their careful prepared attempts at + fraud. Mediums we have met and loved, because they have given us + proof after proof of the 'gates ajar' for angel visitors, have + been presently detected in frauds that required days of careful + preparation. We have cried, 'Down with the frauds!' and insisted + that they should return to wash-tub and spade for an honest + living. + + "We have omitted to keep in view that one who is a medium + Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays must also be a medium Tuesdays, + Thursdays and Saturdays, and we have neglected to learn the + lessons of our own experience. I was talking recently to a + gentleman of prominence, twice sheriff of his county, who was + narrating with glee how he had mesmerised a young man, and then + told him, 'At noon to-morrow you will be lame, and it will last + two hours.' Of course it happened much to the poor fellows + perplexity, but my friend would have been surprised to discover + that therein was the entire case of the French sensitives and of + our poor mediums. + + "A very important thought is that an hypnotic influence need not + spring from any verbal expression. We all carry with us an + influence which strikes every sensitive we meet; and if we sit + with her when she is, of course, specially passive, she must + receive a yet more marked influence. There is a photographic + curiosity now often exhibited which, I think, illustrates the + thought I want to emphasize. A family or a class can be + photographed, one by one, at exactly the same focus and on the + same negative, with a result that you have a clear and distinct + face, not of any one's personality, but that actually combines + the features of the whole into a new individual unlike any of + the sitters." + + "This is the very influence we cast upon a sensitive when she + sits for us in a miscellaneous circle. We cannot say that any + one of us has powerfully affected her, but we know the entire + influence has got control and possession, and that influence + follows her, too often with irresistible power." + +The publication of a work on animal magnetism by Binet and Fere of +Paris prompts the following sketch of the subject by the _Boston +Herald_, a newspaper which pays great attention to anything foreign or +anything from the old school profession, but ignores that which is +American and original. The reader will observe that the writers are +all in the dark, unable to explain the phenomena they describe. + + +PROGRESS OF MAGNETISM. + +One of the most notable features of the scientific tendencies of the +present day is the extraordinary interest taken in the investigation +of those peculiar physical and psychical conditions attending the +states now known collectively under the name of hypnotism, varying +from lethargy, catalepsy, etc., to somnambulism. Until quite recently +these investigations have been frowned upon and tabooed in scientific +circles, and the fact that any man of scientific inclinations was +known to feel an interest in matters associated with "mesmerism" or +"animal magnetism" was sufficient to make him an object of suspicion, +and injure his good standing amongst his fellow-scientists. The result +of the so-called investigations long ago instituted by the French +Academy, pronouncing in effect the whole subject a humbug and +delusion, has lain like an interdict upon further researches, and the +whole matter was left over, for the most part, to charlatans or to +persons hardly capable of forming sound judgments or proceeding +according to the accurate methods demanded by modern science. Science, +however, in the remarkable progress attained of late, has advanced so +far upon certain lines that it has been hardly possible to proceed +further in those directions without entering upon the forbidden field. +Therefore, the old signboards against trespassing have been taken +down. For "mesmerism," that verbal scarecrow, has been substituted +"hypnotism," which word has had a wonderfully legitimatizing effect; +while "animal magnetism," that once flouted idea, has been proven to +be an existent fact by methods as accurate as those adopted by Faraday +or Edison to verify their observations. + + +EFFORTS OF SCIENTISTS. + +Many of the most eminent scientists of Europe are now devoting +themselves assiduously to these researches. Periodicals making a +specialty of the subject are now published in France, Germany, and +England. A catalogue of the recent literature of hypnotism and related +phenomena, compiled by Max Dessoir, was printed in the number of the +German magazine called the _Sphinx_ for February of this year, and +this catalogue occupied nine pages. The list is limited to those works +written on the lines laid under the methods of the modern school, all +books being excluded whose authors hold to "mesmeric" theories, or who +are even professional magnetizers. The catalogue is, therefore, as +strictly scientific as possible, and, being classified with German +thoroughness under the different branches of the subject, such as +"hystero-hypnotism," "suggestion," "fascination," etc., it will prove +a valuable assistance to the student. + +In this country the interest of scientists has not yet been aroused to +an extent comparable with that of European investigators. Old +prejudices have not entirely lost their potency. One of the most +eminent professors of a leading university is said to have been +subjected to ridicule from his colleagues because of a marked interest +shown in the subject, and a Boston physician of high standing within a +few months confided to the writer that he had made use of hypnotic +methods, with gratifying success, in the case of a patient where +ordinary remedies had proven unavailing, but he did not venture to +make the results public, since his fellow doctors might be inclined to +condemn his action as "irregular." + +A work embracing the whole subject has lately appeared in Paris, and, +as it is to form a volume of the valuable International Scientific +series, published in English, French, German, and Italian, it can +hardly fail to diffuse a correct popular understanding of the results +thus far attained. The book is called "Le Magnetism Animal" (Animal +Magnetism), and its authors are Messrs. Alfred Binet and Charles Fere +of the medical staff of the Salpetriere Hospital for Nervous Disorders +in Paris. It gives a history of the patient researches conducted at +that institution by the medical staff under the celebrated Prof. +Charcot during the past nine years. These experiments have been +prosecuted according to the most exact scientific methods, and with +the most extreme caution. The endeavor has been to obtain, first of +all, the most elementary psychic phenomena, and to test every step in +the investigations by separate experiment, specially devised to prove +the good faith of the subject and the reality of his hallucination, to +eliminate the possibility of unconscious suggestion, to establish +relations with similar phenomena of disease or health in the domain of +physiology and psychology, and to note the modifications which can be +brought about by altering the conditions of the experiments. The +authors possess the great scientific virtue of never dogmatising. In +the entire book not a single law is laid down, not a single hypothesis +is advanced, which is not reached by the most approved inductive +processes. A great service of the book lies in its enunciation of new +and trustworthy methods for studying the physiology of the brain in +health and disease, while it brings into the realm of physical +experiment vexed questions of psychology heretofore given over to +metaphysical methods exclusively. + + +THE HYPNOTIC SLEEP + +Is described as a different form of natural sleep, and all the causes +which bring on fatigue are capable of bringing on hypnotism in +suitable subjects. Two of the leading hypnotic states are lethargy and +catalepsy, the former being analogous to deep sleep, and the latter to +a light slumber. In lethargy the respiratory movements are slow and +deep; in catalepsy slight, shallow, very slow, and separated by a long +interval. In lethargy the application of a magnet over the region of +the stomach causes profound modifications in the breathing and +circulation, while there is no such effect in catalepsy. This shows +the connection of hypnotism with magnetism, and various other +experiments with magnets have produced some remarkable results. Here +it may be added that Dr. Gessmann, a Vienna scientist who has made a +specialty of hypnotic studies, has invented and successfully applied +an instrument called a hypnoscope, consisting of an arrangement of +magnets for the purpose of ascertaining whether any person is a good +hypnotic subject. + +The experiments demonstrate that sensation in the hypnotic states +varies between the two opposite poles of hyperaesthesia and +anaeesthesia; in other words, the senses may be extraordinarily +exalted, as in somnambulism, or, as in lethargy, they may be extinct, +except sometimes hearing. In somnambulism the field of vision and +acuteness of sight are about doubled, hearing is made very acute, and +smell is so intensely developed that a subject can find by scent the +fragment of a card, previously given him to feel, and then torn up and +hidden. The memory in somnambulism is similarly exalted. When awakened +the subject does not, as a rule, remember anything that occurred while +he was entranced, but, when again hypnotized, his memory includes all +the facts of his sleep, his life when awake and his former sleeps. +Richet attests how somnambules recall with a luxury of detail scenes +in which they have taken part and places they have visited long ago. +M----, one of his somnambules, sings the air of the second act of the +opera "L'Africaine" when she is asleep, but can not remember a note of +it when awake. + +There is a theory that no experience whatever of any person is lost to +the memory; it is only the power to recall it that is defective. The +authors of this work say that, while the exaltation of the memory +during somnambulism does not give absolute proof to the theory that +nothing is lost, it proves at any rate that the memory of preservation +is much greater than is generally imagined, in comparison with the +memory of reproduction, or recollection. "It is evident," they say, +"that in a great number of cases, where we believe the memory is +completely blotted out, it is nothing of the kind. The trace is always +there, but what is lacking is the power to evoke it; and it is highly +probable that if we were subjected to hypnotism, or the action of +suitable excitants, memories to all appearance dead might be revived." + +A comparison between the phenomena of awakening from natural and +artificial sleep is instituted. In the case of dreams, recollection +more or less vivid persists for a few seconds, then becomes effaced. +This forgetfulness is even more marked in the case of hypnosis. On +returning to natural consciousness, the subject cannot recompose a +single one of the scenes in which he has played his part as witness or +actor. The loss, however, is not complete, for often a word or two is +sufficient to bring back a whole scene, though this word or two coming +from operator to subject, partakes more or less of the nature of a +suggestion. + + +SUGGESTION. + +"Suggestion," by which is meant the production of thoughts and actions +on the part of the subject through some indication or hint given by +the operator, is found to be analogous to dreaming. Say the authors: +"For suggestion to succeed, the subject must have naturally fallen, or +been artificially thrown into a state of morbid receptivity: but it is +difficult to determine accurately the conditions of suggestionability. +However, we may mention two. The first, the mental inertia of the +subject: * * * the consciousness is completely empty: an idea is +suggested, and reigns supreme over the slumbering consciousness, * * * +The second is psychic hyperexcitability, the cause of the aptitude for +suggestion." "For example, we say to a patient: 'Look, you have a bird +in your apron,' and no sooner are these simple words pronounced than +she sees the bird, feels it with her fingers, and sometimes even hears +it sing." "Again, in place of speech we engage the attention of the +patient, and when her gaze has become settled and obediently follows +all our movements, we imitate with the hand the motion of an object +which flies. Soon the subject cries: 'Oh, what a pretty bird!' How has +a simple gesture produced so singular an effect?" + + "It is admitted, however, that the hypothesis of the association + of ideas only partly covers the facts of suggestion, even when + stretched to include resemblances. For instance, when we charge + the brain of an entranced patient with some strange idea, such + as, 'On awakening you will rob Mr. So-and-so of his + handkerchief,' and on awakening, the patient accomplishes the + theft commanded, can we believe that in such a sequence there is + nothing more than an image associated with an act? In point of + fact, the patient has appropriated and assimilated the idea of + the experimenter. She does not passively execute a strange + order, but the order has passed in her consciousness from + passive to active. We can go so far as to say that the patient + has the will to steal. This state is complex and obscure, + hitherto no one has explained it. * * * The facts of paralysis + by suggestion completely upset classical psychology. The + experimenter who produces them so easily knows neither what he + produces nor how he does it. Take the example of a systematic + anaesthesia (paralysis of sensation). We say to the subject, 'On + awakening you will not see Mr. X., who is there before us; he + will have completely disappeared.' No sooner said than done; the + patient on awakening sees every one around her except Mr. X. + When he speaks she does not answer his questions; if he places + his hand on her shoulder she does not feel the contact; if he + gets in her way, she walks straight on, and is terrified at + being stopped by an invisible obstacle. * * * Here the laws of + association, which do such good service in solving psychological + problems, abandon us completely. Apparently they do not account + for all the facts of consciousness." + + +PORTRAITS BY HALLUCINATION. + +A remarkable and suggestive series of experiments performed with +portraits by hallucination is given in the book. These experiments +show, that if by suggestion a subject is made to see a portrait on a +sheet of card board which is exactly alike on both sides, the image +will always be seen on the same side, and, however it is presented, +the subject will always place the card with the surfaces and edges in +the exact positions they occupied at the moment of suggestion, in such +a manner that the image can neither be reversed nor inclined. If the +surfaces are reversed, the image is no longer seen; if the edges, it +is seen upside down. The subject is never caught in a mistake; the +changes may be made out of his sight, but the image is invariably seen +in accordance with the primitive conditions, although absolutely no +difference is to be detected by the normal vision between the two +blank surfaces. + +One experiment brings out this fact clearly. On a white sheet of paper +is placed a card equally white; with a fine point, but without +touching the paper, the contour of the card is followed while the idea +of a line traced in black is suggested to the subject. The subject, +when awakened, is asked to fold the paper according to these imaginary +lines. He holds the paper at the distance at which it was at the +moment of suggestion, and folds it in the form of a rectangle exactly +superposable on the card. + +A curious experiment in the same line has been often repeated by Prof. +Charcot. The subject is given the suggestion of a portrait on a white +card, which is then shuffled up with a dozen cards all alike. On +awakening, the subject is asked to run over the collection, without +being told the reason why it is wished. When he comes to the card on +which had been located the imaginary portrait, he at once perceives +it. One detail of these experiments is very significant. Supposing we +show the imaginary portrait at a distance of two yards from the +subject's eyes, the card appears white, whereas a real photograph +would appear gray. If it is gradually brought nearer, the imaginary +portrait at last appears, but it is necessary for it to be much nearer +than an ordinary photograph for the patient to recognize the subject. +By means of opera glasses we can make the patient recognize her +hallucination at a distance at which she could not perceive it with +the naked eye. In short, the imaginary object which figures in the +hallucination is perceived under the same conditions as if it were +real. Various other experiments are detailed in support of this +formula. The opera glasses only act as if they were focussed upon the +point of hallucination, and in the case of a short-sighted subject +they had to be altered to allow for the defect of vision. If the +patient looks through a prism the image is seen duplicated, although +the subject is absolutely ignorant of the properties of a prism, as +well as of the fact that the glass is a prism. A photograph of the +plain white card used when the photograph was suggested may be +substituted, and on being shown to the patient, the hallucinatory +image is seen just the same, even two years after the original +experiment, as was done in one case. + +Some strange phenomena of polarity are related. The following +experiments by MM. Binet and Fere are given in illustration: "We give +a patient in somnambulism the common hallucination of a bird poised on +her finger. While she is caressing the imaginary bird she is awakened +and a magnet is brought near her head. After a few minutes she stops +short, raises her eyes and looks about in astonishment. The bird which +was on her finger has disappeared. She looks all over the ward and at +last finds it, for we hear her say, 'So you thought you would leave +me, little bird.' After a few minutes the bird again disappears anew, +but almost immediately reappears. The patient complains from time to +time of a pain in the head at a point corresponding to what has been +described in this book as the visual centre (some distance above and +slightly posterior to the ear)." The magnet also has the same effect +in suspending the real perception. One of the patients was shown a +Chinese gong and striker, and took fright on sight of the instrument. +When a blow was struck she instantly fell into catalepsy. She was +reawakened, and asked to look attentively at the gong; meanwhile, +without her knowledge, a small magnet was brought near her head. After +a minute the instrument had completely disappeared from her sight. +When it was struck with redoubled force, she only looked from side to +side with an air of slight astonishment. + + * * * * * + +The mysteries which puzzle these writers are made plain by +anthropology, and I have been presenting the explanation for over +forty years to my pupils. The sensibility to hypnotic phenomena is due +to the anterior portion of the middle lobe of the brain--to the +portion which is developed one inch behind the external angle of the +eye, by exciting which we bring on the somnolent condition. The +predominance of this region renders the person liable to the mesmeric +phenomena. + +The hypnoscope proposed is quite unnecessary. The proper test of +magnetic susceptibility is either to excite the organ of somnolence +and observe if the eyes are disposed to close, or to pass your fingers +over the outstretched hand of the subject, within one or two inches, +and observe if he feels any impression. A distinct feeling of coolness +is sufficient proof of magnetic susceptibility. + +Let those who wish to investigate the subject begin in accordance with +true science by testing the sensitiveness of the hand. If sensitive, +let the subject sit in a passive state, while you touch the somnolent +region on the temples, one inch horizontally behind the brow. In from +one to ten minutes the eyes will show a disposition to close, winking +repeatedly until a dreamy condition arises, with a tendency to a +conscious sleep. In this condition the susceptibility is extreme. +Experiments in psychometry may be tried with success; the organs of +the brain may be excited, and many interesting experiments may be made +by those who understand the brain, for intellectual purposes, or for +the promotion of health and cure of diseases. + +The whole subject is thoroughly explained in the College of +Therapeutics, making thereby a perfect guidance to health, and to +progress in philosophy, and supplying the great lack in all systems of +education--self-knowledge and the sublime art of health, longevity, +and progress in Divine wisdom. + + + + +THE SO-CALLED SCIENTIFIC IMMORTALITY. + + +The Smithsonian Institution at Washington was founded for the increase +and diffusion of knowledge. Guided by the contracted notions prevalent +among scientists, it has not accomplished much for either object. The +theory of Lester F. Ward of this institution was paraphrased as +follows in the last JOURNAL: + + As for immortal life I must confess, + Science has never, never answered "yes." + Indeed all psycho-physiological sciences show, + If we'd be loyal, we must answer "no!" + Man cannot recollect before being born, + And hence his future life must be "in a horn." + There must be a _parte ante_ if there's a _parte post_, + And logic thus demolishes every future ghost. + Upon this subject the voice of science + Has ne'er been aught but stern defiance. + Mythology and magic belong to "_limbus fatuorum_;" + If fools believe them, we scientists deplore 'em. + But, nevertheless, the immortal can't be lost, + For every atom has its bright, eternal ghost! + +Mr. Ward appears to enjoy greatly this theory of his own final +extinction, and he exclaims with infinite self-satisfaction, "this +pure and ennobling sense of truth he would scorn to barter for the +selfish and illusory hope of an eternity of personal existence." This +is quite a jolly funeral indeed! + +It is true Mr. Ward's very profound theories contradict an immense +number of facts observed by wiser men than himself, but so much the +worse for the facts,--they must not embarrass a Smithsonian +philosopher when he solves to his own satisfaction the vast problem of +the universe. This Mr. Ward thinks he has done. It is quite an +ingenious and laboriously constructed hypothesis, but like all other +attempts to construct a grand philosophy without a basis of fact, it +is hard to manufacture the theory and hard to comprehend it. Mr. Ward +says himself in the _Open Court_ that even to comprehend his doctrine +would require the "careful reading of nearly 200 pages," while "to see +the matter in precisely the same light as I see it would require the +reading of the entire work of some 1400 pages!" Really, Mr. Ward, the +writer who cannot sufficiently befuddle himself and his readers in +fifty pages is not very skilful. + +Nevertheless the Ward theory is one of the best that has ever been +gotten up by the champions of nescience, and is worthy of a statement +in the Journal as quite an improvement on the common expression of +materialistic stolidity. He claims that he does not deny immortality, +but he recognizes no immortality of man--no human soul. He recognizes +only the immortality of the world, such as it is, which nobody denies. +The future life of man he considers nothing but an illusion, though +there is an immortality of intelligence _here_ in successive forms. + +The doctrine, is that spirit, intelligence, or consciousness is a part +of matter--that every atom has its own little share, which practically +amounts to nothing in its infinite subdivision, but when matter comes +into organized forms the spiritual powers thus aggregated and +organized become an efficient spiritual energy; and the higher the +organism the grander the power that is developed, man being the most +perfect organization evolves the grandest spiritual power, as a +superior violin evolves finer music than a tambourine. But the +intelligence and will of man are only phenomena, like the music, and +have no existence beyond that of the organism that produces them. This +is substantially the theory of materialists generally, and of the old +school medical colleges which consider human life a mere product of +human tissues in combination--a doctrine conclusively refuted in +"Therapeutic Sarcognomy." + +The special merit of the Ward theory lies in the supposition that mind +and matter are elements everywhere inseparably united, and that human +intelligence is developed by the aggregation and organization of the +mind powers that reside in the atoms of matter,--an explanation which +does not often occur to the exponents of materialism,--and has the +merit of ingenuity. The theory would do very well if it were not +demonstrable that life exists only from influx, and that human life +and personality survive the body, and become known to every highly +organized sensitive, who knows how to investigate such matters. + +The Ward theory demolishes the Deity with the greatest ease, and +places man, fleeting or evanescent as he is, at the summit of the +universe! As he expresses it, "The only intelligence in the universe +worthy of the name is the intelligence of the organized beings which +have been evolved; and the highest manifestations of the psychic power +known to the occupants of this planet is that which emanates from the +human brain. Thus does science invert the pantheistic pyramid." + +Such is the fog that emanates from the institution that should help +the advance and diffusion of knowledge. No God! no soul! not even the +awful power that Spencer blindly acknowledges--nothing but matter +bubbling up and organizing itself into temporary forms that decay and +are gone forever. We may well reciprocate his suggestion, and say that +such doctrines belong to the _limbus fatuorum_, and, if enjoyed as Mr. +Ward enjoys them, they may well be called the "fool's paradise." I +think Hegel has some similar notion--that God becomes conscious only +in man, unconscious everywhere else! And even so brilliant a writer as +M. Renan says, "For myself I think that there is not in the universe +any intelligence superior to that of man." In reading such expressions +we are strongly reminded of the poem on the "rationalistic chicken," +which would not admit that it ever came out of an egg. When the wisdom +shown in the universe is so immensely beyond the comprehension of man, +how can he assume his own to be the highest wisdom? + +To such dreary absurdities as this the _Open Court_ newspaper at +Chicago is devoted, and it has a bevy of well-educated friends and +supporters--well-educated as the world goes,--and graced with literary +capacity and culture, but educated into blindness and ignorance of the +scientific phenomena of psychic science,--unwilling to investigate or +incapable of candid investigation. The coterie sustaining such a +newspaper are precisely in the position of the contemporaries of +Galileo, who refused to look through his telescope or study his +demonstrations. + +It is not from any scientific spirit or scientific acumen that this +materialistic coterie avoid psychometric and spiritual facts. The +newspapers which ignore or sneer at such knowledge are easily gulled +in matters of science. A writer in the _Open Court_ upon the +possibilities of the future, which he presents as being confined +"strictly to legitimate deductions from present knowledge," exhibits +an amount and variety of ignorant credulity which ought not to have +gained admission to an intelligent journal. He speaks of an unlimited +freedom of submarine navigation and navigation of the air which would +not have appeared possible to any but the most superficial sciolist. +He also speaks of an electroscope that will telegraph rays of light +(!) and enable us thereby to see our most distant friends, and of +stowing in a small compass electricity enough to exterminate an army. +This imaginative ignoramus adds, "Give to our present biped +acquaintance the ability to exterminate armies with a lightning flash, +added to the power of sailing at will through the air or of passing at +will and in safety beneath the ocean waves, and he would depopulate +the earth." The writer gives much more of this Munchausen stuff which +is not worthy of notice except as an illustration of the feeble +scientific intelligence with which many newspapers are edited. The +editor of a really scientific journal referred to this article in the +_Open Court_ "as a proof of the danger of a little knowledge."[1] + + [1] The air is certainly yet to be navigated when a + sufficient amount of power can be concentrated in the + machine, but at present we can do little more than float + with the wind. It is probable that an engine sufficiently + strong, built of the best steel, and propelled by the + explosive power of gun cotton, or some similar explosive, + would overcome the difficulty. If I were to construct such + an engine I would substitute for the lifting power of a + balloon that of a sail acting as a kite. + + + + +REVIEW OF THE NEW EDUCATION. + +BY SAMUEL EADON, M.A., M.D., PH.D., F.S.A., ETC. + + +I have read very carefully the third edition of the "New Education," +and feel impelled, in order to satisfy my conscientiousness, to write +a short article relative to the impressions which the reading of the +book produced in my mind. + +It is a work of extraordinary merit. Like George Combe's "Constitution +of Man," it is highly suggestive; the fascination of the author was +such that I could not help but write. To know its value and appreciate +its lofty moral outpourings, people must buy the book and read for +themselves. The first thought would be that it is the production of an +original thinker who had the courage to utter opinions fearless of +results, however antagonistic to the common-herd notions. + +In all ages, the human understanding, the reasoning faculties, have +ever been considered to hold the supremacy in the scale of +development, of culture, and of advance toward a higher form of +civilization; the moral faculties were thought next in order, and then +the propensities common to all animal natures held the third or +inferior position. This view of human nature has been handed down from +an elder antiquity and still retains its hold largely in the +universities and great public schools of the present day. + +If this view of the nature of man be a correct one, there ought to be +a vast intellectual brotherhood of mankind; but it is not so. From the +days of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, this culture of the +intellectual power has been continuously pursued, but with very +slender results; for were this kind of education pursued for 100,000 +years, the morale of society would be little better than it is at the +present time. + +Dr. Buchanan takes quite a different view and makes the moral or +ethical faculties supreme, in development and culture, the intellect +being the instruments for acquiring facts and the propensities the +steam to bring about the desired results. According to his views of +man, our emotional faculties are of a higher or more God-like order +than our intellectual powers. The intellect being the hand-maid to the +emotions, to _feel_ the force of truth is higher in mental excellence +than to _perceive_ it. Depth of emotions is the climax of spiritual +power. + +The ethical and aesthetic being the foundation of the New Education, +Dr. Buchanan, in a series of beautifully written chapters, enters into +details in reference to what teachers should be, what the subjects +taught ought to be, and what are the shells and what the kernels of +knowledge. He shows clearly that woman will ultimately be the +regenerator of humanity, that education so far has been merely +fractional and one-sided--that true development consists in the +co-education of soul and body, the co-education of man and woman, the +co-education of the material and spiritual worlds. + +There are a million of teachers, and every one should have a copy of +this work. No man is fit to teach in the high sense advocated by this +author unless he has thoroughly mastered this work. It is easy to pull +down a system, but not so easy to build it up; but in the New +Education the follies of the old educational systems are not only +levelled to the dust, but a higher and more practical, industrious, +and crime-preventing system of training and teaching takes its place. +This book will become the grand educational Bible for teachers in all +countries where the English language is spoken. + +Nor should it be in the hands of teachers only. Every intelligent +father and mother, anxious for the development of their sons and +daughters should study this book night and day. It should be +translated into every European language, and also into Chinese and +other Eastern tongues; the refined, aesthetic, and knowledge-loving +people of Japan, were the work translated into their language, would +enjoy it intensely. + +HAMBROOK COURT, near Bristol, England. + + * * * * * + +A Japanese scholar has already undertaken the translation of the "New +Education" in Japan. The JOURNAL has not room at present for the +essays of correspondents, and I have only given a small portion of the +essay of the learned Dr. Eadon, who is the most progressive member of +the medical profession in England. + + + + +VICTORIA'S HALF CENTURY + + +We are nearing the fiftieth anniversary of the beginning of Queen +Victoria's reign. A London writer, reviewing the changes which have +taken place in the period marks these notable points: A strange +country was England in those far-off days; there was but little +difference between the general state of society under William and the +general state of society under George II. If we compared the courts of +George IV. and William with the company of a low tap-room, we should +not flatter the tap-room. Broad-blown coarseness, rank debauchery, +reckless prodigality, were seen at their worst in the abode of English +monarchs. A decent woman was out of place amid the stupid horrors of +the Pavilion or of Windsor; and we do not wonder at the sedulous care +which the Queen's guardians employed to keep her beyond reach of the +prevailing corruption. A man like the Duke of Cumberland would not now +be permitted to show his face in public save in the dock; but in those +times his peculiar habits were regarded as quite royal and quite +natural. Jockeys, blacklegs, gamblers, prize-fighters were esteemed as +the natural companions of princes; and when England's king drove up to +the verge of a prize-ring in the company of a burly rough who was +about to exchange buffets with another rough, the proceeding was +considered as quite manly and orthodox. Imagine the Prince of Wales +driving in the park with a champion boxer! + +A strange country indeed was England in those times; and to look +through the newspapers and memoirs of fifty years ago is an amusement +at once instructive and humiliating. The king dines with the premier +duke, makes him drunk, and has him carefully driven round the streets, +so that the public may see what an intoxicated nobleman is like. The +same king pushes a statesman into a pond, and screams with laughter as +the drenched victim crawls out. Morning after morning the chief man of +the realm visits the boxing-saloon, and learns to batter the faces and +ribs of other noble gentlemen. We hear of visits paid by royalty to an +obscure Holborn tavern, where, after noisy suppers, the fighting-men +were wont to roar their hurricane choruses and talk with many +blasphemies of by-gone combats. Think of that succession of ugly and +foul sports compared with the peace, the refinement, the gentle and +subdued manners of Victoria's court, and we see how far England has +travelled since 1837. + +Fifty years ago our myriads of kinsmen across the seas were strangers +to us, and the amazing friendship which has sprung up between the +subjects of Victoria and the citizens of the vast republic was +represented fifty years ago by a kind of sheepish, good-humored +ignorance, tempered by jealousy. The smart packets left London and +Liverpool to thrash their way across the Atlantic swell, and they were +lucky if they managed to complete the voyage in a month--Charles +Dickens sailed in a vessel which took twenty-two days for the trip, +and she was a steamer, no less! For all practical purposes England and +America are now one country. The trifling distance of 3,000 miles +across the Atlantic seems hardly worth counting, according to our +modern notions; and the American gentleman talks quite easily and +naturally about running over to London or Paris to see a series of +dramatic performances or an exhibition of pictures. When Victoria +began to reign the English people mostly regarded America as a dim +region, and the voyage thither was a fearsome understanding. + +There is something in the catalogue of mechanical devices which almost +affects the mind with fatigue. Fifty years ago the ordinary citizen +picked up his ideas of all that was going on in the world from a +sorely-taxed news-sheet; and a very blurred idea he managed to get at +the best. Poor folk had to do without the luxury of the news, and they +were as much circumscribed mentally as though they had been cattle; we +remember a village where even in 1852 the common people did not know +who the Duke of Wellington was. No such thing as a newspaper had been +seen there within the memory of man; only one or two of the natives +had seen a railway engine, and nobody in the whole village row had +been known to visit a town. But now-a-days the villager has his +high-class news-sheet; and he is very much discontented indeed if he +does not see the latest intelligence from America, India, Australia, +China--everywhere. An American statesman's conversation of Monday +afternoon is reported accurately in the London journals on Tuesday +morning; a speech of Mr. Gladstone's delivered at midnight on one day +is summarized in New York and San Francisco the next day; the result +of a race run at Epsom is known in Bombay within forty minutes. We use +no paradox when we say that every man in the civilized world now lives +next door to everybody else; oceans are merely convenient pathways, +howling deserts are merely handy places for planting telegraph poles +and for swinging wires along which thoughts travel between country and +country with the velocity of lightning. We see that the world with its +swarming populations is growing more and more like some great organism +whereof the nerve-centres are subtly, delicately connected by +sensitive nerve-tissues. Even now, using a lady's thimble, two pieces +of metal, and a little acid, we can speak to a friend across the +Atlantic gulf, and before ten years are over, a gentleman in London +will doubtless be able to sit in his office and hear the actual tones +of some speaker in New York. + +So much has the magic half century brought about. + +If we think of the scientific knowledge possessed by the most +intelligent men when the Queen ascended the throne, we can hardly +refrain from smiling, for it seems as though we were studying the +mental endowment of a race of children. The science of electricity was +in its infancy; the laws of force were misunderstood; men did not know +what heat really was. They knew next to nothing of the history of the +globe, and they accounted for the existence of varying species of +plants and animals by means of the most infantine hypotheses. A +complete revolution--vital and all-embracing--has altered our modes of +thought, so that the man of 1887 can scarcely bring himself to +conceive the state of mind which contented the man of 1837. We have +dark doubts now, perplexing misgivings, weary uncertainties, painful +consciousness of limited powers; but along with these weaknesses we +have our share of certainties. Are we happier? Nay, not in mind. A +quiet melancholy marks the words of all the men who have thought most +deeply and learned most. The wise no longer cry out or complain--they +accept life and fate with calm sadness, and perhaps with prayerful +resignation. We have learned to know how little we can know, and we +see with composure that even the miracles already achieved by the +restless mind of man are as nothing. + + * * * * * + +There is a far better reason than this for the sadness of thinking +men. It is that, with all the progress of science, art, and education, +poverty, misery, disease, and crime still afflict society as they did +in ruder ages, and our progress is _onward_, but not _upward_. It is +_upward_ progress to which the JOURNAL OF MAN is devoted. + +In the foregoing sketch very little is said of the real progress of +the age--the increase of education, the uprising of the people into +greater political power and liberty, the prostration of the power of +the church, which is destined to disestablishment, and the uprising of +spiritual science. + +What is there in the reign of Victoria to be celebrated? Was there +ever a more perfect specimen of barely respectable commonplace than +the reign of Victoria? What generous impulse, or what notable wisdom +has she ever shown? What has she done for the relief of Ireland, for +the improvement of a society full of pauperism, crime and suffering, +or for the prevention of unjust foreign wars? When has she ever given +even a respectable gift to any good object from her enormous income? +But virtue is not expected in sovereigns; they are expected only to +enjoy themselves hugely, to make an ostentatious display, and consume +all their benighted subjects give them. + +Mrs. Stanton says:--"The two great questions now agitating Great +Britain are 'Coercion for Ireland,' and the 'Queen's Jubilee,' a +tragedy and a comedy in the same hour." + +Speaking of the Queen's Jubilee she says: + + "In this supreme moment of the nation's political crisis, the + Queen and her suite are junketing around in their royal yachts + on the coast of France, while proposing to celebrate her year of + Jubilee by levying new taxes on her people, in the form of penny + and pound contributions to build a monument to Prince Albert. + The year of Jubilee! While under the eyes of the Queen her Irish + subjects are being evicted from their holdings at the point of + the bayonet; their cottages burned to the ground; aged and + helpless men and women and newborn children, alike left + crouching on the highways, under bridges, hayricks and hedges, + crowded into poorhouses, jails and prisons, to expiate their + crimes growing out of poverty on the one hand and patriotism on + the other. + + "A far more fitting way to celebrate the year of Jubilee would + be for the Queen to scatter the millions hoarded in her private + vaults among her needy subjects, to mitigate, in some measure, + the miseries they have endured from generation to generation; to + inaugurate some grand improvement in her system of education; to + extend still further the civil and political rights of her + people; to suggest, perchance, an Inviolable Homestead Bill for + Ireland, and to open the prison doors to her noble priests and + patriots. + + "But instead of such worthy ambitions in the fiftieth year of her + reign, what does the Queen propose? With her knowledge and + consent, committees of ladies are formed in every county, town + and village in all the colonies under her flag, to solicit these + penny and pound contributions, to be placed at her disposal. + + "Ladies go from house to house, not only to the residences of + the rich, but to the cottages of the poor, through all the marts + of trade, the fields, the factories, begging pennies for the + Queen from servants and day-laborers." + +These forced collections are not entirely for the benefit of the +Queen, but are to be appropriated also to a vast variety of local +objects and institutions. + + + + +THE OUTLOOK OF DIOGENES. + + +The ancient philosopher Diogenes, whom even the presence of Alexander +could not overawe, is one of the most marked and heroic figures of +ancient history. It is said "The Athenians admired his contempt for +comfort, and allowed him a wide latitude of comment and rebuke. +Practical good was the chief aim of his philosophy; for literature and +the fine arts he did not conceal his disdain. He laughed at men of +letters for reading the sufferings of Ulysses while neglecting their +own; at musicians who spent in stringing their lyres the time which +would have been much better employed in making their own discordant +natures harmonious; at savants for gazing at the heavenly bodies while +sublimely incognizant of earthly ones; at orators who studied how to +enforce truth, but not how to practice it. * * * When asked what +business he was proficient in, he answered, 'to command men.'" + +Psychometry brings up these ancient characters as vividly and +truthfully as history. Such psychometric descriptions are a continual +miracle. How the psychometers, knowing not of whom they are speaking, +guided only by a mysterious intuition, should speak of the most +ancient characters as familiarly and truly as of our acquaintances +to-day, will ever stand as a psychic miracle, to illustrate the Divine +Wisdom that established such a power in man. This is the daily +experience of Mrs. Buchanan. Her description of Diogenes was as +follows: + + "I think this is an ancient. There is something quaint about + him. He does not seem to follow anything or anybody. He lived a + natural life, indifferent to current teachings. He had peculiar + original ideas of his own as to life and its purposes, and seems + to be a man of philanthropic nature, not aesthetic, but very + indifferent as to personal appearance and habits, or as to + pleasing people, not at all fastidious. He did not mind people's + opinions in the least. They never disturbed him. + + "He had enough combativeness to fight his way through + difficulties. He had great self-reliance, and did not mind + obstacles. If he had to take part in disturbances, he was ready, + and had tact and tactics. He had a peculiar power of governing + men, and a peculiar way of gaining confidence and esteem. He did + not show off at all, and was not at all condescending. He had a + great deal of sagacity. He regarded as trifles things people + considered as momentous. + + "(To what country did he belong?) He was probably a Greek, but + he did not accord with anything of his time. He lived in the + future and anticipated great changes. He did not agree with any + contemporary religion, politics, fashions or manners, but was + very sarcastic upon them. He was a philosopher, devoted to the + useful, and cared nothing for the ornamental, either in + architecture, fashions or anything else. He might not make war + on the religion as he was not rancorous or rebellious, but he + had different ideas in himself, and was candid in expressing + them. He does not give much attention to modern times, but if he + were here he would enjoy modern improvements and benevolence, + but would denounce our fashions and our bigotry, and teach a + primitive style of living." + +Let us invoke the strong spirit of Diogenes whose sturdy freedom +of thought was like that of Walt Whitman, to cooperate in the review +of modern life. Such men are greatly needed to review a +corrupt civilization; and where is the civilization now, where was +there ever a civilization that was not corrupt? The function of +Diogenes is not performed either by the pulpit or the press. A +few special journals are terribly severe on special evils, but the +reformatory words of the press generally are few and far between, in +comparison to what is needed. The JOURNAL OF MAN does not +propose to fill the hiatus and make war upon the myriad evils of +society, but it must speak out, now and then, like Diogenes, especially +when others neglect their duty. + +What is the condition of our legislative bodies? Where is there +one that does not provoke sharp criticism? The Albany correspondent +of the _N. Y. Sun_, speaking of the legislative adjournment, says; +"Mr. William F. Sheehan, leader of the Democratic minority to the +Assembly, summed up the work of the Legislature of 1887 when in +his address on the floor of the Assembly on the day of final adjournment, +he said: 'Prayer will ascend from thousands of hearts of the +citizens of this State at noon to-day for their deliverance from this +Legislature. It began its session with the corrupt election of a +United States Senator. It lived in bribery, and it dies a farce.' +No one here regrets the adjournment except the gamblers and the +lobbyists. Even the lobbyists would be glad for a vacation, as their +labors in bidding for the legislative cattle the last month have been +most arduous. The people of Albany look on the Legislature as a +pestilence to which they must yearly submit, and they welcome its +departure as a farmer does the going of a swarm of locusts from his +fields. + +"Whatever else may be said about the Legislature of 1887, no one ever +accused it of being honest, and there is no doubt that it was +industrious." + +This corrupt Legislature passed two very discreditable bills which +would have been made positively infamous if it had not been for the +active opposition of a few friends of liberty. One of these bills was +designed to add to the stringency of the present obstructive medical +law; the other was designed to assist the labors of Anthony Comstock +in interrupting the circulation of popular physiological literature, +under pretence of suppressing obscenity. + +In the Legislature of Pennsylvania, the law designed to suppress the +cultivation of spiritual science by severe penalties, was favorably +reported by a committee but prevented by popular indignation from +passing. Yet the people were not sufficiently alert to prevent +legislation in favor of that monopoly the Standard Oil Company, which +is considered a betrayal of justice. + +In Illinois a bill was passed in the Senate and came near passing in +the House, which would have abolished all medical freedom and made it +a crime for any one but a licensed doctor to help the sick in any way, +even by a prayer. Verily the spirit of American liberty does not +pervade American communities and American legislatures. + +In Massachusetts the Old Puritanic Sunday Laws having fallen into +"_innocuous desuetude_," an attempt to give them a partial enforcement +in Boston compelled a little legislative action and the result was +what might have been expected in a State in which religious opinions +are allowed to interfere with the credibility of a witness, and in +which Diogenes, if he were here, would be struck with the vast +inconsistency between the creed of Christendom and its practice, and +the vast disparity between the progress of modern knowledge and the +effete system of education in our Universities. He would wonder why +modern colleges are more interested in the details of Greek life and +letters than in the beneficent sciences of to-day of which the Greeks +knew nothing. + +He would wonder why the edicts of the Pagan emperor, Constantine, +concerning the observance of Sunday are observed and enforced as a +religious duty, while the Divine love inculcated by Jesus Christ, +which forbids all strife and war, is no more regarded by Christian +nations than by the rulers of ancient Rome. + +He would look into the schools and universities professedly devoted to +science and literature, and ask why they have even less freedom of +discussion and thought than the schools of Athens, every professor +being interested to discourage the investigation of novelties in +philosophy instead of being ready to welcome original investigation. + +Under the new Sunday law of Massachusetts, Sunday trains and steamboat +lines are at the mercy of the railroad commissioners, who can stop +every one of them; but boating, yachting, and carriage driving on +Sunday are free to all who have the money to pay for them. But while +outdoor frolic is free-and-easy, indoor enjoyment is prohibited. +Everybody is liable to five dollar fines for _attending_ "any sport, +game, or play" on Sunday, unless it has been licensed, and private +families never ask a license for their own amusements. But _to be +present_ on Sunday "_at any dancing_," brings a liability to a $50 +fine for each offence! What a terrible thing dancing is to be sure, +that looking on should cost $50, while a frolic in boating and +yachting is unexceptionably holy, and the fast young men may kick up a +dust, kill the horses, and smash the buggies with impunity, or kill +themselves by rowing in the hot sun, under whiskey stimulus on Sunday. + +The laws for hotels and restaurants are even more absurd. Travellers, +strangers and lodgers may be freely entertained, but if _anybody else_ +(who is he?) comes into the house, or remains on the grounds about it, +on Sunday, the landlord can be fined as much as $50 at the first pop, +$100 at the second pop, and at the third pop he is to be shut up and +deprived of his license. Somebody else must be a terrible fellow on +Sunday--and he is a dangerous customer on Saturday too, for if he +comes in on Saturday evening, or even lounges on the grounds, it is a +fine of five dollars for the landlord. But who is he? How is the poor +landlord, or victualler to discover _somebody else_, who is neither +lodger, stranger, nor traveller. The landlord cannot detect him, but +all sheriffs, grand jurors, and constables are required to hunt for +him! _Vive la bagatelle!_ + +Strictly private gambling is safe on Sunday, and our _Chevaliers +d'Industrie_ may ruin a dozen families, and provoke suicide and +murder,--"plate sin with gold" and it is protected, and the swindling +shyster is protected too on Sunday, for no civil process can be served +on that holy day; the rogue who is bothered on that day can get +exemplary damages by this law of Sunday asylum. But the poor keeper of +a restaurant or of an inn, is the victim for old legislative boys to +throw stones at. They have provided a hundred dollar fine for every +innholder or victualler who keeps, or "suffers to be kept," on his +premises, any implements "used in gaming," or which may be used for +"purposes of amusement," and does not prevent such things from being +used on Sunday. So if he is not extremely vigilant throughout his +house and grounds, he may be caught with a hundred dollar fine, OR be +imprisoned three months in the House of Correction at the pleasure of +the magistrate!! and for every subsequent offense may be _imprisoned +in the House of Correction_ as much as one year, and then required to +give security for obeying the law. Under such a law a malicious young +hoodlum may contrive to send a landlord to jail. + +To open a shop, warehouse, or workhouse on Sunday is a fifty dollar +offense, and it is fifty dollars also for doing "any manner of labor, +business or work" on Sunday, unless the judge considers it a matter of +necessity or charity; nevertheless, the "making of butter and cheese" +is good Sunday work, if we do not _open the doors_ which would bring +on a $50 fine. So is the work of steam, gas and electricity, +newspapers, telegraphs, telephones, druggists, milkmen, (bakers before +10 and after 4,) boat houses, livery stables, ferry boats, and street +cars. But to catch a fish or fire a pistol on Sunday is a $10 offense, +and to look on at a game of chess is a $50 crime. However, the law +does not punish whistling on Sunday, unless the whistler has +spectators, then it is a $50 business for all concerned. To read +Longfellow's Excelsior on Sunday to a parlor of company is a $50 +crime. Reading Milton's Paradise Lost, or the American Declaration of +Independence would also rank as criminal business, being an +entertainment, and a party of twenty playing a game of croquet may be +fined a thousand dollars. + +Verily, if it were not for such hypocritical and asinine legislation +as this, we might forget the history of New England witchcraft, and +the hanging of Quakers in sight of the spot where this law was enacted +as an _improvement_ on a still worse, but practically obsolete +statute. + +Such Sunday legislation is a fair evidence of the absence of true +religion, and the predominance of hypocrisy. It is not enforced, and +is not expected to be. All the Sunday legislation in New York did not +prevent the immense Syracuse Salt Works from carrying on their work +day and night. Gov. Hill and the N. Y. Legislature have shown their +character by increasing the penalties of the Sunday laws, but they +have not approached the Massachusetts standard. + + + + +A BILL TO DESTROY THE INDIANS. + +From the Boston Pilot. + + +The Puritans of New England and the Cavaliers of Virginia alike +treated the Indians as though they had no rights of manhood. The +Catholics, Baptists, and Quakers treated them kindly and justly. The +Puritans took Indian lands without permission or compensation. The +Catholics, Baptists and Quakers bought lands from the Indians in an +honorable way. + +The two policies have been in conflict for nearly three centuries. + +The Government has held to the policy of buying lands from the +Indians, thus recognizing their ownership; but it has not always paid +the price agreed upon. Now, under the lead of Senator Dawes Congress +has passed a bill which annuls the treaties, and overrides all +proprietary rights of every tribe, except nine of the most civilized. + +His bill is the "Indian Land in Severalty Bill." It pretends to be in +the interest of the Indians, but that pretense is a fraud. It is +wholly in the interest of railroad companies, land syndicates, and +private white settlers. + +The treaties of 1868 and 1876 guarantee the Sioux tribes undisturbed +possession of their reservation in Dakota. Not an acre of that land +can be taken from them without the consent of three-fourths of them. +So read the treaties signed by the United States Commissioners and +confirmed by the United States Senate. + +The Dawes Severalty Bill takes the Sioux reservation from the control +of the Sioux without asking the consent of a single Indian, surveys it +as though it was a body of public land, and then says to the Sioux: +The Government will return a small homestead for each of you, as +individuals, and after twenty-five years you shall have titles to +these small tracts, but the remainder of the reservation, (about +four-fifth) must be opened to white settlers. + +The Sioux protest against this outrage, and have appealed to the +National Indian Defence Association at Washington, D. C., to protect +their rights. This association has resolved to test the +constitutionality of this bill in the Supreme Court of the United +States, and asks all friends of justice to sustain them in this legal +contest. + + + + +MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE. + + +THE SEYBERT COMMISSION has reported against the claims of +Spiritualism. Their report will not even have the effect of the French +Academy report against animal magnetism, which checked its progress in +the medical profession but not among the people; but before the +century passed, the medical profession has taken up the science in +earnest, and re-named it hypnotism. The Seybert report will not even +be a temporary damper, for while thousands of inquirers, fully as +competent as the commission, and many of them far more competent to +the investigation, have made themselves familiar with the facts, the +commission has done nothing but to emphasize the fact already familiar +among the intelligent, of the prevalence of fraud among mediums. +Notwithstanding the wonderful powers of Slade, no one acquainted with +his history would place any reliance on his integrity. The more +intelligent Spiritualists understood such matters, and the Ladies' Aid +(Spiritualist) Society of Boston, recently had considerable amusement +in the exhibition in their parlors of the materializing and +dematerializing wire apparatus used by the fraudulent medium, Mrs. +Ross, which was said to have been carried in her bustle. Mrs. Ross +when prosecuted for her frauds was found to be protected by the law of +coverture which makes the husband alone responsible. This is a relic +of the idea of female subordination and obedience which ought to be +abolished. The progress of spiritualism has been marked by as many +follies as that of any popular movement, and the bequest of $60,000, +by Mr. Seybert, to the old fogies of the Pennsylvania University was +among the stupidest of these follies. If a friend of Galileo had made +such a bequest to the Catholic church in his time, to get an opinion +of the new astronomy, it would have been as sensible a proceeding. It +will however have one good result; it will erect a permanent monument +to the ignorance of the universities, a record from which they cannot +hereafter escape. Prof. Leidy was one of the salaried commissioners +whose mental status was thus exhibited in the last journal: + + "Your doctrine of life eternal, + And everything else supernal, + Might well be pronounced an infernal + Delusion!" + + +THE EVILS THAT NEED ATTENTION, mentioned in the JOURNAL for May, are +as rampant as ever. The big combination in Chicago to raise the price +of wheat by a corner, utterly burst on the 14th of June, leaving a few +ruined speculators. The _Chicago News_ says: "What is called buying +and selling futures in grain, is no more buying and selling in the +innocent and proper interpretation of the words than the wagering on +horse races is buying and selling horses. It is a species of gambling +as pernicious to public morals as it is contrary to public policy." +The _Chicago Herald_ says, "No one is in love with a cornerer who +corners. Nobody wastes any pity on a cornerer who gets cornered +himself." Such crimes in a petty way may be punished, but we need law +for the millionaire gamblers who not only rob each other, but fleece +the entire nation at the same time. + + +CONDENSED ITEMS.--_Mesmerism, in Paris._ M. G. de Torcy has introduced +a mesmerized woman into the lion's cage, where she unconsciously puts +her head in the lion's mouth: then, in a state of cataleptic rigidity, +head and feet resting on two stools, the lion is made to jump over the +rigid body, then with paws resting on her body, to pull a string by +his teeth and thus fire a pistol. Of course this draws enthusiastic +audiences. _Medical Freedom._ The attempts at restrictive medical +legislation have been defeated in Rhode Island, Connecticut, and +Maine. In Maine, the bill had passed the Legislature and was approved +by Gov. Bodwell, but upon re-consideration he vetoed it and the Senate +then rejected it. The Allopathic State Society is quite indignant and +calls it "_atrocious_" that they cannot enforce a law which the Senate +and governor rejected. Mrs. Post in Iowa has been acquitted and will +not be punished at all for the awful crime of healing a patient by +prayer! The acquittal appears to be on the ground of the +unconstitutionally of the law. _The Victoria Jubilee_ in Faneuil Hall, +Boston, called out an immense indignation meeting, and many eloquent +protests. But for the energy of the police a riot might have occurred +at the time of the festival. _Delightful Homes._ Asheville, N. C., +2339 feet above tide water, has a delightful climate, especially for +pulmonary invalids. Northern Georgia is an elevated region of +remarkable general health, and freedom from malarious and consumptive +diseases. California has still more delightful homes of health and +beauty. Colorado has twelve towns over 5,000 feet above the sea, and +ten over 10,000. + + + + +CHAPTER IV.--CRANIOSCOPY. + + + The Study of the Comparative Development of the Brain through + the Cranium--Importance of Cranioscopy--First Step--Facial + organs--Miller, Pestalozzi, Danton, Mirabeau--Caricatures--Upper + and lower parts of face--Female faces--Mode of comparing + organs--Mode of manipulation--Bony irregularities--Profile + comparison of height and depth--Vacca Pechassee and Lewis--Old + errors--Difficulties in estimation--Morbid + conditions--Criminals--Napoleon--Negro murderer. + + +[Illustration: HUGH MILLER.] + +[Illustration: PESTALOZZI.] + +[Illustration: DANTON.] + +[Illustration: MIRABEAU.] + + +The reader now understands the conformation of the brain, and the +general character of its different regions. It is important that he +should as soon as possible begin the study of heads, and learn to +judge correctly their development. When he can do this, he has an +inexhaustible source of knowledge continually with him, and every new +acquaintance becomes an interesting study in ascertaining the +indications of his head and comparing them with his daily conduct and +manners. The more thorough and careful the study, the greater the +satisfaction and delight that it yields. The good cranioscopist +continually grows in knowledge, and solves all the problems of +character presented in society. But he who simply studies the elements +of character or organic faculties, and does not become acquainted with +the organs and their measurement, soon finds his knowledge too +abstract and remote from his daily life; and, instead of increasing +his stock of knowledge on this subject, he continually loses more and +more of what he has gained. It was for this reason, mainly, that the +medical profession gradually dropped the discoveries of Gall, which +would never have ceased to interest them if they had learned to apply +them to the study of men and animals. + +I hope that no reader will neglect this chapter, or fail to reduce its +instructions to practice, for on that it depends whether he shall +become a practical master of cerebral science, and be able to read +every character with which he meets. + +The first step in studying a head is to observe its general +contour,--whether the forehead projects far in front of the ear, to +indicate intellect; whether the upper surface rises above the forehead +sufficiently to indicate the nobler qualities, and whether it is +balanced or overpowered by the breadth and depth of the base of the +skull and thickness of the neck. In connection with this, we may +observe that the base of the brain is also expressed in the lower part +of the face which corresponds to the organs for the expression of +animal force, while the upper part of the face is devoted to the +expression of the upper and anterior parts of the brain. The +expressional faculties shown in the face do not always coincide +exactly with the real power of the organs thus expressed; but if they +do not, they at least indicate their activity and habitual display; +for faculties habitually indulged will show their organic indications +in the face, while those which are suppressed or restrained will be +less conspicuous in the face. + +The reader will understand that organs located for observation on the +face are organs of the brain lying behind the face, which may be +reached and stimulated through it, as other organs are reached and +stimulated through the cranium and integuments. The contour of the +face cannot reveal the organs behind it by physical necessity, as does +the contour of the skull, yet observation induces me to rely upon +estimates based on facial development. I think there is a +correspondence of development between the brain and face, based upon +vital laws, and also a direct influence of each organ upon the surface +that covers it, so that when the organ is excited the surface becomes +flushed, and when it is kept inactive the surface becomes pale and +withered. This may be most readily observed at the organ of Love of +Stimulus, immediately in front of the cavity of the ear. The surface +presents a shrunken appearance after many years of rigid abstinence, +but becomes plump, bloated, or high-colored, in those whose habits are +intemperate. I have also observed an itching sensation at the surface +when the organs behind it were active. Any one may observe a warmth +and fulness in the upper part of the face when the social sentiments +are very active. In the act of blushing, the flush comes upon the part +of the face associated with modest and refined sentiments, the centre +of which is below the external angle of the eye, at the lower margin +of the cheek-bone. + +The contrasting development of the upper and lower parts of the face +may be seen when we compare such characters as the enthusiastic +philanthropist and educational reformer, Pestalozzi, and the +high-principled and intellectual Hugh Miller, the Scotch geologist, +with such as Danton, the terrible demagogue of the French revolution, +and Mirabeau, the brilliant but unprincipled orator. + +No skilful artist in caricature fails to observe these principles. +When he would degrade a character, he magnifies the lower part of the +face; and when he would represent a more refined character, the lower +part of the face becomes correspondingly delicate. + +When _Puck_ would represent, a miserable wretch, he presents such a +head as the following; and when a New York journalist desired to +caricature an opponent as a saloon politician, he diminished the upper +and developed the lower part of the head, as presented here. + +[Illustration: WRETCH.] + +[Illustration: SALOON POLITICIAN.] + +All observers of countenance and character unconsciously act upon +these principles and recognize a great difference in the expressions +of two faces,--one predominant in the lower and the other in the upper +portion of the face. That there was any scientific basis for this was +entirely unknown before my discoveries of the organs behind the face, +which modify its development and expression. My lectures upon this +subject in 1842 were attended by the physiognomical writer, Redfield, +who derived from them many important suggestions. + +When the lower part of the face is massive, broad, and prominent, +while the basilar region is broad and deep, with a stout neck, we know +the great force and activity of the animal nature, and unless the +upper surface of the brain is well developed all over, we may expect +some excess in the way of violence, temper, selfishness, perversity, +sensuality, dishonesty, avarice, rudeness of manners, moral +insensibility, slander, contentiousness, jealousy, envy, revenge, or +some other form of wickedness, according to the especial conformation. + +In the faces of women, we find the activity of the amiable sentiments +marked by the fulness and roseate color of the upper part of the face, +while the lower portion is more delicate than in the masculine face. + +But although the facial developments generally correspond with the +activity of the organs expressed, the rule is not invariable, as the +reader will learn hereafter that the facial developments may be +moderate when the character is not excitable or demonstrative. + +If the upper surface of the head is sufficiently high, we know that +great capacity for virtue exists, capable of restraining evil +inclinations, and producing admirable traits of character, according +to the organs especially developed. + +When we study the special organs we determine the special virtues or +vices. For example, a head may have a good general development upward, +giving many very pleasing traits of character, and yet be so deficient +in the region of conscientiousness (while the selfish group that gives +breadth at the ears is large) as to produce great moral unsoundness +and a treacherous violation of obligations or disregard of principle. + +The most delicate task in craniological study, and the most important, +is the balancing of opposite tendencies belonging to antagonistic +organs; and it was for the want of the knowledge of antagonisms that +the Gallian system so often failed in describing character and its +representatives before the public have made the most disastrous +blunders. Shrewd and honest observers discovered the imperfections of +the science.[2] + + [2] A letter just received from Australia states that the + writer had for many years been a student of phrenology, and + had ascertained from examining hundreds of crania that + phrenology "stood on a basis of fact, but was wrong as well + as deficient in some of its details. But though I could + point to several parts of the skull where the readings of + professionals as well as myself were always unreliable, I + could not discover the real function of the organs in these + places." + +While the eye readily gives us the contour of heads that have not much +hair, there is but little accurate judgment without the use of the +hand, which is the first thing to be learned. Not the tips of the +fingers, but the whole hand should be laid upon the head gently, to +cover as much surface as possible, while with a gentle pressure we +cause the scalp to move slightly, and thus feel through it the exact +form of the cranium as correctly as if the bones were exposed to view. +If in this examination we find any sharp prominences, which might be +called bumps, we attribute them to the growth of bone, which does not +indicate the growth of the brain. The latter is indicated only by the +general contour. + +A little anatomical knowledge will prevent us from being deceived, and +enable us to make due allowances. There are no great difficulties in +making a correct estimate, and the anatomists who have taught their +pupils that correct cranial observations could not be made, only +showed their own ignorance of the subject. We must consider the +cranium as though all osseous protuberances had been shaved off, +leaving the smooth, curving contour of the skull. The principal +projection to be removed is the superciliary ridge corresponding to +the brow at the base of the forehead. It is formed by the projection +of the external plate of the skull, leaving a separation or cavity +between it and the inner plate, which cavity is called the frontal +sinus, and is sometimes half an inch wide. As there is no positive +method of determining its dimensions in the living head, there must +ever be some doubt concerning the development of the perceptive organs +which it covers. The superciliary ridge at the external angle of the +brow extends really as much as three-quarters of an inch from the +brain. From this angle a ridge of bone (the temporal arch) extends +upward and backward, separating the lateral surface of the head from +the frontal and upper surfaces. This ridge is a convenient landmark, +but must be excluded from an estimate of development as it is merely +osseous. It extends back on the head a little behind its middle. The +sagittal suture on the median line of the upper surface usually +presents a slight, bony elevation or ridge (see the engraving of the +skull, Chapter III.), and the lambdoid suture on the back of the head +is frequently rough. A superficial practical phrenologist (of great +pretensions) at Cincinnati, in examining the head of a gentleman of +mild character, found the lambdoid suture quite rough, and gave him a +terrifically pugnacious character, not knowing enough to distinguish +between osseous and cerebral development. The occipital knob on the +median line between the cerebrum and cerebellum, has been already +mentioned. The mastoid process, the bony prominence behind the ear is +a projection exterior to the cerebellum. Where it starts from the +cranium above and behind the cavity of the ear, we may judge of +basilar development by the breadth of the head, but the basilar depth +which is more important is to be judged by the extension downward, +which was illustrated in the last chapter by comparing the skulls of +J. R. Smith and the slave-trading count. + +To judge the comparative strength of the higher and lower elements of +character, we look for the height above the forehead and the depth at +and behind the ear, which is ascertained by placing the hand on the +base of the cranium behind the ears, while the height of the head is +best appreciated by placing a hand on the top with the fingers +reaching down to the brow. + +In a profile view the human head may be divided into three equal +parts, the length of the nose being the central part, from the nose to +the end of the chin another, and the remainder above the nose the +third part. In inferior heads these three measurements are equal, the +upper third extending to the top of the head; but in heads of superior +character the upper third extends only to the top of the forehead, and +the outline of the head rises a half breadth above the forehead, as +the following profiles show. In heads of the lowest character the +basilar depth exceeds the height, as in the French Count and the +Indian Lewis. + +The contour of a well-developed head forms a semicircle above the base +line through the brow, and its elevation above that line is equal to +one half of the antero-posterior length of the head, while in the +inferior class of heads the elevation is but four-tenths of the length +or even less, and is hardly equal to the depth, while in the highest +class the elevation is one-half greater than the depth or even more. +We obtain another view of the comparative height and depth by drawing +lines from the brow to the vertex and the base of the brain and +comparing the two angles thus formed. In the good head we observe the +great superiority of the upper angle over that formed by the line to +the ear, the lower end of which corresponds to the lowest part of the +brain, the base of the cerebellum. + +[Illustration] + +To take an illustration from nature, I would present the outlines of +two Indian crania that I obtained in Florida,--Vacca Pechassee, or the +cow chief, who headed a small tribe, and bore a good character among +the whites, and Lewis, an Indian of bad character in the same +neighborhood (on the Appalachicola River), who was shot for his +crimes. (I might have obtained many more, but as the Seminole war was +not then over, I found that my own cranium was placed in considerable +danger by my explorations.) + +[Illustration: VACCA PECHASSEE] + +[Illustration: LEWIS] + +In Vacca Pechassee the height is to the depth as 11 to 9; in Lewis as +9 to 11. In J. R. Smith the height is to the depth as 12 to 10; in the +slave trading count as 9 to 14. This is the correct method of cranial +study, for comparing the moral and animal nature. + +The basilar depth was entirely overlooked in the old method of +phrenologists, and hence they were very often mistaken in judging the +basilar energy by breadth alone, of which there has been no more +striking example than that of the Thugs of India, whose heads (though +a tribe of murderers) were below the European average in basilar +breadth. These facts are so conspicuous to any careful observer that I +became very familiar with them in the first six months of my study of +heads fifty-two years ago. + +When the circulation of the brain is vigorous and regular, all +portions being in regular activity, the fulness of the circulation +being shown in the face, we may be sure that the character is fairly +indicated by the cranium. The younger the individual the thinner the +cranium, and the less the liability to deception by the thickness of +the bones. Female skulls are _generally_ more delicate than male, and +also more normal or uniform in their circulation. Hence there is less +difficulty in making an accurate estimate of women and of youth. The +greater difficulty is found in men of thick skulls and abnormal +brains, and these difficulties are in some cases insurmountable by +mere measurement. It will become necessary in the depraved classes to +look at the condition of the circulation about the head, and the +facial indications of the organs that have been cultivated. If these +are not sufficient to guide us we must fall back upon psychometry. + +The morbid condition of the brain is a conspicuous fact, which we must +not ignore, and it is important to learn how to detect it in the +appearance of the individual, or in his psychometric indications and +Pathognomy, which is itself a profound science and important guide to +character. (Pathognomy is the science of expression, and has an exact +mathematical basis.) + +We should bear in mind that it is just as possible to have impaired +and unhealthy conditions in any part of the brain as to have them in +the stomach, liver, lungs, or spinal cord. Physical diseases are +contagious and so are moral. It is generally impossible to preserve +the moral organs and faculties of a youth in healthy condition who is +allowed to associate habitually with the depraved; and it is very +difficult indeed for the mature adult to preserve his brain and mind +in sound condition when compelled to associate with the depraved. To +those who are very impressible, the contagion of vice, bad temper, +profanity, turbulence, lying, obscenity, sullenness, melancholy, etc., +is as inevitable as the contagion of small pox. + +Our criminals are generally exposed to the contagion of crime in +youth, and as they advance they are immersed in this contagion in +prisons, which are the moral pest-houses in which law maintains the +intense contagion of criminal depravity. Napoleon was an admirable +subject for such contamination, and when we learn how he was reared +amid the lawlessness and general scoundrelism of Corsica, we do not +wonder that he became an imperial brigand. The low ethical standard of +mankind, generally, and especially of historians, has heretofore +prevented a just estimate of the character of Napoleon. Royal +criminals have escaped condemnation; but the recent review of +Napoleon's career by Taine gives a just philosophic estimate of the +man, which coincides with the impartial estimation of psychometry. + + + + +BUSINESS DEPARTMENT. + + +The establishment of a new Journal is a hazardous and expensive +undertaking. Every reader of this volume receives what has cost more +than he pays for it, and in addition receives the product of months of +editorial, and many years of scientific, labor. May I not therefore +ask his aid in relieving me of this burden by increasing the +circulation of the Journal among his friends? + +The establishment of the Journal was a duty. There was no other way +effectively to reach the people with its new sphere of knowledge. +Buckle has well said in his "History of Civilization," that "No great +political improvement, no great reform, either legislative or +executive, has ever been originated in any country by its ruling +class. The first suggestors of such steps have invariably been bold +and able thinkers, who discern the abuse, denounce it, and point out +the remedy." + +This is equally true in science, philanthropy, and religion. When the +advance of knowledge and enlightenment of conscience render reform or +revolution necessary, the ruling powers of college, church, +government, capital, and the press, present a solid combined +resistance which the teachers of novel truth cannot overcome without +an appeal to the people. The grandly revolutionary science of +Anthropology, which offers in one department (Psychometry) "the dawn +of a new civilization," and in other departments an entire revolution +in social, ethical, educational, and medical philosophy, has +experienced the same fate as all other great scientific and +philanthropic innovations, in being compelled to sustain itself +against the mountain mass of established error by the power of truth +alone. The investigator whose life is devoted to the evolution of the +truth cannot become its propagandist. A whole century would be +necessary to the full development of these sciences to which I can +give but a portion of one life. Upon those to whom these truths are +given, who can intuitively perceive their value, rests the task of +sustaining and diffusing the truth. + +Mrs. Croly of New York remarked in her address to the Women's Press +Association of Boston. "The general public resents the advocacy of a +cause and resists any attempt to commit it to special ideas. A paper +that starts to represent a cause must be maintained by individual +effort, and often at great sacrifice." + +The circulation of the Journal is necessarily limited to the sphere of +liberal minds and advanced thinkers, but among these it has had a more +warm and enthusiastic reception than was ever before given to any +periodical. There must be in the United States twenty or thirty +thousand of the class who would warmly appreciate the Journal, but +they are scattered so widely it will be years before half of them can +be reached without the active co-operation of my readers, which I most +earnestly request. + +Prospectuses and specimen numbers will be furnished to those who will +use them, and those who have liberal friends not in their own vicinity +may confer a favor by sending their names that a prospectus or +specimen may be sent them. A liberal commission will be allowed to +those who canvass for subscribers. + + +Enlargement of the Journal. + +The requests of readers for the enlargement of the Journal are already +coming in. It is a great disappointment to the editor to be compelled +each month to exclude so much of interesting matter, important to +human welfare, which would be gratifying to its readers. 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MAYO, Dentist, + 378 Tremont St., Boston, Mass. + + * * * * * + + FACTS, + + A MONTHLY MAGAZINE, + + DEVOTED TO + + Mental and Spiritual Phenomena, + + + INCLUDING + + Dreams, Mesmerism, Psychometry, Clairvoyance, + Clairaudience, Inspiration, Trance, and Physical + Mediumship; Prayer, Mind, and Magnetic + Healing; and all classes of Psychical + Effects. + + Single Copies, 10 Cents; $1.00 per year. + + PUBLISHED BY + + Facts Publishing Company, + + (Drawer 5323,) BOSTON, MASS. + + _L. L. WHITLOCK, Editor._ + + + For Sale by COLBY & RICH, 9 Bosworth Street. + + * * * * * + + THE + CREDIT FONCIER + OF SINALOA. + + _PUBLISHED AT HAMMONTON, N. J._ + + MARIE HOWLAND } + AND } EDITORS. + EDWARD HOWLAND, } + + F. L. Browne and T. M. 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