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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Raleigh, by Edmund Gosse
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Raleigh
+
+Author: Edmund Gosse
+
+Editor: Andrew Lang
+
+Release Date: December 20, 2008 [EBook #27580]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK RALEIGH ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading
+Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+RALEIGH
+
+ENGLISH WORTHIES.
+
+EDITED BY ANDREW LANG.
+
+_Price 2s. 6d. each._
+
+
+ALREADY PUBLISHED:
+
+CHARLES DARWIN. By GRANT ALLEN.
+MARLBOROUGH. By GEORGE SAINTSBURY.
+SHAFTESBURY (the First Earl). By H. D. TRAILL.
+ADMIRAL BLAKE. By DAVID HANNAY.
+
+
+IN PREPARATION:
+
+STEELE                By AUSTIN DOBSON.
+SIR T. MORE           By J. COTTER MORISON.
+WELLINGTON            By R. LOUIS STEVENSON.
+LORD PETERBOROUGH     By WALTER BESANT.
+CLAVERHOUSE           By MOWBRAY MORRIS.
+LATIMER               By Canon CREIGHTON.
+DRAKE                 By W. H. POLLOCK.
+BEN JONSON            By J. A. SYMONDS.
+ISAAK WALTON          By ANDREW LANG.
+CANNING               By FRANK H. HILL.
+
+
+London: LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO.
+
+
+
+
+English Worthies
+
+EDITED BY ANDREW LANG
+
+
+RALEIGH
+
+
+BY
+
+EDMUND GOSSE, M.A.
+
+CLARK LECTURER IN ENGLISH LITERATURE AT TRINITY COLLEGE CAMBRIDGE
+
+
+LONDON
+
+LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.
+
+1886
+
+
+_All rights reserved_
+
+PRINTED BY
+SPOTTISWOODE AND CO., NEW-STREET SQUARE
+LONDON
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+The existing Lives of Raleigh are very numerous. To this day the most
+interesting of these, as a literary production, is that published in
+1736 by William Oldys, afterwards Norroy King at Arms. This book was a
+marvel of research, as well as of biographical skill, at the time of its
+appearance, but can no longer compete with later lives as an authority.
+By a curious chance, two writers who were each ignorant of the other
+simultaneously collected information regarding Raleigh, and produced two
+laborious and copious Lives of him, at the same moment, in 1868. Each of
+these collections, respectively by Mr. Edward Edwards, whose death is
+announced as these words are leaving the printers, and by the late Mr.
+James Augustus St. John, added very largely to our knowledge of Raleigh;
+but, of course, each of these writers was precluded from using the
+discoveries of the other. The present Life is the first in which the
+fresh matter brought forward by Mr. Edwards and by Mr. St. John has been
+collated; Mr. Edwards, moreover, deserved well of all Raleigh students
+by editing for the first time, in 1868, the correspondence of Raleigh. I
+hope that I do not seem to disparage Mr. Edwards's book when I say that
+in his arrangement and conjectural dating of undated documents I am very
+frequently in disaccord with him. The present Life contains various
+small data which are now for the first time published, and more than one
+fact of considerable importance which I owe to the courtesy of Mr. John
+Cordy Jeaffreson. I have, moreover, taken advantage up to date of the
+_Reports_ of the Historical MSS. Commission, and of the two volumes of
+_Lismore Papers_ this year published. In his prospectus to the latter
+Dr. Grosart promises us still more about Raleigh in later issues. My
+dates are new style.
+
+The present sketch of Raleigh's life is the first attempt which has been
+made to portray his personal career disengaged from the general history
+of his time. To keep so full a life within bounds it has been necessary
+to pass rapidly over events of signal importance in which he took but a
+secondary part. I may point as an example to the defeat of the Spanish
+Armada, a chapter in English history which has usually occupied a large
+space in the chronicle of Raleigh and his times. Mrs. Creighton's
+excellent little volume on the latter and wider theme may be recommended
+to those who wish to see Raleigh painted not in a full-length portrait,
+but in an historical composition of the reigns of Elizabeth and James I.
+I have to thank Dr. Brushfield for the use of his valuable Raleigh
+bibliography, now in the press, and for other kind help.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+CHAPTER                                 PAGE
+
+   I.  YOUTH                              1
+
+  II.  AT COURT                          17
+
+ III.  IN DISGRACE                       40
+
+  IV.  GUIANA                            65
+
+   V.  CADIZ                             88
+
+  VI.  LAST DAYS OF ELIZABETH           111
+
+ VII.  THE TRIAL AT WINCHESTER          132
+
+VIII.  IN THE TOWER                     161
+
+  IX.  THE SECOND VOYAGE TO GUIANA      189
+
+   X.  THE END                          204
+
+       INDEX                            225
+
+
+
+
+MAPS.
+
+
+SOUTH OF ENGLAND AND IRELAND      _To face p. 16_
+
+GUIANA                                "       70
+
+
+
+
+RALEIGH.
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+YOUTH.
+
+
+Walter Raleigh was born, so Camden and an anonymous astrologer combine
+to assure us, in 1552. The place was Hayes Barton, a farmstead in the
+parish of East Budleigh, in Devonshire, then belonging to his father; it
+passed out of the family, and in 1584 Sir Walter attempted to buy it
+back. 'For the natural disposition I have to the place, being born in
+that house, I had rather seat myself there than anywhere else,' he wrote
+to a Mr. Richard Duke, the then possessor, who refused to sell it.
+Genealogists, from himself downwards, have found a rich treasure in
+Raleigh's family tree, which winds its branches into those of some of
+the best Devonshire houses, the Gilberts, the Carews, the Champernownes.
+His father, the elder Walter Raleigh, in his third marriage became the
+second husband of Katherine Gilbert, daughter of Sir Philip Champernoun
+of Modbury. By Otto Gilbert, her first husband, she had been the mother
+of two boys destined to be bold navigators and colonists, Humphrey and
+Adrian Gilbert. It, is certainly the influence of his half-brother Sir
+Humphrey Gilbert, of Compton, which is most strongly marked upon the
+character of young Raleigh; while Adrian was one of his own earliest
+converts to Virginian enterprise.
+
+The earliest notice of Sir Walter Raleigh known to exist was found and
+communicated to the _Transactions of the Devonshire Association_ by Dr.
+Brushfield in 1883. It is in a deed preserved in Sidmouth Church, by
+which tithes of fish are leased by the manor of Sidmouth to 'Walter
+Rawlegh the elder, Carow Ralegh, and Walter Ralegh the younger,' on
+September 10, 1560. In 1578 the same persons passed over their interest
+in the fish-titles in another deed, which contains their signatures. It
+is amusing to find that the family had not decided how to spell its
+name. The father writes 'Ralegh,' his elder son Carew writes 'Caro
+Rawlyh,' while the subject of this memoir, in this his earliest known
+signature, calls himself 'Rauleygh.'
+
+His father was a Protestant when young Walter was born, but his mother
+seems to have remained a Catholic. In the persecution under Mary, she,
+as we learn from Foxe, went into Exeter to visit the heretics in gaol,
+and in particular to see Agnes Prest before her burning. Mrs. Raleigh
+began to exhort her to repentance, but the martyr turned the tables on
+her visitor, and urged the gentlewoman to seek the blessed body of
+Christ in heaven, not on earth, and this with so much sweet
+persuasiveness that when Mrs. Raleigh 'came home to her husband she
+declared to him that in her life she never heard any woman, of such
+simplicity to see to, talk so godly and so earnestly; insomuch, that if
+God were not with her she could not speak such things--"I was not able
+to answer her, I, who can read, and she cannot."' It is easy to perceive
+that this anecdote would not have been preserved if the incident had not
+heralded the final secession of Raleigh's parents from the creed of
+Philip II., and thus Agnes Prest was not without her share in forging
+Raleigh's hatred of bigotry and of the Spaniard. Very little else is
+known about Walter and Katherine Raleigh. They lived at their manorial
+farm of Hayes Barton, and they were buried side by side, as their son
+tells us, 'in Exeter church.'
+
+The university career of Raleigh is vague to us in the highest degree.
+The only certain fact is that he left Oxford in 1569. Anthony a Wood
+says that he was three years there, and that he entered Oriel College as
+a commoner in or about the year 1568. Fuller speaks of him as resident
+at Christ Church also. Perhaps he went to Christ Church first as a boy
+of fourteen, in 1566, and removed to Oriel at sixteen. Sir Philip
+Sidney, Hakluyt, and Camden were all of them at Oxford during those
+years, and we may conjecture that Raleigh's acquaintance with them began
+there. Wood tells us that Raleigh, being 'strongly advanced by
+academical learning at Oxford, under the care of an excellent tutor,
+became the ornament of the juniors, and a proficient in oratory and
+philosophy.' Bacon and Aubrey preserved each an anecdote of Raleigh's
+university career, neither of them worth repeating here.
+
+The exact date at which he left Oxford is uncertain. Camden, who was
+Raleigh's age, and at the university at the same time, says
+authoritatively in his _Annales_, that he was one of a hundred gentlemen
+volunteers taken to the help of the Protestant princes by Henry
+Champernowne, who was Raleigh's first-cousin, the son of his mother's
+elder brother. We learn from De Thou that Champernowne's contingent
+arrived at the Huguenot camp on October 5, 1569. This seems
+circumstantial enough, but there exist statements of Raleigh's own which
+tend to show that, if he was one of his cousin's volunteers, he yet
+preceded him into France. In the _History of the World_ he speaks of
+personally remembering the conduct of the Protestants, immediately after
+the death of Conde, at the battle of Jarnac (March 13, 1569). Still more
+positively Raleigh says, 'myself was an eye-witness' of the retreat at
+Moncontour, on October 3, two days before the arrival of Champernoun. A
+provoking obscurity conceals Walter Raleigh from us for the next six or
+seven years. When Hakluyt printed his _Voyages_ in 1589 he mentioned
+that he himself was five years in France. In a previous dedication he
+had reminded Raleigh that the latter had made a longer stay in that
+country than himself. Raleigh has therefore been conjectured to have
+fought in France for six years, that is to say, until 1575.
+
+During this long and important period we are almost without a glimpse of
+him, nor is it anything but fancy which has depicted him as shut up by
+Walsingham at the English embassy in Paris on the fatal evening of St.
+Bartholomew's. Another cousin of his, Gawen Champernoun, became the
+son-in-law and follower of the Huguenot chief, Montgomery, whose murder
+on June 26, 1574, may very possibly have put a term to Raleigh's
+adventures as a Protestant soldier in France. The allusions to his early
+experiences are rare and slight in the _History of the World_, but one
+curious passage has often been quoted. In illustration of the way in
+which Alexander the Great harassed Bessus, Raleigh mentions that, 'in
+the third civil war of France,' he saw certain Catholics, who had
+retired to mountain-caves in Languedoc, smoked out of their retreat by
+the burning of bundles of straw at the cave's mouth. There has lately
+been shown to be no probability in the conjecture, made by several of
+his biographers, that he was one of the English volunteers in the Low
+Countries who fought in their shirts and drawers at the battle of
+Rimenant in August 1578.
+
+On April 15, 1576, the poet Gascoigne, who was a _protege_, of Raleigh's
+half-brother, issued his satire in blank verse, entitled _The Steel
+Glass_, a little volume which holds an important place in the
+development of our poetical literature. To this satire a copy of
+eighteen congratulatory verses was prefixed by 'Walter Rawely of the
+middle Temple.' These lines are perfunctory and are noticeable only for
+their heading 'of the middle Temple.' Raleigh positively tells us that
+he never studied law until he found himself a prisoner in the Tower, and
+he was probably only a passing lodger in some portion of the Middle
+Temple in 1576. On October 7, 1577, Gascoigne died prematurely and
+deprived us of a picturesque pen which might have gossiped of Raleigh's
+early career.
+
+I am happy, through the courtesy of Mr. J. Cordy Jeaffreson, in being
+able for the first time to prove that Walter Raleigh was admitted to the
+Court as early as 1577. So much has been suspected, from his language to
+Leicester in a later letter from Ireland, but there has hitherto been
+no evidence of the fact. In examining the Middlesex records, Mr.
+Jeaffreson has discovered that on the night of December 16, 1577, a
+party of merry roisterers broke the peace at Hornsey. Their ringleaders
+were a certain Richard Paunsford and his brother, who are described in
+the recognisances taken next day before the magistrate Jasper Fisher as
+the servants of 'Walter Rawley, of Islington, Esq.,' and two days later
+as yeoman in the service of Walter Rawley, Esq., 'of the Court (_de
+curia_).'
+
+It is very important to find him thus early officially described as of
+the Court. As Raleigh afterwards said, the education of his youth was a
+training in the arts of a gentleman and a soldier. But it extended
+further than this--it embraced an extraordinary knowledge of the sea,
+and in particular of naval warfare. It is tantalising that we have but
+the slenderest evidence of the mode in which this particular schooling
+was obtained. The western ocean was, all through the youth of Raleigh,
+the most fascinating and mysterious of the new fields which were being
+thrown open to English enterprise. He was a babe when Tonson came back
+with the first wonderful legend of the hidden treasure-house of the
+Spaniard in the West Indies. He was at Oxford when England thrilled with
+the news of Hawkins' tragical third voyage. He came back from France
+just in time to share the general satisfaction at Drake's revenge for
+San Juan de Ulloa. All through his early days the splendour and perilous
+romance of the Spanish Indies hung before him, inflaming his fancy,
+rousing his ambition. In his own family, Sir Humphrey Gilbert
+represented a milder and more generous class of adventurers than Drake
+and Hawkins, a race more set on discovery and colonisation than on mere
+brutal rapine, the race of which Raleigh was ultimately to become the
+most illustrious example. If we possessed minute accounts of the various
+expeditions in which Gilbert took part, we should probably find that his
+young half-brother was often his companion. As early as 1584 Barlow
+addresses Raleigh as one personally conversant with the islands of the
+Gulf of Mexico, and there was a volume, never printed and now lost,
+written about the same time, entitled _Sir Walter Raleigh's Voyage to
+the West Indies_. This expedition, no other allusion to which has
+survived, must have taken place before he went to Ireland in 1580, and
+may be conjecturally dated 1577.
+
+The incidents of the next two years may be rapidly noted; they are all
+of them involved in obscurity. It is known that Raleigh crossed the
+Atlantic for a second time on board one of the ships of Gilbert's
+ill-starred expedition to the St. Lawrence in the winter of 1578. In
+February of the next year[1] he was again in London, and was committed
+to the Fleet Prison for a 'fray' with another courtier. In September
+1579, he was involved in Sir Philip Sidney's tennis-court quarrel with
+Lord Oxford. In May of this same year he was stopped at Plymouth when in
+the act of starting on a piratical expedition against Spanish America.
+He had work to do in opposing Spain nearer home, and he first comes
+clearly before us in connection with the Catholic invasion of Ireland in
+the close of 1579. It was on July 17, 1579, that the Catholic
+expedition from Ferrol landed at Dingle. Fearing to stay there, it
+passed four miles westward to Smerwick Bay, and there built a fortress
+called Fort del Ore, on a sandy isthmus, thinking in case of need easily
+to slip away to the ocean. The murder of an English officer, who was
+stabbed in his bed while the guest of the brother of the Earl of
+Desmond, was recommended by Sandars the legate as a sweet sacrifice in
+the sight of God, and ruthlessly committed. The result was what Sandars
+had foreseen; the Geraldines, hopelessly compromised, threw up the
+fiction of loyalty to Elizabeth. Sir Nicholas Malby defeated the rebels
+in the Limerick woods in September, but in return the Geraldines burned
+Youghal and drove the Deputy within the walls of Cork, where he died of
+chagrin. The temporary command fell on an old friend of Raleigh's, Sir
+Warham Sentleger, who wrote in December 1579 a letter of earnest appeal
+which broke up the apathy of the English Government. Among other steps
+hurriedly taken to uphold the Queen's power in Ireland, young Walter
+Raleigh was sent where his half-brother, Humphrey Gilbert, had so much
+distinguished himself ten years before.
+
+The biographer breathes more freely when he holds at last the earliest
+letter which remains in the handwriting of his hero. All else may be
+erroneous or conjectural, but here at least, for a moment, he presses
+his fingers upon the very pulse of the machine. On February 22, 1580,
+Raleigh wrote from Cork to Burghley, giving him an account of his
+voyage. It appears that he wrote on the day of his arrival, and if that
+be the case, he left London, and passed down the Thames, in command of
+a troop of one hundred foot soldiers, on January 15, 1580. By the same
+computation, they reached the Isle of Wight on the 21st, and stayed
+there to be transferred into ships of Her Majesty's fleet, not starting
+again until February 5. On his reaching Cork, Raleigh found that his men
+and he were only to be paid from the day of their arrival in Ireland,
+and he wrote off at once to Burghley to secure, if possible, the
+arrears. His arrival was a welcome reinforcement to Sentleger, who was
+holding Cork in the greatest peril, with only forty Englishmen. It must
+be recollected that this force under Raleigh was but a fragment of what
+English squadrons were busily bringing through this month of January
+into every port of Ireland. Elizabeth had, at last, awakened in earnest
+to her danger.
+
+Raleigh, in all probability, took no part in the marchings and
+skirmishings of the English armies until the summer. His 'reckoning,' or
+duty-pay, as a captain in the field, begins on July 13, 1580, and
+perhaps, until that date, his services consisted in defending Cork under
+Sentleger. In August he was joined with the latter, who was now
+Provost-marshal of Munster, in a commission to try Sir James, the
+younger brother of the Earl of Desmond, who had been captured by the
+Sheriff of Cork. No mercy could be expected by so prominent a Geraldine;
+he was hanged, drawn and quartered, and the fragments of his body were
+hung in chains over the gates of Cork. Meanwhile, on August 12, Lord
+Grey de Wilton arrived in Dublin to relieve Pelham of sovereign command
+in Ireland. Grey, though he learned to dislike Raleigh, was probably
+more cognisant of his powers than Pelham, who may never have heard of
+him. Grey had been the patron of the poet Gascoigne, and one of the most
+prominent men in the group with whom we have already seen that Raleigh
+was identified in his early youth.
+
+From the moment of Grey's arrival in Ireland, the name of Raleigh ceased
+to be obscure. Sir William Pelham retired on September 7, and Lord Grey,
+who had brought the newly famous poet, Edmund Spenser, with him as his
+secretary, marched into Munster. With his exploits we have nothing to
+do, save to notice that it must have been in the camp at Rakele, if not
+on the battle-field of Glenmalure, that Raleigh began his momentous
+friendship with Spenser, whose _Shepherd's Calender_ had inaugurated a
+new epoch in English poetry just a month before Raleigh's departure for
+Ireland. It is scarcely too fanciful to believe that this tiny anonymous
+volume of delicious song may have lightened the weariness of that winter
+voyage of 1580, which was to prove so momentous in the career of 'the
+Shepherd of the Ocean.' Lodovick Bryskett, Fulke Greville, Barnabee
+Googe, and Geoffrey Fenton were minor songsters of the copious
+Elizabethan age who were now in Munster as agents or soldiers, and we
+may suppose that the tedious guerilla warfare, in the woods had its
+hours of literary recreation for Raleigh.
+
+The fortress on the peninsula of Dingle was now occupied by a fresh body
+of Catholic invaders, mainly Italians, and Smerwick Bay again attracted
+general interest. Grey, as Deputy, and Ormond, as governor of Munster,
+united their forces and marched towards this extremity of Kerry;
+Raleigh, with his infantry, joined them at Rakele; and we may take
+September 30, 1580, which is the date when his first 'reckoning'
+closes, as that on which he took some fresh kind of service under Lord
+Grey. Hooker, who was an eye-witness, supplies us with some very
+interesting glimpses of Raleigh in his _Supply of the Irish Chronicles_,
+a supplement to Holinshed. We learn from him that when Lord Grey broke
+into the camp at Rakele, Raleigh stayed behind, having observed that the
+kerns had the habit of swooping down upon any deserted encampment to rob
+and murder the camp followers. This expectation was fulfilled; the
+hungry Irish poured into Rakele as soon as the Deputy's back was turned.
+Raleigh had the satisfaction of capturing a large body of these poor
+creatures. One of them carried a great bundle of withies, and Raleigh
+asked him what they were for. 'To have hung up the English churls with,'
+was the bold reply. 'Well,' said Raleigh, 'but now they shall serve for
+an Irish kern,' and commanded him 'to be immediately tucked up in one of
+his own neck-bands.' The rest were served in a similar way, and then the
+young Englishman rode on after the army.
+
+Towards the end of October they came in sight of Smerwick Bay, and of
+the fort on the sandy isthmus in which the Italians and Spaniards were
+lying in the hope of slipping back to Spain. The Legate had no sanguine
+aspirations left; every roof that could harbour the Geraldines had been
+destroyed in the English forays; Desmond was hiding, like a wild beast,
+in the Wood. By all the principles of modern warfare, the time had come
+for mercy and conciliation, and one man in Ireland, Ormond, thought as
+much. But Lord Grey was a soldier of the old disposition, an implacable
+enemy to Popery, what we now call a 'Puritan' of the most fierce and
+frigid type. There is no evidence to show that the gentle Englishmen who
+accompanied him, some of the best and loveliest spirits of the age,
+shrank from sharing his fanaticism. There was massacre to be gone
+through, but neither Edmund Spenser, nor Fulke Greville, nor Walter
+Raleigh dreamed of withdrawing his sanction. The story has been told and
+retold. For simple horror it is surpassed, in the Irish history of the
+time, only by the earlier exploit which depopulated the island of
+Rathlin. In the perfectly legitimate opening of the siege of Fort del
+Ore, Raleigh held a very prominent commission, and we see that his
+talents were rapidly being recognised, from the fact that for the first
+three days he was entrusted with the principal command. It would appear
+that on the fourth day, when the Italians waved their white flag and
+screamed 'Misericordia! misericordia!' it was not Raleigh, but Zouch,
+who was commanding in the trenches. The parley the Catholics demanded
+was refused, and they were told they need not hope for mercy. Next day,
+which was November 9, 1580, the fort yielded helplessly. Raleigh and
+Mackworth received Grey's orders to enter and 'fall straight to
+execution.'
+
+It was thought proper to give Catholic Europe a warning not to meddle
+with Catholic Ireland. In the words of the official report immediately
+sent home to Walsingham, as soon as the fort was yielded, 'all the Irish
+men and women were hanged, and 600 and upwards of Italians, Spaniards,
+Biscayans and others put to the sword. The Colonel, Captain, Secretary,
+Campmaster, and others of the best sort, saved to the number of 20
+persons.' Of these last, two had their arms and legs broken before
+being hanged on a gallows on the wall of the fort. The bodies of the six
+hundred were stripped and laid out on the sands--'as gallant goodly
+personages,' Lord Grey reported, 'as ever were beheld.' The Deputy took
+all the responsibility and expected no blame; he received none. In reply
+to his report, Elizabeth assured him a month later that 'this late
+enterprise had been performed by him greatly to her liking.' It is
+useless to expatiate on a code of morals that seems to us positively
+Japanese. To Lord Grey and the rest the rebellious kerns and their
+Southern allies were enemies of God and the Queen, beyond the scope of
+mercy in this world or the next, and no more to be spared or paltered
+with than malignant vermin. In his inexperience, Raleigh, to be soon
+ripened by knowledge of life and man, agreed with this view, but,
+happily for Ireland and England too, there were others who declined to
+sink, as Mr. Froude says, 'to the level of the Catholic continental
+tyrannies.' At Ormond's instigation the Queen sent over in April 1581 a
+general pardon.
+
+Severe as Lord Grey was, he seemed too lenient to Raleigh. In January
+1581, the young captain left Cork and made the perilous journey to
+Dublin to expostulate with the Deputy, and to urge him to treat with
+greater stringency various Munster chieftains who were blowing the
+embers of the rebellion into fresh flame. Among these malcontents the
+worst was a certain David Barry, son of Lord Barry, himself a prisoner
+in Dublin Castle. David Barry had placed the family stronghold, Barry
+Court, at the disposal of the Geraldines. Raleigh obtained permission to
+seize and hold this property, and returned from Dublin to carry out his
+duty. On his way back, as he was approaching Barry's country, with his
+men straggling behind him, the Seneschal of Imokelly, the strongest and
+craftiest of the remaining Geraldines, laid an ambush to seize him at
+the ford of Corabby. Raleigh not only escaped himself, but returned in
+the face of a force which was to his as twenty to one, in order to
+rescue a comrade whose horse had thrown him in the river. With a
+quarter-staff in one hand and a pistol in the other, he held the
+Seneschal and his kerns at bay, and brought his little body of troops
+through the ambush without the loss of one man. In the dreary monotony
+of the war, this brilliant act of courage, of which Raleigh himself in a
+letter gives a very modest account, touched the popular heart, and did
+as much as anything to make him famous.
+
+The existing documents which illustrate Raleigh's life in Ireland during
+1581, and they are somewhat numerous, give the student a much higher
+notion of his brilliant aptitude for business and of his active courage
+than of his amiability. His vivacity and ingenuity were sources of
+irritation to him, as the vigour of an active man may vex him in wading
+across loose sands. There was no stability and apparently no hope or aim
+in the policy of the English leaders, and Raleigh showed no mock-modesty
+in his criticism of that policy. Ormond had been on friendly terms with
+him, but as early as February 25 a quarrel was ready to break out.
+Ormond wished to hold Barry Court, which was the key to the important
+road between Cork and Youghal, as his own; while Raleigh was no less
+clamorous in claiming it. In the summer, not satisfied with complaining
+of Ormond to Grey, he denounced Grey to Leicester. In the meantime he
+had succeeded in ousting Ormond, who was recalled to England, and in
+getting himself made, if not nominally, practically Governor of Munster.
+He proceeded to Lismore, then the English capital of the province, and
+made that town the centre of those incessant sallies and forays which
+Hooker describes. One of these skirmishes, closing in the defeat of Lord
+Barry at Cleve, showed consummate military ability, and deserves almost
+to rank as a battle.
+
+In August, Raleigh's temporary governorship of Munster ended. He was too
+young and too little known a man permanently to hold such a post. Zouch
+took his place at Lismore, and Raleigh, returning to Cork, was made
+Governor of that city. It was at this time, or possibly a little earlier
+in the year, that Raleigh made his romantic attack upon Castle
+Bally-in-Harsh, the seat of Lord Roche. On the very same evening that
+Raleigh received a hint from head-quarters that the capture of this
+strongly fortified place was desirable, he set out with ninety men on
+the adventure. His troop arrived at Harsh very early in the morning, but
+not so early but that the townspeople, to the number of five hundred,
+had collected to oppose his little force. He soon put them to flight,
+and then, by a nimble trick, contrived to enter the castle itself, to
+seize Lord and Lady Roche at their breakfast-table, to slip out with
+them and through the town unmolested, and to regain Cork next day with
+the loss of only a single man. The whole affair was a piece of military
+sleight of hand, brilliantly designed, incomparably well carried out.
+The summer and autumn were passed in scouring the woods and ravines of
+Munster from Tipperary to Kilkenny. Miserable work he found it, and
+glad he must have been when a summons from London put an end to his
+military service in Ireland. In two years he had won a great reputation.
+Elizabeth, it may well be, desired to see him, and talk with him on what
+he called 'the business of this lost land.' In December 1581 he returned
+to England.
+
+One point more may be mentioned. In a letter dated May 1, 1581, Raleigh
+offers to rebuild the ruined fortress of Barry Court at his own expense.
+This shows that he must by this time have come into a certain amount of
+property, for his Irish pay as a captain was, he says, so poor that but
+for honour he 'would disdain it as much as to keep sheep.' This fact
+disposes of the notion that Raleigh arrived at the Court of Elizabeth in
+the guise of a handsome penniless adventurer. Perhaps he had by this
+time inherited his share of the paternal estates.[2]
+
+[Illustration: SOUTH OF ENGLAND AND IRELAND.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+AT COURT.
+
+
+Raleigh had not completed his thirtieth year when he became a recognised
+courtier. We have seen that he had passed, four years before, within the
+precincts of the Court, but we do not know whether the Queen had noticed
+him or not. In the summer of 1581 he had written thus to Leicester from
+Lismore:--
+
+    I may not forget continually to put your Honour in mind of my
+    affection unto your Lordship, having to the world both professed
+    and protested the same. Your Honour, having no use of such poor
+    followers, hath utterly forgotten me. Notwithstanding, if your
+    Lordship shall please to think me yours, as I am, I will be
+    found as ready, and dare do as much in your service, as any man
+    you may command; and do neither so much despair of myself but
+    that I may be some way able to perform so much.
+
+To Leicester, then, we may be sure, he went,--to find him, and the whole
+Court with him, in the throes of the Queen's latest and final
+matrimonial embroilment. Raleigh had a few weeks in which to admire the
+empty and hideous suitor whom France had sent over to claim Elizabeth's
+hand, and during this critical time it is possible that he enjoyed his
+personal introduction to the Queen. Walter Raleigh in the prime of his
+strength and beauty formed a curious contrast to poor Alencon, and the
+difference was one which Elizabeth would not fail to recognise. On
+February 1, 1582, he was paid the sum of 200_l._ for his Irish services,
+and a week later he set out under Leicester, in company with Sir Philip
+Sidney, among the throng that conducted the French prince to the
+Netherlands.
+
+When Elizabeth's 'poor frog,' as she called Alencon, had been duly led
+through the gorgeous pageant prepared in his honour at Antwerp, on
+February 17, the English lords and their train, glad to be free of their
+burden, passed to Flushing, and hastened home with as little ceremony as
+might be. Raleigh alone remained behind, to carry some special message
+of compliment from the Queen to the Prince of Orange. It is Raleigh
+himself, in his _Invention of Shipping_, who gives us this interesting
+information, and he goes on to say that when the Prince of Orange
+'delivered me his letters to her Majesty, he prayed me to say to the
+Queen from him, _Sub umbra alarum tuarum protegimur_: for certainly,
+said he, they had withered in the bud, and sunk in the beginning of
+their navigation, had not her Majesty assisted them.' It would have been
+natural to entrust to Leicester such confidential utterances as these
+were a reply to. But Elizabeth was passing through a paroxysm of rage
+with Leicester at the moment. She ventured to call him 'traitor' and to
+accuse him of conspiring with the Prince of Orange. Notwithstanding
+this, his influence was still paramount with her, and it was
+characteristic of her shrewd petulance to confide in Leicester's
+_protege_, although not in Leicester himself. Towards the end of March,
+Raleigh settled at the English Court.
+
+On April 1, 1582, Elizabeth issued from Greenwich a strange and
+self-contradictory warrant with regard to service in Ireland, and the
+band of infantry hitherto commanded in that country by a certain Captain
+Annesley, now deceased. The words must be quoted verbatim:--
+
+    For that our pleasure is to have our servant Walter Rawley [this
+    was the way in which the name was pronounced during Raleigh's
+    lifetime] trained some time longer in that our realm [Ireland]
+    for his better experience in martial affairs, and for the
+    especial care which We have to do him good, in respect of his
+    kindred that have served Us, some of them (as you know) near
+    about Our person [probably Mrs. Catherine Ashley, who was
+    Raleigh's aunt]; these are to require you that the leading of
+    the said band may be committed to the said Rawley; and for that
+    he is, for some considerations, by Us excused to stay here. Our
+    pleasure is that the said band be, in the meantime, till he
+    repair into that Our realm, delivered to some such as he shall
+    depute to be his lieutenant there.
+
+He is to be captain in Ireland, but not just yet, not till a too tender
+Queen can spare him. We find that he was paid his 'reckoning' for six
+months after the issue of this warrant, but there is no evidence that he
+was spared at any time during 1582 to relieve his Irish deputy. He was
+now, in fact, installed as first favourite in the still susceptible
+heart of the Virgin Star of the North.
+
+This, then, is a favourable opportunity for pausing to consider what
+manner of man it was who had so suddenly passed into the intimate favour
+of the Queen. Naunton has described Raleigh with the precision of one
+who is superior to the weakness of depreciating the exterior qualities
+of his enemy: 'having a good presence, in a handsome and well-compacted
+person; a strong natural wit, and a better judgment; with a bold and
+plausible tongue, whereby he could set out his parts to the best
+advantage.' His face had neither the ethereal beauty of Sidney's nor the
+intellectual delicacy of Spenser's; it was cast in a rougher mould than
+theirs. The forehead, it is acknowledged, was too high for the
+proportion of the features, and for this reason, perhaps, is usually
+hidden in the portraits by a hat. We must think of Raleigh at this time
+as a tall, somewhat bony man, about six feet high, with dark hair and a
+high colour, a facial expression of great brightness and alertness,
+personable from the virile force of his figure, and illustrating these
+attractions by a splendid taste in dress. His clothes were at all times
+noticeably gorgeous; and to the end of his life he was commonly
+bedizened with precious stones to his very shoes. When he was arrested
+in 1603 he was carrying 4,000_l._ in jewels on his bosom, and when he
+was finally captured on August 10, 1618, his pockets were found full of
+the diamonds and jacinths which he had hastily removed from various
+parts of his person. His letters display his solicitous love of jewels,
+velvets, and embroidered damasks. Mr. Jeaffreson has lately found among
+the Middlesex MSS. that as early as April 26, 1584, a gentleman named
+Hugh Pew stole at Westminster and carried off Walter Raleigh's pearl
+hat-band and another jewelled article of attire, valued together in
+money of that time at 113_l._ The owner, with characteristic
+promptitude, shut the thief up in Newgate, and made him disgorge. To
+complete our picture of the vigorous and brilliant soldier-poet, we must
+add that he spoke to the end of his life with that strong Devonshire
+accent which was never displeasing to the ears of Elizabeth.
+
+The Muse of History is surely now-a-days too disdainful of all
+information that does not reach her signed and countersigned. In
+biography, at least, it must be a mistake to accept none but documentary
+evidence, since tradition, if it does not give us truth of fact, gives
+us what is often at least as valuable, truth of impression. The later
+biographers of Raleigh have scorned even to repeat those anecdotes that
+are the best known to the public of all which cluster around his
+personality. It is true that they rest on no earlier testimony than that
+of Fuller, who, writing in the lifetime of men who knew Raleigh, gives
+the following account of his introduction to Elizabeth: 'Her Majesty,
+meeting with a plashy place, made some scruple to go on; when Raleigh
+(dressed in the gay and genteel habit of those times) presently cast off
+and spread his new plush cloak on the ground, whereon the queen trod
+gently over, rewarding him afterwards with many suits for his so free
+and seasonable tender of so fair a footcloth.' The only point about this
+story which is incredible is that this act was Raleigh's introduction to
+the Queen. Regarded as a fantastic incident of their later attachment,
+the anecdote is in the highest degree characteristic of the readiness of
+the one and the romantic sentiment of the other.
+
+Not less entertaining is Fuller's other story, that at the full tide of
+Raleigh's fortunes with the Queen, he wrote on a pane of glass with his
+diamond ring:--
+
+    Fain would I climb, but that I fear to fall,
+
+whereupon Elizabeth replied,
+
+    If thy heart fail thee, then climb not at all.
+
+Of these tales we can only assert that they reflect the popular and
+doubtless faithful impression of Raleigh's mother-wit and audacious
+alacrity.
+
+If he did not go back to fight in Ireland, his experience of Irish
+affairs was made use of by the Government. He showed a considerable
+pliancy in giving his counsel. In May 1581 he had denounced Ormond and
+even Grey for not being severe enough, but in June 1582 he had veered
+round to Burghley's opinion that it was time to moderate English tyranny
+in Ireland. A paper written partly by Burghley and partly by Raleigh,
+but entitled _The Opinion of Mr. Rawley_, still exists among the Irish
+Correspondence, and is dated October 25, 1582. This document is in the
+highest degree conciliatory towards the Irish chieftains, whom it
+recommends the Queen to win over peacefully to her side, this policy
+'offering a very plausible show of thrift and commodity.' It is
+interesting to find Raleigh so supple, and so familiar already with the
+Queen's foibles. It was probably earlier in the year, and about this
+same Irish business, that Raleigh spoke to Elizabeth, on the occasion
+which Naunton describes. 'Raleigh,' he says, 'had gotten the Queen's ear
+at a trice; and she began to be taken with his elocution, and loved to
+hear his reasons to her demands; and the truth is, she took him for a
+kind of _oracle_, which nettled them all.' Lord Grey, who was no
+diplomatist, had the want of caution to show that he was annoyed at
+advice being asked from a young man who was so lately his inferior. In
+answer to a special recommendation of Raleigh from the Queen, Lord Grey
+ventured to reply: 'For my own part I must be plain--I neither like his
+carriage nor his company, and therefore other than by direction and
+commandment, and what his right requires, he is not to expect from my
+hands.' Lord Grey did not understand the man he was dealing with. The
+result was that in August 1582 he was abruptly deposed from his dignity
+as Lord Deputy in Ireland. But we see that Raleigh could be exceedingly
+antipathetic to any man who crossed his path. That it was wilful
+arrogance, and not inability to please, is proved by the fact that he
+seems to have contrived to reconcile not Leicester only but even Hatton,
+Elizabeth's dear 'Pecora Campi,' to his intrusion at Court.
+
+As far as we can perceive, Raleigh's success as a courtier was unclouded
+from 1582 to 1586, and these years are the most peaceful and uneventful
+in the record of his career. He took a confidential place by the Queen's
+side, but so unobtrusively that in these earliest years, at least, his
+presence leaves no perceptible mark on the political history of the
+country. Great in so many fields, eminent as a soldier, as a navigator,
+as a poet, as a courtier, there was a limit even to Raleigh's
+versatility, and he was not a statesman. It was political ambition which
+was the vulnerable spot in this Achilles, and until he meddled with
+statecraft, his position was practically unassailed. It must not be
+overlooked, in this connection, that in spite of Raleigh's influence
+with the Queen, he never was admitted as a Privy Councillor, his advice
+being asked in private, by Elizabeth or by her ministers, and not across
+the table, where his arrogant manner might have introduced discussions
+fruitless to the State. In 1598, when he was at the zenith of his power,
+he actually succeeded, as we shall see, in being proposed for Privy
+Council, but the Queen did not permit him to be sworn. Nothing would be
+more remarkable than Elizabeth's infatuation for her favourites, if we
+were not still more surprised at her skill in gauging their capacities,
+and her firmness in defining their ambitions.
+
+Already, in 1583, Walter Raleigh began to be the recipient of the
+Queen's gifts. On April 10 of that year he came into possession of two
+estates, Stolney and Newland, which had passed to the Queen from All
+Souls College, Oxford. A few days later, May 4, he became enriched by
+obtaining letters patent for the 'Farm of Wines,' thenceforward to be
+one of the main sources of his wealth. According to this grant, which
+extended to all places within the kingdom, each vintner was obliged to
+pay twenty shillings a year to Raleigh as a license duty on the sale of
+wines. This was, in fact, a great relief to the wine trade, for until
+this time the mayors of corporations had levied this duty at their own
+judgment, and some of them had made a licensing charge not less than six
+times as heavy as the new duty. The grant, moreover, gave Raleigh a part
+of all fines accruing to the Crown under the provisions of the wines
+statute of Edward VI. From his 'Farm of Wines' Raleigh seems at one
+time to have obtained something like 2,000_l._ a year. The emoluments
+dwindled at last, just before Raleigh was forced to resign his patent to
+James I., to 1,000_l._ a year; but even this was an income equivalent to
+6,000_l._ of our money. The grant was to expire in 1619, and would
+therefore, if he had died a natural death, have outlived Raleigh
+himself. We must not forget that the cost of collecting moneys, and the
+salaries to deputy licensers, consumed a large part of these receipts.
+
+While Raleigh was shaking down a fortune from the green ivy-bushes that
+hung at the vintners' doors, the western continent, at which he had
+already cast wistful glances, remained the treasure-house of Spain. His
+unfortunate but indomitable half-brother, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, recalled
+it to his memory. The name of Gilbert deserves to be better remembered
+than it is; and America, at least, will one day be constrained to honour
+the memory of the man who was the first to dream of colonising her
+shores. Until his time, the ambition of Englishmen in the west had been
+confined to an angry claim to contest the wealth and beauty of the New
+World with the Spaniard. The fabulous mines of Cusco, the plate-ships of
+Lima and Guayaquil, the pearl-fisheries of Panama, these had been
+hitherto the loadstar of English enterprise. The hope was that such
+feats as those of Drake would bring about a time when, as George Wither
+put it,
+
+                      the spacious West,
+    Being still more with English blood possessed,
+    The proud Iberians shall not rule those seas,
+    To check our ships from sailing where they please.
+
+Even Frobisher had not entertained the notion of leaving Spain alone,
+and of planting in the northern hemisphere colonies of English race. It
+was Sir Humphrey Gilbert who first thought of a settlement in North
+America, and the honour of priority is due to him, although he failed.
+
+His royal charter was dated June 1578, and covered a space of six years
+with its privilege. We have already seen that various enterprises
+undertaken by Gilbert in consequence of it had failed in one way or
+another. After the disaster of 1579 he desisted, and lent three of his
+remaining vessels to the Government, to serve on the coast of Ireland.
+As late as July 1582 the rent due to him on these vessels was unpaid,
+and he wrote a dignified appeal to Walsingham for the money in arrears.
+He was only forty-three, but his troubles had made an old man of him,
+and he pleads his white hairs, blanched in long service of her Majesty,
+as a reason why the means of continuing to serve her should not be
+withheld from him. Raleigh had warmly recommended his brother before he
+was himself in power, and he now used all his influence in his favour.
+It is plain that Gilbert's application was promptly attended to, for we
+find him presently in a position to pursue the colonising enterprises
+which lay so near to his heart. The Queen, however, could not be induced
+to encourage him; she shrewdly remarked that Gilbert 'had no good luck
+at sea,' which was pathetically true. However, Gilbert's six years'
+charter was about to expire, and his hopes were all bound up in making
+one more effort. He pleaded, and Raleigh supported him, until Elizabeth
+finally gave way, merely refusing to allow Raleigh himself to take part
+in any such 'dangerous sea-fights' as the crossing of the Atlantic might
+entail.
+
+On June 11, 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert sailed from Plymouth with a
+little fleet of five vessels, bound for North America. According to all
+authorities, Raleigh had expended a considerable sum in the outfit;
+according to one writer, Hayes (in Hakluyt), he was owner of the entire
+expedition. He spent, we know, 2,000_l._ in building and fitting out one
+vessel, which he named after himself, the 'Ark Raleigh.'
+
+Sir Humphrey Gilbert was not born under a fortunate star. Two days after
+starting, a contagious fever broke out on board the 'Ark Raleigh,' and
+in a tumult of panic, without explaining her desertion to the admiral,
+she hastened back in great distress to Plymouth. The rest of the fleet
+crossed the Atlantic successfully, and Newfoundland was taken in the
+Queen's name. One ship out of the remaining four had meanwhile been sent
+back to England with a sick crew. Late in September 1583 a second sailed
+into Plymouth with the news that the other two had sunk in an Atlantic
+storm on the 8th or 9th of that month. The last thing known of the
+gallant admiral before his ship went down was that 'sitting abaft with a
+book in his hand,' he had called out 'Be of good heart, my friends! We
+are as near to heaven by sea as by land.'
+
+At the death of Gilbert, his schemes as a colonising navigator passed,
+as by inheritance, to Raleigh. That he had no intention of letting them
+drop is shown by the fact that he was careful not to allow Gilbert's
+original charter to expire. In June 1584 other hands might have seized
+his brother's relinquished enterprise, and therefore it was, on March
+25, that Raleigh moved the Queen to renew the charter in his own name.
+In company with a younger half-brother, Adrian Gilbert, and with the
+experienced though unlucky navigator John Davis as a third partner,
+Raleigh was now incorporated as representing 'The College of the
+Fellowship for the Discovery of the North West Passage.' In this he was
+following the precedent of Gilbert, who had made use of the Queen's
+favourite dream of a northern route to China to cover his less
+attractive schemes of colonisation. Raleigh, however, took care to
+secure himself a charter which gave him the fullest possible power to
+'inhabit or retain, build or fortify, at the discretion of the said W.
+Raleigh,' in any remote lands that he might find hitherto unoccupied by
+any Christian power. Armed with this extensive grant, Raleigh began to
+make his preparations.
+
+It is needful here to pass rapidly over the chronicle of the expeditions
+to America, since they form no part of the personal history of Raleigh.
+On April 27 he sent out his first fleet under Amidas and Barlow. They
+sailed blindly for the western continent, but were guided at last by 'a
+delicate sweet smell' far out in ocean to the coast of Florida. They
+then sailed north, and finally landed on the islands of Wokoken and
+Roanoke, which, with the adjoining mainland, they annexed in the name of
+her Majesty. In September this first expedition returned, bringing
+Raleigh, as a token of the wealth of the new lands, 'a string of pearls
+as large as great peas.' In honour of 'the eternal Maiden Queen,' the
+new country received the name of Virginia, and Raleigh ordered his own
+arms to be cut anew, with this legend, _Propria insignia Walteri
+Ralegh, militis, Domini et Gubernatoris Virginiae_. No attempt had been
+made on this occasion to colonise. It was early in the following year
+that Raleigh sent out his second Virginian expedition, under the brave
+Sir Richard Grenville, to settle in the country. The experiment was not
+completely successful at first, but from August 17, 1585, which is the
+birthday of the American people, to June 18, 1586, one hundred and eight
+persons under the command of Ralph Lane, and in the service of Raleigh,
+made Roanoke their habitation. It is true that the colonists lost
+courage and abandoned Virginia at the latter date, but an essay at least
+had been made to justify the sanguine hopes of Raleigh.
+
+These expeditions to North America were very costly, and by their very
+nature unremunerative for the present. Raleigh, however, was by this
+time quite wealthy enough to support the expense, and on the second
+occasion accident befriended him. Sir Richard Grenville, in the 'Tiger,'
+fell in with a Spanish plate-ship on his return-voyage, and towed into
+Plymouth Harbour a prize which was estimated at the value of 50,000_l._
+But Raleigh was, indeed, at this time a veritable Danae. As though
+enough gold had not yet been showered upon him, the Queen presented to
+him, on March 25, 1584, a grant of license to export woollen
+broad-cloths, a privilege the excessive profits of which soon attracted
+the critical notice of Burghley. Raleigh's grant, however, was long left
+unassailed, and was renewed year by year at least until May 1589. It
+would seem that his income from the trade in undyed broad-cloth was of
+a two-fold nature, a fixed duty on exportation in general, and a charge
+on 'over-lengths,' that is to say, on pieces which exceeded the maximum
+length of twenty-four yards. When Burghley assailed this whole system of
+taxation in 1591, he stated that Raleigh had, in the first year only of
+his grant, received 3,950_l._ from a privilege for which he paid to the
+State a rent of only 700_l._ If this was correct, and no one could be in
+a better position than Burghley to check the figures, Raleigh's income
+from broad-cloth alone was something like 18,000_l._ of Victorian money.
+
+Such were the sources of an opulence which we must do Raleigh the credit
+to say was expended not on debauchery or display, but in the most
+enlightened efforts to extend the field of English commercial enterprise
+beyond the Atlantic. We need not suppose him to have been unselfish
+beyond the fashion of his age. In his action there was, no doubt, an
+element of personal ambition; he dreamed of raising a State in the West
+before which his great enemy, Spain, should sink into the shade, and he
+fancied himself the gorgeous viceroy of such a kingdom. His imagination,
+which had led him on so bravely, gulled him sometimes when it came to
+details. His sailors had seen the light of sunset on the cliffs of
+Roanoke, and Raleigh took the yellow gleam for gold. He set his faith
+too lightly on the fabulous ores of Chaunis Temotam. But he was not the
+slave of these fancies, as were the more vulgar adventurers of his age.
+More than the promise of pearls and silver, it was the homely products
+of the new country that attracted him, and his captains were bidden to
+bring news to him of the fish and fruit of Virginia, its salts and dyes
+and textile grasses. Nor was it a goldsmith that he sent out to the new
+colony as his scientific agent, but a young mathematician of promise,
+the practical and observant Thomas Hariot.
+
+Some personal details of Raleigh's private life during these two years
+may now be touched upon. He was in close attendance upon the Queen at
+Greenwich and at Windsor, when he was not in his own house in the still
+rural village of Islington. In the summer of 1584, probably in
+consequence of the new wealth his broad-cloth patent had secured him, he
+enlarged his borders in several ways. He leased of the Queen, Durham
+House, close to the river, covering the site of the present Adelphi
+Terrace. This was the vast fourteenth-century palace of the Bishops of
+Durham, which had come into possession of the Crown late in the reign of
+Henry VIII. Elizabeth herself had occupied it during the lifetime of her
+brother, and she had recovered it again after the death of Mary.
+Retaining certain rooms, she now relinquished it to her favourite, and
+in this stately mansion as his town house Raleigh lived from 1584 to
+1603. In spite of his uncertain tenure, he spent very large sums in
+repairing 'this rotten house,' as Lady Raleigh afterwards called it.
+
+Some time between December 14, 1584, and February 24, 1585, Raleigh was
+knighted. On the latter date we find him first styled Sir Walter, in an
+order from Burghley to report on the force of the Devonshire Stannaries.
+His activities were now concentrated from several points upon the West
+of England, and he became once more identified with the only race that
+ever really loved him, the men of his native Devonshire. In July he
+succeeded the Earl of Bedford as Lord Warden of the Stannaries; in
+September he was appointed Lieutenant of the County of Cornwall; in
+November, Vice-Admiral of the two counties. He, appointed Lord Beauchamp
+his deputy in Cornwall, and his own eldest half-brother, Sir John
+Gilbert of Greenway, his deputy in Devonshire. In the same year, 1585,
+he entered Parliament as one of the two county members for Devonshire.
+As Warden of the Stannaries he introduced reforms which greatly
+mitigated the hardships of the miners.
+
+It is pleasanter to think of Raleigh administering rough justice from
+the granite judgment-seat on some windy tor of Dartmoor, than to picture
+him squabbling for rooms at Court with 'Pecora Campi,' or ogling a
+captious royal beauty of some fifty summers, Raleigh's work in the West
+has made little noise in history; but it was as wholesome and capable as
+the most famous of his exploits.
+
+In March, 1586, Leicester found himself in disgrace with Elizabeth, and
+so openly attributed it to Raleigh that the Queen ordered Walsingham to
+deny that the latter had ceased to plead for his former patron. Raleigh
+himself sent Leicester a band of Devonshire miners to serve in the
+Netherlands, and comforted him at the same time by adding, 'The Queen is
+in very good terms with you, and, thanks be to God, well pacified. You
+are again her "Sweet Robin."' It seems that the strange accusation had
+been made against Raleigh that he desired to favour Spain. This was
+calculated to vex him to the quick, and we find him protesting (March
+29, 1586): 'I have consumed the best part of my fortune, hating the
+tyrannous prosperity of that State, and it were now strange and
+monstrous that I should become an enemy to my country and conscience.'
+Two months later he was threatened with the loss of his post as
+Vice-Admiral if he did not withdraw a fleet he had fitted out to harass
+the Spaniards in the Newfoundland waters. About the same time he
+strengthened his connection with the Leicester faction by marrying his
+cousin, Barbara Gamage, to Sir Philip Sidney's younger brother Robert.
+This lady became the grandmother of Waller's Sacharissa. The collapse of
+the Virginian colony was an annoyance in the summer of this year, but it
+was tempered to Raleigh by the success of another of his enterprises,
+his fleet in the Azores. One of the prizes brought home by this purely
+piratical expedition was a Spanish colonial governor of much fame and
+dignity, Don Pedro Sarmiento. Raleigh demanded a ransom for this
+personage, and while it was being collected he entertained his prisoner
+sumptuously in Durham House.
+
+On October 7, 1586, Raleigh's old friend Sir Philip Sidney closed his
+chivalrous career on the battle-field at Zutphen. Raleigh's solemn elegy
+on him is one of the finest of the many poems which that sad event
+called forth. It blends the passion of personal regret with the dignity
+of public grief, as all great elegiacal poems should. One stanza might
+be inscribed on a monument to Sidney:
+
+    England doth hold thy limbs, that bred the same;
+      Flanders thy valour, where it last was tried;
+      The camp thy sorrow, where thy body died;
+    Thy friends thy want; the world thy virtues' fame.
+
+This elegy appeared with the rest in _Astrophel_ in 1595; but it had
+already been printed, in 1593, in the _Phoenix Nest_, and as early as
+1591 Sir John Harington quotes it as Raleigh's.
+
+It was not till the following spring that Raleigh took possession of
+certain vast estates in Ireland. The Queen had named him among the
+'gentlemen-undertakers,' between whom the escheated lands of the Earl of
+Desmond were to be divided. He received about forty-two thousand acres
+in the counties of Cork, Waterford, and Tipperary, and he set about
+repeopling this desolate region with his usual vigour of action. He
+brought settlers over from the West of England, but these men were not
+supported or even encouraged at Dublin Castle. 'The doting Deputy,' as
+Raleigh calls him, treated his Devonshire farmers with less
+consideration than the Irish kerns, and although it is certain that of
+all the 'undertakers' Raleigh was the one who, after his lights, tried
+to do the best for his land, his experience as an Irish colonist was on
+the whole dispiriting. By far the richest part of his property was the
+'haven royal' of Youghal, with the thickly-wooded lands on either side
+of the river Blackwater. He is scarcely to be forgiven for what appears
+to have been the wanton destruction of the Geraldine Friary of Youghal,
+built in 1268, which his men pulled down and burned while he was mayor
+of the town in 1587. Raleigh's Irish residences at this time were his
+manor-house in Youghal, which still remains, and Lismore Castle, which
+he rented, from 1587 onwards, of the official Archbishop of Cashel,
+Meiler Magrath.
+
+We have now reached the zenith of Raleigh's personal success. His fame
+was to proceed far beyond anything that he had yet gained or deserved,
+but his mere worldly success was to reach no further, and even from this
+moment sensibly to decline. Elizabeth had showered wealth and influence
+upon him, although she had refrained, at her most doting moments, from
+lifting him up to the lowest step in the ladder of aristocratic
+preferment. But although her favour towards Raleigh had this singular
+limit, and although she kept him rigidly outside the pale of politics,
+in other respects her affection had been lavish in the extreme. Without
+ceasing to hold Hatton and Leicester captive, she had now for five years
+given Raleigh the chief place in her heart. But, in May 1587, we
+suddenly find him in danger of being dethroned in favour of a boy of
+twenty, and it is the new Earl of Essex, with his petulant beauty, who
+'is, at cards, or one game or another, with her, till the birds sing in
+the morning.' The remarkable scene in which Essex dared to demand the
+sacrifice of Raleigh as the price of his own devotion is best described
+by the new favourite in his own words. Raleigh had now been made Captain
+of the Guard, and we have to imagine him standing at the door in his
+uniform of orange-tawny, while the pert and pouting boy is half
+declaiming, half whispering, in the ear of the Queen, whose beating
+heart forgets to remind her that she might be the mother of one of her
+lovers and the grandmother of the other. Essex writes:
+
+    I told her that what she did was only to please that knave
+    Raleigh, for whose sake I saw she would both grieve me and my
+    love, and disgrace me in the eye of the world. From thence she
+    came to speak of Raleigh; and it seemed she could not well
+    endure anything to be spoken against him; and taking hold of my
+    word 'disdain,' she said there was 'no such cause why I should
+    disdain him.' This speech did trouble me so much that, as near
+    as I could, I did describe unto her what he had been, and what
+    he was.... I then did let her know, whether I had cause to
+    disdain his competition of love, or whether I could have comfort
+    to give myself over to the service of a mistress which was in
+    awe of such a man. I spake, with grief and choler, as much
+    against him as I could; and I think he, standing at the door,
+    might very well hear the worst that I spoke of himself. In that
+    end, I saw she was resolved to defend him, and to cross me.
+
+It was probably about this time, and owing to the instigation of Essex,
+that Tarleton, the comedian, laid himself open to banishment from Court
+for calling out, while Raleigh was playing cards with Elizabeth, 'See
+how the Knave commands the Queen!' Elizabeth supported her old
+favourite, but there is no doubt that these attacks made their
+impression on her irritable temperament. Meanwhile Raleigh, engaged in a
+dozen different enterprises, and eager to post hither and thither over
+land and sea, was probably not ill disposed to see his royal mistress
+diverted from a too-absorbing attention to himself.
+
+On May 8, 1587, Raleigh sent forth from Plymouth his fourth Virginian
+expedition, under Captain John White. It was found that the second
+colony, the handful of men left behind by Sir Richard Grenville, had
+perished. With 150 men, White landed at Hatorask, and proposed to found
+a town of Raleigh in the new country. Every species of disaster attended
+this third colony, and in the midst of the excitement caused the
+following year by the Spanish Armada, a fifth expedition, fitted out
+under Sir Richard Grenville, was stopped by the Government at Bideford.
+Raleigh was not easily daunted, however, and in the midst of the
+preparations for the great struggle he contrived to send out two
+pinnaces from Bideford, on April 22, 1588, for the succour of his
+unfortunate Virginians; but these little vessels were ignominiously
+stripped off Madeira by privateers from La Rochelle, and sent helpless
+back to England. Raleigh had now spent more than forty thousand pounds
+upon the barren colony of Virginia, and, finding that no one at Court
+supported his hopes in that direction, he began to withdraw a little
+from a contest in which he was so heavily handicapped. In the next
+chapter we shall touch upon the modification of his American policy. He
+had failed hitherto, and yet, in failing, he had already secured for his
+own name the highest place in the early history of Colonial America.
+
+We now reach that famous incident in English history over which every
+biographer of Raleigh is tempted to linger, the ruin of Philip's
+Felicissima Armada. Within the limits of the present life of Sir Walter
+it is impossible to tell over again a story which is among the most
+thrilling in the chronicles of the world, but in which Raleigh's part
+was not a foremost one. We possess no letter of 1588 in which he refers
+to the fight.
+
+On March 31, he had been one of the nine commissioners who met to
+consider the best means of resisting invasion. In the same body of men
+sat two of Raleigh's captains, Grenville and Ralph Lane, as well as his
+old opponent, Lord Grey. Three months before this, Raleigh had reported
+to the Queen on the state of the counties under his charge, and his
+counsel on the subject had been taken. That he was profoundly excited at
+the crisis in English affairs is proved by the many allusions he makes
+to the Armada in the _History of the World_. It is on the whole
+surprising that he was not called to take a more prominent part in the
+event.[3]
+
+It is believed that he was in Ireland when the storm actually broke,
+that he hastened into the West of England, to raise levies of Cornish
+and Devonian miners, and that he then proceeded to Portland, of which,
+among his many offices, he was now governor, in order that he might
+revise and complete the defences of that fortress. Either by land or
+sea, according to conflicting accounts, he then hurried back to
+Plymouth, and joined the main body of the fleet on July 23. There is a
+very early tradition that his advice was asked by the Admiral, Howard of
+Effingham, on the question whether it would be wise to try to board the
+Spanish galleons. The Admiral thought not, but was almost over-persuaded
+by younger men, eager for distinction, when Raleigh came to his aid
+with counsel that tallied with the Admiral's judgment. In the _History
+of the World_ Raleigh remarks:
+
+    To clap ships together without any consideration belongs rather
+    to a madman than to a man of war. By such an ignorant bravery
+    was Peter Strozzi lost at the Azores, when he fought against the
+    Marquis of Santa Cruz. In like sort had Lord Charles Howard,
+    Admiral of England, been lost in the year 1588, if he had not
+    been better advised than a great many malignant fools were that
+    found fault with his demeanour. The Spaniards had an army aboard
+    them, and he had none. They had more ships than he had, and of
+    higher building and charging; so that, had he entangled himself
+    with those great and powerful vessels, he had greatly endangered
+    this kingdom of England.
+
+Raleigh's impression of the whole comedy of the Armada is summed up in
+an admirable sentence in his _Report of the Fight in the Azores_, to
+which the reader must here merely be referred. His ship was one of those
+which pursued the lumbering Spanish galleons furthest in their wild
+flight towards the Danish waters. He was back in England, however, in
+time to receive orders on August 28 to prepare a fleet for Ireland.
+Whether that fleet ever started or no is doubtful, and the latest
+incident of Raleigh's connection with the Armada is that on September 5,
+1588, he and Sir Francis Drake received an equal number of wealthy
+Spanish prisoners, whose ransoms were to be the reward of Drake's and of
+Raleigh's achievements. More important to the latter was the fact that
+his skill in naval tactics, and his genius for rapid action, had very
+favourably impressed the Lord Admiral, who henceforward publicly treated
+him as a recognised authority in these matters.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+IN DISGRACE.
+
+
+For one year after the defeat of the Spanish Armada, Raleigh resisted
+with success, or overlooked with equanimity, the determined attacks
+which Essex made upon his position at Court. He was busy with great
+schemes in all quarters of the kingdom, engaged in Devonshire, in
+Ireland, in Virginia, in the north-western seas, and to his virile
+activity the jealousy of Essex must have seemed like the buzzing of a
+persistent gnat. The insect could sting, however, and in the early part
+of December 1588, Raleigh's attention was forcibly concentrated on his
+rival by the fact that 'my Lord of Essex' had sent him a challenge. No
+duel was fought, and the Council did its best to bury the incident 'in
+silence, that it might not be known to her Majesty, lest it might injure
+the Earl,' from which it will appear that Raleigh's hold upon her favour
+was still assured.
+
+A week later than this we get a glance for a moment at one or two of the
+leash of privateering enterprises, all of them a little under the rose,
+in which Sir Walter Raleigh was in these years engaged. An English ship,
+the 'Angel Gabriel,' complained of being captured and sacked of her
+wines by Raleigh's men on the high seas, and he retorts by insinuating
+that she, 'as it is probable, has served the King of Spain in his
+Armada,' and is therefore fair game. So, too, with the four butts of
+sack of one Artson, and the sugar and mace said to be taken out of a
+Hamburg vessel, their capture by Raleigh's factors is comfortably
+excused on the ground that these acts were only reprisals against the
+villainous Spaniard. It was well that these more or less commercial
+undertakings should be successful, for it became more and more plain to
+Raleigh that the most grandiose of all his enterprises, his determined
+effort to colonise Virginia, could but be a drain upon his fortune.
+After Captain White's final disastrous voyage, Raleigh suspended his
+efforts in this direction for a while. He leased his patent in Virginia
+to a company of merchants, on March 7, 1589, merely reserving to himself
+a nominal privilege, namely the possession of one fifth of such gold and
+silver ore as should be raised in the colony. This was the end of the
+first act of Raleigh's American adventures. It may not be needless to
+contradict here a statement repeated in most rapid sketches of his life.
+It is not true that at any time Raleigh himself set foot in Virginia.
+
+In the Portugal expedition of 1589 Raleigh does not seem to have taken
+at all a prominent part. He was absent, however, with Drake's fleet from
+April 18 to July 2, and he marched with the rest up to the walls of
+Lisbon. This enterprise was an attempt on the part of Elizabeth to place
+Antonio again on the throne of Portugal, from which he had been ousted
+by Philip of Spain in 1580. The aim of the expedition was not reached,
+but a great deal of booty fell into the hands of the English, and
+Raleigh in particular received 4,000_l._ His contingent, however, had
+been a little too zealous, and he received a rather sharp reprimand for
+capturing two barks from Cherbourg belonging to the friendly power of
+France. It must be understood that Raleigh at this time maintained at
+his own expense a small personal fleet for commercial and privateering
+ends, and that he lent or leased these vessels, with his own services,
+to the government when additional naval contributions were required. In
+the _Domestic Correspondence_ we meet with the names of the chief of
+these vessels, 'The Revenge,' soon afterwards so famous, 'The Crane,'
+and 'The Garland.' These ships were merchantmen or men-of-war at will,
+and their exploits were winked at or frowned upon at Court as
+circumstances dictated. Sometimes the hawk's eye of Elizabeth would
+sound the holds of these pirates with incredible acumen, as on that
+occasion when it is recorded that 'a waistcoat of carnation colour,
+curiously embroidered,' which was being brought home to adorn the person
+of the adventurer, was seized by order of the Queen to form a stomacher
+for his royal mistress. It would be difficult to say which of the
+illustrious pair was the more solicitous of fine raiment. At other times
+the whole prize had to be disgorged; as in the case of that bark of
+Olonne, laden with barley, which Raleigh had to restore to the Treasury
+on July 21, 1589, after he had concluded a very lucrative sale of the
+same.
+
+In August 1589 Sir Francis Allen wrote to Anthony Bacon: 'My Lord of
+Essex hath chased Mr. Raleigh from the Court, and hath confined him to
+Ireland.' It is true that Raleigh himself, five months later, being
+once more restored to favour, speaks of 'that nearness to her Majesty
+which I still enjoy,' and directly contradicts the rumour of his
+disgrace. This, however, is not in accordance with the statement made by
+Spenser in his poem of _Colin Clout's come home again_, in which he says
+that all Raleigh's speech at this time was
+
+    Of great unkindness and of usage hard
+        Of Cynthia, the Lady of the Sea,
+    Which from her presence faultless him debarred,
+
+and this may probably be considered as final evidence. At all events,
+this exile from Court, whether it was enforced or voluntary, brought
+about perhaps the most pleasing and stimulating episode in the whole of
+Raleigh's career, his association with the great poet whose lines have
+just been quoted.
+
+We have already seen that, eight years before this, Spenser and Raleigh
+had met under Lord Grey in the expedition that found its crisis at
+Smerwick. We have no evidence of the point of intimacy which they
+reached in 1582, nor of their further acquaintance before 1589. It has
+been thought that Raleigh's picturesque and vivid personality
+immediately and directly influenced Spenser's imagination. Dean Church
+has noticed that to read Hooker's account of 'Raleigh's adventures with
+the Irish chieftains, his challenges and single combats, his escapes at
+fords and woods, is like reading bits of the _Faery Queen_ in prose.'
+The two men, in many respects the most remarkable Englishmen of
+imagination then before the notice of their country, did not, however,
+really come into mutual relation until the time we have now reached.
+
+In 1586 Edmund Spenser had been rewarded for his arduous services as
+Clerk of the Council of Munster by the gift of a manor and ruined castle
+of the Desmonds, Kilcolman, near the Galtee hills. This little
+peel-tower, with its tiny rooms, overlooked a county that is desolate
+enough now, but which then was finely wooded, and watered by the river
+Awbeg, to which the poet gave the softer name of Mulla. Here, in the
+midst of terrors by night and day, at the edge of the dreadful Wood,
+where 'outlaws fell affray the forest ranger,' Spenser had been settled
+for three years, describing the adventures of knights and ladies in a
+wild world of faery that was but too like Munster, when the Shepherd of
+the Ocean came over to Ireland to be his neighbour. Raleigh settled
+himself in his own house at Youghal, and found society in visiting his
+cousin, Sir George Carew, at Lismore, and Spenser at Kilcolman. Of the
+latter association we possess a most interesting record. In 1591,
+reviewing the life of two years before, Spenser says:
+
+    One day I sat, (as was my trade),
+      Under the foot of Mole, that mountain hoar,
+    Keeping my sheep among the cooly shade
+      Of the green alders, by the Mulla's shore;
+    There a strange shepherd chanced to find me out;
+      Whether allured with my pipe's delight,
+    Whose pleasing sound yshrilled far about,
+
+(the secret of the authorship of the _Shepherd's Calender_ having by
+this time oozed out in the praises of Webbe in 1586 and of Puttenham in
+1589,)
+
+      Or thither led by chance, I know not right,--
+    Whom, when I asked from what place he came
+      And how he hight, himself he did ycleepe
+    The _Shepherd of the Ocean_ by name,
+      And said he came far from the main-sea deep;
+    He, sitting me beside in that same shade,
+      Provoked me to play some pleasant fit,
+
+(that is to say, to read the MS. of the _Faery Queen_, now approaching
+completion,)
+
+    And, when he heard the music which I made,
+      He found himself full greatly pleased at it;
+    Yet aemuling my pipe, he took in hond
+      My pipe,--before that, aemuled of many,--
+    And played thereon (for well that skill he conned),
+      Himself as skilful in that art as any.
+
+Among the other poems thus read by Raleigh to Spenser at Kilcolman was
+the 'lamentable lay' to which reference had just been made--the piece in
+praise of Elizabeth which bore the name of _Cynthia_. In Spenser's
+pastoral, the speaker is persuaded by Thestylis (Lodovick Bryskett) to
+explain what ditty that was that the Shepherd of the Ocean sang, and he
+explains very distinctly, but in terms which are scarcely critical, that
+Raleigh's poem was written in love and praise, but also in pathetic
+complaint, of Elizabeth, that
+
+        great Shepherdess, that Cynthia hight,
+    His Liege, his Lady, and his life's Regent.
+
+This is most valuable evidence of the existence in 1589 of a poem or
+series of poems by Sir Walter Raleigh, set by Spenser on a level with
+the best work of the age in verse. This poem was, until quite lately,
+supposed to have vanished entirely and beyond all hope of recovery.
+Until now, no one seems to have been aware that we hold in our hands a
+fragment of Raleigh's _magnum opus_ of 1589 quite considerable enough to
+give us an idea of the extent and character of the rest.[4]
+
+In 1870 Archdeacon Hannah printed what he described as a 'continuation
+of the lost poem, _Cynthia_,' from fragments in Sir Walter's own hand
+among the Hatfield MSS. Dr. Hannah, however, misled by the character of
+the handwriting, by some vague allusions, in one of the fragments, to a
+prison captivity, and most of all, probably, by a difficulty in dates
+which we can now for the first time explain, attributed these pieces to
+1603-1618, that is to say to Raleigh's imprisonment in the Tower. The
+second fragment, beginning 'My body in the walls captived,' belongs, no
+doubt, to the later date. It is in a totally distinct metre from the
+rest and has nothing to do with _Cynthia_. The first fragment bears the
+stamp of much earlier date, but this also can be no part of Raleigh's
+epic. The long passage then following, on the contrary, is, I think,
+beyond question, a canto, almost complete, of the lost epic of 1589. It
+is written in the four-line heroic stanza adopted ten years later by Sir
+John Davies for his _Nosce teipsum_, and most familiar to us all in
+Gray's _Churchyard Elegy_. Moreover, it is headed 'the Twenty-first and
+Last Book of _The Ocean to Cynthia_.' Another note, in Raleigh's
+handwriting, styles the poem _The Ocean's Love to Cynthia_, and this was
+probably the full name of it. Spenser's name for Raleigh, the Shepherd,
+or pastoral hero, of the Ocean, is therefore for the first time
+explained. This twenty-first book suffers from the fact that stanzas,
+but apparently not very many, have dropped out, in four places. With
+these losses, the canto still contains 130 stanzas, or 526 lines.
+Supposing the average length of the twenty preceding books to have been
+the same, _The Ocean's Love to Cynthia_ must have contained at least ten
+thousand lines. Spenser, therefore, was not exaggerating, or using the
+language of flattery towards a few elegies or a group of sonnets, when
+he spoke of _Cynthia_ as a poem of great importance. As a matter of
+fact, no poem of the like ambition had been written in England for a
+century past, and if it had been published, it would perhaps have taken
+a place only second to its immediate contemporary, _The Faery Queen_.
+
+At this very time, and in the midst of his poetical holiday, Raleigh was
+actively engaged in defending the rights of the merchants of Waterford
+and Wexford to carry on their trade in pipe-staves for casks. Raleigh
+himself encouraged and took part in this exportation, having two ships
+regularly engaged between Waterford and the Canaries. Traces of his
+peaceful work in Munster still remain. Sir John Pope Hennessy says:
+
+    The richly perfumed yellow wallflowers that he brought to
+    Ireland from the Azores, and the Affane cherry, are still found
+    where he first planted them by the Blackwater. Some cedars he
+    brought to Cork are to this day growing, according to the local
+    historian, Mr. J. G. MacCarthy, at a place called Tivoli. The
+    four venerable yew-trees, whose branches have grown and
+    intermingled into a sort of summer-house thatch, are pointed out
+    as having sheltered Raleigh when he first smoked tobacco in his
+    Youghal garden. In that garden he also planted tobacco.... A few
+    steps further on, where the town-wall of the thirteenth century
+    bounds the garden of the Warden's house, is the famous spot
+    where the first Irish potato was planted by him. In that garden
+    he gave the tubers to the ancestor of the present Lord
+    Southwell, by whom they were spread throughout the province of
+    Munster.
+
+These were boons to mankind which the zeal of Raleigh's agents had
+brought back from across the western seas, gifts of more account in the
+end than could be contained in all the palaces of Manoa, and all the
+emerald mines of Trinidad, if only this great man could have followed
+his better instinct and believed it.
+
+Raleigh's habitual difficulty in serving under other men showed itself
+this autumn in his dispute with the Irish Deputy, Sir William
+Fitzwilliam, and led, perhaps, to his return early in the winter. We do
+not know what circumstances led to his being taken back into Elizabeth's
+favour again, but it was probably in November that he returned to
+England, and took Spenser with him. Of this interesting passage in his
+life we find again an account in _Colin Clout's come home again_.
+Spencer says:
+
+    When thus our pipes we both had wearied well,
+    ... and each an end of singing made,
+    He [Raleigh] gan to cast great liking to my lore,
+    And great disliking to my luckless lot;
+
+and advised him to come to Court and be presented to 'Cynthia,'
+
+    Whose grace was great and bounty most rewardful.
+
+He then devotes no less than ninety-five lines to a description of the
+voyage, which was a very rough one, and at last he is brought by Raleigh
+into the Queen's presence:
+
+            The shepherd of the ocean ...
+    Unto that goddess' grace me first enhanced,
+      And to my oaten pipe inclined her ear,
+    That she thenceforth therein gan take delight,
+      And it desired at timely hours to hear,
+
+finally commanding the publication of it. On December 1, 1589, the
+_Faery Queen_ was registered, and a pension of 50_l._ secured for the
+poet. The supplementary letter and sonnets to Raleigh express Spenser's
+generous recognition of the services his friend had performed for him,
+and appeal to Raleigh, as 'the Summer's Nightingale, thy sovereign
+goddess's most dear delight,' not to delay in publishing his own great
+poem, the _Cynthia_. The first of the eulogistic pieces prefixed by
+friends to the _Faery Queen_ was that noble and justly celebrated sonnet
+signed W. R. which alone would justify Raleigh in taking a place among
+the English poets.
+
+Raleigh's position was once more secure in the sunlight. He could hold
+Sir William Fitzwilliam informed, on December 29, that 'I take myself
+far his better by the honourable office I hold, as well as by that
+nearness to her Majesty which still I enjoy, and never more.' The next
+two years were a sort of breathing space in Raleigh's career; he had
+reached the table-land of his fortunes, and neither rose nor fell in
+favour. The violent crisis of the Spanish Armada had marked the close of
+an epoch at Court. In September 1588 Leicester died, in April 1590
+Walsingham, in September 1591 Sir Christopher Hatton, three men in
+whose presence, however apt Raleigh might be to vaunt his influence, he
+could never have felt absolutely master. New men were coming on, but for
+the moment the most violent and aggressive of his rivals, Essex, was
+disposed to wave a flag of truce. Both Raleigh and Essex saw one thing
+more clearly than the Queen herself, namely, that the loyalty of the
+Puritans, whom Elizabeth disliked, was the great safeguard of the nation
+against Catholic encroachment, and they united their forces in trying to
+protect the interests of men like John Udall against the Queen's
+turbulent prejudices. In March 1591 we find it absolutely recorded that
+the Earl of Essex and Raleigh have joined 'as instruments from the
+Puritans to the Queen upon any particular occasion of relieving them.'
+With Essex, some sort of genuine Protestant fervour seems to have acted;
+Raleigh, according to all evidence, was a man without religious
+interests, but far before his age in tolerance for the opinions of
+others, and he was swayed, no doubt, in this as in other cases, by his
+dislike of persecution on the one hand, and his implacable enmity to
+Spain on the other.
+
+In May 1591, Raleigh was hurriedly sent down the Channel in a pinnace to
+warn Lord Thomas Howard that Spanish ships had been seen near the Scilly
+Islands. There was a project for sending a fleet of twenty ships to
+Spain, and Raleigh was to be second in command, but the scheme was
+altered. In November 1591 he first came before the public as an author
+with a tract in which he celebrated the prowess of one of his best
+friends and truest servants, Sir Richard Grenville, in a contest with
+the Spaniard which is one of the most famous in English history.
+Raleigh's little volume is entitled: _A Report of the Truth of the Fight
+about the Iles of the Acores this last Sommer betwixt the 'Reuenge' and
+an Armada of the King of Spaine_. The fight had taken place on the
+preceding 10th of September; the odds against the 'Revenge' were so
+excessive that Grenville was freely blamed for needless foolhardiness,
+in facing 15,000 Spaniards with only 100 men. Raleigh wrote his _Report_
+to justify the memory of his friend, and doubtless hastened its
+publication that it might be received as evidence before Sir R.
+Beville's commission, which was to meet a month later to inquire into
+the circumstances of Grenville's death. Posterity has taken Raleigh's
+view, and all Englishmen, from Lord Bacon to Lord Tennyson, have united
+in praising this fight as one 'memorable even beyond credit, and to the
+height of some heroical fable.'
+
+The _Report_ of 1591 was anonymous, and it was Hakluyt first who, in
+reprinting it in 1599, was permitted to state that it was 'penned by the
+honourable Sir Walter Ralegh, knight.' Long entirely neglected, it has
+of late become the best known of all its author's productions. It is
+written in a sane and manly style, and marks the highest level reached
+by English narrative prose as it existed before the waters were troubled
+by the fashion of Euphues. Not issued with Raleigh's name, it was yet no
+doubt at once recognised as his work, and it cannot have been without
+influence in determining the policy of the country with Spain. The
+author's enmity to the Spaniard is inveterate, and he is careful in an
+eloquent introduction to prove that he is not actuated by resentment on
+account of this one act of cruel cowardice, but by a divine anger,
+justified by the events of years, 'against the ambitious and bloody
+pretences of the Spaniard, who, seeking to devour all nations, shall be
+themselves devoured.' The tract closes with a passionate appeal to the
+loyalty of the English Catholics, who are warned by the sufferings of
+Portugal that 'the obedience even of the Turk is easy and a liberty, in
+respect of the slavery and tyranny of Spain,' and who will never be so
+safe as when they are trusting in the clemency of her Majesty. All this
+is in the highest degree characteristic of Raleigh, whose central idea
+in life was not prejudice against the Catholic religion, for he was
+singularly broad in this respect, but, in his own words, 'hatred of the
+tyrannous prosperity of Spain.' This ran like a red strand through his
+whole career from Smerwick to the block, and this was at once the
+measure of his greatness and the secret of his fall.
+
+It was formerly supposed that Raleigh came into possession of Sherborne,
+his favourite country residence, in 1594, that is to say after the
+Throckmorton incident. It is, however, in the highest degree improbable
+that such an estate would be given to him after his fatal offence, and
+in fact it is now certain that the lease was extended to him much
+earlier, probably in October 1591. There is a pleasant legend that
+Raleigh and one of his half-brothers were riding up to town from
+Plymouth, when Raleigh's horse stumbled and threw him within the
+precincts of a beautiful Dorsetshire estate, then in possession of the
+Dean and Chapter of Salisbury, and that Raleigh, choosing to consider
+that he had thus taken seisin of the soil, asked the Queen for
+Sherborne Castle when he arrived at Court. It may have been on this
+occasion that Elizabeth asked him when he would cease to be a beggar,
+and received the reply, 'When your Majesty ceases to be a benefactor!'
+His first lease included a payment of 260_l._ a year to the Bishop of
+Salisbury, who asserted a claim to the property. In January 1592, after
+the payment of a quarter's rent, Raleigh was confirmed in possession,
+and began to improve and enjoy the property. It consisted of the manor
+of Sherborne, with a large park, a castle which had to be repaired, and
+several farms and hamlets, together with a street in the borough of
+Sherborne itself. It is a curious fact that Raleigh had to present the
+Queen with a jewel worth 250_l._ to induce her 'to make the Bishop,'
+that is to say, to appoint to the see of Salisbury, now vacant, a man
+who would consent to the alienation of such rich Church lands as the
+manors of Sherborne and Yetminster. John Meeres, afterwards so
+determined and exasperating an enemy of Raleigh's, was now[5] appointed
+his bailiff, and Adrian Gilbert a sort of general overseer of the works.
+
+Raleigh had been but two months settled in possession of Sherborne, with
+his ninety-nine years' lease clearly made out, when he passed suddenly
+out of the sunlight into the deepest shadow of approaching disfavour.
+The year opened with promise of greater activity and higher public
+honours than Raleigh had yet displayed and enjoyed. An expedition was to
+be sent to capture the rich fleet of plate-ships, known as the Indian
+Carracks, and then to push on to storm the pearl treasuries of Panama.
+For the first time, Elizabeth had shown herself willing to trust her
+favourite in person on the perilous western seas. Raleigh was to command
+the fleet of fifteen ships, and under him was to serve the morose hero
+of Cathay, the dreadful Sir Martin Frobisher. Raleigh was not only to be
+admiral of the expedition, but its chief adventurer also, and in order
+to bear this expense he had collected his available fortune from various
+quarters, stripping himself of all immediate resources. To help him, the
+Queen had bought The Ark Raleigh, his largest ship, for 5,000_l._; and
+in February 1592 he was ready to sail. When the moment for parting came,
+however, the Queen found it impossible to spare him, and Sir John
+Burrough was appointed admiral.
+
+It is exceedingly difficult to move with confidence in this obscure part
+of our narrative. On March 10, 1592, we find Raleigh at Chatham, busy
+about the wages of the sailors, and trying to persuade them to serve
+under Frobisher, whose reputation for severity made him very unpopular.
+He writes on that day to Sir Robert Cecil, and uses these ambiguous
+expressions with regard to a rumour of which we now hear for the first
+time:
+
+    I mean not to come away, as they say I will, for fear of a
+    marriage, and I know not what. If any such thing were, I would
+    have imparted it to yourself, before any man living; and
+    therefore, I pray, believe it not, and I beseech you to
+    suppress, what you can, any such malicious report. For I protest
+    before God, there is none, on the face of the earth, that I
+    would be fastened unto.
+
+Raleigh was now in a desperate embarrassment. There was that concealed
+in his private life which could only be condoned by absence; he had seen
+before him an unexpected chance of escape from England, and now the
+Queen's tedious fondness had closed it again. The desperate fault which
+he had committed was that he had loved too well and not at all wisely a
+beautiful orphan, Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Nicholas Throckmorton, a
+maid of honour to the Queen. It is supposed that she was two or three
+and twenty at the time. Whether he seduced her, and married her after
+his imprisonment in the Tower, or whether in the early months of 1592
+there was a private marriage, has been doubted. The biographers of
+Raleigh have preferred to believe the latter, but it is to be feared
+that his fair fame in this matter cannot be maintained unsullied. Among
+Sir Walter Raleigh's children one daughter appears to have been
+illegitimate, 'my poor daughter, to whom I have given nothing, for his
+sake who will be cruel to himself to preserve thee,' as he says to Lady
+Raleigh in 1603, and it may be that it was the birth of this child which
+brought down the vengeance of Queen Elizabeth upon their heads.
+
+His clandestine relations with Elizabeth Throckmorton were not in
+themselves without excuse. To be the favourite of Elizabeth, who had now
+herself attained the sixtieth summer of her immortal charms, was
+tantamount to a condemnation to celibacy. The vanity of Belphoebe
+would admit no rival among high or low, and the least divergence from
+the devotion justly due to her own imperial loveliness was a mortal sin.
+What is less easy to forgive in Raleigh than that at the age of forty
+he should have rebelled at last against this tyranny, is that he seems,
+in the crisis of his embarrassment, to have abandoned the woman to whom
+he could write long afterwards, 'I chose you and I loved you in my
+happiest times.' After this brief dereliction, however, he returned to
+his duty, and for the rest of his life was eminently faithful to the
+wife whom he had taken under such painful circumstances.
+
+There is a lacuna in the evidence as to what actually happened early in
+1592; the late Mr. J. P. Collier filled up this gap with a convenient
+letter, which has found its way into the histories of Raleigh, but the
+original of which has never been seen by other eyes than the
+transcriber's. What is certain is that Raleigh contrived to conceal the
+state of things from the Queen, and to steal away to sea on the pretext
+that he was merely accompanying Sir Martin Frobisher to the mouth of the
+Channel. He says himself that on May 13, 1592, he was 'about forty
+leagues off the Cape Finisterre.' It was reported that the Queen sent a
+ship after him to insist on his return, but such a messenger would have
+had little chance of finding him when once he had reached the latitude
+of Portugal, and it is more reasonable to suppose that after straying
+away as far as he dared, he came back again of his own accord. On June 8
+he was still living unmolested in Durham House, and dealing, as a person
+in authority, with certain questions of international navigation. Three
+weeks later the Queen seems to have discovered, what everyone about her
+knew already, the nature of Raleigh's relations with Elizabeth
+Throckmorton. On July 28 Sir Edward Stafford wrote to Anthony Bacon:
+'If you have anything to do with Sir Walter Raleigh, or any love to make
+to Mrs. Throckmorton, at the Tower to-morrow you may speak with them.'
+It was four years before Raleigh was admitted again to the presence of
+his enraged Belphoebe.
+
+Needless prominence has been given to this imprisonment of Raleigh's,
+which lasted something less than two months. He was exceedingly restive
+under constraint, however, and filled the air with the picturesque
+clamour of his distress. His first idea was to soften the Queen's heart
+by outrageous protestations of anxious devotion to her person. The
+following passage from a letter to Sir Robert Cecil is remarkable in
+many ways, curious as an example of affected passion in a soldier of
+forty for a maiden of sixty, curious as a piece of carefully modulated
+Euphuistic prose in the fashion of the hour, most curious as the
+language of a man from whom the one woman that he really loved was
+divided by the damp wall of a prison:
+
+    My heart was never broken till this day, that I hear the Queen
+    goes away so far off, whom I have followed so many years with so
+    great love and desire, in so many journeys, and am now left
+    behind her, in a dark prison all alone. While she was yet nigher
+    at hand, that I might hear of her once in two or three days, my
+    sorrows were the less; but even now my heart is cast into the
+    depth of all misery. I that was wont to behold her riding like
+    Alexander, hunting like Diana, walking like Venus, the gentle
+    wind blowing her fair hair about her pure cheeks, like a nymph;
+    sometime sitting in the shade like a goddess; sometime singing
+    like an angel; sometime playing like Orpheus. Behold the sorrow
+    of this world! Once amiss, hath bereaved me of all. O Glory,
+    that only shineth in misfortune, what is become of thy
+    assurance? All wounds have scars, but that of fantasy; all
+    affections their relenting, but that of womankind. Who is the
+    judge of friendship, but adversity? or when is grace witnessed,
+    but in offences? There were no divinity, but by reason of
+    compassion for revenges are brutish and mortal. All those times
+    past, the loves, the sights, the sorrows, the desires, can they
+    not weigh down one frail misfortune? Cannot one drop of salt be
+    hidden in so great heaps of sweetness? I may then conclude,
+    _Spes et fortuna, valete_! She is gone in whom I trusted, and of
+    me hath not one thought of mercy, nor any respect of that that
+    was. Do with me now, therefore, what you list. I am more weary
+    of life than they are desirous I should perish.
+
+He kept up this comedy of passion with wonderful energy. One day, when
+the royal barge, passing down to Gravesend, crossed below his window, he
+raved and stormed, swearing that his enemies had brought the Queen
+thither 'to break his gall in sunder with Tantalus' torment.' Another
+time he protested that he must disguise himself as a boatman, and just
+catch a sight of the Queen, or else his heart would break. He drew his
+dagger on his keeper, Sir George Carew, and broke the knuckles of Sir
+Arthur Gorges, because he said they were restraining him from the sight
+of his Mistress. He proposed to Lord Howard of Effingham at the close of
+a business letter, that he should be thrown to feed the lions, 'to save
+labour,' as the Queen was still so cruel. Sir Arthur Gorges was in
+despair; he thought that Raleigh was going mad. 'He will shortly grow,'
+he said, 'to be Orlando Furioso, if the bright Angelica persevere
+against him a little longer.'
+
+It was all a farce, of course, but underneath the fantastic affectation
+there was a very real sentiment, that of the intolerable tedium of
+captivity. Raleigh had been living a life of exaggerated activity, never
+a month at rest, now at sea, now in Devonshire, now at Court, hurrying
+hither and thither, his horse and he one veritable centaur. Among the
+Euphuistic 'tears of fancy' which he sent from the Tower, there occurs
+this little sentence, breathing the most complete sincerity: 'I live to
+trouble you at this time, being become like a fish cast on dry land,
+gasping for breath, with lame legs and lamer lungs.' There was no man
+then in England whom it was more cruel to shut up in a cage. This
+reference to his lungs is the first announcement of the failure of his
+health. Raleigh's constitution was tough, but he had a variety of
+ailments, and a tendency to rheumatism and to consumption was among
+them. In later years we shall find that the damp cells of the Tower
+filled his joints with pain, and reduced him with a weakening cough. But
+long before his main imprisonment his joints and his lungs were
+troublesome to him.
+
+Meanwhile the great privateering expedition in which Raleigh had
+launched his fortune was proceeding to its destination in the Azores. No
+such enterprise had been as yet undertaken by English adventurers. It
+was a strictly private effort, but the Queen in her personal capacity
+had contributed two ships and 1,800_l._, and the citizens of London
+6,000_l._, but Raleigh retained by far the largest share. Raleigh had
+been a week in the Tower, when Admiral Sir John Burrough, who had
+divided the fleet and had left Frobisher on the coast of Spain, joined
+to his contingent two London ships, the 'Golden Dragon' and the
+'Prudence,' and lay in wait under Flores for the great line of
+approaching carracks. The largest of these, the 'Madre de Dios,' was the
+most famous plate-ship of the day, carrying what in those days seemed
+almost incredible, no less than 1,800 tons. Her cargo, brought through
+Indian seas from the coast of Malabar, was valued when she started at
+500,000_l._ She was lined with glowing woven carpets, sarcenet quilts,
+and lengths of white silk and cyprus; she carried in chests of
+sandalwood and ebony such store of rubies and pearls, such porcelain and
+ivory and rock crystal, such great pots of musk and planks of cinnamon,
+as had never been seen on all the stalls of London. Her hold smelt like
+a garden of spices for all the benjamin and cloves, the nutmegs and the
+civet, the ambergris and frankincense. There was a fight before
+Raleigh's ship the 'Roebuck' could seize this enormous prize, yet
+somewhat a passive one on the part of the lumbering carrack, such a
+fight as may ensue between a great rabbit and the little stoat that
+sucks its life out. When she was entered, it was found that pilferings
+had gone on already at every port at which she had called; and the
+English sailors had done their share before Burrough could arrive on
+board; the jewels and the lighter spices were badly tampered with, but
+in the general rejoicing over so vast a prize this was not much
+regarded. Through seas so tempestuous that it seemed at one time likely
+that she would sink in the Atlantic, the 'Madre de Dios' was at last
+safely brought into Dartmouth, on September 8.
+
+The arrival of the 'Madre de Dios' on the Queen's birthday had something
+like the importance of a national event. No prize of such value had ever
+been captured before. When all deduction had been made for treasure
+lost or pilfered or squandered, there yet remained a total value of
+141,000_l._ in the money of that day. The fact that all this wealth was
+lying in Dartmouth harbour was more than the tradesmen of London could
+bear. Before the Queen's commissioners could assemble, half the usurers
+and shopkeepers in the City had hurried down into Devonshire to try and
+gather up a few of the golden crumbs. Raleigh, meanwhile, was ready to
+burst his heart with fretting in the Tower, until it suddenly appeared
+that this very concourse and rabble at Dartmouth would render his
+release imperative. No one but he could cope with Devonshire in its
+excitement, and Lord Burghley determined on sending him to Dartmouth.
+Robert Cecil, writing from Exeter to his father on September 19,
+reported that for seven miles everybody he met on the London road smelt
+of amber or of musk, and that you could not open a bag without finding
+seed-pearls in it. 'My Lord!' he says, 'there never was such spoil.'
+Raleigh's presence was absolutely necessary, for Cecil could do nothing
+with the desperate and obstinate merchants and sailors.
+
+On September 21, Raleigh arrived at Dartmouth with his keeper, Blount.
+Cecil was amazed to find the disgraced favourite so popular in
+Devonshire. 'I assure you,' he says, 'his poor servants to the number of
+one hundred and forty, goodly men, and all the mariners, came to him
+with such shouts and joy as I never saw a man more troubled to quiet
+them in my life. But his heart is broken, for he is extremely pensive
+longer than he is busied, in which he can toil terribly, but if you did
+hear him rage at the spoils, finding all the short wares utterly
+devoured, you would laugh as I do, which I cannot choose. The meeting
+between him and Sir John Gilbert was with tears on Sir John's part; and
+he belike finding it known he had a keeper, wherever he is saluted with
+congratulation for liberty, he doth answer, "No, I am still the Queen of
+England's poor captive." I wished him to conceal it, because here it
+doth diminish his credit, which I do vow to you before God is greater
+among the mariners than I thought for. I do grace him as much as I may,
+for I find him marvellously greedy to do anything to recover the conceit
+of his brutish offence.'
+
+Raleigh broke into rage at finding so many of his treasures lost, and he
+gave out that if he met with any London jewellers or goldsmiths in
+Devonshire, were it on the wildest heath in all the county, he would
+strip them as naked as when they were born. He raved against the
+commissioners and the captains, against Cecil and against Cross. As was
+his wont, he showed no tact or consideration towards those who were
+engaged with or just above him; but about the end of September business
+cooled his wrath, and he settled down to a division of the prize. On
+September 27, the Commissioners of Inquiry sent in to Burghley and
+Howard a report of their proceedings with respect to the 'Madre de
+Dios'; this report is signed by Cecil, Raleigh, Sir Francis Drake, and
+three other persons. They had carried on their search for stolen
+treasure so rigorously that even the Admiral's chests were examined
+against his will. They confess their disappointment at finding in them
+nothing more tempting than some taffetas embroidered with Chinese gold,
+and a bunch of seed-pearl.
+
+Sir Walter Raleigh now married or acknowledged Elizabeth Throckmorton,
+and in February 1593 Sir Robert Cecil procured some sort of surly
+recognition of the marriage from the Queen. For this Lady Raleigh thanks
+him in a strange flowery letter[6] of the 8th of that month, in which
+she excuses her husband for his denial of her--'if faith were broken
+with me, I was yet far away'--and shows an affectionate solicitude for
+his future. It seems that Raleigh's first idea on finding himself free
+was to depart on an expedition to America, and this Lady Raleigh
+strongly objects to. In her alembicated style she says to Cecil, 'I hope
+for my sake you will rather draw for Walter towards the east than help
+him forward toward the sunset, if any respect to me or love to him be
+not forgotten. But every month hath his flower and every season his
+contentment, and you great councillors are so full of new councils, as
+you are steady in nothing, but we poor souls that have bought sorrow at
+a high price, desire, and can be pleased with, the same misfortune we
+hold, fearing alterations will but multiply misery, of which we have
+already felt sufficient.' The poor woman had her way for the present,
+and for two full years her husband contented himself with a quiet and
+obscure life among the woods of Sherborne.
+
+For the next year we get scanty traces of Raleigh's movements from his
+own letters. In May 1593 his health, shaken by his imprisonment, gave
+him some uneasiness, and he went to Bath to drink the waters, but
+without advantage. In August of that year we find him busy in
+Gillingham Forest, and he gives Sir Robert Cecil a roan gelding in
+exchange for a rare Indian falcon. In the autumn he is engaged on the
+south coast in arranging quarrels between English and French fishermen.
+In April 1594 he captures a live Jesuit, 'a notable stout villain,' with
+all 'his copes and bulls,' in Lady Stourton's house, which was a very
+warren of dangerous recusants. But he soon gets tired of these small
+activities. The sea at Weymouth and at Plymouth put out its arms to him
+and wooed him. To hunt 'notable Jesuit knaves' and to sit on the granite
+judgment-seat of the Stannaries were well, but life offered more than
+this to Raleigh. In June 1594 he tells Cecil that he will serve the
+Queen as a poor private mariner or soldier if he may only be allowed to
+be stirring abroad, and the following month there is a still more urgent
+appeal for permission to go with the Lord Admiral to Brittany. He has a
+quarrel meanwhile with the Dean and Chapter of Sarum, who have let his
+Sherborne farms over his head to one Fitzjames, and 'who could not deal
+with me worse withal if I were a Turk.' But a month later release has
+come. The plague has broken up his home, his wife and son are sent in
+opposite directions, and he himself has leave to be free at last; with
+God's favour and the Queen's he will sail into 'the sunset' that Lady
+Raleigh had feared so much, and will conquer for England the fabulous
+golden cities of Guiana.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+GUIANA.
+
+
+The vast tract in the north-east of the southern continent of America
+which is now divided between Venezuela and three European powers, was
+known in the sixteenth century by the name of Guiana. Of this district
+the three territories now styled English, Dutch, and French Guiana
+respectively form but an insignificant coast-line, actually lying
+outside the vague eastern limit of the traditional empire of Guiana. As
+early as 1539 a brother of the great Pizarro had returned to Peru with a
+legend of a prince of Guiana whose body was smeared with turpentine and
+then blown upon with gold dust, so that he strode naked among his people
+like a majestic golden statue. This prince was El Dorado, the Gilded
+One. But as time went on this title was transferred from the monarch to
+his kingdom, or rather to a central lake hemmed in by golden mountains
+in the heart of Guiana. Spanish and German adventurers made effort after
+effort to reach this _laguna_, starting now from Peru, now from Quito,
+now from Trinidad, but they never found it: little advance was made in
+knowledge or authority, nor did Spain raise any definite pretensions to
+Guiana, although her provinces hemmed it in upon three sides.
+
+There is no doubt that Raleigh, who followed with the closest attention
+the nascent geographical literature of his time, read the successive
+accounts which the Spaniards and Germans gave of their explorations in
+South America. But it was not until 1594 that he seems to have been
+specially attracted to Guiana. At every part of his career it was
+'hatred of the tyrannous prosperity' of Spain which excited him to
+action. Early in 1594 Captain George Popham, sailing apparently in one
+of Raleigh's vessels, captured at sea and brought to the latter certain
+letters sent home to the King of Spain announcing that on April 23,
+1593, at a place called Warismero, on the Orinoco, Antonio de Berreo,
+the Governor of Trinidad, had annexed Guiana to the dominions of his
+Catholic Majesty, under the name of El Nuevo Dorado. In these same
+letters various reports of the country and its inhabitants were
+repeated, that the chiefs danced with their naked bodies gleaming with
+gold dust, and with golden eagles dangling from their breasts and great
+pearls from their ears, that there were rich mines of diamonds and of
+gold, that the innocent people were longing to exchange their jewels for
+jews-harps. Raleigh was aroused at once, less by the splendours of the
+description than by the fact that this unknown country, with its
+mysterious possibilities, had been impudently added to the plunder of
+Spain. He immediately fitted out a ship, and sent Captain Jacob Whiddon,
+an old servant of his, to act as a pioneer, and get what knowledge he
+could of Guiana. Whiddon went to Trinidad, saw Berreo, was put off by
+him with various treacherous excuses, and returned to England in the
+winter of 1594 with but a scanty stock of fresh information. It was
+enough, however, to encourage Raleigh to start for Guiana without delay.
+
+On December 26 he writes: 'This wind breaks my heart. That which should
+carry me hence now stays me here, and holds seven ships in the river of
+Thames. As soon as God sends them hither I will not lose one hour of
+time.' On January 2, 1595, he is still at Sherborne, 'only gazing for a
+wind to carry me to my destiny.' At last, on February 6 he sailed away
+from Plymouth, not with seven, but with five ships, together with small
+craft for ascending rivers. What the number of his crew was, he nowhere
+states. The section of them which he took up to the Orinoco he describes
+as 'a handful of men, being in all about a hundred gentlemen; soldiers,
+rowers, boat-keepers, boys, and all sorts.' Sir Robert Cecil was to have
+adventured his own ship, the 'Lion's Whelp,' and for her Raleigh waited
+seven or eight days among the Canaries, but she did not arrive. On the
+17th they captured at Fuerteventura two ships, Spanish and Flemish, and
+stocked their own vessels with wine from the latter.
+
+They then sailed on into the west, and on March 22 arrived on the south
+side of Trinidad, casting anchor on the north shore of the Serpent's
+Mouth. Raleigh personally explored the southern and western coasts of
+the island in a small boat, while the ships kept to the channel. He was
+amazed to find oysters in the brackish creeks hanging to the branches of
+the mangrove trees at low water, and he examined also the now famous
+liquid pitch of Trinidad. Twenty years afterwards, in writing _The
+History of the World_, we find his memory still dwelling on these
+natural wonders. At the first settlement the English fleet came to,
+Port of Spain, they traded with the Spanish colonists, and Raleigh
+endeavoured to find out what he could, which was but little, about
+Guiana. He pretended that he was asking merely out of curiosity, and was
+on his way to his own colony of Virginia.
+
+While Raleigh was anchored off Port of Spain, he found that Berreo, the
+Governor, had privately sent for reinforcements to Marguerita and
+Cumana, meaning to attack him suddenly. At the same time the Indians
+came secretly aboard the English ships with terrible complaints of
+Spanish cruelty. Berreo was keeping the ancient chiefs of the island in
+prison, and had the singular foible of amusing himself at intervals by
+basting their bare limbs with broiling bacon. These considerations
+determined Raleigh to take the initiative. That same evening he marched
+his men up the country to the new capital of the island, St. Joseph,
+which they easily stormed, and in it they captured Berreo. Raleigh found
+five poor roasted chieftains hanging in irons at the point of death, and
+at their instance he set St. Joseph on fire. That very day two more
+English ships, the 'Lion's Whelp' and the 'Galleys,' arrived at Port of
+Spain, and Raleigh was easily master of the situation.
+
+Berreo seems to have submitted with considerable tact. He insinuated
+himself into Raleigh's confidence, and, like the familiar poet in
+Shakespeare's sonnet, 'nightly gulled him with intelligence.' His
+original idea probably was that by inflaming Raleigh's imagination with
+the wonders of Guiana, he would be the more likely to plunge to his own
+destruction into the fatal swamps of the Orinoco. It is curious to find
+even Raleigh, who was eminently humane in his own dealings with the
+Indians, speaking in these terms of such a cruel scoundrel as Berreo, 'a
+gentleman well descended, very valiant and liberal, and a gentleman of
+great assuredness, and of a great heart: I used him according to his
+estate and worth in all things I could, according to the small means I
+had.' Berreo showed him a copy he held of a journal kept by a certain
+Juan Martinez, who professed to have penetrated as far as Manoa, the
+capital of Guiana. This narrative was very shortly afterwards exposed as
+'an invention of the fat friars of Puerto Rico,' but Raleigh believed
+it, and it greatly encouraged him. When Berreo realised that he
+certainly meant to attempt the expedition, his tone altered, and he 'was
+stricken into a great melancholy and sadness, using all the arguments he
+could to dissuade me, and also assuring the gentlemen of my company that
+it would be labour lost,' but all in vain.
+
+The first thing to be done was to cross the Serpent's Mouth, and to
+ascend one of the streams of the great delta. Raleigh sent Captain
+Whiddon to explore the southern coast, and determined from his report to
+take the Capuri, or, as it is now called, the Macareo branch, which lies
+directly under the western extremity of Trinidad. After an unsuccessful
+effort here, he started farther west, on the Cano Manamo, which he calls
+the River of the Red Cross. He found it exceedingly difficult to enter,
+owing to the sudden rise and fall of the flood in the river, and the
+violence of the current. At last they started, passing up the river on
+the tide, and anchoring in the ebb, and in this way went slowly onward.
+The vessels which carried them were little fitted for such a task.
+Raleigh had had an old galley furnished with benches to row upon, and so
+far cut down that she drew but five feet of water; he had also a barge,
+two wherries, and a ship's boat, and in this miserable fleet, leaving
+his large vessels behind him in the Gulf of Paria, he accomplished his
+perilous and painful voyage to the Orinoco and back, with one hundred
+persons and their provisions. Of the misery of these four hundred miles
+he gives a graphic account:
+
+    We were all driven to lie in the rain and weather, in the open
+    air, in the burning sun, and upon the hard boards, and to dress
+    our meat, and to carry all manner of furniture, wherewith [the
+    boats] were so pestered and unsavoury, that what with victuals
+    being most fish, with the wet clothes of so many men thrust
+    together, and the heat of the sun, I will undertake there was
+    never any prison in England that could be found more unsavoury
+    and loathsome, especially to myself, who had for many years
+    before been dieted and cared for in a sort far different.
+
+On the third day, as they were ascending the river, the galley stuck so
+fast that they thought their expedition would have ended there; but
+after casting out all her ballast, and after much tugging and hauling to
+and fro, they got off in twelve hours. When they had ascended beyond the
+limit of the tide, the violence of the current became a very serious
+difficulty, and at the end of the seventh day the crews began to
+despair, the temperature being extremely hot, and the thick foliage of
+the Ita-palms on either side of the river excluding every breath of air.
+Day by day the Indian pilots assured them that the next night should be
+the last. Raleigh had to harangue his men to prevent mutiny, for now
+their provisions also were exhausted. He told them that if they returned
+through that deadly swamp they must die of starvation, and that the
+world would laugh their memory to scorn.
+
+[Illustration: GUIANA.]
+
+Presently things grew a little better. They found wholesome fruits on
+the banks, and now that the streams were purer they caught fish. Not
+knowing what they saw, they marvelled at the 'birds of all colours, some
+carnation, orange tawny,' which was Raleigh's own colour, 'purple,
+green, watchet and of all other sorts both simple and mixed, as it was
+unto us a great good passing of the time to behold them, besides the
+relief we found by killing some store of them with our fowling pieces.'
+These savannahs are full of birds, and the brilliant macaws which
+excited Raleigh's admiration make an excellent stew, with the flavour,
+according to Sir Robert Schomburgk, of hare soup. Their pilot now
+persuaded them to anchor the galley in the main river, and come with him
+up a creek, on the right hand, which would bring them to a town. On this
+wild-goose chase they ascended the side-stream for forty miles; it was
+probably the Cucuina, which was simply winding back with them towards
+the Gulf of Paria. They felt that the Indian was tricking them, but
+about midnight, while they were talking of hanging him, they saw a light
+and heard the baying of dogs. They had found an Indian village, and here
+they rested well, and had plenty of food and drink. Upon this new river
+they were charmed to see the deer come feeding down to the water's
+brink, and Raleigh describes the scene as though it reminded him of his
+own park at Sherborne. They were alarmed at the crowds of alligators,
+and one handsome young negro, who leaped into the river from the galley,
+was instantly devoured in Raleigh's sight.
+
+Next day they regained the great river, and their anxious comrades in
+the 'Lion's Whelp.' They passed on together, and were fortunate enough
+to meet with four Indian canoes laden with excellent bread. The Indians
+ran away and left their possessions, and Raleigh's dreams of mineral
+wealth were excited by the discovery of what he took to be a 'refiner's
+basket, for I found in it his quicksilver, saltpetre, and divers things
+for the trial of metals, and also the dust of such ore as he had
+refined.' He was minded to stay here and dig for gold, but was prevented
+by a phenomenon which he mentions incidentally, but which has done much
+to prove the reality of his narrative. He says that all the little
+creeks which ran towards the Orinoco 'were raised with such speed, as if
+we waded them over the shoes in the morning outward, we were covered to
+the shoulders homeward the very same day.' Sir R. Schomburgk found
+exactly the same to be the case when he explored Guiana in 1843.
+
+They pushed on therefore along the dreary river, and on the fifteenth
+day had the joy of seeing straight before them far away the peaks of
+Peluca and Paisapa, the summits of the Imataca mountains which divide
+the Orinoco from the Essequibo. The same evening, favoured by a strong
+northerly wind, they came in sight of the great Orinoco itself, and
+anchored in it a little to the east of the present settlement of San
+Rafael de Barrancas. Their spirits were high again. They feasted on the
+eggs of the freshwater turtles which they found in thousands on the
+sandy islands, and they gazed with rapture on the mountains to the south
+of them which rose out of the very heart of Guiana. A friendly chieftain
+carried them off to his village, where, to preserve the delightful
+spelling of the age, 'some of our captaines garoused of his wine till
+they were reasonable pleasant,' this wine being probably the cassivi or
+fermented juice of the sweet potato. It redounds to Raleigh's especial
+credit that in an age when great license was customary in dealing with
+savages, he strictly prohibited his men, under threat of punishment by
+death, from insulting the Indian women. His just admiration of the fair
+Caribs, however, was quite enthusiastic:
+
+    The casique that was a stranger had his wife staying at the port
+    where we anchored, and in all my life I have seldom seen a
+    better-favoured woman. She was of good stature, with black eyes,
+    fat of body, of an excellent countenance, and taking great pride
+    therein. I have seen a lady in England so like her, as but for
+    the difference of colour I would have sworn might have been the
+    same.
+
+They started to ascend the Orinoco, having so little just understanding
+of the geography of South America that they thought if they could only
+sail far enough up the river they would come out on the other side of
+the continent at Quito. It has been noticed that Raleigh passed close to
+the Spanish settlement of Guayana Vieja, which Berreo had founded four
+years before. Perhaps it was by this time deserted, and Raleigh may
+really have gone by it without seeing it. More probably, however, its
+existence interfered with his theory that all this territory was
+untouched by Europeans, and therefore open to be annexed in the name of
+her English Majesty. Passing up the Orinoco, he came at last to what he
+calls 'the port of Morequito,' where he made some stay, and enjoyed the
+luxury of pine-apples, which he styles 'the princess of fruits.' He was
+also introduced to that pleasing beast the armadillo, whose powers and
+functions he a little misunderstood, for he says of it, 'it seemeth to
+be all barred over with small plates like to a rhinoceros, with a white
+horn growing in his hinder parts, like unto a hunting horn, which they
+use to wind instead of a trumpet.' What Raleigh mistook for a
+hunting-horn was the stiff tail of the armadillo. Raleigh warned the
+peaceful and friendly inhabitants of Morequito against the villanies of
+Spain, and recommended England to them as a safe protector. He then
+pursued his westerly course to an island which he calls Caiama, and
+which is now named Fajardo, which was the farthest point he reached upon
+the Orinoco. This island lies at the mouth of the Caroni, the great
+southern artery of the watershed, and Raleigh's final expedition was
+made up this stream. He reached the foot of the great cataract, now
+named Salto Caroni, and his description of this noble natural wonder may
+be quoted as a favourable instance of his style, and as the crown of his
+geographical enterprise:
+
+    When we ran to the tops of the first hills of the plains
+    adjoining to the river, we behold that wonderful breach of
+    waters, which ran down Caroli [Caroni]; and might from that
+    mountain see the river how it ran in three parts, above twenty
+    miles off, and there appeared some ten or twelve overfalls in
+    sight, every one as high over the other as a church tower,
+    which fell with that fury that the rebound of waters made it
+    seem as if it had been all covered over with a great shower of
+    rain; and in some places we took it at the first for a smoke
+    that had risen over some great town. For mine own part, I was
+    well persuaded from thence to have returned, being a very ill
+    footman, but the rest were all so desirous to go near the said
+    strange thunder of waters, that they drew me on by little and
+    little, till we came into the next valley, where we might better
+    discern the same. I never saw a more beautiful country, nor more
+    lively prospects, hills so raised here and there over the
+    valleys, the river winding into divers branches, the plains
+    adjoining without bush or stubble, all fair green grass, the
+    ground of hard sand easy to march on either for horse or foot,
+    the deer crossing in every path, the birds towards the evening
+    singing on every tree with a thousand several tunes, cranes and
+    herons of white, crimson, and carnation perching on the river's
+    side, the air fresh with a gentle easterly wind, and every stone
+    that we stooped to take up promised either gold or silver by his
+    complexion.
+
+The last touch spoils an exquisite picture. It is at once dispiriting to
+find so intrepid a geographer and so acute a merchant befooled by the
+madness of gold, and pathetic to know that his hopes in this direction
+were absolutely unfounded. The white quartz of Guiana, the 'hard white
+spar' which Raleigh describes, confessedly contains gold, although, as
+far as is at present known, in quantities so small as not to reward
+working. Humboldt says that his examination of Guiana gold led him to
+believe that, 'like tin, it is sometimes disseminated in an almost
+imperceptible manner in the mass of granite rocks itself, without our
+being able to admit that there is a ramification and an interlacing of
+small veins.' It is plain that Raleigh got hold of unusually rich
+specimens of the sparse auriferous quartz. He was accused on his return
+of having brought his specimens from Africa, but no one suggested that
+they did not contain gold. No doubt much of the sparkling dust he saw in
+the rocks was simply iron pyrites, or some other of the minerals which
+to this day are known to the wise in California as 'fool's gold.' His
+expedition had come to America unprovided with tools of any kind, and
+Raleigh confesses that such specimens of ore as they did not buy from
+the Indians, they had to tear out with their daggers or with their
+fingers.
+
+It has been customary of late, in reaction against the defamation of
+Raleigh in the eighteenth century, to protest that gold was not his
+chief aim in the Guiana enterprise, but that his main wish, under cover
+of the search for gold, was to form a South American colony for England,
+and to open out the west to general commerce. With every wish to hold
+this view, I am unable to do so in the face of the existing evidence.
+More humane, more intelligent than any of the adventurers who had
+preceded him, it yet does not seem that Raleigh was less insanely bitten
+with the gold fever than any of them. He saw the fleets of Spain return
+to Europe year after year laden with precious metals from Mexico, and he
+exaggerated, as all men of his age did, the power of this tide of gold.
+He conceived that no one would stem the dangerous influence of Spain
+until the stream of wealth was diverted or divided. He says in the most
+direct language that it is not the trade of Spain, her exports of wines
+and Seville oranges and other legitimate produce, that threatens
+shipwreck to us all; 'it is his Indian gold that endangereth and
+disturbeth all the nations of Europe; it purchased intelligence,
+creepeth into councils, and setteth bound loyalty at liberty in the
+greatest monarchies of Europe.' In Raleigh's exploration of Guiana, his
+steadfast hope, the hope which led him patiently through so many
+hardships, was that he might secure for Elizabeth a vast auriferous
+colony, the proceeds of which might rival the revenues of Mexico and
+Peru. But we must not make the mistake of supposing him to have been so
+wise before his time as to perceive that the real wealth which might
+paralyse a selfish power like that of Spain would consist in the cereals
+and other products which such a colony might learn to export.
+
+Resting among the friendly Indians in the heart of the strange country
+to which he had penetrated, Raleigh became in many ways the victim of
+his ignorance and his pardonable credulity. Not only was he gulled with
+diamonds and sapphires that were really rock-crystals, but he was made
+to believe that there existed west of the Orinoco a tribe of Indians
+whose eyes were in their shoulders, and their mouths in the middle of
+their breasts. He does not pretend that he saw such folks, however, or
+that he enjoyed the advantage of conversing with any of the Ewaipanoma,
+or men without heads, or of that other tribe, 'who have eminent heads
+like dogs, and live all the day-time in the sea, and speak the Carib
+language.' Of all these he speaks from modest hearsay, and less
+confidently than Othello did to Desdemona. It is true that he relates
+marvellous and fabulous things, but it is no less than just to
+distinguish very carefully between what he repeats and what he reports.
+For the former we have to take the evidence of his interpreters, who but
+dimly understood what the Indians told them, and Raleigh cannot be held
+personally responsible; for the latter, the testimony of all later
+explorers, especially Humboldt and Schomburgk, is that Raleigh's
+narrative, where he does not fall into obvious and easily intelligible
+error, is remarkably clear and simple, and full of internal evidence of
+its genuineness.
+
+They had now been absent from their ships for nearly a month, and
+Raleigh began to give up all hope of being able on this occasion to
+reach the city of Manoa. The fury of the Orinoco began to alarm them;
+they did not know what might happen in a country subject to such sudden
+and phenomenal floods. Tropical rains fell with terrific violence, and
+the men would get wetted to the skin ten times a day. It was cold, it
+was windy, and to push on farther seemed perfectly hopeless. Raleigh
+therefore determined to return, and they glided down the vast river at a
+rapid pace, without need of sail or oar. At Morequito, Raleigh sent for
+the old Indian chief, Topiawari, who had been so friendly to him before,
+and had a solemn interview with him. He took him into his tent, and
+shutting out all other persons but the interpreter, he told him that
+Spain was the enemy of Guiana, and urged him to become the ally of
+England. He promised to aid him against the Epuremi, a native race which
+had oppressed him, if Topiawari would in his turn act in Guiana for the
+Queen of England. To this the old man and his followers warmly assented,
+urging Raleigh to push on, if not for Manoa, at least for Macureguarai,
+a rich city full of statues of gold, that was but four days' journey
+farther on. This, Raleigh, in consideration of the sufferings of his
+followers, declined to do, but he consented to an odd exchange of
+hostages, and promised the following year to make a better equipped
+expedition to Manoa. He carried off with him the son of Topiawari, and
+he left behind at Morequito a boy called Hugh Goodwin. To keep this boy
+company, a young man named Francis Sparrey volunteered to stay also; he
+was a person of some education, who had served with Captain Gifford.
+Goodwin had a fancy for learning the Indian language, and when Raleigh
+found him at Caliana twenty-two years later, he had almost forgotten his
+English. He was at last devoured by a jaguar. Sparrey, who 'could
+describe a country with his pen,' was captured by the Spaniards, taken
+to Spain, and after long sufferings escaped to England, where he
+published an account of Guiana in 1602. Sparrey is chiefly remembered by
+his own account of how he purchased eight young women, the eldest but
+eighteen years of age, for a red-hafted knife, which in England had cost
+him but a halfpenny. This was not the sort of trade which Raleigh left
+him behind to encourage.
+
+As they passed down the Orinoco, they visited a lake where Raleigh saw
+that extraordinary creature the manatee, half cow, half whale; and a
+little lower they saw the column of white spray, rising like the tower
+of a church, over the huge cascades of the crystal mountains of Roraima.
+At the village of a chieftain within earshot of those thundering waters,
+they witnessed one of the wild drinking feasts of the Indians, who were
+'all as drunk as beggars, the pots walking from one to another without
+rest.' Next day, the contingent led by Captain Keymis found them, and to
+celebrate the meeting of friends, they passed over to the island of
+Assapana, now called Yayo, in the middle of the Orinoco, and they
+enjoyed a feast of the flesh of armadillos. On the following day,
+increased cold and violent thunderstorms reminded them that the autumn
+was far spent, and they determined to return as quickly as possible to
+the sea. Their pilots told them, however, that it was out of the
+question to try to descend the River of the Red Cross, which they had
+ascended, as the current would baffle them; and therefore they attempted
+what is now called the Macareo channel, farther east. Raleigh names this
+stream the Capuri.
+
+They had no further adventures until they reached the sea; but as they
+emerged into the Serpent's Mouth, a great storm attacked them. They ran
+before night close under shore with their small boats, and brought the
+galley as near as they could. The latter, however, very nearly sank, and
+Raleigh was puzzled what to do. A bar of sand ran across the mouth of
+the river, covered by only six feet of water, and the galley drew five.
+The longer he hesitated, the worse the weather grew, and therefore he
+finally took Captain Gifford into his own barge, and thrust out to sea,
+leaving the galley anchored by the shore. 'So being all very sober and
+melancholy, one faintly cheering another to show courage, it pleased God
+that the next day, about nine of the clock, we descried the island of
+Trinidad, and steering for the nearest part of it, we kept the shore
+till we came to Curiapan, where we found our ships at anchor, than which
+there was never to us a more joyful sight.'
+
+In spite of the hardships of the journey, the constant wettings, the bad
+water and insufficient food, the lodging in the open air every night,
+he had only lost a single man, the young negro who was snapped up by the
+alligator at the mouth of the Cucuina. At the coast there are dangerous
+miasmata which often prove fatal to Europeans, but the interior of this
+part of South America is reported by later travellers to be no less
+wholesome than Raleigh found it.
+
+During Raleigh's absence his fleet had not lain idle at Trinidad.
+Captain Amyas Preston, whom he had left in charge, determined to take
+the initiative against the Spanish forces which Berreo had summoned to
+his help. With four ships Preston began to harry the coast of Venezuela.
+On May 21 he appeared before the important town of Cumana, but was
+persuaded to spare it from sack upon payment of a large sum by the
+inhabitants. Captain Preston landed part of his crew here, and they
+crossed the country westward to Caracas, which they plundered and
+burned. The fleet proceeded to Coro, in New Granada, which they treated
+in the same way. When they returned is uncertain, but Raleigh found them
+at Curiapan when he came back to Trinidad, and with them he coasted once
+more the northern shore of South America. He burned Cumana, but was
+disappointed in his hopes of plunder, for he says, 'In the port towns of
+the province of Vensuello [Venezuela] we found not the value of one real
+of plate.' The fact was that the repeated voyages of the English
+captains--and Drake was immediately to follow in Raleigh's steps--had
+made the inhabitants of these northern cities exceedingly wary. The
+precious products were either stored in the hills, or shipped off to
+Spain without loss of time.
+
+Raleigh's return to England was performed without any publicity. He
+stole home so quietly that some people declared that he had been all the
+time snug in some Cornish haven. His biographers, including Mr. Edwards,
+have dated his return in August, being led away by a statement of
+Davis's, manifestly inaccurately dated, that Raleigh and Preston were
+sailing off the coast of Cuba in July. This is incompatible with
+Raleigh's fear of the rapid approach of winter while he was still in
+Guiana. It would also be difficult to account for the entire absence of
+reference to him in England before the winter. It is more likely that he
+found his way back into Falmouth or Dartmouth towards the end of October
+1595. On November 10, he wrote to Cecil, plainly smarting under the
+neglect which he had received. He thought that coming from the west,
+with an empire in his hand as a gift for Elizabeth, the Queen would take
+him into favour again, but he was mistaken. He writes to Cecil nominally
+to offer his services against a rumoured fleet of Spain, but really to
+feel the ground about Guiana, and the interest which the Government
+might take in it. 'What becomes of Guiana I much desire to hear, whether
+it pass for a history or a fable. I hear Mr. Dudley [Sir Robert Dudley]
+and others are sending thither; if it be so, farewell all good from
+thence. For although myself, like a cockscomb, did rather prefer the
+future in respect of others, and rather sought to win the kings to her
+Majesty's service than to sack them, I know what others will do when
+those kings shall come singly into their hands.'
+
+Meanwhile he had been writing an account of his travels, and on November
+13, 1595, he sent a copy of this in manuscript to Cecil, no doubt in
+hope that it might be shown to Elizabeth. In the interesting letter
+which accompanied this manuscript he inclosed a map of Guiana, long
+supposed to have been lost, which was found by Mr. St. John in the
+archives of Simancas, signed with Raleigh's name, and in perfect
+condition. It is evident that Raleigh could hardly endure the
+disappointment of repulse. He says, 'I know the like fortune was never
+offered to any Christian prince,' and losing his balance altogether in
+his extravagant pertinacity, he declares to Cecil that the city of Manoa
+contains stores of golden statues, not one of which can be worth less
+than 100,000_l._ If the English Government will not prosecute the
+enterprise that he has sketched out, Spain and France will shortly do
+so, and Raleigh, in the face of such apathy, 'concludes that we are
+cursed of God.' Amid all this excitement, it is pleasant to find him
+remembering to be humane, and begging Cecil to impress the Queen with
+the need of 'not soiling this enterprise' with cruelty; nor permitting
+any to proceed to Guiana whose object shall only be to plunder the
+Indians. He sends Cecil an amethyst 'with a strange blush of carnation,'
+and another stone, which 'if it be no diamond, yet exceeds any diamond
+in beauty.'
+
+Raleigh now determined to appeal to the public at large, and towards
+Christmas 1595 he published his famous volume, which bears the date
+1596, and is entitled, after the leisurely fashion of the age, _The
+Discovery of the large, rich, and beautiful Empire of Guiana, with a
+Relation of the Great and Golden City of Manoa, which the Spaniards call
+El Dorado, and the Provinces of Emeria, Arromaia, Amapaia, and other
+Countries, with their Rivers, adjoining_. Of this volume two editions
+appeared in 1596, it was presently translated into Latin and published
+in Germany, and in short gained a reputation throughout Europe. There
+can be no doubt that Raleigh's outspoken hatred of Spain, expressed in
+this printed form, from which there could be no escape on the ground of
+mere hearsay, was the final word of his challenge to that Power. From
+this time forth Raleigh was an enemy which Spain could not even pretend
+to ignore.
+
+The _Discovery of Guiana_ was dedicated to the Lord Admiral Howard and
+to Sir Robert Cecil, with a reference to the support which the author
+had found in their love 'in the darkest shadow of adversity.' There was
+probably some courtly exaggeration, mingled with self-interest, in the
+gratitude expressed to Cecil. Already the relation of this cold-blooded
+statesman to the impulsive Raleigh becomes a crux to the biographers of
+the latter. Cecil's letters to his father from Devonshire on the matter
+of the Indian carracks in 1592 are incompatible with Raleigh's outspoken
+thanks to Cecil for the trial of his love when Raleigh was bereft of all
+but malice and revenge, unless we suppose that these letters represented
+what Burghley would like to hear rather than what Robert Cecil actually
+felt. In 1596 Burghley, in extreme old age, was a factor no longer to be
+taken into much consideration. Moreover, Lady Raleigh had some hold of
+relationship or old friendship on Cecil, the exact nature of which it is
+not easy to understand. At all events, as long as Raleigh could hold the
+favour of Cecil, the ear of her Majesty was not absolutely closed to
+him.
+
+The _Discovery_ possesses a value which is neither biographical nor
+geographical. It holds a very prominent place in the prose literature of
+the age. During the five years which had elapsed since Raleigh's last
+publication, English literature had been undergoing a marvellous
+development, and he who read everything and sympathised with every
+intellectual movement could not but be influenced by what had been
+written. During those five years, Marlowe's wonderful career had been
+wound up like a melodrama. Shakespeare had come forward as a poet. A new
+epoch in sound English prose had been inaugurated by Hooker's
+_Ecclesiastical Polity_. Bacon was circulating the earliest of his
+_Essays_. What these giants of our language were doing for their own
+departments of prose and verse, Raleigh did for the literature of
+travel. Among the volumes of navigations, voyages, and discoveries,
+which were poured out so freely in this part of the reign of Elizabeth,
+most of them now only remembered because they were reprinted in the
+collections of Hakluyt and Purchas, this book of Raleigh's takes easily
+the foremost position. In comparison with the bluff and dull narratives
+of the other discoverers, whose chief charm is their naivete, the
+_Discovery of Guiana_ has all the grace and fullness of deliberate
+composition, of fine literary art, and as it was the first excellent
+piece of sustained travellers' prose, so it remained long without a
+second in our literature. The brief examples which it has alone been
+possible to give in this biography, may be enough to attract readers to
+its harmonious and glowing pages.
+
+Among the many allusions found to this book in contemporary records,
+perhaps the most curious is an epic poem on Guiana, published almost
+immediately by George Chapman, who gave his enthusiastic approval to
+Raleigh's scheme. It is the misfortune of Chapman's style that in his
+grotesque arrogance he disdained to be lucid, and this poem is full of
+tantalising hints, which the biographer of Raleigh longs to use, but
+dares not, from their obscurity. These stately verses are plain enough,
+but show that Chapman was not familiar with the counsels of Elizabeth:
+
+    Then in the Thespiads' bright prophetic font,
+    Methinks I see our Liege rise from her throne,
+    Her ears and thoughts in steep amaze erect,
+    At the most rare endeavour of her power;
+    And now she blesses with her wonted graces
+    The industrious knight, the soul of this exploit,
+    Dismissing him to convoy of his stars:
+
+Chapman was quite misinformed; and to what event he now proceeds to
+refer, it would be hard to say:
+
+    And now for love and honour of his wrath,
+    Our twice-born nobles bring him, bridegroom like,
+    That is espoused for virtue to his love,
+    With feasts and music ravishing the air,
+    To his Argolian fleet; where round about
+    His bating colours English valour swarms
+    In haste, as if Guianian Orenoque
+    With his full waters fell upon our shore.
+
+Early in 1596, Raleigh sent Captain Lawrence Keymis, who had been with
+him the year before, on a second voyage to Guiana. He did not come home
+rich, but he did the special thing he was enjoined to do--that is to
+say, he explored the coast of South America from the mouth of the
+Orinoco to that of the Amazon. About the same time Raleigh drew up the
+very remarkable paper, not printed until 1843, entitled _Of the Voyage
+for Guiana_. In this essay he first makes use of those copious
+quotations from Scripture which later on became so characteristic of his
+writing. His hopes of interesting the English Government in Guiana were
+finally frustrated by the excitement of the Cadiz expedition, and by the
+melancholy fate of Sir Francis Drake. It is said that during this winter
+he lived in great magnificence at Durham House, but this statement seems
+improbable. All the letters of Raleigh's now in existence, belonging to
+this period, are dated from Sherborne.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+CADIZ.
+
+
+The defeat of the Spanish Armada had inflicted a wound upon the prestige
+of Spain which was terrible but by no means beyond remedy. In the eight
+years which had elapsed since 1588, Spain had been gradually recovering
+her forces, and endangering the political existence of Protestant Europe
+more and more. Again and again the irresolution of Elizabeth had been
+called upon to complete the work of repression, to crush the snake that
+had been scotched, to strike a blow in Spanish waters from which Spain
+never would recover. In 1587, and in 1589, schemes for a naval
+expedition of this kind had been brought before Council, and rejected.
+In 1596, Charles Lord Howard of Effingham, with the support of Cecil,
+forced the Government to consent to fit out an armament for the attack
+of Cadiz. The Queen, however, was scarcely to be persuaded that the
+expenditure required for this purpose could be spared from the Treasury.
+On April 9, levies of men were ordered from all parts of England, and on
+the 10th these levies were countermanded, so that the messengers sent on
+Friday from the Lords to Raleigh's deputies in the West, were pursued on
+Saturday by other messengers with contrary orders.
+
+The change of purpose, however, was itself promptly altered, and the
+original policy reverted to. The Earl of Essex was joined in commission
+with the Lord Admiral Howard, and as a council of war to act with these
+personages were named Sir Walter Raleigh and Lord Thomas Howard. The
+Dutch were to contribute a fleet to act with England. It is an
+interesting fact that now for the first time the experience and naval
+skill of Raleigh received their full recognition. From the very first he
+was treated with the highest consideration. Howard wrote to Cecil on
+April 16--and Essex on the 28th used exactly the same words--'I pray
+you, hasten away Sir Walter Raleigh.' They fretted to be gone, and
+Raleigh was not to be found; malignant spirits were not wanting to
+accuse him of design in his absence, of a wish to prove himself
+indispensable. But fortunately we possess his letters, and we see that
+he was well and appropriately occupied. In the previous November he had
+sent in to the Lords of the Council a very interesting report on the
+defences of Cornwall and Devon, which he had reason to suppose that
+Spain meant to attack. He considered that three hundred soldiers
+successfully landed at Plymouth would be 'sufficient to endanger and
+destroy the whole shire,' and he discussed the possibility of levying
+troops from the two counties to be a mutual protection. It was doubtless
+his vigour and ability in performing this sort of work which led to his
+being selected as the chief purveyor of levies for the Cadiz expedition,
+and this was what he was doing in the spring of 1596, when the creatures
+of Essex whispered to one another that he was malingering.
+
+On May 3, he wrote to Cecil: 'I am not able to live, to row up and down
+every tide from Gravesend to London, and he that lies here at Ratcliff
+can easily judge when the rest, and how the rest, of the ships may sail
+down.' And again, from a lower point of the Thames, at Blackwall, he is
+still waiting for men and ships that will not come, and is 'more grieved
+than ever I was, at anything in this world, for this cross weather.'
+
+Through the month of May, we may trace Raleigh hard at work, recruiting
+for the Cadiz expedition round the southern coast, of England. On the
+4th he is at Northfleet, disgusted to find how little her Majesty's
+authority is respected, for 'as fast as we press men one day, they come
+away another, and say they will not serve. I cannot write to our
+generals at this time, for the Pursuevant found me at a country village,
+a mile from Gravesend, hunting after runaway mariners, and dragging in
+the mire from alehouse to alehouse, and could get no paper.' On the 6th
+he was at Queenborough, on the 13th at Dover, whence he reports disaster
+by a storm on Goodwin Sands, and finally on the 21st he arrived at
+Plymouth. His last letters are full of recommendations of personal
+friends to appointments in the gift or at the command of Sir Robert
+Cecil. He brought with him to Plymouth two of Bacon's cousins, the
+Cookes, and his own wife's brother, Arthur Throckmorton. Unfortunately,
+just as the fleet was starting, the last-mentioned, 'a hot-headed
+youth,' in presence not only of the four generals, but of the commanders
+of the Dutch contingent also, took Raleigh's side in some dispute at
+table so intemperately and loudly that he was dismissed from the
+service. This must have been singularly annoying to Raleigh, who
+nevertheless persuaded his colleagues, no doubt on receipt of due
+apology, to restore the young man to his rank, and allow him to proceed.
+At Cadiz, Throckmorton fought so well that Essex himself knighted him.
+
+The generals had other troubles at Plymouth. The men that Raleigh had
+pressed along the coast hated their duty, and some of them had to be
+tried for desertion and mutiny. Before the fleet got under way, two men
+were publicly hanged, to encourage the others, 'on a very fair and
+pleasant green, called the Hoe.' At last, on June 1, the squadrons put
+to sea. Contrary winds kept them within Plymouth Sound until the 3rd. On
+the 20th they anchored in the bay of St. Sebastian, half a league to the
+westward of Cadiz. The four English divisions of the fleet contained in
+all ninety-three vessels, and the Dutch squadron consisted of
+twenty-four more. There were about 15,500 men, that is to say 2,600
+Dutchmen, and the rest equally divided between English soldiers and
+sailors.
+
+The events of the next few days were not merely a crucial and final test
+of the relative strength of Spain and England, closing in a brilliant
+triumph for the latter, but to Raleigh in particular they were the
+climax of his life, the summit of his personal prosperity and glory. The
+records of the battle of Cadiz are exceedingly numerous, and were drawn
+up not by English witnesses only, but by Dutch and Spanish historians
+also. Mr. Edwards has patiently collected them all, and he gives a very
+minute and lucid account of their various divergencies. Of them all the
+most full and direct is that given by Raleigh himself, in his _Relation
+of the Action in Cadiz Harbour_, first published in 1699. In a biography
+of Raleigh it seems but reasonable to view such an event as this from
+Raleigh's own standpoint, and the description which now follows is
+mainly taken from the _Relation_. The joint fleet paused where the
+Atlantic beats upon the walls of Cadiz, and the Spanish President wrote
+to Philip II. that they seemed afraid to enter. He added that it formed
+_la mas hermosa armada que se ha visto_, the most beautiful fleet that
+ever was seen; and that it was French as well as English and Dutch,
+which was a mistake.
+
+Raleigh's squadron was not part of the fleet that excited the admiration
+of Gutierrez Flores. On the 19th he had been detached, in the words of
+his instructions, 'with the ships under his charge, and the Dutch
+squadron, to anchor near the entrance of the harbour, to take care that
+the ships riding near Cadiz do not escape,' and he took up a position
+that commanded St. Lucar as well as Cadiz. He was 'not to fight, except
+in self-defence,' without express instructions. At the mouth of St.
+Lucar he found some great ships, but they lay so near shore that he
+could not approach them, and finally they escaped in a mist, Raleigh
+very nearly running his own vessel aground. Meanwhile Essex and Charles
+Howard, a little in front of him, came to the conclusion in his absence
+that it would be best to land the soldiers and assault the town, without
+attempting the Spanish fleet.
+
+Two hours after this determination had been arrived at, much to the
+dismay of many distinguished persons in the fleet whose position did not
+permit them to expostulate, Raleigh arrived to find Essex in the very
+act of disembarking his soldiers. There was a great sea on from the
+south, and some of the boats actually sank in the waves, but Essex
+nevertheless persisted, and was about to effect a landing west of the
+city. Raleigh came on board the 'Repulse,' 'and in the presence of all
+the colonels protested against the resolution,' showing Essex from his
+own superior knowledge and experience that by acting in this way he was
+running a risk of overthrowing 'the whole armies, their own lives, and
+her Majesty's future safety.' Essex excused himself, and laid the
+responsibility on the Lord Admiral.
+
+Raleigh having once dared to oppose the generals, he received instant
+moral support. All the other commanders and gentlemen present clustered
+round him and entreated him to persist. Essex now declared himself
+convinced, and begged Raleigh to repeat his arguments to the Lord
+Admiral. Raleigh passed on to Howard's ship, 'The Ark Royal,' and by the
+evening the Admiral also was persuaded. Returning in his boat, as he
+passed the 'Repulse' Raleigh shouted up to Essex 'Intramus,' and the
+impetuous Earl, now as eager for a fight by sea as he had been a few
+hours before for a fight by land, flung his hat into the sea for joy,
+and prepared at that late hour to weigh anchor at once.
+
+It took a good deal of time to get the soldiers out of the boats, and
+back into their respective ships. Essex, whom Raleigh seems to hint at
+under the cautious word 'many,' 'seeming desperately valiant, thought it
+a fault of mine to put off [the attack] till the morning; albeit we had
+neither agreed in what manner to fight, nor appointed who should lead,
+and who should second, whether by boarding or otherwise.' Raleigh, in
+his element when rapid action was requisite, passed to and fro between
+the generals, and at last from his own ship wrote a hasty letter to the
+Lord Admiral, giving his opinion as to the best way to arrange the order
+of battle, and requesting him to supply a couple of great fly-boats to
+attack each of the Spanish galleons, so that the latter might be
+captured before they were set on fire.
+
+Essex and Howard were completely carried away by Raleigh's vehement
+counsels. The Lord Admiral had always shown deference to Raleigh's
+nautical science, and the Earl was captivated by the qualities he could
+best admire, courage and spirit and rapidity. Raleigh's old faults of
+stubbornness and want of tact abandoned him at this happy moment. His
+graceful courtesy to Essex, his delicacy in crossing dangerous ground,
+won praise even from his worst enemies, the satellites of Essex. It was
+Raleigh's blossoming hour, and all the splendid gifts and vigorous
+charms of his brain and character expanded in the sunrise of victory.
+Late in the busy evening of the 20th, the four leaders held a final
+council of war, amiably wrangling among themselves for the post of
+danger. At last the others gave way to what Raleigh calls his 'humble
+suit,' and it was decided that he should lead the van. Essex, Lord
+Howard of Effingham, and the Vice-Admiral, Lord Thomas Howard, were to
+lead the body of the fleet; but it appeared next morning that the
+Vice-Admiral had but seemed to give way, and that his ambition was still
+to be ahead of Raleigh himself. As Raleigh returned to sleep on board
+the 'War Sprite,' the town of Cadiz was all ablaze with lamps, tapers,
+and tar barrels, while there came faintly out to the ears of the English
+sailors a murmur of wild festal music.
+
+Next day was the 21st of June. As Mr. St. John pleasantly says, 'that
+St. Barnabas' Day, so often the brightest in the year, was likewise the
+brightest of Raleigh's life.' At break of day, the amazed inhabitants of
+Cadiz, and the sailors who had caroused all night on shore and now
+hurried on board the galleons, watched the magnificent squadron sweep
+into the harbour of their city. First came the 'War Sprite' itself; next
+the 'Mary Rose,' commanded by Sir George Carew; then Sir Francis Vere in
+the 'Rainbow,' carrying a sullen heart of envy with him; then Sir Robert
+Southwell in the 'Lion,' Sir Conyers Clifford in the 'Dreadnought,' and
+lastly, as Raleigh supposed, Robert Dudley (afterwards Duke of
+Northumberland, and a distinguished author on naval tactics) in the
+'Nonparilla.' As a matter of fact, the Vice-Admiral, hoping to contrive
+to push in front, had persuaded Dudley to change ships with him. These
+six vessels were well in advance of all the rest of the fleet. In front
+of them, ranged under the wall of Cadiz, were seventeen galleys lying
+with their prows to flank the English entrance, as Raleigh ploughed on
+towards the galleons. The fortress of St. Philip and other forts along
+the wall began to scour the channel, and with the galleys concentrated
+their fire upon the 'War Sprite.' But Raleigh disdained to do more than
+salute the one and then the other with a contemptuous blare of trumpets.
+'The "St. Philip,"' he says, 'the great and famous Admiral of Spain, was
+the mark I shot at, esteeming those galleys but as wasps in respect of
+the powerfulness of the others.'
+
+The 'St. Philip' had a special attraction for him. It was six years
+since his dear friend and cousin, Sir Richard Grenville, under the lee
+of the Azores, with one little ship, the 'Revenge,' had been hemmed in
+and crushed by the vast fleet of Spain, and it was the 'St. Philip' and
+the 'St. Andrew' that had been foremost in that act of murder. Now
+before Raleigh there rose the same lumbering monsters of the deep, that
+very 'St. Philip' and 'St. Andrew' which had looked down and watched Sir
+Richard Grenville die, 'as a true soldier ought to do, fighting for his
+country, queen, religion, and honour.' It seems almost fabulous that the
+hour of pure poetical justice should strike so soon, and that Raleigh of
+all living Englishmen should thus come face to face with those of all
+the Spanish tyrants of the deep. As he swung forward into the harbour
+and saw them there before him, the death of his kinsman in the Azores
+was solemnly present to his memory, 'and being resolved to be revenged
+for the "Revenge," or to second her with his own life,' as he says, he
+came to anchor close to the galleons, and for three hours the battle
+with them proceeded.
+
+It began by the 'War Sprite' being in the centre and a little to the
+front; on the one side, the 'Nonparilla,' in which Raleigh now perceived
+Lord Thomas Howard, and the 'Lion;' on the other the 'Mary Rose' and the
+'Dreadnought;' these, with the 'Rainbow' a little farther off, kept up
+the fight alone until ten o'clock in the morning; waiting for the
+fly-boats, which were to board the galleons, and which, for some reason
+or other, did not arrive. Meanwhile, Essex, excited beyond all restraint
+by the volleys of culverin and cannon, slipped anchor, and passing from
+the body of the fleet, lay close up to the 'War Sprite,' pushing the
+'Dreadnought' on one side. Raleigh, seeing him coming, went to meet him
+in his skiff, and begged him to see that the fly-boats were sent, as the
+battery was beginning to be more than his ships could bear. The Lord
+Admiral was following Essex, and Raleigh passed on to him with the same
+entreaty. This parley between the three commanders occupied about a
+quarter of an hour.
+
+Meanwhile, the men second in command had taken an unfair advantage of
+Raleigh's absence. He hurried back to find that the Vice-Admiral had
+pushed the 'Nonparilla' ahead, and that Sir Francis Vere, too, in the
+'Rainbow,' had passed the 'War Sprite.' Finding himself, 'from being the
+first to be but the third,' Raleigh skilfully thrust in between these
+two ships, and threw himself in front of them broadside to the channel,
+so that, as he says, 'I was sure no one should outstart me again, for
+that day.' Finally, Essex and Lord Thomas Howard took the next places.
+Sir Francis Vere, the marshal, who seems to have been mad for
+precedence, 'while we had no leisure to look behind us, secretly
+fastened a rope on my ship's side toward him, to draw himself up equally
+with me; but some of my company advertising me thereof, I caused it to
+be cut off, and so he fell back into his place, whom I guarded, all but
+his very prow, from the sight of the enemy.' In his _Commentaries_ Vere
+has his revenge, and carefully disparages Raleigh on every occasion.
+
+For some reason or other, the fly-boats continued to delay, and Raleigh
+began to despair of them. What he now determined to do, and what revenge
+he took for Sir Richard Grenville, may best be told in his own vigorous
+language:
+
+    Having no hope of my fly-boats to board, and the Earl and my
+    Lord Thomas having both promised to second me, I laid out a warp
+    by the side of the 'Philip' to shake hands with her--for with
+    the wind we could not get aboard; which when she and the rest
+    perceived, finding also that the 'Repulse,' seeing mine, began
+    to do the like, and the rear-admiral my Lord Thomas, they all
+    let slip, and ran aground, tumbling into the sea heaps of
+    soldiers, as thick as if coals had been poured out of a sack in
+    many ports at once, some drowned and some sticking in the mud.
+    The 'Philip' and the 'St. Thomas' burned themselves; the 'St.
+    Matthew' and the 'St. Andrew' were recovered by our boats ere
+    they could get out to fire them. The spectacle was very
+    lamentable on their side, for many drowned themselves, many,
+    half-burned, leaped into the water; very many hanging by the
+    ropes' end, by the ships' side, under the water even to the
+    lips; many swimming with grievous wounds, stricken under water,
+    and put out of their pain; and withal so huge a fire, and such
+    tearing of the ordnance in the great 'Philip' and the rest, when
+    the fire came to them, as, if a man had a desire to see Hell
+    itself, it was there most lively figured. Ourselves spared the
+    lives of all, after the victory, but the Flemings, who did
+    little or nothing in the fight, used merciless slaughter, till
+    they were by myself, and afterwards by my Lord Admiral, beaten
+    off.
+
+The official report of the Duke of Medina Sidonia to Philip II. does not
+greatly differ from this, except that he says that the English set fire
+to the 'St. Philip.' Before the fight was over Raleigh received a very
+serious flesh wound in the leg, 'interlaced and deformed with
+splinters,' which made it impossible for him to get on horseback. He
+was, therefore, to his great disappointment, unable to take part in
+Essex's land-attack on the town. He could not, however, bear to be left
+behind, and in a litter he was carried into Cadiz. He could only stay an
+hour on shore, however, for the agony in his leg was intolerable, and in
+the tumultuous disorder of the soldiers, who were sacking the town,
+there was danger of his being rudely pushed and shouldered. He went back
+to the 'War Sprite' to have his wound dressed and to sleep, and found
+that in the general rush on shore his presence in the fleet was highly
+desirable.
+
+Early next morning, feeling eased by a night's rest, he sent on shore to
+ask leave to follow the fleet of forty carracks bound for the Indies,
+which had escaped down the Puerto Real river; this navy was said to be
+worth twelve millions. In the confusion, however, there came back no
+answer from Essex or Howard. A ransom of two millions had meanwhile been
+offered for them, but this also, in the absence of his chiefs, Raleigh
+had no power to accept. While he was thus uncertain, the Duke of Medina
+Sidonia solved the difficulty on June 23, by setting the whole flock of
+helpless and treasure-laden carracks on fire. From the deck of the 'War
+Sprite' Raleigh had the mortification of seeing the smoke of this
+priceless argosy go up to heaven. The waste had been great, for of all
+the galleons, carracks, and frigates of which the great Spanish navy had
+consisted, only the 'St. Matthew' and the 'St. Andrew' had come intact
+into the hands of the English. The Dutch sailors, who held back until
+the fight was decided, sprang upon the blazing 'St. Philip,' and saved a
+great part of her famous store of ordnance; while, as Raleigh pleasantly
+puts it, 'the two Apostles aforesaid' were richly furnished, and made
+an agreeable prize to bring back to England.
+
+The English generals, engaged in sacking the palaces and razing the
+fortifications of Cadiz, were strangely indifferent to the anxieties of
+their friends at home. In England the wildest rumours passed from mouth
+to mouth, but it was a fortnight before anyone on the spot thought it
+necessary to communicate with the Home Government. It is said that
+Raleigh's letter to Cecil, written ten leagues to the west of Cadiz, on
+July 7, and carried to England by Sir Anthony Ashley, contained the
+first intimation of the victory. In this letter Raleigh is careful to do
+himself justice with the Queen, and to claim a complete pardon on the
+score of services so signal, for it was already patent to him that on a
+field where every man that would be helped must help himself, his
+wounded leg had shut him out of all hope of plunder. The cause of his
+standing so far as ten leagues away from shore was that an epidemic had
+broken out on board his ship. It proved impossible to cope with this
+disease, and so it was determined that on August 1 the 'War Sprite'
+should return to England, in company with the 'Roebuck' and the 'John
+and Francis.' On the sixth day they arrived in Plymouth, and Raleigh
+found that, although seven weeks had elapsed since the victory, no
+authentic account of it had hitherto reached the Council. He was not
+well, and instead of posting up to London, where he easily perceived he
+would not be welcome, he asked pardon for staying with his ship. On
+August 12 he landed at Weymouth, and passed home to Sherborne. The rest
+of the fleet came back later in the autumn, and Essex, as he passed the
+coast of Portugal, swooped down upon the famous library of the Bishop of
+Algarve, which he presented on his return to Sir Thomas Bodley. The
+Bodleian Library at Oxford is now the chief existing memorial of that
+glorious expedition to Cadiz which shattered the naval strength of
+Spain.
+
+As to prize-money, there proved to be very little of it for the captors.
+It was understood that the Lord Admiral was to have 5,000_l._, Essex as
+much, and Raleigh 3,000_l._; but Essex, in his proud way, waived his
+claim in favour of the Queen, just in time to escape spoliation, for
+Elizabeth claimed everything. Her scandalous avarice had grown upon her
+year by year, and now in her old age her finer and more generous
+qualities were sapped by her greed for money. Even her political acumen
+had failed her; she was unable to see, in her vexation at the loss of
+the Indian carracks, that the blow to Spain had been one which relieved
+her of a constant and immense anxiety. She determined that no one should
+be the richer or the nobler for a victory which had resulted in the
+destruction of so much treasure which might have flowed into her
+coffers. Deeply disappointed at the Queen's surly ingratitude, Raleigh,
+whom she still refused to see, retired for the next nine months into
+absolute seclusion at Sherborne.
+
+In his retirement Raleigh continued to remember that his function was,
+as Oldys put it, 'by his extraordinary undertakings to raise a grove of
+laurels, in a manner out of the seas, that should overspread our island
+with glory.' In October 1596 he was preparing for his third expedition
+to Guiana, which he placed under the command of Captain Leonard Berrie.
+This navigator was absent until the summer of the following year, when
+he returned, not having penetrated to Manoa, but confirming with an
+almost obsequious report Raleigh's most golden dreams. It is at this
+time, after his return from Cadiz, that we find Sir Walter Raleigh's
+name mentioned most lavishly by the literary classes in their
+dedications and eulogistic addresses. Whether his popularity was at the
+same time high with the general public is more easily asserted than
+proved, but there is no doubt that the victory at Cadiz was highly
+appreciated by the mass of Englishmen, and it is not possible but that
+Raleigh's prominent share in it should be generally recognised.
+
+On January 24, 1597, Raleigh wrote from Sherborne a letter of sympathy
+to Sir Robert Cecil, on the death of his wife. It is interesting as
+displaying Raleigh's intimacy with the members of a family which was
+henceforth to hold a prominent place in the chronicle of his life, since
+it was Henry Brooke, Lady Cecil's brother, who became, two months later,
+at the death of his father, Lord Cobham. It was he and his brother
+George Brooke who in 1603 became notorious as the conspirators for
+Arabella Stuart, and who dragged Raleigh down with them. We do not know
+when Raleigh began to be intimate with the Brookes, and it is just at
+this time, when his fortunes had reached their climacteric, and when it
+would be of the highest importance to us to follow them closely, that
+his personal history suddenly becomes vague. If Cecil's letters to him
+had been preserved we should know more. As it is we can but record
+certain isolated facts, and make as much use of them as we can venture
+to do. In May 1597, nearly five years after his expulsion, we find him
+received again at Court. Rowland White says, 'Sir Walter Raleigh is
+daily in Court, and a hope is had that he shall be admitted to the
+execution of his office as Captain of the Guard, before he goes to sea.'
+
+Cecil and Howard of Effingham had obtained this return to favour for
+their friend, and Essex, although his momentary liking for Raleigh had
+long subsided, did not oppose it. He could not, however, be present when
+Timias was taken back into the arms of his pardoning Belphoebe. On
+June 1, the Earl of Essex rode down to Chatham, and during his absence
+Sir Walter Raleigh was conducted by Cecil into the presence of the
+Queen. She received him very graciously, and immediately authorised him
+to resume his office of Captain of the Guard. Without loss of time,
+Raleigh filled up the vacancies in the Guard that very day, and spent
+the evening riding with her Majesty. Next morning he made his appearance
+in the Privy Chamber as he had been wont to do, and his return to favour
+was complete. Essex showed, and apparently felt, no very acute chagrin.
+He was busy in planning another expedition against Spain, and he needed
+Raleigh's help in arranging for the victualling of the land forces. In
+July all jealousies seemed laid aside, and the gossips of the Court
+reported, 'None but Cecil and Raleigh enjoy the Earl of Essex, they
+carry him away as they list.'
+
+It lies far beyond the scope of the present biography to discuss the
+obscure question of 'the conceit of _Richard the Second_' with which
+these three amused themselves just before the Islands Voyage began. The
+bare facts are these. On July 6, 1597, Raleigh wrote to Cecil from
+Weymouth about the preparations for the expedition, and added: 'I
+acquainted the Lord General [Essex] with your letter to me, and your
+kind acceptance of your entertainment; he was also wonderful merry at
+your conceit of _Richard the Second_. I hope it shall never alter, and
+whereof I shall be most glad of, as the true way to all our good, quiet,
+and advancement, and most of all for His sake whose affairs shall
+thereby find better progression.' From this it would seem as though
+Cecil had offered a dramatic entertainment to Essex and Raleigh on their
+leaving town. This entertainment evidently consisted of Shakespeare's
+new tragedy, then being performed at the Globe Theatre and to be entered
+for publication just a month later. When this play was printed it did
+not contain what is called the 'Deposition Scene,' but it would appear
+that this was given on the boards at the time when Raleigh refers to it.
+It will be remembered that in 1601 the lawyers accused Essex of having
+feasted his eyes beforehand with a show of the dethronement of his
+liege; but Raleigh's words do not suggest any direct disloyalty.
+
+Raleigh was in a state of considerable excitement at the prospect of the
+new expedition. Cecil wrote, 'Good Mr. Raleigh wonders at his own
+diligence, as if diligence and he were not familiars;' and the fact that
+Raleigh would sometimes write twice and thrice to him in one day, and on
+a single occasion at least, four times, proves that Cecil had a right to
+use this mild sarcasm. Several months before, Raleigh had attempted by
+his manifesto entitled _The Spanish Alarum_ to stir up the Government to
+be in full readiness to guard against a revengeful invasion of England
+by her old enemy. He had thought out the whole situation, he had planned
+the defences of England by land and sea, and his new favour at Court had
+enabled him to put pressure on the royal parsimony, and to insist that
+things should be done as he saw fit. He was perfectly right in thinking
+that Philip II. would rather suffer complete ruin than not try once more
+to recover his position in Europe, but he saw that the late losses at
+Cadiz would force the Catholic king to delay his incursion, and he
+counselled a rapid and direct second attack on Spain. As soon as ever he
+was restored to power, he began to victual a fleet of ten men-of-war
+with biscuit, beef, bacon, and salt fish, and to call for volunteers. As
+the scheme seized the popular mind, however, it gathered in extent, and
+it was finally decided to fit up three large squadrons, with a Dutch
+contingent of twelve ships. These vessels met in Plymouth Sound.
+
+On the night of Sunday, July 10, the fleet left Plymouth, and kept
+together for twenty-four hours. On the morning of the 12th, after a
+night of terrific storm, Raleigh found his squadron of four ships parted
+from the rest, and in the course of the next day only one vessel beside
+his own was in sight. This tempest was immortalised in his earliest
+known poem by John Donne, who was in the expedition, and was described
+by Raleigh as follows:
+
+    The storm on Wednesday grew more forcible, and the seas grew
+    very exceeding lofty, so that myself and the Bonaventure had
+    labour enough to beat it up. But the night following, the
+    Thursday, Friday, and Saturday, the storm so increased, the
+    ships were weighty, the ordnance great, and the billows so
+    raised and enraged, that we could carry out no sail which to our
+    judgment would not have been rent off the yards by the wind; and
+    yet our ships rolled so vehemently, and so disjointed
+    themselves, that we were driven either to force it again with
+    our courses, or to sink. In my ship it hath shaken all her
+    beams, knees, and stanchions well nigh asunder, in so much on
+    Saturday night last we made account to have yielded ourselves up
+    to God. For we had no way to work, either by trying, hauling, or
+    driving, that promised better hope, our men being worsted with
+    labour and watchings, and our ship so open everywhere, all her
+    bulkheads rent, and her very cook-room of brick shaken down into
+    powder.
+
+Such were the miseries of navigation in the palmy days of English
+adventure by sea. The end of it was that about thirty vessels crept back
+to Falmouth and Tor Bay, some were lost altogether, and Raleigh, with
+the remainder, found harbour on July 18 at Plymouth. For a month they
+lay there, recovering their forces, and Essex, whose own ship was at
+Falmouth, came over to Plymouth and was Raleigh's guest on the 'War
+Sprite.' Raleigh writes to Cecil: 'I should have taken it unkindly if my
+Lord had taken up any other lodging till the "Lion" come: and now her
+Majesty may be sure his Lordship shall sleep somewhat the sounder,
+though he fare the worse, by being with me, for I am an excellent
+watchman at sea.' In this same letter, dated July 26, 1597, the fatal
+name of Cobham first appears in the correspondence of Raleigh: 'I pray
+vouchsafe,' he says, 'to remember me in all affection to my Lord
+Cobham.'
+
+On August 18, in the face of a westerly wind, the fleet put out once
+more from Plymouth. In the Bay of Biscay the 'St. Andrew' and the 'St.
+Matthew' were disabled, and had to be left behind at La Rochelle. Off
+the coast of Portugal, Raleigh himself had a serious accident, for his
+mainyard snapped across, and he had to put in for help by the Rock of
+Lisbon, in company with the 'Dreadnought.' Essex left a letter saying
+that Raleigh must follow him as fast as he could to the Azores, and on
+September 8 the 'War Sprite' came in view of Terceira. On the 15th
+Raleigh's squadron joined the main fleet under Essex at Flores.
+
+The distress of the voyage and its separations had told upon the temper
+of Essex, while he was surrounded by those who were eager to poison his
+mind with suspicion of Raleigh. When the latter dined with Essex in the
+'Repulse' on the 15th, the Earl with his usual impulsiveness made a
+clean breast of his 'conjectures and surmises,' letting Raleigh know the
+very names of those scandalous and cankered persons who had ventured to
+accuse him, and assuring him that he rejected their counsel. On this day
+or the next a pinnace from India brought the news that the yearly fleet
+was changing its usual course, and would arrive farther south in the
+Azores. A council of war was held in the 'Repulse,' and it was resolved
+to divide the archipelago among the commanders. Fayal was to be taken by
+Essex and Raleigh, Graciosa by Howard and Vere, San Miguel by Mountjoy
+and Blount, while Pico, with its famous wines, was left for the
+Dutchmen. Essex sailed first, and left Raleigh taking in provisions at
+Flores, where he dined in a small inland town with his old acquaintance
+Lord Grey, and others, including Sir Arthur Gorges, the minute historian
+of the expedition. About midnight, when they were safe in their ships
+again, Captain Arthur Champernowne, Raleigh's kinsman, arrived with a
+letter from Essex desiring Raleigh to come over to Fayal at once, and
+complete his supplies there. With his usual promptitude, he started
+instantly, and soon outstripped Essex.
+
+When Raleigh arrived in the great harbour of Fayal, the peaceful look of
+everything assured him in a moment that Essex had not yet been heard of.
+But no sooner did the inhabitants perceive the 'War Sprite' and the
+'Dreadnought,' than they began to throw up defences and remove their
+valuables into the interior. It was in the highest degree irksome to
+Raleigh to wait thus inactive, while this handsome Spanish colony was
+slipping from his clutch, but he had been forbidden to move without
+orders. After three days' waiting for Essex, a council of war was held
+on board the 'War Sprite.' On the fourth Raleigh leaped into his barge
+at the head of a landing company, refusing the help of the Flemings who
+were with him, and stormed the cliffs. It was comparatively easy to get
+his troops on shore, but the Spaniards contested the road to the town
+inch by inch. At last Raleigh and his four hundred and fifty men routed
+their opponents and entered Fayal, a town 'full of fine gardens,
+orchards, and wells of delicate waters, with fair streets, and one very
+fair church;' and allowed his men to plunder it. The English soldiers
+slept that night in Fayal, and when they woke next morning they saw the
+tardy squadron of Essex come warping into the harbour at last. Sir Gilly
+Meyrick, the bitterest of the parasites of Essex, slipped into a boat
+and was on board the 'Repulse' as soon as she anchored, reporting
+Raleigh's conduct to the Earl.
+
+Raleigh must have known that Essex was not the man to be pleased at a
+feat which took all the credit of the Islands Voyage out of his hands;
+but he feigned unconsciousness. In his barge he came out from Fayal to
+greet the Earl, and entered the General's cabin. After a faint welcome,
+Essex began to reproach him with 'a breach of Orders and Articles,' and
+to point out to him that in capturing Fayal without authority he had
+made himself liable to the punishment of death. Raleigh replied that he
+was exempt from such orders, being, in succession to Essex and Lord
+Howard, himself commander of the whole fleet by the Queen's letters
+patent. After a dispute of half an hour, Essex seemed satisfied, and
+accepted an invitation to sup with Raleigh on shore. But another
+malcontent, Sir Christopher Blount, obtained his ear, and set his
+resentment blazing once more. Essex told Raleigh he should not sup at
+all that night. Raleigh left the 'Repulse,' and prepared to separate his
+squadron from the fleet, lest an attempt should be made to force him to
+undergo the indignity of a court-martial. Howard finally made peace
+between the two commanders, and Raleigh was induced to give some sort of
+apology for his action.
+
+The fleet proceeded to St. Miguel, when Raleigh was left to watch the
+roadstead, while Essex pushed inland. While Raleigh lay here, a great
+Indian carrack of sixteen hundred tons, laden with spices, knowing
+nothing of the English invasion, blundered into the middle of what she
+took to be a friendly Spanish fleet. She perceived her mistake just in
+time to run herself ashore, and disembark her crew. Raleigh at the head
+of a party of boats attempted to seize her, but her commander set her
+on fire, and when the Englishmen came close to her she was one dangerous
+splendour of flaming perfumes and roaring cannon. Raleigh was more
+fortunate in securing another carrack laden with cochineal from Cuba.
+The rest of the Islands Voyage was uneventful and ill-managed. For some
+time nothing was heard of the fleet in England, and Lady Raleigh
+'skrebbled,' as she spelt it, hasty notes to Cecil begging for news of
+her husband. Early in October he came back to England, seriously
+enfeebled in health. The only one of the commanders who gained any
+advantage from the Islands Voyage was the one who had undertaken least,
+Lord Howard of Effingham, who was raised to the earldom of Nottingham.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+LAST DAYS OF ELIZABETH.
+
+
+A slight anecdote, which is connected with the month of January 1598,
+must not be omitted here. It gives us an impression of the personal
+habits of Raleigh at this stage of his career. It was the custom of the
+Queen to go to bed early, and one winter's evening the Earl of
+Southampton, Raleigh, and a man named Parker were playing the game of
+primero in the Presence Chamber, after her Majesty had retired. They
+laughed and talked rather loudly, upon which Ambrose Willoughby, the
+Esquire of the Body, came out and desired them not to make so much
+noise. Raleigh pocketed his money, and went off, but Southampton
+resented the interference, and in the scuffle that ensued Willoughby
+pulled out a handful of those marjoram-coloured curls that Shakespeare
+praised.
+
+It is not easy to see why it was, that in the obscure year 1598, while
+the star of Essex was setting, that of his natural rival did not burn
+more brightly. But although now, and for the brief remainder of
+Elizabeth's life, Raleigh was nominally in favour, the saturnine old
+woman had no longer any tenderness for her Captain of the Guard. Her old
+love, her old friendship, had quite passed away. There was no longer any
+excuse for excluding from her presence so valuable a soldier and so
+wise a courtier, but her pulses had ceased to thrill at his coming. If
+Essex had been half so courteous, half so assiduous as Raleigh, she
+would have opened her arms to him, but she had offended Essex past
+forgiveness, and his tongue held no parley with her. It must have been
+in Raleigh's presence--for he it is who has recorded it in the grave
+pages of his _Prerogative of Parliament_--that Essex told the Queen
+'that her conditions were as crooked as her carcass,' a terrible speech
+which, as Raleigh says, 'cost him his head.' This was perhaps a little
+later, in 1600. In 1598 these cruel squabbles were already making life
+at Court a misery. The Queen kept Raleigh by her, but would give him
+nothing. In January he applied for the post of Vice-chamberlain, but
+without success. The new earl, Lord Nottingham, could theatrically wipe
+the dust from Raleigh's shoes with his cloak, but when Raleigh himself
+desired to be made a peer, in the spring of 1598, he was met with a
+direct refusal. He would fain have been Lord Deputy in Ireland, but the
+Queen declined to spare him. On the last day of August he was in the
+very act of being sworn on the Privy Council, but at the final moment
+Cecil frustrated this by saying that if he were made a councillor, he
+must resign his Captainship of the Guard to Sir George Carew. This was,
+as Cecil was aware, too great a sacrifice to be thought of, and the hero
+of Cadiz and Fayal, foiled on every hand, had to submit to remain plain
+Sir Walter Raleigh, Knight.
+
+As the breach grew between Essex and the Queen, the temper of the former
+grew more surly. He dropped the semblance of civility to Raleigh. In
+his _Apothegms_, Lord Bacon has preserved an amusing anecdote of
+November 17, 1598. On this day, which was the Queen's sixty-fifth
+birthday, the leading courtiers, as usual, tilted in the ring in honour
+of their Liege; the custom of this piece of mock chivalry demanded that
+each knight should be disguised. It was, however, known that Sir Walter
+Raleigh would ride in his own uniform of orange tawny medley, trimmed
+with black budge of lamb's wool. Essex, to vex him, came to the lists
+with a body-guard of two thousand retainers all dressed in orange tawny,
+so that Raleigh and his men should seem a fragment of the great Essex
+following. The story goes on to show that Essex digged a pit and fell
+into it himself; but enough has been said to prove his malignant
+intention. We have little else but anecdotes with which to fill up the
+gap in Raleigh's career between December 1597 and March 1600. This was
+an exceedingly quiet period in his life, during which we have to fancy
+him growing more and more at enmity with Essex, and more and more
+intimate with Cobham.
+
+In September 1598, an unexpected ally, the Duke of Finland, urged
+Raleigh to undertake once more his attempt to colonise Guiana, and
+offered twelve ships as his own contingent. Two months later we find
+that the hint has been taken, and that Sir John Gilbert is 'preparing
+with all speed to make a voyage to Guiana.' It is said, moreover, that
+'he intendeth to inhabit it with English people.' He never started,
+however, and Raleigh, referring long afterwards to the events of these
+years, said that though Cecil seemed to encourage him in his West Indian
+projects, yet that when it came to the point he always, as Raleigh
+quaintly put it, retired into his back-shop. Meanwhile, the interest
+felt in Raleigh's narrative was increasing, and in 1599 the well-known
+geographer Levinus Hulsius brought out in Nuremburg a Latin translation
+of the _Discovery_, with five curious plates, including one of the city
+of Manoa, and another of the Ewaipanoma, or men without heads. The
+German version of the book and its English reprint in Hakluyt's
+_Navigations_ belong to the same year. Also in 1599, the _Discovery_ was
+reproduced in Latin, German, and French by De Bry in the eighth part of
+his celebrated _Collectiones Peregrinationum_. This year, then, in which
+we hardly hear otherwise of Raleigh, marked the height of his success as
+a geographical writer. So absolutely is the veil drawn over his personal
+history at this time that the only facts we possess are, that on
+November 4 Raleigh was lying sick of an ague, and that on December 13 he
+was still ill.
+
+In the middle of March 1600 Sir Walter and Lady Raleigh left Durham
+House for Sherborne, taking with them, as a playmate for their son
+Walter, Sir Robert Cecil's eldest son, William, afterwards the second
+Earl of Salisbury. On the way down to Dorsetshire, they stopped at Sion
+House as the guests of the 'Wizard' Earl of Northumberland, a life-long
+friend of Raleigh's, and presently to be his most intelligent
+fellow-prisoner in the Tower. From Sherborne, Raleigh wrote on the 6th
+of April saying frankly that if her Majesty persisted in excluding him
+from every sort of preferment, 'I must begin to keep sheep betime.' He
+hinted in the same letter that he would accept the Governorship of
+Jersey, which was expected to fall vacant. The friendship with Lord
+Cobham has now become quite ardent, and Lady Raleigh vies with her
+husband in urging him to pay Sherborne a visit. Later on in April the
+Raleighs went to Bath apparently for no other reason than to meet Cobham
+there. Here is a curious note from Raleigh to the most dangerous of his
+associates, written from Bath on April 29, 1600:
+
+    Here we attend you and have done this sevennight, and we still
+    mourn your absence, the rather because we fear that your mind is
+    changed. I pray let us hear from you at least, for if you come
+    not we will go hereby home, and make but short tarrying here. My
+    wife will despair ever to see you in these parts, if your
+    Lordship come not now. We can but long for you and wish you as
+    our own lives whatsoever.
+
+    Your Lordship's everest faithful, to honour you most,
+
+                                            W. RALEGH.
+
+Raleigh's absence from Court was so lengthy, that it was whispered in
+the early summer that he was in disgrace, that the Queen had called him
+'something worse than cat or dog,' namely, 'fox.' The absurdity of this
+was proved early in July by his being hurriedly called to town to
+accompany Cobham and Northumberland on their brief and fruitless visit
+to Ostend. The friends started from Sandwich on July 11, and were
+received in the Low Countries by Lord Grey; they were entertained at
+Ostend with extraordinary respect, but they gained nothing of political
+or diplomatic value. Affairs in Ireland, connected with the Spanish
+invasion, occupied Raleigh's mind and pen during this autumn, but he
+paid no visit to his Munster estates. There were plots and counterplots
+developing in various parts of these islands in the autumn of 1600, but
+with none of these subterranean activities is Raleigh for the present
+to be identified.
+
+When Sir Anthony Paulet died, on August 26, 1600, Raleigh had the
+satisfaction of succeeding him in the Governorship of Jersey. He had
+asked for the reversion of this post, and none could be found more
+appropriate to his powers or circumstances. It gave him once more the
+opportunity to cultivate his restless energy, to fly hither and thither
+by sea and land, and to harry the English Channel for Spaniards as a
+terrier watches a haystack for rats. Weymouth, which was the English
+postal port for Jersey, was also the natural harbour of Sherborne, and
+Raleigh had been accustomed, as it was, to keep more than one vessel
+there. The appointment in Jersey was combined with a gift of the manor
+of St. Germain in that island, but the Queen thought it right, in
+consideration of this present, to strike off three hundred pounds from
+the Governor's salary. Cecil was Raleigh's guest at Sherborne when the
+appointment was made, and Raleigh waited until he left before starting
+for his new charge; all this time young William Cecil continued at
+Sherborne for his health. At last, late in September, Sir Walter and
+Lady Raleigh went down to Weymouth, and took with them their little son
+Walter, now about six years old. The day was very fine, and the mother
+and son saw the new Governor on board his ship. He was kept at sea
+forty-eight hours by contrary winds, but reached Jersey at last on an
+October morning.
+
+Raleigh wrote home to his wife that he never saw a pleasanter island
+than Jersey, but protested that it was not in value the very third part
+of what had been reported. One of his first visits was to the castle of
+Mont Orgueil, which had been rebuilt seven years before. His intention
+had been to destroy it, but he was so much struck with its stately
+architecture and commanding position that he determined to spare it, and
+in fact he told off a detachment of his men then and there to guard it.
+Raleigh's work in Jersey was considerable. While he remained governor,
+he established a trade between the island and Newfoundland, undertook to
+register real property according to a definite system, abolished the
+unpopular compulsory service of the Corps de Garde, and lightened in
+many directions the fiscal burdens which previous governors had laid on
+the population. Raleigh's beneficent rule in Jersey lasted just three
+years.
+
+While he was absent on this his first visit to the island, Lady Raleigh
+at Sherborne received news from Cecil of the partial destruction of
+Durham House by a fire, which had broken out in the old stables. None of
+the Raleigh valuables were injured, but Lady Raleigh suggests that it is
+high time something were definitely settled about property in this
+'rotten house,' which Sir Walter was constantly repairing and improving
+without possessing any proper lease of it. As a matter of fact, when the
+crash came, Durham House was the first of his losses. Early in November
+1600, Raleigh was in Cornwall, improving the condition of the
+tin-workers, and going through his duties in the Stannaries Court of
+Lostwithiel. We find him protecting private enterprise on Roborough Down
+against the borough of Plymouth, which desired to stop the tin-works,
+and the year closes with his activities on behalf of the 'establishment
+of good laws among tinners.'
+
+The first two months of 1601 were occupied with the picturesque tragedy
+of Essex's trial and execution. It seems that Raleigh was at last
+provoked into open enmity by the taunts and threats of the Lord Marshal.
+Among the strange acts of Essex, none had been more strange than his
+extraordinary way of complaining, like a child, of anyone who might
+displease him. In his letter to the Queen on June 25, 1599, he openly
+named Raleigh and Cobham as his enemies and the enemies of England; not
+reflecting that both of these personages were in the Queen's confidence,
+and that he was out of it. We may presume that it was more than Raleigh
+could bear to be shown a letter addressed to the Queen in which Essex
+deliberately accused him of 'wishing the ill success of your Majesty's
+most important action, the decay of your greatest strength, and the
+destruction of your faithfullest servants.' There were some things
+Raleigh could not forgive, and the accusation that he favoured Spain was
+one of these. Shut up among his creatures in his house in the Strand,
+and refused all communication with Elizabeth, Essex thought no
+accusation too libellous to spread against the trio who held the royal
+ear, against Raleigh, Cecil, and Cobham, whose daggers, he said, were
+thirsting for his blood.
+
+It was probably in the summer of 1600 that Raleigh wrote the curious
+letter of advice to Cecil which forms the only evidence we possess that
+he had definitely come to the decision that Essex must die. His language
+admits of no doubt of his intention. He says:
+
+    If you take it for a good counsel to relent towards this tyrant,
+    you will repent it when it shall be too late. His malice is
+    fixed, and will not evaporate by any of your mild courses. For
+    he will ascribe the alteration to her Majesty's pusillanimity
+    and not to your good nature, knowing that you work but upon her
+    humour, and not out of any love towards him. The less you make
+    him, the less he shall be able to harm you and yours; and if her
+    Majesty's favour fail him, he will again decline to a common
+    person. For after-revenges, fear them not, for your own father
+    was esteemed to be the contriver of Norfolk's ruin, yet his son
+    followeth your father's son and loveth him.
+
+This advice has been stigmatised as worse than ungenerous. It was, at
+all events, extremely to the point, and it may be suggested that for
+Raleigh and Cecil the time for showing generosity to Essex was past.
+They took no overt steps, however, but it is plain that they kept
+themselves informed of the mad meetings that went on in Essex House. On
+the morning before the insurrection was to break out, February 18, 1601,
+Raleigh sent a note to his kinsman, Sir Ferdinando Gorges, who was one
+of Essex's men, to come down to Durham House to speak with him. Gorges,
+startled at the message, consulted Essex, who advised him to say that he
+would meet Raleigh, not at Durham House, but half-way, on the river.
+Raleigh assented to this, and came alone, while Gorges, with two other
+gentlemen, met him. Raleigh told his cousin that a warrant was out to
+seize him, and advised him to leave London at once for Plymouth. Gorges
+said it was too late, and a long conversation ensued, in the course of
+which a boat was seen to glide away from Essex stairs and to approach
+them. Upon this Gorges pushed Raleigh's boat away, and bid him hasten
+home. As he rowed off towards Durham House, four shots from the second
+boat missed him; it had been manned by Sir Christopher Blount, who,
+with three or four servants of Essex, had come out to capture or else
+kill Raleigh.
+
+For this treason Blount asked and obtained Raleigh's pardon a few days
+later, on the scaffold. At the last moment of his life, Essex also had
+desired to speak with Raleigh, having already solemnly retracted the
+accusations he had made against him; but it is said that this message of
+peace was not conveyed to Raleigh until it was too late. According to
+Raleigh's own account, he had been standing near the scaffold, on
+purpose to see whether Essex would address him, and had retired because
+he was not spoken to. His words in 1618 were these:
+
+    It is said I was a persecutor of my Lord of Essex; that I puffed
+    out tobacco in disdain when he was on the scaffold. But I take
+    God to witness I shed tears for him when he died. I confess I
+    was of a contrary faction, but I knew he was a noble gentleman.
+    Those that set me up against him, did afterwards set themselves
+    against me.
+
+Raleigh was accused of barbarity by the adherents of Essex, but there is
+nothing to rebut the testimony of one of his own greatest enemies,
+Blount, who confessed, a few minutes before he died, that he did not
+believe Sir Walter Raleigh intended to assassinate the Earl, nor that
+Essex himself feared it, 'only it was a word cast out to colour other
+matters.' We are told that Raleigh suffered from a profound melancholy
+as he was rowed back from the Tower to Durham House after the execution
+of Essex, and that it was afterwards believed that he was visited at
+that time by a presentiment of his own dreadful end.
+
+During the summer of 1601, Raleigh became involved in a vexatious
+quarrel between certain of his own Dorsetshire servants. The man Meeres,
+whom he had appointed as bailiff of the Sherborne estates nine years
+before, after doing trusty service to his master, had gradually become
+aggressive and mutinous. He disliked the presence of Adrian Gilbert,
+Raleigh's brother, who had been made Constable of Sherborne Castle, and
+who overlooked Meeres on all occasions. There began to be constant petty
+quarrels between the bailiff of the manor and the constable of the
+castle, and when Raleigh at last dismissed the former bailiff and
+appointed another, Meeres put himself under the protection of an old
+enemy of Raleigh's, Lord Thomas Howard, now Lord Howard of Bindon, and
+refused to quit. In the month of August, Meeres audaciously arrested the
+rival bailiff, whereupon Raleigh had Meeres himself put in the stocks in
+the market-place of Sherborne. The town took Raleigh's side, and when
+Meeres was released, the people riotously accompanied him to his house,
+with derisive cries. When Raleigh was afterward attainted, Meeres took
+all the revenge he could, and succeeded in making himself not a little
+offensive to Lady Raleigh. Sir Walter Raleigh's letters testify to the
+great annoyance this man gave him. It appears that Meeres' wife, 'a
+broken piece, but too good for such a knave,' was a kinswoman of Lady
+Essex, and the most curious point is that Raleigh thought that Meeres
+was trained to forge his handwriting. He tells Cecil:
+
+    The Earl did not make show to like Meeres, nor admit him to his
+    presence, but it was thought that secretly he meant to have used
+    him for some mischief against me; and, if Essex had prevailed,
+    he had been used as the counterfeiter, for he writes my hand so
+    perfectly that I cannot any way discern the difference.[7]
+
+Meeres was ready in the law, and during the month of September sent
+twenty-six subpoenas down to Sherborne. But on October 3 he was
+subdued for the time being, and wrote to Cecil from his prison in the
+Gatehouse that he was very sorry for what he had said so 'furiously and
+foolishly' about Sir Walter Raleigh, and begged for a merciful
+consideration of it. He was pardoned, but he proved a troublesome
+scoundrel then and afterwards.
+
+Early in September 1601, Raleigh came up on business from Bath to
+London, meaning to return at once, but found himself unexpectedly called
+upon to stay and fulfil a graceful duty. Henry IV. of France, being at
+Calais, had sent the Duc de Biron, with a retinue of three hundred
+persons, to pay a visit of compliment to Elizabeth. It was important
+that the French favourite should be well received in England, but no one
+expected him in London, and the Queen was travelling. Sir Arthur Savage
+and Sir Arthur Gorges were the Duke's very insufficient escort, until
+Raleigh fortunately made his appearance and did the honours of London in
+better style. He took the French envoys to Westminster Abbey, and, to
+their greater satisfaction, to the Bear Garden. The Queen was now
+staying, as the guest of the Marquis of Winchester, at Basing, and so,
+on September 9, Raleigh took the Duke and his suite down to the Vine, a
+house in Hampshire, where he was royally entertained. The Queen visited
+them here, and on the 12th they all came over to stay with her at Basing
+Park. By the Queen's desire, Raleigh wrote to Cobham, who had stayed at
+Bath, to come over to Basing and help to entertain the Frenchmen; he
+added, that in three or four days the visit would be over, and he and
+Cobham could go back to Bath together. The letters of Raleigh display an
+intimate friendship between Lord Cobham and himself which is not to be
+overlooked in the light of coming events. The French were all dressed in
+black, a colour Raleigh did not possess in his copious wardrobe, so that
+he had to order the making of a black taffeta suit in a hurry, to fetch
+which from London he started back late on Saturday night after bringing
+the Duke safe down to Basing. It was on the next day, if the French
+ambassador said true, that he had the astounding conversation with
+Elizabeth about Essex, at the end of which, after railing against her
+dead favourite, she opened a casket and produced the very skull of
+Essex. The subject of the fall of favourites was one in which Biron
+should have taken the keenest interest. Ten months later he himself,
+abandoned by his king, came to that frantic death in front of the
+Bastille which Chapman presented to English readers in the most majestic
+of his tragedies. The visit to Elizabeth occupies the third act of
+_Byron's Conspiracy_, which, published in 1608, contains of course no
+reference to Raleigh's part on that occasion.
+
+It may be that in the autumn of 1601, James of Scotland first became
+actively cognisant of Raleigh's existence. Spain was once more giving
+Elizabeth anxiety, and threatening an invasion which actually took
+place on September 21, at Kinsale. By means of the spies which he kept
+in the Channel, Raleigh saw the Spanish fleet advancing, and warned the
+Government, though his warnings were a little too positive in pointing
+out Cork and Limerick as the points of attack. Meanwhile, he wrote out
+for the Queen's perusal a State paper on _The Dangers of a Spanish
+Faction in Scotland_. This paper has not been preserved, but the rumour
+of its contents is supposed to have frightened James in his
+correspondence with Rome, and to have made him judge it prudent to offer
+Elizabeth three thousand Scotch troops against the invader. Raleigh's
+casual remarks with regard to Irish affairs at this critical time, as we
+find them in his letters to Cecil, are not sympathetic or even humane,
+and there is at least one passage which looks very much like a licensing
+of assassination; yet it is certain that Raleigh, surveying from his
+remote Sherborne that Munster which he knew so well, took in the salient
+features of the position with extraordinary success. In almost every
+particular he showed himself a true prophet with regard to the Irish
+rising of 1601.
+
+In November the Duke of Lennox came somewhat hastily to London from
+Paris, entrusted with a very delicate diplomatic commission from James
+of Scotland to Elizabeth. It is certain that he saw Raleigh and Cobham,
+and that he discussed with them the thorny question of the succession to
+the English throne. It moreover appears that he found their intentions
+'traitorous to the King,' that is to say unfavourable to the candidature
+of James. The whole incident is exceedingly dark, and the particulars of
+it rest mainly on a tainted authority, that of Lord Henry Howard. It
+may be conjectured that what really happened was that the Duke of
+Lennox, learning that Raleigh was in town, desired Sir Arthur Savage to
+introduce him; that he then suggested a private conference, which was
+first refused, then granted, in Cobham's presence, at Durham House; that
+Raleigh refused King James's offers, and went and told Cecil that he had
+done so. Cecil, however, chose to believe that Raleigh was keeping
+something back from him, and his attitude from this moment grows
+sensibly colder to Raleigh, and he speaks of Raleigh's 'ingratitude,'
+though it is not plain what he should have been grateful for to Cecil.
+
+It was now thirteen years since Raleigh had abandoned the hope of
+colonising Virginia, though his thoughts had often reverted to that
+savage country, of which he was the nominal liege lord. In 1602 he made
+a final effort to assert his authority there. He sent out a certain
+Samuel Mace, of whose expedition we know little; and about the same time
+his nephew, Bartholomew Gilbert, with an experienced mariner, Captain
+Gosnoll, went to look for the lost colony and city of Raleigh. These
+latter started in a small barque on March 26, but though they enjoyed an
+interesting voyage, they never touched Virginia at all. They discovered
+and named Martha's Vineyard, and some other of the islands in the same
+group; then, after a pleasant sojourn, they came back to England, and
+landed at Exmouth on July 23. It was left for another than Raleigh,
+while he was impoverished and a prisoner in the Tower, to carry out the
+dream of Virginian settlement. Perhaps the most fortunate thing that
+could have happened to Raleigh would have been for him to have
+personally conducted to the West this expedition of 1602. To have been
+out of England when the Queen died might have saved him from the calumny
+of treason.
+
+It has been supposed that Raleigh was a complete loser by these vain
+expeditions. But a passage in a letter of August 21, 1602, shows us that
+this was not the fact. He says: 'Neither of them spake with the people,'
+that is, with the lost Virginian colonists, 'but I do send both the
+barques away again, having saved the charge in sassafras wood.' From the
+same letter we find that Gilbert and Gosnoll went off without Raleigh's
+leave, though in his ship and at his expense, and the latter therefore
+prays that his nephew may be stripped of his rich store of sassafras and
+cedar wood, partly in chastisement, but more for fear of overstocking
+the London market. He throws Gilbert over, and speaks angrily of him not
+as a kinsman, but as 'my Lord Cobham's man;' then relents in a
+postscript--'_all_ is confiscate, but he shall have his part again.'
+
+Raleigh was feeble in health and irritable in temper all this time. Lady
+Raleigh, with a woman's instinct, tried to curb his ambition, and tie
+him down to Sherborne. 'My wife says that every day this place amends,
+and London, to her, grows worse and worse.' Meanwhile, there is really
+not an atom of evidence to show that Raleigh was engaged in any
+political intrigue. He spent the summer and autumn of 1602, when he was
+not at Sherborne, in going through the round of his duties. All the
+month of July he spent in Jersey, 'walking in the wilderness,' as he
+says, hearing from no one, and troubled in mind by vague rumours, blown
+over to him from Normandy, of the disgrace of the Duc de Biron. He is
+also 'much pestered with the coming of many Norman gentlemen, but cannot
+prevent it.' On August 9, he left Jersey, in his ship the 'Antelope,'
+fearing if he stayed any longer to exhaust her English stores, and get
+no more 'in this poor island.' On landing at Weymouth on the 12th, he
+wrote inviting Cecil and Northumberland to meet him at Bath. He was
+justly exasperated to find that during his absence Lord Howard of Bindon
+had once more taken up the wicked steward, Meeres, and persuaded Sir
+William Peryam, the Chief Baron of the Exchequer, to try the suit again.
+Raleigh complains to Cecil:
+
+    I never busied myself with the Lord Viscount's [Lord Bindon's]
+    wealth, nor of his extortions, nor poisoning of his wife, as is
+    here avowed, have I spoken. I have foreborne ... but I will not
+    endure wrong at so peevish a fool's hands any longer. I will
+    rather lose my life, and I think that my Lord Puritan Peryam
+    doth think that the Queen shall have more use of rogues and
+    villains than of men, or else he would not, at Bindon's
+    instances, have yielded to try actions against me being out of
+    the land.
+
+The vexation was a real one, but this is the language of a petulant
+invalid, of a man to whom the grasshopper has become a burden. We are
+therefore not surprised to find him at Bath on September 15, so ill that
+he can barely write a note to Cecil warning him of the approach of a
+Spanish fleet, the news of which has just reached him from Jersey. He
+grew little better at Bath, and in October we find him again at
+Sherborne, in very low spirits, sending by Cobham to the Queen a stone
+which Bartholomew Gilbert had brought from America, and which Raleigh
+took to be a diamond. Immediately after this, he set out on what he
+calls his 'miserable journey into Cornwall,' no other than his customary
+autumn circuit through the Stannary Courts. Once he had enjoyed these
+bracing rides over the moors, but his animal spirits were subdued, and
+the cold mosses, the streams to be forded, the dripping October woods,
+and the chilly granite judgment-seat itself, had lost their attraction
+for his aching joints. In November, however, he is back at Sherborne,
+restored to health, and intending to linger in Dorsetshire as long as he
+can, 'except there be cause to hasten me up.'
+
+Meanwhile he had paid a brief visit to London, and had spoken with the
+Queen, as it would appear, for the last time. Cecil, who was also
+present, has recorded in a letter of November 4 this interview, which
+took place the previous day. On this last occasion Elizabeth sought
+Raleigh's advice on her Irish policy. The President of Munster had
+reported that he had seen fit to 'kill and hang divers poor men, women,
+and children appertaining' to Cormac MacDermod McCarthy, Lord of
+Muskerry, and to burn all his castles and villages from Carrigrohan to
+Inchigeelagh. Cecil was inclined to think that severity had been pushed
+too far, and that the wretched Cormac might be left in peace. But
+Elizabeth had long been accustomed to turn to Raleigh for advice on her
+Irish policy. He gave, as usual, his unflinching constant counsel for
+drastic severity. He 'very earnestly moved her Majesty of all others to
+reject Cormac MacDermod, first, because his country was worth her
+keeping, secondly, because he lived so under the eye of the State that,
+whensoever she would, it was in her power to suppress him.' This last,
+one would think, might have been an argument for mercy. The Queen
+instructed Cecil to tell Sir George Carew, that whatever pardon was
+extended to others, none might be shown to Cormac.
+
+It was in the same spirit of rigour that Raleigh had for two years past
+advised the retention of the gentle and learned Florence MacCarthy in
+the Tower, as 'a man reconciled to the Pope, dangerous to the present
+State, beloved of such as seek the ruin of the realm;' and this at the
+very time when MacCarthy, trusting in his twenty years' acquaintance
+with Raleigh, was praying Cecil to let him be his judge. Raleigh little
+thought that the doors which detained Florence MacCarthy would soon open
+for a moment to inclose himself, and that in two neighbouring cells
+through long years of captivity the _History of the World_ would grow
+beside the growing _History of the Early Ages of Ireland_.
+
+In this year, 1602, Raleigh parted with his vast Irish estates to
+Richard Boyle, afterwards Earl of Cork, and placed the purchase-money in
+privateering enterprises. It is known that Cecil had an interest in this
+fleet of merchantmen, and as late as January 1603 he writes about a
+cruiser in which Raleigh and he were partners, begging Raleigh, from
+prudential reasons, to conceal the fact that Cecil was in the adventure.
+There was no abatement whatever in the friendliness of Cecil's tone to
+Raleigh, although in his own crafty mind he had decided that the death
+of the Queen should set the term to Raleigh's prosperity. On March 30,
+1603, Elizabeth died, and with her last breath the fortune and even the
+personal safety of Raleigh expired.
+
+We may pause here a moment to consider what was Raleigh's condition and
+fame at this critical point in his life. He was over fifty years of age,
+but in health and spirits much older than his time of life suggested;
+his energy had shown signs of abatement, and for five years he had done
+nothing that had drawn public attention strongly to his gifts. If he had
+died in 1603, unattainted, in peace at Sherborne, it is a question
+whether he would have attracted the notice of posterity in any very
+general degree. To close students of the reign of Elizabeth he would
+still be, as Mr. Gardiner says, 'the man who had more genius than all
+the Privy Council put together.' But he would not be to us all the
+embodiment of the spirit of England in the great age of Elizabeth, the
+foremost man of his time, the figure which takes the same place in the
+field of action which Shakespeare takes in that of imagination and Bacon
+in that of thought. For this something more was needed, the long torture
+of imprisonment, the final crown of judicial martyrdom. The slow tragedy
+closing on Tower Hill is the necessary complement to his greatness.
+
+All this it is easy to see, but it is more difficult to understand what
+circumstances brought about a condition of things in which such a
+tragedy became possible. We must realise that Raleigh was a man of
+severe speech and reserved manner, not easily moved to be gracious,
+constantly reproving the sluggish by his rapidity, and galling the dull
+by his wit. All through his career we find him hard to get on with,
+proud to his inferiors, still more crabbed to those above him. If policy
+required that he should use the arts of a diplomatist, he overplayed his
+part, and stung his rivals to the quick by an obsequiousness in speech
+to which his eyes and shoulders gave the lie. With all his wealth and
+influence, he missed the crowning points of his ambition; he never sat
+in the House of Peers, he never pushed his way to the council board, he
+never held quite the highest rank in any naval expedition, he never
+ruled with only the Queen above him even in Ireland. He who of all men
+hated most and deserved least to be an underling, was forced to play the
+subordinate all through the most brilliant part of his variegated life
+of adventure. It was only for a moment, at Cadiz or Fayal, that by a
+doubtful breach of prerogative he struggled to the surface, to sink
+again directly the achievement was accomplished. This soured and would
+probably have paralysed him, but for the noble stimulant of misfortune;
+and to the temper which this continued disappointment produced, we must
+look for the cause of his unpopularity.
+
+It is difficult, as we have said, to understand how it was that he had
+the opportunity to become unpopular. From one of his latest letters in
+Elizabeth's reign we gather that the tavern-keepers throughout the
+country considered Raleigh at fault for a tax which was really insisted
+on by the Queen's rapacity. He prays Cecil to induce Elizabeth to remit
+it, for, he says, 'I cannot live, nor show my face out of my doors,
+without it, nor dare ride through the towns where these taverners
+dwell.' This is the only passage which I can find in his published
+correspondence which accounts in any degree for the fact that we
+presently find Raleigh beyond question the best-hated man in
+England.[8]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+THE TRIAL AT WINCHESTER.
+
+
+Raleigh was in the west when the Queen died, and he had no opportunity
+of making the rush for the north which emptied London of its nobility in
+the beginning of April. King James had reached Burghley before Raleigh,
+in company with his old comrade Sir Robert Crosse, met him on his
+southward journey. It was necessary that he should ask the new monarch
+for a continuation of his appointments in Devon and Cornwall; his posts
+at Court he had probably made up his mind to lose. One of the blank
+forms which the King had sent up to be signed by Cecil, nominally
+excusing the recipient from coming to meet James, had been sent to
+Raleigh, and this was of evil omen. The King received him ungraciously,
+and Raleigh did not make the situation better by explaining the cause of
+his disobedience. James, it is said, admitted in a blunt pun that he had
+been prejudiced against the late Queen's favourite; 'on my soul, man,'
+he said, 'I have heard but _rawly_ of thee.' Raleigh was promised
+letters of continuance for the Stannaries, but was warned to take no
+measures with regard to the woods and parks of the Duchy of Cornwall
+until further orders. After the first rough greeting, James was fairly
+civil, but on April 25 privately desired Sir Thomas Lake to settle
+Raleigh's business speedily, and send him off.
+
+In the first week of May, Sir Walter Raleigh was informed by the Council
+that the King had chosen Sir Thomas Erskine to be Captain of the Guard.
+It was the most natural thing in the world that James should select an
+old friend and a Scotchman for this confidential post, and Raleigh, as
+the Council Book records, 'in a very humble manner did submit himself.'
+To show that no injury to his fortunes was intended, the King was
+pleased to remit the tax of 300_l._ a year which Elizabeth had charged
+on Raleigh's salary as Governor of Jersey. There does not seem to be any
+evidence that Raleigh was led into any imprudent action by all these
+changes. Mr. Gardiner appears to put some faith in a despatch of
+Beaumont's to Villeroi, on May 2, according to which Raleigh was in such
+a rage at the loss of one of his offices, that he rushed into the King's
+presence, and poured out accusations of treason against Cecil. I cannot
+but disbelieve this story; the evidence all goes to prove that he still
+regarded Cecil, among the crowd of his enemies, as at least half his
+friend. On May 13, Cecil was raised to the peerage, as a sign of royal
+favour.
+
+Lady Raleigh had always regretted the carelessness with which her
+husband expended money upon Durham House, his town mansion, without ever
+securing a proper lease of it. Her prognostications of evil were soon
+fulfilled. James I. was hardly safe on his throne before the Bishop of
+Durham demanded the restitution of the ancient town palace of his see.
+On May 31, 1603, a royal warrant announced that Durham House was to be
+restored to the Bishop--'the said dwellers in it having no right to the
+same'--and Sir Walter Raleigh was warned to give quiet possession of the
+house to such as the Bishop might appoint. Raleigh, much incommoded at
+so sudden notice to quit, begged to be allowed to stay until Michaelmas.
+The Bishop considered this very unreasonable, and would grant him no
+later date than June 23. In this dilemma Raleigh appealed to the Lords
+Commissioners, saying that he had spent 2,000_l._ on the house, and that
+'the poorest artificer in London hath a quarter's warning given him by
+his landlord.' It is interesting to us, as giving us a notion of
+Raleigh's customary retinue, that he says he has already laid in
+provision for his London household of forty persons and nearly twenty
+horses. 'Now to cast out my hay and oats into the streets at an hour's
+warning,' for the Bishop wanted to occupy the stables at once, 'and to
+remove my family and stuff in fourteen days after, is such a severe
+expulsion as hath not been offered to any man before this day.' What
+became of his chattels, and what lodging he found for his family, is
+uncertain; he gained no civility by his appeal. That he was disturbed by
+the Bishop, and busily engaged in changing houses all through June, is
+not unimportant in connection with the accusation, at the trial, that he
+had spent so much of this month plotting with Cobham and Aremberg at
+Durham House.
+
+It was plain that he was not judicious in his behaviour to James. At all
+times he had been an advocate of war rather than peace, even when peace
+was obviously needful. Spain, too, was written upon his heart, as Calais
+had been on Mary's, and even at this untoward juncture he must needs
+thrust his enmity on unwilling ears. It is hardly conceivable that he
+should not know that James was deeply involved with promises to the
+Catholics; and though the King had said, in the face of his welcome to
+England, that he should not need them now, he had no intention of
+exasperating them. As to Spain, the King was simply waiting for
+overtures from Madrid. Raleigh, who was never a politician, saw nothing
+of all this, and merely used every opportunity he had of gaining the
+King's ear to urge his distasteful projects of a war. On the last
+occasion when, so far as we know, Raleigh had an interview with James,
+they were both the guests of Raleigh's uncle, Sir Nicholas Carew, at
+Bedingfield Park. It would seem that he had already placed in the royal
+hands the manuscript of his _Discourse touching War with Spain, and of
+the Protecting of the Netherlands_, and he offered to raise two thousand
+men at his own expense, and to lead them in person against Spain. James
+I. must have found this persistence, especially from a man against whom
+he had formed a prejudice, exceedingly galling. No doubt, too, long
+familiarity with Queen Elizabeth in the decline of her powers, had given
+Raleigh a manner in approaching royalty which was not to James's liking.
+
+In July the King's Catholic troubles reached a head. Watson's plot,
+involving Copley and the young Lord Grey de Wilton, occupied the Privy
+Council during that month, and it was discovered that George Brooke, a
+younger brother of Lord Cobham's, was concerned in it. The Brookes, it
+will be remembered, were the brothers-in-law of Cecil himself, but by
+this time completely estranged from him. It is more interesting to us
+to note that Cobham himself was the only intimate friend left to
+Raleigh. With extraordinary rapidity Raleigh himself was drawn into the
+net of Watson's misdoings. Copley was arrested on the 6th, and first
+examined on July 12. He incriminated George Brooke, who was arrested on
+the 14th. Cobham, who was busy on his duties as Lord Warden of the
+Cinque Ports, was brought up for examination on the 15th or 16th; and on
+the 17th,[9] Sir Walter Raleigh, who, it is said, had given information
+regarding Cobham, was himself arrested at Windsor.
+
+Raleigh was walking to and fro on the great terrace at Windsor on the
+morning of July 17, 1603, waiting to ride with the King, when Cecil came
+to him and requested his presence in the Council Chamber. What happened
+there is unknown, but it is plain amid the chaos of conflicting
+testimony that Cecil argued that what George Brooke knew Cobham must
+know, and that Raleigh was privy to all Cobham's designs. What form the
+accusation finally took, we shall presently see. When it was over
+Raleigh wrote a letter to the Council, in which he made certain random
+statements with regard to offers made to Cobham about June 9 by a
+certain attendant of Count Aremberg, the ambassador of the Archduke
+Albert. From the windows of Durham House he had seen, he said, Cobham's
+boat cross over to the Austrian's lodgings in St. Saviour's. He probably
+felt himself forced to state this from finding that the Council already
+knew something of Cobham's relations with Aremberg. Still, in the light
+of later events, the writing of this letter may seem to us a grave
+mistake. It was instantly shown, on the very next day, to Cobham, and
+doctored in such a way as to make the latter suppose that Raleigh had
+gratuitously betrayed him.
+
+On the day that Raleigh was arrested, July 17, George Brooke said in
+examination that 'the conspirators among themselves thought Sir Walter
+Raleigh a fit man to be of the action.' This did not amount to much, but
+Brooke soon became more copious and protested a fuller tale day by day.
+Nothing, however, that could touch Raleigh was obtained from any witness
+until, on the 20th, Lord Cobham, who had been thoroughly frightened by
+daily cross-examination, was shown the letter, or part of the letter,
+from Raleigh to Cecil to which reference has just been made. He then
+broke out with, 'O traitor! O villain! now will I tell you all the
+truth!' and proceeded at once to say that 'he had never entered into
+those courses but by Raleigh's instigation, and that he would never let
+him alone!' This accusation he entirely retracted nine days later, in
+consequence of some expostulation from Raleigh which had found its way
+from one prisoner to the other, for Raleigh was by this time safe in the
+Tower of London.
+
+It is most probable that he was taken thither on July 18, immediately
+after his arrest. On the 20th, after Cobham's formal accusation, he was
+evidently more strictly confined, and it must have been immediately
+after receiving news of this charge that he attempted to commit suicide.
+He would be told of Cobham's words, in all likelihood, on the morning of
+the 21st; he would write the letter to his wife after meditating on the
+results of his position, and then would follow the scene that Cecil
+describes in a letter dated fifteen days later:
+
+    Although lodged and attended as well as in his own house, yet
+    one afternoon, while divers of us were in the Tower, examining
+    these prisoners, Sir Walter Raleigh attempted to have murdered
+    himself. Whereof when we were advertised, we came to him, and
+    found him in some agony, seeming to be unable to endure his
+    misfortunes, and protesting innocency, with carelessness of
+    life. In that way, he had wounded himself under the right pap,
+    but no way mortally.
+
+There is no reason whatever for supposing that this was not a genuine
+attempt at suicide. We can have no difficulty in entering into the mood
+of Raleigh's mind. Roused to fresh energy by misfortune, his brain and
+will had of late once more become active, and he was planning adventures
+by land and sea. If James did oust him from his posts about the Court in
+favour of leal Scotchmen, Raleigh would brace himself by some fresh
+expedition against Cadiz, some new settlement of Virginia or Guiana. In
+the midst of such schemes, the blow of his unexpected arrest would come
+upon him out of the blue. He could bear poverty, neglect, hardships,
+even death itself; but imprisonment, with a disgraceful execution as the
+only end of it, that he was not at first prepared to endure. He had
+tasted captivity in the Tower once before; he knew the intolerable
+tedium and fret of it; and the very prospect maddened him. Nor would his
+thoughts be only or mainly of himself. He would reflect that if he were
+once condemned, nothing but financial ruin and social obloquy would
+attend his wife and children; and this it was which inspired the
+passionate and pathetic letter which he addressed to Lady Raleigh just
+before he stabbed himself. This letter seems to close the real life of
+Raleigh. He was to breathe, indeed, for fifteen years more, but only in
+a sort of living death. He begins thus distractedly:
+
+    Receive from thy unfortunate husband these his last lines: these
+    the last words that ever thou shalt receive from him. That I can
+    live never to see thee and my child more! I cannot! I have
+    desired God and disputed with my reason, but nature and
+    compassion hath the victory. That I can live to think how you
+    are both left a spoil to my enemies, and that my name shall be a
+    dishonour to my child! I cannot! I cannot endure the memory
+    thereof. Unfortunate woman, unfortunate child, comfort
+    yourselves, trust God, and be contented with your poor estate. I
+    would have bettered it, if I had enjoyed a few years.
+
+He goes on to tell his wife that she is still young, and should marry
+again; and then falls into a tumult of distress over his own accusation.
+Presently he grows calmer, after a wild denunciation of Cobham, and bids
+his wife forgive, as he does:
+
+    Live humble, for thou hast but a time also. God forgive my Lord
+    Harry [Howard], for he was my heavy enemy. And for my Lord
+    Cecil, I thought he would never forsake me in extremity. I would
+    not have done it him, God knows. But do not thou know it, for he
+    must be master of thy child, and may have compassion of him. Be
+    not dismayed, that I died in despair of God's mercies. Strive
+    not to dispute, but assure thyself that God has not left me, nor
+    Satan tempted me. Hope and despair live not together. I know it
+    is forbidden to destroy ourselves, but I trust it is forbidden
+    in this sort--that we destroy not ourselves despairing of God's
+    mercy.
+
+After an impassioned prayer, he speaks of his estate. His debts, he
+confesses, are many, and as the latest of them he mentions what he owes
+to an expedition to Virginia then on the return voyage, the expedition
+in which Cecil had a share. Then his shame and anger break out again:
+
+    What will my poor servants think, at their return, when they
+    hear I am accused to be Spanish who sent them, at my great
+    charge, to plant and discover upon his territory! O intolerable
+    infamy! O God! I cannot resist these thoughts. I cannot live to
+    think how I am divided, to think of the expectation of my
+    enemies, the scorns I shall receive, the cruel words of lawyers,
+    the infamous taunts and despites, to be made a wonder and a
+    spectacle!... I commend unto you my poor brother Adrian Gilbert.
+    The lease of Sandridge is his, and none of mine. Let him have
+    it, for God's cause. He knows what is due to me upon it. And be
+    good to Keymis, for he is a perfect honest man, and hath much
+    wrong for my sake. For the rest I commend me to thee, and thee
+    to God, and the Lord knows my sorrow to part from thee and my
+    poor child. But part I must.... I bless my poor child; and let
+    him know his father was no traitor. Be bold of my innocence, for
+    God--to whom I offer life and soul--knows it.... And the Lord
+    for ever keep thee, and give thee comfort in both worlds.
+
+There are few documents of the period more affecting than this, but he
+suffered no return of this mood. The pain of his wound and the weakness
+it produced quieted him at first, and then hope began to take the place
+of this agony of despair. Meanwhile his treason was taken for granted,
+and he was stripped of his appointments. He had been forced to resign
+the Wardenship of the Stannaries to Sir Francis Godolphin, and the wine
+patent was given to the Earl of Nottingham, who behaved with scant
+courtesy to his old friend and comrade. Sir John Peyton, after guarding
+Raleigh for ten days at the Tower, was released from the post of
+Lieutenant, and was given the Governorship of Jersey, of which Raleigh
+was deprived. On the next day, August 1, Sir George Harvey took Peyton's
+place as Lieutenant of the Tower, the last report from the outgoing
+officer being that 'Sir Walter Raleigh's hurt is doing very well.' It
+was evidently not at all severe, for on the 4th he was pronounced cured,
+'both in body and mind.' On the 3rd, De Beaumont, the French ambassador,
+had written confidentially to Henry IV. that Raleigh gave out that this
+attempt at suicide 'was formed in order that his fate might not serve as
+a triumph to his enemies, whose power to put him to death, despite his
+innocence, he well knows.'
+
+On August 10 there had still been made no definite accusation linking
+Raleigh or even Cobham with Watson's plot. All that could be said was
+that Raleigh and Cobham were intimate with the plotters, and that they
+had mutually accused each other, vaguely, of entering into certain
+possibly treasonable negotiations with Austria. On that day De Beaumont
+was inclined to think that both would be acquitted. It does not seem
+that James was anxious to push matters to an extremity; but the
+Government, instigated by Suffolk, insisted on severity. On August 13,
+Raleigh was again examined in the Tower, and this time more rigorously.
+A distinct statement was now gained from him, to the effect that Cobham
+had offered him 10,000 crowns to further a peace between Spain and
+England; Raleigh had answered, '"When I see the money I will make you an
+answer," for I thought it one of his ordinary idle conceits.' He
+insisted, however, that this conversation had nothing to do with
+Aremberg. All through the month of September the plague was raging in
+London. In spite of all precautions, it found its way into the outlying
+posts of the Tower. Sir George Harvey sent away his family, and Wood,
+who was in special charge of the State prisoners, abandoned them to the
+Lieutenant. On September 7 we find Harvey sending Raleigh's private
+letters by a man of the name of Mellersh, who had been Cobham's steward
+and was now his secretary. Raleigh and Cobham had become convinced that,
+whatever was their innocence or guilt, it was absolutely necessary that
+each should have some idea what the other was confessing.
+
+On September 21, Raleigh, Cobham, and George Brooke were indicted at
+Staines. The indictment shows us for the first time what the Government
+had determined to accuse Raleigh of plotting. It is plainly put that he
+is charged with 'exciting rebellion against the King, and raising one
+Arabella Stuart to the Crown of England.' Without going into vexed
+questions of the claim of this unhappy woman, we may remind ourselves
+that Arabella Stuart was James I.'s first cousin, the daughter of
+Charles Stuart, fifth Earl of Lennox, Darnley's elder brother. Her
+father had died in 1576, soon after her birth. About 1588 she had come
+up to London to be presented to Elizabeth, and on that occasion had
+amused Raleigh with her gay accomplishments. The legal quibble on which
+her claim was founded was the fact that she was born in England, whereas
+James as a Scotchman was supposed to be excluded. Arabella was no
+pretender; her descent from Margaret, the sister of Henry VIII., was
+complete, and if James had died childless and she had survived him, it
+is difficult to see how her claim could have been avoided in favour of
+the Suffolk line. Meantime she had no real claim, and no party in the
+country. But Elizabeth, in one of her fantastic moods, had presented
+Arabella to the wife of a French ambassador, as 'she that will sometime
+be Lady Mistress here, even as I am.' Before the Queen's death
+Arabella's very name had become hateful to her, but this was the slender
+ground upon which Cobham's, but scarcely Raleigh's, hopes were based.
+
+The jury was well packed with adverse names. The precept is signed by
+Raleigh's old and bitter enemy, Lord Howard of Bindon, now Earl of
+Suffolk. The trial, probably on account of the terror caused by the
+ravages of the plague, was adjourned for nearly two months, which
+Raleigh spent in the Tower. Almost the only remnant of all his great
+wealth which was not by this time forfeited, was his cluster of estates
+at Sherborne. He attempted to tie these up to his son, and his brother,
+Adrian Gilbert, and Cecil appears to have been a friend to Lady Raleigh
+in this matter. It was so generally taken for granted that Raleigh would
+be condemned, that no mock modesty prevented the King's Scotch
+favourites from asking for his estates. In October Cecil informed Sir
+James Elphinstone that he was at least the twelfth person who had
+already applied for the gift of Sherborne. Fortunately Raleigh, as late
+as the summer of 1602, had desired the judge, Sir John Doddridge, to
+draw up a conveyance of Sherborne to his son, and then to his brother,
+with a rent-charge of 200_l._ a year for life to Lady Raleigh. For the
+present Cecil firmly refused to allow anyone to tamper with this
+conveyance, and Sherborne was the raft upon which the Raleighs sailed
+through the worst tempest of the trial. Cecil undoubtedly retained a
+certain tenderness towards his old friend Lady Raleigh, and for her
+sake, rather than her husband's, he extended a sort of protection to
+them in their misfortune. She appealed to him in touching language to
+'pity the name of your ancient friend on his poor little creature, which
+may live to honour you, that we may all lift up our hands and hearts in
+prayer for you and yours. If you truly knew, you would pity your poor
+unfortunate friend, which relieth wholly on your honourable and wonted
+favour.' Cecil listened, and almost relented.
+
+At first Cobham was not confined in the Tower, and before he came there
+Raleigh was advised by some of his friends to try to communicate with
+him. According to Raleigh's account, he wrote first of all, 'You or I
+must go to trial. If I first, then your accusation is the only evidence
+against me.' Cobham's reply was not satisfactory, and Raleigh wrote
+again, and Cobham then sent what Raleigh thought 'a very good letter.'
+The person who undertook to carry on this secret correspondence was no
+other than young Sir John Peyton, whom James had just knighted, the son
+of the late Lieutenant of the Tower. Sir George Harvey seems to have
+suspected, without wishing to be disagreeable, for Raleigh had to hint
+to Cobham that the Lieutenant might be blamed if it were discovered that
+letters were passing. Cobham shifted from hour to hour, and changed
+colour like a moral chameleon; Raleigh could not depend on him, nor even
+influence him. Meanwhile Cobham was transferred to the Tower, and now
+communication between the prisoners seemed almost impossible. However,
+the servant who was waiting upon Raleigh, a man named Cotterell,
+undertook to speak to Cobham, and desired him to leave his window in the
+Wardrobe Tower ajar on a certain night. Raleigh had prepared a letter,
+entreating Cobham to clear him at all costs. This letter Cotterell tied
+round an apple, and at eight o'clock at night threw it dexterously into
+Cobham's room; half an hour afterwards a second letter, of still more
+complete retractation, was pushed by Cobham under his door. This Raleigh
+hid in his pocket and showed to no one.
+
+Thus October passed, and during these ten weeks the popular fury against
+the accused had arisen to a tumultuous pitch. On November 5, Sir W. Waad
+was instructed to bring Raleigh out of the Tower, and prepare him for
+his trial. As has been said, the plague was in London, and the prisoner
+was therefore taken down to Winchester, to be tried in Wolvesey Castle.
+So terrible was the popular hatred of Raleigh, that the conveyance of
+him was attended with difficulty, and had to be constantly delayed. 'It
+was hob or nob whether he should have been brought alive through such
+multitudes of unruly people as did exclaim against him;' and to escape
+Lynch law a whole week had to be given to the transit. 'The fury and
+tumult of the people was so great' that Waad had to set watches, and
+hasten his prisoner by a stage at a time, when the mob was not expecting
+him. The wretched people seemed to forget all about the plague for the
+moment, so eager were they to tear Raleigh to pieces. When he had
+reached Winchester, it was thought well to wait five days more, to give
+the popular fury time to quiet down a little. A Court of King's Bench
+was fitted up in the castle, an old Episcopal palace, not well suited
+for that purpose.
+
+On Thursday, November 17, 1603, Raleigh's trial began. In the centre of
+the upper part of the court, under a canopy of brocade, sat the Lord
+Chief Justice of England, Popham, and on either side of him, as special
+commissioners, Cecil, Waad, the Earls of Suffolk and Devonshire, with
+the judges, Anderson, Gawdy, and Warburton, and other persons of
+distinction. Opposite Popham sat the Attorney-General, Sir Edward Coke,
+who conducted the trial. It was actually opened, however, by Hale, the
+Serjeant, who attempted, as soon as Raleigh had pleaded 'not guilty' to
+the indictment, to raise an unseemly laugh by saying that Lady Arabella
+'hath no more title to the Crown than I have, which, before God, I
+utterly renounce.' Raleigh was noticed to smile at this, and we can
+imagine that his irony would be roused by such buffoonery on an occasion
+so serious. There was no more jesting of this kind, but the whole trial
+has remained a type of what was uncouth and undesirable in the conduct
+of criminal trials through the beginning of the seventeenth century. The
+nation so rapidly increased in sensitiveness and in a perception of
+legal decency, that one of the very judges who conducted Raleigh's
+trial, Gawdy, lived to look back upon it with horror, and to say, when
+he himself lay upon his death-bed, that such a mode of procedure
+'injured and degraded the justice of England.'
+
+When Hale had ceased his fooling, Coke began in earnest. He was a man a
+little older than Raleigh, and of a conceited and violent nature, owing
+not a little of his exaggerated reputation to the dread that he
+inspired. He was never more rude and brutal than in his treatment of Sir
+Walter Raleigh upon this famous occasion, and even in a court packed
+with enemies, in which the proud poet and navigator might glance round
+without meeting one look more friendly than that in the cold eyes of
+Cecil, the needless insolence of Coke went too far, and caused a
+revulsion in Raleigh's favour. Coke began by praising the clemency of
+the King, who had forbidden the use of torture, and proceeded to charge
+Sir Walter Raleigh with what he called 'treason of the Main,' to
+distinguish it from that of George Brooke and his fellows, which was 'of
+the Bye.' He described this latter, and tried to point out that the
+former was closely cognate to it. In order to mask the difficulty, nay,
+the impossibility, of doing this successfully on the evidence which he
+possessed, he wandered off into a long and wordy disquisition on
+treasonable plots in general, ending abruptly with that of Edmund de la
+Pole. Then, for the first time, Coke faced the chief difficulty of the
+Government, namely, that there was but one witness against Raleigh. He
+did not allow, as indeed he could not be expected to do, that Cobham had
+shifted like a Reuben, and was now adhering, for the moment, to an
+eighth several confession of what he and Raleigh had actually done or
+meant to do. It was enough for Coke to insist that Cobham's evidence,
+that is to say, whichever of the eight conflicting statements suited the
+prosecution best, was as valuable, in a case of this kind, as 'the
+inquest of twelve men.'
+
+Having thus, as he thought, shut Raleigh's mouth with regard to this one
+great difficulty, he continued to declaim against 'those traitors,'
+obstinately persisting in mixing up Raleigh's 'Main' with the 'Bye,' in
+spite of the distinction which he himself had drawn. Raleigh appealed
+against this once or twice, and at last showed signs of impatience. Coke
+then suddenly turned upon him, and cried out, 'To whom, Sir Walter, did
+you bear malice? To the royal children?' In the altercation that
+followed, Coke lost his temper in earnest, and allowed himself to call
+Raleigh 'a monster with an English face, but a Spanish heart.' He then
+proceeded to state what the accusation of Sir Walter really amounted to,
+and in the midst of the inexplicable chaos of this whole affair it may
+be well to stand for a moment on this scrap of solid ground. Coke's
+words were:
+
+    You would have stirred England and Scotland both. You incited
+    the Lord Cobham, as soon as Count Aremberg came into England, to
+    go to him. The night he went, you supped with the Lord Cobham,
+    and he brought you after supper to Durham House; and then the
+    same night by a back-way went with La Renzi to Count Aremberg,
+    and got from him a promise for the money. After this it was
+    arranged that the Lord Cobham should go to Spain and return by
+    Jersey, where you were to meet him about the distribution of the
+    money; because Cobham had not so much policy or wickedness as
+    you. Your intent was to set up the Lady Arabella as a titular
+    Queen, and to depose our present rightful King, the lineal
+    descendant of Edward IV. You pretend that this money was to
+    forward the Peace with Spain. Your jargon was 'peace,' which
+    meant Spanish invasion and Scottish subversion.
+
+This was plain language, at least; this was the case for the
+prosecution, stripped of all pedantic juggling; and Raleigh now drew
+himself together to confute these charges as best he might. 'Let me
+answer,' he said; 'it concerns my life;' and from this point onwards, as
+Mr. Edwards remarks, the trial becomes a long and impassioned dialogue.
+Coke refused to let Raleigh speak, and in this was supported by Popham,
+a very old man, who owed his position in that court more to his age than
+his talents, and who was solicitous to be on friendly terms with the
+Attorney. Coke then proceeded to argue that Raleigh's relations with
+Cobham had been notoriously so intimate that there was nothing
+surprising or improbable in the accusation that he shared his guilt. He
+then nimbly went on to expatiate with regard to the circumstances of
+Cobham's treason, and was deft enough to bring these forward in such a
+way as to leave on the mind of his hearers the impression that these
+were things proved against Raleigh. To this practice, which deserved the
+very phrases which Coke used against the prisoner's dealings, 'devilish
+and machiavelian policy,' Raleigh protested again and again that he
+ought not to be subjected, until Coke lost his temper once more, and
+cried, 'I _thou_ thee, thou traitor, and I will prove thee the rankest
+traitor in all England.' A sort of hubbub now ensued, and the Lord Chief
+Justice again interfered to silence Raleigh, with a poor show of
+impartiality.
+
+Coke, however, had well nigh exhausted the slender stock of evidence
+with which he had started. For a few minutes longer he tried by sheer
+bluster to conceal the poverty of the case, and last of all he handed
+one of Cobham's confessions to the Clerk of the Crown to be read in
+court. It entered into no particulars, which Cobham said their lordships
+must not expect from him, for he was so confounded that he had lost his
+memory, but it vaguely asserted that he would never have entered into
+'these courses' but for Raleigh's instigation. The reading being over,
+Coke at last sat down. Raleigh began to address the jury, very quietly
+at first. He pointed out that this solitary accusation, by the most
+wavering of mortals, uttered in a moment of anger, was absolutely all
+the evidence that could be brought against him. He admitted that he
+suspected Cobham of secret communications with Count Aremberg, but he
+declared that he knew no details, and that whatever he discovered, Cecil
+also was privy to. He had hitherto spoken softly; he now suddenly raised
+his voice, and electrified the court by turning upon Sir Edward Coke,
+and pouring forth the eloquent and indignant protest which must now be
+given in his own words.
+
+    Master Attorney, whether to favour or to disable my Lord Cobham
+    you speak as you will of him, yet he is not such a babe as you
+    make him. He hath dispositions of such violence, which his best
+    friends could never temper. But it is very strange that I, at
+    this time, should be thought to plot with the Lord Cobham,
+    knowing him a man that hath neither love nor following; and,
+    myself, at this time having resigned a place of my best command
+    in an office I had in Cornwall. I was not so bare of sense but I
+    saw that, if ever this State was strong, it was now that we have
+    the Kingdom of Scotland united, whence we were wont to fear all
+    our troubles--Ireland quieted, where our forces were wont to be
+    divided--Denmark assured, whom before we were always wont to
+    have in jealousy--the Low Countries our nearest neighbour. And,
+    instead of a Lady whom time had surprised, we had now an active
+    King, who would be present at his own businesses. For me, at
+    this time, to make myself a Robin Hood, a Wat Tyler [in the
+    inadvertence of the moment he seems to have said 'a Tom Tailor,'
+    by mistake], a Kett, or a Jack Cade! I was not so mad! I knew
+    the state of Spain well, his weakness, his poorness, his
+    humbleness at this time. I knew that six times we had repulsed
+    his forces--thrice in Ireland, thrice at sea, once upon our
+    coast and twice upon his own. Thrice had I served against him
+    myself at sea--wherein, for my country's sake, I had expended of
+    my own property forty thousand marks. I knew that where
+    beforetime he was wont to have forty great sails, at the least,
+    in his ports, now he hath not past six or seven. And for sending
+    to his Indies, he was driven to have strange vessels, a thing
+    contrary to the institutions of his ancestors, who straitly
+    forbade that, even in case of necessity, they should make their
+    necessity known to strangers. I knew that of twenty-five
+    millions which he had from the Indies, he had scarce any left.
+    Nay, I knew his poorness to be such at this time that the
+    Jesuits, his imps, begged at his church doors; his pride so
+    abated that, notwithstanding his former high terms, he was
+    become glad to congratulate his Majesty, and to send creeping
+    unto him for peace.
+
+In these fiery words the audience was reminded of the consistent hatred
+which Raleigh had always shown to Spain, and of the services which he
+himself, now a prisoner at the bar, had performed for the liberties of
+England. The sympathies of the spectators began to be moved; those who
+had execrated Raleigh most felt that they had been deceived, and that so
+noble an Englishman, however indiscreet he might have been, could not by
+any possibility have intrigued with the worst enemies of England.
+
+But the prisoner had more to do than to rouse the irresponsible part of
+his audience by his patriotic eloquence. The countenances of his judges
+remained as cold to him as ever, and he turned to the serious business
+of his defence. His quick intelligence saw that the telling point in
+Coke's diatribe had been the emphasis he had laid on Raleigh's intimate
+friendship with Cobham. He began to try and explain away this intimacy,
+stating what we now know was not exactly true, namely that his
+'privateness' with Cobham only concerned business, in which the latter
+sought to make use of his experience. He dwelt on Cobham's wealth, and
+argued that so rich a man would not venture to conspire. All this part
+of the defence seems to me injudicious. Raleigh was on safer ground in
+making another sudden appeal to the sentiment of the court: 'As for my
+knowing that he had conspired all these things against Spain, for
+Arabella, and against the King, I protest before Almighty God I am as
+clear as whosoever here is freest.'
+
+After a futile discussion as to the value of Cobham's evidence, the
+foreman of the jury asked a plain question: 'I desire to understand the
+time of Sir Walter Raleigh's first letter, and of the Lord Cobham's
+accusation.' Upon this Cecil spoke for the first time, spinning out a
+long and completely unintelligible sentence which was to serve the
+foreman as an answer. Before the jury could recover from their
+bewilderment, this extraordinary trial, which proceeded like an
+Adventure in Wonderland, was begun once more by Coke, who started afresh
+with voluble denunciation of the defendant, for whom, he said, it would
+have been better 'to have stayed in Guiana than to be so well acquainted
+with the state of Spain.' Coke was still pouring out a torrent of mere
+abuse, when Raleigh suddenly interrupted him, and addressing the judges,
+claimed that Cobham should then and there be brought face to face with
+him. Since he had been in the Tower he had been studying the law, and he
+brought forward statutes of Edwards III. and IV. to support his
+contention that he could not be convicted on Cobham's bare accusation.
+The long speech he made at this point was a masterpiece of persuasive
+eloquence, and it is worth noting that Dudley Carleton, who was in
+court, wrote to a friend that though when the trial began he would have
+gone a hundred miles to see Raleigh hanged, when it had reached this
+stage he would have gone a thousand to save his life.
+
+The judges, however, and Popham in particular, were not so moved, and
+Raleigh's objection to the evidence of Cobham was overruled. Coke was so
+far influenced by it that he now attempted to show that there was other
+proof against the prisoner, and tried, very awkwardly, to make the
+confessions of Watson and George Brooke in the 'Bye' tell against
+Raleigh in the 'Main.' Raleigh's unlucky statement, made at Windsor, to
+the effect that Cobham had offered him 10,000 crowns, and an examination
+in which Raleigh's friend Captain Keymis admitted a private interview
+between Cobham and Raleigh during Count Aremberg's stay in London, were
+then read. In the discussion on these documents the court and the
+prisoner fell to actual wrangling; in the buzz of voices it was hard to
+tell what was said, until a certain impression was at last made by Coke,
+who screamed out that Raleigh 'had a Spanish heart and was a spider of
+hell.' This produced a lull, and thereupon followed an irrelevant
+dispute as to whether or no Raleigh had once had in his possession a
+book containing treasonable allusions to the claims of the King of
+Scotland. Raleigh admitted the possession of this volume, and said that
+Cecil gave him leave to take it out of Lord Burghley's library. He added
+that no book was published towards the end of Queen Elizabeth's reign
+that did not pass through his hands. It would be interesting to know
+whether he meant that he exercised a private censorship of the press, or
+that he bought everything that appeared. At all events, the point was
+allowed to drop.
+
+Raleigh now gave his attention to the evidence which Keymis had given
+under threat of the rack. That this torture had been threatened, in
+express disobedience to the King's order, staggered some of the
+commissioners, and covered Sir William Waad with confusion. The
+eliciting of this fact seems to have brought over to Raleigh's side the
+most valuable and unexpected help, for, in the discussion that ensued,
+Cecil suddenly pleaded that Raleigh should be allowed fair play. The
+Attorney then brought forward the case of Arabella Stuart, and a fresh
+sensation was presented to the audience, who, after listening to Cecil,
+were suddenly thrilled to hear a voice at the back of the court shout,
+'The Lady doth here protest, upon her salvation, that she never dealt in
+any of these things.' It was the voice of the Earl of Nottingham, who
+had entered unperceived, and who was standing there with Arabella Stuart
+on his arm. Their apparition was no surprise to the judges; it had been
+carefully prearranged.
+
+The trial dragged on with irrelevant production of evidence by Coke,
+occasional bullying by the Lord Chief Justice, and repeated appeals for
+fairness from Cecil, who cautiously said that 'but for his fault,' he
+was still Raleigh's friend. Posterity has laughed at one piece of the
+Attorney's evidence:
+
+    There is one Dyer, a pilot, that being in Lisbon met with a
+    Portugal gentleman, which asked him if the King of England was
+    crowned yet. To whom he answered, 'I think not yet, but he shall
+    be shortly.' 'Nay,' said the Portugal, 'that shall he never be,
+    for his throat will be cut by Don Raleigh and Don Cobham before
+    he be crowned.'
+
+A prosecution that calls for evidence such as this has simply broken
+down. The whole report of the trial is so puerile, that it can only be
+understood by bearing in mind that, as Mr. Gardiner says, the Government
+were in possession of a good deal of evidence which they could not
+produce in court. The King wished to spare Arabella, and to accept
+Aremberg's protestations with the courtesy due to an ambassador. It was
+therefore impossible to bring forward a letter which Cecil possessed
+from Cobham to Arabella, and two from Aremberg to Cobham. The difficulty
+was not to prove Cobham's guilt, however, but to connect Raleigh closely
+enough with Cobham, and this Coke went on labouring to do. At last he
+laid a trap for Raleigh. He induced him to argue on the subject, and
+then Coke triumphantly drew from his pocket a long letter Cobham had
+written to the commissioners the day before, a letter in which Cobham
+disclosed all the secret correspondence Raleigh had had with him since
+his imprisonment, and even the picturesque story of the letter that was
+bound round the apple and thrown into Cobham's window in the Tower.
+
+At the production of this document, Sir Walter Raleigh fairly lost his
+self-possession. He had no idea that any of these facts were in the
+hands of the Government. His bewilderment and dejection soon, however,
+left him sufficiently for him to recollect the other letter of Cobham's
+which he possessed. He drew it from his pocket, and, Cobham's writing
+being very bad, he could not, from his agitation, read it; Coke desired
+that it should not be produced, but Cecil interposed once more, and
+volunteered to read it aloud. This letter was Raleigh's last effort. He
+said, when Cecil had finished, 'Now, my masters, you have heard both.
+That showed against me is but a voluntary confession. This is under
+oath, and the deepest protestations a Christian man can make. Therefore
+believe which of these hath more force.' The jury then retired; and in a
+quarter of an hour returned with the verdict 'Guilty.' Raleigh had, in
+fact, confessed that Cobham had mentioned the plot to him, though
+nothing would induce him to admit that he had asked Cobham for a sum of
+money, or consented to take any active part. Still this was enough; and
+in the face of his unfortunate prevarication about the interview with
+Renzi, the jury could hardly act otherwise. For a summing up of both
+sides of the vexed question what shadow of truth there was in the
+general accusation, the reader may be recommended to Mr. Gardiner's
+brilliant pages.
+
+Raleigh had defended himself with great courage and intelligence, and
+the crowd in court were by no means in sympathy with the brutal and
+violent address in which Popham gave judgment. On the very day on which
+Raleigh was condemned, there began that reaction in his favour which has
+been proceeding ever since. When the Lord Chief Justice called the noble
+prisoner a traitor and an atheist, the bystanders, who after all were
+Englishmen, though they had met prepared to tear Raleigh limb from limb,
+could bear it no longer, and they hissed the judge, as a little before
+they had hooted Coke. To complete the strangeness of this strange trial,
+when sentence had been passed, Raleigh advanced quickly up the court,
+unprevented, and spoke to Cecil and one or two other commissioners,
+asking, as a favour, that the King would permit Cobham to die first.
+Before he was secured by the officers, he had found time for this last
+protest: 'Cobham is a false and cowardly accuser. He can face neither me
+nor death without acknowledging his falsehood.' He was then led away to
+gaol.
+
+For a month Raleigh was retained at Winchester. He found a friend,
+almost the only one who dared to speak for him, in Lady Pembroke, the
+saintly sister of Sir Philip Sidney, who showed _veteris vestigia
+flammae_, the embers of the old love Raleigh had met with from her
+brother's family, and sent her son, Lord Pembroke, to the King. She did
+little good, and Raleigh did still less by a letter he now wrote to
+James, the first personal appeal he had made to his Majesty. It was a
+humble entreaty for life, begging the King to listen to the charitable
+advice which the English law, 'knowing her own cruelty, doth give to her
+superior,' to be pitiful more than just. This letter has been thought
+obsequious and unmanly; but it abates no jot of the author's
+asseverations that he was innocent of all offence, and, surely, in the
+very face of death a man may be excused for writing humbly to a despot.
+Lady Raleigh, meanwhile, was clinging about the knees of Cecil, whose
+demeanour during the trial had given her fresh hopes. But neither the
+King nor Cecil gave any sign, and in the gathering reaction in favour of
+Raleigh remained apparently firm for punishment. The whole body of the
+accused were by this time convicted, Watson and all his companions on
+the 16th, Raleigh on the 17th, Cobham and Gray on the 18th. On the 29th
+Watson and Clarke, the other priest, were executed. Next day, the
+Spanish ambassador pleaded for Raleigh's life, but was repulsed. The
+King desired the clergy who attended the surviving prisoners to prepare
+them rigorously for death, and the Bishop of Winchester gave Raleigh no
+hope. On December 6, George Brooke was executed. And now James seems to
+have thought that enough blood had been spilt. He would find out the
+truth by collecting dying confessions from culprits who, after all,
+should not die.
+
+The next week was occupied with the performance of the curious burlesque
+which James had invented. The day after George Brooke was beheaded, the
+King drew up a warrant to the Sheriff of Hampshire for stay of all the
+other executions. With this document in his bosom, he signed
+death-warrants for Markham, Gray, and Cobham to be beheaded on the 10th,
+and Raleigh on the 13th. The King told nobody of his intention, except a
+Scotch boy, John Gibb, who was his page at the moment. On December 10,
+at ten o'clock in the morning, Sir Walter Raleigh was desired to come to
+the window of his cell in Wolvesey Castle. The night before, he had
+written an affecting letter of farewell to his wife, and--such, at
+least, is my personal conviction from the internal evidence--the most
+extraordinary and most brilliant of his poems, _The Pilgrimage_. By this
+time he was sorry that he had bemeaned himself in his first paroxysm of
+despair, and he entreated Lady Raleigh to try to get back the letters in
+which he sued for his life, 'for,' he said, 'I disdain myself for
+begging it.' He went on:
+
+    Know it, dear wife, that your son is the child of a true man,
+    and who, in his own respect, despiseth Death, and all his
+    misshapen and ugly forms. I cannot write much. God knows how
+    hardly I stole this time, when all sleep; and it is time to
+    separate my thoughts from the world. Beg my dead body, which
+    living was denied you; and either lay it at Sherborne, if the
+    land continue [yours], or in Exeter Church, by my father and
+    mother. I can write no more. Time and Death call me away.
+
+From his window overlooking the Castle Green, Raleigh saw Markham, a
+very monument of melancholy, led through the steady rain to the
+scaffold. He saw the Sheriff presently called away, but could not see
+the Scotch lad who called him, who was Gibb riding in with the reprieve.
+He could see Markham standing before the block, he could see the
+Sheriff return, speak in a low voice to Markham, and lead him away into
+Arthur's Hall and lock him up there. He could then see Grey led out, he
+could see his face light up with a gleam of hope, as he stealthily
+stirred the wet straw with his foot and perceived there was no blood
+there. He could see, though he could not hear, Grey's lips move in the
+prayer in which he made his protestation of innocence, and as he stood
+ready at the block, he could see the Sheriff speak to him also, and lead
+him away, and lock him up with Markham in Arthur's Hall. Then Raleigh,
+wondering more and more, so violently curious that the crowd below
+noticed his eager expression, could see Cobham brought out, weeping and
+muttering, in a lamentable disorder; he could see him praying, and when
+the prayer was over, he could see the Sheriff leave him to stand alone,
+trembling, on the scaffold, while he went to fetch Grey and Markham from
+their prison. Then he could see the trio, with an odd expression of hope
+in their faces, stand side by side a moment, to be harangued by the
+Sheriff, and then suddenly on his bewildered ears rang out the plaudits
+of the assembled crowd, all Winchester clapping its hands because the
+King had mercifully saved the lives of the prisoners. And still the
+steady rain kept falling as the Castle Green grew empty, and Raleigh at
+his window was left alone with his bewilderment. He was very soon told
+that he also was spared, and on December 16, 1603, he was taken back to
+the Tower of London. Such was James's curious but not altogether inhuman
+sketch for a burlesque.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+IN THE TOWER.
+
+
+It is no longer possible for us to follow the personal life of Raleigh
+as we have hitherto been doing, step by step. In the deep monotony of
+confinement, twelve years passed over him without leaving any marks of
+months or days upon his chronicle of patience. A hopeless prisoner
+ceases to take any interest in the passage of time, and Raleigh's few
+letters from the Tower are almost all of them undated. His comfort had
+its vicissitudes; he was now tormented, now indulged. A whisper from the
+outer world would now give him back a gleam of hope, now a harsh answer
+would complete again the darkness of his hopelessness. He was vexed with
+ill-health, and yet from the age of fifty-one to that of sixty-three the
+inherent vigour of his constitution, and his invincible desire to live,
+were unabated. From all his pains and sorrows he took refuge, as so many
+have done before him, in the one unfailing Nepenthe, the consolatory
+self-forgetfulness of literature. It was in the Tower that the main bulk
+of his voluminous writings were produced.
+
+He was confined in the upper story of what was called the Garden Tower,
+now the Bloody Tower, and not, as is so often said, in the White Tower,
+so that the little cell with a dim arched light, the Chapel Crypt off
+Queen Elizabeth's Armoury, which used to be pointed out to visitors as
+the dungeon in which Raleigh wrote _The History of the World_, never, in
+all probability, heard the sound of his footsteps. It is a myth that he
+was confined at all in such a dungeon as this. According to Mr. Loftie,
+his apartments were those immediately above the principal gate to the
+Inner Ward, and had, besides a window looking westward out of the Tower,
+an entrance to themselves at a higher level, the level of the
+Lieutenant's and Constable's lodgings. They probably opened directly
+into a garden which has since been partly built over.
+
+Raleigh was comfortably lodged; it was Sir William Waad's complaint that
+the rooms were too spacious. Lady Raleigh and her son shared them with
+him for a considerable time, and Sir Walter was never without three
+personal servants. He was poor, in comparison with his former opulent
+estate, but he was never in want. Sherborne just sufficed for six years
+to supply such needs as presented themselves to a prisoner. His personal
+expenses in the Tower slightly exceeded 200_l._, or 1,000_l._ of our
+money; there was left a narrow margin for Lady Raleigh. The months of
+January and February 1604 were spent in trying to make the best terms
+possible for his wife and son. In a letter to the Lords of the Council,
+Raleigh mentions that he has lost 3,000_l._ (or 15,000_l._ in Victorian
+money) a year by being deprived of his five main sources of income,
+namely the Governorship of Jersey, the Patent of the Wine Office, the
+Wardenship of the Stannaries, the Rangership of Gillingham Forest, and
+the Lieutenancy of Portland Castle. He besought that he might not be
+reduced to utter beggary, and he did his best to retain the Duchy of
+Cornwall and his estates at Sherborne. The former, as he might have
+supposed, could not be left in the charge of a prisoner. It was given to
+a friend, to the Earl of Pembroke, and Raleigh showed a dangerous
+obstinacy in refusing to give up the Seal of the Duchy direct to the
+Earl; he was presently induced to resign it into Cecil's hands, and then
+nothing but Sherborne remained. His debts were 3,000_l._ His rich
+collections of plate and tapestry had been confiscated or stolen. If the
+King permitted Sherborne also to be taken, it would be impossible to
+meet the exorbitant charges of the Lieutenant, and under these
+circumstances it is only too probable that Raleigh might have been
+obliged to crouch in the traditional dungeon ten feet by eight feet. The
+retention of Sherborne, then, meant comfort and the status of a
+gentleman. It is therefore of the highest interest to us to see what had
+become of Sherborne.
+
+We have seen that up to the date of the trial Cecil held at bay the
+Scottish jackals who went prowling round the rich Dorsetshire manor; and
+when the trial was over, Cecil, as Lady Raleigh said, 'hath been our
+only comfort in our lamentable misfortune.' As soon as Raleigh was
+condemned, commissioners hastened down to Sherborne and began to prepare
+the division of the prize. They sold the cattle, and began to root up
+the copses. They made considerable progress in dismantling the house
+itself. Raleigh appealed to the Lords of the Council, and Cecil sent
+down two trustees, who, in February 1604, put a sudden stop to all this
+havoc, and sent the commissioners about their business. Of the latter,
+one was the infamous Meeres, Raleigh's former bailiff, and this fact was
+particularly galling to Raleigh. On July 30 in the same year, Sherborne
+Castle and the surrounding manors were conveyed to Sir Alexander Brett
+and others in trust for Lady Raleigh and her son Walter, Sir Walter
+nominally forfeiting the life interest in the estates which he had
+reserved to himself in the conveyance of 1602. On the moneys collected
+by these trustees Lady Raleigh supported herself and her husband also.
+She was not turned out of the castle at first. Twice at least in 1605 we
+find her there, on the second occasion causing all the armour to be
+scoured. Some persons afterwards considered that this act was connected
+with Gunpowder Plot, others maintained that it was merely due to the
+fact that the armour was rusty. The great point is that she was still
+mistress of Sherborne. Lord Justice Popham, however, as early as 1604,
+pronounced Raleigh's act of conveyance invalid, and in 1608 negotiations
+began for a 'purchase,' or rather a confiscation of Sherborne to the
+King. To this we shall presently return. In the meanwhile Captain Keymis
+acted as warden of Sherborne Castle.
+
+As soon as the warm weather closed in, in the summer of 1604, the
+malaria in the Tower began to affect Raleigh's health. As he tells
+Cecil, now Lord Cranborne, in a most dolorous letter, he was withering
+in body and mind. The plague had come close to him, his son having lain
+a fortnight with only a paper wall between him and a woman whose child
+was dying of that terrible complaint. Lady Raleigh, at last, had been
+able to bear the terror of infection no longer, and had departed with
+little Walter. Raleigh thereupon, in a fit of extreme dejection,
+'presumed to tell their Lordships of his miserable estate, daily in
+danger of death by the palsy, nightly of suffocation by wasted and
+obstructed lungs.' He entreated to be removed to more wholesome
+lodgings. His prayer was not answered. Earlier in the year he had indeed
+enjoyed a short excursion from the Tower. At Easter the King had come to
+attend a bull-baiting on Tower Hill, and Raleigh was hastily removed to
+the Fleet prison beforehand, lest the etiquette of such occasions should
+oblige James, against his inclination, to give obnoxious prisoners their
+liberty. Raleigh was one of five persons so hurried to the Fleet on
+March 25: on the next day the King came, and 'caused all the prisons of
+the Tower to be opened, and all the persons then within them to be
+released.' After the bull-baiting was over, the excepted prisoners were
+quietly brought back again. This little change was all the variety that
+Raleigh enjoyed until he left for Guiana in 1617.
+
+When it transpired in 1605 that through, as it appears, the negligence
+of the copying clerk, the conveyance by which Raleigh thought that he
+had secured Sherborne to his son was null and void, he had to suffer
+from a vindictive attack from his wife herself. She, poor woman, had now
+for nearly two years bustled hither and thither, intriguing in not
+always the most judicious manner for her family, but never resting,
+never leaving a stone unturned which might lead to their restitution.
+The sudden discovery that the lawyers had found a flaw in the conveyance
+was more than her overstrung nerves could endure, and in a fit of temper
+she attacked her husband, and rushed about the town denouncing him.
+Raleigh, in deepest depression of mind and body, wrote to Cecil, who had
+now taken another upward step in the hierarchy of James's protean House
+of Lords, and who was Earl of Salisbury henceforward:
+
+    Of the true cause of my importunities, one is, that I am every
+    second or third night in danger either of sudden death, or of
+    the loss of my limbs or sense, being sometimes two hours without
+    feeling or motion of my hand and whole arm. I complain not of
+    it. I know it vain, for there is none that hath compassion
+    thereof. The other, that I shall be made more than weary of my
+    life by her crying and bewailing, who will return in post when
+    she hears of your Lordship's departure, and nothing done. She
+    hath already brought her eldest son in one hand, and her sucking
+    child [Carew Raleigh, born in the winter of 1604] in another,
+    crying out of her and their destruction; charging me with
+    unnatural negligence, and that having provided for my own life,
+    I am without sense and compassion of theirs. These torments,
+    added to my desolate life--receiving nothing but torments, and
+    where I should look for some comfort, together with the
+    consideration of my cruel destiny, my days and times worn out in
+    trouble and imprisonment--is sufficient either utterly to
+    distract me, or to make me curse the time that ever I was born
+    into the world, and had a being.
+
+Things were not commonly in so bad a way as this, we may be sure.
+Raleigh, who did nothing by halves, was not accustomed to underrate his
+own misfortunes. His health was uncertain, indeed, and it was still
+worse in 1606; but his condition otherwise was not so deplorable as this
+letter would tend to prove. Poor Lady Raleigh soon recovered her
+equanimity, and the Lieutenant of the Tower, Sir George Harvey,
+indulged Raleigh in a variety of ways. He frequently invited him to his
+table; and finding that the prisoner was engaged in various chemical
+experiments, he lent him his private garden to set up his still in. In
+one of Raleigh's few letters of this period, we get a delightful little
+vignette. Raleigh is busy working in the garden, and, the pale being
+down, the charming young Lady Effingham, his old friend Nottingham's
+daughter, strolls by along the terrace on the arm of the Countess of
+Beaumont. The ladies lean over the paling, and watch the picturesque old
+magician poring over his crucibles, his face lighted up with the flames
+from his furnace. They fall a chatting with him, and Lady Effingham
+coaxes him to spare her a little of that famous balsam which he brought
+back from Guiana. He tells her that he has none prepared, but that he
+will send her some by their common friend Captain Whitlock, and
+presently he does so. A captivity which admitted such communications
+with the outer world as this, could not but have had its alleviations.
+
+The letter quoted on the last page evidently belongs to the summer of
+1605, when, for a few months, Raleigh was undoubtedly in great
+discomfort. On August 15, Sir George Harvey was succeeded by Sir William
+Waad, who had shown Raleigh great severity before his trial. He,
+however, although not well disposed, shrank from actually ill-treating
+his noble prisoner. He hinted to Lord Salisbury that he wanted the
+garden for his own use, and that he thought the paling an insufficient
+barrier between Raleigh and the world. Meanwhile Salisbury did not take
+the hint, and the brick wall Waad wished built up was not begun. Waad
+evidently looked upon the chemical experiments with suspicion. 'Sir
+Walter Raleigh,' he wrote, 'hath converted a little hen-house in the
+garden into a still, where he doth spend his time all the day in his
+distillations.' Some of the remedies which the prisoner invented became
+exceedingly popular. His 'lesser cordial' of strawberry water was
+extensively used by ladies, and his 'great cordial,' which was
+understand to contain 'whatever is most choice and sovereign in the
+animal, vegetable, and mineral world,' continued to be a favourite
+panacea until the close of the century.
+
+When, in November, Gunpowder Plot was discovered, Sir Walter Raleigh was
+for a moment suspected. No evidence was found inculpating him in the
+slightest degree; but his life was, for the moment at least, made
+distinctly harder. When he returned from examination, the wall which
+Waad had desired to put between the prisoner and the public was in
+course of construction. When finished it was not very formidable, for
+Waad complains that Raleigh was in the habit of standing upon it, in the
+sight of passers-by. The increased confinement in the spring of 1606
+brought his ill-health to a climax. He thought he was about to suffer an
+apoplectic seizure, and he was allowed to take medical advice. The
+doctor's certificate, dated March 26, 1606, is still in existence; it
+describes his paralytic symptoms, and recommends that Sir Walter Raleigh
+should be removed from the cold lodging which he was occupying to the
+'little room he hath built in the garden, and joining his still-house,'
+which would be warmer. This seems to have been done, and Raleigh's
+health improved.
+
+During the year 1606 various attempts were made to persuade the King to
+release Raleigh, but in vain. The Queen had made his acquaintance, and
+had become his friend, and there was a general hope that when her
+father, the King of Denmark, came over to see James in the summer, he
+would plead for Raleigh. There is reason to believe that if he had done
+so with success, he would have invited Raleigh to return with him, and
+to become Admiral of the Danish fleet. But matters never got so far as
+this. James I. had an inkling of what was coming, and he took an early
+opportunity of saying to Christian IV., 'Promise me that you will be no
+man's solicitor.' In spite of this, before he left England, Christian
+did ask for Raleigh's pardon, and was refused. When he had left England,
+and all hope was over, in September, Lady Raleigh made her way to
+Hampton Court, and, pushing her way into the King's presence, fell on
+her knees at his feet. James went by, and neither spoke nor looked at
+her. It must have been about this time, or a little later, that Queen
+Anne brought her unfortunate eldest son Henry to visit Raleigh at the
+Tower. Prince Henry, born in 1594, was now only twelve years of age. His
+intimacy with Sir Walter Raleigh belongs rather to the years 1610 to
+1612.
+
+In February 1607, Raleigh was exposed to some annoyance from Edward
+Cotterell, the servant who in 1603 had carried his injudicious
+correspondence with Lord Cobham to and fro. This man had remained in
+Lady Raleigh's service, and attended on her in her little house,
+opposite her husband's rooms, on Tower Hill. He professed to be able to
+give evidence against his master, but in examination before the Lord
+Chief Justice nothing intelligible could be extracted from him. About
+the same time we find Raleigh, encouraged, it would appear, by the
+Queen, proposing to Lord Salisbury that he should be allowed to go to
+Guiana on an expedition for gold. It is pathetic to read the earnest
+phrases in which he tries to wheedle out of the cold Minister permission
+to set out westward once more across the ocean that he loved so much. He
+offers, lest he should be looked upon as a runagate, to leave his wife
+and children behind him as hostages; and the Queen and Lord Salisbury
+may have the treasure he brings back, if only he may go. He pleads how
+rich the land is, and how no one knows the way to it as he does. We seem
+to hear the very accents of another weary King of the Sea:
+
+    'Tis not too late to seek a newer world;
+    Push off, and sitting well in order smite
+    The sounding furrows; for my purpose holds
+    To sail beyond the sunset, and the baths
+    Of all the western stars until I die.
+
+Such was Raleigh's purpose; but it was not that of James and of
+Salisbury. On the contrary, he was kept a faster prisoner. In July 1607,
+fresh regulations came into force in the Tower, by which at 5 P.M.
+Raleigh and his servants had to retire to their own apartments, and Lady
+Raleigh go back to her house, nor were guests any longer to be admitted
+in the evening. Lady Raleigh had particularly offended Sir William Waad
+by driving into the Tower in her coach. She was informed that she must
+do so no more. It was probably these long quiet evenings which specially
+predisposed Raleigh to literary composition. He borrowed books, mainly
+of an historical character, in all directions. A letter to Sir Robert
+Cotton is extant in which he desires the loan of no less than thirteen
+obscure and bulky historians, and we may imagine his silent evenings
+spent in poring over the precious manuscripts of the _Annals of
+Tewkesbury_ and the _Chronicle of Evesham_. In this year young Walter
+Raleigh, now fourteen years of age, proceeded to Oxford, and
+matriculated at Corpus on October 30, 1607. His tutors were a certain
+Hooker, and the brilliant young theologian, Dr. Daniel Featley,
+afterwards to be famous as a controversial divine. Throughout the year
+1608, Raleigh, buried in his _History_, makes no sign to us.
+
+Early in 1609, the uncertain tenure of Sherborne, which had vexed
+Raleigh so much that he declared himself ready to part with the estate
+in exchange for the pleasure of never hearing of it again, once more
+came definitely before the notice of the Government. A proposition had
+been made to Raleigh to sell his right in it to the King, but he had
+refused; he said that it belonged to his wife and child, and that 'those
+that never had a fee-simple could not grant a fee-simple.' About
+Christmas 1608 Lady Raleigh brought the matter up again, and leading her
+sons by the hand she appeared in the Presence Chamber, and besought
+James to give them a new conveyance, with no flaw in it. But the King
+had determined to seize Sherborne, and he told her, 'I maun hae the
+lond, I maun hae it for Carr.' It is said that, losing all patience,
+Elizabeth Raleigh started to her feet, and implored God to punish this
+robbery of her household. Sir Walter was more politic, and on January
+2, 1609, he wrote a letter to the favourite, imploring him not to covet
+Sherborne. It is to be regretted that Raleigh, whose opinion of James's
+minions was not on private occasions concealed, should write to Carr of
+all people in England as 'one whom I know not, but by an honourable
+fame;' and that the eloquence of his appeal should be thrown away on
+such a recipient. 'For yourself, Sir,' he says, 'seeing your day is but
+now in the dawn, and mine come to the evening, your own virtues and the
+King's grace assuring you of many good fortunes and much honour, I
+beseech you not to begin your first building upon the ruins of the
+innocent; and that their griefs and sorrows do not attend your first
+plantation.' Carr, of course, took no notice whatever, and on the 10th
+of the same month the estates at Sherborne were bestowed on him. At
+Prince Henry's request the King presently purchased them back again, and
+gave them to his son, who soon after died. Mr. Edwards has discovered
+that Sherborne passed through eight successive changes of ownership
+before 1617. To Lady Raleigh and her children the King gave 8,000_l._ as
+purchase-money of the life security in Sherborne. The interest on this
+sum was very irregularly paid, and the Guiana voyage in 1617 swallowed
+up most of the principal. Thus the vast and princely fortune of Raleigh
+melted away like a drift of snow.
+
+In the summer of 1611, Raleigh came into collision with Lord Salisbury
+and Lord Northampton on some matter at present obscure. Northampton
+writes: 'We had afterwards a bout with Sir Walter Raleigh, in whom we
+find no change, but the same blindness, pride, and passion that
+heretofore hath wrought more violently, but never expressed itself in a
+stranger fashion.' In consequence of their interview with Raleigh and
+other prisoners, the Lords recommended that 'the lawless liberty' of the
+Tower should no longer be allowed to cocker and foster exorbitant hopes
+in the braver sort of captives. Raleigh was immediately placed under
+closer restraint, not even being allowed to take his customary walk with
+his keeper up the hill within the Tower. His private garden and gallery
+were taken from him, and his wife was almost entirely excluded from his
+company. The final months of Salisbury's life were unfavourable to
+Raleigh, and there was no quickening of the old friendship at the last.
+When Lord Salisbury died on May 24, 1612, Raleigh wrote this epigram:
+
+    Here lies Hobinall our pastor whilere,
+    That once in a quarter our fleeces did sheer;
+    To please us, his cur he kept under clog,
+    And was ever after both shepherd and dog;
+    For oblation to Pan, his custom was thus,
+    He first gave a trifle, then offered up us;
+    And through his false worship such power he did gain,
+    As kept him on the mountain, and us on the plain.
+
+When these lines were shown to James I. he said he hoped that the man
+who wrote them would die before he did.
+
+The death of Salisbury encouraged Raleigh once more. His intimacy with
+the generous and promising Prince of Wales had quickened his hopes.
+During the last months of his life, Henry continually appealed to
+Raleigh for advice. The Prince was exceedingly interested in all matters
+of navigation and shipbuilding, and there exists a letter to him from
+Raleigh giving him elaborate counsel on the building of a man-of-war,
+from which we may learn that in the opinion of that practised hand six
+things were chiefly required in a well-conditioned ship of the period:
+'1, that she be strong built; 2, swift in sail; 3, stout-sided; 4, that
+her ports be so laid, as she may carry out her guns all weathers; 5,
+that she hull and try well; 6, that she stay well, when boarding or
+turning on a wind is required.' Secure in the interest of the Prince of
+Wales, and hoping to persuade the Queen to be an adventurer, Raleigh
+seized the opportunity of the death of Salisbury to communicate his
+plans for an expedition to Guiana to the Lords of the Council. He
+thought he had induced them to promise that Captain Keymis should go,
+and that if so much as half a ton of gold was brought back, that should
+buy Raleigh his liberty. But the negotiations fell through, and Keymis
+stayed at home.
+
+In September 1612, Raleigh was writing the second of his _Marriage
+Discourses_, that dealing with the prospects of his best and youngest
+friend. A month later that friend fell a victim to his extreme rashness
+in the neglect of his health. The illness of the Prince of Wales filled
+the whole of England with dismay, and when, on November 6, he sank under
+the attack of typhoid fever, it was felt to be a national misfortune. On
+the very morning of his death the Queen sent to Raleigh for his famous
+cordial, and it was forwarded, with the message that if it was not
+poison that the Prince was dying of, it must save him. The Queen herself
+believed that Raleigh's cordial had once saved her life; on the other
+hand, in the preceding August his medicines were vulgarly supposed to
+have hastened the death of Sir Philip Sidney's daughter, the Countess of
+Rutland. The cordial soothed the Prince's last agony, and that was all.
+Henry had with great difficulty obtained from his father the promise
+that, as a personal favour to himself, Raleigh should be set at liberty
+at Christmas 1612. He died six weeks too soon, and the King contrived to
+forget his promise. The feeling of the Prince of Wales towards Raleigh
+was expressed in a phrase that was often repeated, 'No man but my father
+would keep such a bird in a cage.'
+
+We learn from Izaak Walton that Ben Jonson was recommended to Raleigh
+while he was in the Tower, by Camden. That he helped him in obtaining
+and arranging material for the _History of the World_ is certain. In
+1613 young Walter Raleigh, having returned to London, and having, in the
+month of April, killed his man in a duel, went abroad under the charge
+of Jonson. They took letters for Prince Maurice of Nassau, and they
+proceeded to Paris, but we know no more. It was probably before they
+started that young Walter wheeled the corpulent poet of the _Alchemist_
+into his father's presence in a barrow, Ben Jonson being utterly
+overwhelmed with a beaker of that famed canary that he loved too well.
+Jonson, on his return from abroad, seems to have superintended the
+publication of the _History of the World_ in 1614. A fine copy of
+verses, printed opposite the frontispiece of that volume, was reprinted
+among the pieces called _Underwoods_ in the 1641 folio of Ben Jonson's
+_Works_. These lines have, therefore, ever since been attributed to that
+poet, but, as it appears to me, rashly. In the first place, this volume
+was posthumous; in the second, for no less than twenty-three years Ben
+Jonson allowed the verses to appear as Raleigh's without protest; in the
+third, where they differ from the earlier version it is always to their
+poetical disadvantage. They were found, as the editor of 1641 says,
+amongst Jonson's papers, and I would suggest, as a new hypothesis, that
+the less polished draft in the _Underwoods_ is entirely Raleigh's,
+having been copied by Jonson verbatim when he was preparing the _History
+of the World_ for the press, and that the improved expressions in the
+latter were adopted by Raleigh on suggestion from the superior judgment
+of Jonson. The character of the verse is peculiarly that of Raleigh.
+
+It was in 1607, as I have conjectured, that Raleigh first began
+seriously to collect and arrange materials for the _History of the
+World_; in 1614 he presented the first and only volume of this gigantic
+enterprise to the public. It was a folio of 1,354 pages, printed very
+closely, and if reprinted now would fill about thirty-five such volumes
+as are devised for an ordinary modern novel. Yet it brought the history
+of the world no lower down than the conquest of Macedon by Rome, and it
+is hard to conceive how soon, at this rate of production, Raleigh would
+have reached his own generation. He is said to have anticipated that his
+book would need to consist of not less than four such folios. In the
+opening lines he expresses some consciousness of the fact that it was
+late in life for him, a prisoner of State condemned to death at the
+King's pleasure, to undertake so vast a literary adventure. 'Had it been
+begotten,' he confesses, 'with my first dawn of day, when the light of
+common knowledge began to open itself to my younger years, and before
+any wound received either from fortune or time, I might yet well have
+doubted that the darkness of age and death would have covered over both
+it and me, long before the performance.' It is greatly to be desired
+that Raleigh could have been as well advised as his contemporary and
+possible friend, the Huguenot poet-soldier, Agrippa d'Aubigne, who at
+the close of a chequered career also prepared a _Histoire Universelle_,
+in which he simply told the story of his own political party in France
+through those stormy years in which he himself had been an actor. We
+would gladly exchange all these chronicles of Semiramis and Jehoshaphat
+for a plain statement of what Raleigh witnessed in the England of
+Elizabeth.
+
+The student of Raleigh does not, therefore, rise from an examination of
+his author's chief contribution to literature without a severe sense of
+disappointment. The book is brilliant almost without a rival in its best
+passages, but these are comparatively few, and they are divided from one
+another by tracts of pathless desert. The narrative sometimes descends
+into a mere slough of barbarous names, a marish of fabulous genealogy,
+in which the lightest attention must take wings to be supported at all.
+For instance, the geographical and historical account of the Ten Tribes
+occupies a space equivalent to a modern octavo volume of at least four
+hundred pages, through which, if the conscientious reader would pass
+'treading the crude consistence' of the matter, 'behoves him now both
+sail and oar.' It is not fair to dwell upon the eminent beauties of the
+_History of the World_ without at the same time acknowledging that the
+book almost wilfully deprives itself of legitimate value and true human
+interest by the remoteness of the period which it describes, and by the
+tiresome pedantry of its method. It is leisurely to the last excess. The
+first chapter, of seven long sections, takes us but to the close of the
+Creation. We cannot proceed without knowing what it is that Tostatus
+affirms of the empyrean heavens, and whether, with Strabo, we may dare
+assume that they are filled with angels. To hasten onwards would be
+impossible, so long as one of the errors of Steuchius Eugubinus remains
+unconfuted; and even then it is well to pause until we know the opinions
+of Orpheus and Zoroaster on the matter in hand. One whole chapter of
+four sections is dedicated to the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil,
+and the arguments of Goropius Becanus are minutely tested and found
+wanting. Goropius Becanus, whom Raleigh is never tired of shaking
+between his critical teeth, was a learned Jesuit of Antwerp, who proved
+that Adam and Eve spoke Dutch in Paradise. It is not until he reaches
+the Patriarchs that it begins to occur to the historian that at his
+present rate of progress it will need forty folio volumes, and not four,
+to complete his labours. From this point he hastens a little, as the
+compilers of encyclopaedias do when they have passed the letter B.
+
+With all this, the _History of the World_ is a charming and delightful
+miscellany, if we do not accept it too seriously. Often for a score of
+pages there will be something brilliant, something memorable on every
+leaf, and there is not a chapter, however arid, without its fine things
+somewhere. It is impossible to tell where Raleigh's pen will take fire.
+He is most exquisite and fanciful where his subject is most unhopeful,
+and, on the other hand, he is likely to disappoint us where we take for
+granted that he will be fine. For example, the series of sections on the
+Terrestrial Paradise are singularly crabbed and dusty in their display
+of Rabbinical pedantry, and the little touch in praise of Guiana is
+almost the only one that redeems the general dryness. It is not mirth,
+or beauty, or luxury that fires the historian, but death. Of mortality
+he has always some rich sententious thing to say, praising 'the
+workmanship of death, that finishes the sorrowful business of a wretched
+life.' So the most celebrated passages of the whole book, and perhaps
+the finest, are the address to God which opens the _History_, and the
+prose hymn in praise of death which closes it. The entire absence of
+humour is characteristic, and adds to the difficulty of reading the book
+straight on. The story of Periander's burning the clothes of the women
+closes with a jest; there is, perhaps, no other occasion on which the
+solemn historian is detected with a smile upon his lips.
+
+By far the most interesting and readable, part of the _History of the
+World_ is its preface. This is a book in itself, and one in which the
+author condescends to a lively human interest. We cheerfully pass from
+Elihu the Buzite, and the conjectures of Adricomius respecting the
+family of Ram, to the actualities of English and Continental history in
+the generation immediately preceding that in which Raleigh was writing.
+When we consider the position in which the author stood towards James I.
+and turn to the pages of his Preface, we refuse to believe that it was
+without design that he expressed himself in language so extraordinary.
+It would have been mere levity for a friendless prisoner, ready for the
+block, to publish this terrible arraignment of the crimes of tyrant
+kings, unless he had some reason for believing that he could shelter
+himself successfully under a powerful sympathy. This sympathy, in the
+case of Sir Walter Raleigh, could be none other than that of Prince
+Henry; and it may well have been in the summer of 1612, when, as we
+know, he was particularly intimate with the Prince and busied in his
+affairs, that he wrote the Preface. With long isolation from the world,
+he had lost touch of public affairs, as _The Prerogative of Parliament_
+would alone be sufficient to show. It is probable that he exaggerated
+the influence of the young Prince, and estimated too highly the promise
+of liberty which he had wrung from his father.
+
+It took James some time to discover that this grave Rabbinical
+miscellany, inspired by Siracides and Goropius Becanus, was not
+wholesome reading for his subjects. On January 5, 1615, after the book
+had been selling slowly, the King gave an order commanding the
+suppression of the remainder of the edition, giving as his reason that
+'it is too saucy in censuring the acts of kings.' It is said that some
+favoured person at Court pushed inquiry further, and extracted from
+James the explanation that the censure of Henry VIII. was the real cause
+of the suppression. Contemporary anecdote, however, has reported that
+the defamation of the Tudors in the Preface to the _History of the
+World_ might have passed without reproof, if the King had not discovered
+in the very body of the book several passages so ambiguously worded that
+he could not but suspect the writer of intentional satire. According to
+this story, he was startled at Raleigh's account of Naboth's Vineyard,
+and scandalised at the description of the impeachment of the Admiral of
+France; but what finally drew him up, and made him decide that the book
+must perish, was the character of King Ninias, son of Queen Semiramis.
+This passage, then, may serve us as an example of the _History of the
+World_:
+
+    Ninus being the first whom the madness of boundless dominion
+    transported, invaded his neighbour princes, and became
+    victorious over them; a man violent, insolent, and cruel.
+    Semiramis taking the opportunity, and being more proud,
+    adventurous, and ambitious than her paramour, enlarged the
+    Babylonian empire, and beautified many places therein with
+    buildings unexampled. But her son having changed nature and
+    condition with his mother, proved no less feminine than she was
+    masculine. And as wounds and wrongs, by their continual smart,
+    put the patient in mind how to cure the one and revenge the
+    other, so those kings adjoining (whose subjection and calamities
+    incident were but new, and therefore the more grievous) could
+    not sleep, when the advantage was offered by such a successor.
+    For _in regno Babylonico hic parum resplenduit_: 'This king
+    shined little,' saith Nauclerus of Ninias, 'in the Babylonian
+    kingdom.' And likely it is, that the necks of mortal men having
+    been never before galled with the yoke of foreign dominion, nor
+    having ever had experience of that most miserable and detested
+    condition of living in slavery; no long descent having as yet
+    invested the Assyrian with a right, nor any other title being
+    for him pretended than a strong hand; the foolish and effeminate
+    son of a tyrannous and hated mother could very ill hold so many
+    great princes and nations his vassals, with a power less
+    mastering, and a mind less industrious, than his father and
+    mother had used before him.
+
+It is in passages like this, where we read the satire between the lines,
+and in those occasional fragments of autobiography to which we have
+already referred in the course of this narrative, that the secondary
+charm of the _History of the World_ resides. It is to these that we turn
+when we have exhausted our first surprise and delight at the great
+bursts of poetic eloquence, the long sonorous sentences which break like
+waves on the shore, when the spirit of the historian is roused by some
+occasional tempest of reflection. In either case, the book is
+essentially one to glean from, not to read with consecutive patience.
+Real historical philosophy is absolutely wanting. The author strives to
+seem impartial by introducing, in the midst of an account of the
+slaughter of the Amalekites, a chapter on 'The Instauration of Civility
+in Europe, and of Prometheus and Atlas;' but his general notions of
+history are found to be as rude as his comparative mythology. He
+scarcely attempts to sift evidence, and next to Inspiration he knows no
+guide more trustworthy than Pintus or Haytonus, a Talmudic rabbi or a
+Jesuit father. In the midst of his disquisitions, the reward of the
+continuous reader is to come suddenly upon an unexpected 'as I myself
+have seen in America,' or 'as once befell me also in Ireland.'
+
+Another historical work, the _Breviary of the History of England_, has
+been claimed for Sir Walter Raleigh. This book was first published in
+1692, from a manuscript in the possession of Archbishop Sancroft, and,
+as it would appear, in Raleigh's handwriting. Before its publication,
+however, the Archbishop had noted that 'Samuel Daniel hath inserted into
+his _History of England_ [1618], almost word for word, both the
+Introduction and the Life; whence it is that you have sometimes in the
+margin of my copy a various reading with "D" after it.' Daniel, a gentle
+and subservient creature, was the friend of Camden, and a paid servant
+of Queen Anne, during Raleigh's imprisonment. He died a few months after
+Raleigh's execution. It is very likely that he was useful to Raleigh in
+collecting notes and other material. It may even have been his work for
+the interesting prisoner in the Tower that caused Jonson's jealous
+dislike of Daniel. The younger poet's own account, as Mr. Edwards
+pointed out, by no means precludes the supposition that he used material
+put together by another hand. At the same time Sancroft's authority
+cannot be considered final as regards Raleigh's authorship of the
+_Breviary_, for the manuscript did not come into his hands until
+nineteen years after Raleigh's death.
+
+No such doubt attaches to the very curious and interesting volume
+published nominally at Middelburg in 1628, and entitled _The Prerogative
+of Parliament_. This takes the form of a dialogue between a Counsellor
+of State and a Justice of the Peace. The dramatic propriety is but
+poorly sustained, and presently the Justice becomes Raleigh, speaking in
+his own person. The book was written in the summer of 1615, a few months
+after the suppression of the _History of the World_, and by a curious
+misconstruction of motive was intended to remove from the King's mind
+the unpleasant impression caused by those parables of Ahab and of
+Ninias. It had, however, as we shall see, the very opposite result. The
+preface to the King expresses an almost servile desire to please: 'it
+would be more dog-like than man-like to bite the stone that struck me,
+to wit the borrowed authority of my sovereign misinformed.' But Raleigh
+was curiously misinformed himself regarding the ways and wishes of
+James. His dialogue takes for its starting-point the trial of Oliver St.
+John, who had been Raleigh's fellow-prisoner in the Tower since April
+for having with unreasonable brutality protested against the enforced
+payment of what was called the Benevolence, a supposed free-will
+offering to the purse of the King. So ignorant was Raleigh of what was
+going on in England, that he fancied James to be unaware of the tricks
+of his ministers; and the argument of _The Prerogative of Parliament_ is
+to encourage the King to cast aside his evil counsellors, and come face
+to face with his loyal people. The student of Mr. Gardiner's account of
+the Benevolence will smile to think of the rage with which the King must
+have received Raleigh's proffered good advice, and of Raleigh's
+stupefaction at learning that his well-meant volume was forbidden to be
+printed. His manuscript, prepared for the press, still remains among the
+State Papers, and it was not until ten years after his death that it was
+first timidly issued under the imprints of Middelburg and of Hamburg.
+
+Not the least of Raleigh's chagrins in the Tower must have been the
+composition of works which he was unable to publish. It is probable that
+several of these are still unknown to the world; many were certainly
+destroyed, some may still be in existence. During the thirty years which
+succeeded his execution, there was a considerable demand for scraps of
+Raleigh's writing on the part of men who were leaning to the Liberal
+side. John Hampden was a collector of Raleigh's manuscripts, and he is
+possibly the friend who bequeathed to Milton the manuscript of _The
+Cabinet Council_, an important political work of Raleigh's which the
+great Puritan poet gave to the world in 1658. At that time Milton had
+had the treatise 'many years in my hands, and finding it lately by
+chance among other books and papers, upon reading thereof I thought it a
+kind of injury to withhold longer the work of so eminent an author from
+the public.' _The Cabinet Council_ is a study in the manner of
+Macchiavelli. It treats of the arts of empire and mysteries of
+State-craft, mainly with regard to the duties of monarchy. It is
+remarkable for the extraordinary richness of allusive extracts from the
+Roman classics, almost every maxim being immediately followed by an apt
+Latin example. At the end of the twenty-fourth chapter the author wakes
+up to the tedious character of this manner of instruction, and the rest
+of the book is illustrated by historical instances in the English
+tongue. The book closes with an exhortation to the reader, who could be
+no other than Prince Henry, to emulate the conduct of Amurath, King of
+Turbay, who abandoned worldly glory to embrace a retired life of
+contemplation. _The Cabinet Council_ must be regarded as a text-book of
+State-craft, intended _in usum Delphini_.
+
+Probably earlier in date, and certainly more elegant in literary form,
+is the treatise entitled _A Discourse of War_. This may be recommended
+to the modern reader as the most generally pleasing of Raleigh's prose
+compositions, and the one in which, owing to its modest limits, the
+peculiarities of his style may be most conveniently studied. The last
+passage of the little book forms one of the most charming pages of the
+literature of that time, and closes with a pathetic and dignified
+statement of Raleigh's own attitude towards war. 'It would be an
+unspeakable advantage, both to the public and private, if men would
+consider that great truth, that no man is wise or safe but he that is
+honest. All I have designed is peace to my country; and may England
+enjoy that blessing when I shall have no more proportion in it than what
+my ashes make.' There is no reason to doubt the sincerity of these
+words; yet we must not forget that this pacific light was not that in
+which Raleigh's character had presented itself to Robert Cecil or to
+Elizabeth.
+
+None of Raleigh's biographers have suggested any employment for his
+leisure during the year which followed his release from the Tower. Yet
+the expressions he used in the preface to his _Observations on Trade and
+Commerce_ show that it must have been prepared during the year 1616 or
+1617: 'about fourteen or fifteen years past,' that is to say in 1602, 'I
+presented you,' he says to the King, 'a book of extraordinary
+importance.' He complains that this earlier book was suppressed, and
+hopes for better luck; but the same misfortune, as usual with Raleigh,
+attended the _Observations_. That treatise was an impassioned plea,
+based upon a survey of the commercial condition of the world, in favour
+of free trade. Raleigh looked with grave suspicion on the various duties
+which were levied, in increasing amount, on foreign goods entering this
+country, and he entreated James I. to allow him to nominate
+commissioners to examine into the causes of the depression of trade,
+and to revise the tariffs on a liberal basis. It must have seemed to the
+King that Raleigh wilfully opposed every royal scheme which he examined.
+James had been a protectionist all through his reign, and at this very
+moment was busy in attempting to force the native industries to flourish
+in spite of foreign competition. Raleigh's treatise must have been put
+into the King's hands much about the time at which his violent
+protectionism was threatening to draw England into war with Holland.
+Raleigh's advice seems to us wise and pointed, but to James it can only
+have appeared wilfully wrong-headed. The _Observations upon Trade_
+disappeared as so many of Raleigh's manuscripts had disappeared before
+it, and was only first published in the _Remains_[10] of 1651.
+
+Of the last three years of Raleigh's imprisonment in the Tower we know
+scarcely anything. On September 27, 1615, a fellow-prisoner in whom
+Raleigh could not fail to take an interest, Lady Arabella Stuart, died
+in the Tower. In December, Raleigh was deprived, by an order in Council,
+of Arabella's rich collection of pearls, but how they had come into his
+possession we cannot guess. Nor can we date the stroke of apoplexy from
+which Raleigh suffered about this time. But relief was now briefly
+coming. Two of Raleigh's worst enemies, Northampton and Somerset, were
+removed, and in their successors, Winwood and Villiers, Raleigh found
+listeners more favourable to his projects. It has been said that he owed
+his release to bribery, but Mr. Gardiner thinks it needless to suppose
+this. Winwood was as cordial a hater of Spain as Raleigh himself; and
+Villiers, in his political animus against the Somerset faction, would
+need no bribery. Sir William St. John was active in bringing Raleigh's
+claims before the Court, and the Queen, as ever, used what slender
+influence she possessed. Urged on so many sides, James gave way, and on
+January 30, 1616, signed a warrant for Raleigh's release from the Tower.
+He was to live in his own house, but, with a keeper; he was not to
+presume to visit the Court, or the Queen's apartments, nor go to any
+public assemblies whatever, and his whole attention was to be given to
+making due preparations for the intended voyage to Guiana. This warrant,
+although Raleigh used it to leave his confinement, was only provisional;
+and was confirmed by a minute of the Privy Council on March 19. Raleigh
+took a house in Broad Street, where he spent fourteen months in discreet
+retirement, and then sailed on his last voyage.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+THE SECOND VOYAGE TO GUIANA.
+
+
+Raleigh had been released from the Tower expressly on the understanding
+that he should make direct preparations for a voyage to Guiana. The
+object of this voyage was to enrich King James with the produce of a
+mine close to the banks of the Orinoco. In the reign of Elizabeth,
+Raleigh had stoutly contended that the natives of Guiana had ceded all
+sovereignty in that country to England in 1595, and that English
+colonists therefore had no one's leave to ask there. But times had
+changed, and he now no longer pretended that he had a right to the
+Orinoco; he was careful to insist that his expedition would infringe no
+privileges of Spain. He was anxious by every diplomatic subtlety to
+avoid failure, and for the first few months he kept extremely quiet. He
+had called in the 8,000_l._ which had been lying at interest ever since
+he had received it as part of the compensation for the Sherborne
+estates. Lady Raleigh had raised 2,500_l._ by the sale of some lands at
+Mitcham.[11] 5000_l._ more were brought together by various expedients,
+some being borrowed in Amsterdam through the famous merchant, Pieter
+Vanlore,' and 15,000_l._ were contributed by Raleigh's friends, who
+looked upon his enterprise much as men at the present day would regard a
+promising but rather hazardous investment.
+
+His first business was to build one large ship of 440 tons in the
+Thames. This he named the 'Destiny,' and he received no check in fitting
+her up to his desire; the King paid 700 crowns, as the usual statutable
+bounty on shipbuilding, without objection. At the same time Raleigh
+built or collected six other smaller vessels, and furnished them all
+with ordnance. The preparation of such a fleet in the Thames could not
+pass unobserved by the representatives of the foreign courts, and during
+the last six months of 1616 Raleigh's name became the centre of a tangle
+of diplomatic intrigue, and one which frequently occurs in the
+correspondence of Sarmiento, better known afterwards as Gondomar, the
+Spanish ambassador, and in that of Des Marets, the French ambassador.
+Mr. Edwards has remarked, with complete justice, that the last two years
+of Raleigh's life were simply 'a protracted death-struggle between him
+and Gondomar.' The latter had been in England since 1613, and had
+acquired a singular art in dealing with the purposes of James I. At the
+English Court during 1616 we find Spain watching France, and Venice
+watching Savoy, all of them intent on Raleigh's movements in the river.
+For the unravelment of these intrigues in detail, the reader must be
+referred to Mr. Gardiner's masterly pages.
+
+On August 26, a royal commission was issued, by which Raleigh was made
+the commander of an expedition to Guiana, under express orders, more
+stringently expressed than usual, not to visit the dominions of any
+Christian prince. This was to allay the alarm of the Spanish ambassador,
+who from the first rumour of Raleigh's voyage had not ceased to declare
+that its real object was piracy, and probably the capture of the Mexican
+plate fleet. At the same time James I. allowed Gondomar to obtain
+possession of copies of certain documents which Raleigh had drawn out at
+the royal command describing his intended route, and these were at once
+forwarded to Madrid, together with such information as Gondomar had been
+able to glean in conversation with Raleigh. Spain instantly replied by
+offering him an escort to his gold mine and back, but of course Raleigh
+declined the proposition. He continued to assert that he had no
+piratical intention, and that any man might peacefully enter Guiana
+without asking leave of Spain.
+
+It is doubtful whether the anecdote is true which records that Raleigh
+at this time applied to Bacon to know whether the terms of his
+commission were tantamount to a free pardon, and was told that they
+were. But it rests on much better testimony that Bacon asked him what he
+would do if the Guiana mine proved a deception. Raleigh admitted that he
+would then look out for the Mexican plate fleet. 'But then you will be
+pirates,' said Bacon; and Raleigh answered, 'Ah, who ever heard of men
+being pirates for millions?' There was no exaggeration in this; the
+Mexican fleet of that year was valued at two millions and a half. The
+astute Gondomar was at least half certain that this was Raleigh's real
+intention, and by October 12 he had persuaded James to give him still
+more full security that no injury should be done, at the peril of
+Raleigh's life, to any subject or property of the King of Spain.
+
+The building of the 'Destiny' meanwhile proceeded, and Raleigh received
+many important visitors on board her. He was protected by the cordial
+favour of the Secretary, Sir Ralph Winwood; and if the King disliked him
+as much as ever, no animosity was shown. In the first days of 1617,
+Raleigh ventured upon a daring act of intrigue. He determined to work
+upon the growing sympathy of the English Court with Savoy and its
+tension with Spain, to strike a blow against the rich enemy of the one
+and ally of the other, Genoa. He proposed to Scarnafissi, the Savoyard
+envoy in London, that James I. should be induced to allow the Guiana
+expedition to steal into the Mediterranean, and seize Genoa for Savoy.
+Scarnafissi laid the proposal before James, and on January 12 it was
+discussed in the presence of Winwood. There was talk of increasing
+Raleigh's fleet for this purpose by the addition of a squadron of
+sixteen ships from the royal navy. For a fortnight the idea was
+discussed in secret; but on the 26th, Scarnafissi was told that the King
+had determined not to adopt it. Four days later Raleigh was released
+from the personal attendance of a keeper, and though still not pardoned,
+was pronounced free. On February 10, the Venetian envoy, who had been
+taken into Scarnafissi's counsel, announced to his Government that the
+King had finally determined to keep Raleigh to his original intention.
+
+Raleigh was next assailed by secret propositions from France. Through
+the month of February various Frenchmen visited him on the 'Destiny,'
+besides the ambassador, Des Marets. He was nearly persuaded, in
+defiance of James, to support the projected Huguenot rebellion by
+capturing St. Valery. To find out the truth regarding his intention, Des
+Marets paid at least one visit to the 'Destiny,' and on March 7 gave his
+Government an account of a conversation with Raleigh, in which the
+latter had spoken bitterly of James, and had asserted his affection for
+France, and desire to serve her. It is in the correspondence of Des
+Marets that the names of Raleigh and Richelieu become for a moment
+connected; it was in February 1617 that the future Cardinal described
+his English contemporary as 'Ouastre Raly, grand marinier et mauvais
+capitaine.' In March the English Government, to allay fresh
+apprehensions on the part of Spain, forwarded by Gondomar most implicit
+assertions that Raleigh's expedition should be in no way injurious to
+Spain. And so it finally started after all, not bound for Mexico, or
+Genoa, or St. Valery, but for the Orinoco. Up to the last, Gondomar
+protested, and his protestations were only put aside after a special
+council of March 28. Next day Raleigh rode down to Dover to go on board
+the 'Destiny,' which had left the Thames on the 26th.
+
+His fleet of seven vessels was not well manned. His own account of the
+crews is thus worded in the _Apology_: 'A company of volunteers who for
+the most part had neither seen the sea nor the wars; who, some forty
+gentlemen excepted, were the very scum of the world, drunkards,
+blasphemers, and such others as their fathers, brothers, and friends
+thought it an exceeding good gain to be discharged of, with the hazard
+of some thirty, forty, or fifty pound.' He was himself Admiral, with his
+son Walter as captain of the 'Destiny;' Sir William Sentleger was on
+the 'Thunder;' a certain John Bailey commanded the 'Husband.' The
+remaining vessels were the 'Jason,' the 'Encounter,' the 'Flying Joan,'
+and the 'Page.' The master of the 'Destiny' was John Burwick, 'a
+hypocritical thief.' Various tiresome delays occurred. They waited for
+the 'Thunder' at the Isle of Wight; and when the rest went on to
+Plymouth, the 'Jason' stayed behind ignominiously in Portsmouth because
+her captain had no ready money to pay a distraining baker. The 'Husband'
+was in the same plight for twelve days more. The squadron was, however,
+increased by seven additional vessels, one of them commanded by Keymis,
+through the enforced waiting at Plymouth, where, on May 3, Raleigh
+issued his famous _Orders to the Fleet_. On June 12 the fleet sailed at
+last out of Plymouth Sound.
+
+West of Scilly they fell in with a terrific storm, which scattered the
+ships in various directions. Some put back into Falmouth, but the
+'Flying Joan' sank altogether, and the fly-boat was driven up the
+Bristol Channel. After nearly a fortnight of anxiety and distress, the
+fleet collected again in Cork Harbour, where they lay repairing and
+waiting for a favourable wind for more than six weeks. From the _Lismore
+Papers_, just published (Jan. 1886), we learn that Raleigh occupied this
+enforced leisure in getting rid of his remaining Irish leases, and in
+collecting as much money as he could. Sir Richard Boyle records that on
+July 1 Raleigh came to his house, and borrowed 100_l._ On August 19 the
+last _Journal_ begins, and on the 20th the fleet left Cork, Raleigh
+having taken a share in a mine at Balligara on the morning of the same
+day. Nothing happened until the 31st, when, being off Cape St. Vincent,
+the English fleet fell in with four French vessels laden with fish and
+train oil for Seville. In order that they might not give notice that
+Raleigh was in those waters, where he certainly had no business to be,
+he took these vessels with him a thousand leagues to the southward, and
+then dismissed them with payment. His conduct towards these French boats
+was suspicious, and he afterwards tried to prove that they were pirates
+who had harried the Grand Canary. It was also Raleigh's contention, that
+the enmity presently shown him by Captain Bailey, of the 'Husband,'
+arose from Raleigh's refusal to let him make one of these French ships
+his prize.
+
+On Sunday morning, September 7, the English fleet anchored off the shore
+of Lanzarote, the most easterly of the Canaries, having hitherto crept
+down the coast of Africa. These Atlantic islands were particularly open
+to the attacks of Algerine corsairs, and a fleet of 'Turks' had just
+ravaged the towns of the Madeiras. The people of Lanzarote, waking up
+one morning to find their roadstead full of strange vessels, took for
+granted that these were pirates from Algiers. One English merchant
+vessel was lying there at anchor, and by means of this interpreter
+Raleigh endeavoured to explain his peaceful intention, but without
+success. He had a meeting on shore with the governor of the island, 'our
+troops staying at equal distance with us,' and was asked the pertinent
+question, 'what I sought for from that miserable and barren island,
+peopled in effect all with Moriscos.' Raleigh asserted that all he
+wanted was fresh meat and wine for his crews, and these he offered to
+pay for.
+
+On the 11th, finding that no provisions came, and that the inhabitants
+were carrying their goods up into the hills, the captains begged Raleigh
+to march inland and take the town; 'but,' he says, 'besides that I knew
+it would offend his Majesty, I am sure the poor English merchant should
+have been ruined, whose goods he had in his hands, and the way being
+mountainous and most extreme stony, I knew that I must have lost twenty
+good men in taking a town not worth two groats.' The Governor of
+Lanzarote continued to be in a craven state of anxiety, and would not
+hear of trading. We cannot blame him, especially when we find that less
+than eight months later his island was invaded by genuine Algerine
+bandits, his town utterly sacked, and 900 Christians taken off into
+Moslem slavery. After three Englishmen had been killed by the islanders,
+yet without taking any reprisals, Raleigh sailed away from these sandy
+and inhospitable shores. But in the night before he left, one of his
+ships, the 'Husband,' had disappeared. Captain Bailey, who is believed
+to have been in the pay of Gondomar, had hurried back to England to give
+report of Raleigh's piratical attack on an island belonging to the
+dominion of Spain. As the great Englishman went sailing westward through
+the lustrous waters of the Canary archipelago, his doom was sealed, and
+he would have felt his execution to be a certainty, had he but known
+what was happening in England.
+
+He called at Grand Canary, to complain of the Lanzarote people to the
+governor-general of the islands, but, for some reason which he does not
+state, did not land at the town of Palmas, but at a desert part, far
+from any village, probably west of the northern extremity of the island.
+The governor-general gave him no answer; but the men found a little
+water, and they sailed away, leaving Teneriffe to the north. On
+September 18 they put into the excellent port of the island of Gomera,
+'the best,' he says, 'in all the Canaries, the town and castle standing
+on the very breach of the sea, but the billows do so tumble and overfall
+that it is impossible to land upon any part of the strand but by
+swimming, saving in a cove under steep rocks, where they can pass
+towards the town but one after the other.' Here, as at Lanzarote, they
+were taken for Algerines, and the guns on the rocks began to fire at
+them. Raleigh, however, immediately sent a messenger on shore to explain
+that they were not come to sack their town and burn their churches, as
+the Dutch had done in 1599, but that they were in great need of water.
+They presently came to an agreement that the islanders should quit their
+trenches round the landing-place, and that Raleigh should promise on the
+faith of a Christian not to land more than thirty unarmed sailors, to
+fill their casks at springs within pistol-shot of the wash of the sea,
+none of these sailors being permitted to enter any house or garden.
+Raleigh, therefore, sent six of his seamen, and turned his ships
+broadside to the town, ready to batter it with culverin if he saw one
+sign of treachery.
+
+It turned out that when the Governor of Gomera knew who his visitors
+were, he was as pleased as possible to see them. His wife's mother had
+been a Stafford, and when Raleigh knew that, he sent his countrywoman a
+present of six embroidered handkerchiefs and six pairs of gloves, with a
+very handsome message. To this the lady rejoined that she regretted that
+her barren island contained nothing worth Raleigh's acceptance, yet
+sent him 'four very great loaves of sugar,' with baskets of lemons,
+oranges, pomegranates, figs, and most delicate grapes. During the three
+days that they rode off Gomera, the Governor and his English lady wrote
+daily to Sir Walter. In return for the fruit, deeming himself much in
+her debt, he sent on shore a very courteous letter, and with it two
+ounces of ambergriece, an ounce of the essence of amber, a great glass
+of fine rose-water, an excellent picture of Mary Magdalen, and a
+cut-work ruff. Here he expected courtesies to stay, but the lady must
+positively have the last word, and as the English ships were starting
+her servants came on board with yet a letter, accompanying a basket of
+delicate white manchett bread, more clusters of fruits, and twenty-four
+fat hens. Meanwhile, in the friendliest way, the sailors had been going
+to and fro, and had drawn 240 pipes of water. So cordial, indeed, was
+their reception, that, as a last favour, Raleigh asked the Governor for
+a letter to Sarmiento [Gondomar], which he got, setting forth 'how nobly
+we had behaved ourselves, and how justly we had dealt with the
+inhabitants of the islands.' Before leaving Gomera, Raleigh discharged a
+native barque which one of his pinnaces had captured, and paid at the
+valuation of the master for any prejudice that had been done him. On
+September 21 they sailed away from the Canaries, having much sickness on
+board; and that very day their first important loss occurred, in the
+death of the Provost Marshal of the fleet, a man called Stead.
+
+On the 26th they reached St. Antonio, the outermost of the Cape Verde
+Islands, but did not land there. For eight wretched days they wandered
+aimlessly about in this unfriendly archipelago, trying to make up their
+minds to land now on Brava, now on St. Jago. Some of the ships grated on
+the rocks, all lost anchors and cables; one pinnace, her crew being
+asleep and no one on the watch, drove under the bowsprit of the
+'Destiny,' struck her and sank. When they did effect a landing on Brava,
+they were soaked by the tropical autumnal rains of early October. Men
+were dying fast in all the ships. In deep dejection Raleigh gave the
+order to steer away for Guiana. Meanwhile Bailey had arrived in England,
+had seen Gondomar, and had openly given out that he left Raleigh because
+the admiral had been guilty of piratical acts against Spain. It does not
+seem that Winwood or the King took any notice of these declarations
+until the end of the year.
+
+The ocean voyage was marked by an extraordinary number of deaths, among
+others that of Mr. Fowler, the principal refiner, whose presence at the
+gold mine would have been of the greatest importance. On October 13,
+John Talbot, who had been for eleven years Raleigh's secretary in the
+Tower, passed away. The log preserved in the _Second Voyage_ is of great
+interest, but we dare not allow its observations to detain us. On the
+last of October, Raleigh was struck down by fever himself, and for
+twenty days lay unable to eat anything more solid than a stewed prune.
+He was in bed, on November 11, when they sighted Cape Orange, now the
+most northerly point belonging to the Empire of Brazil. On the 14th they
+anchored at the mouth of the Cayenne river, and Raleigh was carried from
+his noisome cabin into his barge; the 'Destiny' got across the bar,
+which was lower then than it now is, on the 17th. At Cayenne, after a
+day or two, Raleigh's old servant Harry turned up; he had almost
+forgotten his English in twenty-two years. Raleigh began to pick up
+strength a little on pine-apples and plantains, and presently he began
+to venture even upon roast peccary. He proceeded to spend the next
+fortnight on the Cayenne river, refreshing his weary crews, and
+repairing his vessels. An interesting letter to his wife that he sent
+home from this place, which he called 'Caliana,' confirms the _Second
+Voyage_, and adds some details. He says to Lady Raleigh: 'To tell you I
+might be here King of the Indians were a vanity; but my name hath still
+lived among them. Here they feed me with fresh meat and all that the
+country yields; all offer to obey me. Commend me to poor Carew my son.'
+His eldest son, Walter, it will be remembered, was with him.
+
+In December the fleet coasted along South America westward, till on the
+15th they stood under Trinidad. Meanwhile Raleigh had sent forward, by
+way of Surinam and Essequibo, the expedition which was to search for the
+gold mine on the Orinoco. His own health prevented his attempting this
+journey, but he sent Captain Keymis as commander in his stead, and with
+him was George Raleigh, the Admiral's nephew; young Walter also
+accompanied the party. On New Year's Eve Raleigh landed at a village in
+Trinidad, close to Port of Spain, and there he waited, on the borders of
+the land of pitch, all through January 1618. On the last of that month
+he returned to Punto Gallo on the mainland, being very anxious for news
+from the Orinoco. The log of the _Second Voyage_ closes on February 13,
+and it is supposed that it was on the evening of that day that Captain
+Keymis' disastrous letter, written on January 8, reached Raleigh and
+informed him of the death of his son Walter. 'To a broken mind, a sick
+body, and weak eyes, it is a torment to write letters,' and we know he
+felt, as he also said, that now 'all the respects of this world had
+taken end in him.' Keymis had acted in keeping with what he must have
+supposed to be Raleigh's private wish; he had attacked the new Spanish
+settlement of San Thome. In the fight young Walter Raleigh had been
+struck down as he was shouting 'Come on, my men! This is the only mine
+you will ever find.' Keymis had to announce this fact to the father, and
+a few days afterwards, with only a remnant of his troop, he himself fled
+in panic to the sea, believing that a Spanish army was upon him. The
+whole adventure was a miserable and ignominious failure.
+
+The meeting between Raleigh and Keymis could not fail to be an
+embarrassing one. Raleigh could not but feel that all his own mistakes
+and faults might have been condoned if Keymis had brought one basket of
+ore from the fabulous mine, and he could not refrain from reproaching
+him. He told him he 'should be forced to leave him to his arguments,
+with the which if he could satisfy his Majesty and the State, I should
+be glad of it, though for my part he must excuse me to justify it.'
+After this first interview Keymis left him in great dejection, and a day
+or two later appeared in the Admiral's cabin with a letter which he had
+written to the Earl of Arundel, excusing himself. He begged Raleigh to
+forgive him and to read this letter. What followed, Sir Walter must tell
+in his own grave words:
+
+    I told him he had undone me by his obstinacy, and that I would
+    not favour or colour in any sort his former folly. He then asked
+    me, whether that were my resolution? I answered, that it was. He
+    then replied in these words, 'I know then, sir, what course to
+    take,' and went out of my cabin into his own, in which he was no
+    sooner entered than I heard a pistol go off. I sent up, not
+    suspecting any such thing as the killing of himself, to know who
+    shot a pistol. Keymis himself made answer, lying on his bed,
+    that he had shot it off, because it had long been charged; with
+    which I was satisfied. Some half-hour after this, his boy, going
+    into the cabin, found him dead, having a long knife thrust under
+    his left pap into his heart, and his pistol lying by him, with
+    which it appeared he had shot himself; but the bullet lighting
+    upon a rib, had but broken the rib, and went no further.
+
+Such was the wretched manner in which Raleigh and his old faithful
+servant parted. In his despair, the Admiral's first notion was to plunge
+himself into the mazes of the Orinoco, and to find the gold mine, or die
+in the search for it. But his men were mutinous; they openly declared
+that in their belief no such mine existed, and that the Spaniards were
+bearing down on them by land and sea. They would not go; and Raleigh,
+strangely weakened and humbled, asked them if they wished him to lead
+them against the Mexican plate fleet. He told them that he had a
+commission from France, and that they would be pardoned in England if
+they came home laden with treasure.
+
+What exactly happened no one knows. The mutiny grew worse and worse, and
+on March 21, when Raleigh wrote a long letter to prepare the mind of
+Winwood, he was lying off St. Christopher's on his homeward voyage; not
+knowing of course that his best English friend had already been dead
+five months. Next day, he made up his mind that he dared not return to
+England to face his enemies, and he wrote to tell his wife that he was
+off to Newfoundland, 'where I mean to make clean my ships, and
+revictual; for I have tobacco enough to pay for it.' But he was
+powerless, as he confesses, to govern his crew, and no one knows how the
+heartbroken old man spent the next two dreadful months. His ships slunk
+back piecemeal to English havens, and on May 23, Captain North, who had
+commanded the 'Chudleigh,' had audience of the King, and told him the
+whole miserable story. On May 26,[12] Raleigh made his appearance, with
+the 'Destiny,' in the harbour of Kinsale, and on June 21 he arrived in
+Plymouth, penniless and dejected, for the first time in his life utterly
+unnerved and irresolute. On June 16 he had written an apologetic letter
+to the King. By some curious slip Mr. Edwards dated this letter three
+months too late, and its significance has therefore been overlooked. It
+is important as showing that Raleigh was eager to conciliate James.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+THE END.
+
+
+Gondomar had not been idle during Raleigh's absence, but so long as
+Winwood was alive he had not been able to attack the absent Admiral with
+much success. As soon as Bailey brought him the news of the supposed
+attack on Lanzarote, he communicated with his Government, and urged that
+an embargo should be laid on the goods of the English merchant colony at
+Seville. This angry despatch, the result of a vain attempt to reach
+James, is dated October 22; and on October 27 the sudden death of
+Winwood removed Gondomar's principal obstacle to the ruin of Raleigh. At
+first, however, Bailey's story received no credence, and if, as Howel
+somewhat apocryphally relates, Gondomar had been forbidden to say two
+words about Raleigh in the King's presence, and therefore entered with
+uplifted hands shouting 'Pirates!' till James was weary, he did not seem
+to gain much ground. Moreover, while Bailey's story was being discussed,
+the little English merchant vessel which had been lying in Lanzarote
+during Raleigh's visit returned to London, and gave evidence which
+brought Bailey to gaol in the Gate House.
+
+On January 11, 1618, before any news had been received from Guiana, a
+large gathering was held in the Council Chamber at Westminster, to try
+Bailey for false accusation. The Council contained many men favourable
+to Raleigh, but the Spanish ambassador brought influence to bear on the
+King; and late in February, Bailey was released with a reprimand,
+although he had accused Raleigh not of piracy only, but of high treason.
+The news of the ill-starred attack on San Thome reached Madrid on May 3,
+and London on the 8th. This must have given exquisite pleasure to the
+baffled Gondomar, and he lost no time in pressing James for revenge. He
+gave the King the alternative of punishing Raleigh in England or sending
+him as a prisoner to Spain. The King wavered for a month. Meanwhile
+vessel after vessel brought more conclusive news of the piratical
+expedition in which Keymis had failed, and Gondomar became daily more
+importunate. It began to be thought that Raleigh had taken flight for
+Paris.
+
+At, last, on June 11, James I. issued a proclamation inviting all who
+had a claim against Raleigh to present it to the Council. Lord
+Nottingham at the same time outlawed the 'Destiny' in whatever English
+port she might appear. It does not seem that the King was unduly hasty
+in condemning Raleigh. He had given Spain every solemn pledge that
+Raleigh should not injure Spain, and yet the Admiral's only act had been
+to fall on an unsuspecting Spanish settlement; notwithstanding this,
+James argued as long as he could that San Thome lay outside the
+agreement. The arrival of the 'Destiny,' however, seems to have clinched
+Gondomar's arguments. Three days after Raleigh arrived in Plymouth, the
+King assured Spain that 'not all those who have given security for
+Raleigh can save him from the gallows.' For the particulars of the
+curious intrigues of these summer months the reader must be referred,
+once more, to Mr. Gardiner's dispassionate pages.
+
+On June 21, Raleigh moored the 'Destiny' in Plymouth harbour, and sent
+her sails ashore. Lady Raleigh hastened down to meet him, and they
+stayed in Plymouth a fortnight. His wife and he, with Samuel King, one
+of his captains, then set out for London, but were met just outside
+Ashburton by Sir Lewis Stukely, a cousin of Raleigh's, now Vice-Admiral
+of Devonshire. This man announced that he had the King's orders to
+arrest Sir Walter Raleigh; but these were only verbal orders, and he
+took his prisoner back to Plymouth to await the Council warrant. Raleigh
+was lodged for nine or ten days in the house of Sir Christopher Harris,
+Stukely being mainly occupied in securing the 'Destiny' and her
+contents. Raleigh pretended to be ill, or was really indisposed with
+anxiety and weariness. While Stukely was thinking of other things,
+Raleigh commissioned Captain King to hire a barque to slip over to La
+Rochelle, and one night Raleigh and King made their escape towards this
+vessel in a little boat. But Raleigh probably reflected that without
+money or influence he would be no safer in France than in England, and
+before the boat reached the vessel, he turned back and went home. He
+ordered the barque to be in readiness the next night, but although no
+one watched him, he made no second effort to escape.
+
+On July 23 the Privy Council ordered Stukely, 'all delays set apart,' to
+bring the body of Sir Walter Raleigh speedily to London. Two days later,
+Stukely and his prisoner started from Plymouth. A French quack, called
+Mannourie, in whose chemical pretensions Raleigh had shown some
+interest, was encouraged by Stukely to attend him, and to worm himself
+into his confidence. As Walter and Elizabeth Raleigh passed the
+beautiful Sherborne which had once been theirs, the former could not
+refrain from saying, 'All this was mine, and it was taken from me
+unjustly.' They travelled quickly, sleeping at Sherborne on the 26th,
+and next night at Salisbury. Raleigh lost all confidence as he found
+himself so hastily being taken up to London. As they went from Wilton
+into Salisbury, Raleigh asked Mannourie to give him a vomit; 'by its
+means I shall gain time to work my friends, and order my affairs;
+perhaps even to pacify his Majesty. Otherwise, as soon as ever I come to
+London, they will have me to the Tower, and cut off my head.'
+
+That same evening, while being conducted to his rooms, Raleigh struck
+his head against a post. It was supposed to show that he was dizzy; and
+next morning he sent Lady Raleigh and her retinue on to London, saying
+that he himself was not well enough to move. At the same time, King went
+on to prepare a ship to be ready in the Thames in case of another
+emergency. When they had started, Raleigh was discovered in his bedroom,
+on all fours, in his shirt, gnawing the rushes on the floor. Stukely was
+completely taken in; the French quack had given Raleigh, not an emetic
+only, but some ointment which caused his skin to break out in dark
+purple pustules. Stukely rushed off to the Bishop of Ely, who happened
+to be in Salisbury, and acted on his advice to wait for Raleigh's
+recovery. Unless Stukely also was mountebanking, the spy Mannourie for
+the present kept Raleigh's counsel. Raleigh was treated as an invalid,
+and during the four days' retirement contrived to write his _Apology for
+the Voyage to Guiana_. On August 1, James I. and all his Court entered
+Salisbury, and on the morning of the same day Stukely hurried his
+prisoner away lest he should meet the King. Some pity, however, was
+shown to Raleigh's supposed dying state, and permission was granted him
+to go straight to his own London house. His hopes revived, and he very
+rashly bribed both Mannourie and Stukely to let him escape. So confident
+was he, that he refused the offers of a French envoy, who met him at
+Brentford with proposals of a secret passage over to France, and a
+welcome in Paris. He was broken altogether; he had no dignity, no
+judgment left.
+
+Raleigh arrived at his house in Broad Street on August 7. On the 9th the
+French repeated their invitation. Again it was refused, for King had
+seen Raleigh and had told him that a vessel was lying at Tilbury ready
+to carry him over to France. Her captain, Hart, was an old boatswain of
+King's; before Raleigh received the information, this man had already
+reported the whole scheme to the Government. The poor adventurer was
+surrounded by spies, from Stukely downwards, and the toils were
+gathering round him on every side. On the evening of the same August 9,
+Raleigh, accompanied by Captain King, Stukely, Hart, and a page,
+embarked from the river-side in two wherries, and was rowed down towards
+Tilbury. Raleigh presently noticed that a larger boat was following
+them; at Greenwich, Stukely threw off the mask of friendship and
+arrested King, who was thrown then and there into the Tower. What
+became of Raleigh that night does not appear; he was put into the Tower
+next day. When he was arrested his pockets were found full of jewels and
+golden ornaments, the diamond ring Queen Elizabeth had given him, a
+loadstone in a scarlet purse, an ounce of ambergriece, and fifty pounds
+in gold; these fell into the hands of the traitor 'Sir Judas' Stukely.
+
+Outside the Tower the process of Raleigh's legal condemnation now
+pursued its course. A commission was appointed to consider the charges
+brought against the prisoner, and evidence was collected on all sides.
+Raleigh was obliged to sit with folded hands. He could only hope that
+the eloquence and patriotism of his _Apology_ might possibly appeal to
+the sympathy of James. As so often before, he merely showed that he was
+ignorant of the King's character, for James read the _Apology_ without
+any other feeling than one of triumph that it amounted to a confession
+of guilt. The only friend that Raleigh could now appeal to was Anne of
+Denmark, and to her he forwarded, about August 15, a long petition in
+verse:
+
+    Cold walls, to you I speak, but you are senseless!
+    Celestial Powers, you hear, but have determined,
+    And shall determine, to my greatest happiness.
+
+    Then unto whom shall I unfold my wrong,
+    Cast down my tears, or hold up folded hands?--
+    To Her to whom remorse doth most belong;
+
+    To Her, who is the first, and may alone
+    Be justly called, the Empress of the Britons.
+    Who should have mercy if a Queen have none?
+
+Queen Anne responded as she had always done to Raleigh's appeals. If his
+life had lain in her hands, it would have been a long and a happy one.
+She immediately wrote to Buckingham, knowing that his influence was far
+greater than her own with the King, and her letter exists for the wonder
+of posterity. She writes to her husband's favourite: 'My kind Dog,' for
+so the poor lady stoops to address him, 'if I have any power or credit
+with you, I pray you let me have a trial of it, at this time, in dealing
+sincerely and earnestly with the King that Sir Walter Raleigh's life may
+not be called in question.' Buckingham, however, was already pledged to
+aid the Spanish alliance, and the Queen's letter was unavailing.
+
+On August 17 and on two subsequent occasions Raleigh was examined before
+the Commissioners, the charge being formally drawn up by Yelverton, the
+Attorney-General. He was accused of having abused the King's confidence
+by setting out to find gold in a mine which never existed, with
+instituting a piratical attack on a peaceful Spanish settlement, with
+attempting to capture the Mexican plate fleet, although he had been
+specially warned that he would take his life in his hands if he
+committed any one of these three faults. It is hard to understand how
+Mr. Edwards persuaded himself to brand each of these charges as 'a
+distinct falsehood.' The sympathy we must feel for Raleigh's
+misfortunes, and the enthusiasm with which we read the _Apology_, should
+not, surely, blind us to the fact that in neither of these three matters
+was his action true or honest. We have no particular account of his
+examinations, but it is almost certain that they wrung from him
+admissions of a most damaging character. He had tried to make James a
+catspaw in revenging himself on Spain, and he had to take the
+consequences.
+
+It was of great importance to the Government to understand why France
+had meddled in the matter. The Council, therefore, summoned La Chesnee,
+the envoy who had made propositions to Raleigh at Brentford and at Broad
+Street; but he denied the whole story, and said he never suggested
+flight to Raleigh. So little information had been gained by the middle
+of September, that it was determined to employ a professional spy. The
+person selected for this engaging office was Sir Thomas Wilson, one of
+the band of English pensioners in the pay of Spain. The most favourable
+thing that has ever been said of Stukely is that he was not quite such a
+scoundrel as Wilson. On September 9 this person, who had known Raleigh
+from Elizabeth's days, and was now Keeper of the State Papers, was
+supplied with 'convenient lodging within or near unto the chambers of
+Sir Walter Raleigh.' At the same time Sir Allen Apsley, the Lieutenant,
+who had guarded the prisoner hitherto, was relieved.
+
+Wilson's first act was not one of conciliation. He demanded that Raleigh
+should be turned out of his comfortable quarters in the Wardrobe Tower
+to make room for Wilson, who desired that the prisoner should have the
+smaller rooms above. To this, and other demands, Apsley would not
+accede. Wilson then began to do his best to insinuate himself into
+Raleigh's confidence, and after about a fortnight seems to have
+succeeded. We have a very full report of his conversations with Raleigh,
+but they add little to our knowledge, even if Wilson's evidence could
+be taken as gospel. Raleigh admitted La Chesnee's offer of a French
+passage, and his own proposal to seize the Mexican fleet; but both these
+points were already known to the Council.
+
+Towards the end of September two events occurred which brought matters
+more to a crisis. On the 24th Raleigh wrote a confession to the King, in
+which he said that the French Government had given him a commission,
+that La Chesnee had three times offered him escape, and that he himself
+was in possession of important State secrets, of which he would make a
+clean breast if the King would pardon him. This important document was
+found at Simancas, and first published in 1868 by Mr. St. John. On the
+same day Philip III. sent a despatch to James I. desiring him in
+peremptory terms to save him the trouble of hanging Raleigh at Madrid by
+executing him promptly in London. As soon as this ultimatum arrived,
+James applied to the Commissioners to know how it would be best to deal
+with the prisoner judicially. Several lawyers assured him that Raleigh
+was under sentence of death, and that therefore no trial was necessary;
+but James shrank from the scandal of apparent murder. The Commissioners
+were so fully satisfied of Raleigh's guilt that they advised the King to
+give him a public trial, under somewhat unusual forms. He was to be
+tried before the Council and the judges, a few persons of rank being
+admitted as spectators; the conduct of the trial to be the same as
+though it were proceeding in Westminster Hall. On receipt of the
+despatch from Madrid, that is to say on October 3, Lady Raleigh, whose
+presence was no longer required, was released from the Tower.
+
+The trial before the Commissioners began on October 22. Mr. Gardiner has
+printed in the _Camden Miscellany_ such notes of cross-examination as
+were preserved by Sir Julius Caesar, but they are very slight. Raleigh
+seems to have denied any intention to stir up war between England and
+Spain, and declared that he had confidently believed in the existence of
+the mine. But he made no attempt to deny that in case the mine failed he
+had proposed the taking of the Mexican fleet. At the close of the
+examination, Bacon,[13] in the name of the Commissioners, told Raleigh
+that he was guilty of abusing the confidence of King James and of
+injuring the subjects of Spain, and that he must prepare to die, being
+'already civilly dead.' Raleigh was then taken back to the Tower, where
+he was left in suspense for ten days. Meanwhile the Justices of the
+King's Bench were desired to award execution upon the old Winchester
+sentence of 1603. It is thought that James hoped to keep Raleigh from
+appearing again in public, but the judges said that he must be brought
+face to face with them. On October 28, therefore, Raleigh was roused
+from his bed, where he was suffering from a severe attack of the ague,
+and was brought out of the Tower, which he never entered again. He was
+taken so hastily that he had no time for his toilet, and his barber
+called out that his master had not combed his head. 'Let them kem that
+are to have it,' was Raleigh's answer; and he continued, 'Dost thou
+know, Peter, any plaister that will set a man's head on again, when it
+is off?'
+
+When he came before Yelverton, he attempted to argue that the Guiana
+commission had wiped out all the past, including the sentence of 1603.
+He began to discuss anew his late voyage; but the Chief Justice,
+interrupting him, told him that he was to be executed for the old
+treason, not for this new one. Raleigh then threw himself on the King's
+mercy, being every way trapped and fettered; without referring to this
+appeal, the Chief Justice proceeded to award execution. Raleigh was to
+be beheaded early next morning in Old Palace Yard. He entreated for a
+few days' respite, that he might finish some writings, but the King had
+purposely left town that no petitions for delay might reach him. Bacon
+produced the warrant, which he had drawn up, and which bore the King's
+signature and the Great Seal.
+
+Raleigh was taken from Westminster Hall to the Gate House. He was in
+high spirits, and meeting his old friend Sir Hugh Beeston, he urged him
+to secure a good place at the show next morning. He himself, he said,
+was sure of one. He was so gay and chatty, that his cousin Francis
+Thynne begged him to be more grave lest his enemies should report his
+levity. Raleigh answered, 'It is my last mirth in this world; do not
+grudge it to me.' Dr. Tounson, Dean of Westminster, to whom Raleigh was
+a stranger, then attended him; and was somewhat scandalised at this flow
+of mercurial spirits. 'When I began,' says the Dean, 'to encourage him
+against the fear of death, he seemed to make so light of it that I
+wondered at him. When I told him that the dear servants of God, in
+better causes than his, had shrunk back and trembled a little, he denied
+it not. But yet he gave God thanks that he had never feared death.' The
+good Dean was puzzled; but his final reflection was all to Raleigh's
+honour. After the execution he reported that 'he was the most fearless
+of death that ever was known, and the most resolute and confident; yet
+with reverence and conscience.'
+
+It was late on Thursday evening, the 28th, that Lady Raleigh learned the
+position of affairs. She had not dreamed that the case was so hopeless.
+She hastened to the Gate House, and until midnight husband and wife were
+closeted together in conversation, she being consoled and strengthened
+by his calm. Her last word was that she had obtained permission to
+dispose of his body. 'It is well, Bess,' he said, 'that thou mayst
+dispose of that dead, which thou hadst not always the disposing of when
+alive.' And so, with a smile, they parted. When his wife had left him,
+Raleigh sat down to write his last verses:
+
+    Even such is time, that takes in trust
+      Our youth, our joys, our all we have,
+    And pays us but with earth and dust;
+      Who in the dark and silent grave,
+    When we have wandered all our ways,
+    Shuts up the story of our days;
+    But from this earth, this grave, this dust,
+    My God shall raise me up, I trust.
+
+At the same hour Lady Raleigh was preparing for the horrors of the
+morrow. She sent off this note to her brother, Sir Nicholas Carew:
+
+    I desire, good brother, that you will be pleased to let me bury
+    the worthy body of my noble husband, Sir Walter Raleigh, in your
+    church at Beddington, where I desire to be buried. The Lords
+    have given me his dead body, though they denied me his life.
+    This night he shall be brought you with two or three of my men.
+    Let me hear presently. God hold me in my wits.
+
+There was probably some difficulty in the way, for Raleigh's body was
+not brought that night to Beddington.
+
+In the morning the Dean of Westminster entered the Gate House again.
+Raleigh, who had perhaps not gone to bed all night, had just finished a
+testamentary paper of defence. Dr. Tounson found him still very cheerful
+and merry, and administered the Communion to him. After the Eucharist,
+Raleigh talked very freely to the Dean, defending himself, and going
+back in his reminiscences to the reign of Elizabeth. He declared that
+the world would yet be persuaded of his innocence, and he once more
+scandalised the Dean by his truculent cheerfulness. He ate a hearty
+breakfast, and smoked a pipe of tobacco. It was now time to leave the
+Gate House; but before he did so, a cup of sack was brought to him. The
+servant asked if the wine was to his liking, and Raleigh replied, 'I
+will answer you as did the fellow who drank of St. Giles' bowl as he
+went to Tyburn, "It is good drink, if a man might stay by it."'
+
+This excitement lasted without reaction until he reached the scaffold,
+whither he was led by the sheriffs, still attended by Dr. Tounson. As
+they passed through the vast throng of persons who had come to see the
+spectacle, Raleigh observed a very old man bareheaded in the crowd, and
+snatching off the rich night-cap of cut lace which he himself was
+wearing, he threw it to him, saying, 'Friend, you need this more than I
+do.' Raleigh was dressed in a black embroidered velvet night-gown over a
+hare-coloured satin doublet and a black embroidered waistcoat. He wore
+a ruff-band, a pair of black cut taffetas breeches, and ash-coloured
+silk stockings, thus combining his taste for magnificence with a decent
+regard for the occasion. The multitude so pressed upon him, and he had
+walked with such an animated step, that when he ascended the scaffold,
+erect and smiling, he was observed to be quite out of breath.
+
+There are many contemporary reports of Sir Walter Raleigh's deportment
+at this final moment of his life. In the place of these hackneyed
+narratives, we may perhaps quote the less-known words of another
+bystander, the republican Sir John Elyot, who was at that time a young
+man of twenty-eight. In his _Monarchy of Man_, which remained in
+manuscript until 1879, Elyot says:
+
+    Take an example in that else unmatched fortitude of our Raleigh,
+    the magnanimity of his sufferings, that large chronicle of
+    fortitude. All the preparations that are terrible presented to
+    his eye, guards and officers about him, fetters and chains upon
+    him, the scaffold and executioner before him, and then the axe,
+    and more cruel expectation of his enemies, and what did all that
+    work on the resolution of that worthy? Made it an impression of
+    weak fear, or a distraction of his reason? Nothing so little did
+    that great soul suffer, but gathered more strength and advantage
+    upon either. His mind became the clearer, as if already it had
+    been freed from the cloud and oppression of the body, and that
+    trial gave an illustration to his courage, so that it changed
+    the affection of his enemies, and turned their joy into sorrow,
+    and all men else it filled with admiration, leaving no doubt but
+    this, whether death was more acceptable to him, or he more
+    welcome unto death.
+
+At the windows of Sir Randolph Carew, which were opposite to the
+scaffold, Raleigh observed a cluster of gentlemen and noblemen, and in
+particular several of those who had been adventurers with him for the
+mine on the Orinoco. He perceived, amongst others, the Earls of Arundel,
+Oxford, and Northampton. That these old friends should hear distinctly
+what he had to say was his main object, and he therefore addressed them
+with an apology for the weakness of his voice, and asked them to come
+down to him. Arundel at once assented, and all the company at Carew's
+left the balcony, and came on to the scaffold, where those who had been
+intimate with Raleigh solemnly embraced him. He then began his
+celebrated speech, of which he had left a brief draft signed in the Gate
+House. There are extant several versions of this address, besides the
+one he signed. In the excitement of the scene, he seems to have said
+more, and to have put it more ingeniously, than in the solitude of the
+previous night. His old love of publicity, of the open air, appeared in
+the first sentence:
+
+    I thank God that He has sent me to die in the light, and not in
+    darkness. I likewise thank God that He has suffered me to die
+    before such an assembly of honourable witnesses, and not
+    obscurely in the Tower, where for the space of thirteen years
+    together I have been oppressed with many miseries. And I return
+    Him thanks, that my fever [the ague] hath not taken me at this
+    time, as I prayed to Him that it might not, that I might clear
+    myself of such accusations unjustly laid to my charge, and leave
+    behind me the testimony of a true heart both to my king and
+    country.
+
+He was justly elated. He knew that his resources were exhausted, his
+energies abated, and that pardon would now merely mean a relegation to
+oblivion. He took his public execution with delight, as if it were a
+martyrdom, and had the greatness of soul to perceive that nothing could
+possibly commend his career and character to posterity so much as to
+leave this mortal stage with a telling soliloquy. His powers were drawn
+together to their height; his intellect, which had lately seemed to be
+growing dim, had never flashed more brilliantly, and the biographer can
+recall but one occasion in Raleigh's life, and that the morning of St.
+Barnaby at Cadiz, when his bearing was of quite so gallant a
+magnificence. As he stood on the scaffold in the cold morning air, he
+foiled James and Philip at one thrust, and conquered the esteem of all
+posterity. It is only now, after two centuries and a half, that history
+is beginning to hint that there was not a little special pleading and
+some excusable equivocation in this great apology which rang through
+monarchical England like the blast of a clarion, and which echoed in
+secret places till the oppressed rose up and claimed their liberty.
+
+He spoke for about five-and-twenty minutes. His speech was excessively
+ingenious, as well as eloquent, and directed to move the sympathy of his
+hearers as much as possible, without any deviation from literal truth.
+He said that it was true that he had tried to escape to France, but that
+his motive was not treasonable; he knew the King to be justly incensed,
+and thought that from La Rochelle he might negotiate his pardon. What he
+said about the commission from France is so ingeniously worded, as to
+leave us absolutely without evidence from this quarter. After speaking
+about La Chesnee's visits, he proceeded to denounce the base Mannourie
+and his miserable master Sir Lewis Stukely, yet without a word of
+unseemly invective. He then defended his actions in the Guiana voyage,
+and turning brusquely to the Earl of Arundel, appealed to him for
+evidence that the last words spoken between them as the 'Destiny' left
+the Thames were of Raleigh's return to England. This was to rebut the
+accusation that Raleigh had been overpowered by his mutinous crew, and
+brought to Kinsale against his will. Arundel answered, 'And so you did!'
+The Sheriff presently showing some impatience, Raleigh asked pardon, and
+begged to say but a few words more. He had been vexed to find that the
+Dean of Westminster believed a story which was in general circulation to
+the effect that Raleigh behaved insolently at the execution of Essex,
+'puffing out tobacco in disdain of him;' this he solemnly denied. He
+then closed as follows:
+
+    And now I entreat that you will all join me in prayer to the
+    Great God of Heaven, whom I have grievously offended, being a
+    man full of all vanity, who has lived a sinful life in such
+    callings as have been most inducing to it; for I have been a
+    soldier, a sailor, and a courtier, which are courses of
+    wickedness and vice; that His almighty goodness will forgive me;
+    that He will cast away my sins from me; and that He will receive
+    me into everlasting life.--So I take my leave of you all, making
+    my peace with God.
+
+Proclamation was then made that all visitors should quit the scaffold.
+In parting with his friends, Raleigh besought them, and Arundel in
+particular, to beg the King to guard his memory against scurrilous
+pamphleteers. The noblemen lingered so long, that it was Raleigh himself
+who gently dismissed them. 'I have a long journey to go,' he said, and
+smiled, 'therefore I must take my leave of you.' When the friends had
+retired he addressed himself to prayer, having first announced that he
+died in the faith of the Church of England. When his prayer was done, he
+took off his night-gown and doublet, and called to the headsman to show
+him the axe. The man hesitated, and Raleigh cried, 'I prithee, let me
+see it. Dost thou think that I am afraid of it?' Having passed his
+finger along the edge, he gave it back, and turning to the Sheriff,
+smiled, and said, ''Tis a sharp medicine, but one that will cure me of
+all my diseases.' The executioner, overcome with emotion, kneeled before
+him for pardon. Raleigh put his two hands upon his shoulders, and said
+he forgave him with all his heart. He added, 'When I stretch forth my
+hands, despatch me.' He then rose erect, and bowed ceremoniously to the
+spectators to the right and then to the left, and said aloud, 'Give me
+heartily your prayers.' The Sheriff then asked him which way he would
+lay himself on the block. Raleigh answered, 'So the heart be right, it
+matters not which way the head lies,' but he chose to lie facing the
+east. The headsman hastened to place his own cloak beneath him, so
+displaying the axe. Raleigh then lay down, and the company was hushed
+while he remained awhile in silent prayer. He was then seen to stretch
+out his hands, but the headsman was absolutely unnerved and could not
+stir. Raleigh repeated the action, but again without result. The rich
+Devonshire voice was then heard again, and for the last time. 'What dost
+thou fear? Strike, man, strike!' His body neither twitched nor trembled;
+only his lips were seen still moving in prayer. At last the headsman
+summoned his resolution, and though he struck twice, the first blow was
+fatal.
+
+Sir Walter Raleigh was probably well advanced in his sixty-seventh year,
+but grief and travel had made him look much older. He was still
+vigorous, however, and the effusion from his body was so extraordinary,
+that many of the spectators shared the wonder of Lady Macbeth, that the
+old man had so much blood in him. The head was shown to the spectators,
+on both sides of the scaffold, and was then dropped into a red bag. The
+body was wrapt in the velvet night-gown, and both were carried to Lady
+Raleigh. By this time, perhaps, she had heard from her brother that he
+could not receive the body at Beddington, for she presently had it
+interred in the chancel of St. Margaret's, Westminster. The head she
+caused to be embalmed, and kept it with her all her life, permitting
+favoured friends, like Bishop Goodman, to see and even to kiss it. After
+her death, Carew Raleigh preserved it with a like piety. It is supposed
+now to rest in West Horsley church in Surrey. Lady Raleigh lived on
+until 1647, thus witnessing the ruin of the dynasty which had destroyed
+her own happiness.
+
+No success befell the wretches who had enriched themselves by Raleigh's
+ruin. Sir Judas Stukely, for so he was now commonly styled, was shunned
+by all classes of society. It was discovered very soon after the
+execution, that Stukely had for years past been a clipper of coin of the
+realm. He did not get his blood-money until Christmas 1618, and in
+January 1619 he was caught with his guilty fingers at work on some of
+the very gold pieces for which he had sold his master. The meaner
+rascal, Mannourie, fell with him. The populace clamoured for Stukely's
+death on the gallows, but the King allowed him to escape. Wherever he
+met human beings, however, they taunted him with the memory of Sir
+Walter Raleigh, and at last he fled to the desolate island of Lundy,
+where his brain gave way under the weight of remorse and solitude. He
+died there, a maniac, in 1620. Another of Raleigh's enemies, though a
+less malignant one, scarcely survived him. Lord Cobham, who had been
+released from the Tower while Raleigh was in the Canaries, died of
+lingering paralysis on January 24, 1619. Of other persons who were
+closely associated with Raleigh, Queen Anne died in the same year, 1619;
+Camden in 1623; James I. in 1625; Nottingham, at the age of eighty-nine,
+in 1624; Bacon in 1629; Ben Jonson in 1637; while the Earl of Arundel
+lived on until 1646.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] Mr. Edwards corrects the date to 1580 N.S., but this is manifestly
+wrong; on the 7th of February 1580 N.S. Raleigh was on the Atlantic
+making for Cork Harbour.
+
+[2] Dr. Brushfield has found no mention of the elder Walter Raleigh
+later than April 11, 1578. As he was born in 1497, he must then have
+been over eighty years of age.
+
+[3] Mr. J. Cordy Jeaffreson has communicated to me the following
+interesting discovery, which he has made in examining the Assembly Books
+of the borough of King's Lynn, in Norfolk. It appears that the Mayor was
+paid ten pounds 'in respecte he did in the yere of his maioraltie
+[between Michaelmas 1587 and Michaelmas 1588] entertayn Sir Walter
+Rawlye knight and his companye in resortinge hether about the Queanes
+affayrs;' the occasion being, it would seem, the furnishing and setting
+forth of a ship of war and a pinnace as the contingent from Lynn towards
+defence against the Armada. This is an important fact, for it is the
+only definite record that has hitherto reached us of Raleigh's activity
+in guarding the coast against invasion.
+
+[4] In the first two numbers of the _Athenaeum_ for 1886, I gave in full
+detail the facts and arguments which are here given in summary.
+
+[5] Raleigh says that he appointed this man, 'taking him out of prison,
+because he had all the ancient records of Sherborne, his father having
+been the Bishop's officer.'--_De la Warr MSS._
+
+[6] Mr. Edwards has evidently dated this important letter a year too
+late (vol. ii. 397-8).
+
+[7] In a letter Raleigh goes still further, and says that he found
+Meeres, 'coming suddenly upon him, counterfeiting my hand above a
+hundred times upon an oiled paper.'
+
+[8] Among Sir A. Malet's MSS., for instance, we find Raleigh spoken of,
+so early as April 1600, as 'the hellish Atheist and Traitor,' and we
+look in vain for the cause of such violence.
+
+[9] This date, till lately uncertain, is proved from the journal of
+Cecil's secretary.
+
+[10] This was really the first edition of the _Remains_, although that
+title does not appear until the third edition of 1657.
+
+[11] More exactly, a house at the corner of Wykford Lane, with a small
+estate at the back of it, an appendage to Lady Raleigh's brother's seat
+at Beddington.
+
+[12] I gather this date, hitherto entirety unknown, from the fact that
+in the recently published _Lismore Papers_ Sir Richard Boyle notes on
+May 27 that he receives letters from Raleigh announcing his arrival at
+Kinsale.
+
+[13] Among the Bute MSS. is a letter from Raleigh to Bacon beseeching
+him 'to spend some few words to the putting of false fame to flight;'
+but Bacon's enmity was unalterable.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+NOTE.--_Read Raleigh for R._
+
+
+Adricomius, 179
+
+Albert, Aremberg, the Envoy of Archduke, 136
+
+Alencon's contrast to R. at Court, 18;
+  pageant at Antwerp for, 18
+
+Algarve, Bishop of, library captured by Essex and nucleus of Bodleian, 101
+
+Algerine corsairs, 193;
+  sack Lanzarote, 194
+
+Allen, Sir Francis, 42
+
+America, its debt, to Sir H. Gilbert, 25;
+  Gilbert's last expedition to, 27;
+  R. renews Gilbert's charter, 28;
+  R.'s costly expeditions to, 29, 37
+
+Amidas, a captain in R.'s American fleet, 28;
+  discovers Virginia, 29
+
+Amurath, King of Turbay, 185
+
+Anderson, one of R.'s Winchester judges, 146
+
+'Angel Gabriel,' capture of ship, 40
+
+_Annales_ by Camden, 3
+
+Anne of Denmark. _See_ Queen
+
+Annesley, R. takes up his command, 19
+
+Antonio of Portugal, 41
+
+_Apology for the Voyage to Guiana_ by R., 193, 208-10
+
+_Apothegms_, Bacon's, 113
+
+Apsley, Sir Allen, Lieutenant of Tower, 211;
+  relieved of R.'s custody, 211
+
+Aremberg, Count, plotter in Durham House, 134;
+  ambassador of Archduke Albert, 136;
+  relations with Cobham, 137, 155;
+  communications with R., 148;
+  James accepts his protestations, 155
+
+'Ark Raleigh' fitted for Gilbert's expedition by R., 27;
+  purchased by Elizabeth, 54
+
+'Ark Royal,' Lord Howard's ship, 93
+
+Armada, account of, 37-39;
+  Lynn contributes to resistance of, 38;
+  R.'s advice for boarding ships, 39;
+  R. and Drake receive prisoners from, 39
+
+Armadillo in Guiana, 74, 80
+
+Artson, R. captures sack from one, 41
+
+Arundel, Earl of, Keymis writes to, 201;
+  at R.'s execution as a friend 218;
+  R. appeals to him in justification, 220;
+  death of, 223
+
+Ashley, Mrs. Catherine, R.'s aunt, 19
+
+Ashley, Sir Anthony, notifies Cadiz victory, 100
+
+Assapana Islands, 80
+
+_Astrophel_, Elegy by R. in, 34
+
+d'Aubigne, _Histoire Universelle_ by, 177
+
+Aubrey at Oxford with R., 3
+
+Awbeg, river in Munster, sung by Spenser, 44
+
+Azores, piratical expedition to, 33;
+  Peter Strozzi lost at, 39;
+  R.'s _Report of the Fight in the_, _ib._;
+  'Revenge' and Armada fight off, 51;
+  'Madre de Dios' captured off, 60;
+  second plate-ship expedition off, 107;
+  capture of its towns arranged, _ib._;
+  R. takes Fayal, 108;
+  Essex attacks San Miguel, 109
+
+
+Bacon, Anthony, 42, 56
+
+Bacon, Lord Francis, with R. at Oxford, 3;
+  praise of Grenville's fight, 51;
+  issues his _Essays_, 85;
+  his _Apothegms_, 113;
+  his cousins the Cookes, 90;
+  asked if R.'s Guiana commission is equivalent to pardon, 191;
+  if R. fails in Guiana asks what is his alternative? _ib._;
+  R. reveals his desire for Mexican plate fleet to, _ib._;
+  tells R. he must prepare to die, 213;
+  asked by R. to protect his fame, 213;
+  death of, 223
+
+Bailey, John, commands 'Husband' in Guiana fleet, 194;
+  prevented from seizing French ship, 195;
+  deserts R.'s expedition, 196;
+  returns and charges R. with piracy, 196, 204;
+  in pay of Gondomar, 196;
+  imprisoned and story discredited, 204;
+  released with reprimand, 205
+
+Balligara, R.'s share in, 194
+
+Barlow, a captain in R.'s American fleet, 28;
+  discovers Virginia, _ib._
+
+Barlow's reference to R., 7
+
+Barry Court, Geraldine stronghold, 13;
+  source of quarrel between R. and Ormond, 14;
+  R. offers to rebuild, 16
+
+Barry, David, Irish malcontent, 13
+
+Barry, Lord, defeat at Cleve by R., 15
+
+Basing House, Marquis of Winchester's, 122;
+  Queen Elizabeth and French envoys at, 123
+
+Bath, R. visits, 63, 115, 122, 127
+
+Bear Gardens, R. takes French envoys to, 122
+
+Beauchamp, Lord, R.'s deputy in Cornwall, 32
+
+Beaumont's story of R. and King James, 133
+
+Beaumont, Countess of, 167
+
+Becanus, Goropius, 178
+
+Beddington, Lady R. sells land at, 189;
+  burial asked for R. at, 215
+
+Bedford, Earl of, R. succeeds him in Stannaries, 32
+
+Bedingfield Park, seat of Sir F. Carew, 135;
+  King James and R. entertained at, _ib._
+
+Beeston, Sir Hugh, and R.'s execution, 214
+
+Benevolence tax, 184
+
+Berreo, Antonio de, Spanish Governor of Trinidad, describes Guiana, 66;
+  his cruelty, 68;
+  captured by R. at St. Joseph, _ib._;
+  attempts to lure R., _ib._;
+  submission to R., 68-69;
+  founded Guayana Vieja, 73
+
+Berrie, Captain Leonard, makes voyage to Guiana for R., 102
+
+Beville, Sir R., inquires into Sir R. Grenville's death, 51
+
+Bideford, Grenville's Virginian expedition stopped at, 37;
+  R. sends ships to Virginia from, _ib._
+
+Bindon, Lord. _See_ Howard
+
+Biron, Duc de, special French Ambassador, 122-123;
+  disgrace, 127
+
+Blount, Sir Christopher, R.'s keeper at Dartmouth, 61;
+  to make joint attack on San Miguel, 107;
+  excites Essex against R., 109;
+  tries to kill R., 120;
+  pardoned by R. before execution, _ib._
+
+Bodleian Library, Bishop of Algarve's books captured by Earl of Essex
+      contained in, 101
+
+'Bonaventure,' ship, 105
+
+Boyle, Richard, afterwards Earl of Cork, buys R.'s Irish estates, 129;
+  lends R. 100_l._, 194;
+  R. announces his arrival at Kinsale to, 203
+
+Brett, Sir Alex., trustee of Sherborne, 164
+
+_Breviary of the History of England_ by R., 182-3
+
+Broad-cloths, R.'s licence to export woollen, 29, 30
+
+Broad Street, R. resides in, 188, 208
+
+Brooke, George, conspires for Arabella Stuart, 102, 142;
+  concerned in Watson's plot, 135;
+  relationship to Cobham and Cecil, _ib._;
+  arrest, 136;
+  execution, 158
+
+Brooke, Henry, brother to Lady Cecil. _See_ Cobham, 102
+
+Brushfield, Dr., R.'s bibliography, vi.;
+  researches, 2, 16
+
+Bryskett, Lodovick, in Munster, 10;
+  'Thestylis' of Spenser, 45
+
+Burghley, R. corresponds with, 8, 9;
+  his moderate Irish policy, 22;
+  joint author of _The Opinion of Mr. Rawley_, 22;
+  assails R.'s broad-cloth patent, 30;
+  references to, 31, 84;
+  sends R. to Dartmouth to save prizes, 61
+
+Burrow, Sir John, commands Indian Carrack venture, 54;
+  successful attack of plate-ships, 59-60
+
+Burwick, John, master of 'Destiny,' 194
+
+_Byron's Conspiracy_ by Chapman, 123
+
+
+_Cabinet Council_ by R., 186;
+  published by Milton, _ib._
+
+Cadiz expedition, 87, 88-102;
+  forced on by Lord Howard, 88;
+  Queen Elizabeth reluctantly permits, _ib._;
+  Essex, Howard, and R. to consider, 89;
+  Dutch to co-operate, _ib._;
+  R. to raise levies for, _ib._;
+  recruiting for, 90;
+  strength of English and Dutch fleets, 91;
+  R.'s _Relation of the Action_, 92;
+  details of destruction of Spanish fleet, 92-98;
+  the town sacked, 99-100;
+  R. wounded in the leg, 98;
+  fleet of carracks escape but burnt by Spaniards, 99;
+  Queen Elizabeth claims the prize money, 101;
+  the victory popular in England, 102
+
+Caesar, Sir Julius, notes of R.'s second trial, 213
+
+Caiama Island, 74
+
+Camden with R. at Oxford, 3;
+  his _Annales_, 3;
+  recommends Jonson to R., 175;
+  friend of Samuel Daniel, 183;
+  his death, 223
+
+_Camden Miscellany_, account of R.'s second trial in, 213
+
+Canary Islands, R.'s Guiana fleet off, 195;
+  exposed to Algerine corsairs, 195;
+  Lanzarote sacked, 196;
+  R. visits Gomera, 197
+
+Cape Verde Islands, R.'s Guiana fleet off, 198;
+  R. lands at Brava, 199
+
+Capuri river, 80
+
+Caracas plundered and burnt, 81
+
+Carews, connections of R., 1
+
+Carew, Sir Francis, R.'s uncle, 135;
+  entertains King James and R., _ib._
+
+Carew, Sir George, at Lismore, 44;
+  keeper of R. at Tower, 58;
+  at Cadiz in 'Mary Rose,' 95;
+  and Cormac MacDermod, 129
+
+Carew, Sir Nicholas, and R.'s burial, 215
+
+Carew, Sir Randolph, and friends witness R.'s execution, 218
+
+Carleton, Dudley, at R.'s trial, 153
+
+Caroni, river, 74
+
+Carr, Earl of Somerset, and Sherborne, 171, 172, 187
+
+Cashel, Magrath Archbishop of, 34
+
+Castle Bally-in-Harsh, its capture, 15
+
+Cayenne, R. off river, 199, 200
+
+Cecil, Sir Robert, and R.'s marriage, 54, 63;
+  R.'s letter of devotion for Queen sent to, 57;
+  fails to control Devon sailors, 61;
+  inquires into pillage of 'Madre de Dios,' 62;
+  barters with R., 64;
+  promises ship for Guiana expedition, 67;
+  R. asks how result of Guiana voyage is viewed, 82;
+  R. sends MS. account and presents from Guiana, 83;
+  _Discovery of Guiana_ dedicated to, 84;
+  supports proposed attack on Cadiz, 88;
+  informed by R. of victory at Cadiz, 100;
+  death of his wife and R.'s sympathy, 102;
+  R.'s intimacy with his family, _ib._;
+  obtains R.'s return to Court, 103;
+  told of R.'s goodwill to Essex, 106;
+  thwarts R. in being sworn of P. Council, 112;
+  doubtful support of Guiana voyage, 113-4;
+  son and young Walter R. playmates, 114;
+  at Sherborne, 116;
+  accused by Essex, 118;
+  advised by R. to show Essex no mercy, 118-9;
+  decline of friendship with R., 125;
+  invited to Bath by R., 127;
+  R. complains of Lord Bindon to, _ib._;
+  craftiness towards R., 129;
+  created a peer by King James, 133;
+  estranged from the Brookes, 135;
+  describes R.'s attempted suicide, 138;
+  aids R. with Sherborne estate, 144;
+  sits on R.'s trial, 146, 157;
+  influence sought to save R., 158;
+  created Lord Cranborne, 164;
+  and Earl of Salisbury, 166;
+  R. writes of his condition to, _ib._;
+  references to, 167, 170, 173, 186;
+  his death and epigram on, 173
+
+Cecil, William. _See_ Salisbury
+
+Champernowne, Captain Arthur, in Azores, 108
+
+Champernowne, Gawen, his career, 4
+
+Champernowne, Henry, R.'s cousin, 4;
+  his Huguenot contingent, 4
+
+Champernowne, Sir Philip, 1
+
+Champernownes, connections of R., 1
+
+Chapman, George, his epic poem on Guiana, 86;
+  his _Byron's Conspiracy_, 123
+
+Chatham, R. raising sailors at, 54
+
+Chaunis Temotam, its fabulous ores, 30
+
+Cherbourg, R. takes barks from, 42
+
+Christian IV. of Denmark and R., 169
+
+Church, Dean, compares R.'s exploits with passages in _Faery Queen_, 43
+
+Clarke executed for Watson's plot, 158
+
+Cleve, Lord Barry defeated by R. at, 15
+
+Clifford, Sir Conyers, at Cadiz, 95
+
+Cobham, Lord, Henry Brooke succeeds as, 102;
+  first mention by R. of, 106;
+  R.'s increased intimacy, 113;
+  invited to Sherborne and Bath, 115;
+  goes to Ostend with R. _ib._;
+  called an enemy of England by Essex, 118;
+  attends at Basing to entertain French, 123;
+  plotting at Durham House, 134;
+  R. only intimate friend, 136;
+  Lord Warden of Cinque Ports, _ib._;
+  and Watson's plot, _ib._;
+  shown R.'s explanation, 137;
+  accuses R., but retracts, _ib._;
+  communicates with R. by Mellersh, 142;
+  tried at Staines for Arabella Stuart plot, 142;
+  communications with R., 144;
+  vacillation, 145;
+  retracts to R, _ib._;
+  R. asks that Cobham should die first, 157;
+  convicted of treason, 158;
+  led out for execution, but reprieved, 160;
+  death by paralysis, 223
+
+Coke, Sir Edward, Attorney-General at R.'s Winchester trial, 146-7
+
+_Colin Clout_, Spenser refers to R. in, 43, 48;
+  Queen Elizabeth commands its publication, 49
+
+_Collectiones Peregrinationum_, by De Bry, 114
+
+Collier, J. P., 56
+
+_Commentaries_, by Sir F. Vere, 97
+
+_Commerce_, R.'s _Observations on Trade and_, 186
+
+Conde, Prince of, his death, 4
+
+Cookes, the, R. takes to Cadiz, 90
+
+Copley and Watson's plot, 135;
+  his arrest, 136
+
+Corabby, R.'s courage at ford of, 14
+
+Cordials made by R., 168
+
+Cork, R. reinforces Sentleger at, 9;
+  Geraldine executed at, _ib._;
+  R. governor of, 15;
+  land granted to R. in, 34;
+  cedars planted by R. still at, 47;
+  R.'s second Guiana fleet takes refuge at, 194
+
+Cornwall, R. Lieutenant and Vice-Admiral of, 32;
+  R.'s deputy in, 32;
+  R. collects miners to resist Armada, 38;
+  its defences considered, 89;
+  R.'s efforts for tin-workers in, 117;
+  R. tries to retain office, but superseded by Earl of Pembroke, 163
+
+Coro, burned, 81
+
+Cotterell, messenger between R. and Cobham, 145, 169;
+  examined against R., 170
+
+Cotton, Sir Robert, lends books to R., 171
+
+Court, early record of R.'s admission to, 5, 6;
+  R. not a penniless adventurer at, 16;
+  recognised courtier, 17, 19;
+  R. inferior to Leicester, Walsingham, and Hatton at, 50;
+  reference to R. at, 103, 115;
+  R. excluded by James I., 188
+
+Cranborne, Lord. _See_ Cecil
+
+'Crane,' the, R.'s ship, 42
+
+Creighton's, Mrs., _Period of R._, vi.
+
+Cross, Captain, and plate ship prize, 62
+
+Crosse, Sir Robert, with R. meets King James, 132
+
+Cucuina, river, R. ascends, 71
+
+Cumana, Venezuela, spared by ransom and subsequently burnt by R.'s
+      ships, 81
+
+_Cynthia_, R.'s supposed lost poem, 45-46;
+  fragments printed from Hatfield MS., 46;
+  style and importance, 46-47;
+  called _The Ocean to_, 46;
+  and _The Ocean's Love to_, _ib._;
+  treated of in _Athenaeum_, 1886, _ib._;
+  publication urged by Spenser, 49
+
+
+_Dangers of a Spanish Faction in Scotland_, by R., 124
+
+Daniel, Samuel, and R, 182-3
+
+Dartmouth, 'Madre de Dios' towed to, 60;
+  R. stops spoliation of, 61
+
+Davies, Sir John, _Nosce teipsum_ and R.'s _Cynthia_, 46
+
+Davis, John, R.'s partner for discovery of N.-W. passage, 28;
+  refers to whereabouts of R., July 1595, 82
+
+De Beaumont, French ambassador, refers to R., 133, 141
+
+De Bry prints R.'s _Discovery_ in his _Collectiones_, 114
+
+'Destiny,' ship built by R. for Guiana expedition, 190;
+  Des Marets visits the, 193;
+  commanded by young Walter R., _ib._;
+  John Burwick the master, 194;
+  outlawed, 205;
+  arrives at Plymouth, 205, 206
+
+Des Marets, French ambassador, 190;
+  suspicious of R.'s Guiana voyage, _ib._;
+  visits R.'s 'Destiny,' 193;
+  his correspondence, _ib._
+
+Desmond, Earl of, murder of his brother's guest, 8;
+  R. shares escheated lands of, 34
+
+Devonshire Association, _Transactions of_, and R., 2;
+  accent strong in R., 21;
+  R.'s popularity in, 31;
+  Stannaries, R.'s report on, _ib._;
+  R. Vice-Admiral of, 32;
+  Sir John Gilbert, R.'s deputy in, _ib._;
+  R. member of Parliament for, _ib._;
+  miners serve in Netherlands, _ib._;
+  farmers settle in south of Ireland, 34;
+  miners raised by R. to repel Armada, 38;
+  R. considers its defences, 89
+
+Devonshire, Earl of, on R.'s trial at Winchester, 146
+
+Dingle, expedition from Ferrol lands at, 8
+
+_Discovery of Guiana_, published by R., 83-84;
+  literary value, 85;
+  translations in Latin, German, and French, 114;
+  reprinted by Hakluyt, _ib._
+
+Doddridge, Sir John, 144
+
+_Domestic Correspondence_ refers to R.'s ships, 42
+
+Donne, John, earliest known poem, 105
+
+Dover, R. at, 90, 193
+
+Drake, Sir Francis, receives prisoners from Armada, 39;
+  expedition to Portugal, 41-42;
+  and spoil of 'Madre de Dios,' 62;
+  his fate, 6, 87
+
+'Dreadnought,' Sir C. Clifford's Cadiz ship, 95
+
+Dudley, Robert, D. of Northumberland, at Cadiz, _ib._
+
+Duke, Richard, contemporary owner of R.'s birthplace, 1
+
+Durham, Bishop of, demands Durham House, 133
+
+Durham House leased by R., 31;
+  its site and history, _ib._;
+  Queen Elizabeth there in 1592, 56;
+  references to, 87, 114, 120;
+  fire at, 117;
+  Lady R. advises a proper lease for, _ib._;
+  Bishop of Durham demands and King James directs R. to surrender, 133-4;
+  R. forced to remove from, 134;
+  alleged plotting at, _ib._
+
+Dutch to assist in attack on Cadiz, 89, 99;
+  take part in capture of Azores, 107
+
+Dyer's evidence at R.'s trial, 155
+
+
+Edwards, Edward, life and letters of R., v.;
+  collected evidence of battle of Cadiz, 91;
+  references to, 82, 190, 210
+
+Effingham, Lady, converse with R., 167
+
+Effingham. _See_ Howard
+
+El Dorado, legendary prince of Guiana, 65;
+  supposed lake in heart of Guiana, _ib._;
+  efforts of Spaniards and Germans to reach, _ib._
+
+Elizabeth, Queen, Duc d'Alencon her suitor, 17-18;
+  confers an Irish captaincy on R., 19;
+  R. first favourite with, 19-25;
+  gifts to R., 24, 25;
+  grants charter to R. for discovery of N.-W. passage, 28;
+  Virginia named in honour of, _ib._;
+  leases Durham House to R., 31;
+  feelings towards Leicester, 32;
+  keeps R. from politics, 35;
+  R. supplanted by Essex, 35;
+  appropriates pirated fine raiment, 42;
+  R. restored to favour by, 43, 49;
+  praised in _Cynthia_, 45;
+  Spenser introduced to, 48;
+  commands publication of _Colin Clout_, 49;
+  happy retort of R. to, 53;
+  instals a pliable Bishop of Salisbury and receives fine from R., 53;
+  supports R. in Spanish plate-ship venture, 54, 59;
+  buys the 'Ark Raleigh,' 54;
+  vanity and resentment, 55;
+  recalls R. from Frobisher's fleet, 56;
+  discovers R.'s Throckmorton intrigue, _ib._;
+  confines R. in Tower, 57;
+  R.'s letter of devotion to, _ib._;
+  acknowledges R.'s marriage, 63;
+  works of travel published in her reign, 85;
+  irresolution to attack Spain after Armada, 88;
+  R. seeks reconciliation with, 100;
+  claims Cadiz prize-money, 101;
+  R.'s position with, 101, 103, 111, 115;
+  reconfers captaincy of the Guard on R., 103;
+  her custom to retire early to rest, 111;
+  festivities on her sixty-fifth birthday, 113;
+  sends R. to Ostend, 115;
+  confers Governorship of Jersey and Manor of St. Germain on R., 116;
+  Essex accuses R., Cecil, and Cobham to, 118;
+  refuses communication with Essex, _ib._;
+  said to have shown skull of Essex, _ib._;
+  R. sends her a supposed diamond, 128;
+  interviews R. on Irish policy, _ib._;
+  R. advises as to MacDermod, _ib._;
+  her death, 129;
+  reference to, 186
+
+Elizabethan poets engaged in Ireland, 10
+
+El Nuevo Dorado, or Guiana, 66
+
+Elphinstone, Sir James, eager for R.'s estate, 143
+
+Elyot, Sir John, his _Monarchy of Man_, 217;
+  describes R.'s end, _ib._
+
+_England, Breviary of the History of_, 182;
+  Archbishop Sancroft and MS. of, _ib._;
+  Samuel Daniel's share in, 183;
+  attributed to R., _ib._
+
+Epuremi tribe in Guiana, 78
+
+Erskine, Sir Thomas, supplants R. in the Guard, 133;
+  his position with King James, 133
+
+_Essays_, Bacon issues his, 85
+
+Essex, Earl of, competes with R. for royal favour, 35;
+  demands R.'s sacrifice, 35, 36;
+  Court attacks on R., 40;
+  challenges R., _ib._;
+  drives R. from Court, 42;
+  more friendly with R., 50;
+  perceives value of the Puritans, _ib._;
+  his Protestantism, _ib._;
+  to consider attack on Cadiz, 89;
+  his share in Cadiz expedition, 92-100;
+  captures library of Bishop of Algarve, 101;
+  presents it to Sir T. Bodley, _ib._;
+  and Cadiz prize money, _ib._;
+  at Chatham, 103;
+  planning fresh attack on Spain, _ib._;
+  charged with disloyalty, 104;
+  R.'s guest at Plymouth, 106;
+  expedition to Azores and result, 107-109;
+  Royal influence on the wane, 111;
+  offended past forgiveness by Queen, 112;
+  uncompromising speech to Elizabeth, _ib._;
+  surliness of temper, _ib._;
+  adopts for his men tilting colours of R., 113;
+  increasing enmity with R., _ib._;
+  complaints to Queen, 118;
+  Queen refuses communication with, _ib._;
+  conspiracy, 119-120;
+  R. and the execution of, 120;
+  Elizabeth shows his skull to Duc de Biron, 123
+
+Eugubinus, Steuchius, 178
+
+Euphuistic prose, example in R.'s letter to Cecil, 57
+
+_Evesham, Chronicle of_, 171
+
+Ewaipanoma tribe, 77
+
+Execution of R., 217, 218-219;
+  his speech, 218;
+  his gallant bearing, 29
+
+Exeter, R.'s parents buried at, 3
+
+
+_Faery Queen_, R.'s adventures compared with those in, 43;
+  its progress, 45;
+  registered, Spenser obtains pension by, 49;
+  R.'s sonnet appended to, _ib._
+
+Fajardo Isle, 74
+
+Falmouth, expedition to Spain puts back into, 106
+
+'Farm of Wines' granted by Q. Elizabeth to R., 24;
+  granted by King James to E. of Nottingham, 141
+
+Fayal, Essex and R. arrange to capture, 107;
+  R. to meet Essex at, 108;
+  R. arrives before Essex, its attack and capture, _ib._;
+  arrival of Essex, _ib._;
+  dispute relative to capture, 109
+
+Featley, Dr. Daniel, tutor to young Walter R., 171
+
+Fenton, Geoffrey, in Munster, 10
+
+Ferrol, Spanish expedition to Ireland from, 8
+
+Finland, Duke of, offers assistance to R. in Guiana, 113
+
+Fish tithes, in Sidmouth, leased to R.'s family, 2
+
+Fisher, Jasper, 6
+
+Fitzjames rents R.'s Sherborne farms, 64
+
+Fitzwilliam, Sir William, Irish Deputy, dispute with R., 48;
+  reference to, 49
+
+Fleet Prison, R. committed to, 7;
+  R. removed from Tower to, 165
+
+Flemish ships captured off Fuerteventura, 67
+
+Flores in Azores, R. joins fleet of Essex off, 107
+
+Flores, Gutierrez, Spanish President, opinion of the enemies' fleet off
+      Cadiz, 92
+
+Fort del Ore, Ireland, built by invaders, 6;
+  siege, capture and massacre at, 12
+
+Fowler, R.'s gold refiner, death of, 199
+
+France, R. aids Huguenot princes, 4;
+  Hakluyt in, _ib._;
+  R.'s return from, 6;
+  Henry IV.'s compliment to Queen Elizabeth, 122;
+  invited to support Huguenots, 193;
+  Ambassador visits R., 190, 192;
+  R. offered escape by, 208
+
+Free trade, R. an advocate of, 186-7
+
+French Ambassadors: Duc de Biron, 122;
+  De Beaumont, 133, 141;
+  Des Marets, 190, 192
+
+French envoy, La Chesnee, offers R. means of escape, 208, 211, 212
+
+French vessels detained by R., 195
+
+Frobisher, Sir Martin, 26;
+  fleet for capturing Indian carracks, 54;
+  reputed severity, _ib._;
+  R. with his fleet, 56;
+  off Spanish coast seeking plate ships, 59
+
+Fuerteventura, R. captures ships off, 67
+
+Fuller records R. at Oxford, 3;
+  story of R. making his cloak a mat for Queen, 21;
+  anecdotes, 22
+
+
+Gamage, Barbara, marries Robert Sidney, 33;
+  grandmother of Waller's Sacharissa, _ib._
+
+Gardiner, S. R., estimate of R.'s genius, 130;
+  credits Beaumont's story of, 133;
+  account of R.'s trial, 157, 213;
+  account of the Benevolence, 184;
+  details of intrigues in K. James's Court, 190, 206
+
+'Garland,' the, R.'s ship, 42
+
+Gascoigne, protege of R.'s half-brother, 5;
+  his _Steel Glass_, _ib._;
+  death of, 5;
+  Lord Grey patron of, 10
+
+Gate House, R. confined in, 214
+
+Gawdy, one of R.'s Winchester judges, 146
+
+Genoa, its seizure proposed, 192;
+  discussed before K. James and rejected, _ib._
+
+Geraldine Friary, Youghal, destroyed, 34
+
+Geraldine, Sir James, trial and execution, 9
+
+Geraldines rebel, 8
+
+Gibb, John, page to James I., 159
+
+Gifford, Captain, reference to, 79, 80
+
+Gilbert, Adrian, R.'s half-brother, 1;
+  partner in N.-W. expeditions, 28;
+  holds office at Sherborne, 53;
+  obnoxious to R.'s bailiff Meeres, 121;
+  commended to Lady R., 140;
+  and R.'s Sherborne estates, 143
+
+Gilbert, Bartholomew, his voyage to America, 125;
+  sails from Virginia with rich woods, 126;
+  carries supposed diamond from R. to Queen, 127-8
+
+Gilbert, Katherine. _See_ Raleigh, Mrs
+
+Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, R.'s half-brother, 1;
+  R. companion of his voyages, 6, 7;
+  gained renown in Ireland, 8;
+  granted Charter to make settlements in America, 26;
+  lends ships to serve on Irish coast, 26;
+  misfortunes and vicissitudes of expedition, 26-27;
+  his death at sea, 27
+
+Gilbert, Sir John, half-brother to R., 62;
+  preparing to sail for Guiana, 113
+
+Gilbert, Otto, 1
+
+Gillingham Forest, R. in, 64
+
+Glenmalure, R. meets Spenser at battle of, 10
+
+Globe Theatre, Shakespeare's _Richard the Second_ at, 104
+
+Godolphin, Sir Francis, warden of Stannaries, 141
+
+Gomera Islands, R. lands at, 197;
+  courtesy of governor and his lady to R., 197-198
+
+Gondomar (Sarmiento), Spanish ambassador, 190;
+  suspicious of R., 190, 191;
+  pledged R.'s life against Spanish attack, 192;
+  protests against Guiana expedition, 193;
+  Captain Bailey in his pay, 196;
+  Bailey traduces R. to, 199;
+  activity for R.'s ruin, 204;
+  urges embargo on English at Seville, 204;
+  claims punishment of R., 205
+
+Goodwin, Hugh, hostage with Topiawari, 79;
+  learns Indian language, _ib._;
+  serves under Gifford, _ib._;
+  meets R. after twenty-two years, 200
+
+Googe, Barnabee, in Munster, 10
+
+Gorges, Sir A., assaulted by R., 58;
+  believes R. mad, _ib._;
+  historian of Azores expedition, 107;
+  and Duc de Biron, 122
+
+Gorges, Sir F., and Essex conspiracy, 119
+
+Gosnoll, Captain, American discoveries, 125;
+  sails from Virginia without R.'s leave, 126
+
+Gray's _Elegy_ and R.'s _Cynthia_, 46
+
+Grenville, Sir Richard, and R.'s Virginian expeditions, 29, 37;
+  captures Spanish prize of 50,000_l._, 29;
+  and Armada, 37;
+  R.'s account of the fight in the 'Revenge' and his heroic death, 51, 96;
+  Sir R. Beville inquires into his death, 51;
+  praised by Tennyson and Bacon, 51;
+  R.'s cousin, 95;
+  R. revenges his death, 96, 98
+
+Greville, Fulke, in Munster, 10
+
+Grey, Lord de Wilton, in Dublin, 9;
+  dislikes R., 9;
+  patron of Gascoigne, 10;
+  hatred of Popery, 11;
+  treatment of Irish rebels, 13;
+  denounced by R. to Leicester, 14;
+  leniency in Ireland, 22;
+  and Armada, 37;
+  dines with R. at Flores, 107;
+  in Low Countries, 115
+
+Grey, young Lord de Wilton, and Watson's plot, 135, 158, 160
+
+Grosart's _Lismore Papers_, vi.
+
+Guard, R. Captain of the, 35, 103;
+  Sir T. Erskine supplants R., 133
+
+Guayana Vieja founded by Berreo, 73
+
+Guiana, R.'s desire to conquer, 64;
+  its description, 65, 66;
+  capture of Spanish letters relative to, 66;
+  annexed by Berreo, governor of Trinidad, _ib._;
+  Captain Whiddon visits for R., 66;
+  R. explores part of, 67;
+  supposed mineral wealth, 72, 75;
+  Humboldt on its gold yield, 75;
+  leaves two sailors at Morequito, 79;
+  health of R.'s expedition, 81;
+  R. asks effect of expedition on Court, 83;
+  R.'s _Discovery of Guiana_ published, 83-84;
+  Chapman's poem on, 85-86;
+  Captain Keymis's voyage, 86;
+  R.'s _Of the Voyage for Guiana_, 87;
+  Government interest not excited by R., _ib._;
+  Captain L. Berrie's voyage, 102;
+  D. of Finland urges R. to colonise, 113;
+  Sir J. Gilbert preparing for, 113;
+  increased fame of _Discovery_, 114;
+  R. asks leave to revisit, 170;
+  R.'s funds for voyage, 172, 189-190;
+  R. released from Tower to go to, 189;
+  advantages promised King James, _ib._;
+  preparations for, excite Spaniards, 190;
+  R.'s Royal commission, 190-191;
+  composition of R.'s fleet, 193-194;
+  its delays, 194;
+  fleet detains French traders, 195;
+  fleet off Canaries, _ib._;
+  Captain Bailey deserts, 196;
+  courtesies with Governor of Gomera, 198;
+  R.'s log of _Second Voyage_, 199;
+  R. ill of fever in, 199-200;
+  R. meets Hugh Goodwin after twenty-two years, 200;
+  fleet at Trinidad, 200;
+  Keymis explores for gold, attacks San Thome, 200-1;
+  R.'s son Walter killed, 201;
+  Keymis's failure and embarrassed meeting with R., 201;
+  Keymis commits suicide in, 202;
+  R.'s failure to find gold mines in, 202;
+  mutiny of fleet, 202;
+  R. sails to Newfoundland from, 203;
+  R.'s ignominious return from, _ib._;
+  _Apology for the Voyage to_, 208
+
+Gunpowder Plot and R., 168
+
+
+Hakluyt, R.'s contemporary at Oxford, 3;
+  his _Voyages_ and sojourn in France, 4;
+  reprints R.'s report of Grenville's fight, 51;
+  _Discovery of Guiana_, 114
+
+Hale, the sergeant at R.'s Winchester trial, 146-7
+
+Hamburg ship, R. takes sugar, &c., from a, 41
+
+Hampden, John, collector of R.'s MSS., 185
+
+Hannah, Archdeacon, printed R.'s _Cynthia_, 46
+
+Harington, Sir John, 34
+
+Hariot, Thomas, R.'s scientific agent in Virginia, 31
+
+Harris, Sir C., R. lodged in his house, 206
+
+Hart, Captain, betrays R., 208
+
+Harvey, Sir G., Lieutenant of Tower, 141, 142;
+  suspects R.'s communications, 144;
+  indulges R., succeeded by Sir W. Waad, 167
+
+Hatfield MSS. and R.'s _Cynthia_, 46
+
+Hatton, Sir C., R. reconciles him to Queen Elizabeth, 23;
+  references to, and death, 32, 35, 50
+
+Hawkins, his third voyage, 6;
+  character of his voyages, 7
+
+Hayes relates R.'s expense in Gilbert's expedition, 27
+
+Hayes Barton, R.'s birthplace, in Devon, 1, 3
+
+Hennessy, Sir J. Pope, account of R. in Ireland, 47
+
+Henri IV. of France, 122
+
+Henry VIII. censured in R.'s _History_, 180
+
+Henry, Prince, visits R. in Tower, 169;
+  seeks advice of R., 173, 174;
+  death agonies eased by R.'s cordial, 175;
+  efforts and sympathy for R., 175, 180;
+  opinion of his father's conduct, 175;
+  and R.'s _Cabinet Council_, 185
+
+_Histoire Universelle_, by d'Aubigne, 177
+
+Historical MSS. Commission _Reports_, vi.
+
+_History of the World_, by R.'s personal reference, 4, 5, 162, 171;
+  references to Armada, 38;
+  on boarding galleons, 39;
+  refers to Trinidad, 67;
+  R. aided by Ben Jonson, 175;
+  size and contents, 176;
+  critically examined, 176-182;
+  its preface, when written, 180;
+  suppressed by King James, and cause, 180-181
+
+Hooker's _Supply of the Irish Chronicles_ and references to R., 11, 43;
+  _Ecclesiastical Polity_, 85;
+  Oxford tutor of Walter R., jun., 171
+
+Hornsey, R.'s servants disturb the peace at, 6
+
+Howard of Bindon, Thomas Lord, R. to warn him if any Spaniards in
+      Channel, 50;
+  and Cadiz expedition, 89, 96, 97, 98;
+  takes R.'s servant under his protection, 121;
+  persuades Sir W. Peryam to re-try Meere's suit, 127;
+  juror on R.'s trial, 143, 146
+
+Howard, Lord Henry, and R., interview with Lennox, 124-125;
+  R. prays forgiveness for, 139
+
+Howard of Effingham, Lord Charles, R.'s advice on boarding Armada, 38, 39;
+  high opinion of R., 39;
+  _Discovery of Guiana_ dedicated to, 84;
+  forces expedition to Cadiz, 88;
+  on committee for attack on Cadiz, 89;
+  details of his action at Cadiz, 92-100;
+  ship 'Ark Royal,' 93;
+  obtains R.'s return to Court, 103;
+  to attempt capture of Graciosa, 107;
+  created E. of Nottingham, 110, 112;
+  granted R.'s wine patent, 141;
+  conducts Arabella Stewart to R.'s trial, 155;
+  outlaws R.'s ship 'Destiny,' 205;
+  death of, 223
+
+Huguenots, R. offers to aid, 4;
+  Henry Champernowne's force aids, _ib._;
+  mode of smoking out Catholics, 5
+
+Hulsius, Levinus, Latin translation of the _Discovery of Guiana_, 114
+
+Humboldt's examination of Guiana gold, 75;
+  testified to the genuineness of R.'s account of Guiana, 78
+
+'Husband' ship, 194, 196
+
+
+Imataca mountains seen by R., 72
+
+Imokelly, R. escapes ambush by Seneschal of, 14
+
+Income of R., references to, 16, 24, 25, 30, 34, 133, 162, 172
+
+Indian carracks (plate-ships) scheme for R. to seize, 53-54;
+  Sir J. Burrows to attack them, 54;
+  their capture, 59-60;
+  fleet of in Cadiz harbour, 99;
+  burnt by Spaniards to avoid capture, _ib._;
+  two destroyed by R. in Azores, 109
+
+_Ireland, History of the Early Ages in_, MacCarthy's, 129
+
+Ireland, R. in, 7;
+  Catholic invasion of, 7;
+  R.'s voyage to Cork, 8;
+  Lord Grey succeeds Pelham in, 9;
+  execution of Sir J. Geraldine, 10;
+  poets on service in, _ib._;
+  massacre at Fort del Ore, 12;
+  R.'s severity towards rebels, 13;
+  rebels pardoned through Ormond, 13;
+  R.'s seizure of Barry Court, 14;
+  Castle Bally-in-Harsh taken by R.'s strategy, 15;
+  R.'s return from, 16;
+  R. paid for service in, 18;
+  R. assigned a Captaincy in, 19;
+  _The Opinion of Mr. Rawley_ on, 22;
+  Lord Grey deprived of Deputyship, 23;
+  R.'s residences in, 34;
+  estates in Cork, Waterford, and Tipperary settled by R., 34;
+  R.'s experience as a colonist in, 34;
+  R. leaves to fight Armada, 38;
+  Essex forces R.'s return to, 42;
+  R.'s efforts in developing his estates in, 47;
+  potato and tobacco introduced by R., 48;
+  Sir William Fitzwilliam, Deputy in, _ib._;
+  R. refused Lord Deputyship, 112;
+  occupied with affairs of, 115;
+  invaded by Spain, 124;
+  R. on situation in, _ib._;
+  MacCarthy's _History of the Early Ages in_, 129;
+  Boyle, Earl of Cork, buys R.'s estates in, 129;
+  R. sells remainder of his leases, 194
+
+_Irish Chronicles_, Hooker's _Supply of the_, 11
+
+Islands voyage. _See_ Azores
+
+Islington, R.'s residence in, 6
+
+
+James I. first cognisant of R., 123;
+  offers Scotch troops to repel Spanish invasion, 124;
+  sends Lennox on mission to Elizabeth, _ib._;
+  R. and Cobham reported unfavourable to, 124;
+  met by London nobility at death of Elizabeth, 132;
+  R. and Sir R. Crosse meet him at Burghley, _ib._;
+  unfavourably received R., 132;
+  promises R. continuance of Stannaries, _ib._;
+  displaces R. from the Guard, 133;
+  increases R.'s salary as Governor of Jersey, _ib._;
+  deprives R. of Durham House on petition of Bishop of Durham, 133, 134;
+  involved in promises to Catholics, 135;
+  waiting Spanish overtures, _ib._;
+  guest of Sir F. Carew, _ib._;
+  given R.'s _Discourse on Spanish War, &c._, _ib._;
+  R.'s projects distasteful to, _ib._;
+  commits R. to Tower, 137;
+  R. begs his life of and refused hope by, 158;
+  prepares warrant for stay of R.'s execution, 158;
+  signs death-warrants for conspirators, 159;
+  intention to reprieve, _ib._;
+  at bull-baiting on Tower Hill, 165;
+  and Christian IV. of Denmark, 169;
+  suppresses R.'s _History of the World_, 180;
+  R. hopes to propitiate him, 183;
+  forbids printing of R.'s _Prerogative of Parliament_, 184;
+  and the Benevolence, 184;
+  a Protectionist, 187;
+  releases R., 188;
+  to be enriched by R.'s second voyage to Guiana, 189;
+  submits R.'s proposed route to Madrid, 191;
+  ignores statements of Bailey, 199;
+  Captain North relates R.'s failure to, 203;
+  R.'s apologetic letter to, _ib._;
+  Spain clamours for R.'s death, 205;
+  invites claims against R., _ib._;
+  his arguments for R., _ib._;
+  R. doomed by, 205, 206;
+  _Apology_ for Guiana voyage of no effect on, 209;
+  R.'s attempted catspaw against Spain, 211;
+  R.'s confession to, 212;
+  advised to give R. public trial, 212;
+  R. throws himself on his mercy, 214;
+  quits London and signs R.'s death-warrant, _ib._;
+  foiled by R.'s bearing at execution, 219;
+  R. begs his memory to be saved from scurrilous writers, 220;
+  death of, 223
+
+Jarnac, battle of, 4
+
+Jeaffreson, J. Cordy, contribution by, vi.;
+  researches in Middlesex Records, 6, 20;
+  researches in Assembly Books of K. Lynn, 38
+
+Jersey, R. seeks Governorship of, 114;
+  R. succeeds Sir A. Paulet as Governor, 116;
+  account of and effect of R.'s rule in, 116-117;
+  Norman gentry in, 127;
+  King James increased R.'s salary for, 133;
+  R. displaced for Sir J. Peyton, 141;
+  references to R. in, 126, 127
+
+Jesuit captured by R., 64
+
+Jewels, R.'s love of, 20;
+  value on his person when arrested, 20, 209
+
+Jonson, Ben, referred by Camden to R., 175;
+  assists R. in _History of the World_, 175, 176;
+  goes with young Walter R. to Paris, 175;
+  his _Works_, 175;
+  jealous of Samuel Daniel, 183;
+  death of, 223
+
+
+Keymis, Captain, with R. in Guiana, 80;
+  his second voyage to Guiana, 86;
+  commended to Lady R., 140;
+  gives evidence on R.'s trial under fear of torture, 154;
+  warden of Sherborne, 164;
+  and Guiana, 174;
+  joins R.'s fleet at Plymouth, 194;
+  commands Orinoco gold expedition without success, 200, 201;
+  attacks San Thome, 201;
+  announces to R. death of his son Walter R., _ib._;
+  dejection at R.'s reproach, asks forgiveness, _ib._;
+  writes to Earl of Arundel, _ib._;
+  commits suicide, 202
+
+Kilcolman, Spenser's Irish seat, 44
+
+King, Captain Samuel, attempts R.'s escape, 206-8;
+  his arrest, 208
+
+King's Lynn entertains R., 38
+
+Kinsale, Spanish landing at, 124;
+  R. returns from Guiana to, 203
+
+
+La Chesnee, French envoy, offers escape to R., 208, 211, 212
+
+Lake, Sir Thomas, to send R. from Court, 133
+
+Lane, Ralph, leader of R.'s Virginian colony, 29;
+  considers defence against Armada, 37
+
+Languedoc, Catholics smoked out at, 5
+
+La Rienzi, reference to at R.'s trial, 148
+
+Leicester, Earl of, R. writes from Lismore to, 17;
+  R. his protege at Court, _ib._;
+  goes to Netherlands with R. and Sir P. Sidney, 18;
+  Queen Elizabeth quarrels with, _ib._;
+  reconciled to R.'s Royal favour, 23;
+  in Netherlands and in disgrace, R.'s sympathy, 32;
+  reference to, 35;
+  death of, 50
+
+Lennox, Duke of, diplomatic visit to Elizabeth, 124;
+  believes R. and Cobham opposed King James, _ib._
+
+Limerick, victory of Sir N. Malby in woods of, 8
+
+'Lion,' Sir R. Southwell's ship at Cadiz, 95
+
+'Lion Whelp,' Cecil's ship, 67;
+  R. reinforced at Port of Spain by, 68
+
+Lisbon, Drake and R. with expedition at, 41-42
+
+Lismore, Elizabethan capital of Munster, 15
+
+Lismore Castle, R. rents from Archbishop of Cashel, 34
+
+_Lismore Papers_ and R.'s references, vi., 194, 203
+
+Loftie, Rev. W. J., account of R.'s lodgings in Tower, 162
+
+London citizens aid privateering against Spain, 59;
+  eagerness to share spoil, 61;
+  jewellers or goldsmiths and Spanish prize, 62;
+  plague in, 142
+
+Lostwithiel, Stannaries Court of, 117
+
+
+Macareo, R. tried to enter river, 69;
+  channel, 80
+
+MacCarthy, Florence, R. advises his retention in Tower, 129;
+  asks Cecil to permit R. to judge him, _ib._;
+  his _History of the Early Ages in Ireland_, 129
+
+Mace, Samuel, commands a Virginian fleet for R., 125
+
+MacDermod, Cormac, Lord of Muskerry, R.'s severity to, 128
+
+Macureguarai, rich city of Guiana, 78
+
+Madeira, R.'s Virginian ships stripped at, 37
+
+'Madre de Dios,' plate-ship, value of its capture, 60;
+  inquiry as to disposal of treasure, 62
+
+Magrath, Meiler, Archbishop of Cashel, 34
+
+Malby, Sir Nicholas, defeats Irish rebels, 8
+
+Malet, Sir A., MSS., R.'s unpopularity referred to in, 131
+
+Manamo, R. enters the Orinoco by river, 69
+
+Manatee seen by R. in Guiana, 79
+
+Mannourie, French quack attendant and spy on R., 207;
+  gives R. a detrimental dose, _ib._;
+  bribed by R., 208;
+  denounced by R., 220;
+  his disgrace, 223
+
+Manoa, capital of Guiana, 69
+
+Markham led out for execution but reprieved, 159, 160
+
+Marlowe's career, 85
+
+Marriage of R. to Elizabeth Throckmorton, 63
+
+Martinez, Juan, journal of visit to Manoa, 69
+
+'Mary Rose,' Sir G. Carew's Cadiz ship, 95
+
+Maurice of Nassau, letters taken to Prince, 175
+
+Medina Sidonia, Duke of, his report to Philip II. of English attack on
+      Cadiz, 98;
+  burns fleet of carracks to avoid capture by English, 99
+
+Meeres, John, R.'s bailiff at Sherborne, 53;
+  his dismissal and revenge, 121;
+  arrests R.'s new bailiff, 121;
+  brings civil action against R., 122, 127;
+  commissioner for despoiling Sherborne, 164
+
+Mellersh, Cobham's secretary, 142
+
+Mexican plate fleet, R.'s designs on, 191, 202, 210, 213
+
+Mexico, Gulf of, R.'s early knowledge of, 7
+
+Mexico, its revenue to Spain, 77
+
+Meyrick, Sir Gilly, his conduct towards R., 108
+
+Middle Temple, R. in, 5
+
+Milton inherits and publishes R.'s _The Cabinet Council_, 185
+
+Mitcham, Lady R. sells an estate at, 189
+
+_Monarchy of Man_, by Sir J. Elyot, describes R.'s last moments, 217
+
+Moncontour in France, R. at retreat of, 4
+
+Montgomery, death of Huguenot chief, 4
+
+Mont Orgueil, Jersey, 117
+
+Morequito, port on River Orinoco, 74;
+  its chief Topiawari, 78
+
+Mulla. _See_ Awbeg, 44
+
+Munster, R. temporary governor of, succeeded by Zouch, 15;
+  Sentleger provost-marshal in, 9;
+  Spenser clerk of the council of, 44;
+  life in, _ib._;
+  R.'s efforts to improve, 47;
+  severity of President against Cormac MacDermod, 128
+
+Muskerry, Lord of, severity against, 128
+
+
+Naunton's description of R., 20, 22
+
+Navigation, R. considering international, 56
+
+Netherlands, Earl of Leicester in, 28, 32;
+  Devon miners serve in, 32;
+  R.'s _Discourse ... the Protecting of_, 135
+
+Newfoundland, R. in, 33, 203;
+  R. establishes trade with Jersey, 117
+
+Ninias, R.'s account of King, 181
+
+'Nonparilla,' R., Dudley's ship at Cadiz, 95
+
+North, Captain, tells the King of R.'s Guiana failure, 203
+
+North-West Passage, R.'s efforts, its discovery, 28;
+  and northern route to China, 28
+
+Northampton, Lord, interviews R. in Tower, 172;
+  R.'s enemy removed, 187;
+  at R.'s execution, 218
+
+Northumberland, Earl of, R. visits at Sion House, 114;
+  goes to Ostend with R., 115;
+  invited to Bath, 127
+
+Nottingham, Earl of. _See_ Howard
+
+
+Old Palace Yard, R. executed at, 214
+
+Oldys, William, _Life of R._, v.;
+  reference to, 101
+
+Olonne, R. captures and forfeits to Treasury a bark of, 42
+
+Orange, Prince of, Elizabeth sends R. to, 18;
+  Leicester accused of conspiracy with, _ib._
+
+Orinoco, R.'s expedition to river, 67, 69-81;
+  second expedition up, 200;
+  failure to find gold, 201
+
+Ormond, governor of Munster, 10;
+  desire to treat with Irish, 11;
+  obtains pardon for the rebels, 13;
+  quarrels with R., 15;
+  denounced for leniency, 22
+
+Ostend, R. and Northumberland visit, 115
+
+Oxford, R. educated at, 3, 6
+
+Oxford's, Lord, quarrel with Sir P. Sidney, 7;
+  at execution of R., 218
+
+
+Panama pearl fisheries, 25;
+  R.'s scheme to seize, 54
+
+_Parliaments, Prerogative of_, 112, 180
+
+Paulet, Sir Anthony, governor of Jersey, death, 116
+
+Paunsford, Richard, servant of R., 6
+
+Pecora Campi. _See_ Hatton
+
+Pelham, Sir William, Irish command, 9, 10
+
+Pembroke, Earl of, succeeds R. in Duchy of Cornwall, 163
+
+Pembroke, Lady, R.'s friend in hour of trial, 157;
+  her son intercedes for R., _ib._
+
+Peryam, Sir William, Chief Baron of Exchequer, 127
+
+Pew, Hugh, steals R.'s pearl hat-band, &c., 20
+
+Peyton, Sir John, succeeds R. in Jersey, 141;
+  Sir John the younger messenger between Cobham and R., 144
+
+Philip of Spain's Armada, resistance to, 37;
+  expels Antonio from Portugal, 41;
+  desire to recover prestige, 105
+
+Philip III. demands R.'s execution, 212;
+  foiled by R.'s conduct at execution, 219
+
+_Phoenix Nest_, 34
+
+_Pilgrimage_, R. writes _The_, 159
+
+Piratical expedition by R. stopped, 7
+
+Plymouth, 7, 27, 29, 36, 38, 67, 89, 90, 91, 100, 105, 106, 117, 194, 203
+
+Popham, Lord Chief Justice, tries R. at Winchester, 146;
+  hissed at conclusion of R.'s trial, 157;
+  declares R.'s Sherborne conveyance invalid, 164
+
+Popham, Captain George, captures Spanish letters, 66
+
+Portland, R. as governor completes defences of, 38
+
+Portugal, expedition to restore Antonio, 41;
+  R. serves under Drake at Lisbon, _ib._
+
+Potato introduced into Ireland by R., 48;
+  distributed by ancestor of Lord Southwell, _ib._
+
+_Prerogative of Parliaments_, by R., 112, 180;
+  its publication and intention, 183;
+  King James forbids its printing, 184;
+  issued posthumously, _ib._;
+  MS. in Record Office, _ib._
+
+Preston, Captain Amyas, harries Venezuela, 81
+
+Prest, Agnes, her martyrdom, 2;
+  indirect effect on R.'s religion, 3
+
+'Prudence,' a London ship, 59
+
+Puerto Rico friars, 69
+
+Purchas, his collection of travels, 85
+
+Puritans, Essex and R. their friends, 50
+
+Puttenham's praise of _Shepherd's Calender_, 44
+
+
+Queen of James I., R.'s friend, 169, 188;
+  her father, Christian IV., 169;
+  Samuel Daniel a servant of, 183;
+  R.'s rhyming petition to, 209;
+  exertions to save R., 210;
+  death of, 223
+
+
+'Rainbow,' Sir F. Vere's ship at Cadiz, 95
+
+Rakele, R. meets Spenser at, 10;
+  R.'s treatment of Irish kerns at, 11
+
+Raleigh, Carew, son of Sir Walter, 166;
+  reference to, 200, 222
+
+Raleigh, George, Sir Walter's nephew, 200
+
+Raleigh _nee_ Gilbert, Mrs., Sir Walter's mother, 1;
+  her religion, 2
+
+Raleigh town, Virginia, 36
+
+Raleigh, Walter, the elder, his third marriage, 1;
+  diversity of spelling his name, 2;
+  family lease of fish tithes, 2;
+  latest mention of, his age, 16
+
+Raleigh, Sir Walter, Lives of, v.;
+  correspondence of, v.;
+  bibliography by Dr. Brushfield, vi.;
+  love of birthplace, 1;
+  connections and parentage, 1;
+  earliest record of, 2;
+  education and career at Oxford, 3;
+  convicted of assault, 7;
+  goes to Ireland, 9;
+  with Spenser, 10, 43, 48, 49;
+  character whilst in Ireland, 14;
+  pecuniary position, 16, 30, 34, 42, 116, 126, 129, 133, 141, 162, 189,
+      190, 194;
+  his person in 1582, 20;
+  mother wit and audacious alacrity, 22;
+  success as a courtier, 23;
+  Royal gifts to, 24, 25;
+  continues Sir H. Gilbert's efforts, 28;
+  and Virginia, 29, 37, 41, 125;
+  granted licence to export woollen broad-cloths, their nature and value,
+      29, 30;
+  resides at Durham House, 31;
+  receives knighthood, 31;
+  successful expedition to Azores, 33;
+  elegy on Sir Philip Sidney, _ib._;
+  experience as an Irish colonist, 34;
+  zenith of personal success, 35;
+  part in fighting Armada, 37;
+  privateering expeditions, their excuse, 40, 41;
+  forced return to Ireland, 42;
+  his poem of _Cynthia_, 45;
+  developes his Irish estates, 47;
+  introduces the potato, 48;
+  and Puritans, his toleration, 50;
+  _Report on Grenville's fight in the_ '_Revenge_,' 51;
+  obtains Sherborne Castle, 52-53;
+  clandestine relations with Elizabeth Throckmorton, 55;
+  embroilment between Queen and Mrs. Throckmorton, 55-57;
+  confined in the Tower, 57;
+  failure in health, 59, 63, 110, 114, 168, 187, 199, 200;
+  released to quell disturbance in Devon, 61;
+  his popularity in Devon, 61;
+  marriage with E. Throckmorton, 63;
+  eagerness for service, 64;
+  attracted to Guiana, 66;
+  and Guiana gold, 75-77;
+  publishes _Discovery of Guiana_, 84;
+  merit as a writer of travel, 85;
+  his _Of the Voyage for Guiana_, 87;
+  naval skill first fully recognised, 89;
+  taking of Cadiz, brilliant triumph for, 91;
+  his _Relation of the Action in Cadiz Harbour_, 92;
+  details of his Cadiz command, 92-99;
+  wounded in the leg, 98;
+  preparation for third Guiana expedition, 101;
+  lauded by literary classes on return from Cadiz, 102;
+  intimacy with Cecil and Brooke family, 102;
+  exertions to provoke second attack on Spain, 105;
+  sails with fleet to attack Azores; success at Fayal, which provokes
+      Essex, 105-109;
+  only nominally in Queen's favour, 111;
+  his _Prerogative of Parliament_, 112, 183-184;
+  seeks various dignities without success, _ib._;
+  increasing enmity with Essex, and friendship with Cobham, 113;
+  height of fame as a geographer, 114;
+  his share in the execution of Essex, 118-121;
+  comes under notice of James of Scotland, 123;
+  his _Dangers of the Spanish Faction in Scotland_, 124;
+  his view of Irish affairs in 1601, _ib._;
+  not a complete loser by his expeditions, 126;
+  severe action towards Cormac MacDermod, 128;
+  advises detention of F. MacCarthy in Tower, 129;
+  good fortune ceases with Elizabeth's death, _ib._;
+  character, condition, and fame in 1603, 130-131;
+  ungraciously received by King James, 132;
+  sent from Court of James, 133;
+  not judicious towards James, 134;
+  Spanish schemes distasteful to King, 135;
+  arrested for complicity in Watson's plot, 136;
+  compromised by Cobham, 136, 137;
+  committed to the Tower, 137;
+  attempts suicide, 137, 138, 141;
+  supposed farewell letter to his lady, 137-140;
+  stripped of his appointments, 141;
+  communications with Cobham, 141, 144, 145;
+  enmity of populace to, 145;
+  trial at Winchester, 146-157;
+  letter to K. James suing for life, 158, 159;
+  poem _The Pilgrimage_, 159;
+  reprieved at hour for execution, 160;
+  confinement in Tower, 160, 164, 167, 168;
+  efforts for his release, 169;
+  friendship with Queen and Prince Henry, 169;
+  asks permission to go to Guiana, 170, 174;
+  literary pursuits, 171;
+  consulted by P. Henry in shipbuilding, 173-4;
+  writing _Marriage Discourses_, 174;
+  _History of World_ and Ben Jonson, 175, 176-182;
+  demands for his MS., 184;
+  his _Cabinet Council_; _Discourse of War_; and _Observations on Trade
+      and Commerce_, 185, 186;
+  his release and conditions, 188, 189;
+  prepares second voyage to Guiana, 189-191;
+  intrigues for seizure of Genoa, 192;
+  leaves for Guiana--fleet vicissitudes, 193-194;
+  details of outward voyage, 195-200;
+  meets an old servant in Guiana, 200;
+  his son slain at San Thome, 201;
+  fails to discover gold, 201;
+  his faithful Keymis commits suicide, 202;
+  mutiny of his fleet _ib._;
+  ignominious return to England, 203, 205;
+  arrest and attempted escape, 206, 208;
+  writes _Apology for the Voyage to Guiana_, 208;
+  valuables found on his person, 209;
+  James uninfluenced by _Apology_, _ib._;
+  rhyming petition to Queen; her exertions, 209, 210;
+  examined before Commissioners, 210, 212;
+  written confession to the King, 212;
+  if pardoned declares ability to reveal State secrets, _ib._;
+  trial, defence, condemnation, 212, 213, 214;
+  bearing night before execution, 214-5;
+  last interview with his Lady, 215;
+  last verses, _ib._;
+  proposed burial at Beddington, 215;
+  last moments, conduct on scaffold, 216-220;
+  reason for attempted escape to France, 219;
+  execution, 221;
+  body in St. Margaret's, Westminster, 222;
+  his head embalmed and preserved, _ib._;
+  death roll of his friends, 223
+
+Raleigh, Walter, the younger, 114, 116;
+  and Sherborne estates, 143;
+  at Oxford; his tutors, 171;
+  wins a fatal duel, 175;
+  and Ben Jonson, _ib._;
+  Captain of the 'Destiny,' 193;
+  with Keymis in Orinoco gold expedition, 200;
+  killed at San Thome, last words, 201
+
+Raleigh, Lady, and _see_ Throckmorton;
+  influence over Cecil, 84;
+  appeals to Cecil, 110, 144, 158;
+  and Durham House, 117, 133;
+  her husband's supposed farewell letter, 137-140;
+  shares rooms in Tower, 162;
+  and Sherborne Estates, 144, 164, 165, 171, 172;
+  pleads with James for R.'s pardon, 169;
+  sells an estate at Mitcham, 189;
+  letter from R. in Guiana, 200;
+  meets R. at Plymouth, 206;
+  precedes R. to London, 207;
+  released from Tower, 212;
+  final interview with R., 215;
+  and burial of her husband, 215, 222;
+  her death, 222
+
+Rebellion in Ireland, R.'s share in suppression, 9-16
+
+_Remains_ of R.'s writings, 187
+
+'Repulse,' Essex's ship off Cadiz, 93;
+  off Azores, 107
+
+Revenge, R.'s ship, 42
+
+'_Revenge_,' _A Report of the Truth of the Fight_, etc., 51;
+  its style and anonymous issue, _ib._
+
+_Richard the Second_, Cecil entertains Essex and R. with Shakespeare,
+      103-104
+
+Richelieu refers to R., 193
+
+Rimenant, R. at battle of, 5
+
+Roanoke, discovery of, 28;
+  settled by Ralph Lane, 29
+
+Roche, Lord and Lady, captured by R., 15
+
+Rochelle privateers strip R.'s ships, 37
+
+'Roebuck,' R.'s ship captures 'Madre de Dios,' 60
+
+Roraima, 79
+
+Rutland, Countess of, Sir P. Sidney's sister, 175
+
+
+Sacharissa, grand-daughter of R.'s cousin, 33
+
+Saint Germain, R. receives manor of, 116
+
+Salisbury, R. ill at, 207, 208;
+  K. James and Court at, 208
+
+Salisbury, See of, and R.'s Sherborne estate, 52, 53, 64
+
+Salisbury, Cecil created Earl of, 166
+
+Salisbury, William, Second Earl of, playmate to young Walter R., 114;
+  at Sherborne, 116
+
+Salto Caroni, cataract of, 74
+
+San Juan de Ulloa, 6
+
+San Miguel, its capture arranged, 107, 109
+
+San Rafael de Barrancas settlement, 72
+
+San Thome, R.'s captain attacks, 201;
+  R.'s eldest son killed at, _ib._;
+  news of attack reaches Spain and England, 205
+
+Sancroft, Archbishop, attributes _History of England_ to R., 182
+
+Sandars, a legate, and Irish rebellion, 8
+
+Sarmiento, Don Pedro, captured by R., 33
+
+Sarmiento. _See_ Gondomar
+
+Savage, Sir Arthur, and Duc de Biron, 122;
+  reference to, 125
+
+Savoy watched by Venice, 190
+
+Scarnafissi, Savoyard Envoy, 192;
+  R. suggests to him seizure of Genoa, _ib._;
+  lays R.'s scheme before King James; its rejection, _ib._
+
+Schomburgk, Sir Robert, corroborates R. in Guiana, 71, 72
+
+Sentleger, Sir Warham, Irish command, 8;
+  Provost Marshal of Munster, 9
+
+Sentleger, Sir William, command in Guiana fleet, 194
+
+Shakespeare's advent, 85;
+  performance of his _Richard the Second_, 104
+
+Shepherd of the Ocean, R. so named by Spenser, 44, 46-7
+
+_Shepherd's Calender_ by Spenser, 10, 44;
+  references to R. in, 45
+
+Sherborne, R.'s favourite country abode, 52;
+  R.'s acquirement of, 52, 53;
+  R. at, 63, 67, 71, 87, 100, 114, 126, 127, 207;
+  Dean of Sarum lets farms over R.'s head, 64;
+  remnant of R.'s fortune: tries to tie it to his son and Adrian
+      Gilbert, 143;
+  Sir J. Elphinstone applies for, _ib._;
+  R. conveys it to his son with rent charge to Lady R., 144;
+  supports R. six years in Tower, 162;
+  King's Commissioners spoiling, 163;
+  Cecil stays commissioners, _ib._;
+  held on trust for Lady R. by Sir A. Brett, 164;
+  R.'s conveyance declared invalid, 164, 165;
+  Keymis warder of, 164;
+  Lady R. pleads for secure tenure of, 171;
+  James covets it for and bestows it on Carr, 171, 172;
+  repurchased for Prince Henry, 172;
+  Lady R. receives 8,000_l._ in lieu of, _ib._;
+  R.'s last sojourn at, 207
+
+_Shipping_, R.'s _Invention of_, 18
+
+Sidmouth Church, earliest R. deed preserved at, 2
+
+Sidney, Sir Philip, R.'s contemporary at Oxford, 3;
+  tennis court quarrel, 7;
+  handsome features, 20;
+  R.'s elegy on, 33
+
+Sidney, Robert, marries R.'s cousin, 33
+
+Simancas, R.'s map of Guiana found at, 83;
+  R.'s confession of French intrigues found at, 212
+
+Sion House, R. visits Earl of Northumberland at, 114
+
+Smerwick Bay, Spanish invasion at, 8
+
+Southwell, Sir Robert, with Cadiz expedition, 95
+
+Southwell, Lord, his ancestor distributes R.'s potatoes, 48
+
+Southampton, Earl of, his amusement, 111
+
+Spain and R., 25, 30, 32, 50, 51, 52, 84;
+  attack and capture of its plate ships, 59-60;
+  R. tries to stem flow of gold to, 76-77;
+  effect of Cadiz expedition on, 101;
+  R. counsels a second attack on, 105;
+  expedition to, and its accidents, 105, 106;
+  alters destiny for Azores, 107;
+  invades Ireland at Kinsale, 124;
+  King James waiting overtures from, 135;
+  R.'s _Discourse touching War with_, _ib._;
+  R.'s offer to raise and lead troops against, _ib._;
+  watching France, 190;
+  Guiana route submitted to, 191;
+  offers R. escort to Guiana gold mines, _ib._;
+  promised security at peril of R.'s life, 192, 205;
+  asks punishment of R. for San Thome attack, _ib._;
+  Buckingham favourable to, 210;
+  James, the attempted catspaw of R. against, 211;
+  English pensioners in pay of, _ib._
+
+_Spanish Alarum, The_, by R., 104
+
+Spanish Ambassador pleads for R.'s life, 158
+
+Spanish Armada, 38-39, 88
+
+_Spanish Faction in Scotland, the Dangers of a_, 124
+
+Spanish invasion of England, R.'s advice against, 37-38
+
+Sparrey, Francis, volunteers to stay in Guiana, 79;
+  captured by Spaniards; his account of Guiana, _ib._
+
+Spenser, Edmund, secretary to Lord Grey in Ireland, 10;
+  his _Shepherd's Calender_; first meets R., _ib._, 20;
+  _Colin Clout_, evidence of R.'s position with Queen, 43;
+  effect of R.'s friendship on, _ib._;
+  his _Faery Queen_ and R.'s adventures compared, _ib._;
+  Clerk of Council of Munster, 44;
+  Irish estate, _ib._;
+  returns to England; at Court with R., 48;
+  secures a pension for _Faery Queen_, 49
+
+'St. Andrew,' rich Spanish prize taken at Cadiz, 99
+
+St. Bartholomew's, R. and massacre on, 4
+
+St. John, J. A., _Life of R._, v.;
+  discovery of R.'s map of Guiana, 83;
+  prints R.'s confession, 212
+
+St. John, Oliver, trial of, 184
+
+St. John, Sir William, efforts for R.'s release, 188
+
+St. Margaret's, Westminster, R.'s body buried in, 222
+
+'St. Matthew,' valuable prize taken at Cadiz, 98, 99
+
+'St. Philip,' R.'s contest at Cadiz with, 96, 98;
+  saved from total destruction by Dutch, 99
+
+Stafford, Sir Edward, tells Bacon of R. in Tower, 57;
+  his kinswoman wife of Governor of Gomera, 197
+
+Stannaries, R. Lord Warden of the, 32, 64, 128, 141
+
+Stead, death of, 198
+
+_Steel Glass_, Gascoigne's, 5;
+  verses prefixed by R. to, _ib._
+
+Stourton, Lady, R. arrests a Jesuit in house of, 64
+
+Strozzi, Peter, lost at Azores, 39
+
+Stuart, Arabella, conspirators for, 102;
+  her descent and relationship to James I., 142, 143;
+  protests her ignorance of plot at R.'s trial, 155;
+  James wishes to spare, _ib._;
+  her death, R. deprived of her pearls, 187
+
+Stukely, Sir Lewis, R.'s cousin, arrests R., 206;
+  hires French quack to inveigle R., 207;
+  bribed by and betrays R., 208;
+  valuables on R.'s person fall to, 209;
+  denounced by R., 220;
+  condemned for clipping coin, 222;
+  fled to Lundy and died a maniac, 223
+
+Suffolk urges severity against R., 141
+
+'Summer's Nightingale,' R. styled the, 49
+
+
+Talbot, John, R.'s secretary in Tower, death of, 199
+
+Tarleton, comedian, his remark against R. at Court, 36
+
+Tax on tavern-keepers ascribed to R. but due to Queen, 131
+
+Temple, Middle, R. in, 5
+
+Tennyson, Lord, praise of Sir R. Grenville, 51
+
+_Tewkesbury, Annals of_, 171
+
+Throckmorton, Arthur, dispute and dismissal from fleet, 90;
+  restored by R.'s influence, 91;
+  gains distinction at Cadiz, 91
+
+Throckmorton, Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Nicholas, 55;
+  her love of R., 55;
+  private marriage with R., _ib._, 63;
+  confined in Tower, 57;
+  _see_ R., Lady
+
+Thynne, Francis, R.'s cousin, 214
+
+'Tiger,' Sir R. Grenville's ship, 29
+
+Tipperary, R. granted estates in, 34
+
+Tonson, navigator, 6
+
+Topiawari, friendly Guiana chief, 78, 79
+
+Tounson, Dean of Westminster, R.'s spiritual adviser, 214;
+  describes R. in face of death, 214-215;
+  attends R.'s execution, 216
+
+Tower, R. confined in, 57, 137, 138, 142, 145, 160, 161-188, 209;
+  R. attempts suicide in, 137;
+  plague in outlying posts of, 142;
+  R.'s apartments in Garden or Bloody Tower, 162;
+  malaria in, 164;
+  Lady R. and son leaves, 165;
+  R.'s experiments in garden of, 168;
+  death of Arabella Stuart in, 187;
+  release of R., 188
+
+Tower, Lieutenants of, in charge of R., Sir G. Harvey and Sir J. Peyton,
+      141;
+  Sir William Waad, 167;
+  Sir A. Apsley and Sir T. Wilson, 211
+
+_Trade and Commerce_, R. on, 186;
+  a plea for free trade, 186-187;
+  when published, 187
+
+Trinidad, A. de Berreo Governor of, 66;
+  visited by R.'s expedition, 67, 200;
+  its liquid pitch and oysters, 67;
+  R. returns from Guiana to, 80
+
+
+Udall, John, protected by R. and Essex, 50
+
+_Underwoods_, verses by R. attributed to Ben Jonson, 175
+
+
+Vanlore, Pieter, R. borrows of, 190
+
+Venezuela coast plundered by R.'s expedition, 81;
+  precautions against English, _ib._
+
+Venice watching Savoy, 190
+
+Vere, Sir Francis, with Cadiz expedition, 95, 97;
+  to attempt with Howard capture of Graciosa, 107
+
+Villiers, favourable to R., 187;
+  animus against Somerset, 188;
+  urged to intervene for R., 210;
+  pledged to Spanish alliance, _ib._
+
+Virginia, discovery of, 28;
+  failure of a second expedition to, 29;
+  its products attract R., 30;
+  collapse of R.'s colony, 33;
+  a fourth expedition fails, 36;
+  expenditure on abortive fifth expedition, 37;
+  R.'s relief vessels stripped by privateers, _ib._;
+  drain on R.'s fortune; leases patent, 41;
+  never visited by R., _ib._;
+  R.'s final effort to colonise, 125;
+  R. not a complete loser by expeditions to, 126;
+  expected return of an expedition by R., 40
+
+
+Waad, Sir W., takes R. to Winchester for trial, 145;
+  special commissioner at R.'s trial, 146;
+  thinks R. too comfortable in Tower, 162;
+  succeeds as Lieutenant of Tower, 167;
+  suspicion of R.'s experiments, 168;
+  reference to, 170
+
+Walsingham and R. in Paris on St. Bartholomew's eve, 4;
+  massacre of Fort del Ore reported to, 12;
+  reference to, 32;
+  death of, 50
+
+Walton, Izaak, accounts of Ben Jonson and R., 175
+
+_War_, R.'s _A Discourse of_, 185-6;
+  most pleasing of R.'s prose writings, 185
+
+Warburton, judge at R.'s Winchester trial, 146
+
+'War Sprite,' R.'s ship in Cadiz expedition, 94
+
+Waterford, R. granted estates in, 34;
+  trade in pipe-staves encouraged by R., 47
+
+Watson's plot, 135;
+  his conviction and execution, 158
+
+Webbe's praise of _Shepherd's Calender_, 44
+
+_West Indies, Sir W. R.'s voyage to the_, 7;
+  R.'s early visits to, _ib._
+
+West Horsley Church, R.'s head rests in, 222
+
+Wexford, its trade in pipe-staves encouraged by R., 47
+
+Weymouth, R. at, 100, 104, 116, 127
+
+Whiddon, Captain Jacob, visits Guiana for R., 66;
+  examines mouths of Orinoco, 69
+
+White, Captain John, fourth Virginian expedition, 36;
+  lands at Hatorask. His failure, _ib._
+
+White, Roland, records R. at Court, 103
+
+Whitlock, Captain, 167
+
+Willoughby, Ambrose, Esquire of the body, 111
+
+Wilson, Sir Thomas, spy on R., 211;
+  his acquaintance with Raleigh in Tower, _ib._
+
+Winchester, Marquis of, entertains Queen and French envoys at Basing
+      House, 123
+
+Winchester, R. tried at Wolvesey Castle, 145;
+  R. confined in, 157, 159;
+  R. removed from, 160
+
+Winchester, Bishop of, attendant on, 158
+
+Wines, farm of, R. granted, 24, 25;
+  King James transfers it to E. of Nottingham, 141
+
+Winwood, Sir Ralph, favourable to R., 187, 204;
+  hater of Spain, 188;
+  visits R.'s ship 'Destiny,' 192;
+  ignores Bailey's charge against R., 199;
+  R. writes of his Guiana failure to, 202;
+  his death, 203, 204
+
+Wither, George, prophecy of English supremacy in America, 25
+
+Wokoken, discovery of, 28
+
+Wood, Anthony a, records R. at Oxford, 3
+
+_Works_ by Ben Jonson, and R.'s verses, 175
+
+
+Yelverton, Attorney-General, prosecutes R., 210, 214
+
+Yetminster Manor given to R., 53
+
+Youghal burned by Geraldines, 8;
+  destruction of Geraldine Friary, 34;
+  R.'s residence at, 34, 44;
+  yew tree contemporary with R. still at, 48;
+  potato first planted at, 48
+
+
+Zouch, in trenches at Fort del Ore, 12;
+  at Lismore, 15
+
+
+_Spottiswoode & Co. Printers, New-street Square, London_
+
+
+
+
+TRANSCRIBERS' NOTES
+
+General: corrections to punctuation have not been individually documented
+
+General: references to page iii changed to page v
+
+Page 19: life-time standardised to lifetime
+
+Page 28: "'a delicate sweet smell' far out in ocean" as in original
+
+Pages 148, 238: Discrepancy in the spelling of Renzi/Rienzi as in original
+
+Page 160: Gray's standardised to Grey's in "could not hear, Grey's lips"
+
+Page 226: "Madre de Dio" standardised to "Madre de Dios"
+          Beddingfield Park standardised to Bedingfield Park
+
+Page 228: Gavan standardised to Gawen
+
+Psge 233: N.W. standardised to N.-W.
+
+Page 238: 206-7-8 standardised to 206-8
+
+Page 239: Meere standardised to Meeres
+          Montcontour standardised to Moncontour
+
+Page 240: hatband standardised to hat-band
+
+Page 242: broadcloths standardised to broad-cloths
+          McDermod standardised to MacDermod
+
+Page 246: Page number corrected from 24 to 64 in entry Stourton
+
+Page 247: Page number corrected from 517 to 175 in entry Underwoods
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Raleigh, by Edmund Gosse
+
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