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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Raleigh + +Author: Edmund Gosse + +Editor: Andrew Lang + +Release Date: December 20, 2008 [EBook #27580] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK RALEIGH *** + + + + +Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading +Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + + +<h1 class="gap3">RALEIGH</h1> + +<div class="bbox gap3" style="width:30em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;"> +<h3 style="padding-top:1em;">ENGLISH WORTHIES.</h3> + +<p class="smcap center">Edited by ANDREW LANG.</p> + +<p class="smaller center"><i>Price 2s. 6d. each.</i></p> + +<hr style="width:25%; margin-top:0em; margin-bottom:0em;" /> + +<p class="center">ALREADY PUBLISHED:</p> + +<p class="larger pad2">CHARLES DARWIN. By <span class="smcap">Grant Allen</span>.</p> +<p class="larger pad2">MARLBOROUGH. By <span class="smcap">George Saintsbury</span>.</p> +<p class="larger pad2">SHAFTESBURY (the First Earl). By <span class="smcap">H. D. Traill</span>.</p> +<p class="larger pad2">ADMIRAL BLAKE. By <span class="smcap">David Hannay</span>.</p> + +<hr style="width:25%; margin-top:0em; margin-bottom:0em;" /> +<p class="center">IN PREPARATION:</p> + +<table summary="Advertised biographies"> +<tr><td class="padsmall">STEELE</td><td class="padsmall">By <span class="smcap">Austin Dobson</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="padsmall">SIR T. MORE</td><td class="padsmall">By <span class="smcap">J. Cotter Morison</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="padsmall">WELLINGTON</td><td class="padsmall">By <span class="smcap">R. Louis Stevenson</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="padsmall">LORD PETERBOROUGH</td><td class="padsmall">By <span class="smcap">Walter Besant</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="padsmall">CLAVERHOUSE</td><td class="padsmall">By <span class="smcap">Mowbray Morris</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="padsmall">LATIMER</td><td class="padsmall">By Canon <span class="smcap">Creighton</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="padsmall">DRAKE</td><td class="padsmall">By <span class="smcap">W. H. Pollock</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="padsmall">BEN JONSON</td><td class="padsmall">By <span class="smcap">J. A. Symonds</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="padsmall">ISAAK WALTON</td><td class="padsmall">By <span class="smcap">Andrew Lang</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="padsmall">CANNING</td><td class="padsmall">By <span class="smcap">Frank H. Hill</span>.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="center">London: LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO.</p> +</div> + + + + +<h2 class="gap3">English Worthies</h2> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Edited by ANDREW LANG</span></p> + +<hr style="width:25%; margin-top:0em;" /> + +<h1>RALEIGH</h1> + + +<h3 class="gap3">BY</h3> + +<h2>EDMUND GOSSE, M.A.</h2> + +<p class="center smaller">CLARK LECTURER IN ENGLISH LITERATURE AT TRINITY COLLEGE +CAMBRIDGE</p> + + +<p class="center larger gap3">LONDON</p> + +<p class="center larger">LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.</p> + +<p class="center larger">1886</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>All rights reserved</i></p> + +<p class="center smaller">PRINTED BY +SPOTTISWOODE AND CO., NEW-STREET SQUARE +LONDON</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[Pg v]</a></span></p> + + + +<h2 class="gap3">PREFACE.</h2> + + +<p>The existing Lives of Raleigh are very numerous. +To this day the most interesting of these, as a literary +production, is that published in 1736 by William Oldys, +afterwards Norroy King at Arms. This book was a +marvel of research, as well as of biographical skill, at +the time of its appearance, but can no longer compete +with later lives as an authority. By a curious chance, +two writers who were each ignorant of the other simultaneously +collected information regarding Raleigh, and +produced two laborious and copious Lives of him, at +the same moment, in 1868. Each of these collections, +respectively by Mr. Edward Edwards, whose death is +announced as these words are leaving the printers, and +by the late Mr. James Augustus St. John, added very +largely to our knowledge of Raleigh; but, of course, +each of these writers was precluded from using the discoveries +of the other. The present Life is the first in +which the fresh matter brought forward by Mr. Edwards +and by Mr. St. John has been collated; Mr. Edwards, +moreover, deserved well of all Raleigh students by +editing for the first time, in 1868, the correspondence +of Raleigh. I hope that I do not seem to disparage<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[Pg vi]</a></span> +Mr. Edwards's book when I say that in his arrangement +and conjectural dating of undated documents I am very +frequently in disaccord with him. The present Life +contains various small data which are now for the first +time published, and more than one fact of considerable +importance which I owe to the courtesy of Mr. John +Cordy Jeaffreson. I have, moreover, taken advantage +up to date of the <i>Reports</i> of the Historical MSS. Commission, +and of the two volumes of <i>Lismore Papers</i> this +year published. In his prospectus to the latter Dr. +Grosart promises us still more about Raleigh in later +issues. My dates are new style.</p> + +<p>The present sketch of Raleigh's life is the first +attempt which has been made to portray his personal +career disengaged from the general history of his time. +To keep so full a life within bounds it has been necessary +to pass rapidly over events of signal importance in which +he took but a secondary part. I may point as an example +to the defeat of the Spanish Armada, a chapter +in English history which has usually occupied a large +space in the chronicle of Raleigh and his times. Mrs. +Creighton's excellent little volume on the latter and +wider theme may be recommended to those who wish +to see Raleigh painted not in a full-length portrait, but +in an historical composition of the reigns of Elizabeth +and James I. I have to thank Dr. Brushfield for the +use of his valuable Raleigh bibliography, now in the +press, and for other kind help.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span></p> + + + + +<h2 class="gap3"><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS.</h2> + + +<table style="width:80%;" summary="Table of Contents"> +<tr> +<th class="smaller tocpage">CHAPTER</th> +<th></th> +<th class="smaller tocpage">PAGE</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tocnum">I.</td> +<td>YOUTH</td> +<td class="tocpage"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tocnum">II.</td> +<td>AT COURT</td> +<td class="tocpage"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tocnum">III.</td> +<td>IN DISGRACE</td> +<td class="tocpage"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tocnum">IV.</td> +<td>GUIANA</td> +<td class="tocpage"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tocnum">V.</td> +<td>CADIZ</td> +<td class="tocpage"><a href="#Page_88">88</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tocnum">VI.</td> +<td>LAST DAYS OF ELIZABETH</td> +<td class="tocpage"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tocnum">VII.</td> +<td>THE TRIAL AT WINCHESTER</td> +<td class="tocpage"><a href="#Page_132">132</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tocnum">VIII.</td> +<td>IN THE TOWER</td> +<td class="tocpage"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tocnum">IX.</td> +<td>THE SECOND VOYAGE TO GUIANA</td> +<td class="tocpage"><a href="#Page_189">189</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tocnum">X.</td> +<td>THE END</td> +<td class="tocpage"><a href="#Page_204">204</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tocnum"></td> +<td>INDEX</td> +<td class="tocpage"><a href="#Page_225">225</a></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</a></span></p> + + + + +<h2 class="gap3"><a name="MAPS" id="MAPS"></a>MAPS.</h2> + + +<table style="width:80%;" summary="Table of Maps"> +<tr> +<td>SOUTH OF ENGLAND AND IRELAND</td> +<td class="tocpage"><a href="#Map_1"><i>To face p. 16</i></a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>GUIANA</td> +<td class="tocpage"><a href="#Map_2"><i>" 70</i></a></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p> + + + +<h2 class="gap3">RALEIGH.</h2> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I.</h2> + +<h3>YOUTH.</h3> + + +<p>Walter Raleigh was born, so Camden and an anonymous +astrologer combine to assure us, in 1552. The +place was Hayes Barton, a farmstead in the parish of +East Budleigh, in Devonshire, then belonging to his +father; it passed out of the family, and in 1584 Sir +Walter attempted to buy it back. 'For the natural +disposition I have to the place, being born in that house, +I had rather seat myself there than anywhere else,' he +wrote to a Mr. Richard Duke, the then possessor, who +refused to sell it. Genealogists, from himself downwards, +have found a rich treasure in Raleigh's family +tree, which winds its branches into those of some of +the best Devonshire houses, the Gilberts, the Carews, +the Champernownes. His father, the elder Walter +Raleigh, in his third marriage became the second +husband of Katherine Gilbert, daughter of Sir Philip +Champernoun of Modbury. By Otto Gilbert, her first +husband, she had been the mother of two boys destined +to be bold navigators and colonists, Humphrey and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span> +Adrian Gilbert. It, is certainly the influence of his half-brother +Sir Humphrey Gilbert, of Compton, which is +most strongly marked upon the character of young +Raleigh; while Adrian was one of his own earliest +converts to Virginian enterprise.</p> + +<p>The earliest notice of Sir Walter Raleigh known to +exist was found and communicated to the <i>Transactions +of the Devonshire Association</i> by Dr. Brushfield in +1883. It is in a deed preserved in Sidmouth Church, +by which tithes of fish are leased by the manor of +Sidmouth to 'Walter Rawlegh the elder, Carow Ralegh, +and Walter Ralegh the younger,' on September 10, 1560. +In 1578 the same persons passed over their interest in +the fish-titles in another deed, which contains their +signatures. It is amusing to find that the family had +not decided how to spell its name. The father writes +'Ralegh,' his elder son Carew writes 'Caro Rawlyh,' +while the subject of this memoir, in this his earliest +known signature, calls himself 'Rauleygh.'</p> + +<p>His father was a Protestant when young Walter was +born, but his mother seems to have remained a Catholic. +In the persecution under Mary, she, as we learn from +Foxe, went into Exeter to visit the heretics in gaol, and +in particular to see Agnes Prest before her burning. Mrs. +Raleigh began to exhort her to repentance, but the +martyr turned the tables on her visitor, and urged the +gentlewoman to seek the blessed body of Christ in +heaven, not on earth, and this with so much sweet persuasiveness +that when Mrs. Raleigh 'came home to her +husband she declared to him that in her life she never +heard any woman, of such simplicity to see to, talk so +godly and so earnestly; insomuch, that if God were not<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span> +with her she could not speak such things—"I was not +able to answer her, I, who can read, and she cannot."' +It is easy to perceive that this anecdote would not have +been preserved if the incident had not heralded the +final secession of Raleigh's parents from the creed of +Philip II., and thus Agnes Prest was not without her +share in forging Raleigh's hatred of bigotry and of the +Spaniard. Very little else is known about Walter and +Katherine Raleigh. They lived at their manorial farm +of Hayes Barton, and they were buried side by side, as +their son tells us, 'in Exeter church.'</p> + +<p>The university career of Raleigh is vague to us +in the highest degree. The only certain fact is that +he left Oxford in 1569. Anthony à Wood says that +he was three years there, and that he entered Oriel +College as a commoner in or about the year 1568. +Fuller speaks of him as resident at Christ Church also. +Perhaps he went to Christ Church first as a boy of fourteen, +in 1566, and removed to Oriel at sixteen. Sir +Philip Sidney, Hakluyt, and Camden were all of them +at Oxford during those years, and we may conjecture +that Raleigh's acquaintance with them began there. +Wood tells us that Raleigh, being 'strongly advanced +by academical learning at Oxford, under the care of an +excellent tutor, became the ornament of the juniors, +and a proficient in oratory and philosophy.' Bacon and +Aubrey preserved each an anecdote of Raleigh's university +career, neither of them worth repeating here.</p> + +<p>The exact date at which he left Oxford is uncertain. +Camden, who was Raleigh's age, and at the university +at the same time, says authoritatively in his <i>Annales</i>, +that he was one of a hundred gentlemen volunteers<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> +taken to the help of the Protestant princes by Henry +Champernowne, who was Raleigh's first-cousin, the son +of his mother's elder brother. We learn from De Thou +that Champernowne's contingent arrived at the Huguenot +camp on October 5, 1569. This seems circumstantial +enough, but there exist statements of Raleigh's own +which tend to show that, if he was one of his cousin's +volunteers, he yet preceded him into France. In the +<i>History of the World</i> he speaks of personally remembering +the conduct of the Protestants, immediately after +the death of Condé, at the battle of Jarnac (March 13, +1569). Still more positively Raleigh says, 'myself +was an eye-witness' of the retreat at Moncontour, on +October 3, two days before the arrival of Champernoun. +A provoking obscurity conceals Walter Raleigh from +us for the next six or seven years. When Hakluyt +printed his <i>Voyages</i> in 1589 he mentioned that he +himself was five years in France. In a previous dedication +he had reminded Raleigh that the latter had made +a longer stay in that country than himself. Raleigh +has therefore been conjectured to have fought in France +for six years, that is to say, until 1575.</p> + +<p>During this long and important period we are almost +without a glimpse of him, nor is it anything but fancy +which has depicted him as shut up by Walsingham +at the English embassy in Paris on the fatal evening +of St. Bartholomew's. Another cousin of his, Gawen +Champernoun, became the son-in-law and follower of +the Huguenot chief, Montgomery, whose murder on +June 26, 1574, may very possibly have put a term +to Raleigh's adventures as a Protestant soldier in +France. The allusions to his early experiences are<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> +rare and slight in the <i>History of the World</i>, but one +curious passage has often been quoted. In illustration +of the way in which Alexander the Great harassed +Bessus, Raleigh mentions that, 'in the third civil war +of France,' he saw certain Catholics, who had retired +to mountain-caves in Languedoc, smoked out of their +retreat by the burning of bundles of straw at the cave's +mouth. There has lately been shown to be no probability +in the conjecture, made by several of his biographers, +that he was one of the English volunteers in the +Low Countries who fought in their shirts and drawers +at the battle of Rimenant in August 1578.</p> + +<p>On April 15, 1576, the poet Gascoigne, who was +a <i>protégé</i>, of Raleigh's half-brother, issued his satire +in blank verse, entitled <i>The Steel Glass</i>, a little volume +which holds an important place in the development +of our poetical literature. To this satire a copy of +eighteen congratulatory verses was prefixed by 'Walter +Rawely of the middle Temple.' These lines are perfunctory +and are noticeable only for their heading 'of +the middle Temple.' Raleigh positively tells us that he +never studied law until he found himself a prisoner in +the Tower, and he was probably only a passing lodger +in some portion of the Middle Temple in 1576. On +October 7, 1577, Gascoigne died prematurely and deprived +us of a picturesque pen which might have gossiped +of Raleigh's early career.</p> + +<p>I am happy, through the courtesy of Mr. J. Cordy +Jeaffreson, in being able for the first time to prove that +Walter Raleigh was admitted to the Court as early as +1577. So much has been suspected, from his language +to Leicester in a later letter from Ireland, but there has<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> +hitherto been no evidence of the fact. In examining +the Middlesex records, Mr. Jeaffreson has discovered +that on the night of December 16, 1577, a party of +merry roisterers broke the peace at Hornsey. Their +ringleaders were a certain Richard Paunsford and his +brother, who are described in the recognisances taken +next day before the magistrate Jasper Fisher as the +servants of 'Walter Rawley, of Islington, Esq.,' and two +days later as yeoman in the service of Walter Rawley, +Esq., 'of the Court (<i>de curia</i>).'</p> + +<p>It is very important to find him thus early officially +described as of the Court. As Raleigh afterwards said, +the education of his youth was a training in the arts of +a gentleman and a soldier. But it extended further than +this—it embraced an extraordinary knowledge of the sea, +and in particular of naval warfare. It is tantalising that +we have but the slenderest evidence of the mode in which +this particular schooling was obtained. The western ocean +was, all through the youth of Raleigh, the most fascinating +and mysterious of the new fields which were +being thrown open to English enterprise. He was a +babe when Tonson came back with the first wonderful +legend of the hidden treasure-house of the Spaniard in +the West Indies. He was at Oxford when England +thrilled with the news of Hawkins' tragical third voyage. +He came back from France just in time to share the +general satisfaction at Drake's revenge for San Juan de +Ulloa. All through his early days the splendour and +perilous romance of the Spanish Indies hung before him, +inflaming his fancy, rousing his ambition. In his own +family, Sir Humphrey Gilbert represented a milder and +more generous class of adventurers than Drake and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> +Hawkins, a race more set on discovery and colonisation +than on mere brutal rapine, the race of which Raleigh +was ultimately to become the most illustrious example. +If we possessed minute accounts of the various expeditions +in which Gilbert took part, we should probably find +that his young half-brother was often his companion. +As early as 1584 Barlow addresses Raleigh as one +personally conversant with the islands of the Gulf of +Mexico, and there was a volume, never printed and +now lost, written about the same time, entitled <i>Sir +Walter Raleigh's Voyage to the West Indies</i>. This expedition, +no other allusion to which has survived, must +have taken place before he went to Ireland in 1580, and +may be conjecturally dated 1577.</p> + +<p>The incidents of the next two years may be rapidly +noted; they are all of them involved in obscurity. It +is known that Raleigh crossed the Atlantic for a second +time on board one of the ships of Gilbert's ill-starred +expedition to the St. Lawrence in the winter of 1578. +In February of the next year<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> he was again in London, +and was committed to the Fleet Prison for a 'fray' with +another courtier. In September 1579, he was involved +in Sir Philip Sidney's tennis-court quarrel with Lord +Oxford. In May of this same year he was stopped at +Plymouth when in the act of starting on a piratical +expedition against Spanish America. He had work to +do in opposing Spain nearer home, and he first comes +clearly before us in connection with the Catholic invasion +of Ireland in the close of 1579. It was on July 17,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> +1579, that the Catholic expedition from Ferrol landed +at Dingle. Fearing to stay there, it passed four miles +westward to Smerwick Bay, and there built a fortress +called Fort del Ore, on a sandy isthmus, thinking in +case of need easily to slip away to the ocean. The +murder of an English officer, who was stabbed in his +bed while the guest of the brother of the Earl of Desmond, +was recommended by Sandars the legate as a +sweet sacrifice in the sight of God, and ruthlessly committed. +The result was what Sandars had foreseen; the +Geraldines, hopelessly compromised, threw up the fiction +of loyalty to Elizabeth. Sir Nicholas Malby defeated +the rebels in the Limerick woods in September, but +in return the Geraldines burned Youghal and drove the +Deputy within the walls of Cork, where he died of +chagrin. The temporary command fell on an old friend +of Raleigh's, Sir Warham Sentleger, who wrote in +December 1579 a letter of earnest appeal which broke +up the apathy of the English Government. Among +other steps hurriedly taken to uphold the Queen's power +in Ireland, young Walter Raleigh was sent where his +half-brother, Humphrey Gilbert, had so much distinguished +himself ten years before.</p> + +<p>The biographer breathes more freely when he holds +at last the earliest letter which remains in the handwriting +of his hero. All else may be erroneous or conjectural, +but here at least, for a moment, he presses his +fingers upon the very pulse of the machine. On +February 22, 1580, Raleigh wrote from Cork to +Burghley, giving him an account of his voyage. It +appears that he wrote on the day of his arrival, and if +that be the case, he left London, and passed down the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> +Thames, in command of a troop of one hundred foot +soldiers, on January 15, 1580. By the same computation, +they reached the Isle of Wight on the 21st, and stayed +there to be transferred into ships of Her Majesty's fleet, +not starting again until February 5. On his reaching +Cork, Raleigh found that his men and he were only to be +paid from the day of their arrival in Ireland, and he +wrote off at once to Burghley to secure, if possible, the +arrears. His arrival was a welcome reinforcement to +Sentleger, who was holding Cork in the greatest peril, +with only forty Englishmen. It must be recollected that +this force under Raleigh was but a fragment of what +English squadrons were busily bringing through this +month of January into every port of Ireland. Elizabeth +had, at last, awakened in earnest to her danger.</p> + +<p>Raleigh, in all probability, took no part in the +marchings and skirmishings of the English armies until +the summer. His 'reckoning,' or duty-pay, as a captain +in the field, begins on July 13, 1580, and perhaps, +until that date, his services consisted in defending Cork +under Sentleger. In August he was joined with the +latter, who was now Provost-marshal of Munster, in a +commission to try Sir James, the younger brother of +the Earl of Desmond, who had been captured by the +Sheriff of Cork. No mercy could be expected by so +prominent a Geraldine; he was hanged, drawn and +quartered, and the fragments of his body were hung +in chains over the gates of Cork. Meanwhile, on +August 12, Lord Grey de Wilton arrived in Dublin +to relieve Pelham of sovereign command in Ireland. +Grey, though he learned to dislike Raleigh, was probably +more cognisant of his powers than Pelham, who<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> +may never have heard of him. Grey had been the +patron of the poet Gascoigne, and one of the most prominent +men in the group with whom we have already +seen that Raleigh was identified in his early youth.</p> + +<p>From the moment of Grey's arrival in Ireland, the +name of Raleigh ceased to be obscure. Sir William +Pelham retired on September 7, and Lord Grey, who had +brought the newly famous poet, Edmund Spenser, with +him as his secretary, marched into Munster. With his +exploits we have nothing to do, save to notice that it +must have been in the camp at Rakele, if not on the +battle-field of Glenmalure, that Raleigh began his +momentous friendship with Spenser, whose <i>Shepherd's +Calender</i> had inaugurated a new epoch in English +poetry just a month before Raleigh's departure for +Ireland. It is scarcely too fanciful to believe that this +tiny anonymous volume of delicious song may have +lightened the weariness of that winter voyage of 1580, +which was to prove so momentous in the career of +'the Shepherd of the Ocean.' Lodovick Bryskett, Fulke +Greville, Barnabee Googe, and Geoffrey Fenton were +minor songsters of the copious Elizabethan age who +were now in Munster as agents or soldiers, and we may +suppose that the tedious guerilla warfare, in the woods +had its hours of literary recreation for Raleigh.</p> + +<p>The fortress on the peninsula of Dingle was now +occupied by a fresh body of Catholic invaders, mainly +Italians, and Smerwick Bay again attracted general +interest. Grey, as Deputy, and Ormond, as governor of +Munster, united their forces and marched towards this +extremity of Kerry; Raleigh, with his infantry, joined +them at Rakele; and we may take September 30, 1580,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> +which is the date when his first 'reckoning' closes, as +that on which he took some fresh kind of service under +Lord Grey. Hooker, who was an eye-witness, supplies +us with some very interesting glimpses of Raleigh in +his <i>Supply of the Irish Chronicles</i>, a supplement to +Holinshed. We learn from him that when Lord Grey +broke into the camp at Rakele, Raleigh stayed behind, +having observed that the kerns had the habit of swooping +down upon any deserted encampment to rob and murder +the camp followers. This expectation was fulfilled; the +hungry Irish poured into Rakele as soon as the Deputy's +back was turned. Raleigh had the satisfaction of capturing +a large body of these poor creatures. One of them +carried a great bundle of withies, and Raleigh asked him +what they were for. 'To have hung up the English +churls with,' was the bold reply. 'Well,' said Raleigh, +'but now they shall serve for an Irish kern,' and commanded +him 'to be immediately tucked up in one of his +own neck-bands.' The rest were served in a similar way, +and then the young Englishman rode on after the army.</p> + +<p>Towards the end of October they came in sight of +Smerwick Bay, and of the fort on the sandy isthmus in +which the Italians and Spaniards were lying in the +hope of slipping back to Spain. The Legate had no +sanguine aspirations left; every roof that could harbour +the Geraldines had been destroyed in the English +forays; Desmond was hiding, like a wild beast, in the +Wood. By all the principles of modern warfare, the time +had come for mercy and conciliation, and one man in +Ireland, Ormond, thought as much. But Lord Grey +was a soldier of the old disposition, an implacable enemy +to Popery, what we now call a 'Puritan' of the most<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> +fierce and frigid type. There is no evidence to show +that the gentle Englishmen who accompanied him, some +of the best and loveliest spirits of the age, shrank from +sharing his fanaticism. There was massacre to be gone +through, but neither Edmund Spenser, nor Fulke Greville, +nor Walter Raleigh dreamed of withdrawing his +sanction. The story has been told and retold. For +simple horror it is surpassed, in the Irish history of +the time, only by the earlier exploit which depopulated +the island of Rathlin. In the perfectly legitimate opening +of the siege of Fort del Ore, Raleigh held a very +prominent commission, and we see that his talents +were rapidly being recognised, from the fact that for the +first three days he was entrusted with the principal command. +It would appear that on the fourth day, when the +Italians waved their white flag and screamed 'Misericordia! +misericordia!' it was not Raleigh, but Zouch, +who was commanding in the trenches. The parley the +Catholics demanded was refused, and they were told +they need not hope for mercy. Next day, which was +November 9, 1580, the fort yielded helplessly. Raleigh +and Mackworth received Grey's orders to enter and +'fall straight to execution.'</p> + +<p>It was thought proper to give Catholic Europe a warning +not to meddle with Catholic Ireland. In the words of +the official report immediately sent home to Walsingham, +as soon as the fort was yielded, 'all the Irish men and +women were hanged, and 600 and upwards of Italians, +Spaniards, Biscayans and others put to the sword. The +Colonel, Captain, Secretary, Campmaster, and others of +the best sort, saved to the number of 20 persons.' Of +these last, two had their arms and legs broken before<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> +being hanged on a gallows on the wall of the fort. The +bodies of the six hundred were stripped and laid out on +the sands—'as gallant goodly personages,' Lord Grey reported, +'as ever were beheld.' The Deputy took all the +responsibility and expected no blame; he received none. +In reply to his report, Elizabeth assured him a month +later that 'this late enterprise had been performed by +him greatly to her liking.' It is useless to expatiate on +a code of morals that seems to us positively Japanese. +To Lord Grey and the rest the rebellious kerns and their +Southern allies were enemies of God and the Queen, +beyond the scope of mercy in this world or the next, and +no more to be spared or paltered with than malignant +vermin. In his inexperience, Raleigh, to be soon +ripened by knowledge of life and man, agreed with this +view, but, happily for Ireland and England too, there +were others who declined to sink, as Mr. Froude says, +'to the level of the Catholic continental tyrannies.' At +Ormond's instigation the Queen sent over in April 1581 +a general pardon.</p> + +<p>Severe as Lord Grey was, he seemed too lenient +to Raleigh. In January 1581, the young captain left +Cork and made the perilous journey to Dublin to expostulate +with the Deputy, and to urge him to treat +with greater stringency various Munster chieftains who +were blowing the embers of the rebellion into fresh +flame. Among these malcontents the worst was a certain +David Barry, son of Lord Barry, himself a prisoner +in Dublin Castle. David Barry had placed the family +stronghold, Barry Court, at the disposal of the Geraldines. +Raleigh obtained permission to seize and hold +this property, and returned from Dublin to carry out his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> +duty. On his way back, as he was approaching Barry's +country, with his men straggling behind him, the +Seneschal of Imokelly, the strongest and craftiest of +the remaining Geraldines, laid an ambush to seize him +at the ford of Corabby. Raleigh not only escaped +himself, but returned in the face of a force which was +to his as twenty to one, in order to rescue a comrade +whose horse had thrown him in the river. With a +quarter-staff in one hand and a pistol in the other, +he held the Seneschal and his kerns at bay, and brought +his little body of troops through the ambush without the +loss of one man. In the dreary monotony of the war, +this brilliant act of courage, of which Raleigh himself in +a letter gives a very modest account, touched the popular +heart, and did as much as anything to make him famous.</p> + +<p>The existing documents which illustrate Raleigh's +life in Ireland during 1581, and they are somewhat +numerous, give the student a much higher notion of +his brilliant aptitude for business and of his active +courage than of his amiability. His vivacity and ingenuity +were sources of irritation to him, as the vigour +of an active man may vex him in wading across loose +sands. There was no stability and apparently no hope +or aim in the policy of the English leaders, and Raleigh +showed no mock-modesty in his criticism of that policy. +Ormond had been on friendly terms with him, but as +early as February 25 a quarrel was ready to break out. +Ormond wished to hold Barry Court, which was the +key to the important road between Cork and Youghal, as +his own; while Raleigh was no less clamorous in claiming +it. In the summer, not satisfied with complaining +of Ormond to Grey, he denounced Grey to Leicester.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> +In the meantime he had succeeded in ousting Ormond, +who was recalled to England, and in getting himself +made, if not nominally, practically Governor of Munster. +He proceeded to Lismore, then the English capital +of the province, and made that town the centre of +those incessant sallies and forays which Hooker describes. +One of these skirmishes, closing in the defeat +of Lord Barry at Cleve, showed consummate military +ability, and deserves almost to rank as a battle.</p> + +<p>In August, Raleigh's temporary governorship of +Munster ended. He was too young and too little +known a man permanently to hold such a post. Zouch +took his place at Lismore, and Raleigh, returning to +Cork, was made Governor of that city. It was at this +time, or possibly a little earlier in the year, that Raleigh +made his romantic attack upon Castle Bally-in-Harsh, +the seat of Lord Roche. On the very same evening +that Raleigh received a hint from head-quarters that +the capture of this strongly fortified place was desirable, +he set out with ninety men on the adventure. His +troop arrived at Harsh very early in the morning, but +not so early but that the townspeople, to the number +of five hundred, had collected to oppose his little force. +He soon put them to flight, and then, by a nimble +trick, contrived to enter the castle itself, to seize Lord +and Lady Roche at their breakfast-table, to slip out +with them and through the town unmolested, and to +regain Cork next day with the loss of only a single +man. The whole affair was a piece of military sleight +of hand, brilliantly designed, incomparably well carried +out. The summer and autumn were passed in scouring +the woods and ravines of Munster from Tipperary to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> +Kilkenny. Miserable work he found it, and glad he +must have been when a summons from London put an +end to his military service in Ireland. In two years he +had won a great reputation. Elizabeth, it may well be, +desired to see him, and talk with him on what he called +'the business of this lost land.' In December 1581 he +returned to England.</p> + +<p>One point more may be mentioned. In a letter +dated May 1, 1581, Raleigh offers to rebuild the ruined +fortress of Barry Court at his own expense. This shows +that he must by this time have come into a certain +amount of property, for his Irish pay as a captain was, +he says, so poor that but for honour he 'would disdain +it as much as to keep sheep.' This fact disposes of the +notion that Raleigh arrived at the Court of Elizabeth +in the guise of a handsome penniless adventurer. Perhaps +he had by this time inherited his share of the +paternal estates.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 505px;"> +<a name="Map_1" id="Map_1"></a> +<img src="images/map1.png" width="505" height="611" alt="SOUTH OF ENGLAND AND IRELAND." title="" /> +<span class="caption">SOUTH OF ENGLAND AND IRELAND.</span> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span></p> + + + + +<h2 class="gap3"><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II.</h2> + +<h3>AT COURT.</h3> + + +<p>Raleigh had not completed his thirtieth year when he +became a recognised courtier. We have seen that he +had passed, four years before, within the precincts of the +Court, but we do not know whether the Queen had +noticed him or not. In the summer of 1581 he had +written thus to Leicester from Lismore:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I may not forget continually to put your Honour in +mind of my affection unto your Lordship, having to the +world both professed and protested the same. Your +Honour, having no use of such poor followers, hath utterly +forgotten me. Notwithstanding, if your Lordship shall +please to think me yours, as I am, I will be found as ready, +and dare do as much in your service, as any man you may +command; and do neither so much despair of myself but +that I may be some way able to perform so much.</p></div> + +<p>To Leicester, then, we may be sure, he went,—to find +him, and the whole Court with him, in the throes of +the Queen's latest and final matrimonial embroilment. +Raleigh had a few weeks in which to admire the empty +and hideous suitor whom France had sent over to claim +Elizabeth's hand, and during this critical time it is +possible that he enjoyed his personal introduction to the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> +Queen. Walter Raleigh in the prime of his strength +and beauty formed a curious contrast to poor Alençon, +and the difference was one which Elizabeth would not +fail to recognise. On February 1, 1582, he was paid +the sum of 200<i>l.</i> for his Irish services, and a week later +he set out under Leicester, in company with Sir Philip +Sidney, among the throng that conducted the French +prince to the Netherlands.</p> + +<p>When Elizabeth's 'poor frog,' as she called Alençon, +had been duly led through the gorgeous pageant prepared +in his honour at Antwerp, on February 17, the +English lords and their train, glad to be free of their +burden, passed to Flushing, and hastened home with +as little ceremony as might be. Raleigh alone remained +behind, to carry some special message of compliment +from the Queen to the Prince of Orange. It is Raleigh +himself, in his <i>Invention of Shipping</i>, who gives us this +interesting information, and he goes on to say that when +the Prince of Orange 'delivered me his letters to her +Majesty, he prayed me to say to the Queen from him, +<i>Sub umbra alarum tuarum protegimur</i>: for certainly, +said he, they had withered in the bud, and sunk in the +beginning of their navigation, had not her Majesty +assisted them.' It would have been natural to entrust +to Leicester such confidential utterances as these were +a reply to. But Elizabeth was passing through a +paroxysm of rage with Leicester at the moment. She +ventured to call him 'traitor' and to accuse him of +conspiring with the Prince of Orange. Notwithstanding +this, his influence was still paramount with her, and it +was characteristic of her shrewd petulance to confide in +Leicester's <i>protégé</i>, although not in Leicester himself.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> +Towards the end of March, Raleigh settled at the +English Court.</p> + +<p>On April 1, 1582, Elizabeth issued from Greenwich a +strange and self-contradictory warrant with regard to +service in Ireland, and the band of infantry hitherto commanded +in that country by a certain Captain Annesley, +now deceased. The words must be quoted verbatim:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>For that our pleasure is to have our servant Walter +Rawley [this was the way in which the name was pronounced +during Raleigh's lifetime] trained some time longer +in that our realm [Ireland] for his better experience in +martial affairs, and for the especial care which We have to +do him good, in respect of his kindred that have served Us, +some of them (as you know) near about Our person [probably +Mrs. Catherine Ashley, who was Raleigh's aunt]; +these are to require you that the leading of the said band +may be committed to the said Rawley; and for that he is, +for some considerations, by Us excused to stay here. Our +pleasure is that the said band be, in the meantime, till he +repair into that Our realm, delivered to some such as he +shall depute to be his lieutenant there.</p></div> + +<p>He is to be captain in Ireland, but not just yet, not +till a too tender Queen can spare him. We find that +he was paid his 'reckoning' for six months after the +issue of this warrant, but there is no evidence that he +was spared at any time during 1582 to relieve his Irish +deputy. He was now, in fact, installed as first favourite +in the still susceptible heart of the Virgin Star of the +North.</p> + +<p>This, then, is a favourable opportunity for pausing +to consider what manner of man it was who had so suddenly +passed into the intimate favour of the Queen.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> +Naunton has described Raleigh with the precision of one +who is superior to the weakness of depreciating the +exterior qualities of his enemy: 'having a good presence, +in a handsome and well-compacted person; a strong +natural wit, and a better judgment; with a bold and +plausible tongue, whereby he could set out his parts to +the best advantage.' His face had neither the ethereal +beauty of Sidney's nor the intellectual delicacy of +Spenser's; it was cast in a rougher mould than theirs. +The forehead, it is acknowledged, was too high for the +proportion of the features, and for this reason, perhaps, +is usually hidden in the portraits by a hat. We must +think of Raleigh at this time as a tall, somewhat bony +man, about six feet high, with dark hair and a high +colour, a facial expression of great brightness and alertness, +personable from the virile force of his figure, and +illustrating these attractions by a splendid taste in +dress. His clothes were at all times noticeably gorgeous; +and to the end of his life he was commonly +bedizened with precious stones to his very shoes. When +he was arrested in 1603 he was carrying 4,000<i>l.</i> in +jewels on his bosom, and when he was finally captured +on August 10, 1618, his pockets were found full of the +diamonds and jacinths which he had hastily removed +from various parts of his person. His letters display +his solicitous love of jewels, velvets, and embroidered +damasks. Mr. Jeaffreson has lately found among the +Middlesex MSS. that as early as April 26, 1584, a +gentleman named Hugh Pew stole at Westminster and +carried off Walter Raleigh's pearl hat-band and another +jewelled article of attire, valued together in money +of that time at 113<i>l.</i> The owner, with character<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span>istic +promptitude, shut the thief up in Newgate, and +made him disgorge. To complete our picture of the +vigorous and brilliant soldier-poet, we must add that +he spoke to the end of his life with that strong Devonshire +accent which was never displeasing to the ears of +Elizabeth.</p> + +<p>The Muse of History is surely now-a-days too disdainful +of all information that does not reach her signed +and countersigned. In biography, at least, it must be +a mistake to accept none but documentary evidence, +since tradition, if it does not give us truth of fact, gives +us what is often at least as valuable, truth of impression. +The later biographers of Raleigh have scorned even to +repeat those anecdotes that are the best known to the +public of all which cluster around his personality. It +is true that they rest on no earlier testimony than that +of Fuller, who, writing in the lifetime of men who +knew Raleigh, gives the following account of his introduction +to Elizabeth: 'Her Majesty, meeting with a +plashy place, made some scruple to go on; when +Raleigh (dressed in the gay and genteel habit of those +times) presently cast off and spread his new plush cloak +on the ground, whereon the queen trod gently over, +rewarding him afterwards with many suits for his so +free and seasonable tender of so fair a footcloth.' The +only point about this story which is incredible is that +this act was Raleigh's introduction to the Queen. +Regarded as a fantastic incident of their later attachment, +the anecdote is in the highest degree characteristic +of the readiness of the one and the romantic +sentiment of the other.</p> + +<p>Not less entertaining is Fuller's other story, that at<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> +the full tide of Raleigh's fortunes with the Queen, he +wrote on a pane of glass with his diamond ring:—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Fain would I climb, but that I fear to fall,<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>whereupon Elizabeth replied,</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">If thy heart fail thee, then climb not at all.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>Of these tales we can only assert that they reflect the +popular and doubtless faithful impression of Raleigh's +mother-wit and audacious alacrity.</p> + +<p>If he did not go back to fight in Ireland, his experience +of Irish affairs was made use of by the Government. +He showed a considerable pliancy in giving his counsel. +In May 1581 he had denounced Ormond and even Grey +for not being severe enough, but in June 1582 he had +veered round to Burghley's opinion that it was time to +moderate English tyranny in Ireland. A paper written +partly by Burghley and partly by Raleigh, but entitled +<i>The Opinion of Mr. Rawley</i>, still exists among the Irish +Correspondence, and is dated October 25, 1582. This +document is in the highest degree conciliatory towards +the Irish chieftains, whom it recommends the Queen to +win over peacefully to her side, this policy 'offering a +very plausible show of thrift and commodity.' It is +interesting to find Raleigh so supple, and so familiar +already with the Queen's foibles. It was probably +earlier in the year, and about this same Irish business, +that Raleigh spoke to Elizabeth, on the occasion which +Naunton describes. 'Raleigh,' he says, 'had gotten +the Queen's ear at a trice; and she began to be taken +with his elocution, and loved to hear his reasons to her +demands; and the truth is, she took him for a kind<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> +of <i>oracle</i>, which nettled them all.' Lord Grey, who +was no diplomatist, had the want of caution to show +that he was annoyed at advice being asked from a young +man who was so lately his inferior. In answer to a +special recommendation of Raleigh from the Queen, Lord +Grey ventured to reply: 'For my own part I must be +plain—I neither like his carriage nor his company, and +therefore other than by direction and commandment, +and what his right requires, he is not to expect from +my hands.' Lord Grey did not understand the man he +was dealing with. The result was that in August +1582 he was abruptly deposed from his dignity as Lord +Deputy in Ireland. But we see that Raleigh could be +exceedingly antipathetic to any man who crossed his +path. That it was wilful arrogance, and not inability to +please, is proved by the fact that he seems to have contrived +to reconcile not Leicester only but even Hatton, +Elizabeth's dear 'Pecora Campi,' to his intrusion at +Court.</p> + +<p>As far as we can perceive, Raleigh's success as a +courtier was unclouded from 1582 to 1586, and these +years are the most peaceful and uneventful in the +record of his career. He took a confidential place +by the Queen's side, but so unobtrusively that in these +earliest years, at least, his presence leaves no perceptible +mark on the political history of the country. +Great in so many fields, eminent as a soldier, as a +navigator, as a poet, as a courtier, there was a limit +even to Raleigh's versatility, and he was not a statesman. +It was political ambition which was the vulnerable +spot in this Achilles, and until he meddled +with statecraft, his position was practically unassailed.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> +It must not be overlooked, in this connection, that in +spite of Raleigh's influence with the Queen, he never +was admitted as a Privy Councillor, his advice being +asked in private, by Elizabeth or by her ministers, +and not across the table, where his arrogant manner +might have introduced discussions fruitless to the State. +In 1598, when he was at the zenith of his power, he +actually succeeded, as we shall see, in being proposed +for Privy Council, but the Queen did not permit him +to be sworn. Nothing would be more remarkable than +Elizabeth's infatuation for her favourites, if we were +not still more surprised at her skill in gauging their +capacities, and her firmness in defining their ambitions.</p> + +<p>Already, in 1583, Walter Raleigh began to be the +recipient of the Queen's gifts. On April 10 of that +year he came into possession of two estates, Stolney +and Newland, which had passed to the Queen from All +Souls College, Oxford. A few days later, May 4, +he became enriched by obtaining letters patent for +the 'Farm of Wines,' thenceforward to be one of the +main sources of his wealth. According to this grant, +which extended to all places within the kingdom, +each vintner was obliged to pay twenty shillings a +year to Raleigh as a license duty on the sale of wines. +This was, in fact, a great relief to the wine trade, for +until this time the mayors of corporations had levied +this duty at their own judgment, and some of them +had made a licensing charge not less than six times +as heavy as the new duty. The grant, moreover, gave +Raleigh a part of all fines accruing to the Crown +under the provisions of the wines statute of Edward VI.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> +From his 'Farm of Wines' Raleigh seems at one time +to have obtained something like 2,000<i>l.</i> a year. The +emoluments dwindled at last, just before Raleigh was +forced to resign his patent to James I., to 1,000<i>l.</i> a +year; but even this was an income equivalent to 6,000<i>l.</i> +of our money. The grant was to expire in 1619, and +would therefore, if he had died a natural death, have +outlived Raleigh himself. We must not forget that +the cost of collecting moneys, and the salaries to deputy +licensers, consumed a large part of these receipts.</p> + +<p>While Raleigh was shaking down a fortune from +the green ivy-bushes that hung at the vintners' doors, +the western continent, at which he had already cast +wistful glances, remained the treasure-house of Spain. +His unfortunate but indomitable half-brother, Sir +Humphrey Gilbert, recalled it to his memory. The +name of Gilbert deserves to be better remembered than +it is; and America, at least, will one day be constrained +to honour the memory of the man who was the first to +dream of colonising her shores. Until his time, the +ambition of Englishmen in the west had been confined +to an angry claim to contest the wealth and beauty of +the New World with the Spaniard. The fabulous mines +of Cusco, the plate-ships of Lima and Guayaquil, the +pearl-fisheries of Panama, these had been hitherto the +loadstar of English enterprise. The hope was that such +feats as those of Drake would bring about a time when, +as George Wither put it,</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i12">the spacious West,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Being still more with English blood possessed,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The proud Iberians shall not rule those seas,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To check our ships from sailing where they please.<br /></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></div></div> + +<p>Even Frobisher had not entertained the notion of +leaving Spain alone, and of planting in the northern +hemisphere colonies of English race. It was Sir Humphrey +Gilbert who first thought of a settlement in +North America, and the honour of priority is due to +him, although he failed.</p> + +<p>His royal charter was dated June 1578, and covered +a space of six years with its privilege. We have +already seen that various enterprises undertaken by +Gilbert in consequence of it had failed in one way or +another. After the disaster of 1579 he desisted, and +lent three of his remaining vessels to the Government, +to serve on the coast of Ireland. As late as July 1582 +the rent due to him on these vessels was unpaid, and +he wrote a dignified appeal to Walsingham for the +money in arrears. He was only forty-three, but his +troubles had made an old man of him, and he pleads his +white hairs, blanched in long service of her Majesty, as +a reason why the means of continuing to serve her +should not be withheld from him. Raleigh had warmly +recommended his brother before he was himself in +power, and he now used all his influence in his favour. +It is plain that Gilbert's application was promptly +attended to, for we find him presently in a position to +pursue the colonising enterprises which lay so near to +his heart. The Queen, however, could not be induced +to encourage him; she shrewdly remarked that Gilbert +'had no good luck at sea,' which was pathetically true. +However, Gilbert's six years' charter was about to +expire, and his hopes were all bound up in making one +more effort. He pleaded, and Raleigh supported him, +until Elizabeth finally gave way, merely refusing to allow<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> +Raleigh himself to take part in any such 'dangerous +sea-fights' as the crossing of the Atlantic might entail.</p> + +<p>On June 11, 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert sailed +from Plymouth with a little fleet of five vessels, bound +for North America. According to all authorities, +Raleigh had expended a considerable sum in the outfit; +according to one writer, Hayes (in Hakluyt), he was +owner of the entire expedition. He spent, we know, +2,000<i>l.</i> in building and fitting out one vessel, which he +named after himself, the 'Ark Raleigh.'</p> + +<p>Sir Humphrey Gilbert was not born under a fortunate +star. Two days after starting, a contagious fever +broke out on board the 'Ark Raleigh,' and in a tumult +of panic, without explaining her desertion to the admiral, +she hastened back in great distress to Plymouth. +The rest of the fleet crossed the Atlantic successfully, +and Newfoundland was taken in the Queen's name. +One ship out of the remaining four had meanwhile been +sent back to England with a sick crew. Late in +September 1583 a second sailed into Plymouth with the +news that the other two had sunk in an Atlantic storm +on the 8th or 9th of that month. The last thing +known of the gallant admiral before his ship went down +was that 'sitting abaft with a book in his hand,' he had +called out 'Be of good heart, my friends! We are as +near to heaven by sea as by land.'</p> + +<p>At the death of Gilbert, his schemes as a colonising +navigator passed, as by inheritance, to Raleigh. That +he had no intention of letting them drop is shown by +the fact that he was careful not to allow Gilbert's original +charter to expire. In June 1584 other hands might +have seized his brother's relinquished enterprise, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> +therefore it was, on March 25, that Raleigh moved the +Queen to renew the charter in his own name. In +company with a younger half-brother, Adrian Gilbert, +and with the experienced though unlucky navigator +John Davis as a third partner, Raleigh was now incorporated +as representing 'The College of the Fellowship for +the Discovery of the North West Passage.' In this he +was following the precedent of Gilbert, who had made +use of the Queen's favourite dream of a northern route to +China to cover his less attractive schemes of colonisation. +Raleigh, however, took care to secure himself a charter +which gave him the fullest possible power to 'inhabit +or retain, build or fortify, at the discretion of the said +W. Raleigh,' in any remote lands that he might find +hitherto unoccupied by any Christian power. Armed +with this extensive grant, Raleigh began to make his +preparations.</p> + +<p>It is needful here to pass rapidly over the chronicle +of the expeditions to America, since they form no part +of the personal history of Raleigh. On April 27 he +sent out his first fleet under Amidas and Barlow. They +sailed blindly for the western continent, but were +guided at last by 'a delicate sweet smell' far out in +ocean to the coast of Florida. They then sailed north, +and finally landed on the islands of Wokoken and +Roanoke, which, with the adjoining mainland, they +annexed in the name of her Majesty. In September +this first expedition returned, bringing Raleigh, as a +token of the wealth of the new lands, 'a string of pearls +as large as great peas.' In honour of 'the eternal +Maiden Queen,' the new country received the name of +Virginia, and Raleigh ordered his own arms to be cut<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> +anew, with this legend, <i>Propria insignia Walteri Ralegh, +militis, Domini et Gubernatoris Virginiæ</i>. No attempt +had been made on this occasion to colonise. It was +early in the following year that Raleigh sent out his +second Virginian expedition, under the brave Sir +Richard Grenville, to settle in the country. The experiment +was not completely successful at first, but +from August 17, 1585, which is the birthday of the +American people, to June 18, 1586, one hundred and +eight persons under the command of Ralph Lane, and +in the service of Raleigh, made Roanoke their habitation. +It is true that the colonists lost courage and +abandoned Virginia at the latter date, but an essay at +least had been made to justify the sanguine hopes of +Raleigh.</p> + +<p>These expeditions to North America were very +costly, and by their very nature unremunerative for the +present. Raleigh, however, was by this time quite +wealthy enough to support the expense, and on the +second occasion accident befriended him. Sir Richard +Grenville, in the 'Tiger,' fell in with a Spanish plate-ship +on his return-voyage, and towed into Plymouth +Harbour a prize which was estimated at the value of +50,000<i>l.</i> But Raleigh was, indeed, at this time a +veritable Danaë. As though enough gold had not yet +been showered upon him, the Queen presented to him, +on March 25, 1584, a grant of license to export woollen +broad-cloths, a privilege the excessive profits of which +soon attracted the critical notice of Burghley. Raleigh's +grant, however, was long left unassailed, and was renewed +year by year at least until May 1589. It would +seem that his income from the trade in undyed broad-<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span>cloth +was of a two-fold nature, a fixed duty on exportation +in general, and a charge on 'over-lengths,' that is +to say, on pieces which exceeded the maximum length +of twenty-four yards. When Burghley assailed this +whole system of taxation in 1591, he stated that Raleigh +had, in the first year only of his grant, received 3,950<i>l.</i> +from a privilege for which he paid to the State a rent of +only 700<i>l.</i> If this was correct, and no one could be in +a better position than Burghley to check the figures, +Raleigh's income from broad-cloth alone was something +like 18,000<i>l.</i> of Victorian money.</p> + +<p>Such were the sources of an opulence which we must do +Raleigh the credit to say was expended not on debauchery +or display, but in the most enlightened efforts to extend +the field of English commercial enterprise beyond the +Atlantic. We need not suppose him to have been unselfish +beyond the fashion of his age. In his action there was, +no doubt, an element of personal ambition; he dreamed +of raising a State in the West before which his great +enemy, Spain, should sink into the shade, and he +fancied himself the gorgeous viceroy of such a kingdom. +His imagination, which had led him on so bravely, gulled +him sometimes when it came to details. His sailors +had seen the light of sunset on the cliffs of Roanoke, +and Raleigh took the yellow gleam for gold. He set +his faith too lightly on the fabulous ores of Chaunis +Temotam. But he was not the slave of these fancies, as +were the more vulgar adventurers of his age. More +than the promise of pearls and silver, it was the homely +products of the new country that attracted him, and +his captains were bidden to bring news to him of the +fish and fruit of Virginia, its salts and dyes and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> +textile grasses. Nor was it a goldsmith that he sent +out to the new colony as his scientific agent, but a +young mathematician of promise, the practical and +observant Thomas Hariot.</p> + +<p>Some personal details of Raleigh's private life during +these two years may now be touched upon. He was in +close attendance upon the Queen at Greenwich and at +Windsor, when he was not in his own house in the still +rural village of Islington. In the summer of 1584, +probably in consequence of the new wealth his broad-cloth +patent had secured him, he enlarged his borders in +several ways. He leased of the Queen, Durham House, +close to the river, covering the site of the present +Adelphi Terrace. This was the vast fourteenth-century +palace of the Bishops of Durham, which had come into +possession of the Crown late in the reign of Henry VIII. +Elizabeth herself had occupied it during the lifetime of +her brother, and she had recovered it again after the +death of Mary. Retaining certain rooms, she now relinquished +it to her favourite, and in this stately mansion as +his town house Raleigh lived from 1584 to 1603. In +spite of his uncertain tenure, he spent very large sums +in repairing 'this rotten house,' as Lady Raleigh afterwards +called it.</p> + +<p>Some time between December 14, 1584, and +February 24, 1585, Raleigh was knighted. On the +latter date we find him first styled Sir Walter, in an +order from Burghley to report on the force of the +Devonshire Stannaries. His activities were now concentrated +from several points upon the West of England, +and he became once more identified with the only race +that ever really loved him, the men of his native Devon<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span>shire. +In July he succeeded the Earl of Bedford as +Lord Warden of the Stannaries; in September he was +appointed Lieutenant of the County of Cornwall; in +November, Vice-Admiral of the two counties. He, +appointed Lord Beauchamp his deputy in Cornwall, and +his own eldest half-brother, Sir John Gilbert of Greenway, +his deputy in Devonshire. In the same year, +1585, he entered Parliament as one of the two county +members for Devonshire. As Warden of the Stannaries +he introduced reforms which greatly mitigated the +hardships of the miners.</p> + +<p>It is pleasanter to think of Raleigh administering +rough justice from the granite judgment-seat on some +windy tor of Dartmoor, than to picture him squabbling +for rooms at Court with 'Pecora Campi,' or ogling a +captious royal beauty of some fifty summers, Raleigh's +work in the West has made little noise in history; but +it was as wholesome and capable as the most famous of +his exploits.</p> + +<p>In March, 1586, Leicester found himself in disgrace +with Elizabeth, and so openly attributed it to Raleigh +that the Queen ordered Walsingham to deny that the +latter had ceased to plead for his former patron. Raleigh +himself sent Leicester a band of Devonshire miners to +serve in the Netherlands, and comforted him at the +same time by adding, 'The Queen is in very good terms +with you, and, thanks be to God, well pacified. You are +again her "Sweet Robin."' It seems that the strange +accusation had been made against Raleigh that he +desired to favour Spain. This was calculated to vex +him to the quick, and we find him protesting (March +29, 1586): 'I have consumed the best part of my fortune,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> +hating the tyrannous prosperity of that State, and it +were now strange and monstrous that I should become +an enemy to my country and conscience.' Two months +later he was threatened with the loss of his post as +Vice-Admiral if he did not withdraw a fleet he had fitted +out to harass the Spaniards in the Newfoundland waters. +About the same time he strengthened his connection +with the Leicester faction by marrying his cousin, +Barbara Gamage, to Sir Philip Sidney's younger brother +Robert. This lady became the grandmother of Waller's +Sacharissa. The collapse of the Virginian colony was +an annoyance in the summer of this year, but it was +tempered to Raleigh by the success of another of his +enterprises, his fleet in the Azores. One of the prizes +brought home by this purely piratical expedition was a +Spanish colonial governor of much fame and dignity, +Don Pedro Sarmiento. Raleigh demanded a ransom +for this personage, and while it was being collected +he entertained his prisoner sumptuously in Durham +House.</p> + +<p>On October 7, 1586, Raleigh's old friend Sir Philip +Sidney closed his chivalrous career on the battle-field at +Zutphen. Raleigh's solemn elegy on him is one of the +finest of the many poems which that sad event called +forth. It blends the passion of personal regret with the +dignity of public grief, as all great elegiacal poems +should. One stanza might be inscribed on a monument +to Sidney:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">England doth hold thy limbs, that bred the same;<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Flanders thy valour, where it last was tried;<br /></span> +<span class="i2">The camp thy sorrow, where thy body died;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Thy friends thy want; the world thy virtues' fame.<br /></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span></div></div> + +<p>This elegy appeared with the rest in <i>Astrophel</i> in +1595; but it had already been printed, in 1593, in the +<i>Phœnix Nest</i>, and as early as 1591 Sir John Harington +quotes it as Raleigh's.</p> + +<p>It was not till the following spring that Raleigh +took possession of certain vast estates in Ireland. The +Queen had named him among the 'gentlemen-undertakers,' +between whom the escheated lands of the Earl +of Desmond were to be divided. He received about +forty-two thousand acres in the counties of Cork, Waterford, +and Tipperary, and he set about repeopling this +desolate region with his usual vigour of action. He +brought settlers over from the West of England, but +these men were not supported or even encouraged at +Dublin Castle. 'The doting Deputy,' as Raleigh calls +him, treated his Devonshire farmers with less consideration +than the Irish kerns, and although it is certain +that of all the 'undertakers' Raleigh was the one who, +after his lights, tried to do the best for his land, his experience +as an Irish colonist was on the whole dispiriting. +By far the richest part of his property was the 'haven +royal' of Youghal, with the thickly-wooded lands on +either side of the river Blackwater. He is scarcely to +be forgiven for what appears to have been the wanton +destruction of the Geraldine Friary of Youghal, built in +1268, which his men pulled down and burned while he +was mayor of the town in 1587. Raleigh's Irish residences +at this time were his manor-house in Youghal, +which still remains, and Lismore Castle, which he +rented, from 1587 onwards, of the official Archbishop +of Cashel, Meiler Magrath.</p> + +<p>We have now reached the zenith of Raleigh's per<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span>sonal +success. His fame was to proceed far beyond +anything that he had yet gained or deserved, but his +mere worldly success was to reach no further, and even +from this moment sensibly to decline. Elizabeth had +showered wealth and influence upon him, although she +had refrained, at her most doting moments, from lifting +him up to the lowest step in the ladder of aristocratic +preferment. But although her favour towards Raleigh +had this singular limit, and although she kept him +rigidly outside the pale of politics, in other respects her +affection had been lavish in the extreme. Without +ceasing to hold Hatton and Leicester captive, she had +now for five years given Raleigh the chief place in her +heart. But, in May 1587, we suddenly find him in +danger of being dethroned in favour of a boy of twenty, +and it is the new Earl of Essex, with his petulant +beauty, who 'is, at cards, or one game or another, with +her, till the birds sing in the morning.' The remarkable +scene in which Essex dared to demand the sacrifice +of Raleigh as the price of his own devotion is best +described by the new favourite in his own words. +Raleigh had now been made Captain of the Guard, and +we have to imagine him standing at the door in his +uniform of orange-tawny, while the pert and pouting +boy is half declaiming, half whispering, in the ear of the +Queen, whose beating heart forgets to remind her that +she might be the mother of one of her lovers and the +grandmother of the other. Essex writes:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I told her that what she did was only to please that +knave Raleigh, for whose sake I saw she would both grieve +me and my love, and disgrace me in the eye of the world. +From thence she came to speak of Raleigh; and it seemed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> +she could not well endure anything to be spoken against +him; and taking hold of my word 'disdain,' she said there +was 'no such cause why I should disdain him.' This speech +did trouble me so much that, as near as I could, I did describe +unto her what he had been, and what he was.... I +then did let her know, whether I had cause to disdain his +competition of love, or whether I could have comfort to give +myself over to the service of a mistress which was in awe +of such a man. I spake, with grief and choler, as much +against him as I could; and I think he, standing at the +door, might very well hear the worst that I spoke of himself. +In that end, I saw she was resolved to defend him, +and to cross me.</p></div> + +<p>It was probably about this time, and owing to the +instigation of Essex, that Tarleton, the comedian, laid +himself open to banishment from Court for calling out, +while Raleigh was playing cards with Elizabeth, 'See +how the Knave commands the Queen!' Elizabeth supported +her old favourite, but there is no doubt that +these attacks made their impression on her irritable +temperament. Meanwhile Raleigh, engaged in a dozen +different enterprises, and eager to post hither and +thither over land and sea, was probably not ill disposed +to see his royal mistress diverted from a too-absorbing +attention to himself.</p> + +<p>On May 8, 1587, Raleigh sent forth from Plymouth +his fourth Virginian expedition, under Captain John +White. It was found that the second colony, the +handful of men left behind by Sir Richard Grenville, +had perished. With 150 men, White landed at Hatorask, +and proposed to found a town of Raleigh in the +new country. Every species of disaster attended this +third colony, and in the midst of the excitement caused +the following year by the Spanish Armada, a fifth<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> +expedition, fitted out under Sir Richard Grenville, was +stopped by the Government at Bideford. Raleigh was +not easily daunted, however, and in the midst of the +preparations for the great struggle he contrived to +send out two pinnaces from Bideford, on April 22, +1588, for the succour of his unfortunate Virginians; +but these little vessels were ignominiously stripped +off Madeira by privateers from La Rochelle, and sent +helpless back to England. Raleigh had now spent +more than forty thousand pounds upon the barren +colony of Virginia, and, finding that no one at Court +supported his hopes in that direction, he began to +withdraw a little from a contest in which he was so +heavily handicapped. In the next chapter we shall +touch upon the modification of his American policy. +He had failed hitherto, and yet, in failing, he had +already secured for his own name the highest place +in the early history of Colonial America.</p> + +<p>We now reach that famous incident in English +history over which every biographer of Raleigh is +tempted to linger, the ruin of Philip's Felicissima +Armada. Within the limits of the present life of Sir +Walter it is impossible to tell over again a story which +is among the most thrilling in the chronicles of the +world, but in which Raleigh's part was not a foremost +one. We possess no letter of 1588 in which he refers +to the fight.</p> + +<p>On March 31, he had been one of the nine commissioners +who met to consider the best means of +resisting invasion. In the same body of men sat two +of Raleigh's captains, Grenville and Ralph Lane, as +well as his old opponent, Lord Grey. Three months +before this, Raleigh had reported to the Queen on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> +the state of the counties under his charge, and his +counsel on the subject had been taken. That he was +profoundly excited at the crisis in English affairs is +proved by the many allusions he makes to the Armada +in the <i>History of the World</i>. It is on the whole +surprising that he was not called to take a more +prominent part in the event.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p> + +<p>It is believed that he was in Ireland when the +storm actually broke, that he hastened into the West +of England, to raise levies of Cornish and Devonian +miners, and that he then proceeded to Portland, of +which, among his many offices, he was now governor, +in order that he might revise and complete the defences +of that fortress. Either by land or sea, according +to conflicting accounts, he then hurried back to +Plymouth, and joined the main body of the fleet on +July 23. There is a very early tradition that his +advice was asked by the Admiral, Howard of Effingham, +on the question whether it would be wise to try to +board the Spanish galleons. The Admiral thought +not, but was almost over-persuaded by younger men, +eager for distinction, when Raleigh came to his aid<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> +with counsel that tallied with the Admiral's judgment. +In the <i>History of the World</i> Raleigh remarks:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>To clap ships together without any consideration belongs +rather to a madman than to a man of war. By such an +ignorant bravery was Peter Strozzi lost at the Azores, when +he fought against the Marquis of Santa Cruz. In like sort +had Lord Charles Howard, Admiral of England, been lost +in the year 1588, if he had not been better advised than a +great many malignant fools were that found fault with his +demeanour. The Spaniards had an army aboard them, and +he had none. They had more ships than he had, and of +higher building and charging; so that, had he entangled +himself with those great and powerful vessels, he had +greatly endangered this kingdom of England.</p></div> + +<p>Raleigh's impression of the whole comedy of the +Armada is summed up in an admirable sentence in +his <i>Report of the Fight in the Azores</i>, to which the +reader must here merely be referred. His ship was +one of those which pursued the lumbering Spanish +galleons furthest in their wild flight towards the Danish +waters. He was back in England, however, in time to +receive orders on August 28 to prepare a fleet for +Ireland. Whether that fleet ever started or no is +doubtful, and the latest incident of Raleigh's connection +with the Armada is that on September 5, 1588, he +and Sir Francis Drake received an equal number of +wealthy Spanish prisoners, whose ransoms were to be +the reward of Drake's and of Raleigh's achievements. +More important to the latter was the fact that his skill +in naval tactics, and his genius for rapid action, had +very favourably impressed the Lord Admiral, who henceforward +publicly treated him as a recognised authority +in these matters.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span></p> + + + +<h2 class="gap3"><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III.</h2> + +<h3>IN DISGRACE.</h3> + + +<p>For one year after the defeat of the Spanish Armada, +Raleigh resisted with success, or overlooked with equanimity, +the determined attacks which Essex made upon +his position at Court. He was busy with great schemes +in all quarters of the kingdom, engaged in Devonshire, +in Ireland, in Virginia, in the north-western seas, and +to his virile activity the jealousy of Essex must have +seemed like the buzzing of a persistent gnat. The insect +could sting, however, and in the early part of December +1588, Raleigh's attention was forcibly concentrated on +his rival by the fact that 'my Lord of Essex' had sent +him a challenge. No duel was fought, and the Council +did its best to bury the incident 'in silence, that +it might not be known to her Majesty, lest it might injure +the Earl,' from which it will appear that Raleigh's +hold upon her favour was still assured.</p> + +<p>A week later than this we get a glance for a moment +at one or two of the leash of privateering enterprises, +all of them a little under the rose, in which Sir Walter +Raleigh was in these years engaged. An English ship, +the 'Angel Gabriel,' complained of being captured and +sacked of her wines by Raleigh's men on the high seas,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> +and he retorts by insinuating that she, 'as it is probable, +has served the King of Spain in his Armada,' and is +therefore fair game. So, too, with the four butts of sack +of one Artson, and the sugar and mace said to be taken +out of a Hamburg vessel, their capture by Raleigh's +factors is comfortably excused on the ground that these +acts were only reprisals against the villainous Spaniard. +It was well that these more or less commercial undertakings +should be successful, for it became more and +more plain to Raleigh that the most grandiose of all his +enterprises, his determined effort to colonise Virginia, +could but be a drain upon his fortune. After Captain +White's final disastrous voyage, Raleigh suspended his +efforts in this direction for a while. He leased his +patent in Virginia to a company of merchants, on +March 7, 1589, merely reserving to himself a nominal +privilege, namely the possession of one fifth of such +gold and silver ore as should be raised in the colony. +This was the end of the first act of Raleigh's American +adventures. It may not be needless to contradict here +a statement repeated in most rapid sketches of his life. +It is not true that at any time Raleigh himself set foot +in Virginia.</p> + +<p>In the Portugal expedition of 1589 Raleigh does +not seem to have taken at all a prominent part. He +was absent, however, with Drake's fleet from April 18 +to July 2, and he marched with the rest up to the walls +of Lisbon. This enterprise was an attempt on the part +of Elizabeth to place Antonio again on the throne of +Portugal, from which he had been ousted by Philip of +Spain in 1580. The aim of the expedition was not +reached, but a great deal of booty fell into the hands of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> +the English, and Raleigh in particular received 4,000<i>l.</i> +His contingent, however, had been a little too zealous, +and he received a rather sharp reprimand for capturing +two barks from Cherbourg belonging to the friendly +power of France. It must be understood that Raleigh +at this time maintained at his own expense a small +personal fleet for commercial and privateering ends, +and that he lent or leased these vessels, with his own +services, to the government when additional naval contributions +were required. In the <i>Domestic Correspondence</i> +we meet with the names of the chief of these +vessels, 'The Revenge,' soon afterwards so famous, 'The +Crane,' and 'The Garland.' These ships were merchantmen +or men-of-war at will, and their exploits were +winked at or frowned upon at Court as circumstances +dictated. Sometimes the hawk's eye of Elizabeth would +sound the holds of these pirates with incredible acumen, +as on that occasion when it is recorded that 'a waistcoat +of carnation colour, curiously embroidered,' which was +being brought home to adorn the person of the adventurer, +was seized by order of the Queen to form a +stomacher for his royal mistress. It would be difficult +to say which of the illustrious pair was the more +solicitous of fine raiment. At other times the whole +prize had to be disgorged; as in the case of that +bark of Olonne, laden with barley, which Raleigh had to +restore to the Treasury on July 21, 1589, after he had +concluded a very lucrative sale of the same.</p> + +<p>In August 1589 Sir Francis Allen wrote to Anthony +Bacon: 'My Lord of Essex hath chased Mr. Raleigh +from the Court, and hath confined him to Ireland.' It +is true that Raleigh himself, five months later, being<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> +once more restored to favour, speaks of 'that nearness to +her Majesty which I still enjoy,' and directly contradicts +the rumour of his disgrace. This, however, is not in +accordance with the statement made by Spenser in his +poem of <i>Colin Clout's come home again</i>, in which he says +that all Raleigh's speech at this time was</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Of great unkindness and of usage hard<br /></span> +<span class="i4">Of Cynthia, the Lady of the Sea,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Which from her presence faultless him debarred,<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>and this may probably be considered as final evidence. +At all events, this exile from Court, whether it was +enforced or voluntary, brought about perhaps the most +pleasing and stimulating episode in the whole of +Raleigh's career, his association with the great poet +whose lines have just been quoted.</p> + +<p>We have already seen that, eight years before this, +Spenser and Raleigh had met under Lord Grey in the +expedition that found its crisis at Smerwick. We have +no evidence of the point of intimacy which they reached +in 1582, nor of their further acquaintance before 1589. +It has been thought that Raleigh's picturesque and vivid +personality immediately and directly influenced Spenser's +imagination. Dean Church has noticed that to read +Hooker's account of 'Raleigh's adventures with the +Irish chieftains, his challenges and single combats, his +escapes at fords and woods, is like reading bits of the +<i>Faery Queen</i> in prose.' The two men, in many respects +the most remarkable Englishmen of imagination then +before the notice of their country, did not, however, +really come into mutual relation until the time we have +now reached.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span></p> + +<p>In 1586 Edmund Spenser had been rewarded for +his arduous services as Clerk of the Council of Munster +by the gift of a manor and ruined castle of the Desmonds, +Kilcolman, near the Galtee hills. This little peel-tower, +with its tiny rooms, overlooked a county that is desolate +enough now, but which then was finely wooded, and +watered by the river Awbeg, to which the poet gave the +softer name of Mulla. Here, in the midst of terrors +by night and day, at the edge of the dreadful Wood, +where 'outlaws fell affray the forest ranger,' Spenser +had been settled for three years, describing the adventures +of knights and ladies in a wild world of faery +that was but too like Munster, when the Shepherd of +the Ocean came over to Ireland to be his neighbour. +Raleigh settled himself in his own house at Youghal, +and found society in visiting his cousin, Sir George +Carew, at Lismore, and Spenser at Kilcolman. Of the +latter association we possess a most interesting record. +In 1591, reviewing the life of two years before, Spenser +says:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">One day I sat, (as was my trade),<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Under the foot of Mole, that mountain hoar,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Keeping my sheep among the cooly shade<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Of the green alders, by the Mulla's shore;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">There a strange shepherd chanced to find me out;<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Whether allurèd with my pipe's delight,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Whose pleasing sound yshrilled far about,<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>(the secret of the authorship of the <i>Shepherd's Calender</i> +having by this time oozed out in the praises of Webbe +in 1586 and of Puttenham in 1589,)</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i2">Or thither led by chance, I know not right,<span class='pagenum' style="text-indent:0em;"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span>—<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Whom, when I askèd from what place he came<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And how he hight, himself he did ycleepe<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The <i>Shepherd of the Ocëan</i> by name,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And said he came far from the main-sea deep;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">He, sitting me beside in that same shade,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Provokèd me to play some pleasant fit,<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>(that is to say, to read the MS. of the <i>Faery Queen</i>, +now approaching completion,)</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">And, when he heard the music which I made,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">He found himself full greatly pleased at it;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Yet æmuling my pipe, he took in hond<br /></span> +<span class="i2">My pipe,—before that, æmulèd of many,—<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And played thereon (for well that skill he conned),<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Himself as skilful in that art as any.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>Among the other poems thus read by Raleigh to +Spenser at Kilcolman was the 'lamentable lay' to which +reference had just been made—the piece in praise of +Elizabeth which bore the name of <i>Cynthia</i>. In +Spenser's pastoral, the speaker is persuaded by Thestylis +(Lodovick Bryskett) to explain what ditty that was +that the Shepherd of the Ocean sang, and he explains +very distinctly, but in terms which are scarcely critical, +that Raleigh's poem was written in love and praise, +but also in pathetic complaint, of Elizabeth, that</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i4">great Shepherdess, that Cynthia hight,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">His Liege, his Lady, and his life's Regent.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>This is most valuable evidence of the existence in +1589 of a poem or series of poems by Sir Walter +Raleigh, set by Spenser on a level with the best work +of the age in verse. This poem was, until quite lately,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> +supposed to have vanished entirely and beyond all hope +of recovery. Until now, no one seems to have been +aware that we hold in our hands a fragment of Raleigh's +<i>magnum opus</i> of 1589 quite considerable enough to give +us an idea of the extent and character of the rest.<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p> + +<p>In 1870 Archdeacon Hannah printed what he described +as a 'continuation of the lost poem, <i>Cynthia</i>,' +from fragments in Sir Walter's own hand among the +Hatfield MSS. Dr. Hannah, however, misled by the +character of the handwriting, by some vague allusions, +in one of the fragments, to a prison captivity, and most +of all, probably, by a difficulty in dates which we can +now for the first time explain, attributed these pieces to +1603-1618, that is to say to Raleigh's imprisonment +in the Tower. The second fragment, beginning 'My +body in the walls captived,' belongs, no doubt, to the +later date. It is in a totally distinct metre from the +rest and has nothing to do with <i>Cynthia</i>. The first +fragment bears the stamp of much earlier date, but +this also can be no part of Raleigh's epic. The long +passage then following, on the contrary, is, I think, +beyond question, a canto, almost complete, of the lost +epic of 1589. It is written in the four-line heroic +stanza adopted ten years later by Sir John Davies for +his <i>Nosce teipsum</i>, and most familiar to us all in Gray's +<i>Churchyard Elegy</i>. Moreover, it is headed 'the Twenty-first +and Last Book of <i>The Ocean to Cynthia</i>.' Another +note, in Raleigh's handwriting, styles the poem <i>The +Ocean's Love to Cynthia</i>, and this was probably the full +name of it. Spenser's name for Raleigh, the Shepherd, or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> +pastoral hero, of the Ocean, is therefore for the first +time explained. This twenty-first book suffers from +the fact that stanzas, but apparently not very many, +have dropped out, in four places. With these losses, +the canto still contains 130 stanzas, or 526 lines. +Supposing the average length of the twenty preceding +books to have been the same, <i>The Ocean's Love to +Cynthia</i> must have contained at least ten thousand +lines. Spenser, therefore, was not exaggerating, or +using the language of flattery towards a few elegies or +a group of sonnets, when he spoke of <i>Cynthia</i> as a +poem of great importance. As a matter of fact, no +poem of the like ambition had been written in England +for a century past, and if it had been published, it +would perhaps have taken a place only second to its +immediate contemporary, <i>The Faery Queen</i>.</p> + +<p>At this very time, and in the midst of his poetical +holiday, Raleigh was actively engaged in defending the +rights of the merchants of Waterford and Wexford to +carry on their trade in pipe-staves for casks. Raleigh +himself encouraged and took part in this exportation, +having two ships regularly engaged between Waterford +and the Canaries. Traces of his peaceful work in +Munster still remain. Sir John Pope Hennessy says:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The richly perfumed yellow wallflowers that he brought +to Ireland from the Azores, and the Affane cherry, are still +found where he first planted them by the Blackwater. +Some cedars he brought to Cork are to this day growing, +according to the local historian, Mr. J. G. MacCarthy, at +a place called Tivoli. The four venerable yew-trees, whose +branches have grown and intermingled into a sort of +summer-house thatch, are pointed out as having sheltered<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> +Raleigh when he first smoked tobacco in his Youghal garden. +In that garden he also planted tobacco.... A few steps +further on, where the town-wall of the thirteenth century +bounds the garden of the Warden's house, is the famous spot +where the first Irish potato was planted by him. In that +garden he gave the tubers to the ancestor of the present +Lord Southwell, by whom they were spread throughout the +province of Munster.</p></div> + +<p>These were boons to mankind which the zeal of +Raleigh's agents had brought back from across the +western seas, gifts of more account in the end than could +be contained in all the palaces of Manoa, and all the +emerald mines of Trinidad, if only this great man could +have followed his better instinct and believed it.</p> + +<p>Raleigh's habitual difficulty in serving under other +men showed itself this autumn in his dispute with the +Irish Deputy, Sir William Fitzwilliam, and led, perhaps, +to his return early in the winter. We do not know +what circumstances led to his being taken back into +Elizabeth's favour again, but it was probably in November +that he returned to England, and took Spenser with +him. Of this interesting passage in his life we find +again an account in <i>Colin Clout's come home again</i>. +Spencer says:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">When thus our pipes we both had wearied well,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">... and each an end of singing made,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">He [Raleigh] gan to cast great liking to my lore,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And great disliking to my luckless lot;<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>and advised him to come to Court and be presented to +'Cynthia,'</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Whose grace was great and bounty most rewardful.<br /></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span></div></div> + +<p>He then devotes no less than ninety-five lines to a +description of the voyage, which was a very rough one, +and at last he is brought by Raleigh into the Queen's +presence:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i8">The shepherd of the ocean ...<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Unto that goddess' grace me first enhanced,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And to my oaten pipe inclined her ear,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">That she thenceforth therein gan take delight,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And it desired at timely hours to hear,<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>finally commanding the publication of it. On December +1, 1589, the <i>Faery Queen</i> was registered, and a pension +of 50<i>l.</i> secured for the poet. The supplementary +letter and sonnets to Raleigh express Spenser's generous +recognition of the services his friend had performed for +him, and appeal to Raleigh, as 'the Summer's Nightingale, +thy sovereign goddess's most dear delight,' not +to delay in publishing his own great poem, the <i>Cynthia</i>. +The first of the eulogistic pieces prefixed by friends to +the <i>Faery Queen</i> was that noble and justly celebrated +sonnet signed W. R. which alone would justify Raleigh +in taking a place among the English poets.</p> + +<p>Raleigh's position was once more secure in the sunlight. +He could hold Sir William Fitzwilliam informed, +on December 29, that 'I take myself far his better by +the honourable office I hold, as well as by that nearness +to her Majesty which still I enjoy, and never more.' +The next two years were a sort of breathing space in +Raleigh's career; he had reached the table-land of his +fortunes, and neither rose nor fell in favour. The +violent crisis of the Spanish Armada had marked +the close of an epoch at Court. In September +1588 Leicester died, in April 1590 Walsingham, in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> +September 1591 Sir Christopher Hatton, three men in +whose presence, however apt Raleigh might be to +vaunt his influence, he could never have felt absolutely +master. New men were coming on, but for the moment +the most violent and aggressive of his rivals, Essex, +was disposed to wave a flag of truce. Both Raleigh +and Essex saw one thing more clearly than the Queen +herself, namely, that the loyalty of the Puritans, whom +Elizabeth disliked, was the great safeguard of the +nation against Catholic encroachment, and they united +their forces in trying to protect the interests of men +like John Udall against the Queen's turbulent prejudices. +In March 1591 we find it absolutely recorded +that the Earl of Essex and Raleigh have joined 'as +instruments from the Puritans to the Queen upon any +particular occasion of relieving them.' With Essex, +some sort of genuine Protestant fervour seems to have +acted; Raleigh, according to all evidence, was a man +without religious interests, but far before his age in +tolerance for the opinions of others, and he was swayed, +no doubt, in this as in other cases, by his dislike of +persecution on the one hand, and his implacable enmity +to Spain on the other.</p> + +<p>In May 1591, Raleigh was hurriedly sent down the +Channel in a pinnace to warn Lord Thomas Howard +that Spanish ships had been seen near the Scilly Islands. +There was a project for sending a fleet of twenty ships +to Spain, and Raleigh was to be second in command, +but the scheme was altered. In November 1591 he +first came before the public as an author with a tract +in which he celebrated the prowess of one of his best +friends and truest servants, Sir Richard Grenville, in a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> +contest with the Spaniard which is one of the most +famous in English history. Raleigh's little volume +is entitled: <i>A Report of the Truth of the Fight about +the Iles of the Açores this last Sommer betwixt the +'Reuenge' and an Armada of the King of Spaine</i>. The +fight had taken place on the preceding 10th of September; +the odds against the 'Revenge' were so +excessive that Grenville was freely blamed for needless +foolhardiness, in facing 15,000 Spaniards with only 100 +men. Raleigh wrote his <i>Report</i> to justify the memory +of his friend, and doubtless hastened its publication +that it might be received as evidence before Sir R. +Beville's commission, which was to meet a month later +to inquire into the circumstances of Grenville's death. +Posterity has taken Raleigh's view, and all Englishmen, +from Lord Bacon to Lord Tennyson, have united in +praising this fight as one 'memorable even beyond +credit, and to the height of some heroical fable.'</p> + +<p>The <i>Report</i> of 1591 was anonymous, and it was +Hakluyt first who, in reprinting it in 1599, was permitted +to state that it was 'penned by the honourable +Sir Walter Ralegh, knight.' Long entirely neglected, +it has of late become the best known of all its author's +productions. It is written in a sane and manly style, +and marks the highest level reached by English narrative +prose as it existed before the waters were +troubled by the fashion of Euphues. Not issued with +Raleigh's name, it was yet no doubt at once recognised +as his work, and it cannot have been without influence +in determining the policy of the country with Spain. +The author's enmity to the Spaniard is inveterate, and +he is careful in an eloquent introduction to prove that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> +he is not actuated by resentment on account of this one +act of cruel cowardice, but by a divine anger, justified +by the events of years, 'against the ambitious and +bloody pretences of the Spaniard, who, seeking to +devour all nations, shall be themselves devoured.' The +tract closes with a passionate appeal to the loyalty of the +English Catholics, who are warned by the sufferings of +Portugal that 'the obedience even of the Turk is easy +and a liberty, in respect of the slavery and tyranny of +Spain,' and who will never be so safe as when they are +trusting in the clemency of her Majesty. All this is in +the highest degree characteristic of Raleigh, whose +central idea in life was not prejudice against the +Catholic religion, for he was singularly broad in this +respect, but, in his own words, 'hatred of the tyrannous +prosperity of Spain.' This ran like a red strand +through his whole career from Smerwick to the block, +and this was at once the measure of his greatness and +the secret of his fall.</p> + +<p>It was formerly supposed that Raleigh came into +possession of Sherborne, his favourite country residence, +in 1594, that is to say after the Throckmorton incident. +It is, however, in the highest degree improbable that +such an estate would be given to him after his fatal +offence, and in fact it is now certain that the lease was +extended to him much earlier, probably in October 1591. +There is a pleasant legend that Raleigh and one of his +half-brothers were riding up to town from Plymouth, +when Raleigh's horse stumbled and threw him within +the precincts of a beautiful Dorsetshire estate, then in +possession of the Dean and Chapter of Salisbury, and +that Raleigh, choosing to consider that he had thus<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> +taken seisin of the soil, asked the Queen for Sherborne +Castle when he arrived at Court. It may have been on +this occasion that Elizabeth asked him when he would +cease to be a beggar, and received the reply, 'When your +Majesty ceases to be a benefactor!' His first lease +included a payment of 260<i>l.</i> a year to the Bishop of +Salisbury, who asserted a claim to the property. In +January 1592, after the payment of a quarter's rent, +Raleigh was confirmed in possession, and began to improve +and enjoy the property. It consisted of the +manor of Sherborne, with a large park, a castle which +had to be repaired, and several farms and hamlets, +together with a street in the borough of Sherborne +itself. It is a curious fact that Raleigh had to present +the Queen with a jewel worth 250<i>l.</i> to induce her 'to +make the Bishop,' that is to say, to appoint to the see of +Salisbury, now vacant, a man who would consent to the +alienation of such rich Church lands as the manors of +Sherborne and Yetminster. John Meeres, afterwards so +determined and exasperating an enemy of Raleigh's, was +now<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> appointed his bailiff, and Adrian Gilbert a sort of +general overseer of the works.</p> + +<p>Raleigh had been but two months settled in possession +of Sherborne, with his ninety-nine years' lease +clearly made out, when he passed suddenly out of the +sunlight into the deepest shadow of approaching disfavour. +The year opened with promise of greater activity +and higher public honours than Raleigh had yet +displayed and enjoyed. An expedition was to be sent<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> +to capture the rich fleet of plate-ships, known as the +Indian Carracks, and then to push on to storm the pearl +treasuries of Panama. For the first time, Elizabeth +had shown herself willing to trust her favourite in +person on the perilous western seas. Raleigh was to +command the fleet of fifteen ships, and under him was +to serve the morose hero of Cathay, the dreadful Sir +Martin Frobisher. Raleigh was not only to be admiral +of the expedition, but its chief adventurer also, and in +order to bear this expense he had collected his available +fortune from various quarters, stripping himself of all +immediate resources. To help him, the Queen had +bought The Ark Raleigh, his largest ship, for 5,000<i>l.</i>; +and in February 1592 he was ready to sail. When +the moment for parting came, however, the Queen found +it impossible to spare him, and Sir John Burrough was +appointed admiral.</p> + +<p>It is exceedingly difficult to move with confidence +in this obscure part of our narrative. On March 10, +1592, we find Raleigh at Chatham, busy about the wages +of the sailors, and trying to persuade them to serve +under Frobisher, whose reputation for severity made him +very unpopular. He writes on that day to Sir Robert +Cecil, and uses these ambiguous expressions with regard +to a rumour of which we now hear for the first time:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I mean not to come away, as they say I will, for fear of +a marriage, and I know not what. If any such thing were, +I would have imparted it to yourself, before any man living; +and therefore, I pray, believe it not, and I beseech you to +suppress, what you can, any such malicious report. For I +protest before God, there is none, on the face of the earth, +that I would be fastened unto.</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span></p> + +<p>Raleigh was now in a desperate embarrassment. +There was that concealed in his private life which could +only be condoned by absence; he had seen before him +an unexpected chance of escape from England, and now +the Queen's tedious fondness had closed it again. The +desperate fault which he had committed was that he had +loved too well and not at all wisely a beautiful orphan, +Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Nicholas Throckmorton, a +maid of honour to the Queen. It is supposed that she +was two or three and twenty at the time. Whether +he seduced her, and married her after his imprisonment +in the Tower, or whether in the early months of 1592 +there was a private marriage, has been doubted. The +biographers of Raleigh have preferred to believe the +latter, but it is to be feared that his fair fame in this +matter cannot be maintained unsullied. Among Sir +Walter Raleigh's children one daughter appears to have +been illegitimate, 'my poor daughter, to whom I have +given nothing, for his sake who will be cruel to himself +to preserve thee,' as he says to Lady Raleigh in 1603, +and it may be that it was the birth of this child which +brought down the vengeance of Queen Elizabeth upon +their heads.</p> + +<p>His clandestine relations with Elizabeth Throckmorton +were not in themselves without excuse. To be +the favourite of Elizabeth, who had now herself attained +the sixtieth summer of her immortal charms, was +tantamount to a condemnation to celibacy. The vanity +of Belphœbe would admit no rival among high or low, +and the least divergence from the devotion justly due to +her own imperial loveliness was a mortal sin. What is +less easy to forgive in Raleigh than that at the age of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> +forty he should have rebelled at last against this tyranny, +is that he seems, in the crisis of his embarrassment, to +have abandoned the woman to whom he could write +long afterwards, 'I chose you and I loved you in my +happiest times.' After this brief dereliction, however, +he returned to his duty, and for the rest of his life was +eminently faithful to the wife whom he had taken under +such painful circumstances.</p> + +<p>There is a lacuna in the evidence as to what +actually happened early in 1592; the late Mr. J. P. +Collier filled up this gap with a convenient letter, which +has found its way into the histories of Raleigh, but +the original of which has never been seen by other eyes +than the transcriber's. What is certain is that Raleigh +contrived to conceal the state of things from the Queen, +and to steal away to sea on the pretext that he was +merely accompanying Sir Martin Frobisher to the +mouth of the Channel. He says himself that on May +13, 1592, he was 'about forty leagues off the Cape +Finisterre.' It was reported that the Queen sent a ship +after him to insist on his return, but such a messenger +would have had little chance of finding him when once +he had reached the latitude of Portugal, and it is more +reasonable to suppose that after straying away as far as +he dared, he came back again of his own accord. On +June 8 he was still living unmolested in Durham +House, and dealing, as a person in authority, with +certain questions of international navigation. Three +weeks later the Queen seems to have discovered, what +everyone about her knew already, the nature of +Raleigh's relations with Elizabeth Throckmorton. On +July 28 Sir Edward Stafford wrote to Anthony Bacon:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> +'If you have anything to do with Sir Walter Raleigh, +or any love to make to Mrs. Throckmorton, at the Tower +to-morrow you may speak with them.' It was four +years before Raleigh was admitted again to the presence +of his enraged Belphœbe.</p> + +<p>Needless prominence has been given to this imprisonment +of Raleigh's, which lasted something less than +two months. He was exceedingly restive under constraint, +however, and filled the air with the picturesque +clamour of his distress. His first idea was to soften +the Queen's heart by outrageous protestations of anxious +devotion to her person. The following passage from a +letter to Sir Robert Cecil is remarkable in many ways, +curious as an example of affected passion in a soldier of +forty for a maiden of sixty, curious as a piece of carefully +modulated Euphuistic prose in the fashion of the hour, +most curious as the language of a man from whom the +one woman that he really loved was divided by the damp +wall of a prison:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>My heart was never broken till this day, that I hear the +Queen goes away so far off, whom I have followed so many +years with so great love and desire, in so many journeys, +and am now left behind her, in a dark prison all alone. +While she was yet nigher at hand, that I might hear of her +once in two or three days, my sorrows were the less; but +even now my heart is cast into the depth of all misery. I +that was wont to behold her riding like Alexander, hunting +like Diana, walking like Venus, the gentle wind blowing +her fair hair about her pure cheeks, like a nymph; sometime +sitting in the shade like a goddess; sometime singing +like an angel; sometime playing like Orpheus. Behold the +sorrow of this world! Once amiss, hath bereaved me of all. +O Glory, that only shineth in misfortune, what is become of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> +thy assurance? All wounds have scars, but that of fantasy; +all affections their relenting, but that of womankind. +Who is the judge of friendship, but adversity? or when is +grace witnessed, but in offences? There were no divinity, +but by reason of compassion for revenges are brutish and +mortal. All those times past, the loves, the sights, the +sorrows, the desires, can they not weigh down one frail misfortune? +Cannot one drop of salt be hidden in so great +heaps of sweetness? I may then conclude, <i>Spes et fortuna, +valete</i>! She is gone in whom I trusted, and of me hath not +one thought of mercy, nor any respect of that that was. Do +with me now, therefore, what you list. I am more weary +of life than they are desirous I should perish.</p></div> + +<p>He kept up this comedy of passion with wonderful +energy. One day, when the royal barge, passing down +to Gravesend, crossed below his window, he raved and +stormed, swearing that his enemies had brought the +Queen thither 'to break his gall in sunder with +Tantalus' torment.' Another time he protested that he +must disguise himself as a boatman, and just catch a +sight of the Queen, or else his heart would break. He +drew his dagger on his keeper, Sir George Carew, and +broke the knuckles of Sir Arthur Gorges, because he +said they were restraining him from the sight of his +Mistress. He proposed to Lord Howard of Effingham +at the close of a business letter, that he should be thrown +to feed the lions, 'to save labour,' as the Queen was +still so cruel. Sir Arthur Gorges was in despair; he +thought that Raleigh was going mad. 'He will shortly +grow,' he said, 'to be Orlando Furioso, if the bright +Angelica persevere against him a little longer.'</p> + +<p>It was all a farce, of course, but underneath the +fantastic affectation there was a very real sentiment, that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> +of the intolerable tedium of captivity. Raleigh had +been living a life of exaggerated activity, never a month +at rest, now at sea, now in Devonshire, now at Court, +hurrying hither and thither, his horse and he one +veritable centaur. Among the Euphuistic 'tears of +fancy' which he sent from the Tower, there occurs this +little sentence, breathing the most complete sincerity: +'I live to trouble you at this time, being become like a +fish cast on dry land, gasping for breath, with lame legs +and lamer lungs.' There was no man then in England +whom it was more cruel to shut up in a cage. This +reference to his lungs is the first announcement of the +failure of his health. Raleigh's constitution was tough, +but he had a variety of ailments, and a tendency to +rheumatism and to consumption was among them. In +later years we shall find that the damp cells of the +Tower filled his joints with pain, and reduced him with +a weakening cough. But long before his main imprisonment +his joints and his lungs were troublesome to +him.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile the great privateering expedition in +which Raleigh had launched his fortune was proceeding +to its destination in the Azores. No such enterprise +had been as yet undertaken by English adventurers. +It was a strictly private effort, but the Queen in her +personal capacity had contributed two ships and 1,800<i>l.</i>, +and the citizens of London 6,000<i>l.</i>, but Raleigh retained +by far the largest share. Raleigh had been a week in +the Tower, when Admiral Sir John Burrough, who had +divided the fleet and had left Frobisher on the coast of +Spain, joined to his contingent two London ships, the +'Golden Dragon' and the 'Prudence,' and lay in wait<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> +under Flores for the great line of approaching carracks. +The largest of these, the 'Madre de Dios,' was the most +famous plate-ship of the day, carrying what in those days +seemed almost incredible, no less than 1,800 tons. +Her cargo, brought through Indian seas from the coast +of Malabar, was valued when she started at 500,000<i>l.</i> +She was lined with glowing woven carpets, sarcenet +quilts, and lengths of white silk and cyprus; she carried +in chests of sandalwood and ebony such store of rubies +and pearls, such porcelain and ivory and rock crystal, +such great pots of musk and planks of cinnamon, as had +never been seen on all the stalls of London. Her hold +smelt like a garden of spices for all the benjamin and +cloves, the nutmegs and the civet, the ambergris and +frankincense. There was a fight before Raleigh's ship +the 'Roebuck' could seize this enormous prize, yet +somewhat a passive one on the part of the lumbering +carrack, such a fight as may ensue between a great +rabbit and the little stoat that sucks its life out. When +she was entered, it was found that pilferings had gone +on already at every port at which she had called; and +the English sailors had done their share before Burrough +could arrive on board; the jewels and the lighter spices +were badly tampered with, but in the general rejoicing +over so vast a prize this was not much regarded. +Through seas so tempestuous that it seemed at one time +likely that she would sink in the Atlantic, the 'Madre +de Dios' was at last safely brought into Dartmouth, on +September 8.</p> + +<p>The arrival of the 'Madre de Dios' on the Queen's +birthday had something like the importance of a +national event. No prize of such value had ever been<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> +captured before. When all deduction had been made +for treasure lost or pilfered or squandered, there yet +remained a total value of 141,000<i>l.</i> in the money of +that day. The fact that all this wealth was lying in +Dartmouth harbour was more than the tradesmen of +London could bear. Before the Queen's commissioners +could assemble, half the usurers and shopkeepers in the +City had hurried down into Devonshire to try and gather +up a few of the golden crumbs. Raleigh, meanwhile, +was ready to burst his heart with fretting in the Tower, +until it suddenly appeared that this very concourse and +rabble at Dartmouth would render his release imperative. +No one but he could cope with Devonshire in its +excitement, and Lord Burghley determined on sending +him to Dartmouth. Robert Cecil, writing from Exeter +to his father on September 19, reported that for seven +miles everybody he met on the London road smelt of +amber or of musk, and that you could not open a bag +without finding seed-pearls in it. 'My Lord!' he says, +'there never was such spoil.' Raleigh's presence was +absolutely necessary, for Cecil could do nothing with +the desperate and obstinate merchants and sailors.</p> + +<p>On September 21, Raleigh arrived at Dartmouth +with his keeper, Blount. Cecil was amazed to find the +disgraced favourite so popular in Devonshire. 'I assure +you,' he says, 'his poor servants to the number of one +hundred and forty, goodly men, and all the mariners, +came to him with such shouts and joy as I never saw a +man more troubled to quiet them in my life. But his +heart is broken, for he is extremely pensive longer than +he is busied, in which he can toil terribly, but if you +did hear him rage at the spoils, finding all the short<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> +wares utterly devoured, you would laugh as I do, which +I cannot choose. The meeting between him and Sir +John Gilbert was with tears on Sir John's part; and +he belike finding it known he had a keeper, wherever +he is saluted with congratulation for liberty, he doth +answer, "No, I am still the Queen of England's poor +captive." I wished him to conceal it, because here it +doth diminish his credit, which I do vow to you before +God is greater among the mariners than I thought for. +I do grace him as much as I may, for I find him +marvellously greedy to do anything to recover the +conceit of his brutish offence.'</p> + +<p>Raleigh broke into rage at finding so many of his +treasures lost, and he gave out that if he met with any +London jewellers or goldsmiths in Devonshire, were it +on the wildest heath in all the county, he would strip +them as naked as when they were born. He raved +against the commissioners and the captains, against +Cecil and against Cross. As was his wont, he showed +no tact or consideration towards those who were engaged +with or just above him; but about the end of September +business cooled his wrath, and he settled down to a +division of the prize. On September 27, the Commissioners +of Inquiry sent in to Burghley and Howard +a report of their proceedings with respect to the 'Madre +de Dios'; this report is signed by Cecil, Raleigh, Sir +Francis Drake, and three other persons. They had carried +on their search for stolen treasure so rigorously +that even the Admiral's chests were examined against +his will. They confess their disappointment at finding +in them nothing more tempting than some taffetas embroidered +with Chinese gold, and a bunch of seed-pearl.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></p> + +<p>Sir Walter Raleigh now married or acknowledged +Elizabeth Throckmorton, and in February 1593 Sir +Robert Cecil procured some sort of surly recognition +of the marriage from the Queen. For this Lady Raleigh +thanks him in a strange flowery letter<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> of the 8th of +that month, in which she excuses her husband for his +denial of her—'if faith were broken with me, I was +yet far away'—and shows an affectionate solicitude for +his future. It seems that Raleigh's first idea on finding +himself free was to depart on an expedition to America, +and this Lady Raleigh strongly objects to. In her +alembicated style she says to Cecil, 'I hope for my sake +you will rather draw for Walter towards the east than +help him forward toward the sunset, if any respect to +me or love to him be not forgotten. But every month +hath his flower and every season his contentment, and +you great councillors are so full of new councils, as you +are steady in nothing, but we poor souls that have +bought sorrow at a high price, desire, and can be pleased +with, the same misfortune we hold, fearing alterations +will but multiply misery, of which we have already felt +sufficient.' The poor woman had her way for the +present, and for two full years her husband contented +himself with a quiet and obscure life among the woods +of Sherborne.</p> + +<p>For the next year we get scanty traces of Raleigh's +movements from his own letters. In May 1593 his +health, shaken by his imprisonment, gave him some +uneasiness, and he went to Bath to drink the waters, +but without advantage. In August of that year we<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> +find him busy in Gillingham Forest, and he gives Sir +Robert Cecil a roan gelding in exchange for a rare +Indian falcon. In the autumn he is engaged on the +south coast in arranging quarrels between English and +French fishermen. In April 1594 he captures a live +Jesuit, 'a notable stout villain,' with all 'his copes and +bulls,' in Lady Stourton's house, which was a very warren +of dangerous recusants. But he soon gets tired of these +small activities. The sea at Weymouth and at Plymouth +put out its arms to him and wooed him. To +hunt 'notable Jesuit knaves' and to sit on the granite +judgment-seat of the Stannaries were well, but life +offered more than this to Raleigh. In June 1594 he +tells Cecil that he will serve the Queen as a poor private +mariner or soldier if he may only be allowed to be +stirring abroad, and the following month there is a still +more urgent appeal for permission to go with the Lord +Admiral to Brittany. He has a quarrel meanwhile with +the Dean and Chapter of Sarum, who have let his +Sherborne farms over his head to one Fitzjames, and +'who could not deal with me worse withal if I were +a Turk.' But a month later release has come. The +plague has broken up his home, his wife and son are +sent in opposite directions, and he himself has leave to +be free at last; with God's favour and the Queen's he +will sail into 'the sunset' that Lady Raleigh had feared +so much, and will conquer for England the fabulous +golden cities of Guiana.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span></p> + + + +<h2 class="gap3"><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV.</h2> + +<h3>GUIANA.</h3> + + +<p>The vast tract in the north-east of the southern continent +of America which is now divided between Venezuela +and three European powers, was known in the +sixteenth century by the name of Guiana. Of this +district the three territories now styled English, Dutch, +and French Guiana respectively form but an insignificant +coast-line, actually lying outside the vague eastern +limit of the traditional empire of Guiana. As early +as 1539 a brother of the great Pizarro had returned +to Peru with a legend of a prince of Guiana whose body +was smeared with turpentine and then blown upon with +gold dust, so that he strode naked among his people +like a majestic golden statue. This prince was El Dorado, +the Gilded One. But as time went on this title was +transferred from the monarch to his kingdom, or rather +to a central lake hemmed in by golden mountains in +the heart of Guiana. Spanish and German adventurers +made effort after effort to reach this <i>laguna</i>, starting +now from Peru, now from Quito, now from Trinidad, +but they never found it: little advance was made in +knowledge or authority, nor did Spain raise any definite +pretensions to Guiana, although her provinces +hemmed it in upon three sides.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span></p> + +<p>There is no doubt that Raleigh, who followed with +the closest attention the nascent geographical literature +of his time, read the successive accounts which the +Spaniards and Germans gave of their explorations in +South America. But it was not until 1594 that he +seems to have been specially attracted to Guiana. At +every part of his career it was 'hatred of the tyrannous +prosperity' of Spain which excited him to action. +Early in 1594 Captain George Popham, sailing apparently +in one of Raleigh's vessels, captured at sea and +brought to the latter certain letters sent home to the +King of Spain announcing that on April 23, 1593, at +a place called Warismero, on the Orinoco, Antonio de +Berreo, the Governor of Trinidad, had annexed Guiana +to the dominions of his Catholic Majesty, under the +name of El Nuevo Dorado. In these same letters +various reports of the country and its inhabitants were +repeated, that the chiefs danced with their naked bodies +gleaming with gold dust, and with golden eagles dangling +from their breasts and great pearls from their ears, that +there were rich mines of diamonds and of gold, that the +innocent people were longing to exchange their jewels +for jews-harps. Raleigh was aroused at once, less by +the splendours of the description than by the fact +that this unknown country, with its mysterious possibilities, +had been impudently added to the plunder of +Spain. He immediately fitted out a ship, and sent +Captain Jacob Whiddon, an old servant of his, to act as +a pioneer, and get what knowledge he could of Guiana. +Whiddon went to Trinidad, saw Berreo, was put off by +him with various treacherous excuses, and returned to +England in the winter of 1594 with but a scanty stock<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> +of fresh information. It was enough, however, to encourage +Raleigh to start for Guiana without delay.</p> + +<p>On December 26 he writes: 'This wind breaks my +heart. That which should carry me hence now stays +me here, and holds seven ships in the river of Thames. +As soon as God sends them hither I will not lose one +hour of time.' On January 2, 1595, he is still at Sherborne, +'only gazing for a wind to carry me to my destiny.' +At last, on February 6 he sailed away from Plymouth, +not with seven, but with five ships, together with small +craft for ascending rivers. What the number of his +crew was, he nowhere states. The section of them +which he took up to the Orinoco he describes as 'a +handful of men, being in all about a hundred gentlemen; +soldiers, rowers, boat-keepers, boys, and all sorts.' +Sir Robert Cecil was to have adventured his own ship, +the 'Lion's Whelp,' and for her Raleigh waited seven +or eight days among the Canaries, but she did not arrive. +On the 17th they captured at Fuerteventura two ships, +Spanish and Flemish, and stocked their own vessels with +wine from the latter.</p> + +<p>They then sailed on into the west, and on March 22 +arrived on the south side of Trinidad, casting anchor on +the north shore of the Serpent's Mouth. Raleigh personally +explored the southern and western coasts of the +island in a small boat, while the ships kept to the channel. +He was amazed to find oysters in the brackish creeks +hanging to the branches of the mangrove trees at low +water, and he examined also the now famous liquid pitch +of Trinidad. Twenty years afterwards, in writing <i>The +History of the World</i>, we find his memory still dwelling +on these natural wonders. At the first settlement the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> +English fleet came to, Port of Spain, they traded with the +Spanish colonists, and Raleigh endeavoured to find out +what he could, which was but little, about Guiana. He +pretended that he was asking merely out of curiosity, +and was on his way to his own colony of Virginia.</p> + +<p>While Raleigh was anchored off Port of Spain, he +found that Berreo, the Governor, had privately sent +for reinforcements to Marguerita and Cumana, meaning +to attack him suddenly. At the same time the Indians +came secretly aboard the English ships with terrible +complaints of Spanish cruelty. Berreo was keeping +the ancient chiefs of the island in prison, and had +the singular foible of amusing himself at intervals by +basting their bare limbs with broiling bacon. These +considerations determined Raleigh to take the initiative. +That same evening he marched his men up the country +to the new capital of the island, St. Joseph, which +they easily stormed, and in it they captured Berreo. +Raleigh found five poor roasted chieftains hanging in +irons at the point of death, and at their instance he set +St. Joseph on fire. That very day two more English +ships, the 'Lion's Whelp' and the 'Galleys,' arrived at +Port of Spain, and Raleigh was easily master of the +situation.</p> + +<p>Berreo seems to have submitted with considerable +tact. He insinuated himself into Raleigh's confidence, +and, like the familiar poet in Shakespeare's sonnet, +'nightly gulled him with intelligence.' His original +idea probably was that by inflaming Raleigh's imagination +with the wonders of Guiana, he would be the +more likely to plunge to his own destruction into the +fatal swamps of the Orinoco. It is curious to find<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> +even Raleigh, who was eminently humane in his own +dealings with the Indians, speaking in these terms +of such a cruel scoundrel as Berreo, 'a gentleman +well descended, very valiant and liberal, and a gentleman +of great assuredness, and of a great heart: I +used him according to his estate and worth in all +things I could, according to the small means I had.' +Berreo showed him a copy he held of a journal kept by +a certain Juan Martinez, who professed to have penetrated +as far as Manoa, the capital of Guiana. This +narrative was very shortly afterwards exposed as 'an +invention of the fat friars of Puerto Rico,' but Raleigh +believed it, and it greatly encouraged him. When +Berreo realised that he certainly meant to attempt the +expedition, his tone altered, and he 'was stricken into a +great melancholy and sadness, using all the arguments +he could to dissuade me, and also assuring the gentlemen +of my company that it would be labour lost,' but +all in vain.</p> + +<p>The first thing to be done was to cross the Serpent's +Mouth, and to ascend one of the streams of the great +delta. Raleigh sent Captain Whiddon to explore the +southern coast, and determined from his report to take +the Capuri, or, as it is now called, the Macareo branch, +which lies directly under the western extremity of +Trinidad. After an unsuccessful effort here, he started +farther west, on the Caño Manamo, which he calls the +River of the Red Cross. He found it exceedingly difficult +to enter, owing to the sudden rise and fall of the +flood in the river, and the violence of the current. At +last they started, passing up the river on the tide, and +anchoring in the ebb, and in this way went slowly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> +onward. The vessels which carried them were little +fitted for such a task. Raleigh had had an old galley +furnished with benches to row upon, and so far cut +down that she drew but five feet of water; he had +also a barge, two wherries, and a ship's boat, and in +this miserable fleet, leaving his large vessels behind +him in the Gulf of Paria, he accomplished his perilous +and painful voyage to the Orinoco and back, with one +hundred persons and their provisions. Of the misery of +these four hundred miles he gives a graphic account:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>We were all driven to lie in the rain and weather, in the +open air, in the burning sun, and upon the hard boards, and +to dress our meat, and to carry all manner of furniture, +wherewith [the boats] were so pestered and unsavoury, that +what with victuals being most fish, with the wet clothes of +so many men thrust together, and the heat of the sun, I +will undertake there was never any prison in England that +could be found more unsavoury and loathsome, especially +to myself, who had for many years before been dieted and +cared for in a sort far different.</p></div> + +<p>On the third day, as they were ascending the river, +the galley stuck so fast that they thought their expedition +would have ended there; but after casting out all +her ballast, and after much tugging and hauling to and +fro, they got off in twelve hours. When they had +ascended beyond the limit of the tide, the violence of +the current became a very serious difficulty, and at the +end of the seventh day the crews began to despair, the +temperature being extremely hot, and the thick foliage +of the Ita-palms on either side of the river excluding +every breath of air. Day by day the Indian pilots +assured them that the next night should be the last.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> +Raleigh had to harangue his men to prevent mutiny, +for now their provisions also were exhausted. He told +them that if they returned through that deadly swamp +they must die of starvation, and that the world would +laugh their memory to scorn.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 678px;"> +<a name="Map_2" id="Map_2"></a> +<img src="images/map2.png" width="678" height="399" alt="GUIANA." title="" /> +<span class="caption">GUIANA.</span> +</div> + +<p>Presently things grew a little better. They found +wholesome fruits on the banks, and now that the streams +were purer they caught fish. Not knowing what they +saw, they marvelled at the 'birds of all colours, some +carnation, orange tawny,' which was Raleigh's own +colour, 'purple, green, watchet and of all other sorts +both simple and mixed, as it was unto us a great good +passing of the time to behold them, besides the relief +we found by killing some store of them with our fowling +pieces.' These savannahs are full of birds, and the +brilliant macaws which excited Raleigh's admiration +make an excellent stew, with the flavour, according to +Sir Robert Schomburgk, of hare soup. Their pilot now +persuaded them to anchor the galley in the main river, +and come with him up a creek, on the right hand, which +would bring them to a town. On this wild-goose chase +they ascended the side-stream for forty miles; it was +probably the Cucuina, which was simply winding back +with them towards the Gulf of Paria. They felt that +the Indian was tricking them, but about midnight, +while they were talking of hanging him, they saw a +light and heard the baying of dogs. They had found +an Indian village, and here they rested well, and had +plenty of food and drink. Upon this new river they +were charmed to see the deer come feeding down to +the water's brink, and Raleigh describes the scene as +though it reminded him of his own park at Sherborne.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> +They were alarmed at the crowds of alligators, and +one handsome young negro, who leaped into the river +from the galley, was instantly devoured in Raleigh's +sight.</p> + +<p>Next day they regained the great river, and their +anxious comrades in the 'Lion's Whelp.' They passed +on together, and were fortunate enough to meet with +four Indian canoes laden with excellent bread. The +Indians ran away and left their possessions, and +Raleigh's dreams of mineral wealth were excited by the +discovery of what he took to be a 'refiner's basket, for +I found in it his quicksilver, saltpetre, and divers things +for the trial of metals, and also the dust of such ore as +he had refined.' He was minded to stay here and dig +for gold, but was prevented by a phenomenon which he +mentions incidentally, but which has done much to +prove the reality of his narrative. He says that all the +little creeks which ran towards the Orinoco 'were raised +with such speed, as if we waded them over the shoes +in the morning outward, we were covered to the +shoulders homeward the very same day.' Sir R. Schomburgk +found exactly the same to be the case when he +explored Guiana in 1843.</p> + +<p>They pushed on therefore along the dreary river, and +on the fifteenth day had the joy of seeing straight +before them far away the peaks of Peluca and Paisapa, +the summits of the Imataca mountains which divide +the Orinoco from the Essequibo. The same evening, +favoured by a strong northerly wind, they came in sight +of the great Orinoco itself, and anchored in it a little to +the east of the present settlement of San Rafael de +Barrancas. Their spirits were high again. They feasted<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> +on the eggs of the freshwater turtles which they found +in thousands on the sandy islands, and they gazed with +rapture on the mountains to the south of them which +rose out of the very heart of Guiana. A friendly chieftain +carried them off to his village, where, to preserve the +delightful spelling of the age, 'some of our captaines +garoused of his wine till they were reasonable pleasant,' +this wine being probably the cassivi or fermented juice +of the sweet potato. It redounds to Raleigh's especial +credit that in an age when great license was customary +in dealing with savages, he strictly prohibited his men, +under threat of punishment by death, from insulting +the Indian women. His just admiration of the fair +Caribs, however, was quite enthusiastic:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The casique that was a stranger had his wife staying at +the port where we anchored, and in all my life I have seldom +seen a better-favoured woman. She was of good stature, +with black eyes, fat of body, of an excellent countenance, +and taking great pride therein. I have seen a lady in +England so like her, as but for the difference of colour I +would have sworn might have been the same.</p></div> + +<p>They started to ascend the Orinoco, having so little +just understanding of the geography of South +America that they thought if they could only sail far +enough up the river they would come out on the other +side of the continent at Quito. It has been noticed that +Raleigh passed close to the Spanish settlement of +Guayana Vieja, which Berreo had founded four years +before. Perhaps it was by this time deserted, and +Raleigh may really have gone by it without seeing it. +More probably, however, its existence interfered with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> +his theory that all this territory was untouched by +Europeans, and therefore open to be annexed in the +name of her English Majesty. Passing up the Orinoco, +he came at last to what he calls 'the port of Morequito,' +where he made some stay, and enjoyed the luxury of +pine-apples, which he styles 'the princess of fruits.' +He was also introduced to that pleasing beast the armadillo, +whose powers and functions he a little misunderstood, +for he says of it, 'it seemeth to be all barred over +with small plates like to a rhinoceros, with a white horn +growing in his hinder parts, like unto a hunting horn, +which they use to wind instead of a trumpet.' What +Raleigh mistook for a hunting-horn was the stiff tail of +the armadillo. Raleigh warned the peaceful and friendly +inhabitants of Morequito against the villanies of Spain, +and recommended England to them as a safe protector. +He then pursued his westerly course to an island which +he calls Caiama, and which is now named Fajardo, +which was the farthest point he reached upon the +Orinoco. This island lies at the mouth of the Caroni, +the great southern artery of the watershed, and Raleigh's +final expedition was made up this stream. He reached +the foot of the great cataract, now named Salto Caroni, +and his description of this noble natural wonder may be +quoted as a favourable instance of his style, and as the +crown of his geographical enterprise:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>When we ran to the tops of the first hills of the plains +adjoining to the river, we behold that wonderful breach of +waters, which ran down Caroli [Caroni]; and might from +that mountain see the river how it ran in three parts, above +twenty miles off, and there appeared some ten or twelve +overfalls in sight, every one as high over the other as a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> +church tower, which fell with that fury that the rebound +of waters made it seem as if it had been all covered over +with a great shower of rain; and in some places we took it +at the first for a smoke that had risen over some great town. +For mine own part, I was well persuaded from thence to +have returned, being a very ill footman, but the rest were all +so desirous to go near the said strange thunder of waters, +that they drew me on by little and little, till we came into +the next valley, where we might better discern the same. +I never saw a more beautiful country, nor more lively +prospects, hills so raised here and there over the valleys, the +river winding into divers branches, the plains adjoining +without bush or stubble, all fair green grass, the ground of +hard sand easy to march on either for horse or foot, the +deer crossing in every path, the birds towards the evening +singing on every tree with a thousand several tunes, cranes +and herons of white, crimson, and carnation perching on the +river's side, the air fresh with a gentle easterly wind, and +every stone that we stooped to take up promised either gold +or silver by his complexion.</p></div> + +<p>The last touch spoils an exquisite picture. It is at +once dispiriting to find so intrepid a geographer and so +acute a merchant befooled by the madness of gold, and +pathetic to know that his hopes in this direction were +absolutely unfounded. The white quartz of Guiana, +the 'hard white spar' which Raleigh describes, confessedly +contains gold, although, as far as is at present +known, in quantities so small as not to reward working. +Humboldt says that his examination of Guiana gold +led him to believe that, 'like tin, it is sometimes disseminated +in an almost imperceptible manner in the +mass of granite rocks itself, without our being able to +admit that there is a ramification and an interlacing of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> +small veins.' It is plain that Raleigh got hold of unusually +rich specimens of the sparse auriferous quartz. +He was accused on his return of having brought his +specimens from Africa, but no one suggested that they +did not contain gold. No doubt much of the sparkling +dust he saw in the rocks was simply iron pyrites, or +some other of the minerals which to this day are known +to the wise in California as 'fool's gold.' His expedition +had come to America unprovided with tools of +any kind, and Raleigh confesses that such specimens of +ore as they did not buy from the Indians, they had to +tear out with their daggers or with their fingers.</p> + +<p>It has been customary of late, in reaction against the +defamation of Raleigh in the eighteenth century, to +protest that gold was not his chief aim in the Guiana +enterprise, but that his main wish, under cover of +the search for gold, was to form a South American +colony for England, and to open out the west to +general commerce. With every wish to hold this +view, I am unable to do so in the face of the existing +evidence. More humane, more intelligent than any of +the adventurers who had preceded him, it yet does not +seem that Raleigh was less insanely bitten with the +gold fever than any of them. He saw the fleets of +Spain return to Europe year after year laden with +precious metals from Mexico, and he exaggerated, as all +men of his age did, the power of this tide of gold. He +conceived that no one would stem the dangerous influence +of Spain until the stream of wealth was diverted +or divided. He says in the most direct language that +it is not the trade of Spain, her exports of wines +and Seville oranges and other legitimate produce, that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> +threatens shipwreck to us all; 'it is his Indian gold that +endangereth and disturbeth all the nations of Europe; +it purchased intelligence, creepeth into councils, and +setteth bound loyalty at liberty in the greatest monarchies +of Europe.' In Raleigh's exploration of Guiana, +his steadfast hope, the hope which led him patiently +through so many hardships, was that he might secure +for Elizabeth a vast auriferous colony, the proceeds of +which might rival the revenues of Mexico and Peru. +But we must not make the mistake of supposing him +to have been so wise before his time as to perceive that +the real wealth which might paralyse a selfish power +like that of Spain would consist in the cereals and other +products which such a colony might learn to export.</p> + +<p>Resting among the friendly Indians in the heart of +the strange country to which he had penetrated, Raleigh +became in many ways the victim of his ignorance and +his pardonable credulity. Not only was he gulled with +diamonds and sapphires that were really rock-crystals, +but he was made to believe that there existed west of +the Orinoco a tribe of Indians whose eyes were in +their shoulders, and their mouths in the middle of their +breasts. He does not pretend that he saw such folks, +however, or that he enjoyed the advantage of conversing +with any of the Ewaipanoma, or men without heads, or +of that other tribe, 'who have eminent heads like dogs, +and live all the day-time in the sea, and speak the +Carib language.' Of all these he speaks from modest +hearsay, and less confidently than Othello did to Desdemona. +It is true that he relates marvellous and +fabulous things, but it is no less than just to distinguish +very carefully between what he repeats and what he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> +reports. For the former we have to take the evidence +of his interpreters, who but dimly understood what the +Indians told them, and Raleigh cannot be held personally +responsible; for the latter, the testimony of all later +explorers, especially Humboldt and Schomburgk, is that +Raleigh's narrative, where he does not fall into obvious +and easily intelligible error, is remarkably clear and +simple, and full of internal evidence of its genuineness.</p> + +<p>They had now been absent from their ships for +nearly a month, and Raleigh began to give up all hope +of being able on this occasion to reach the city of Manoa. +The fury of the Orinoco began to alarm them; they did +not know what might happen in a country subject to +such sudden and phenomenal floods. Tropical rains fell +with terrific violence, and the men would get wetted to +the skin ten times a day. It was cold, it was windy, +and to push on farther seemed perfectly hopeless. +Raleigh therefore determined to return, and they glided +down the vast river at a rapid pace, without need of sail +or oar. At Morequito, Raleigh sent for the old Indian +chief, Topiawari, who had been so friendly to him before, +and had a solemn interview with him. He took him +into his tent, and shutting out all other persons but +the interpreter, he told him that Spain was the enemy +of Guiana, and urged him to become the ally of England. +He promised to aid him against the Epuremi, a native +race which had oppressed him, if Topiawari would in +his turn act in Guiana for the Queen of England. To +this the old man and his followers warmly assented, +urging Raleigh to push on, if not for Manoa, at least for +Macureguarai, a rich city full of statues of gold, that was +but four days' journey farther on. This, Raleigh, in con<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span>sideration +of the sufferings of his followers, declined to +do, but he consented to an odd exchange of hostages, and +promised the following year to make a better equipped +expedition to Manoa. He carried off with him the son +of Topiawari, and he left behind at Morequito a boy +called Hugh Goodwin. To keep this boy company, a +young man named Francis Sparrey volunteered to stay +also; he was a person of some education, who had served +with Captain Gifford. Goodwin had a fancy for learning +the Indian language, and when Raleigh found him at +Caliana twenty-two years later, he had almost forgotten +his English. He was at last devoured by a jaguar. +Sparrey, who 'could describe a country with his pen,' +was captured by the Spaniards, taken to Spain, and +after long sufferings escaped to England, where he +published an account of Guiana in 1602. Sparrey is +chiefly remembered by his own account of how he purchased +eight young women, the eldest but eighteen +years of age, for a red-hafted knife, which in England +had cost him but a halfpenny. This was not the sort +of trade which Raleigh left him behind to encourage.</p> + +<p>As they passed down the Orinoco, they visited a +lake where Raleigh saw that extraordinary creature the +manatee, half cow, half whale; and a little lower they +saw the column of white spray, rising like the tower of +a church, over the huge cascades of the crystal mountains +of Roraima. At the village of a chieftain within earshot +of those thundering waters, they witnessed one of +the wild drinking feasts of the Indians, who were 'all +as drunk as beggars, the pots walking from one to +another without rest.' Next day, the contingent led +by Captain Keymis found them, and to celebrate the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> +meeting of friends, they passed over to the island of +Assapana, now called Yayo, in the middle of the Orinoco, +and they enjoyed a feast of the flesh of armadillos. On the +following day, increased cold and violent thunderstorms +reminded them that the autumn was far spent, and they +determined to return as quickly as possible to the sea. +Their pilots told them, however, that it was out of the +question to try to descend the River of the Red Cross, +which they had ascended, as the current would baffle +them; and therefore they attempted what is now called +the Macareo channel, farther east. Raleigh names this +stream the Capuri.</p> + +<p>They had no further adventures until they reached +the sea; but as they emerged into the Serpent's Mouth, +a great storm attacked them. They ran before night +close under shore with their small boats, and brought +the galley as near as they could. The latter, however, +very nearly sank, and Raleigh was puzzled what to do. +A bar of sand ran across the mouth of the river, covered +by only six feet of water, and the galley drew five. The +longer he hesitated, the worse the weather grew, and +therefore he finally took Captain Gifford into his own +barge, and thrust out to sea, leaving the galley anchored +by the shore. 'So being all very sober and melancholy, +one faintly cheering another to show courage, it pleased +God that the next day, about nine of the clock, we +descried the island of Trinidad, and steering for the +nearest part of it, we kept the shore till we came to +Curiapan, where we found our ships at anchor, than +which there was never to us a more joyful sight.'</p> + +<p>In spite of the hardships of the journey, the constant +wettings, the bad water and insufficient food, the lodging<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> +in the open air every night, he had only lost a single +man, the young negro who was snapped up by the +alligator at the mouth of the Cucuina. At the coast +there are dangerous miasmata which often prove fatal +to Europeans, but the interior of this part of South +America is reported by later travellers to be no less +wholesome than Raleigh found it.</p> + +<p>During Raleigh's absence his fleet had not lain idle +at Trinidad. Captain Amyas Preston, whom he had left +in charge, determined to take the initiative against the +Spanish forces which Berreo had summoned to his help. +With four ships Preston began to harry the coast of +Venezuela. On May 21 he appeared before the important +town of Cumana, but was persuaded to spare it +from sack upon payment of a large sum by the inhabitants. +Captain Preston landed part of his crew here, +and they crossed the country westward to Caracas, +which they plundered and burned. The fleet proceeded +to Coro, in New Granada, which they treated in the +same way. When they returned is uncertain, but +Raleigh found them at Curiapan when he came back to +Trinidad, and with them he coasted once more the +northern shore of South America. He burned Cumana, +but was disappointed in his hopes of plunder, for he +says, 'In the port towns of the province of Vensuello +[Venezuela] we found not the value of one real of plate.' +The fact was that the repeated voyages of the English +captains—and Drake was immediately to follow in +Raleigh's steps—had made the inhabitants of these +northern cities exceedingly wary. The precious products +were either stored in the hills, or shipped off to Spain +without loss of time.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span></p> + +<p>Raleigh's return to England was performed without +any publicity. He stole home so quietly that some +people declared that he had been all the time snug +in some Cornish haven. His biographers, including +Mr. Edwards, have dated his return in August, being +led away by a statement of Davis's, manifestly inaccurately +dated, that Raleigh and Preston were sailing off +the coast of Cuba in July. This is incompatible with +Raleigh's fear of the rapid approach of winter while he +was still in Guiana. It would also be difficult to account +for the entire absence of reference to him in England +before the winter. It is more likely that he found his +way back into Falmouth or Dartmouth towards the end +of October 1595. On November 10, he wrote to Cecil, +plainly smarting under the neglect which he had received. +He thought that coming from the west, with an +empire in his hand as a gift for Elizabeth, the Queen +would take him into favour again, but he was mistaken. +He writes to Cecil nominally to offer his services against +a rumoured fleet of Spain, but really to feel the ground +about Guiana, and the interest which the Government +might take in it. 'What becomes of Guiana I much +desire to hear, whether it pass for a history or a fable. +I hear Mr. Dudley [Sir Robert Dudley] and others are +sending thither; if it be so, farewell all good from +thence. For although myself, like a cockscomb, did +rather prefer the future in respect of others, and rather +sought to win the kings to her Majesty's service than to +sack them, I know what others will do when those kings +shall come singly into their hands.'</p> + +<p>Meanwhile he had been writing an account of his +travels, and on November 13, 1595, he sent a copy of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> +this in manuscript to Cecil, no doubt in hope that it +might be shown to Elizabeth. In the interesting letter +which accompanied this manuscript he inclosed a map of +Guiana, long supposed to have been lost, which was found +by Mr. St. John in the archives of Simancas, signed with +Raleigh's name, and in perfect condition. It is evident +that Raleigh could hardly endure the disappointment of +repulse. He says, 'I know the like fortune was never +offered to any Christian prince,' and losing his balance +altogether in his extravagant pertinacity, he declares to +Cecil that the city of Manoa contains stores of golden +statues, not one of which can be worth less than +100,000<i>l.</i> If the English Government will not prosecute +the enterprise that he has sketched out, Spain and +France will shortly do so, and Raleigh, in the face of +such apathy, 'concludes that we are cursed of God.' +Amid all this excitement, it is pleasant to find him +remembering to be humane, and begging Cecil to +impress the Queen with the need of 'not soiling this +enterprise' with cruelty; nor permitting any to proceed +to Guiana whose object shall only be to plunder the +Indians. He sends Cecil an amethyst 'with a strange +blush of carnation,' and another stone, which 'if it be +no diamond, yet exceeds any diamond in beauty.'</p> + +<p>Raleigh now determined to appeal to the public at +large, and towards Christmas 1595 he published his +famous volume, which bears the date 1596, and is +entitled, after the leisurely fashion of the age, <i>The Discovery +of the large, rich, and beautiful Empire of Guiana, +with a Relation of the Great and Golden City of Manoa, +which the Spaniards call El Dorado, and the Provinces +of Emeria, Arromaia, Amapaia, and other Countries, with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> +their Rivers, adjoining</i>. Of this volume two editions +appeared in 1596, it was presently translated into Latin +and published in Germany, and in short gained a reputation +throughout Europe. There can be no doubt that +Raleigh's outspoken hatred of Spain, expressed in this +printed form, from which there could be no escape on the +ground of mere hearsay, was the final word of his challenge +to that Power. From this time forth Raleigh was +an enemy which Spain could not even pretend to ignore.</p> + +<p>The <i>Discovery of Guiana</i> was dedicated to the +Lord Admiral Howard and to Sir Robert Cecil, with +a reference to the support which the author had +found in their love 'in the darkest shadow of adversity.' +There was probably some courtly exaggeration, mingled +with self-interest, in the gratitude expressed to Cecil. +Already the relation of this cold-blooded statesman to +the impulsive Raleigh becomes a crux to the biographers +of the latter. Cecil's letters to his father from Devonshire +on the matter of the Indian carracks in 1592 are +incompatible with Raleigh's outspoken thanks to Cecil +for the trial of his love when Raleigh was bereft of all +but malice and revenge, unless we suppose that these +letters represented what Burghley would like to hear +rather than what Robert Cecil actually felt. In 1596 +Burghley, in extreme old age, was a factor no longer to +be taken into much consideration. Moreover, Lady +Raleigh had some hold of relationship or old friendship +on Cecil, the exact nature of which it is not easy to +understand. At all events, as long as Raleigh could +hold the favour of Cecil, the ear of her Majesty was not +absolutely closed to him.</p> + +<p>The <i>Discovery</i> possesses a value which is neither<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> +biographical nor geographical. It holds a very prominent +place in the prose literature of the age. During +the five years which had elapsed since Raleigh's last +publication, English literature had been undergoing a +marvellous development, and he who read everything +and sympathised with every intellectual movement +could not but be influenced by what had been written. +During those five years, Marlowe's wonderful career had +been wound up like a melodrama. Shakespeare had +come forward as a poet. A new epoch in sound English +prose had been inaugurated by Hooker's <i>Ecclesiastical +Polity</i>. Bacon was circulating the earliest of his <i>Essays</i>. +What these giants of our language were doing for +their own departments of prose and verse, Raleigh did +for the literature of travel. Among the volumes of +navigations, voyages, and discoveries, which were poured +out so freely in this part of the reign of Elizabeth, most +of them now only remembered because they were +reprinted in the collections of Hakluyt and Purchas, +this book of Raleigh's takes easily the foremost position. +In comparison with the bluff and dull narratives of the +other discoverers, whose chief charm is their naïveté, +the <i>Discovery of Guiana</i> has all the grace and fullness +of deliberate composition, of fine literary art, and as +it was the first excellent piece of sustained travellers' +prose, so it remained long without a second in our +literature. The brief examples which it has alone been +possible to give in this biography, may be enough to +attract readers to its harmonious and glowing pages.</p> + +<p>Among the many allusions found to this book in +contemporary records, perhaps the most curious is an +epic poem on Guiana, published almost immediately by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> +George Chapman, who gave his enthusiastic approval to +Raleigh's scheme. It is the misfortune of Chapman's +style that in his grotesque arrogance he disdained to be +lucid, and this poem is full of tantalising hints, which +the biographer of Raleigh longs to use, but dares not, +from their obscurity. These stately verses are plain +enough, but show that Chapman was not familiar with +the counsels of Elizabeth:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Then in the Thespiads' bright prophetic font,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Methinks I see our Liege rise from her throne,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Her ears and thoughts in steep amaze erect,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">At the most rare endeavour of her power;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And now she blesses with her wonted graces<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The industrious knight, the soul of this exploit,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Dismissing him to convoy of his stars:<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>Chapman was quite misinformed; and to what event +he now proceeds to refer, it would be hard to say:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">And now for love and honour of his wrath,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Our twice-born nobles bring him, bridegroom like,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">That is espoused for virtue to his love,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">With feasts and music ravishing the air,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To his Argolian fleet; where round about<br /></span> +<span class="i0">His bating colours English valour swarms<br /></span> +<span class="i0">In haste, as if Guianian Orenoque<br /></span> +<span class="i0">With his full waters fell upon our shore.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>Early in 1596, Raleigh sent Captain Lawrence +Keymis, who had been with him the year before, on a +second voyage to Guiana. He did not come home rich, +but he did the special thing he was enjoined to do—that +is to say, he explored the coast of South America from +the mouth of the Orinoco to that of the Amazon.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> +About the same time Raleigh drew up the very remarkable +paper, not printed until 1843, entitled <i>Of the Voyage +for Guiana</i>. In this essay he first makes use of those +copious quotations from Scripture which later on became +so characteristic of his writing. His hopes of interesting +the English Government in Guiana were finally +frustrated by the excitement of the Cadiz expedition, +and by the melancholy fate of Sir Francis Drake. It +is said that during this winter he lived in great magnificence +at Durham House, but this statement seems +improbable. All the letters of Raleigh's now in existence, +belonging to this period, are dated from Sherborne.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span></p> + + + +<h2 class="gap3"><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V.</h2> + +<h3>CADIZ.</h3> + + +<p>The defeat of the Spanish Armada had inflicted a +wound upon the prestige of Spain which was terrible +but by no means beyond remedy. In the eight years +which had elapsed since 1588, Spain had been gradually +recovering her forces, and endangering the political +existence of Protestant Europe more and more. Again +and again the irresolution of Elizabeth had been called +upon to complete the work of repression, to crush the +snake that had been scotched, to strike a blow in Spanish +waters from which Spain never would recover. In 1587, +and in 1589, schemes for a naval expedition of this kind +had been brought before Council, and rejected. In +1596, Charles Lord Howard of Effingham, with the +support of Cecil, forced the Government to consent to +fit out an armament for the attack of Cadiz. The +Queen, however, was scarcely to be persuaded that the +expenditure required for this purpose could be spared +from the Treasury. On April 9, levies of men were +ordered from all parts of England, and on the 10th +these levies were countermanded, so that the messengers +sent on Friday from the Lords to Raleigh's deputies in +the West, were pursued on Saturday by other messengers +with contrary orders.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span></p> + +<p>The change of purpose, however, was itself promptly +altered, and the original policy reverted to. The Earl +of Essex was joined in commission with the Lord +Admiral Howard, and as a council of war to act with +these personages were named Sir Walter Raleigh and +Lord Thomas Howard. The Dutch were to contribute +a fleet to act with England. It is an interesting fact +that now for the first time the experience and naval +skill of Raleigh received their full recognition. From +the very first he was treated with the highest consideration. +Howard wrote to Cecil on April 16—and Essex +on the 28th used exactly the same words—'I pray you, +hasten away Sir Walter Raleigh.' They fretted to be +gone, and Raleigh was not to be found; malignant +spirits were not wanting to accuse him of design in his +absence, of a wish to prove himself indispensable. But +fortunately we possess his letters, and we see that he +was well and appropriately occupied. In the previous +November he had sent in to the Lords of the Council a +very interesting report on the defences of Cornwall and +Devon, which he had reason to suppose that Spain +meant to attack. He considered that three hundred +soldiers successfully landed at Plymouth would be +'sufficient to endanger and destroy the whole shire,' +and he discussed the possibility of levying troops from +the two counties to be a mutual protection. It was +doubtless his vigour and ability in performing this sort +of work which led to his being selected as the chief purveyor +of levies for the Cadiz expedition, and this was +what he was doing in the spring of 1596, when the +creatures of Essex whispered to one another that he +was malingering.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span></p> + +<p>On May 3, he wrote to Cecil: 'I am not able to +live, to row up and down every tide from Gravesend to +London, and he that lies here at Ratcliff can easily +judge when the rest, and how the rest, of the ships may +sail down.' And again, from a lower point of the +Thames, at Blackwall, he is still waiting for men and +ships that will not come, and is 'more grieved than ever +I was, at anything in this world, for this cross weather.'</p> + +<p>Through the month of May, we may trace Raleigh +hard at work, recruiting for the Cadiz expedition round +the southern coast, of England. On the 4th he is at +Northfleet, disgusted to find how little her Majesty's +authority is respected, for 'as fast as we press men one +day, they come away another, and say they will not +serve. I cannot write to our generals at this time, for +the Pursuevant found me at a country village, a mile +from Gravesend, hunting after runaway mariners, and +dragging in the mire from alehouse to alehouse, and +could get no paper.' On the 6th he was at Queenborough, +on the 13th at Dover, whence he reports +disaster by a storm on Goodwin Sands, and finally on +the 21st he arrived at Plymouth. His last letters are +full of recommendations of personal friends to appointments +in the gift or at the command of Sir Robert +Cecil. He brought with him to Plymouth two of +Bacon's cousins, the Cookes, and his own wife's brother, +Arthur Throckmorton. Unfortunately, just as the fleet +was starting, the last-mentioned, 'a hot-headed youth,' +in presence not only of the four generals, but of the +commanders of the Dutch contingent also, took Raleigh's +side in some dispute at table so intemperately and loudly +that he was dismissed from the service. This must<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> +have been singularly annoying to Raleigh, who nevertheless +persuaded his colleagues, no doubt on receipt of +due apology, to restore the young man to his rank, and +allow him to proceed. At Cadiz, Throckmorton fought +so well that Essex himself knighted him.</p> + +<p>The generals had other troubles at Plymouth. The +men that Raleigh had pressed along the coast hated +their duty, and some of them had to be tried for desertion +and mutiny. Before the fleet got under way, +two men were publicly hanged, to encourage the others, +'on a very fair and pleasant green, called the Hoe.' +At last, on June 1, the squadrons put to sea. Contrary +winds kept them within Plymouth Sound until the 3rd. +On the 20th they anchored in the bay of St. Sebastian, +half a league to the westward of Cadiz. The four English +divisions of the fleet contained in all ninety-three vessels, +and the Dutch squadron consisted of twenty-four more. +There were about 15,500 men, that is to say 2,600 +Dutchmen, and the rest equally divided between English +soldiers and sailors.</p> + +<p>The events of the next few days were not merely a +crucial and final test of the relative strength of Spain +and England, closing in a brilliant triumph for the +latter, but to Raleigh in particular they were the climax +of his life, the summit of his personal prosperity and +glory. The records of the battle of Cadiz are exceedingly +numerous, and were drawn up not by +English witnesses only, but by Dutch and Spanish +historians also. Mr. Edwards has patiently collected +them all, and he gives a very minute and lucid account +of their various divergencies. Of them all the most full +and direct is that given by Raleigh himself, in his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> +<i>Relation of the Action in Cadiz Harbour</i>, first published +in 1699. In a biography of Raleigh it seems but +reasonable to view such an event as this from Raleigh's +own standpoint, and the description which now follows +is mainly taken from the <i>Relation</i>. The joint fleet +paused where the Atlantic beats upon the walls of Cadiz, +and the Spanish President wrote to Philip II. that they +seemed afraid to enter. He added that it formed <i>la +mas hermosa armada que se ha visto</i>, the most beautiful +fleet that ever was seen; and that it was French as well +as English and Dutch, which was a mistake.</p> + +<p>Raleigh's squadron was not part of the fleet that +excited the admiration of Gutierrez Flores. On the 19th +he had been detached, in the words of his instructions, +'with the ships under his charge, and the Dutch +squadron, to anchor near the entrance of the harbour, +to take care that the ships riding near Cadiz do not +escape,' and he took up a position that commanded +St. Lucar as well as Cadiz. He was 'not to fight, +except in self-defence,' without express instructions. +At the mouth of St. Lucar he found some great ships, +but they lay so near shore that he could not approach +them, and finally they escaped in a mist, Raleigh very +nearly running his own vessel aground. Meanwhile +Essex and Charles Howard, a little in front of him, +came to the conclusion in his absence that it would be +best to land the soldiers and assault the town, without +attempting the Spanish fleet.</p> + +<p>Two hours after this determination had been arrived +at, much to the dismay of many distinguished persons in +the fleet whose position did not permit them to expostulate, +Raleigh arrived to find Essex in the very act of dis<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span>embarking +his soldiers. There was a great sea on from the +south, and some of the boats actually sank in the waves, +but Essex nevertheless persisted, and was about to effect +a landing west of the city. Raleigh came on board the +'Repulse,' 'and in the presence of all the colonels protested +against the resolution,' showing Essex from his +own superior knowledge and experience that by acting +in this way he was running a risk of overthrowing 'the +whole armies, their own lives, and her Majesty's future +safety.' Essex excused himself, and laid the responsibility +on the Lord Admiral.</p> + +<p>Raleigh having once dared to oppose the generals, +he received instant moral support. All the other commanders +and gentlemen present clustered round him +and entreated him to persist. Essex now declared +himself convinced, and begged Raleigh to repeat his +arguments to the Lord Admiral. Raleigh passed on to +Howard's ship, 'The Ark Royal,' and by the evening +the Admiral also was persuaded. Returning in his +boat, as he passed the 'Repulse' Raleigh shouted up to +Essex 'Intramus,' and the impetuous Earl, now as eager +for a fight by sea as he had been a few hours before for +a fight by land, flung his hat into the sea for joy, and +prepared at that late hour to weigh anchor at once.</p> + +<p>It took a good deal of time to get the soldiers out of +the boats, and back into their respective ships. Essex, +whom Raleigh seems to hint at under the cautious +word 'many,' 'seeming desperately valiant, thought it a +fault of mine to put off [the attack] till the morning; +albeit we had neither agreed in what manner to fight, +nor appointed who should lead, and who should second, +whether by boarding or otherwise.' Raleigh, in his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> +element when rapid action was requisite, passed to and +fro between the generals, and at last from his own ship +wrote a hasty letter to the Lord Admiral, giving his +opinion as to the best way to arrange the order of battle, +and requesting him to supply a couple of great fly-boats +to attack each of the Spanish galleons, so that the +latter might be captured before they were set on fire.</p> + +<p>Essex and Howard were completely carried away by +Raleigh's vehement counsels. The Lord Admiral had +always shown deference to Raleigh's nautical science, and +the Earl was captivated by the qualities he could best +admire, courage and spirit and rapidity. Raleigh's old +faults of stubbornness and want of tact abandoned him +at this happy moment. His graceful courtesy to Essex, +his delicacy in crossing dangerous ground, won praise +even from his worst enemies, the satellites of Essex. It +was Raleigh's blossoming hour, and all the splendid +gifts and vigorous charms of his brain and character +expanded in the sunrise of victory. Late in the busy +evening of the 20th, the four leaders held a final council +of war, amiably wrangling among themselves for the +post of danger. At last the others gave way to what +Raleigh calls his 'humble suit,' and it was decided that +he should lead the van. Essex, Lord Howard of +Effingham, and the Vice-Admiral, Lord Thomas Howard, +were to lead the body of the fleet; but it appeared next +morning that the Vice-Admiral had but seemed to give +way, and that his ambition was still to be ahead of Raleigh +himself. As Raleigh returned to sleep on board the +'War Sprite,' the town of Cadiz was all ablaze with +lamps, tapers, and tar barrels, while there came faintly +out to the ears of the English sailors a murmur of wild +festal music.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span></p> + +<p>Next day was the 21st of June. As Mr. St. John +pleasantly says, 'that St. Barnabas' Day, so often the +brightest in the year, was likewise the brightest of +Raleigh's life.' At break of day, the amazed inhabitants +of Cadiz, and the sailors who had caroused all night on +shore and now hurried on board the galleons, watched +the magnificent squadron sweep into the harbour of +their city. First came the 'War Sprite' itself; next +the 'Mary Rose,' commanded by Sir George Carew; +then Sir Francis Vere in the 'Rainbow,' carrying a +sullen heart of envy with him; then Sir Robert Southwell +in the 'Lion,' Sir Conyers Clifford in the 'Dreadnought,' +and lastly, as Raleigh supposed, Robert Dudley (afterwards +Duke of Northumberland, and a distinguished +author on naval tactics) in the 'Nonparilla.' As a +matter of fact, the Vice-Admiral, hoping to contrive to +push in front, had persuaded Dudley to change ships +with him. These six vessels were well in advance of +all the rest of the fleet. In front of them, ranged under +the wall of Cadiz, were seventeen galleys lying with +their prows to flank the English entrance, as Raleigh +ploughed on towards the galleons. The fortress of St. +Philip and other forts along the wall began to scour +the channel, and with the galleys concentrated their +fire upon the 'War Sprite.' But Raleigh disdained to +do more than salute the one and then the other with +a contemptuous blare of trumpets. 'The "St. Philip,"' +he says, 'the great and famous Admiral of Spain, was +the mark I shot at, esteeming those galleys but as wasps +in respect of the powerfulness of the others.'</p> + +<p>The 'St. Philip' had a special attraction for him. +It was six years since his dear friend and cousin, Sir<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> +Richard Grenville, under the lee of the Azores, with one +little ship, the 'Revenge,' had been hemmed in and +crushed by the vast fleet of Spain, and it was the 'St. +Philip' and the 'St. Andrew' that had been foremost +in that act of murder. Now before Raleigh there rose +the same lumbering monsters of the deep, that very +'St. Philip' and 'St. Andrew' which had looked down +and watched Sir Richard Grenville die, 'as a true soldier +ought to do, fighting for his country, queen, religion, +and honour.' It seems almost fabulous that the hour +of pure poetical justice should strike so soon, and that +Raleigh of all living Englishmen should thus come face +to face with those of all the Spanish tyrants of the deep. +As he swung forward into the harbour and saw them +there before him, the death of his kinsman in the +Azores was solemnly present to his memory, 'and being +resolved to be revenged for the "Revenge," or to second +her with his own life,' as he says, he came to anchor +close to the galleons, and for three hours the battle with +them proceeded.</p> + +<p>It began by the 'War Sprite' being in the centre +and a little to the front; on the one side, the 'Nonparilla,' +in which Raleigh now perceived Lord Thomas +Howard, and the 'Lion;' on the other the 'Mary Rose' +and the 'Dreadnought;' these, with the 'Rainbow' a +little farther off, kept up the fight alone until ten o'clock +in the morning; waiting for the fly-boats, which were +to board the galleons, and which, for some reason or +other, did not arrive. Meanwhile, Essex, excited +beyond all restraint by the volleys of culverin and +cannon, slipped anchor, and passing from the body of +the fleet, lay close up to the 'War Sprite,' pushing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> +the 'Dreadnought' on one side. Raleigh, seeing him +coming, went to meet him in his skiff, and begged him +to see that the fly-boats were sent, as the battery was +beginning to be more than his ships could bear. The +Lord Admiral was following Essex, and Raleigh passed +on to him with the same entreaty. This parley between +the three commanders occupied about a quarter of an hour.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile, the men second in command had taken +an unfair advantage of Raleigh's absence. He hurried +back to find that the Vice-Admiral had pushed the +'Nonparilla' ahead, and that Sir Francis Vere, too, in +the 'Rainbow,' had passed the 'War Sprite.' Finding +himself, 'from being the first to be but the third,' Raleigh +skilfully thrust in between these two ships, and threw +himself in front of them broadside to the channel, so +that, as he says, 'I was sure no one should outstart me +again, for that day.' Finally, Essex and Lord Thomas +Howard took the next places. Sir Francis Vere, the +marshal, who seems to have been mad for precedence, +'while we had no leisure to look behind us, secretly +fastened a rope on my ship's side toward him, to draw +himself up equally with me; but some of my company +advertising me thereof, I caused it to be cut off, and so +he fell back into his place, whom I guarded, all but his +very prow, from the sight of the enemy.' In his +<i>Commentaries</i> Vere has his revenge, and carefully disparages +Raleigh on every occasion.</p> + +<p>For some reason or other, the fly-boats continued to +delay, and Raleigh began to despair of them. What +he now determined to do, and what revenge he took for +Sir Richard Grenville, may best be told in his own +vigorous language:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Having no hope of my fly-boats to board, and the Earl +and my Lord Thomas having both promised to second me, +I laid out a warp by the side of the 'Philip' to shake hands +with her—for with the wind we could not get aboard; +which when she and the rest perceived, finding also that the +'Repulse,' seeing mine, began to do the like, and the rear-admiral +my Lord Thomas, they all let slip, and ran aground, +tumbling into the sea heaps of soldiers, as thick as if coals +had been poured out of a sack in many ports at once, some +drowned and some sticking in the mud. The 'Philip' and +the 'St. Thomas' burned themselves; the 'St. Matthew' +and the 'St. Andrew' were recovered by our boats ere they +could get out to fire them. The spectacle was very lamentable +on their side, for many drowned themselves, many, +half-burned, leaped into the water; very many hanging by +the ropes' end, by the ships' side, under the water even to +the lips; many swimming with grievous wounds, stricken +under water, and put out of their pain; and withal so huge +a fire, and such tearing of the ordnance in the great 'Philip' +and the rest, when the fire came to them, as, if a man had a +desire to see Hell itself, it was there most lively figured. +Ourselves spared the lives of all, after the victory, but the +Flemings, who did little or nothing in the fight, used +merciless slaughter, till they were by myself, and afterwards +by my Lord Admiral, beaten off.</p></div> + +<p>The official report of the Duke of Medina Sidonia to +Philip II. does not greatly differ from this, except that +he says that the English set fire to the 'St. Philip.' +Before the fight was over Raleigh received a very serious +flesh wound in the leg, 'interlaced and deformed with +splinters,' which made it impossible for him to get on +horseback. He was, therefore, to his great disappointment, +unable to take part in Essex's land-attack on the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span> +town. He could not, however, bear to be left behind, +and in a litter he was carried into Cadiz. He could +only stay an hour on shore, however, for the agony in +his leg was intolerable, and in the tumultuous disorder +of the soldiers, who were sacking the town, there was +danger of his being rudely pushed and shouldered. He +went back to the 'War Sprite' to have his wound +dressed and to sleep, and found that in the general +rush on shore his presence in the fleet was highly +desirable.</p> + +<p>Early next morning, feeling eased by a night's rest, +he sent on shore to ask leave to follow the fleet of forty +carracks bound for the Indies, which had escaped down +the Puerto Real river; this navy was said to be worth +twelve millions. In the confusion, however, there came +back no answer from Essex or Howard. A ransom of +two millions had meanwhile been offered for them, but +this also, in the absence of his chiefs, Raleigh had no +power to accept. While he was thus uncertain, the +Duke of Medina Sidonia solved the difficulty on June +23, by setting the whole flock of helpless and treasure-laden +carracks on fire. From the deck of the 'War +Sprite' Raleigh had the mortification of seeing the +smoke of this priceless argosy go up to heaven. The +waste had been great, for of all the galleons, carracks, +and frigates of which the great Spanish navy had consisted, +only the 'St. Matthew' and the 'St. Andrew' +had come intact into the hands of the English. The +Dutch sailors, who held back until the fight was decided, +sprang upon the blazing 'St. Philip,' and saved a great +part of her famous store of ordnance; while, as Raleigh +pleasantly puts it, 'the two Apostles aforesaid' were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> +richly furnished, and made an agreeable prize to bring +back to England.</p> + +<p>The English generals, engaged in sacking the +palaces and razing the fortifications of Cadiz, were +strangely indifferent to the anxieties of their friends at +home. In England the wildest rumours passed from +mouth to mouth, but it was a fortnight before anyone +on the spot thought it necessary to communicate with +the Home Government. It is said that Raleigh's letter +to Cecil, written ten leagues to the west of Cadiz, on +July 7, and carried to England by Sir Anthony Ashley, +contained the first intimation of the victory. In this +letter Raleigh is careful to do himself justice with the +Queen, and to claim a complete pardon on the score of +services so signal, for it was already patent to him that +on a field where every man that would be helped must +help himself, his wounded leg had shut him out of all +hope of plunder. The cause of his standing so far as ten +leagues away from shore was that an epidemic had +broken out on board his ship. It proved impossible to +cope with this disease, and so it was determined that +on August 1 the 'War Sprite' should return to England, +in company with the 'Roebuck' and the 'John and +Francis.' On the sixth day they arrived in Plymouth, +and Raleigh found that, although seven weeks had +elapsed since the victory, no authentic account of it had +hitherto reached the Council. He was not well, and instead +of posting up to London, where he easily perceived +he would not be welcome, he asked pardon for staying +with his ship. On August 12 he landed at Weymouth, +and passed home to Sherborne. The rest of the fleet +came back later in the autumn, and Essex, as he passed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> +the coast of Portugal, swooped down upon the famous +library of the Bishop of Algarve, which he presented on +his return to Sir Thomas Bodley. The Bodleian Library +at Oxford is now the chief existing memorial of that +glorious expedition to Cadiz which shattered the naval +strength of Spain.</p> + +<p>As to prize-money, there proved to be very little of +it for the captors. It was understood that the Lord +Admiral was to have 5,000<i>l.</i>, Essex as much, and +Raleigh 3,000<i>l.</i>; but Essex, in his proud way, waived +his claim in favour of the Queen, just in time to escape +spoliation, for Elizabeth claimed everything. Her +scandalous avarice had grown upon her year by year, +and now in her old age her finer and more generous +qualities were sapped by her greed for money. Even +her political acumen had failed her; she was unable to +see, in her vexation at the loss of the Indian carracks, +that the blow to Spain had been one which relieved +her of a constant and immense anxiety. She determined +that no one should be the richer or the nobler +for a victory which had resulted in the destruction of +so much treasure which might have flowed into her +coffers. Deeply disappointed at the Queen's surly ingratitude, +Raleigh, whom she still refused to see, retired +for the next nine months into absolute seclusion at +Sherborne.</p> + +<p>In his retirement Raleigh continued to remember +that his function was, as Oldys put it, 'by his extraordinary +undertakings to raise a grove of laurels, in a +manner out of the seas, that should overspread our +island with glory.' In October 1596 he was preparing +for his third expedition to Guiana, which he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> +placed under the command of Captain Leonard Berrie. +This navigator was absent until the summer of the +following year, when he returned, not having penetrated +to Manoa, but confirming with an almost obsequious +report Raleigh's most golden dreams. It is at this +time, after his return from Cadiz, that we find Sir +Walter Raleigh's name mentioned most lavishly by the +literary classes in their dedications and eulogistic addresses. +Whether his popularity was at the same time +high with the general public is more easily asserted +than proved, but there is no doubt that the victory at +Cadiz was highly appreciated by the mass of Englishmen, +and it is not possible but that Raleigh's prominent +share in it should be generally recognised.</p> + +<p>On January 24, 1597, Raleigh wrote from Sherborne +a letter of sympathy to Sir Robert Cecil, on the death +of his wife. It is interesting as displaying Raleigh's +intimacy with the members of a family which was +henceforth to hold a prominent place in the chronicle +of his life, since it was Henry Brooke, Lady Cecil's +brother, who became, two months later, at the death of +his father, Lord Cobham. It was he and his brother +George Brooke who in 1603 became notorious as the +conspirators for Arabella Stuart, and who dragged +Raleigh down with them. We do not know when +Raleigh began to be intimate with the Brookes, and it +is just at this time, when his fortunes had reached their +climacteric, and when it would be of the highest importance +to us to follow them closely, that his personal +history suddenly becomes vague. If Cecil's letters to +him had been preserved we should know more. As it +is we can but record certain isolated facts, and make as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> +much use of them as we can venture to do. In May +1597, nearly five years after his expulsion, we find him +received again at Court. Rowland White says, 'Sir +Walter Raleigh is daily in Court, and a hope is had +that he shall be admitted to the execution of his office +as Captain of the Guard, before he goes to sea.'</p> + +<p>Cecil and Howard of Effingham had obtained this +return to favour for their friend, and Essex, although his +momentary liking for Raleigh had long subsided, did +not oppose it. He could not, however, be present when +Timias was taken back into the arms of his pardoning +Belphœbe. On June 1, the Earl of Essex rode down to +Chatham, and during his absence Sir Walter Raleigh +was conducted by Cecil into the presence of the Queen. +She received him very graciously, and immediately authorised +him to resume his office of Captain of the Guard. +Without loss of time, Raleigh filled up the vacancies in +the Guard that very day, and spent the evening riding +with her Majesty. Next morning he made his appearance +in the Privy Chamber as he had been wont to do, +and his return to favour was complete. Essex showed, +and apparently felt, no very acute chagrin. He was +busy in planning another expedition against Spain, and +he needed Raleigh's help in arranging for the victualling +of the land forces. In July all jealousies seemed laid +aside, and the gossips of the Court reported, 'None but +Cecil and Raleigh enjoy the Earl of Essex, they carry +him away as they list.'</p> + +<p>It lies far beyond the scope of the present biography to +discuss the obscure question of 'the conceit of <i>Richard the +Second</i>' with which these three amused themselves just +before the Islands Voyage began. The bare facts are these.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> +On July 6, 1597, Raleigh wrote to Cecil from Weymouth +about the preparations for the expedition, and added: 'I +acquainted the Lord General [Essex] with your letter to +me, and your kind acceptance of your entertainment; +he was also wonderful merry at your conceit of <i>Richard +the Second</i>. I hope it shall never alter, and whereof +I shall be most glad of, as the true way to all our good, +quiet, and advancement, and most of all for His sake +whose affairs shall thereby find better progression.' +From this it would seem as though Cecil had offered a +dramatic entertainment to Essex and Raleigh on their +leaving town. This entertainment evidently consisted +of Shakespeare's new tragedy, then being performed at +the Globe Theatre and to be entered for publication +just a month later. When this play was printed it did +not contain what is called the 'Deposition Scene,' but +it would appear that this was given on the boards at the +time when Raleigh refers to it. It will be remembered +that in 1601 the lawyers accused Essex of having +feasted his eyes beforehand with a show of the dethronement +of his liege; but Raleigh's words do not suggest +any direct disloyalty.</p> + +<p>Raleigh was in a state of considerable excitement at +the prospect of the new expedition. Cecil wrote, 'Good +Mr. Raleigh wonders at his own diligence, as if diligence +and he were not familiars;' and the fact that +Raleigh would sometimes write twice and thrice to him +in one day, and on a single occasion at least, four times, +proves that Cecil had a right to use this mild sarcasm. +Several months before, Raleigh had attempted by his +manifesto entitled <i>The Spanish Alarum</i> to stir up the +Government to be in full readiness to guard against a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> +revengeful invasion of England by her old enemy. He +had thought out the whole situation, he had planned the +defences of England by land and sea, and his new +favour at Court had enabled him to put pressure on the +royal parsimony, and to insist that things should be done +as he saw fit. He was perfectly right in thinking that +Philip II. would rather suffer complete ruin than not +try once more to recover his position in Europe, but he +saw that the late losses at Cadiz would force the +Catholic king to delay his incursion, and he counselled a +rapid and direct second attack on Spain. As soon as ever +he was restored to power, he began to victual a fleet of +ten men-of-war with biscuit, beef, bacon, and salt fish, +and to call for volunteers. As the scheme seized the +popular mind, however, it gathered in extent, and it +was finally decided to fit up three large squadrons, with +a Dutch contingent of twelve ships. These vessels met +in Plymouth Sound.</p> + +<p>On the night of Sunday, July 10, the fleet left +Plymouth, and kept together for twenty-four hours. +On the morning of the 12th, after a night of terrific +storm, Raleigh found his squadron of four ships parted +from the rest, and in the course of the next day only +one vessel beside his own was in sight. This tempest +was immortalised in his earliest known poem by John +Donne, who was in the expedition, and was described by +Raleigh as follows:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The storm on Wednesday grew more forcible, and the +seas grew very exceeding lofty, so that myself and the +Bonaventure had labour enough to beat it up. But the +night following, the Thursday, Friday, and Saturday, the +storm so increased, the ships were weighty, the ordnance<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> +great, and the billows so raised and enraged, that we could +carry out no sail which to our judgment would not have +been rent off the yards by the wind; and yet our ships +rolled so vehemently, and so disjointed themselves, that we +were driven either to force it again with our courses, or to +sink. In my ship it hath shaken all her beams, knees, and +stanchions well nigh asunder, in so much on Saturday night +last we made account to have yielded ourselves up to God. +For we had no way to work, either by trying, hauling, or +driving, that promised better hope, our men being worsted +with labour and watchings, and our ship so open everywhere, +all her bulkheads rent, and her very cook-room of +brick shaken down into powder.</p></div> + +<p>Such were the miseries of navigation in the palmy +days of English adventure by sea. The end of it was +that about thirty vessels crept back to Falmouth and +Tor Bay, some were lost altogether, and Raleigh, with +the remainder, found harbour on July 18 at Plymouth. +For a month they lay there, recovering their forces, and +Essex, whose own ship was at Falmouth, came over to +Plymouth and was Raleigh's guest on the 'War Sprite.' +Raleigh writes to Cecil: 'I should have taken it unkindly +if my Lord had taken up any other lodging till the "Lion" +come: and now her Majesty may be sure his Lordship +shall sleep somewhat the sounder, though he fare the +worse, by being with me, for I am an excellent watchman +at sea.' In this same letter, dated July 26, 1597, +the fatal name of Cobham first appears in the correspondence +of Raleigh: 'I pray vouchsafe,' he says, 'to +remember me in all affection to my Lord Cobham.'</p> + +<p>On August 18, in the face of a westerly wind, the +fleet put out once more from Plymouth. In the Bay of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span> +Biscay the 'St. Andrew' and the 'St. Matthew' were +disabled, and had to be left behind at La Rochelle. Off +the coast of Portugal, Raleigh himself had a serious +accident, for his mainyard snapped across, and he had +to put in for help by the Rock of Lisbon, in company +with the 'Dreadnought.' Essex left a letter saying +that Raleigh must follow him as fast as he could to the +Azores, and on September 8 the 'War Sprite' came in +view of Terçeira. On the 15th Raleigh's squadron joined +the main fleet under Essex at Flores.</p> + +<p>The distress of the voyage and its separations had +told upon the temper of Essex, while he was surrounded +by those who were eager to poison his mind with suspicion +of Raleigh. When the latter dined with Essex in the +'Repulse' on the 15th, the Earl with his usual impulsiveness +made a clean breast of his 'conjectures and +surmises,' letting Raleigh know the very names of those +scandalous and cankered persons who had ventured to +accuse him, and assuring him that he rejected their +counsel. On this day or the next a pinnace from India +brought the news that the yearly fleet was changing its +usual course, and would arrive farther south in the +Azores. A council of war was held in the 'Repulse,' +and it was resolved to divide the archipelago among the +commanders. Fayal was to be taken by Essex and +Raleigh, Graciosa by Howard and Vere, San Miguel by +Mountjoy and Blount, while Pico, with its famous wines, +was left for the Dutchmen. Essex sailed first, and left +Raleigh taking in provisions at Flores, where he dined +in a small inland town with his old acquaintance Lord +Grey, and others, including Sir Arthur Gorges, the +minute historian of the expedition. About midnight,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span> +when they were safe in their ships again, Captain +Arthur Champernowne, Raleigh's kinsman, arrived with +a letter from Essex desiring Raleigh to come over to +Fayal at once, and complete his supplies there. With +his usual promptitude, he started instantly, and soon +outstripped Essex.</p> + +<p>When Raleigh arrived in the great harbour of Fayal, +the peaceful look of everything assured him in a moment +that Essex had not yet been heard of. But no sooner +did the inhabitants perceive the 'War Sprite' and the +'Dreadnought,' than they began to throw up defences +and remove their valuables into the interior. It was in +the highest degree irksome to Raleigh to wait thus +inactive, while this handsome Spanish colony was +slipping from his clutch, but he had been forbidden to +move without orders. After three days' waiting for +Essex, a council of war was held on board the 'War +Sprite.' On the fourth Raleigh leaped into his barge +at the head of a landing company, refusing the help of +the Flemings who were with him, and stormed the cliffs. +It was comparatively easy to get his troops on shore, +but the Spaniards contested the road to the town inch +by inch. At last Raleigh and his four hundred and +fifty men routed their opponents and entered Fayal, a +town 'full of fine gardens, orchards, and wells of delicate +waters, with fair streets, and one very fair church;' and +allowed his men to plunder it. The English soldiers +slept that night in Fayal, and when they woke next +morning they saw the tardy squadron of Essex come +warping into the harbour at last. Sir Gilly Meyrick, +the bitterest of the parasites of Essex, slipped into a +boat and was on board the 'Repulse' as soon as she +anchored, reporting Raleigh's conduct to the Earl.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span></p> + +<p>Raleigh must have known that Essex was not the +man to be pleased at a feat which took all the credit of +the Islands Voyage out of his hands; but he feigned +unconsciousness. In his barge he came out from Fayal +to greet the Earl, and entered the General's cabin. +After a faint welcome, Essex began to reproach him +with 'a breach of Orders and Articles,' and to point out +to him that in capturing Fayal without authority he +had made himself liable to the punishment of death. +Raleigh replied that he was exempt from such orders, +being, in succession to Essex and Lord Howard, himself +commander of the whole fleet by the Queen's letters +patent. After a dispute of half an hour, Essex seemed +satisfied, and accepted an invitation to sup with Raleigh +on shore. But another malcontent, Sir Christopher +Blount, obtained his ear, and set his resentment blazing +once more. Essex told Raleigh he should not sup at +all that night. Raleigh left the 'Repulse,' and prepared +to separate his squadron from the fleet, lest an +attempt should be made to force him to undergo the +indignity of a court-martial. Howard finally made +peace between the two commanders, and Raleigh was +induced to give some sort of apology for his action.</p> + +<p>The fleet proceeded to St. Miguel, when Raleigh was +left to watch the roadstead, while Essex pushed inland. +While Raleigh lay here, a great Indian carrack of +sixteen hundred tons, laden with spices, knowing +nothing of the English invasion, blundered into the +middle of what she took to be a friendly Spanish fleet. +She perceived her mistake just in time to run herself +ashore, and disembark her crew. Raleigh at the head +of a party of boats attempted to seize her, but her<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> +commander set her on fire, and when the Englishmen came +close to her she was one dangerous splendour of flaming +perfumes and roaring cannon. Raleigh was more fortunate +in securing another carrack laden with cochineal from +Cuba. The rest of the Islands Voyage was uneventful +and ill-managed. For some time nothing was heard of +the fleet in England, and Lady Raleigh 'skrebbled,' as +she spelt it, hasty notes to Cecil begging for news of +her husband. Early in October he came back to +England, seriously enfeebled in health. The only one +of the commanders who gained any advantage from the +Islands Voyage was the one who had undertaken least, +Lord Howard of Effingham, who was raised to the +earldom of Nottingham.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span></p> + + + +<h2 class="gap3"><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI.</h2> + +<h3>LAST DAYS OF ELIZABETH.</h3> + + +<p>A slight anecdote, which is connected with the month +of January 1598, must not be omitted here. It gives +us an impression of the personal habits of Raleigh at +this stage of his career. It was the custom of the +Queen to go to bed early, and one winter's evening the +Earl of Southampton, Raleigh, and a man named Parker +were playing the game of primero in the Presence +Chamber, after her Majesty had retired. They laughed +and talked rather loudly, upon which Ambrose Willoughby, +the Esquire of the Body, came out and desired +them not to make so much noise. Raleigh pocketed +his money, and went off, but Southampton resented the +interference, and in the scuffle that ensued Willoughby +pulled out a handful of those marjoram-coloured curls +that Shakespeare praised.</p> + +<p>It is not easy to see why it was, that in the obscure +year 1598, while the star of Essex was setting, that of +his natural rival did not burn more brightly. But +although now, and for the brief remainder of Elizabeth's +life, Raleigh was nominally in favour, the saturnine old +woman had no longer any tenderness for her Captain of +the Guard. Her old love, her old friendship, had quite +passed away. There was no longer any excuse for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> +excluding from her presence so valuable a soldier and so +wise a courtier, but her pulses had ceased to thrill at +his coming. If Essex had been half so courteous, half +so assiduous as Raleigh, she would have opened her +arms to him, but she had offended Essex past forgiveness, +and his tongue held no parley with her. It +must have been in Raleigh's presence—for he it is who +has recorded it in the grave pages of his <i>Prerogative of +Parliament</i>—that Essex told the Queen 'that her conditions +were as crooked as her carcass,' a terrible speech +which, as Raleigh says, 'cost him his head.' This was +perhaps a little later, in 1600. In 1598 these cruel +squabbles were already making life at Court a misery. +The Queen kept Raleigh by her, but would give him +nothing. In January he applied for the post of Vice-chamberlain, +but without success. The new earl, Lord +Nottingham, could theatrically wipe the dust from +Raleigh's shoes with his cloak, but when Raleigh himself +desired to be made a peer, in the spring of 1598, he +was met with a direct refusal. He would fain have +been Lord Deputy in Ireland, but the Queen declined +to spare him. On the last day of August he was in +the very act of being sworn on the Privy Council, but +at the final moment Cecil frustrated this by saying +that if he were made a councillor, he must resign his +Captainship of the Guard to Sir George Carew. This +was, as Cecil was aware, too great a sacrifice to be +thought of, and the hero of Cadiz and Fayal, foiled on +every hand, had to submit to remain plain Sir Walter +Raleigh, Knight.</p> + +<p>As the breach grew between Essex and the Queen, +the temper of the former grew more surly. He dropped<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span> +the semblance of civility to Raleigh. In his <i>Apothegms</i>, +Lord Bacon has preserved an amusing anecdote of +November 17, 1598. On this day, which was the +Queen's sixty-fifth birthday, the leading courtiers, as +usual, tilted in the ring in honour of their Liege; the +custom of this piece of mock chivalry demanded that +each knight should be disguised. It was, however, +known that Sir Walter Raleigh would ride in his own +uniform of orange tawny medley, trimmed with black +budge of lamb's wool. Essex, to vex him, came to the +lists with a body-guard of two thousand retainers all +dressed in orange tawny, so that Raleigh and his men +should seem a fragment of the great Essex following. +The story goes on to show that Essex digged a pit and +fell into it himself; but enough has been said to prove +his malignant intention. We have little else but anecdotes +with which to fill up the gap in Raleigh's career +between December 1597 and March 1600. This was an +exceedingly quiet period in his life, during which we +have to fancy him growing more and more at enmity +with Essex, and more and more intimate with Cobham.</p> + +<p>In September 1598, an unexpected ally, the Duke +of Finland, urged Raleigh to undertake once more his +attempt to colonise Guiana, and offered twelve ships as +his own contingent. Two months later we find that +the hint has been taken, and that Sir John Gilbert is +'preparing with all speed to make a voyage to Guiana.' +It is said, moreover, that 'he intendeth to inhabit it +with English people.' He never started, however, and +Raleigh, referring long afterwards to the events of these +years, said that though Cecil seemed to encourage him +in his West Indian projects, yet that when it came to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> +the point he always, as Raleigh quaintly put it, retired +into his back-shop. Meanwhile, the interest felt in +Raleigh's narrative was increasing, and in 1599 the +well-known geographer Levinus Hulsius brought out +in Nuremburg a Latin translation of the <i>Discovery</i>, with +five curious plates, including one of the city of Manoa, +and another of the Ewaipanoma, or men without heads. +The German version of the book and its English reprint +in Hakluyt's <i>Navigations</i> belong to the same year. Also +in 1599, the <i>Discovery</i> was reproduced in Latin, German, +and French by De Bry in the eighth part of his celebrated +<i>Collectiones Peregrinationum</i>. This year, then, in which +we hardly hear otherwise of Raleigh, marked the height +of his success as a geographical writer. So absolutely +is the veil drawn over his personal history at this time +that the only facts we possess are, that on November 4 +Raleigh was lying sick of an ague, and that on December +13 he was still ill.</p> + +<p>In the middle of March 1600 Sir Walter and Lady +Raleigh left Durham House for Sherborne, taking with +them, as a playmate for their son Walter, Sir Robert +Cecil's eldest son, William, afterwards the second Earl +of Salisbury. On the way down to Dorsetshire, they +stopped at Sion House as the guests of the 'Wizard' +Earl of Northumberland, a life-long friend of Raleigh's, +and presently to be his most intelligent fellow-prisoner +in the Tower. From Sherborne, Raleigh wrote on the +6th of April saying frankly that if her Majesty persisted +in excluding him from every sort of preferment, 'I must +begin to keep sheep betime.' He hinted in the same +letter that he would accept the Governorship of Jersey, +which was expected to fall vacant. The friendship with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> +Lord Cobham has now become quite ardent, and Lady +Raleigh vies with her husband in urging him to pay +Sherborne a visit. Later on in April the Raleighs went +to Bath apparently for no other reason than to meet +Cobham there. Here is a curious note from Raleigh to +the most dangerous of his associates, written from Bath +on April 29, 1600:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Here we attend you and have done this sevennight, and +we still mourn your absence, the rather because we fear that +your mind is changed. I pray let us hear from you at +least, for if you come not we will go hereby home, and make +but short tarrying here. My wife will despair ever to see +you in these parts, if your Lordship come not now. We can +but long for you and wish you as our own lives whatsoever.</p> + +<p>Your Lordship's everest faithful, to honour you most,</p> + +<p style="margin-left:40%;"> +<span class="smcap">W. Ralegh.</span> +</p></div> + +<p>Raleigh's absence from Court was so lengthy, that it +was whispered in the early summer that he was in +disgrace, that the Queen had called him 'something +worse than cat or dog,' namely, 'fox.' The absurdity of +this was proved early in July by his being hurriedly +called to town to accompany Cobham and Northumberland +on their brief and fruitless visit to Ostend. The +friends started from Sandwich on July 11, and were +received in the Low Countries by Lord Grey; they +were entertained at Ostend with extraordinary respect, +but they gained nothing of political or diplomatic value. +Affairs in Ireland, connected with the Spanish invasion, +occupied Raleigh's mind and pen during this autumn, +but he paid no visit to his Munster estates. There +were plots and counterplots developing in various parts of +these islands in the autumn of 1600, but with none of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> +these subterranean activities is Raleigh for the present +to be identified.</p> + +<p>When Sir Anthony Paulet died, on August 26, +1600, Raleigh had the satisfaction of succeeding him +in the Governorship of Jersey. He had asked for the +reversion of this post, and none could be found more +appropriate to his powers or circumstances. It gave +him once more the opportunity to cultivate his restless +energy, to fly hither and thither by sea and land, and +to harry the English Channel for Spaniards as a terrier +watches a haystack for rats. Weymouth, which was +the English postal port for Jersey, was also the natural +harbour of Sherborne, and Raleigh had been accustomed, +as it was, to keep more than one vessel there. The +appointment in Jersey was combined with a gift of the +manor of St. Germain in that island, but the Queen +thought it right, in consideration of this present, to +strike off three hundred pounds from the Governor's +salary. Cecil was Raleigh's guest at Sherborne when +the appointment was made, and Raleigh waited until +he left before starting for his new charge; all this time +young William Cecil continued at Sherborne for his +health. At last, late in September, Sir Walter and +Lady Raleigh went down to Weymouth, and took with +them their little son Walter, now about six years old. The +day was very fine, and the mother and son saw the new +Governor on board his ship. He was kept at sea forty-eight +hours by contrary winds, but reached Jersey at +last on an October morning.</p> + +<p>Raleigh wrote home to his wife that he never saw a +pleasanter island than Jersey, but protested that it was +not in value the very third part of what had been reported.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span> +One of his first visits was to the castle of Mont Orgueil, +which had been rebuilt seven years before. His intention +had been to destroy it, but he was so much struck +with its stately architecture and commanding position +that he determined to spare it, and in fact he told off +a detachment of his men then and there to guard it. +Raleigh's work in Jersey was considerable. While he +remained governor, he established a trade between the +island and Newfoundland, undertook to register real +property according to a definite system, abolished the +unpopular compulsory service of the Corps de Garde, and +lightened in many directions the fiscal burdens which +previous governors had laid on the population. Raleigh's +beneficent rule in Jersey lasted just three years.</p> + +<p>While he was absent on this his first visit to the +island, Lady Raleigh at Sherborne received news from +Cecil of the partial destruction of Durham House by a +fire, which had broken out in the old stables. None of +the Raleigh valuables were injured, but Lady Raleigh +suggests that it is high time something were definitely +settled about property in this 'rotten house,' which Sir +Walter was constantly repairing and improving without +possessing any proper lease of it. As a matter of fact, +when the crash came, Durham House was the first of +his losses. Early in November 1600, Raleigh was in +Cornwall, improving the condition of the tin-workers, +and going through his duties in the Stannaries Court of +Lostwithiel. We find him protecting private enterprise +on Roborough Down against the borough of Plymouth, +which desired to stop the tin-works, and the year closes +with his activities on behalf of the 'establishment of +good laws among tinners.'<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span></p> + +<p>The first two months of 1601 were occupied with +the picturesque tragedy of Essex's trial and execution. +It seems that Raleigh was at last provoked into open +enmity by the taunts and threats of the Lord Marshal. +Among the strange acts of Essex, none had been more +strange than his extraordinary way of complaining, like +a child, of anyone who might displease him. In his +letter to the Queen on June 25, 1599, he openly named +Raleigh and Cobham as his enemies and the enemies of +England; not reflecting that both of these personages +were in the Queen's confidence, and that he was out +of it. We may presume that it was more than Raleigh +could bear to be shown a letter addressed to the Queen +in which Essex deliberately accused him of 'wishing +the ill success of your Majesty's most important action, +the decay of your greatest strength, and the destruction +of your faithfullest servants.' There were some things +Raleigh could not forgive, and the accusation that he +favoured Spain was one of these. Shut up among his +creatures in his house in the Strand, and refused all +communication with Elizabeth, Essex thought no +accusation too libellous to spread against the trio who +held the royal ear, against Raleigh, Cecil, and Cobham, +whose daggers, he said, were thirsting for his blood.</p> + +<p>It was probably in the summer of 1600 that Raleigh +wrote the curious letter of advice to Cecil which forms +the only evidence we possess that he had definitely come +to the decision that Essex must die. His language +admits of no doubt of his intention. He says:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>If you take it for a good counsel to relent towards this +tyrant, you will repent it when it shall be too late. His +malice is fixed, and will not evaporate by any of your mild<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> +courses. For he will ascribe the alteration to her Majesty's +pusillanimity and not to your good nature, knowing that +you work but upon her humour, and not out of any love +towards him. The less you make him, the less he shall be +able to harm you and yours; and if her Majesty's favour fail +him, he will again decline to a common person. For after-revenges, +fear them not, for your own father was esteemed +to be the contriver of Norfolk's ruin, yet his son followeth +your father's son and loveth him.</p></div> + +<p>This advice has been stigmatised as worse than ungenerous. +It was, at all events, extremely to the point, +and it may be suggested that for Raleigh and Cecil the +time for showing generosity to Essex was past. They +took no overt steps, however, but it is plain that they +kept themselves informed of the mad meetings that went +on in Essex House. On the morning before the insurrection +was to break out, February 18, 1601, Raleigh sent +a note to his kinsman, Sir Ferdinando Gorges, who was +one of Essex's men, to come down to Durham House to +speak with him. Gorges, startled at the message, +consulted Essex, who advised him to say that he would +meet Raleigh, not at Durham House, but half-way, on +the river. Raleigh assented to this, and came alone, +while Gorges, with two other gentlemen, met him. +Raleigh told his cousin that a warrant was out to seize +him, and advised him to leave London at once for +Plymouth. Gorges said it was too late, and a long conversation +ensued, in the course of which a boat was seen +to glide away from Essex stairs and to approach them. +Upon this Gorges pushed Raleigh's boat away, and bid +him hasten home. As he rowed off towards Durham +House, four shots from the second boat missed him; it<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> +had been manned by Sir Christopher Blount, who, with +three or four servants of Essex, had come out to capture +or else kill Raleigh.</p> + +<p>For this treason Blount asked and obtained Raleigh's +pardon a few days later, on the scaffold. At the last +moment of his life, Essex also had desired to speak with +Raleigh, having already solemnly retracted the accusations +he had made against him; but it is said that this +message of peace was not conveyed to Raleigh until it +was too late. According to Raleigh's own account, he +had been standing near the scaffold, on purpose to see +whether Essex would address him, and had retired because +he was not spoken to. His words in 1618 were these:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>It is said I was a persecutor of my Lord of Essex; that +I puffed out tobacco in disdain when he was on the scaffold. +But I take God to witness I shed tears for him when he +died. I confess I was of a contrary faction, but I knew he +was a noble gentleman. Those that set me up against him, +did afterwards set themselves against me.</p></div> + +<p>Raleigh was accused of barbarity by the adherents +of Essex, but there is nothing to rebut the testimony +of one of his own greatest enemies, Blount, who confessed, +a few minutes before he died, that he did not +believe Sir Walter Raleigh intended to assassinate the +Earl, nor that Essex himself feared it, 'only it was a +word cast out to colour other matters.' We are told +that Raleigh suffered from a profound melancholy as he +was rowed back from the Tower to Durham House after +the execution of Essex, and that it was afterwards +believed that he was visited at that time by a presentiment +of his own dreadful end.</p> + +<p>During the summer of 1601, Raleigh became in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span>volved +in a vexatious quarrel between certain of his own +Dorsetshire servants. The man Meeres, whom he had +appointed as bailiff of the Sherborne estates nine years +before, after doing trusty service to his master, had +gradually become aggressive and mutinous. He disliked +the presence of Adrian Gilbert, Raleigh's brother, who +had been made Constable of Sherborne Castle, and who +overlooked Meeres on all occasions. There began to be +constant petty quarrels between the bailiff of the manor +and the constable of the castle, and when Raleigh at +last dismissed the former bailiff and appointed another, +Meeres put himself under the protection of an old enemy +of Raleigh's, Lord Thomas Howard, now Lord Howard +of Bindon, and refused to quit. In the month of +August, Meeres audaciously arrested the rival bailiff, +whereupon Raleigh had Meeres himself put in the stocks +in the market-place of Sherborne. The town took +Raleigh's side, and when Meeres was released, the +people riotously accompanied him to his house, with +derisive cries. When Raleigh was afterward attainted, +Meeres took all the revenge he could, and succeeded in +making himself not a little offensive to Lady Raleigh. +Sir Walter Raleigh's letters testify to the great annoyance +this man gave him. It appears that Meeres' wife, 'a +broken piece, but too good for such a knave,' was a kinswoman +of Lady Essex, and the most curious point is +that Raleigh thought that Meeres was trained to forge +his handwriting. He tells Cecil:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The Earl did not make show to like Meeres, nor admit +him to his presence, but it was thought that secretly he +meant to have used him for some mischief against me; and, +if Essex had prevailed, he had been used as the counterfeiter,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span> +for he writes my hand so perfectly that I cannot any way +discern the difference.<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></p></div> + +<p>Meeres was ready in the law, and during the month +of September sent twenty-six subpœnas down to +Sherborne. But on October 3 he was subdued for the +time being, and wrote to Cecil from his prison in the +Gatehouse that he was very sorry for what he had said +so 'furiously and foolishly' about Sir Walter Raleigh, +and begged for a merciful consideration of it. He was +pardoned, but he proved a troublesome scoundrel then +and afterwards.</p> + +<p>Early in September 1601, Raleigh came up on +business from Bath to London, meaning to return at +once, but found himself unexpectedly called upon to +stay and fulfil a graceful duty. Henry IV. of France, +being at Calais, had sent the Duc de Biron, with a +retinue of three hundred persons, to pay a visit of +compliment to Elizabeth. It was important that the +French favourite should be well received in England, +but no one expected him in London, and the Queen +was travelling. Sir Arthur Savage and Sir Arthur +Gorges were the Duke's very insufficient escort, until +Raleigh fortunately made his appearance and did the +honours of London in better style. He took the French +envoys to Westminster Abbey, and, to their greater +satisfaction, to the Bear Garden. The Queen was now +staying, as the guest of the Marquis of Winchester, at +Basing, and so, on September 9, Raleigh took the +Duke and his suite down to the Vine, a house in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span> +Hampshire, where he was royally entertained. The +Queen visited them here, and on the 12th they all came +over to stay with her at Basing Park. By the Queen's +desire, Raleigh wrote to Cobham, who had stayed at +Bath, to come over to Basing and help to entertain +the Frenchmen; he added, that in three or four days +the visit would be over, and he and Cobham could go +back to Bath together. The letters of Raleigh display +an intimate friendship between Lord Cobham and himself +which is not to be overlooked in the light of coming +events. The French were all dressed in black, a colour +Raleigh did not possess in his copious wardrobe, so that +he had to order the making of a black taffeta suit in a +hurry, to fetch which from London he started back late +on Saturday night after bringing the Duke safe down +to Basing. It was on the next day, if the French +ambassador said true, that he had the astounding conversation +with Elizabeth about Essex, at the end of +which, after railing against her dead favourite, she +opened a casket and produced the very skull of Essex. +The subject of the fall of favourites was one in which +Biron should have taken the keenest interest. Ten +months later he himself, abandoned by his king, came +to that frantic death in front of the Bastille which +Chapman presented to English readers in the most +majestic of his tragedies. The visit to Elizabeth +occupies the third act of <i>Byron's Conspiracy</i>, which, +published in 1608, contains of course no reference to +Raleigh's part on that occasion.</p> + +<p>It may be that in the autumn of 1601, James of +Scotland first became actively cognisant of Raleigh's +existence. Spain was once more giving Elizabeth<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span> +anxiety, and threatening an invasion which actually +took place on September 21, at Kinsale. By means +of the spies which he kept in the Channel, Raleigh saw +the Spanish fleet advancing, and warned the Government, +though his warnings were a little too positive in +pointing out Cork and Limerick as the points of attack. +Meanwhile, he wrote out for the Queen's perusal a State +paper on <i>The Dangers of a Spanish Faction in Scotland</i>. +This paper has not been preserved, but the rumour of its +contents is supposed to have frightened James in his +correspondence with Rome, and to have made him judge +it prudent to offer Elizabeth three thousand Scotch +troops against the invader. Raleigh's casual remarks +with regard to Irish affairs at this critical time, as we +find them in his letters to Cecil, are not sympathetic or +even humane, and there is at least one passage which +looks very much like a licensing of assassination; yet +it is certain that Raleigh, surveying from his remote +Sherborne that Munster which he knew so well, took in +the salient features of the position with extraordinary +success. In almost every particular he showed himself +a true prophet with regard to the Irish rising of 1601.</p> + +<p>In November the Duke of Lennox came somewhat +hastily to London from Paris, entrusted with a very +delicate diplomatic commission from James of Scotland +to Elizabeth. It is certain that he saw Raleigh and +Cobham, and that he discussed with them the thorny +question of the succession to the English throne. It +moreover appears that he found their intentions +'traitorous to the King,' that is to say unfavourable to +the candidature of James. The whole incident is exceedingly +dark, and the particulars of it rest mainly on a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span> +tainted authority, that of Lord Henry Howard. It may +be conjectured that what really happened was that the +Duke of Lennox, learning that Raleigh was in town, +desired Sir Arthur Savage to introduce him; that he +then suggested a private conference, which was first +refused, then granted, in Cobham's presence, at Durham +House; that Raleigh refused King James's offers, and +went and told Cecil that he had done so. Cecil, however, +chose to believe that Raleigh was keeping something +back from him, and his attitude from this moment +grows sensibly colder to Raleigh, and he speaks of +Raleigh's 'ingratitude,' though it is not plain what he +should have been grateful for to Cecil.</p> + +<p>It was now thirteen years since Raleigh had abandoned +the hope of colonising Virginia, though his +thoughts had often reverted to that savage country, of +which he was the nominal liege lord. In 1602 he made +a final effort to assert his authority there. He sent out +a certain Samuel Mace, of whose expedition we know +little; and about the same time his nephew, Bartholomew +Gilbert, with an experienced mariner, Captain Gosnoll, +went to look for the lost colony and city of Raleigh. +These latter started in a small barque on March 26, but +though they enjoyed an interesting voyage, they never +touched Virginia at all. They discovered and named +Martha's Vineyard, and some other of the islands in the +same group; then, after a pleasant sojourn, they came +back to England, and landed at Exmouth on July 23. +It was left for another than Raleigh, while he was impoverished +and a prisoner in the Tower, to carry out +the dream of Virginian settlement. Perhaps the most +fortunate thing that could have happened to Raleigh<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span> +would have been for him to have personally conducted +to the West this expedition of 1602. To have been out +of England when the Queen died might have saved him +from the calumny of treason.</p> + +<p>It has been supposed that Raleigh was a complete +loser by these vain expeditions. But a passage in a +letter of August 21, 1602, shows us that this was not +the fact. He says: 'Neither of them spake with the +people,' that is, with the lost Virginian colonists, 'but I +do send both the barques away again, having saved the +charge in sassafras wood.' From the same letter we +find that Gilbert and Gosnoll went off without Raleigh's +leave, though in his ship and at his expense, and the +latter therefore prays that his nephew may be stripped +of his rich store of sassafras and cedar wood, partly in +chastisement, but more for fear of overstocking the +London market. He throws Gilbert over, and speaks +angrily of him not as a kinsman, but as 'my Lord +Cobham's man;' then relents in a postscript—'<i>all</i> is +confiscate, but he shall have his part again.'</p> + +<p>Raleigh was feeble in health and irritable in temper +all this time. Lady Raleigh, with a woman's instinct, +tried to curb his ambition, and tie him down to Sherborne. +'My wife says that every day this place amends, +and London, to her, grows worse and worse.' Meanwhile, +there is really not an atom of evidence to show +that Raleigh was engaged in any political intrigue. He +spent the summer and autumn of 1602, when he was +not at Sherborne, in going through the round of his +duties. All the month of July he spent in Jersey, +'walking in the wilderness,' as he says, hearing from no +one, and troubled in mind by vague rumours, blown<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span> +over to him from Normandy, of the disgrace of the Duc +de Biron. He is also 'much pestered with the coming +of many Norman gentlemen, but cannot prevent it.' +On August 9, he left Jersey, in his ship the 'Antelope,' +fearing if he stayed any longer to exhaust her English +stores, and get no more 'in this poor island.' On landing +at Weymouth on the 12th, he wrote inviting Cecil +and Northumberland to meet him at Bath. He was +justly exasperated to find that during his absence +Lord Howard of Bindon had once more taken up the +wicked steward, Meeres, and persuaded Sir William +Peryam, the Chief Baron of the Exchequer, to try the +suit again. Raleigh complains to Cecil:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I never busied myself with the Lord Viscount's [Lord +Bindon's] wealth, nor of his extortions, nor poisoning of his +wife, as is here avowed, have I spoken. I have foreborne +... but I will not endure wrong at so peevish a fool's +hands any longer. I will rather lose my life, and I think +that my Lord Puritan Peryam doth think that the Queen +shall have more use of rogues and villains than of men, or +else he would not, at Bindon's instances, have yielded to +try actions against me being out of the land.</p></div> + +<p>The vexation was a real one, but this is the language +of a petulant invalid, of a man to whom the grasshopper +has become a burden. We are therefore not surprised +to find him at Bath on September 15, so ill that he +can barely write a note to Cecil warning him of the +approach of a Spanish fleet, the news of which has just +reached him from Jersey. He grew little better at +Bath, and in October we find him again at Sherborne, +in very low spirits, sending by Cobham to the Queen +a stone which Bartholomew Gilbert had brought from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span> +America, and which Raleigh took to be a diamond. +Immediately after this, he set out on what he calls his +'miserable journey into Cornwall,' no other than his +customary autumn circuit through the Stannary Courts. +Once he had enjoyed these bracing rides over the moors, +but his animal spirits were subdued, and the cold +mosses, the streams to be forded, the dripping October +woods, and the chilly granite judgment-seat itself, had +lost their attraction for his aching joints. In November, +however, he is back at Sherborne, restored to health, +and intending to linger in Dorsetshire as long as he can, +'except there be cause to hasten me up.'</p> + +<p>Meanwhile he had paid a brief visit to London, and +had spoken with the Queen, as it would appear, for +the last time. Cecil, who was also present, has recorded +in a letter of November 4 this interview, which took +place the previous day. On this last occasion Elizabeth +sought Raleigh's advice on her Irish policy. The President +of Munster had reported that he had seen fit to +'kill and hang divers poor men, women, and children +appertaining' to Cormac MacDermod McCarthy, Lord +of Muskerry, and to burn all his castles and villages +from Carrigrohan to Inchigeelagh. Cecil was inclined to +think that severity had been pushed too far, and that the +wretched Cormac might be left in peace. But Elizabeth +had long been accustomed to turn to Raleigh for advice +on her Irish policy. He gave, as usual, his unflinching +constant counsel for drastic severity. He 'very earnestly +moved her Majesty of all others to reject Cormac MacDermod, +first, because his country was worth her keeping, +secondly, because he lived so under the eye of the +State that, whensoever she would, it was in her power to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span> +suppress him.' This last, one would think, might have +been an argument for mercy. The Queen instructed +Cecil to tell Sir George Carew, that whatever pardon +was extended to others, none might be shown to Cormac.</p> + +<p>It was in the same spirit of rigour that Raleigh had +for two years past advised the retention of the gentle +and learned Florence MacCarthy in the Tower, as 'a man +reconciled to the Pope, dangerous to the present State, +beloved of such as seek the ruin of the realm;' and +this at the very time when MacCarthy, trusting in his +twenty years' acquaintance with Raleigh, was praying +Cecil to let him be his judge. Raleigh little thought +that the doors which detained Florence MacCarthy would +soon open for a moment to inclose himself, and that in +two neighbouring cells through long years of captivity +the <i>History of the World</i> would grow beside the growing +<i>History of the Early Ages of Ireland</i>.</p> + +<p>In this year, 1602, Raleigh parted with his vast +Irish estates to Richard Boyle, afterwards Earl of Cork, +and placed the purchase-money in privateering enterprises. +It is known that Cecil had an interest in this +fleet of merchantmen, and as late as January 1603 he +writes about a cruiser in which Raleigh and he were +partners, begging Raleigh, from prudential reasons, to +conceal the fact that Cecil was in the adventure. There +was no abatement whatever in the friendliness of Cecil's +tone to Raleigh, although in his own crafty mind he had +decided that the death of the Queen should set the term +to Raleigh's prosperity. On March 30, 1603, Elizabeth +died, and with her last breath the fortune and even the +personal safety of Raleigh expired.</p> + +<p>We may pause here a moment to consider what was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span> +Raleigh's condition and fame at this critical point in his +life. He was over fifty years of age, but in health and +spirits much older than his time of life suggested; his +energy had shown signs of abatement, and for five years +he had done nothing that had drawn public attention +strongly to his gifts. If he had died in 1603, unattainted, +in peace at Sherborne, it is a question whether he would +have attracted the notice of posterity in any very general +degree. To close students of the reign of Elizabeth he +would still be, as Mr. Gardiner says, 'the man who had +more genius than all the Privy Council put together.' +But he would not be to us all the embodiment of the +spirit of England in the great age of Elizabeth, the foremost +man of his time, the figure which takes the same +place in the field of action which Shakespeare takes in +that of imagination and Bacon in that of thought. For +this something more was needed, the long torture of +imprisonment, the final crown of judicial martyrdom. +The slow tragedy closing on Tower Hill is the necessary +complement to his greatness.</p> + +<p>All this it is easy to see, but it is more difficult to +understand what circumstances brought about a condition +of things in which such a tragedy became possible. We +must realise that Raleigh was a man of severe speech +and reserved manner, not easily moved to be gracious, +constantly reproving the sluggish by his rapidity, and +galling the dull by his wit. All through his career we +find him hard to get on with, proud to his inferiors, +still more crabbed to those above him. If policy required +that he should use the arts of a diplomatist, he overplayed +his part, and stung his rivals to the quick by an +obsequiousness in speech to which his eyes and shoulders<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span> +gave the lie. With all his wealth and influence, he +missed the crowning points of his ambition; he never +sat in the House of Peers, he never pushed his way to +the council board, he never held quite the highest rank +in any naval expedition, he never ruled with only the +Queen above him even in Ireland. He who of all men +hated most and deserved least to be an underling, was +forced to play the subordinate all through the most +brilliant part of his variegated life of adventure. It was +only for a moment, at Cadiz or Fayal, that by a doubtful +breach of prerogative he struggled to the surface, to sink +again directly the achievement was accomplished. This +soured and would probably have paralysed him, but for +the noble stimulant of misfortune; and to the temper +which this continued disappointment produced, we must +look for the cause of his unpopularity.</p> + +<p>It is difficult, as we have said, to understand how it +was that he had the opportunity to become unpopular. +From one of his latest letters in Elizabeth's reign we +gather that the tavern-keepers throughout the country +considered Raleigh at fault for a tax which was really +insisted on by the Queen's rapacity. He prays Cecil to +induce Elizabeth to remit it, for, he says, 'I cannot live, +nor show my face out of my doors, without it, nor dare +ride through the towns where these taverners dwell.' +This is the only passage which I can find in his published +correspondence which accounts in any degree for the +fact that we presently find Raleigh beyond question the +best-hated man in England.<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span></p> + + +<h2 class="gap3"><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII.</h2> + +<h3>THE TRIAL AT WINCHESTER.</h3> + + +<p>Raleigh was in the west when the Queen died, and he +had no opportunity of making the rush for the north +which emptied London of its nobility in the beginning +of April. King James had reached Burghley before +Raleigh, in company with his old comrade Sir Robert +Crosse, met him on his southward journey. It was +necessary that he should ask the new monarch for a +continuation of his appointments in Devon and Cornwall; +his posts at Court he had probably made up his mind +to lose. One of the blank forms which the King had +sent up to be signed by Cecil, nominally excusing the +recipient from coming to meet James, had been sent to +Raleigh, and this was of evil omen. The King received +him ungraciously, and Raleigh did not make the situation +better by explaining the cause of his disobedience. +James, it is said, admitted in a blunt pun that he had +been prejudiced against the late Queen's favourite; 'on +my soul, man,' he said, 'I have heard but <i>rawly</i> of thee.' +Raleigh was promised letters of continuance for the +Stannaries, but was warned to take no measures with +regard to the woods and parks of the Duchy of Cornwall +until further orders. After the first rough greeting,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span> +James was fairly civil, but on April 25 privately desired +Sir Thomas Lake to settle Raleigh's business speedily, +and send him off.</p> + +<p>In the first week of May, Sir Walter Raleigh was +informed by the Council that the King had chosen Sir +Thomas Erskine to be Captain of the Guard. It was +the most natural thing in the world that James should +select an old friend and a Scotchman for this confidential +post, and Raleigh, as the Council Book records, 'in a very +humble manner did submit himself.' To show that no +injury to his fortunes was intended, the King was pleased +to remit the tax of 300<i>l.</i> a year which Elizabeth had +charged on Raleigh's salary as Governor of Jersey. +There does not seem to be any evidence that Raleigh +was led into any imprudent action by all these changes. +Mr. Gardiner appears to put some faith in a despatch of +Beaumont's to Villeroi, on May 2, according to which +Raleigh was in such a rage at the loss of one of his +offices, that he rushed into the King's presence, and +poured out accusations of treason against Cecil. I cannot +but disbelieve this story; the evidence all goes to +prove that he still regarded Cecil, among the crowd of +his enemies, as at least half his friend. On May 13, +Cecil was raised to the peerage, as a sign of royal favour.</p> + +<p>Lady Raleigh had always regretted the carelessness +with which her husband expended money upon Durham +House, his town mansion, without ever securing a proper +lease of it. Her prognostications of evil were soon fulfilled. +James I. was hardly safe on his throne before +the Bishop of Durham demanded the restitution of +the ancient town palace of his see. On May 31, 1603, a +royal warrant announced that Durham House was to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span> +be restored to the Bishop—'the said dwellers in it +having no right to the same'—and Sir Walter Raleigh +was warned to give quiet possession of the house to +such as the Bishop might appoint. Raleigh, much incommoded +at so sudden notice to quit, begged to be +allowed to stay until Michaelmas. The Bishop considered +this very unreasonable, and would grant him no +later date than June 23. In this dilemma Raleigh +appealed to the Lords Commissioners, saying that he +had spent 2,000<i>l.</i> on the house, and that 'the poorest +artificer in London hath a quarter's warning given him +by his landlord.' It is interesting to us, as giving us a +notion of Raleigh's customary retinue, that he says he +has already laid in provision for his London household +of forty persons and nearly twenty horses. 'Now to +cast out my hay and oats into the streets at an hour's +warning,' for the Bishop wanted to occupy the stables +at once, 'and to remove my family and stuff in fourteen +days after, is such a severe expulsion as hath not been +offered to any man before this day.' What became of +his chattels, and what lodging he found for his family, +is uncertain; he gained no civility by his appeal. That +he was disturbed by the Bishop, and busily engaged in +changing houses all through June, is not unimportant +in connection with the accusation, at the trial, that he +had spent so much of this month plotting with Cobham +and Aremberg at Durham House.</p> + +<p>It was plain that he was not judicious in his +behaviour to James. At all times he had been an advocate +of war rather than peace, even when peace was +obviously needful. Spain, too, was written upon his +heart, as Calais had been on Mary's, and even at this<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span> +untoward juncture he must needs thrust his enmity +on unwilling ears. It is hardly conceivable that he +should not know that James was deeply involved with +promises to the Catholics; and though the King had +said, in the face of his welcome to England, that he +should not need them now, he had no intention of exasperating +them. As to Spain, the King was simply +waiting for overtures from Madrid. Raleigh, who was +never a politician, saw nothing of all this, and merely +used every opportunity he had of gaining the King's +ear to urge his distasteful projects of a war. On the +last occasion when, so far as we know, Raleigh had an +interview with James, they were both the guests of +Raleigh's uncle, Sir Nicholas Carew, at Bedingfield +Park. It would seem that he had already placed in +the royal hands the manuscript of his <i>Discourse touching +War with Spain, and of the Protecting of the Netherlands</i>, +and he offered to raise two thousand men at +his own expense, and to lead them in person against +Spain. James I. must have found this persistence, especially +from a man against whom he had formed a +prejudice, exceedingly galling. No doubt, too, long +familiarity with Queen Elizabeth in the decline of her +powers, had given Raleigh a manner in approaching +royalty which was not to James's liking.</p> + +<p>In July the King's Catholic troubles reached a head. +Watson's plot, involving Copley and the young Lord +Grey de Wilton, occupied the Privy Council during that +month, and it was discovered that George Brooke, a +younger brother of Lord Cobham's, was concerned in it. +The Brookes, it will be remembered, were the brothers-in-law +of Cecil himself, but by this time completely<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span> +estranged from him. It is more interesting to us to +note that Cobham himself was the only intimate friend +left to Raleigh. With extraordinary rapidity Raleigh +himself was drawn into the net of Watson's misdoings. +Copley was arrested on the 6th, and first examined on +July 12. He incriminated George Brooke, who was +arrested on the 14th. Cobham, who was busy on his +duties as Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, was brought +up for examination on the 15th or 16th; and on the +17th,<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> Sir Walter Raleigh, who, it is said, had given +information regarding Cobham, was himself arrested at +Windsor.</p> + +<p>Raleigh was walking to and fro on the great terrace +at Windsor on the morning of July 17, 1603, waiting +to ride with the King, when Cecil came to him +and requested his presence in the Council Chamber. +What happened there is unknown, but it is plain amid +the chaos of conflicting testimony that Cecil argued that +what George Brooke knew Cobham must know, and +that Raleigh was privy to all Cobham's designs. What +form the accusation finally took, we shall presently see. +When it was over Raleigh wrote a letter to the Council, +in which he made certain random statements with +regard to offers made to Cobham about June 9 by a +certain attendant of Count Aremberg, the ambassador +of the Archduke Albert. From the windows of Durham +House he had seen, he said, Cobham's boat cross over to +the Austrian's lodgings in St. Saviour's. He probably +felt himself forced to state this from finding that the +Council already knew something of Cobham's relations<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span> +with Aremberg. Still, in the light of later events, the +writing of this letter may seem to us a grave mistake. +It was instantly shown, on the very next day, to Cobham, +and doctored in such a way as to make the latter suppose +that Raleigh had gratuitously betrayed him.</p> + +<p>On the day that Raleigh was arrested, July 17, +George Brooke said in examination that 'the conspirators +among themselves thought Sir Walter Raleigh a fit man +to be of the action.' This did not amount to much, but +Brooke soon became more copious and protested a fuller +tale day by day. Nothing, however, that could touch +Raleigh was obtained from any witness until, on the +20th, Lord Cobham, who had been thoroughly frightened +by daily cross-examination, was shown the letter, or part +of the letter, from Raleigh to Cecil to which reference +has just been made. He then broke out with, 'O +traitor! O villain! now will I tell you all the truth!' +and proceeded at once to say that 'he had never entered +into those courses but by Raleigh's instigation, and that +he would never let him alone!' This accusation he +entirely retracted nine days later, in consequence of +some expostulation from Raleigh which had found its +way from one prisoner to the other, for Raleigh was by +this time safe in the Tower of London.</p> + +<p>It is most probable that he was taken thither on +July 18, immediately after his arrest. On the 20th, +after Cobham's formal accusation, he was evidently +more strictly confined, and it must have been immediately +after receiving news of this charge that he +attempted to commit suicide. He would be told of +Cobham's words, in all likelihood, on the morning of +the 21st; he would write the letter to his wife after<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span> +meditating on the results of his position, and then +would follow the scene that Cecil describes in a letter +dated fifteen days later:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Although lodged and attended as well as in his own house, +yet one afternoon, while divers of us were in the Tower, +examining these prisoners, Sir Walter Raleigh attempted to +have murdered himself. Whereof when we were advertised, +we came to him, and found him in some agony, seeming to +be unable to endure his misfortunes, and protesting +innocency, with carelessness of life. In that way, he had +wounded himself under the right pap, but no way mortally.</p></div> + +<p>There is no reason whatever for supposing that this +was not a genuine attempt at suicide. We can have +no difficulty in entering into the mood of Raleigh's +mind. Roused to fresh energy by misfortune, his brain +and will had of late once more become active, and he +was planning adventures by land and sea. If James +did oust him from his posts about the Court in favour +of leal Scotchmen, Raleigh would brace himself by some +fresh expedition against Cadiz, some new settlement of +Virginia or Guiana. In the midst of such schemes, the +blow of his unexpected arrest would come upon him out +of the blue. He could bear poverty, neglect, hardships, +even death itself; but imprisonment, with a disgraceful +execution as the only end of it, that he was not at first +prepared to endure. He had tasted captivity in the +Tower once before; he knew the intolerable tedium +and fret of it; and the very prospect maddened him. +Nor would his thoughts be only or mainly of himself. +He would reflect that if he were once condemned, +nothing but financial ruin and social obloquy would<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span> +attend his wife and children; and this it was which +inspired the passionate and pathetic letter which he +addressed to Lady Raleigh just before he stabbed himself. +This letter seems to close the real life of Raleigh. +He was to breathe, indeed, for fifteen years more, but +only in a sort of living death. He begins thus +distractedly:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Receive from thy unfortunate husband these his last +lines: these the last words that ever thou shalt receive from +him. That I can live never to see thee and my child more! +I cannot! I have desired God and disputed with my reason, +but nature and compassion hath the victory. That I can +live to think how you are both left a spoil to my enemies, +and that my name shall be a dishonour to my child! I +cannot! I cannot endure the memory thereof. Unfortunate +woman, unfortunate child, comfort yourselves, trust God, +and be contented with your poor estate. I would have +bettered it, if I had enjoyed a few years.</p></div> + +<p>He goes on to tell his wife that she is still young, +and should marry again; and then falls into a tumult of +distress over his own accusation. Presently he grows +calmer, after a wild denunciation of Cobham, and bids +his wife forgive, as he does:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Live humble, for thou hast but a time also. God forgive +my Lord Harry [Howard], for he was my heavy enemy. +And for my Lord Cecil, I thought he would never forsake +me in extremity. I would not have done it him, God +knows. But do not thou know it, for he must be master of +thy child, and may have compassion of him. Be not dismayed, +that I died in despair of God's mercies. Strive not +to dispute, but assure thyself that God has not left me, +nor Satan tempted me. Hope and despair live not together.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span> +I know it is forbidden to destroy ourselves, but I trust it is +forbidden in this sort—that we destroy not ourselves despairing +of God's mercy.</p></div> + +<p>After an impassioned prayer, he speaks of his estate. +His debts, he confesses, are many, and as the latest of +them he mentions what he owes to an expedition to +Virginia then on the return voyage, the expedition in +which Cecil had a share. Then his shame and anger +break out again:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>What will my poor servants think, at their return, when +they hear I am accused to be Spanish who sent them, at +my great charge, to plant and discover upon his territory! +O intolerable infamy! O God! I cannot resist these +thoughts. I cannot live to think how I am divided, to think +of the expectation of my enemies, the scorns I shall receive, +the cruel words of lawyers, the infamous taunts and despites, +to be made a wonder and a spectacle!... I commend +unto you my poor brother Adrian Gilbert. The lease of +Sandridge is his, and none of mine. Let him have it, for +God's cause. He knows what is due to me upon it. And +be good to Keymis, for he is a perfect honest man, and hath +much wrong for my sake. For the rest I commend me to +thee, and thee to God, and the Lord knows my sorrow to +part from thee and my poor child. But part I must.... I +bless my poor child; and let him know his father was +no traitor. Be bold of my innocence, for God—to whom I +offer life and soul—knows it.... And the Lord for ever +keep thee, and give thee comfort in both worlds.</p></div> + +<p>There are few documents of the period more affecting +than this, but he suffered no return of this mood. The +pain of his wound and the weakness it produced quieted +him at first, and then hope began to take the place of +this agony of despair. Meanwhile his treason was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span> +taken for granted, and he was stripped of his appointments. +He had been forced to resign the Wardenship +of the Stannaries to Sir Francis Godolphin, and the +wine patent was given to the Earl of Nottingham, who +behaved with scant courtesy to his old friend and +comrade. Sir John Peyton, after guarding Raleigh +for ten days at the Tower, was released from the post +of Lieutenant, and was given the Governorship of Jersey, +of which Raleigh was deprived. On the next day, +August 1, Sir George Harvey took Peyton's place as +Lieutenant of the Tower, the last report from the +outgoing officer being that 'Sir Walter Raleigh's hurt +is doing very well.' It was evidently not at all severe, +for on the 4th he was pronounced cured, 'both in body +and mind.' On the 3rd, De Beaumont, the French +ambassador, had written confidentially to Henry IV. +that Raleigh gave out that this attempt at suicide 'was +formed in order that his fate might not serve as a +triumph to his enemies, whose power to put him to +death, despite his innocence, he well knows.'</p> + +<p>On August 10 there had still been made no definite +accusation linking Raleigh or even Cobham with +Watson's plot. All that could be said was that Raleigh +and Cobham were intimate with the plotters, and that +they had mutually accused each other, vaguely, of +entering into certain possibly treasonable negotiations +with Austria. On that day De Beaumont was inclined +to think that both would be acquitted. It does not +seem that James was anxious to push matters to an +extremity; but the Government, instigated by Suffolk, +insisted on severity. On August 13, Raleigh was again +examined in the Tower, and this time more rigorously.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> +A distinct statement was now gained from him, to the +effect that Cobham had offered him 10,000 crowns to +further a peace between Spain and England; Raleigh +had answered, '"When I see the money I will make you +an answer," for I thought it one of his ordinary idle +conceits.' He insisted, however, that this conversation +had nothing to do with Aremberg. All through the +month of September the plague was raging in London. +In spite of all precautions, it found its way into the +outlying posts of the Tower. Sir George Harvey sent +away his family, and Wood, who was in special charge of +the State prisoners, abandoned them to the Lieutenant. +On September 7 we find Harvey sending Raleigh's +private letters by a man of the name of Mellersh, who +had been Cobham's steward and was now his secretary. +Raleigh and Cobham had become convinced that, whatever +was their innocence or guilt, it was absolutely +necessary that each should have some idea what the +other was confessing.</p> + +<p>On September 21, Raleigh, Cobham, and George +Brooke were indicted at Staines. The indictment +shows us for the first time what the Government had +determined to accuse Raleigh of plotting. It is plainly +put that he is charged with 'exciting rebellion against +the King, and raising one Arabella Stuart to the Crown +of England.' Without going into vexed questions of +the claim of this unhappy woman, we may remind ourselves +that Arabella Stuart was James I.'s first cousin, +the daughter of Charles Stuart, fifth Earl of Lennox, +Darnley's elder brother. Her father had died in 1576, +soon after her birth. About 1588 she had come up to +London to be presented to Elizabeth, and on that occasion<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span> +had amused Raleigh with her gay accomplishments. +The legal quibble on which her claim was founded was +the fact that she was born in England, whereas James +as a Scotchman was supposed to be excluded. Arabella +was no pretender; her descent from Margaret, the sister +of Henry VIII., was complete, and if James had died +childless and she had survived him, it is difficult to see +how her claim could have been avoided in favour of the +Suffolk line. Meantime she had no real claim, and no +party in the country. But Elizabeth, in one of her +fantastic moods, had presented Arabella to the wife of a +French ambassador, as 'she that will sometime be Lady +Mistress here, even as I am.' Before the Queen's death +Arabella's very name had become hateful to her, but this +was the slender ground upon which Cobham's, but +scarcely Raleigh's, hopes were based.</p> + +<p>The jury was well packed with adverse names. +The precept is signed by Raleigh's old and bitter +enemy, Lord Howard of Bindon, now Earl of Suffolk. +The trial, probably on account of the terror caused by +the ravages of the plague, was adjourned for nearly two +months, which Raleigh spent in the Tower. Almost +the only remnant of all his great wealth which was not +by this time forfeited, was his cluster of estates at Sherborne. +He attempted to tie these up to his son, and his +brother, Adrian Gilbert, and Cecil appears to have been +a friend to Lady Raleigh in this matter. It was so +generally taken for granted that Raleigh would be condemned, +that no mock modesty prevented the King's +Scotch favourites from asking for his estates. In October +Cecil informed Sir James Elphinstone that he was at +least the twelfth person who had already applied for the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> +gift of Sherborne. Fortunately Raleigh, as late as the +summer of 1602, had desired the judge, Sir John Doddridge, +to draw up a conveyance of Sherborne to his son, +and then to his brother, with a rent-charge of 200<i>l.</i> a +year for life to Lady Raleigh. For the present Cecil +firmly refused to allow anyone to tamper with this +conveyance, and Sherborne was the raft upon which the +Raleighs sailed through the worst tempest of the trial. +Cecil undoubtedly retained a certain tenderness towards +his old friend Lady Raleigh, and for her sake, rather than +her husband's, he extended a sort of protection to them +in their misfortune. She appealed to him in touching +language to 'pity the name of your ancient friend on his +poor little creature, which may live to honour you, that +we may all lift up our hands and hearts in prayer for +you and yours. If you truly knew, you would pity your +poor unfortunate friend, which relieth wholly on your +honourable and wonted favour.' Cecil listened, and +almost relented.</p> + +<p>At first Cobham was not confined in the Tower, and +before he came there Raleigh was advised by some of +his friends to try to communicate with him. According +to Raleigh's account, he wrote first of all, 'You or I +must go to trial. If I first, then your accusation is the +only evidence against me.' Cobham's reply was not +satisfactory, and Raleigh wrote again, and Cobham +then sent what Raleigh thought 'a very good letter.' +The person who undertook to carry on this secret correspondence +was no other than young Sir John Peyton, +whom James had just knighted, the son of the late +Lieutenant of the Tower. Sir George Harvey seems +to have suspected, without wishing to be disagreeable,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span> +for Raleigh had to hint to Cobham that the Lieutenant +might be blamed if it were discovered that letters were +passing. Cobham shifted from hour to hour, and +changed colour like a moral chameleon; Raleigh could +not depend on him, nor even influence him. Meanwhile +Cobham was transferred to the Tower, and now +communication between the prisoners seemed almost +impossible. However, the servant who was waiting +upon Raleigh, a man named Cotterell, undertook to +speak to Cobham, and desired him to leave his window +in the Wardrobe Tower ajar on a certain night. +Raleigh had prepared a letter, entreating Cobham to +clear him at all costs. This letter Cotterell tied round +an apple, and at eight o'clock at night threw it dexterously +into Cobham's room; half an hour afterwards a +second letter, of still more complete retractation, was +pushed by Cobham under his door. This Raleigh hid +in his pocket and showed to no one.</p> + +<p>Thus October passed, and during these ten weeks +the popular fury against the accused had arisen to a +tumultuous pitch. On November 5, Sir W. Waad was +instructed to bring Raleigh out of the Tower, and +prepare him for his trial. As has been said, the plague +was in London, and the prisoner was therefore taken +down to Winchester, to be tried in Wolvesey Castle. +So terrible was the popular hatred of Raleigh, that the +conveyance of him was attended with difficulty, and +had to be constantly delayed. 'It was hob or nob +whether he should have been brought alive through such +multitudes of unruly people as did exclaim against him;' +and to escape Lynch law a whole week had to be given +to the transit. 'The fury and tumult of the people<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span> +was so great' that Waad had to set watches, and hasten +his prisoner by a stage at a time, when the mob was +not expecting him. The wretched people seemed to +forget all about the plague for the moment, so eager +were they to tear Raleigh to pieces. When he had +reached Winchester, it was thought well to wait five +days more, to give the popular fury time to quiet down +a little. A Court of King's Bench was fitted up in the +castle, an old Episcopal palace, not well suited for that +purpose.</p> + +<p>On Thursday, November 17, 1603, Raleigh's trial +began. In the centre of the upper part of the court, +under a canopy of brocade, sat the Lord Chief Justice +of England, Popham, and on either side of him, as +special commissioners, Cecil, Waad, the Earls of Suffolk +and Devonshire, with the judges, Anderson, Gawdy, and +Warburton, and other persons of distinction. Opposite +Popham sat the Attorney-General, Sir Edward Coke, +who conducted the trial. It was actually opened, however, +by Hale, the Serjeant, who attempted, as soon as +Raleigh had pleaded 'not guilty' to the indictment, to +raise an unseemly laugh by saying that Lady Arabella +'hath no more title to the Crown than I have, which, +before God, I utterly renounce.' Raleigh was noticed +to smile at this, and we can imagine that his irony +would be roused by such buffoonery on an occasion so +serious. There was no more jesting of this kind, but +the whole trial has remained a type of what was uncouth +and undesirable in the conduct of criminal trials through +the beginning of the seventeenth century. The nation so +rapidly increased in sensitiveness and in a perception +of legal decency, that one of the very judges who con<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span>ducted +Raleigh's trial, Gawdy, lived to look back upon +it with horror, and to say, when he himself lay upon +his death-bed, that such a mode of procedure 'injured +and degraded the justice of England.'</p> + +<p>When Hale had ceased his fooling, Coke began in +earnest. He was a man a little older than Raleigh, and +of a conceited and violent nature, owing not a little of +his exaggerated reputation to the dread that he inspired. +He was never more rude and brutal than in his treatment +of Sir Walter Raleigh upon this famous occasion, +and even in a court packed with enemies, in which the +proud poet and navigator might glance round without +meeting one look more friendly than that in the cold +eyes of Cecil, the needless insolence of Coke went too +far, and caused a revulsion in Raleigh's favour. Coke +began by praising the clemency of the King, who had +forbidden the use of torture, and proceeded to charge +Sir Walter Raleigh with what he called 'treason of the +Main,' to distinguish it from that of George Brooke and +his fellows, which was 'of the Bye.' He described this +latter, and tried to point out that the former was closely +cognate to it. In order to mask the difficulty, nay, the +impossibility, of doing this successfully on the evidence +which he possessed, he wandered off into a long and +wordy disquisition on treasonable plots in general, +ending abruptly with that of Edmund de la Pole. Then, +for the first time, Coke faced the chief difficulty +of the Government, namely, that there was but one +witness against Raleigh. He did not allow, as indeed +he could not be expected to do, that Cobham had +shifted like a Reuben, and was now adhering, for the +moment, to an eighth several confession of what he and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span> +Raleigh had actually done or meant to do. It was +enough for Coke to insist that Cobham's evidence, that +is to say, whichever of the eight conflicting statements +suited the prosecution best, was as valuable, in a case +of this kind, as 'the inquest of twelve men.'</p> + +<p>Having thus, as he thought, shut Raleigh's mouth +with regard to this one great difficulty, he continued to +declaim against 'those traitors,' obstinately persisting +in mixing up Raleigh's 'Main' with the 'Bye,' in spite +of the distinction which he himself had drawn. Raleigh +appealed against this once or twice, and at last showed +signs of impatience. Coke then suddenly turned upon +him, and cried out, 'To whom, Sir Walter, did you +bear malice? To the royal children?' In the altercation +that followed, Coke lost his temper in earnest, and +allowed himself to call Raleigh 'a monster with an +English face, but a Spanish heart.' He then proceeded +to state what the accusation of Sir Walter really +amounted to, and in the midst of the inexplicable chaos +of this whole affair it may be well to stand for a moment +on this scrap of solid ground. Coke's words were:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>You would have stirred England and Scotland both. +You incited the Lord Cobham, as soon as Count Aremberg +came into England, to go to him. The night he went, you supped +with the Lord Cobham, and he brought you after supper +to Durham House; and then the same night by a back-way +went with La Renzi to Count Aremberg, and got from him +a promise for the money. After this it was arranged that +the Lord Cobham should go to Spain and return by Jersey, +where you were to meet him about the distribution of the +money; because Cobham had not so much policy or wickedness +as you. Your intent was to set up the Lady Arabella as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span> +a titular Queen, and to depose our present rightful King, +the lineal descendant of Edward IV. You pretend that +this money was to forward the Peace with Spain. Your +jargon was 'peace,' which meant Spanish invasion and +Scottish subversion.</p></div> + +<p>This was plain language, at least; this was the case +for the prosecution, stripped of all pedantic juggling; +and Raleigh now drew himself together to confute these +charges as best he might. 'Let me answer,' he said; +'it concerns my life;' and from this point onwards, as +Mr. Edwards remarks, the trial becomes a long and impassioned +dialogue. Coke refused to let Raleigh speak, +and in this was supported by Popham, a very old man, +who owed his position in that court more to his age +than his talents, and who was solicitous to be on friendly +terms with the Attorney. Coke then proceeded to +argue that Raleigh's relations with Cobham had been +notoriously so intimate that there was nothing surprising +or improbable in the accusation that he shared his +guilt. He then nimbly went on to expatiate with +regard to the circumstances of Cobham's treason, and +was deft enough to bring these forward in such a way +as to leave on the mind of his hearers the impression +that these were things proved against Raleigh. To +this practice, which deserved the very phrases which +Coke used against the prisoner's dealings, 'devilish and +machiavelian policy,' Raleigh protested again and again +that he ought not to be subjected, until Coke lost his +temper once more, and cried, 'I <i>thou</i> thee, thou traitor, +and I will prove thee the rankest traitor in all England.' +A sort of hubbub now ensued, and the Lord Chief Justice<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span> +again interfered to silence Raleigh, with a poor show of +impartiality.</p> + +<p>Coke, however, had well nigh exhausted the slender +stock of evidence with which he had started. For a +few minutes longer he tried by sheer bluster to conceal +the poverty of the case, and last of all he handed one of +Cobham's confessions to the Clerk of the Crown to be +read in court. It entered into no particulars, which +Cobham said their lordships must not expect from him, +for he was so confounded that he had lost his memory, +but it vaguely asserted that he would never have entered +into 'these courses' but for Raleigh's instigation. The +reading being over, Coke at last sat down. Raleigh +began to address the jury, very quietly at first. He +pointed out that this solitary accusation, by the most +wavering of mortals, uttered in a moment of anger, was +absolutely all the evidence that could be brought against +him. He admitted that he suspected Cobham of secret +communications with Count Aremberg, but he declared +that he knew no details, and that whatever he discovered, +Cecil also was privy to. He had hitherto spoken softly; +he now suddenly raised his voice, and electrified the +court by turning upon Sir Edward Coke, and pouring +forth the eloquent and indignant protest which must +now be given in his own words.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Master Attorney, whether to favour or to disable my +Lord Cobham you speak as you will of him, yet he is not +such a babe as you make him. He hath dispositions of such +violence, which his best friends could never temper. But it +is very strange that I, at this time, should be thought to +plot with the Lord Cobham, knowing him a man that hath +neither love nor following; and, myself, at this time having<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span> +resigned a place of my best command in an office I had in +Cornwall. I was not so bare of sense but I saw that, if +ever this State was strong, it was now that we have the +Kingdom of Scotland united, whence we were wont to fear +all our troubles—Ireland quieted, where our forces were +wont to be divided—Denmark assured, whom before we +were always wont to have in jealousy—the Low Countries +our nearest neighbour. And, instead of a Lady whom time +had surprised, we had now an active King, who would be +present at his own businesses. For me, at this time, to +make myself a Robin Hood, a Wat Tyler [in the inadvertence +of the moment he seems to have said 'a Tom +Tailor,' by mistake], a Kett, or a Jack Cade! I was not so +mad! I knew the state of Spain well, his weakness, his +poorness, his humbleness at this time. I knew that six +times we had repulsed his forces—thrice in Ireland, thrice +at sea, once upon our coast and twice upon his own. +Thrice had I served against him myself at sea—wherein, +for my country's sake, I had expended of my own property +forty thousand marks. I knew that where beforetime he +was wont to have forty great sails, at the least, in his ports, +now he hath not past six or seven. And for sending to his +Indies, he was driven to have strange vessels, a thing +contrary to the institutions of his ancestors, who straitly +forbade that, even in case of necessity, they should make +their necessity known to strangers. I knew that of twenty-five +millions which he had from the Indies, he had scarce +any left. Nay, I knew his poorness to be such at this time +that the Jesuits, his imps, begged at his church doors; his +pride so abated that, notwithstanding his former high terms, +he was become glad to congratulate his Majesty, and to +send creeping unto him for peace.</p></div> + +<p>In these fiery words the audience was reminded of +the consistent hatred which Raleigh had always shown<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span> +to Spain, and of the services which he himself, now a +prisoner at the bar, had performed for the liberties of +England. The sympathies of the spectators began to +be moved; those who had execrated Raleigh most felt +that they had been deceived, and that so noble an +Englishman, however indiscreet he might have been, +could not by any possibility have intrigued with the +worst enemies of England.</p> + +<p>But the prisoner had more to do than to rouse the irresponsible +part of his audience by his patriotic eloquence. +The countenances of his judges remained as cold to him +as ever, and he turned to the serious business of his +defence. His quick intelligence saw that the telling +point in Coke's diatribe had been the emphasis he had +laid on Raleigh's intimate friendship with Cobham. +He began to try and explain away this intimacy, stating +what we now know was not exactly true, namely that his +'privateness' with Cobham only concerned business, in +which the latter sought to make use of his experience. +He dwelt on Cobham's wealth, and argued that so rich +a man would not venture to conspire. All this part of +the defence seems to me injudicious. Raleigh was on +safer ground in making another sudden appeal to the +sentiment of the court: 'As for my knowing that he had +conspired all these things against Spain, for Arabella, +and against the King, I protest before Almighty God I +am as clear as whosoever here is freest.'</p> + +<p>After a futile discussion as to the value of Cobham's +evidence, the foreman of the jury asked a plain question: +'I desire to understand the time of Sir Walter Raleigh's +first letter, and of the Lord Cobham's accusation.' +Upon this Cecil spoke for the first time, spinning out a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span> +long and completely unintelligible sentence which was +to serve the foreman as an answer. Before the jury +could recover from their bewilderment, this extraordinary +trial, which proceeded like an Adventure in Wonderland, +was begun once more by Coke, who started afresh +with voluble denunciation of the defendant, for whom, +he said, it would have been better 'to have stayed in +Guiana than to be so well acquainted with the state of +Spain.' Coke was still pouring out a torrent of mere +abuse, when Raleigh suddenly interrupted him, and +addressing the judges, claimed that Cobham should then +and there be brought face to face with him. Since he +had been in the Tower he had been studying the law, +and he brought forward statutes of Edwards III. and IV. +to support his contention that he could not be convicted +on Cobham's bare accusation. The long speech he +made at this point was a masterpiece of persuasive +eloquence, and it is worth noting that Dudley Carleton, +who was in court, wrote to a friend that though when +the trial began he would have gone a hundred miles +to see Raleigh hanged, when it had reached this stage +he would have gone a thousand to save his life.</p> + +<p>The judges, however, and Popham in particular, +were not so moved, and Raleigh's objection to the evidence +of Cobham was overruled. Coke was so far influenced +by it that he now attempted to show that there +was other proof against the prisoner, and tried, very +awkwardly, to make the confessions of Watson and +George Brooke in the 'Bye' tell against Raleigh in the +'Main.' Raleigh's unlucky statement, made at Windsor, +to the effect that Cobham had offered him 10,000 crowns, +and an examination in which Raleigh's friend Captain<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span> +Keymis admitted a private interview between Cobham +and Raleigh during Count Aremberg's stay in London, +were then read. In the discussion on these documents +the court and the prisoner fell to actual wrangling; in +the buzz of voices it was hard to tell what was said, until +a certain impression was at last made by Coke, who +screamed out that Raleigh 'had a Spanish heart and +was a spider of hell.' This produced a lull, and thereupon +followed an irrelevant dispute as to whether or no +Raleigh had once had in his possession a book containing +treasonable allusions to the claims of the King of +Scotland. Raleigh admitted the possession of this volume, +and said that Cecil gave him leave to take it out of Lord +Burghley's library. He added that no book was published +towards the end of Queen Elizabeth's reign that +did not pass through his hands. It would be interesting +to know whether he meant that he exercised a +private censorship of the press, or that he bought everything +that appeared. At all events, the point was +allowed to drop.</p> + +<p>Raleigh now gave his attention to the evidence +which Keymis had given under threat of the rack. +That this torture had been threatened, in express +disobedience to the King's order, staggered some of the +commissioners, and covered Sir William Waad with +confusion. The eliciting of this fact seems to have +brought over to Raleigh's side the most valuable and +unexpected help, for, in the discussion that ensued, Cecil +suddenly pleaded that Raleigh should be allowed fair +play. The Attorney then brought forward the case of +Arabella Stuart, and a fresh sensation was presented +to the audience, who, after listening to Cecil, were sud<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span>denly +thrilled to hear a voice at the back of the court +shout, 'The Lady doth here protest, upon her salvation, +that she never dealt in any of these things.' It was the +voice of the Earl of Nottingham, who had entered unperceived, +and who was standing there with Arabella +Stuart on his arm. Their apparition was no surprise to +the judges; it had been carefully prearranged.</p> + +<p>The trial dragged on with irrelevant production of +evidence by Coke, occasional bullying by the Lord +Chief Justice, and repeated appeals for fairness from +Cecil, who cautiously said that 'but for his fault,' he +was still Raleigh's friend. Posterity has laughed at +one piece of the Attorney's evidence:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>There is one Dyer, a pilot, that being in Lisbon met +with a Portugal gentleman, which asked him if the King +of England was crowned yet. To whom he answered, 'I +think not yet, but he shall be shortly.' 'Nay,' said the +Portugal, 'that shall he never be, for his throat will be +cut by Don Raleigh and Don Cobham before he be +crowned.'</p></div> + +<p>A prosecution that calls for evidence such as this has +simply broken down. The whole report of the trial is so +puerile, that it can only be understood by bearing in +mind that, as Mr. Gardiner says, the Government were +in possession of a good deal of evidence which they +could not produce in court. The King wished to spare +Arabella, and to accept Aremberg's protestations with +the courtesy due to an ambassador. It was therefore +impossible to bring forward a letter which Cecil possessed +from Cobham to Arabella, and two from Aremberg +to Cobham. The difficulty was not to prove Cobham's +guilt, however, but to connect Raleigh closely enough<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> +with Cobham, and this Coke went on labouring to do. +At last he laid a trap for Raleigh. He induced him to +argue on the subject, and then Coke triumphantly drew +from his pocket a long letter Cobham had written to +the commissioners the day before, a letter in which +Cobham disclosed all the secret correspondence Raleigh +had had with him since his imprisonment, and even the +picturesque story of the letter that was bound round the +apple and thrown into Cobham's window in the Tower.</p> + +<p>At the production of this document, Sir Walter +Raleigh fairly lost his self-possession. He had no idea +that any of these facts were in the hands of the Government. +His bewilderment and dejection soon, however, +left him sufficiently for him to recollect the other letter +of Cobham's which he possessed. He drew it from his +pocket, and, Cobham's writing being very bad, he could +not, from his agitation, read it; Coke desired that it +should not be produced, but Cecil interposed once +more, and volunteered to read it aloud. This letter +was Raleigh's last effort. He said, when Cecil had +finished, 'Now, my masters, you have heard both. That +showed against me is but a voluntary confession. This +is under oath, and the deepest protestations a Christian +man can make. Therefore believe which of these hath +more force.' The jury then retired; and in a quarter +of an hour returned with the verdict 'Guilty.' Raleigh +had, in fact, confessed that Cobham had mentioned the +plot to him, though nothing would induce him to admit +that he had asked Cobham for a sum of money, or consented +to take any active part. Still this was enough; +and in the face of his unfortunate prevarication about +the interview with Renzi, the jury could hardly act<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span> +otherwise. For a summing up of both sides of the +vexed question what shadow of truth there was in the +general accusation, the reader may be recommended to +Mr. Gardiner's brilliant pages.</p> + +<p>Raleigh had defended himself with great courage +and intelligence, and the crowd in court were by no +means in sympathy with the brutal and violent address +in which Popham gave judgment. On the very day on +which Raleigh was condemned, there began that reaction +in his favour which has been proceeding ever +since. When the Lord Chief Justice called the noble +prisoner a traitor and an atheist, the bystanders, who +after all were Englishmen, though they had met prepared +to tear Raleigh limb from limb, could bear it no +longer, and they hissed the judge, as a little before they +had hooted Coke. To complete the strangeness of this +strange trial, when sentence had been passed, Raleigh +advanced quickly up the court, unprevented, and spoke +to Cecil and one or two other commissioners, asking, as +a favour, that the King would permit Cobham to die +first. Before he was secured by the officers, he had +found time for this last protest: 'Cobham is a false +and cowardly accuser. He can face neither me nor +death without acknowledging his falsehood.' He was +then led away to gaol.</p> + +<p>For a month Raleigh was retained at Winchester. +He found a friend, almost the only one who dared to +speak for him, in Lady Pembroke, the saintly sister of +Sir Philip Sidney, who showed <i>veteris vestigia flammæ</i>, +the embers of the old love Raleigh had met with from +her brother's family, and sent her son, Lord Pembroke, +to the King. She did little good, and Raleigh did<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span> +still less by a letter he now wrote to James, the first +personal appeal he had made to his Majesty. It was a +humble entreaty for life, begging the King to listen to +the charitable advice which the English law, 'knowing +her own cruelty, doth give to her superior,' to be +pitiful more than just. This letter has been thought +obsequious and unmanly; but it abates no jot of the +author's asseverations that he was innocent of all offence, +and, surely, in the very face of death a man may be excused +for writing humbly to a despot. Lady Raleigh, +meanwhile, was clinging about the knees of Cecil, whose +demeanour during the trial had given her fresh hopes. +But neither the King nor Cecil gave any sign, and in the +gathering reaction in favour of Raleigh remained apparently +firm for punishment. The whole body of the +accused were by this time convicted, Watson and all +his companions on the 16th, Raleigh on the 17th, +Cobham and Gray on the 18th. On the 29th Watson +and Clarke, the other priest, were executed. Next +day, the Spanish ambassador pleaded for Raleigh's life, +but was repulsed. The King desired the clergy who +attended the surviving prisoners to prepare them rigorously +for death, and the Bishop of Winchester gave +Raleigh no hope. On December 6, George Brooke was +executed. And now James seems to have thought that +enough blood had been spilt. He would find out the +truth by collecting dying confessions from culprits who, +after all, should not die.</p> + +<p>The next week was occupied with the performance +of the curious burlesque which James had invented. +The day after George Brooke was beheaded, the King +drew up a warrant to the Sheriff of Hampshire for stay<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span> +of all the other executions. With this document in his +bosom, he signed death-warrants for Markham, Gray, +and Cobham to be beheaded on the 10th, and Raleigh +on the 13th. The King told nobody of his intention, +except a Scotch boy, John Gibb, who was his page +at the moment. On December 10, at ten o'clock in +the morning, Sir Walter Raleigh was desired to come +to the window of his cell in Wolvesey Castle. The +night before, he had written an affecting letter of farewell +to his wife, and—such, at least, is my personal +conviction from the internal evidence—the most extraordinary +and most brilliant of his poems, <i>The Pilgrimage</i>. +By this time he was sorry that he had bemeaned +himself in his first paroxysm of despair, and he +entreated Lady Raleigh to try to get back the letters +in which he sued for his life, 'for,' he said, 'I disdain +myself for begging it.' He went on:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Know it, dear wife, that your son is the child of a true +man, and who, in his own respect, despiseth Death, and all +his misshapen and ugly forms. I cannot write much. God +knows how hardly I stole this time, when all sleep; and it +is time to separate my thoughts from the world. Beg my +dead body, which living was denied you; and either lay it +at Sherborne, if the land continue [yours], or in Exeter +Church, by my father and mother. I can write no more. +Time and Death call me away.</p></div> + +<p>From his window overlooking the Castle Green, +Raleigh saw Markham, a very monument of melancholy, +led through the steady rain to the scaffold. He saw the +Sheriff presently called away, but could not see the +Scotch lad who called him, who was Gibb riding in +with the reprieve. He could see Markham standing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span> +before the block, he could see the Sheriff return, speak +in a low voice to Markham, and lead him away into +Arthur's Hall and lock him up there. He could then +see Grey led out, he could see his face light up with a +gleam of hope, as he stealthily stirred the wet straw +with his foot and perceived there was no blood there. +He could see, though he could not hear, Grey's lips +move in the prayer in which he made his protestation of +innocence, and as he stood ready at the block, he could +see the Sheriff speak to him also, and lead him away, +and lock him up with Markham in Arthur's Hall. Then +Raleigh, wondering more and more, so violently curious +that the crowd below noticed his eager expression, could +see Cobham brought out, weeping and muttering, in a +lamentable disorder; he could see him praying, and +when the prayer was over, he could see the Sheriff +leave him to stand alone, trembling, on the scaffold, +while he went to fetch Grey and Markham from their +prison. Then he could see the trio, with an odd expression +of hope in their faces, stand side by side a moment, +to be harangued by the Sheriff, and then suddenly on +his bewildered ears rang out the plaudits of the assembled +crowd, all Winchester clapping its hands because +the King had mercifully saved the lives of the prisoners. +And still the steady rain kept falling as the Castle Green +grew empty, and Raleigh at his window was left alone with +his bewilderment. He was very soon told that he also +was spared, and on December 16, 1603, he was taken +back to the Tower of London. Such was James's curious +but not altogether inhuman sketch for a burlesque.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span></p> + + + +<h2 class="gap3"><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII"></a>CHAPTER VIII.</h2> + +<h3>IN THE TOWER.</h3> + + +<p>It is no longer possible for us to follow the personal +life of Raleigh as we have hitherto been doing, step by +step. In the deep monotony of confinement, twelve +years passed over him without leaving any marks of +months or days upon his chronicle of patience. A +hopeless prisoner ceases to take any interest in the +passage of time, and Raleigh's few letters from the +Tower are almost all of them undated. His comfort +had its vicissitudes; he was now tormented, now indulged. +A whisper from the outer world would now +give him back a gleam of hope, now a harsh answer +would complete again the darkness of his hopelessness. +He was vexed with ill-health, and yet from the age of +fifty-one to that of sixty-three the inherent vigour of his +constitution, and his invincible desire to live, were +unabated. From all his pains and sorrows he took +refuge, as so many have done before him, in the one +unfailing Nepenthe, the consolatory self-forgetfulness of +literature. It was in the Tower that the main bulk of +his voluminous writings were produced.</p> + +<p>He was confined in the upper story of what was +called the Garden Tower, now the Bloody Tower, and +not, as is so often said, in the White Tower, so that the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span> +little cell with a dim arched light, the Chapel Crypt off +Queen Elizabeth's Armoury, which used to be pointed +out to visitors as the dungeon in which Raleigh wrote +<i>The History of the World</i>, never, in all probability, +heard the sound of his footsteps. It is a myth that he +was confined at all in such a dungeon as this. According +to Mr. Loftie, his apartments were those immediately +above the principal gate to the Inner Ward, and had, +besides a window looking westward out of the Tower, +an entrance to themselves at a higher level, the level +of the Lieutenant's and Constable's lodgings. They +probably opened directly into a garden which has since +been partly built over.</p> + +<p>Raleigh was comfortably lodged; it was Sir William +Waad's complaint that the rooms were too spacious. +Lady Raleigh and her son shared them with him for +a considerable time, and Sir Walter was never without +three personal servants. He was poor, in comparison +with his former opulent estate, but he was never in +want. Sherborne just sufficed for six years to supply +such needs as presented themselves to a prisoner. His +personal expenses in the Tower slightly exceeded 200<i>l.</i>, +or 1,000<i>l.</i> of our money; there was left a narrow +margin for Lady Raleigh. The months of January +and February 1604 were spent in trying to make the +best terms possible for his wife and son. In a letter to +the Lords of the Council, Raleigh mentions that he has +lost 3,000<i>l.</i> (or 15,000<i>l.</i> in Victorian money) a year by +being deprived of his five main sources of income, namely +the Governorship of Jersey, the Patent of the Wine +Office, the Wardenship of the Stannaries, the Rangership +of Gillingham Forest, and the Lieutenancy of Portland<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span> +Castle. He besought that he might not be reduced to +utter beggary, and he did his best to retain the Duchy +of Cornwall and his estates at Sherborne. The former, as +he might have supposed, could not be left in the charge +of a prisoner. It was given to a friend, to the Earl of +Pembroke, and Raleigh showed a dangerous obstinacy +in refusing to give up the Seal of the Duchy direct to the +Earl; he was presently induced to resign it into Cecil's +hands, and then nothing but Sherborne remained. His +debts were 3,000<i>l.</i> His rich collections of plate and +tapestry had been confiscated or stolen. If the King +permitted Sherborne also to be taken, it would be impossible +to meet the exorbitant charges of the Lieutenant, +and under these circumstances it is only too probable +that Raleigh might have been obliged to crouch in the +traditional dungeon ten feet by eight feet. The retention +of Sherborne, then, meant comfort and the status of a +gentleman. It is therefore of the highest interest to us +to see what had become of Sherborne.</p> + +<p>We have seen that up to the date of the trial Cecil +held at bay the Scottish jackals who went prowling +round the rich Dorsetshire manor; and when the trial +was over, Cecil, as Lady Raleigh said, 'hath been our +only comfort in our lamentable misfortune.' As soon +as Raleigh was condemned, commissioners hastened +down to Sherborne and began to prepare the division +of the prize. They sold the cattle, and began to root up +the copses. They made considerable progress in dismantling +the house itself. Raleigh appealed to the +Lords of the Council, and Cecil sent down two trustees, +who, in February 1604, put a sudden stop to all this +havoc, and sent the commissioners about their business.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span> +Of the latter, one was the infamous Meeres, Raleigh's +former bailiff, and this fact was particularly galling to +Raleigh. On July 30 in the same year, Sherborne +Castle and the surrounding manors were conveyed to +Sir Alexander Brett and others in trust for Lady +Raleigh and her son Walter, Sir Walter nominally +forfeiting the life interest in the estates which he had +reserved to himself in the conveyance of 1602. On the +moneys collected by these trustees Lady Raleigh supported +herself and her husband also. She was not turned +out of the castle at first. Twice at least in 1605 we find +her there, on the second occasion causing all the armour +to be scoured. Some persons afterwards considered that +this act was connected with Gunpowder Plot, others +maintained that it was merely due to the fact that the +armour was rusty. The great point is that she was +still mistress of Sherborne. Lord Justice Popham, however, +as early as 1604, pronounced Raleigh's act of +conveyance invalid, and in 1608 negotiations began for +a 'purchase,' or rather a confiscation of Sherborne to +the King. To this we shall presently return. In the +meanwhile Captain Keymis acted as warden of Sherborne +Castle.</p> + +<p>As soon as the warm weather closed in, in the +summer of 1604, the malaria in the Tower began to +affect Raleigh's health. As he tells Cecil, now Lord +Cranborne, in a most dolorous letter, he was withering +in body and mind. The plague had come close to him, +his son having lain a fortnight with only a paper wall +between him and a woman whose child was dying of that +terrible complaint. Lady Raleigh, at last, had been +able to bear the terror of infection no longer, and had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span> +departed with little Walter. Raleigh thereupon, in a +fit of extreme dejection, 'presumed to tell their Lordships +of his miserable estate, daily in danger of death by +the palsy, nightly of suffocation by wasted and obstructed +lungs.' He entreated to be removed to more wholesome +lodgings. His prayer was not answered. Earlier in the +year he had indeed enjoyed a short excursion from the +Tower. At Easter the King had come to attend a bull-baiting +on Tower Hill, and Raleigh was hastily removed +to the Fleet prison beforehand, lest the etiquette of such +occasions should oblige James, against his inclination, to +give obnoxious prisoners their liberty. Raleigh was one +of five persons so hurried to the Fleet on March 25: on +the next day the King came, and 'caused all the prisons +of the Tower to be opened, and all the persons then within +them to be released.' After the bull-baiting was over, +the excepted prisoners were quietly brought back again. +This little change was all the variety that Raleigh +enjoyed until he left for Guiana in 1617.</p> + +<p>When it transpired in 1605 that through, as it +appears, the negligence of the copying clerk, the conveyance +by which Raleigh thought that he had secured +Sherborne to his son was null and void, he had to suffer +from a vindictive attack from his wife herself. She, +poor woman, had now for nearly two years bustled +hither and thither, intriguing in not always the most +judicious manner for her family, but never resting, +never leaving a stone unturned which might lead +to their restitution. The sudden discovery that the +lawyers had found a flaw in the conveyance was more +than her overstrung nerves could endure, and in a fit of +temper she attacked her husband, and rushed about the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span> +town denouncing him. Raleigh, in deepest depression +of mind and body, wrote to Cecil, who had now taken +another upward step in the hierarchy of James's protean +House of Lords, and who was Earl of Salisbury henceforward:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Of the true cause of my importunities, one is, that I am +every second or third night in danger either of sudden +death, or of the loss of my limbs or sense, being sometimes +two hours without feeling or motion of my hand and whole +arm. I complain not of it. I know it vain, for there is +none that hath compassion thereof. The other, that I shall +be made more than weary of my life by her crying and bewailing, +who will return in post when she hears of your +Lordship's departure, and nothing done. She hath already +brought her eldest son in one hand, and her sucking child +[Carew Raleigh, born in the winter of 1604] in another, +crying out of her and their destruction; charging me with +unnatural negligence, and that having provided for my own +life, I am without sense and compassion of theirs. These +torments, added to my desolate life—receiving nothing but +torments, and where I should look for some comfort, +together with the consideration of my cruel destiny, my +days and times worn out in trouble and imprisonment—is +sufficient either utterly to distract me, or to make me curse +the time that ever I was born into the world, and had a +being.</p></div> + +<p>Things were not commonly in so bad a way as this, +we may be sure. Raleigh, who did nothing by halves, +was not accustomed to underrate his own misfortunes. +His health was uncertain, indeed, and it was still worse +in 1606; but his condition otherwise was not so deplorable +as this letter would tend to prove. Poor Lady +Raleigh soon recovered her equanimity, and the Lieu<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span>tenant +of the Tower, Sir George Harvey, indulged +Raleigh in a variety of ways. He frequently invited +him to his table; and finding that the prisoner was +engaged in various chemical experiments, he lent him +his private garden to set up his still in. In one of +Raleigh's few letters of this period, we get a delightful +little vignette. Raleigh is busy working in the +garden, and, the pale being down, the charming young +Lady Effingham, his old friend Nottingham's daughter, +strolls by along the terrace on the arm of the Countess +of Beaumont. The ladies lean over the paling, and +watch the picturesque old magician poring over his +crucibles, his face lighted up with the flames from his +furnace. They fall a chatting with him, and Lady +Effingham coaxes him to spare her a little of that famous +balsam which he brought back from Guiana. He tells +her that he has none prepared, but that he will send her +some by their common friend Captain Whitlock, and +presently he does so. A captivity which admitted such +communications with the outer world as this, could not +but have had its alleviations.</p> + +<p>The letter quoted on the last page evidently belongs +to the summer of 1605, when, for a few months, Raleigh +was undoubtedly in great discomfort. On August 15, Sir +George Harvey was succeeded by Sir William Waad, +who had shown Raleigh great severity before his trial. +He, however, although not well disposed, shrank from +actually ill-treating his noble prisoner. He hinted to +Lord Salisbury that he wanted the garden for his own +use, and that he thought the paling an insufficient +barrier between Raleigh and the world. Meanwhile +Salisbury did not take the hint, and the brick wall<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span> +Waad wished built up was not begun. Waad evidently +looked upon the chemical experiments with suspicion. +'Sir Walter Raleigh,' he wrote, 'hath converted a little +hen-house in the garden into a still, where he doth +spend his time all the day in his distillations.' Some +of the remedies which the prisoner invented became +exceedingly popular. His 'lesser cordial' of strawberry +water was extensively used by ladies, and his 'great +cordial,' which was understand to contain 'whatever is +most choice and sovereign in the animal, vegetable, and +mineral world,' continued to be a favourite panacea +until the close of the century.</p> + +<p>When, in November, Gunpowder Plot was discovered, +Sir Walter Raleigh was for a moment suspected. No +evidence was found inculpating him in the slightest +degree; but his life was, for the moment at least, made +distinctly harder. When he returned from examination, +the wall which Waad had desired to put between the +prisoner and the public was in course of construction. +When finished it was not very formidable, for Waad +complains that Raleigh was in the habit of standing +upon it, in the sight of passers-by. The increased confinement +in the spring of 1606 brought his ill-health to +a climax. He thought he was about to suffer an apoplectic +seizure, and he was allowed to take medical +advice. The doctor's certificate, dated March 26, 1606, +is still in existence; it describes his paralytic symptoms, +and recommends that Sir Walter Raleigh should be +removed from the cold lodging which he was occupying +to the 'little room he hath built in the garden, and +joining his still-house,' which would be warmer. This +seems to have been done, and Raleigh's health improved.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span></p> + +<p>During the year 1606 various attempts were made +to persuade the King to release Raleigh, but in vain. +The Queen had made his acquaintance, and had become +his friend, and there was a general hope that when her +father, the King of Denmark, came over to see James +in the summer, he would plead for Raleigh. There is +reason to believe that if he had done so with success, +he would have invited Raleigh to return with him, and +to become Admiral of the Danish fleet. But matters +never got so far as this. James I. had an inkling of what +was coming, and he took an early opportunity of saying +to Christian IV., 'Promise me that you will be no man's +solicitor.' In spite of this, before he left England, +Christian did ask for Raleigh's pardon, and was refused. +When he had left England, and all hope was over, in +September, Lady Raleigh made her way to Hampton +Court, and, pushing her way into the King's presence, +fell on her knees at his feet. James went by, and +neither spoke nor looked at her. It must have been about +this time, or a little later, that Queen Anne brought +her unfortunate eldest son Henry to visit Raleigh at +the Tower. Prince Henry, born in 1594, was now only +twelve years of age. His intimacy with Sir Walter +Raleigh belongs rather to the years 1610 to 1612.</p> + +<p>In February 1607, Raleigh was exposed to some +annoyance from Edward Cotterell, the servant who in +1603 had carried his injudicious correspondence with +Lord Cobham to and fro. This man had remained in +Lady Raleigh's service, and attended on her in her little +house, opposite her husband's rooms, on Tower Hill. +He professed to be able to give evidence against his +master, but in examination before the Lord Chief<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span> +Justice nothing intelligible could be extracted from him. +About the same time we find Raleigh, encouraged, it +would appear, by the Queen, proposing to Lord Salisbury +that he should be allowed to go to Guiana on an expedition +for gold. It is pathetic to read the earnest +phrases in which he tries to wheedle out of the cold +Minister permission to set out westward once more +across the ocean that he loved so much. He offers, lest +he should be looked upon as a runagate, to leave his +wife and children behind him as hostages; and the +Queen and Lord Salisbury may have the treasure he +brings back, if only he may go. He pleads how rich +the land is, and how no one knows the way to it as he +does. We seem to hear the very accents of another +weary King of the Sea:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">'Tis not too late to seek a newer world;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Push off, and sitting well in order smite<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The sounding furrows; for my purpose holds<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To sail beyond the sunset, and the baths<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of all the western stars until I die.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>Such was Raleigh's purpose; but it was not that of +James and of Salisbury. On the contrary, he was kept a +faster prisoner. In July 1607, fresh regulations came +into force in the Tower, by which at 5 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span> Raleigh and +his servants had to retire to their own apartments, and +Lady Raleigh go back to her house, nor were guests +any longer to be admitted in the evening. Lady +Raleigh had particularly offended Sir William Waad by +driving into the Tower in her coach. She was informed +that she must do so no more. It was probably these +long quiet evenings which specially predisposed Raleigh<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span> +to literary composition. He borrowed books, mainly +of an historical character, in all directions. A letter +to Sir Robert Cotton is extant in which he desires the +loan of no less than thirteen obscure and bulky historians, +and we may imagine his silent evenings spent in +poring over the precious manuscripts of the <i>Annals of +Tewkesbury</i> and the <i>Chronicle of Evesham</i>. In this year +young Walter Raleigh, now fourteen years of age, proceeded +to Oxford, and matriculated at Corpus on October +30, 1607. His tutors were a certain Hooker, and the +brilliant young theologian, Dr. Daniel Featley, afterwards +to be famous as a controversial divine. Throughout +the year 1608, Raleigh, buried in his <i>History</i>, makes +no sign to us.</p> + +<p>Early in 1609, the uncertain tenure of Sherborne, +which had vexed Raleigh so much that he declared +himself ready to part with the estate in exchange for +the pleasure of never hearing of it again, once more +came definitely before the notice of the Government. A +proposition had been made to Raleigh to sell his right +in it to the King, but he had refused; he said that it +belonged to his wife and child, and that 'those that +never had a fee-simple could not grant a fee-simple.' +About Christmas 1608 Lady Raleigh brought the +matter up again, and leading her sons by the hand she +appeared in the Presence Chamber, and besought James +to give them a new conveyance, with no flaw in it. +But the King had determined to seize Sherborne, and +he told her, 'I maun hae the lond, I maun hae it for +Carr.' It is said that, losing all patience, Elizabeth +Raleigh started to her feet, and implored God to punish +this robbery of her household. Sir Walter was more<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span> +politic, and on January 2, 1609, he wrote a letter to the +favourite, imploring him not to covet Sherborne. It +is to be regretted that Raleigh, whose opinion of James's +minions was not on private occasions concealed, should +write to Carr of all people in England as 'one whom I +know not, but by an honourable fame;' and that the +eloquence of his appeal should be thrown away on such +a recipient. 'For yourself, Sir,' he says, 'seeing your +day is but now in the dawn, and mine come to the +evening, your own virtues and the King's grace assuring +you of many good fortunes and much honour, I beseech +you not to begin your first building upon the +ruins of the innocent; and that their griefs and sorrows +do not attend your first plantation.' Carr, of course, +took no notice whatever, and on the 10th of the same +month the estates at Sherborne were bestowed on him. +At Prince Henry's request the King presently purchased +them back again, and gave them to his son, who soon +after died. Mr. Edwards has discovered that Sherborne +passed through eight successive changes of ownership +before 1617. To Lady Raleigh and her children the +King gave 8,000<i>l.</i> as purchase-money of the life security +in Sherborne. The interest on this sum was +very irregularly paid, and the Guiana voyage in 1617 +swallowed up most of the principal. Thus the vast and +princely fortune of Raleigh melted away like a drift of +snow.</p> + +<p>In the summer of 1611, Raleigh came into collision +with Lord Salisbury and Lord Northampton on some +matter at present obscure. Northampton writes: 'We +had afterwards a bout with Sir Walter Raleigh, in +whom we find no change, but the same blindness, pride,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span> +and passion that heretofore hath wrought more violently, +but never expressed itself in a stranger fashion.' In consequence +of their interview with Raleigh and other prisoners, +the Lords recommended that 'the lawless liberty' +of the Tower should no longer be allowed to cocker and +foster exorbitant hopes in the braver sort of captives. +Raleigh was immediately placed under closer restraint, +not even being allowed to take his customary walk with +his keeper up the hill within the Tower. His private +garden and gallery were taken from him, and his wife +was almost entirely excluded from his company. The +final months of Salisbury's life were unfavourable to +Raleigh, and there was no quickening of the old friendship +at the last. When Lord Salisbury died on May 24, +1612, Raleigh wrote this epigram:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Here lies Hobinall our pastor whilere,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">That once in a quarter our fleeces did sheer;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To please us, his cur he kept under clog,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And was ever after both shepherd and dog;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">For oblation to Pan, his custom was thus,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">He first gave a trifle, then offered up us;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And through his false worship such power he did gain,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">As kept him on the mountain, and us on the plain.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>When these lines were shown to James I. he said he +hoped that the man who wrote them would die before +he did.</p> + +<p>The death of Salisbury encouraged Raleigh once +more. His intimacy with the generous and promising +Prince of Wales had quickened his hopes. During the +last months of his life, Henry continually appealed to +Raleigh for advice. The Prince was exceedingly interested +in all matters of navigation and shipbuilding,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span> +and there exists a letter to him from Raleigh giving +him elaborate counsel on the building of a man-of-war, +from which we may learn that in the opinion of that +practised hand six things were chiefly required in a +well-conditioned ship of the period: '1, that she be +strong built; 2, swift in sail; 3, stout-sided; 4, that +her ports be so laid, as she may carry out her guns all +weathers; 5, that she hull and try well; 6, that she +stay well, when boarding or turning on a wind is required.' +Secure in the interest of the Prince of Wales, +and hoping to persuade the Queen to be an adventurer, +Raleigh seized the opportunity of the death of Salisbury +to communicate his plans for an expedition to Guiana +to the Lords of the Council. He thought he had induced +them to promise that Captain Keymis should go, +and that if so much as half a ton of gold was brought +back, that should buy Raleigh his liberty. But the +negotiations fell through, and Keymis stayed at home.</p> + +<p>In September 1612, Raleigh was writing the second +of his <i>Marriage Discourses</i>, that dealing with the prospects +of his best and youngest friend. A month later +that friend fell a victim to his extreme rashness in the +neglect of his health. The illness of the Prince of +Wales filled the whole of England with dismay, and +when, on November 6, he sank under the attack of +typhoid fever, it was felt to be a national misfortune. +On the very morning of his death the Queen sent +to Raleigh for his famous cordial, and it was forwarded, +with the message that if it was not poison that +the Prince was dying of, it must save him. The Queen +herself believed that Raleigh's cordial had once saved +her life; on the other hand, in the preceding August<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span> +his medicines were vulgarly supposed to have hastened +the death of Sir Philip Sidney's daughter, the Countess +of Rutland. The cordial soothed the Prince's last +agony, and that was all. Henry had with great difficulty +obtained from his father the promise that, as a +personal favour to himself, Raleigh should be set at +liberty at Christmas 1612. He died six weeks too soon, +and the King contrived to forget his promise. The +feeling of the Prince of Wales towards Raleigh was expressed +in a phrase that was often repeated, 'No man +but my father would keep such a bird in a cage.'</p> + +<p>We learn from Izaak Walton that Ben Jonson was +recommended to Raleigh while he was in the Tower, +by Camden. That he helped him in obtaining and +arranging material for the <i>History of the World</i> is +certain. In 1613 young Walter Raleigh, having returned +to London, and having, in the month of April, +killed his man in a duel, went abroad under the charge +of Jonson. They took letters for Prince Maurice of +Nassau, and they proceeded to Paris, but we know +no more. It was probably before they started that +young Walter wheeled the corpulent poet of the <i>Alchemist</i> +into his father's presence in a barrow, Ben +Jonson being utterly overwhelmed with a beaker of +that famed canary that he loved too well. Jonson, on +his return from abroad, seems to have superintended +the publication of the <i>History of the World</i> in 1614. A +fine copy of verses, printed opposite the frontispiece of +that volume, was reprinted among the pieces called +<i>Underwoods</i> in the 1641 folio of Ben Jonson's <i>Works</i>. +These lines have, therefore, ever since been attributed +to that poet, but, as it appears to me, rashly. In the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span> +first place, this volume was posthumous; in the second, +for no less than twenty-three years Ben Jonson allowed +the verses to appear as Raleigh's without protest; in +the third, where they differ from the earlier version it +is always to their poetical disadvantage. They were +found, as the editor of 1641 says, amongst Jonson's +papers, and I would suggest, as a new hypothesis, that +the less polished draft in the <i>Underwoods</i> is entirely +Raleigh's, having been copied by Jonson verbatim when +he was preparing the <i>History of the World</i> for the press, +and that the improved expressions in the latter were +adopted by Raleigh on suggestion from the superior +judgment of Jonson. The character of the verse is +peculiarly that of Raleigh.</p> + +<p>It was in 1607, as I have conjectured, that Raleigh +first began seriously to collect and arrange materials for +the <i>History of the World</i>; in 1614 he presented the first +and only volume of this gigantic enterprise to the public. +It was a folio of 1,354 pages, printed very closely, and +if reprinted now would fill about thirty-five such volumes +as are devised for an ordinary modern novel. Yet it +brought the history of the world no lower down than +the conquest of Macedon by Rome, and it is hard to +conceive how soon, at this rate of production, Raleigh +would have reached his own generation. He is said to +have anticipated that his book would need to consist of +not less than four such folios. In the opening lines he +expresses some consciousness of the fact that it was late +in life for him, a prisoner of State condemned to death +at the King's pleasure, to undertake so vast a literary +adventure. 'Had it been begotten,' he confesses, 'with +my first dawn of day, when the light of common know<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span>ledge +began to open itself to my younger years, and +before any wound received either from fortune or time, +I might yet well have doubted that the darkness of age +and death would have covered over both it and me, long +before the performance.' It is greatly to be desired that +Raleigh could have been as well advised as his contemporary +and possible friend, the Huguenot poet-soldier, +Agrippa d'Aubigné, who at the close of a chequered +career also prepared a <i>Histoire Universelle</i>, in which he +simply told the story of his own political party in France +through those stormy years in which he himself had +been an actor. We would gladly exchange all these +chronicles of Semiramis and Jehoshaphat for a plain +statement of what Raleigh witnessed in the England of +Elizabeth.</p> + +<p>The student of Raleigh does not, therefore, rise from +an examination of his author's chief contribution to literature +without a severe sense of disappointment. The +book is brilliant almost without a rival in its best passages, +but these are comparatively few, and they are +divided from one another by tracts of pathless desert. +The narrative sometimes descends into a mere slough +of barbarous names, a marish of fabulous genealogy, +in which the lightest attention must take wings to be +supported at all. For instance, the geographical and +historical account of the Ten Tribes occupies a space +equivalent to a modern octavo volume of at least four +hundred pages, through which, if the conscientious +reader would pass 'treading the crude consistence' of +the matter, 'behoves him now both sail and oar.' It is +not fair to dwell upon the eminent beauties of the +<i>History of the World</i> without at the same time acknow<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span>ledging +that the book almost wilfully deprives itself of +legitimate value and true human interest by the remoteness +of the period which it describes, and by the tiresome +pedantry of its method. It is leisurely to the last +excess. The first chapter, of seven long sections, takes +us but to the close of the Creation. We cannot proceed +without knowing what it is that Tostatus affirms of the +empyrean heavens, and whether, with Strabo, we may +dare assume that they are filled with angels. To hasten +onwards would be impossible, so long as one of the errors +of Steuchius Eugubinus remains unconfuted; and even +then it is well to pause until we know the opinions of +Orpheus and Zoroaster on the matter in hand. One +whole chapter of four sections is dedicated to the Tree +of Knowledge of Good and Evil, and the arguments of +Goropius Becanus are minutely tested and found wanting. +Goropius Becanus, whom Raleigh is never tired of +shaking between his critical teeth, was a learned Jesuit +of Antwerp, who proved that Adam and Eve spoke +Dutch in Paradise. It is not until he reaches the +Patriarchs that it begins to occur to the historian that +at his present rate of progress it will need forty folio +volumes, and not four, to complete his labours. From +this point he hastens a little, as the compilers of encyclopædias +do when they have passed the letter B.</p> + +<p>With all this, the <i>History of the World</i> is a charming +and delightful miscellany, if we do not accept it too +seriously. Often for a score of pages there will be +something brilliant, something memorable on every leaf, +and there is not a chapter, however arid, without its +fine things somewhere. It is impossible to tell where +Raleigh's pen will take fire. He is most exquisite and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span> +fanciful where his subject is most unhopeful, and, on the +other hand, he is likely to disappoint us where we take +for granted that he will be fine. For example, the series +of sections on the Terrestrial Paradise are singularly +crabbed and dusty in their display of Rabbinical +pedantry, and the little touch in praise of Guiana is +almost the only one that redeems the general dryness. +It is not mirth, or beauty, or luxury that fires the +historian, but death. Of mortality he has always some +rich sententious thing to say, praising 'the workmanship +of death, that finishes the sorrowful business of a +wretched life.' So the most celebrated passages of the +whole book, and perhaps the finest, are the address to +God which opens the <i>History</i>, and the prose hymn in +praise of death which closes it. The entire absence of +humour is characteristic, and adds to the difficulty of +reading the book straight on. The story of Periander's +burning the clothes of the women closes with a jest; +there is, perhaps, no other occasion on which the solemn +historian is detected with a smile upon his lips.</p> + +<p>By far the most interesting and readable, part of the +<i>History of the World</i> is its preface. This is a book in +itself, and one in which the author condescends to a +lively human interest. We cheerfully pass from Elihu +the Buzite, and the conjectures of Adricomius respecting +the family of Ram, to the actualities of English and +Continental history in the generation immediately preceding +that in which Raleigh was writing. When we +consider the position in which the author stood towards +James I. and turn to the pages of his Preface, we refuse +to believe that it was without design that he expressed +himself in language so extraordinary. It would have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span> +been mere levity for a friendless prisoner, ready for the +block, to publish this terrible arraignment of the crimes +of tyrant kings, unless he had some reason for believing +that he could shelter himself successfully under a powerful +sympathy. This sympathy, in the case of Sir Walter +Raleigh, could be none other than that of Prince Henry; +and it may well have been in the summer of 1612, when, +as we know, he was particularly intimate with the Prince +and busied in his affairs, that he wrote the Preface. +With long isolation from the world, he had lost touch +of public affairs, as <i>The Prerogative of Parliament</i> would +alone be sufficient to show. It is probable that he exaggerated +the influence of the young Prince, and estimated +too highly the promise of liberty which he had +wrung from his father.</p> + +<p>It took James some time to discover that this grave +Rabbinical miscellany, inspired by Siracides and Goropius +Becanus, was not wholesome reading for his +subjects. On January 5, 1615, after the book had been +selling slowly, the King gave an order commanding the +suppression of the remainder of the edition, giving as +his reason that 'it is too saucy in censuring the acts of +kings.' It is said that some favoured person at Court +pushed inquiry further, and extracted from James the +explanation that the censure of Henry VIII. was the +real cause of the suppression. Contemporary anecdote, +however, has reported that the defamation of the +Tudors in the Preface to the <i>History of the World</i> might +have passed without reproof, if the King had not discovered +in the very body of the book several passages so +ambiguously worded that he could not but suspect the +writer of intentional satire. According to this story, he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span> +was startled at Raleigh's account of Naboth's Vineyard, +and scandalised at the description of the impeachment +of the Admiral of France; but what finally drew him up, +and made him decide that the book must perish, was +the character of King Ninias, son of Queen Semiramis. +This passage, then, may serve us as an example of the +<i>History of the World</i>:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Ninus being the first whom the madness of boundless +dominion transported, invaded his neighbour princes, and +became victorious over them; a man violent, insolent, and +cruel. Semiramis taking the opportunity, and being more +proud, adventurous, and ambitious than her paramour, +enlarged the Babylonian empire, and beautified many places +therein with buildings unexampled. But her son having +changed nature and condition with his mother, proved no +less feminine than she was masculine. And as wounds and +wrongs, by their continual smart, put the patient in mind +how to cure the one and revenge the other, so those kings +adjoining (whose subjection and calamities incident were +but new, and therefore the more grievous) could not sleep, +when the advantage was offered by such a successor. For +<i>in regno Babylonico hic parum resplenduit</i>: 'This king +shined little,' saith Nauclerus of Ninias, 'in the Babylonian +kingdom.' And likely it is, that the necks of mortal men +having been never before galled with the yoke of foreign +dominion, nor having ever had experience of that most +miserable and detested condition of living in slavery; no +long descent having as yet invested the Assyrian with a +right, nor any other title being for him pretended than a +strong hand; the foolish and effeminate son of a tyrannous +and hated mother could very ill hold so many great princes +and nations his vassals, with a power less mastering, and a +mind less industrious, than his father and mother had used +before him.</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span></p> + +<p>It is in passages like this, where we read the satire +between the lines, and in those occasional fragments of +autobiography to which we have already referred in the +course of this narrative, that the secondary charm of the +<i>History of the World</i> resides. It is to these that we +turn when we have exhausted our first surprise and delight +at the great bursts of poetic eloquence, the long +sonorous sentences which break like waves on the shore, +when the spirit of the historian is roused by some occasional +tempest of reflection. In either case, the book is +essentially one to glean from, not to read with consecutive +patience. Real historical philosophy is absolutely +wanting. The author strives to seem impartial by introducing, +in the midst of an account of the slaughter of +the Amalekites, a chapter on 'The Instauration of Civility +in Europe, and of Prometheus and Atlas;' but his general +notions of history are found to be as rude as his comparative +mythology. He scarcely attempts to sift evidence, +and next to Inspiration he knows no guide more trustworthy +than Pintus or Haytonus, a Talmudic rabbi or +a Jesuit father. In the midst of his disquisitions, the +reward of the continuous reader is to come suddenly +upon an unexpected 'as I myself have seen in America,' +or 'as once befell me also in Ireland.'</p> + +<p>Another historical work, the <i>Breviary of the History +of England</i>, has been claimed for Sir Walter Raleigh. +This book was first published in 1692, from a manuscript +in the possession of Archbishop Sancroft, and, as it +would appear, in Raleigh's handwriting. Before its +publication, however, the Archbishop had noted that +'Samuel Daniel hath inserted into his <i>History of England</i> +[1618], almost word for word, both the Introduction and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span> +the Life; whence it is that you have sometimes in the +margin of my copy a various reading with "D" after +it.' Daniel, a gentle and subservient creature, was the +friend of Camden, and a paid servant of Queen Anne, +during Raleigh's imprisonment. He died a few months +after Raleigh's execution. It is very likely that he was +useful to Raleigh in collecting notes and other material. +It may even have been his work for the interesting +prisoner in the Tower that caused Jonson's jealous dislike +of Daniel. The younger poet's own account, as +Mr. Edwards pointed out, by no means precludes +the supposition that he used material put together by +another hand. At the same time Sancroft's authority +cannot be considered final as regards Raleigh's authorship +of the <i>Breviary</i>, for the manuscript did not come +into his hands until nineteen years after Raleigh's +death.</p> + +<p>No such doubt attaches to the very curious and +interesting volume published nominally at Middelburg +in 1628, and entitled <i>The Prerogative of Parliament</i>. +This takes the form of a dialogue between a Counsellor +of State and a Justice of the Peace. The dramatic +propriety is but poorly sustained, and presently the +Justice becomes Raleigh, speaking in his own person. +The book was written in the summer of 1615, a few +months after the suppression of the <i>History of the World</i>, +and by a curious misconstruction of motive was intended +to remove from the King's mind the unpleasant +impression caused by those parables of Ahab and of +Ninias. It had, however, as we shall see, the very +opposite result. The preface to the King expresses an +almost servile desire to please: 'it would be more dog-<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span>like +than man-like to bite the stone that struck me, to +wit the borrowed authority of my sovereign misinformed.' +But Raleigh was curiously misinformed himself regarding +the ways and wishes of James. His dialogue takes +for its starting-point the trial of Oliver St. John, who +had been Raleigh's fellow-prisoner in the Tower since +April for having with unreasonable brutality protested +against the enforced payment of what was called the +Benevolence, a supposed free-will offering to the purse +of the King. So ignorant was Raleigh of what was +going on in England, that he fancied James to be +unaware of the tricks of his ministers; and the argument +of <i>The Prerogative of Parliament</i> is to encourage the +King to cast aside his evil counsellors, and come face +to face with his loyal people. The student of Mr. +Gardiner's account of the Benevolence will smile to +think of the rage with which the King must have +received Raleigh's proffered good advice, and of Raleigh's +stupefaction at learning that his well-meant volume was +forbidden to be printed. His manuscript, prepared for +the press, still remains among the State Papers, and it +was not until ten years after his death that it was first +timidly issued under the imprints of Middelburg and +of Hamburg.</p> + +<p>Not the least of Raleigh's chagrins in the Tower +must have been the composition of works which he was +unable to publish. It is probable that several of these +are still unknown to the world; many were certainly +destroyed, some may still be in existence. During the +thirty years which succeeded his execution, there was a +considerable demand for scraps of Raleigh's writing on +the part of men who were leaning to the Liberal side.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span> +John Hampden was a collector of Raleigh's manuscripts, +and he is possibly the friend who bequeathed to Milton +the manuscript of <i>The Cabinet Council</i>, an important +political work of Raleigh's which the great Puritan +poet gave to the world in 1658. At that time Milton +had had the treatise 'many years in my hands, and +finding it lately by chance among other books and +papers, upon reading thereof I thought it a kind of +injury to withhold longer the work of so eminent an +author from the public.' <i>The Cabinet Council</i> is a study +in the manner of Macchiavelli. It treats of the arts +of empire and mysteries of State-craft, mainly with +regard to the duties of monarchy. It is remarkable for +the extraordinary richness of allusive extracts from the +Roman classics, almost every maxim being immediately +followed by an apt Latin example. At the end of the +twenty-fourth chapter the author wakes up to the +tedious character of this manner of instruction, and the +rest of the book is illustrated by historical instances in +the English tongue. The book closes with an exhortation +to the reader, who could be no other than Prince +Henry, to emulate the conduct of Amurath, King of +Turbay, who abandoned worldly glory to embrace a +retired life of contemplation. <i>The Cabinet Council</i> must +be regarded as a text-book of State-craft, intended <i>in +usum Delphini</i>.</p> + +<p>Probably earlier in date, and certainly more elegant +in literary form, is the treatise entitled <i>A Discourse +of War</i>. This may be recommended to the modern +reader as the most generally pleasing of Raleigh's prose +compositions, and the one in which, owing to its modest +limits, the peculiarities of his style may be most<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span> +conveniently studied. The last passage of the little book +forms one of the most charming pages of the literature +of that time, and closes with a pathetic and dignified +statement of Raleigh's own attitude towards war. 'It +would be an unspeakable advantage, both to the public +and private, if men would consider that great truth, +that no man is wise or safe but he that is honest. All +I have designed is peace to my country; and may +England enjoy that blessing when I shall have no more +proportion in it than what my ashes make.' There is +no reason to doubt the sincerity of these words; yet we +must not forget that this pacific light was not that in +which Raleigh's character had presented itself to Robert +Cecil or to Elizabeth.</p> + +<p>None of Raleigh's biographers have suggested any +employment for his leisure during the year which +followed his release from the Tower. Yet the expressions +he used in the preface to his <i>Observations on Trade +and Commerce</i> show that it must have been prepared during +the year 1616 or 1617: 'about fourteen or fifteen +years past,' that is to say in 1602, 'I presented you,' he +says to the King, 'a book of extraordinary importance.' +He complains that this earlier book was suppressed, +and hopes for better luck; but the same misfortune, +as usual with Raleigh, attended the <i>Observations</i>. That +treatise was an impassioned plea, based upon a +survey of the commercial condition of the world, in +favour of free trade. Raleigh looked with grave +suspicion on the various duties which were levied, in +increasing amount, on foreign goods entering this +country, and he entreated James I. to allow him to +nominate commissioners to examine into the causes of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span> +the depression of trade, and to revise the tariffs on a +liberal basis. It must have seemed to the King that +Raleigh wilfully opposed every royal scheme which he +examined. James had been a protectionist all through +his reign, and at this very moment was busy in attempting +to force the native industries to flourish in spite of +foreign competition. Raleigh's treatise must have been +put into the King's hands much about the time at +which his violent protectionism was threatening to +draw England into war with Holland. Raleigh's advice +seems to us wise and pointed, but to James it can only +have appeared wilfully wrong-headed. The <i>Observations +upon Trade</i> disappeared as so many of Raleigh's manuscripts +had disappeared before it, and was only first +published in the <i>Remains</i><a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> of 1651.</p> + +<p>Of the last three years of Raleigh's imprisonment in +the Tower we know scarcely anything. On September +27, 1615, a fellow-prisoner in whom Raleigh could not +fail to take an interest, Lady Arabella Stuart, died in the +Tower. In December, Raleigh was deprived, by an order +in Council, of Arabella's rich collection of pearls, but +how they had come into his possession we cannot guess. +Nor can we date the stroke of apoplexy from which +Raleigh suffered about this time. But relief was now +briefly coming. Two of Raleigh's worst enemies, Northampton +and Somerset, were removed, and in their successors, +Winwood and Villiers, Raleigh found listeners +more favourable to his projects. It has been said that +he owed his release to bribery, but Mr. Gardiner thinks +it needless to suppose this. Winwood was as cordial a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span> +hater of Spain as Raleigh himself; and Villiers, in his +political animus against the Somerset faction, would need +no bribery. Sir William St. John was active in bringing +Raleigh's claims before the Court, and the Queen, as +ever, used what slender influence she possessed. Urged +on so many sides, James gave way, and on January 30, +1616, signed a warrant for Raleigh's release from the +Tower. He was to live in his own house, but, with a +keeper; he was not to presume to visit the Court, or +the Queen's apartments, nor go to any public assemblies +whatever, and his whole attention was to be given +to making due preparations for the intended voyage to +Guiana. This warrant, although Raleigh used it to leave +his confinement, was only provisional; and was confirmed +by a minute of the Privy Council on March 19. +Raleigh took a house in Broad Street, where he spent +fourteen months in discreet retirement, and then sailed +on his last voyage.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span></p> + + + + +<h2 class="gap3"><a name="CHAPTER_IX" id="CHAPTER_IX"></a>CHAPTER IX.</h2> + +<h3>THE SECOND VOYAGE TO GUIANA.</h3> + + +<p>Raleigh had been released from the Tower expressly +on the understanding that he should make direct preparations +for a voyage to Guiana. The object of this +voyage was to enrich King James with the produce of a +mine close to the banks of the Orinoco. In the reign of +Elizabeth, Raleigh had stoutly contended that the natives +of Guiana had ceded all sovereignty in that country to +England in 1595, and that English colonists therefore +had no one's leave to ask there. But times had changed, +and he now no longer pretended that he had a right to +the Orinoco; he was careful to insist that his expedition +would infringe no privileges of Spain. He was +anxious by every diplomatic subtlety to avoid failure, +and for the first few months he kept extremely quiet. +He had called in the 8,000<i>l.</i> which had been lying at +interest ever since he had received it as part of the compensation +for the Sherborne estates. Lady Raleigh had +raised 2,500<i>l.</i> by the sale of some lands at Mitcham.<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> +5000<i>l.</i> more were brought together by various expedients, +some being borrowed in Amsterdam through the famous<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span> +merchant, Pieter Vanlore,' and 15,000<i>l.</i> were contributed +by Raleigh's friends, who looked upon his enterprise +much as men at the present day would regard a promising +but rather hazardous investment.</p> + +<p>His first business was to build one large ship of 440 +tons in the Thames. This he named the 'Destiny,' and +he received no check in fitting her up to his desire; +the King paid 700 crowns, as the usual statutable +bounty on shipbuilding, without objection. At the +same time Raleigh built or collected six other smaller +vessels, and furnished them all with ordnance. The +preparation of such a fleet in the Thames could not pass +unobserved by the representatives of the foreign courts, +and during the last six months of 1616 Raleigh's name +became the centre of a tangle of diplomatic intrigue, +and one which frequently occurs in the correspondence +of Sarmiento, better known afterwards as Gondomar, the +Spanish ambassador, and in that of Des Marêts, the +French ambassador. Mr. Edwards has remarked, with +complete justice, that the last two years of Raleigh's life +were simply 'a protracted death-struggle between him +and Gondomar.' The latter had been in England since +1613, and had acquired a singular art in dealing with +the purposes of James I. At the English Court during +1616 we find Spain watching France, and Venice watching +Savoy, all of them intent on Raleigh's movements +in the river. For the unravelment of these intrigues +in detail, the reader must be referred to Mr. Gardiner's +masterly pages.</p> + +<p>On August 26, a royal commission was issued, by +which Raleigh was made the commander of an expedition +to Guiana, under express orders, more stringently<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span> +expressed than usual, not to visit the dominions of any +Christian prince. This was to allay the alarm of the +Spanish ambassador, who from the first rumour of +Raleigh's voyage had not ceased to declare that its +real object was piracy, and probably the capture of the +Mexican plate fleet. At the same time James I. allowed +Gondomar to obtain possession of copies of certain +documents which Raleigh had drawn out at the royal +command describing his intended route, and these were +at once forwarded to Madrid, together with such information +as Gondomar had been able to glean in conversation +with Raleigh. Spain instantly replied by +offering him an escort to his gold mine and back, but +of course Raleigh declined the proposition. He continued +to assert that he had no piratical intention, and +that any man might peacefully enter Guiana without +asking leave of Spain.</p> + +<p>It is doubtful whether the anecdote is true which +records that Raleigh at this time applied to Bacon to +know whether the terms of his commission were tantamount +to a free pardon, and was told that they were. +But it rests on much better testimony that Bacon asked +him what he would do if the Guiana mine proved a +deception. Raleigh admitted that he would then look +out for the Mexican plate fleet. 'But then you will +be pirates,' said Bacon; and Raleigh answered, 'Ah, +who ever heard of men being pirates for millions?' +There was no exaggeration in this; the Mexican fleet +of that year was valued at two millions and a half. The +astute Gondomar was at least half certain that this was +Raleigh's real intention, and by October 12 he had persuaded +James to give him still more full security that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span> +no injury should be done, at the peril of Raleigh's life, +to any subject or property of the King of Spain.</p> + +<p>The building of the 'Destiny' meanwhile proceeded, +and Raleigh received many important visitors on board +her. He was protected by the cordial favour of the +Secretary, Sir Ralph Winwood; and if the King disliked +him as much as ever, no animosity was shown. In the +first days of 1617, Raleigh ventured upon a daring act +of intrigue. He determined to work upon the growing +sympathy of the English Court with Savoy and its tension +with Spain, to strike a blow against the rich enemy +of the one and ally of the other, Genoa. He proposed +to Scarnafissi, the Savoyard envoy in London, that +James I. should be induced to allow the Guiana expedition +to steal into the Mediterranean, and seize Genoa +for Savoy. Scarnafissi laid the proposal before James, +and on January 12 it was discussed in the presence of +Winwood. There was talk of increasing Raleigh's fleet +for this purpose by the addition of a squadron of sixteen +ships from the royal navy. For a fortnight the idea +was discussed in secret; but on the 26th, Scarnafissi was +told that the King had determined not to adopt it. +Four days later Raleigh was released from the personal +attendance of a keeper, and though still not pardoned, +was pronounced free. On February 10, the Venetian +envoy, who had been taken into Scarnafissi's counsel, +announced to his Government that the King had finally +determined to keep Raleigh to his original intention.</p> + +<p>Raleigh was next assailed by secret propositions +from France. Through the month of February various +Frenchmen visited him on the 'Destiny,' besides the +ambassador, Des Marêts. He was nearly persuaded, in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span> +defiance of James, to support the projected Huguenot +rebellion by capturing St. Valéry. To find out the +truth regarding his intention, Des Marêts paid at least +one visit to the 'Destiny,' and on March 7 gave his +Government an account of a conversation with Raleigh, +in which the latter had spoken bitterly of James, and +had asserted his affection for France, and desire to serve +her. It is in the correspondence of Des Marêts that +the names of Raleigh and Richelieu become for a moment +connected; it was in February 1617 that the future +Cardinal described his English contemporary as 'Ouastre +Raly, grand marinier et mauvais capitaine.' In March +the English Government, to allay fresh apprehensions +on the part of Spain, forwarded by Gondomar most +implicit assertions that Raleigh's expedition should be +in no way injurious to Spain. And so it finally started +after all, not bound for Mexico, or Genoa, or St. Valéry, +but for the Orinoco. Up to the last, Gondomar protested, +and his protestations were only put aside after a +special council of March 28. Next day Raleigh rode +down to Dover to go on board the 'Destiny,' which had +left the Thames on the 26th.</p> + +<p>His fleet of seven vessels was not well manned. +His own account of the crews is thus worded in the +<i>Apology</i>: 'A company of volunteers who for the most +part had neither seen the sea nor the wars; who, some +forty gentlemen excepted, were the very scum of the +world, drunkards, blasphemers, and such others as their +fathers, brothers, and friends thought it an exceeding +good gain to be discharged of, with the hazard of some +thirty, forty, or fifty pound.' He was himself Admiral, +with his son Walter as captain of the 'Destiny;' Sir<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span> +William Sentleger was on the 'Thunder;' a certain +John Bailey commanded the 'Husband.' The remaining +vessels were the 'Jason,' the 'Encounter,' the +'Flying Joan,' and the 'Page.' The master of the +'Destiny' was John Burwick, 'a hypocritical thief.' +Various tiresome delays occurred. They waited for the +'Thunder' at the Isle of Wight; and when the rest +went on to Plymouth, the 'Jason' stayed behind ignominiously +in Portsmouth because her captain had no +ready money to pay a distraining baker. The 'Husband' +was in the same plight for twelve days more. The +squadron was, however, increased by seven additional +vessels, one of them commanded by Keymis, through +the enforced waiting at Plymouth, where, on May 3, +Raleigh issued his famous <i>Orders to the Fleet</i>. On June +12 the fleet sailed at last out of Plymouth Sound.</p> + +<p>West of Scilly they fell in with a terrific storm, +which scattered the ships in various directions. Some +put back into Falmouth, but the 'Flying Joan' sank +altogether, and the fly-boat was driven up the Bristol +Channel. After nearly a fortnight of anxiety and distress, +the fleet collected again in Cork Harbour, where +they lay repairing and waiting for a favourable wind for +more than six weeks. From the <i>Lismore Papers</i>, just +published (Jan. 1886), we learn that Raleigh occupied +this enforced leisure in getting rid of his remaining +Irish leases, and in collecting as much money as he +could. Sir Richard Boyle records that on July 1 Raleigh +came to his house, and borrowed 100<i>l.</i> On August 19 +the last <i>Journal</i> begins, and on the 20th the fleet +left Cork, Raleigh having taken a share in a mine at +Balligara on the morning of the same day. Nothing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span> +happened until the 31st, when, being off Cape St. Vincent, +the English fleet fell in with four French vessels laden +with fish and train oil for Seville. In order that they +might not give notice that Raleigh was in those waters, +where he certainly had no business to be, he took these +vessels with him a thousand leagues to the southward, +and then dismissed them with payment. His conduct +towards these French boats was suspicious, and he afterwards +tried to prove that they were pirates who had +harried the Grand Canary. It was also Raleigh's contention, +that the enmity presently shown him by Captain +Bailey, of the 'Husband,' arose from Raleigh's refusal to +let him make one of these French ships his prize.</p> + +<p>On Sunday morning, September 7, the English fleet +anchored off the shore of Lanzarote, the most easterly of +the Canaries, having hitherto crept down the coast of +Africa. These Atlantic islands were particularly open +to the attacks of Algerine corsairs, and a fleet of 'Turks' +had just ravaged the towns of the Madeiras. The people +of Lanzarote, waking up one morning to find their roadstead +full of strange vessels, took for granted that these +were pirates from Algiers. One English merchant vessel +was lying there at anchor, and by means of this interpreter +Raleigh endeavoured to explain his peaceful +intention, but without success. He had a meeting on +shore with the governor of the island, 'our troops staying +at equal distance with us,' and was asked the pertinent +question, 'what I sought for from that miserable +and barren island, peopled in effect all with Moriscos.' +Raleigh asserted that all he wanted was fresh meat and +wine for his crews, and these he offered to pay for.</p> + +<p>On the 11th, finding that no provisions came, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span> +that the inhabitants were carrying their goods up into +the hills, the captains begged Raleigh to march inland +and take the town; 'but,' he says, 'besides that I knew +it would offend his Majesty, I am sure the poor English +merchant should have been ruined, whose goods he had +in his hands, and the way being mountainous and most +extreme stony, I knew that I must have lost twenty +good men in taking a town not worth two groats.' The +Governor of Lanzarote continued to be in a craven state +of anxiety, and would not hear of trading. We cannot +blame him, especially when we find that less than eight +months later his island was invaded by genuine Algerine +bandits, his town utterly sacked, and 900 Christians +taken off into Moslem slavery. After three Englishmen +had been killed by the islanders, yet without taking any +reprisals, Raleigh sailed away from these sandy and inhospitable +shores. But in the night before he left, one +of his ships, the 'Husband,' had disappeared. Captain +Bailey, who is believed to have been in the pay of Gondomar, +had hurried back to England to give report of +Raleigh's piratical attack on an island belonging to the +dominion of Spain. As the great Englishman went sailing +westward through the lustrous waters of the Canary +archipelago, his doom was sealed, and he would have +felt his execution to be a certainty, had he but known +what was happening in England.</p> + +<p>He called at Grand Canary, to complain of the +Lanzarote people to the governor-general of the islands, +but, for some reason which he does not state, did not +land at the town of Palmas, but at a desert part, far from +any village, probably west of the northern extremity of +the island. The governor-general gave him no answer;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span> +but the men found a little water, and they sailed away, +leaving Teneriffe to the north. On September 18 they +put into the excellent port of the island of Gomera, +'the best,' he says, 'in all the Canaries, the town and +castle standing on the very breach of the sea, but the +billows do so tumble and overfall that it is impossible to +land upon any part of the strand but by swimming, +saving in a cove under steep rocks, where they can pass +towards the town but one after the other.' Here, as at +Lanzarote, they were taken for Algerines, and the guns +on the rocks began to fire at them. Raleigh, however, +immediately sent a messenger on shore to explain that +they were not come to sack their town and burn their +churches, as the Dutch had done in 1599, but that they +were in great need of water. They presently came to +an agreement that the islanders should quit their +trenches round the landing-place, and that Raleigh +should promise on the faith of a Christian not to land +more than thirty unarmed sailors, to fill their casks at +springs within pistol-shot of the wash of the sea, none +of these sailors being permitted to enter any house or +garden. Raleigh, therefore, sent six of his seamen, +and turned his ships broadside to the town, ready to +batter it with culverin if he saw one sign of treachery.</p> + +<p>It turned out that when the Governor of Gomera +knew who his visitors were, he was as pleased as possible +to see them. His wife's mother had been a Stafford, +and when Raleigh knew that, he sent his countrywoman +a present of six embroidered handkerchiefs and six pairs +of gloves, with a very handsome message. To this the +lady rejoined that she regretted that her barren island +contained nothing worth Raleigh's acceptance, yet sent<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span> +him 'four very great loaves of sugar,' with baskets of +lemons, oranges, pomegranates, figs, and most delicate +grapes. During the three days that they rode off +Gomera, the Governor and his English lady wrote daily +to Sir Walter. In return for the fruit, deeming himself +much in her debt, he sent on shore a very courteous +letter, and with it two ounces of ambergriece, an ounce +of the essence of amber, a great glass of fine rose-water, +an excellent picture of Mary Magdalen, and a cut-work +ruff. Here he expected courtesies to stay, but the lady +must positively have the last word, and as the English +ships were starting her servants came on board with +yet a letter, accompanying a basket of delicate white +manchett bread, more clusters of fruits, and twenty-four +fat hens. Meanwhile, in the friendliest way, the +sailors had been going to and fro, and had drawn 240 +pipes of water. So cordial, indeed, was their reception, +that, as a last favour, Raleigh asked the Governor for a +letter to Sarmiento [Gondomar], which he got, setting +forth 'how nobly we had behaved ourselves, and how +justly we had dealt with the inhabitants of the islands.' +Before leaving Gomera, Raleigh discharged a native +barque which one of his pinnaces had captured, and +paid at the valuation of the master for any prejudice +that had been done him. On September 21 they sailed +away from the Canaries, having much sickness on board; +and that very day their first important loss occurred, in +the death of the Provost Marshal of the fleet, a man +called Stead.</p> + +<p>On the 26th they reached St. Antonio, the outermost +of the Cape Verde Islands, but did not land there. +For eight wretched days they wandered aimlessly about<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span> +in this unfriendly archipelago, trying to make up +their minds to land now on Brava, now on St. Jago. +Some of the ships grated on the rocks, all lost anchors +and cables; one pinnace, her crew being asleep and no +one on the watch, drove under the bowsprit of the +'Destiny,' struck her and sank. When they did effect +a landing on Brava, they were soaked by the tropical +autumnal rains of early October. Men were dying +fast in all the ships. In deep dejection Raleigh gave +the order to steer away for Guiana. Meanwhile Bailey +had arrived in England, had seen Gondomar, and had +openly given out that he left Raleigh because the +admiral had been guilty of piratical acts against Spain. +It does not seem that Winwood or the King took any +notice of these declarations until the end of the year.</p> + +<p>The ocean voyage was marked by an extraordinary +number of deaths, among others that of Mr. Fowler, +the principal refiner, whose presence at the gold mine +would have been of the greatest importance. On +October 13, John Talbot, who had been for eleven years +Raleigh's secretary in the Tower, passed away. The +log preserved in the <i>Second Voyage</i> is of great interest, +but we dare not allow its observations to detain us. On +the last of October, Raleigh was struck down by fever +himself, and for twenty days lay unable to eat anything +more solid than a stewed prune. He was in bed, on +November 11, when they sighted Cape Orange, now +the most northerly point belonging to the Empire of +Brazil. On the 14th they anchored at the mouth of +the Cayenne river, and Raleigh was carried from his +noisome cabin into his barge; the 'Destiny' got across +the bar, which was lower then than it now is, on the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span> +17th. At Cayenne, after a day or two, Raleigh's old +servant Harry turned up; he had almost forgotten his +English in twenty-two years. Raleigh began to pick +up strength a little on pine-apples and plantains, and +presently he began to venture even upon roast peccary. +He proceeded to spend the next fortnight on the Cayenne +river, refreshing his weary crews, and repairing his +vessels. An interesting letter to his wife that he sent +home from this place, which he called 'Caliana,' confirms +the <i>Second Voyage</i>, and adds some details. He +says to Lady Raleigh: 'To tell you I might be here King +of the Indians were a vanity; but my name hath still +lived among them. Here they feed me with fresh meat +and all that the country yields; all offer to obey me. +Commend me to poor Carew my son.' His eldest son, +Walter, it will be remembered, was with him.</p> + +<p>In December the fleet coasted along South America +westward, till on the 15th they stood under Trinidad. +Meanwhile Raleigh had sent forward, by way of Surinam +and Essequibo, the expedition which was to search +for the gold mine on the Orinoco. His own health prevented +his attempting this journey, but he sent Captain +Keymis as commander in his stead, and with him was +George Raleigh, the Admiral's nephew; young Walter +also accompanied the party. On New Year's Eve +Raleigh landed at a village in Trinidad, close to Port of +Spain, and there he waited, on the borders of the land +of pitch, all through January 1618. On the last of that +month he returned to Punto Gallo on the mainland, +being very anxious for news from the Orinoco. The +log of the <i>Second Voyage</i> closes on February 13, and it +is supposed that it was on the evening of that day that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span> +Captain Keymis' disastrous letter, written on January +8, reached Raleigh and informed him of the death of +his son Walter. 'To a broken mind, a sick body, and +weak eyes, it is a torment to write letters,' and we +know he felt, as he also said, that now 'all the respects +of this world had taken end in him.' Keymis had +acted in keeping with what he must have supposed to +be Raleigh's private wish; he had attacked the new +Spanish settlement of San Thomé. In the fight young +Walter Raleigh had been struck down as he was shouting +'Come on, my men! This is the only mine you +will ever find.' Keymis had to announce this fact to +the father, and a few days afterwards, with only a +remnant of his troop, he himself fled in panic to the sea, +believing that a Spanish army was upon him. The +whole adventure was a miserable and ignominious +failure.</p> + +<p>The meeting between Raleigh and Keymis could +not fail to be an embarrassing one. Raleigh could not +but feel that all his own mistakes and faults might +have been condoned if Keymis had brought one basket +of ore from the fabulous mine, and he could not refrain +from reproaching him. He told him he 'should be forced +to leave him to his arguments, with the which if he +could satisfy his Majesty and the State, I should be +glad of it, though for my part he must excuse me to +justify it.' After this first interview Keymis left him +in great dejection, and a day or two later appeared in +the Admiral's cabin with a letter which he had written +to the Earl of Arundel, excusing himself. He begged +Raleigh to forgive him and to read this letter. What +followed, Sir Walter must tell in his own grave words:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I told him he had undone me by his obstinacy, and +that I would not favour or colour in any sort his former +folly. He then asked me, whether that were my resolution? +I answered, that it was. He then replied in these words, +'I know then, sir, what course to take,' and went out of my +cabin into his own, in which he was no sooner entered than +I heard a pistol go off. I sent up, not suspecting any such +thing as the killing of himself, to know who shot a pistol. +Keymis himself made answer, lying on his bed, that he had +shot it off, because it had long been charged; with which +I was satisfied. Some half-hour after this, his boy, going +into the cabin, found him dead, having a long knife thrust +under his left pap into his heart, and his pistol lying by +him, with which it appeared he had shot himself; but the +bullet lighting upon a rib, had but broken the rib, and went +no further.</p></div> + +<p>Such was the wretched manner in which Raleigh +and his old faithful servant parted. In his despair, the +Admiral's first notion was to plunge himself into the +mazes of the Orinoco, and to find the gold mine, or die +in the search for it. But his men were mutinous; they +openly declared that in their belief no such mine existed, +and that the Spaniards were bearing down on them by +land and sea. They would not go; and Raleigh, strangely +weakened and humbled, asked them if they wished +him to lead them against the Mexican plate fleet. He +told them that he had a commission from France, and +that they would be pardoned in England if they came +home laden with treasure.</p> + +<p>What exactly happened no one knows. The mutiny +grew worse and worse, and on March 21, when Raleigh +wrote a long letter to prepare the mind of Winwood, he +was lying off St. Christopher's on his homeward voyage;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span> +not knowing of course that his best English friend had +already been dead five months. Next day, he made up +his mind that he dared not return to England to face his +enemies, and he wrote to tell his wife that he was off to +Newfoundland, 'where I mean to make clean my ships, +and revictual; for I have tobacco enough to pay for it.' +But he was powerless, as he confesses, to govern his +crew, and no one knows how the heartbroken old man +spent the next two dreadful months. His ships slunk +back piecemeal to English havens, and on May 23, +Captain North, who had commanded the 'Chudleigh,' +had audience of the King, and told him the whole +miserable story. On May 26,<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> Raleigh made his appearance, +with the 'Destiny,' in the harbour of Kinsale, +and on June 21 he arrived in Plymouth, penniless and +dejected, for the first time in his life utterly unnerved +and irresolute. On June 16 he had written an apologetic +letter to the King. By some curious slip Mr. +Edwards dated this letter three months too late, and +its significance has therefore been overlooked. It is +important as showing that Raleigh was eager to conciliate +James.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span></p> + + + +<h2 class="gap3"><a name="CHAPTER_X" id="CHAPTER_X"></a>CHAPTER X.</h2> + +<h3>THE END.</h3> + + +<p>Gondomar had not been idle during Raleigh's absence, +but so long as Winwood was alive he had not been able +to attack the absent Admiral with much success. As +soon as Bailey brought him the news of the supposed +attack on Lanzarote, he communicated with his Government, +and urged that an embargo should be laid on the +goods of the English merchant colony at Seville. This +angry despatch, the result of a vain attempt to reach +James, is dated October 22; and on October 27 the +sudden death of Winwood removed Gondomar's principal +obstacle to the ruin of Raleigh. At first, however, Bailey's +story received no credence, and if, as Howel somewhat +apocryphally relates, Gondomar had been forbidden to say +two words about Raleigh in the King's presence, and +therefore entered with uplifted hands shouting 'Pirates!' +till James was weary, he did not seem to gain much +ground. Moreover, while Bailey's story was being discussed, +the little English merchant vessel which had been +lying in Lanzarote during Raleigh's visit returned to +London, and gave evidence which brought Bailey to +gaol in the Gate House.</p> + +<p>On January 11, 1618, before any news had been +received from Guiana, a large gathering was held in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span> +the Council Chamber at Westminster, to try Bailey +for false accusation. The Council contained many men +favourable to Raleigh, but the Spanish ambassador +brought influence to bear on the King; and late in +February, Bailey was released with a reprimand, although +he had accused Raleigh not of piracy only, but of high +treason. The news of the ill-starred attack on San +Thomé reached Madrid on May 3, and London on the +8th. This must have given exquisite pleasure to the +baffled Gondomar, and he lost no time in pressing +James for revenge. He gave the King the alternative +of punishing Raleigh in England or sending him as a +prisoner to Spain. The King wavered for a month. +Meanwhile vessel after vessel brought more conclusive +news of the piratical expedition in which Keymis had +failed, and Gondomar became daily more importunate. +It began to be thought that Raleigh had taken flight +for Paris.</p> + +<p>At, last, on June 11, James I. issued a proclamation +inviting all who had a claim against Raleigh to +present it to the Council. Lord Nottingham at the +same time outlawed the 'Destiny' in whatever English +port she might appear. It does not seem that the +King was unduly hasty in condemning Raleigh. He +had given Spain every solemn pledge that Raleigh +should not injure Spain, and yet the Admiral's only act +had been to fall on an unsuspecting Spanish settlement; +notwithstanding this, James argued as long as he could +that San Thomé lay outside the agreement. The arrival +of the 'Destiny,' however, seems to have clinched Gondomar's +arguments. Three days after Raleigh arrived +in Plymouth, the King assured Spain that 'not all<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span> +those who have given security for Raleigh can save him +from the gallows.' For the particulars of the curious +intrigues of these summer months the reader must be referred, +once more, to Mr. Gardiner's dispassionate pages.</p> + +<p>On June 21, Raleigh moored the 'Destiny' in +Plymouth harbour, and sent her sails ashore. Lady +Raleigh hastened down to meet him, and they stayed +in Plymouth a fortnight. His wife and he, with Samuel +King, one of his captains, then set out for London, but +were met just outside Ashburton by Sir Lewis Stukely, +a cousin of Raleigh's, now Vice-Admiral of Devonshire. +This man announced that he had the King's orders to +arrest Sir Walter Raleigh; but these were only verbal +orders, and he took his prisoner back to Plymouth to +await the Council warrant. Raleigh was lodged for +nine or ten days in the house of Sir Christopher Harris, +Stukely being mainly occupied in securing the 'Destiny' +and her contents. Raleigh pretended to be ill, or was +really indisposed with anxiety and weariness. While +Stukely was thinking of other things, Raleigh commissioned +Captain King to hire a barque to slip over to +La Rochelle, and one night Raleigh and King made +their escape towards this vessel in a little boat. But +Raleigh probably reflected that without money or influence +he would be no safer in France than in England, +and before the boat reached the vessel, he turned back +and went home. He ordered the barque to be in readiness +the next night, but although no one watched him, +he made no second effort to escape.</p> + +<p>On July 23 the Privy Council ordered Stukely, +'all delays set apart,' to bring the body of Sir Walter +Raleigh speedily to London. Two days later, Stukely<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span> +and his prisoner started from Plymouth. A French +quack, called Mannourie, in whose chemical pretensions +Raleigh had shown some interest, was encouraged by +Stukely to attend him, and to worm himself into his +confidence. As Walter and Elizabeth Raleigh passed +the beautiful Sherborne which had once been theirs, the +former could not refrain from saying, 'All this was mine, +and it was taken from me unjustly.' They travelled +quickly, sleeping at Sherborne on the 26th, and next +night at Salisbury. Raleigh lost all confidence as he +found himself so hastily being taken up to London. As +they went from Wilton into Salisbury, Raleigh asked +Mannourie to give him a vomit; 'by its means I shall +gain time to work my friends, and order my affairs; +perhaps even to pacify his Majesty. Otherwise, as soon +as ever I come to London, they will have me to the +Tower, and cut off my head.'</p> + +<p>That same evening, while being conducted to his +rooms, Raleigh struck his head against a post. It was +supposed to show that he was dizzy; and next morning +he sent Lady Raleigh and her retinue on to London, +saying that he himself was not well enough to move. +At the same time, King went on to prepare a ship to be +ready in the Thames in case of another emergency. +When they had started, Raleigh was discovered in his +bedroom, on all fours, in his shirt, gnawing the rushes +on the floor. Stukely was completely taken in; the +French quack had given Raleigh, not an emetic only, +but some ointment which caused his skin to break +out in dark purple pustules. Stukely rushed off to +the Bishop of Ely, who happened to be in Salisbury, +and acted on his advice to wait for Raleigh's recovery.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span> +Unless Stukely also was mountebanking, the spy Mannourie +for the present kept Raleigh's counsel. Raleigh +was treated as an invalid, and during the four days' retirement +contrived to write his <i>Apology for the Voyage +to Guiana</i>. On August 1, James I. and all his Court +entered Salisbury, and on the morning of the same day +Stukely hurried his prisoner away lest he should meet +the King. Some pity, however, was shown to Raleigh's +supposed dying state, and permission was granted him +to go straight to his own London house. His hopes revived, +and he very rashly bribed both Mannourie and +Stukely to let him escape. So confident was he, that +he refused the offers of a French envoy, who met him at +Brentford with proposals of a secret passage over to +France, and a welcome in Paris. He was broken altogether; +he had no dignity, no judgment left.</p> + +<p>Raleigh arrived at his house in Broad Street on +August 7. On the 9th the French repeated their invitation. +Again it was refused, for King had seen Raleigh +and had told him that a vessel was lying at Tilbury ready +to carry him over to France. Her captain, Hart, was an +old boatswain of King's; before Raleigh received the +information, this man had already reported the whole +scheme to the Government. The poor adventurer was +surrounded by spies, from Stukely downwards, and the +toils were gathering round him on every side. On the +evening of the same August 9, Raleigh, accompanied by +Captain King, Stukely, Hart, and a page, embarked from +the river-side in two wherries, and was rowed down towards +Tilbury. Raleigh presently noticed that a larger +boat was following them; at Greenwich, Stukely threw +off the mask of friendship and arrested King, who was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span> +thrown then and there into the Tower. What became of +Raleigh that night does not appear; he was put into the +Tower next day. When he was arrested his pockets were +found full of jewels and golden ornaments, the diamond +ring Queen Elizabeth had given him, a loadstone in a +scarlet purse, an ounce of ambergriece, and fifty pounds +in gold; these fell into the hands of the traitor 'Sir +Judas' Stukely.</p> + +<p>Outside the Tower the process of Raleigh's legal condemnation +now pursued its course. A commission was +appointed to consider the charges brought against +the prisoner, and evidence was collected on all sides. +Raleigh was obliged to sit with folded hands. He could +only hope that the eloquence and patriotism of his <i>Apology</i> +might possibly appeal to the sympathy of James. +As so often before, he merely showed that he was ignorant +of the King's character, for James read the <i>Apology</i> +without any other feeling than one of triumph that it +amounted to a confession of guilt. The only friend +that Raleigh could now appeal to was Anne of Denmark, +and to her he forwarded, about August 15, a long petition +in verse:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Cold walls, to you I speak, but you are senseless!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Celestial Powers, you hear, but have determined,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And shall determine, to my greatest happiness.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Then unto whom shall I unfold my wrong,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Cast down my tears, or hold up folded hands?—<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To Her to whom remorse doth most belong;<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">To Her, who is the first, and may alone<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Be justly called, the Empress of the Britons.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Who should have mercy if a Queen have none?<br /></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span></div></div> + +<p>Queen Anne responded as she had always done to +Raleigh's appeals. If his life had lain in her hands, +it would have been a long and a happy one. She +immediately wrote to Buckingham, knowing that his +influence was far greater than her own with the King, +and her letter exists for the wonder of posterity. She +writes to her husband's favourite: 'My kind Dog,' for +so the poor lady stoops to address him, 'if I have any +power or credit with you, I pray you let me have a +trial of it, at this time, in dealing sincerely and earnestly +with the King that Sir Walter Raleigh's life may not +be called in question.' Buckingham, however, was +already pledged to aid the Spanish alliance, and the +Queen's letter was unavailing.</p> + +<p>On August 17 and on two subsequent occasions +Raleigh was examined before the Commissioners, the +charge being formally drawn up by Yelverton, the +Attorney-General. He was accused of having abused +the King's confidence by setting out to find gold in a +mine which never existed, with instituting a piratical +attack on a peaceful Spanish settlement, with attempting +to capture the Mexican plate fleet, although he had +been specially warned that he would take his life in +his hands if he committed any one of these three faults. +It is hard to understand how Mr. Edwards persuaded +himself to brand each of these charges as 'a distinct +falsehood.' The sympathy we must feel for Raleigh's +misfortunes, and the enthusiasm with which we read +the <i>Apology</i>, should not, surely, blind us to the fact that +in neither of these three matters was his action true or +honest. We have no particular account of his examinations, +but it is almost certain that they wrung from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span> +him admissions of a most damaging character. He +had tried to make James a catspaw in revenging himself +on Spain, and he had to take the consequences.</p> + +<p>It was of great importance to the Government to +understand why France had meddled in the matter. +The Council, therefore, summoned La Chesnée, the +envoy who had made propositions to Raleigh at Brentford +and at Broad Street; but he denied the whole +story, and said he never suggested flight to Raleigh. +So little information had been gained by the middle +of September, that it was determined to employ a +professional spy. The person selected for this engaging +office was Sir Thomas Wilson, one of the band of +English pensioners in the pay of Spain. The most +favourable thing that has ever been said of Stukely is +that he was not quite such a scoundrel as Wilson. On +September 9 this person, who had known Raleigh from +Elizabeth's days, and was now Keeper of the State +Papers, was supplied with 'convenient lodging within or +near unto the chambers of Sir Walter Raleigh.' At the +same time Sir Allen Apsley, the Lieutenant, who had +guarded the prisoner hitherto, was relieved.</p> + +<p>Wilson's first act was not one of conciliation. He +demanded that Raleigh should be turned out of his comfortable +quarters in the Wardrobe Tower to make room +for Wilson, who desired that the prisoner should have +the smaller rooms above. To this, and other demands, +Apsley would not accede. Wilson then began to do +his best to insinuate himself into Raleigh's confidence, +and after about a fortnight seems to have succeeded. +We have a very full report of his conversations with +Raleigh, but they add little to our knowledge, even if<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span> +Wilson's evidence could be taken as gospel. Raleigh +admitted La Chesnée's offer of a French passage, and +his own proposal to seize the Mexican fleet; but both +these points were already known to the Council.</p> + +<p>Towards the end of September two events occurred +which brought matters more to a crisis. On the 24th +Raleigh wrote a confession to the King, in which he +said that the French Government had given him a commission, +that La Chesnée had three times offered him +escape, and that he himself was in possession of +important State secrets, of which he would make a clean +breast if the King would pardon him. This important +document was found at Simancas, and first published +in 1868 by Mr. St. John. On the same day Philip III. +sent a despatch to James I. desiring him in peremptory +terms to save him the trouble of hanging Raleigh at +Madrid by executing him promptly in London. As +soon as this ultimatum arrived, James applied to the +Commissioners to know how it would be best to deal +with the prisoner judicially. Several lawyers assured +him that Raleigh was under sentence of death, and that +therefore no trial was necessary; but James shrank +from the scandal of apparent murder. The Commissioners +were so fully satisfied of Raleigh's guilt that +they advised the King to give him a public trial, under +somewhat unusual forms. He was to be tried before +the Council and the judges, a few persons of rank being +admitted as spectators; the conduct of the trial to be +the same as though it were proceeding in Westminster +Hall. On receipt of the despatch from Madrid, that is +to say on October 3, Lady Raleigh, whose presence was +no longer required, was released from the Tower.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span></p> + +<p>The trial before the Commissioners began on October +22. Mr. Gardiner has printed in the <i>Camden Miscellany</i> +such notes of cross-examination as were preserved by +Sir Julius Cæsar, but they are very slight. Raleigh +seems to have denied any intention to stir up war +between England and Spain, and declared that he had +confidently believed in the existence of the mine. But +he made no attempt to deny that in case the mine failed +he had proposed the taking of the Mexican fleet. At +the close of the examination, Bacon,<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> in the name of the +Commissioners, told Raleigh that he was guilty of +abusing the confidence of King James and of injuring +the subjects of Spain, and that he must prepare to die, +being 'already civilly dead.' Raleigh was then taken +back to the Tower, where he was left in suspense for +ten days. Meanwhile the Justices of the King's Bench +were desired to award execution upon the old Winchester +sentence of 1603. It is thought that James +hoped to keep Raleigh from appearing again in public, +but the judges said that he must be brought face to +face with them. On October 28, therefore, Raleigh was +roused from his bed, where he was suffering from a severe +attack of the ague, and was brought out of the Tower, +which he never entered again. He was taken so hastily +that he had no time for his toilet, and his barber called +out that his master had not combed his head. 'Let +them kem that are to have it,' was Raleigh's answer; +and he continued, 'Dost thou know, Peter, any plaister +that will set a man's head on again, when it is off?'<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span></p> + +<p>When he came before Yelverton, he attempted to +argue that the Guiana commission had wiped out all +the past, including the sentence of 1603. He began to +discuss anew his late voyage; but the Chief Justice, interrupting +him, told him that he was to be executed for +the old treason, not for this new one. Raleigh then threw +himself on the King's mercy, being every way trapped +and fettered; without referring to this appeal, the Chief +Justice proceeded to award execution. Raleigh was to +be beheaded early next morning in Old Palace Yard. +He entreated for a few days' respite, that he might finish +some writings, but the King had purposely left town +that no petitions for delay might reach him. Bacon +produced the warrant, which he had drawn up, and +which bore the King's signature and the Great Seal.</p> + +<p>Raleigh was taken from Westminster Hall to the +Gate House. He was in high spirits, and meeting his old +friend Sir Hugh Beeston, he urged him to secure a +good place at the show next morning. He himself, he +said, was sure of one. He was so gay and chatty, that +his cousin Francis Thynne begged him to be more grave +lest his enemies should report his levity. Raleigh +answered, 'It is my last mirth in this world; do not +grudge it to me.' Dr. Tounson, Dean of Westminster, +to whom Raleigh was a stranger, then attended him; +and was somewhat scandalised at this flow of mercurial +spirits. 'When I began,' says the Dean, 'to encourage +him against the fear of death, he seemed to make so +light of it that I wondered at him. When I told him +that the dear servants of God, in better causes than his, +had shrunk back and trembled a little, he denied it not. +But yet he gave God thanks that he had never feared<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span> +death.' The good Dean was puzzled; but his final reflection +was all to Raleigh's honour. After the execution +he reported that 'he was the most fearless of death +that ever was known, and the most resolute and confident; +yet with reverence and conscience.'</p> + +<p>It was late on Thursday evening, the 28th, that +Lady Raleigh learned the position of affairs. She had +not dreamed that the case was so hopeless. She +hastened to the Gate House, and until midnight husband +and wife were closeted together in conversation, she being +consoled and strengthened by his calm. Her last word +was that she had obtained permission to dispose of his +body. 'It is well, Bess,' he said, 'that thou mayst +dispose of that dead, which thou hadst not always the +disposing of when alive.' And so, with a smile, they +parted. When his wife had left him, Raleigh sat down +to write his last verses:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Even such is time, that takes in trust<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Our youth, our joys, our all we have,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And pays us but with earth and dust;<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Who in the dark and silent grave,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">When we have wandered all our ways,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Shuts up the story of our days;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">But from this earth, this grave, this dust,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">My God shall raise me up, I trust.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>At the same hour Lady Raleigh was preparing for the +horrors of the morrow. She sent off this note to her +brother, Sir Nicholas Carew:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I desire, good brother, that you will be pleased to let +me bury the worthy body of my noble husband, Sir Walter +Raleigh, in your church at Beddington, where I desire to +be buried. The Lords have given me his dead body, though<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span> +they denied me his life. This night he shall be brought +you with two or three of my men. Let me hear presently. +God hold me in my wits.</p></div> + +<p>There was probably some difficulty in the way, for +Raleigh's body was not brought that night to Beddington.</p> + +<p>In the morning the Dean of Westminster entered +the Gate House again. Raleigh, who had perhaps not +gone to bed all night, had just finished a testamentary +paper of defence. Dr. Tounson found him still very +cheerful and merry, and administered the Communion +to him. After the Eucharist, Raleigh talked very freely +to the Dean, defending himself, and going back in his +reminiscences to the reign of Elizabeth. He declared +that the world would yet be persuaded of his innocence, +and he once more scandalised the Dean by his truculent +cheerfulness. He ate a hearty breakfast, and smoked +a pipe of tobacco. It was now time to leave the Gate +House; but before he did so, a cup of sack was brought +to him. The servant asked if the wine was to his liking, +and Raleigh replied, 'I will answer you as did the +fellow who drank of St. Giles' bowl as he went to +Tyburn, "It is good drink, if a man might stay by it."'</p> + +<p>This excitement lasted without reaction until he +reached the scaffold, whither he was led by the sheriffs, +still attended by Dr. Tounson. As they passed through +the vast throng of persons who had come to see the +spectacle, Raleigh observed a very old man bareheaded +in the crowd, and snatching off the rich night-cap of cut +lace which he himself was wearing, he threw it to him, +saying, 'Friend, you need this more than I do.' Raleigh +was dressed in a black embroidered velvet night-gown +over a hare-coloured satin doublet and a black embroi<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span>dered +waistcoat. He wore a ruff-band, a pair of black +cut taffetas breeches, and ash-coloured silk stockings, +thus combining his taste for magnificence with a decent +regard for the occasion. The multitude so pressed upon +him, and he had walked with such an animated step, +that when he ascended the scaffold, erect and smiling, +he was observed to be quite out of breath.</p> + +<p>There are many contemporary reports of Sir Walter +Raleigh's deportment at this final moment of his life. +In the place of these hackneyed narratives, we may +perhaps quote the less-known words of another bystander, +the republican Sir John Elyot, who was at that +time a young man of twenty-eight. In his <i>Monarchy +of Man</i>, which remained in manuscript until 1879, +Elyot says:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Take an example in that else unmatched fortitude of +our Raleigh, the magnanimity of his sufferings, that large +chronicle of fortitude. All the preparations that are +terrible presented to his eye, guards and officers about him, +fetters and chains upon him, the scaffold and executioner +before him, and then the axe, and more cruel expectation +of his enemies, and what did all that work on the resolution +of that worthy? Made it an impression of weak fear, or a +distraction of his reason? Nothing so little did that great +soul suffer, but gathered more strength and advantage upon +either. His mind became the clearer, as if already it had +been freed from the cloud and oppression of the body, and +that trial gave an illustration to his courage, so that it +changed the affection of his enemies, and turned their joy +into sorrow, and all men else it filled with admiration, +leaving no doubt but this, whether death was more acceptable +to him, or he more welcome unto death.</p></div> + +<p>At the windows of Sir Randolph Carew, which were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span> +opposite to the scaffold, Raleigh observed a cluster of +gentlemen and noblemen, and in particular several of +those who had been adventurers with him for the mine +on the Orinoco. He perceived, amongst others, the Earls +of Arundel, Oxford, and Northampton. That these old +friends should hear distinctly what he had to say was +his main object, and he therefore addressed them with +an apology for the weakness of his voice, and asked +them to come down to him. Arundel at once assented, +and all the company at Carew's left the balcony, and +came on to the scaffold, where those who had been intimate +with Raleigh solemnly embraced him. He then +began his celebrated speech, of which he had left a brief +draft signed in the Gate House. There are extant +several versions of this address, besides the one he +signed. In the excitement of the scene, he seems to +have said more, and to have put it more ingeniously, +than in the solitude of the previous night. His old +love of publicity, of the open air, appeared in the first +sentence:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I thank God that He has sent me to die in the light, and +not in darkness. I likewise thank God that He has suffered +me to die before such an assembly of honourable witnesses, +and not obscurely in the Tower, where for the space of +thirteen years together I have been oppressed with many +miseries. And I return Him thanks, that my fever [the +ague] hath not taken me at this time, as I prayed to Him +that it might not, that I might clear myself of such accusations +unjustly laid to my charge, and leave behind me the +testimony of a true heart both to my king and country.</p></div> + +<p>He was justly elated. He knew that his resources +were exhausted, his energies abated, and that pardon<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span> +would now merely mean a relegation to oblivion. He +took his public execution with delight, as if it were a +martyrdom, and had the greatness of soul to perceive +that nothing could possibly commend his career and +character to posterity so much as to leave this mortal +stage with a telling soliloquy. His powers were +drawn together to their height; his intellect, which +had lately seemed to be growing dim, had never flashed +more brilliantly, and the biographer can recall but one +occasion in Raleigh's life, and that the morning of St. +Barnaby at Cadiz, when his bearing was of quite so +gallant a magnificence. As he stood on the scaffold in +the cold morning air, he foiled James and Philip at one +thrust, and conquered the esteem of all posterity. It is +only now, after two centuries and a half, that history is +beginning to hint that there was not a little special +pleading and some excusable equivocation in this great +apology which rang through monarchical England like +the blast of a clarion, and which echoed in secret places +till the oppressed rose up and claimed their liberty.</p> + +<p>He spoke for about five-and-twenty minutes. His +speech was excessively ingenious, as well as eloquent, +and directed to move the sympathy of his hearers as +much as possible, without any deviation from literal +truth. He said that it was true that he had tried to +escape to France, but that his motive was not treasonable; +he knew the King to be justly incensed, and +thought that from La Rochelle he might negotiate his +pardon. What he said about the commission from +France is so ingeniously worded, as to leave us absolutely +without evidence from this quarter. After speaking +about La Chesnée's visits, he proceeded to denounce<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span> +the base Mannourie and his miserable master Sir Lewis +Stukely, yet without a word of unseemly invective. He +then defended his actions in the Guiana voyage, and +turning brusquely to the Earl of Arundel, appealed to +him for evidence that the last words spoken between +them as the 'Destiny' left the Thames were of Raleigh's +return to England. This was to rebut the accusation +that Raleigh had been overpowered by his mutinous +crew, and brought to Kinsale against his will. Arundel +answered, 'And so you did!' The Sheriff presently +showing some impatience, Raleigh asked pardon, and +begged to say but a few words more. He had been +vexed to find that the Dean of Westminster believed a +story which was in general circulation to the effect +that Raleigh behaved insolently at the execution of +Essex, 'puffing out tobacco in disdain of him;' this he +solemnly denied. He then closed as follows:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>And now I entreat that you will all join me in prayer to +the Great God of Heaven, whom I have grievously offended, +being a man full of all vanity, who has lived a sinful life in +such callings as have been most inducing to it; for I have +been a soldier, a sailor, and a courtier, which are courses +of wickedness and vice; that His almighty goodness will +forgive me; that He will cast away my sins from me; and +that He will receive me into everlasting life.—So I take +my leave of you all, making my peace with God.</p></div> + +<p>Proclamation was then made that all visitors should +quit the scaffold. In parting with his friends, Raleigh +besought them, and Arundel in particular, to beg the King +to guard his memory against scurrilous pamphleteers. +The noblemen lingered so long, that it was Raleigh +himself who gently dismissed them. 'I have a long<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span> +journey to go,' he said, and smiled, 'therefore I must +take my leave of you.' When the friends had retired he +addressed himself to prayer, having first announced that +he died in the faith of the Church of England. When +his prayer was done, he took off his night-gown and +doublet, and called to the headsman to show him the +axe. The man hesitated, and Raleigh cried, 'I prithee, +let me see it. Dost thou think that I am afraid of it?' +Having passed his finger along the edge, he gave it +back, and turning to the Sheriff, smiled, and said, ''Tis +a sharp medicine, but one that will cure me of all my +diseases.' The executioner, overcome with emotion, +kneeled before him for pardon. Raleigh put his two +hands upon his shoulders, and said he forgave him with +all his heart. He added, 'When I stretch forth my +hands, despatch me.' He then rose erect, and bowed +ceremoniously to the spectators to the right and then to +the left, and said aloud, 'Give me heartily your prayers.' +The Sheriff then asked him which way he would lay +himself on the block. Raleigh answered, 'So the heart +be right, it matters not which way the head lies,' but he +chose to lie facing the east. The headsman hastened +to place his own cloak beneath him, so displaying the +axe. Raleigh then lay down, and the company was +hushed while he remained awhile in silent prayer. He +was then seen to stretch out his hands, but the headsman +was absolutely unnerved and could not stir. Raleigh +repeated the action, but again without result. The +rich Devonshire voice was then heard again, and for +the last time. 'What dost thou fear? Strike, man, +strike!' His body neither twitched nor trembled; +only his lips were seen still moving in prayer. At last<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span> +the headsman summoned his resolution, and though he +struck twice, the first blow was fatal.</p> + +<p>Sir Walter Raleigh was probably well advanced in +his sixty-seventh year, but grief and travel had made +him look much older. He was still vigorous, however, +and the effusion from his body was so extraordinary, +that many of the spectators shared the wonder of Lady +Macbeth, that the old man had so much blood in him. +The head was shown to the spectators, on both sides of +the scaffold, and was then dropped into a red bag. The +body was wrapt in the velvet night-gown, and both +were carried to Lady Raleigh. By this time, perhaps, +she had heard from her brother that he could not +receive the body at Beddington, for she presently had +it interred in the chancel of St. Margaret's, Westminster. +The head she caused to be embalmed, and +kept it with her all her life, permitting favoured friends, +like Bishop Goodman, to see and even to kiss it. After +her death, Carew Raleigh preserved it with a like piety. +It is supposed now to rest in West Horsley church +in Surrey. Lady Raleigh lived on until 1647, thus +witnessing the ruin of the dynasty which had destroyed +her own happiness.</p> + +<p>No success befell the wretches who had enriched +themselves by Raleigh's ruin. Sir Judas Stukely, for +so he was now commonly styled, was shunned by all +classes of society. It was discovered very soon after the +execution, that Stukely had for years past been a clipper +of coin of the realm. He did not get his blood-money +until Christmas 1618, and in January 1619 he was caught +with his guilty fingers at work on some of the very +gold pieces for which he had sold his master. The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span> +meaner rascal, Mannourie, fell with him. The populace +clamoured for Stukely's death on the gallows, but the +King allowed him to escape. Wherever he met human +beings, however, they taunted him with the memory of +Sir Walter Raleigh, and at last he fled to the desolate +island of Lundy, where his brain gave way under the +weight of remorse and solitude. He died there, a +maniac, in 1620. Another of Raleigh's enemies, though +a less malignant one, scarcely survived him. Lord +Cobham, who had been released from the Tower while +Raleigh was in the Canaries, died of lingering paralysis +on January 24, 1619. Of other persons who were +closely associated with Raleigh, Queen Anne died in +the same year, 1619; Camden in 1623; James I. in +1625; Nottingham, at the age of eighty-nine, in 1624; +Bacon in 1629; Ben Jonson in 1637; while the Earl +of Arundel lived on until 1646.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Mr. Edwards corrects the date to 1580 <span class="smcap">n.s.</span>, but this is manifestly +wrong; on the 7th of February 1580 <span class="smcap">n.s.</span> Raleigh was on the +Atlantic making for Cork Harbour.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Dr. Brushfield has found no mention of the elder Walter +Raleigh later than April 11, 1578. As he was born in 1497, he must +then have been over eighty years of age.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Mr. J. Cordy Jeaffreson has communicated to me the following +interesting discovery, which he has made in examining the +Assembly Books of the borough of King's Lynn, in Norfolk. It +appears that the Mayor was paid ten pounds 'in respecte he did +in the yere of his maioraltie [between Michaelmas 1587 and +Michaelmas 1588] entertayn Sir Walter Rawlye knight and his +companye in resortinge hether about the Queanes affayrs;' the +occasion being, it would seem, the furnishing and setting forth of a +ship of war and a pinnace as the contingent from Lynn towards +defence against the Armada. This is an important fact, for it is +the only definite record that has hitherto reached us of Raleigh's +activity in guarding the coast against invasion.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> In the first two numbers of the <i>Athenæum</i> for 1886, I gave in +full detail the facts and arguments which are here given in summary.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Raleigh says that he appointed this man, 'taking him out of +prison, because he had all the ancient records of Sherborne, his +father having been the Bishop's officer.'—<i>De la Warr MSS.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> Mr. Edwards has evidently dated this important letter a year +too late (vol. ii. 397-8).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> In a letter Raleigh goes still further, and says that he found +Meeres, 'coming suddenly upon him, counterfeiting my hand above +a hundred times upon an oiled paper.'</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Among Sir A. Malet's MSS., for instance, we find Raleigh +spoken of, so early as April 1600, as 'the hellish Atheist and Traitor,' +and we look in vain for the cause of such violence.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> This date, till lately uncertain, is proved from the journal of +Cecil's secretary.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> This was really the first edition of the <i>Remains</i>, although that +title does not appear until the third edition of 1657.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> More exactly, a house at the corner of Wykford Lane, with a +small estate at the back of it, an appendage to Lady Raleigh's +brother's seat at Beddington.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> I gather this date, hitherto entirety unknown, from the fact +that in the recently published <i>Lismore Papers</i> Sir Richard Boyle +notes on May 27 that he receives letters from Raleigh announcing +his arrival at Kinsale.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Among the Bute MSS. is a letter from Raleigh to Bacon +beseeching him 'to spend some few words to the putting of false +fame to flight;' but Bacon's enmity was unalterable.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span></p> + +<h2 class="gap3"><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX"></a>INDEX.</h2> + +<p><span class="smcap">Note.</span>—<i>Read Raleigh for R.</i></p> + + +<p class="indfirst">Adricomius, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Albert, Aremberg, the Envoy of Archduke, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Alençon's contrast to R. at Court, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">pageant at Antwerp for, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Algarve, Bishop of, library captured by Essex and nucleus of Bodleian, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Algerine corsairs, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">sack Lanzarote, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Allen, Sir Francis, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">America, its debt, to Sir H. Gilbert, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Gilbert's last expedition to, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. renews Gilbert's charter, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R.'s costly expeditions to, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Amidas, a captain in R.'s American fleet, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">discovers Virginia, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Amurath, King of Turbay, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Anderson, one of R.'s Winchester judges, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">'Angel Gabriel,' capture of ship, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></p> + +<p class="indmain"><i>Annales</i> by Camden, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Anne of Denmark. <i>See</i> <a href="#Ind_Queen">Queen</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Annesley, R. takes up his command, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Antonio of Portugal, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></p> + +<p class="indmain"><i>Apology for the Voyage to Guiana</i> by R., <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>-<a href="#Page_210">10</a></p> + +<p class="indmain"><i>Apothegms</i>, Bacon's, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Apsley, Sir Allen, Lieutenant of Tower, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">relieved of R.'s custody, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Aremberg, Count, plotter in Durham House, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">ambassador of Archduke Albert, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">relations with Cobham, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">communications with R., <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">James accepts his protestations, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">'Ark Raleigh' fitted for Gilbert's expedition by R., <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">purchased by Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">'Ark Royal,' Lord Howard's ship, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Armada, account of, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>-<a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Lynn contributes to resistance of, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R.'s advice for boarding ships, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. and Drake receive prisoners from, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Armadillo in Guiana, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Artson, R. captures sack from one, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Arundel, Earl of, Keymis writes to, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">at R.'s execution as a friend <a href="#Page_218">218</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. appeals to him in justification, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">death of, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Ashley, Mrs. Catherine, R.'s aunt, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Ashley, Sir Anthony, notifies Cadiz victory, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Assapana Islands, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></p> + +<p class="indmain"><span class='pagenum' style="text-indent:0em;"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span><i>Astrophel</i>, Elegy by R. in, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">d'Aubigné, <i>Histoire Universelle</i> by, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Aubrey at Oxford with R., <a href="#Page_3">3</a></p> + +<p class="indmain"><a name="Ind_Awbeg" id="Ind_Awbeg"></a>Awbeg, river in Munster, sung by Spenser, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></p> + +<p class="indmain"><a name="Ind_Azores" id="Ind_Azores"></a>Azores, piratical expedition to, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Peter Strozzi lost at, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R.'s <i>Report of the Fight in the</i>, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">'Revenge' and Armada fight off, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">'Madre de Dios' captured off, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">second plate-ship expedition off, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">capture of its towns arranged, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. takes Fayal, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Essex attacks San Miguel, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></p> + +<p class="indfirst">Bacon, Anthony, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Bacon, Lord Francis, with R. at Oxford, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">praise of Grenville's fight, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">issues his <i>Essays</i>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">his <i>Apothegms</i>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">his cousins the Cookes, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">asked if R.'s Guiana commission is equivalent to pardon, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">if R. fails in Guiana asks what is his alternative? <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. reveals his desire for Mexican plate fleet to, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">tells R. he must prepare to die, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">asked by R. to protect his fame, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">death of, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Bailey, John, commands 'Husband' in Guiana fleet, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">prevented from seizing French ship, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">deserts R.'s expedition, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">returns and charges R. with piracy, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">in pay of Gondomar, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">imprisoned and story discredited, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">released with reprimand, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Balligara, R.'s share in, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Barlow, a captain in R.'s American fleet, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">discovers Virginia, <i>ib.</i></p> + +<p class="indmain">Barlow's reference to R., <a href="#Page_7">7</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Barry Court, Geraldine stronghold, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">source of quarrel between R. and Ormond, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. offers to rebuild, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Barry, David, Irish malcontent, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Barry, Lord, defeat at Cleve by R., <a href="#Page_15">15</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Basing House, Marquis of Winchester's, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Queen Elizabeth and French envoys at, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Bath, R. visits, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Bear Gardens, R. takes French envoys to, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Beauchamp, Lord, R.'s deputy in Cornwall, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Beaumont's story of R. and King James, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Beaumont, Countess of, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Becanus, Goropius, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Beddington, Lady R. sells land at, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">burial asked for R. at, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Bedford, Earl of, R. succeeds him in Stannaries, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Bedingfield Park, seat of Sir F. Carew, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">King James and R. entertained at, <i>ib.</i></p> + +<p class="indmain">Beeston, Sir Hugh, and R.'s execution, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Benevolence tax, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Berreo, Antonio de, Spanish Governor of Trinidad, describes Guiana, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">his cruelty, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">captured by R. at St. Joseph, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">attempts to lure R., <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">submission to R., <a href="#Page_68">68</a>-<a href="#Page_69">69</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">founded Guayana Vieja, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Berrie, Captain Leonard, makes voyage to Guiana for R., <a href="#Page_102">102</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Beville, Sir R., inquires into Sir R. Grenville's death, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></p> + +<p class="indmain"><span class='pagenum' style="text-indent:0em;"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span>Bideford, Grenville's Virginian expedition stopped at, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. sends ships to Virginia from, <i>ib.</i></p> + +<p class="indmain">Bindon, Lord. <i>See</i> <a href="#Ind_Howard_Bindon">Howard</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Biron, Duc de, special French Ambassador, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>-<a href="#Page_123">123</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">disgrace, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Blount, Sir Christopher, R.'s keeper at Dartmouth, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">to make joint attack on San Miguel, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">excites Essex against R., <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">tries to kill R., <a href="#Page_120">120</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">pardoned by R. before execution, <i>ib.</i></p> + +<p class="indmain">Bodleian Library, Bishop of Algarve's books captured by Earl of Essex contained in, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">'Bonaventure,' ship, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Boyle, Richard, afterwards Earl of Cork, buys R.'s Irish estates, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">lends R. 100<i>l.</i>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. announces his arrival at Kinsale to, <a href="#Page_203">203</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Brett, Sir Alex., trustee of Sherborne, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></p> + +<p class="indmain"><i>Breviary of the History of England</i> by R., <a href="#Page_182">182</a>-<a href="#Page_183">3</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Broad-cloths, R.'s licence to export woollen, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Broad Street, R. resides in, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Brooke, George, conspires for Arabella Stuart, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">concerned in Watson's plot, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">relationship to Cobham and Cecil, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">arrest, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">execution, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Brooke, Henry, brother to Lady Cecil. <i>See</i> <a href="#Ind_Cobham">Cobham</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Brushfield, Dr., R.'s bibliography, <a href="#Page_vi">vi</a>.;</p> +<p class="indsub">researches, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Bryskett, Lodovick, in Munster, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">'Thestylis' of Spenser, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Burghley, R. corresponds with, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">his moderate Irish policy, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">joint author of <i>The Opinion of Mr. Rawley</i>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">assails R.'s broad-cloth patent, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">references to, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">sends R. to Dartmouth to save prizes, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Burrow, Sir John, commands Indian Carrack venture, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">successful attack of plate-ships, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>-<a href="#Page_60">60</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Burwick, John, master of 'Destiny,' <a href="#Page_194">194</a></p> + +<p class="indmain"><i>Byron's Conspiracy</i> by Chapman, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></p> + +<p class="indfirst"><i>Cabinet Council</i> by R., <a href="#Page_186">186</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">published by Milton, <i>ib.</i></p> + +<p class="indmain">Cadiz expedition, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>-<a href="#Page_102">102</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">forced on by Lord Howard, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Queen Elizabeth reluctantly permits, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Essex, Howard, and R. to consider, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Dutch to co-operate, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. to raise levies for, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">recruiting for, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">strength of English and Dutch fleets, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R.'s <i>Relation of the Action</i>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">details of destruction of Spanish fleet, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>-<a href="#Page_98">98</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">the town sacked, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>-<a href="#Page_100">100</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. wounded in the leg, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">fleet of carracks escape but burnt by Spaniards, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Queen Elizabeth claims the prize money, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">the victory popular in England, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Cæsar, Sir Julius, notes of R.'s second trial, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Caiama Island, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Camden with R. at Oxford, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">his <i>Annales</i>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">recommends Jonson to R., <a href="#Page_175">175</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">friend of Samuel Daniel, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">his death, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></p> + +<p class="indmain"><i>Camden Miscellany</i>, account of R.'s second trial in, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Canary Islands, R.'s Guiana fleet off, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">exposed to Algerine corsairs, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub"><span class='pagenum' style="text-indent:0em;"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span>Lanzarote sacked, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. visits Gomera, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Cape Verde Islands, R.'s Guiana fleet off, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. lands at Brava, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Capuri river, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Caracas plundered and burnt, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Carews, connections of R., <a href="#Page_1">1</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Carew, Sir Francis, R.'s uncle, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">entertains King James and R., <i>ib.</i></p> + +<p class="indmain">Carew, Sir George, at Lismore, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">keeper of R. at Tower, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">at Cadiz in 'Mary Rose,' <a href="#Page_95">95</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">and Cormac MacDermod, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Carew, Sir Nicholas, and R.'s burial, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Carew, Sir Randolph, and friends witness R.'s execution, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Carleton, Dudley, at R.'s trial, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Caroni, river, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Carr, Earl of Somerset, and Sherborne, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Cashel, Magrath Archbishop of, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Castle Bally-in-Harsh, its capture, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Cayenne, R. off river, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></p> + +<p class="indmain"><a name="Ind_Cecil" id="Ind_Cecil"></a>Cecil, Sir Robert, and R.'s marriage, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R.'s letter of devotion for Queen sent to, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">fails to control Devon sailors, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">inquires into pillage of 'Madre de Dios,' <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">barters with R., <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">promises ship for Guiana expedition, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. asks how result of Guiana voyage is viewed, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. sends MS. account and presents from Guiana, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub"><i>Discovery of Guiana</i> dedicated to, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">supports proposed attack on Cadiz, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">informed by R. of victory at Cadiz, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">death of his wife and R.'s sympathy, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R.'s intimacy with his family, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">obtains R.'s return to Court, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">told of R.'s goodwill to Essex, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">thwarts R. in being sworn of P. Council, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">doubtful support of Guiana voyage, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>-<a href="#Page_114">4</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">son and young Walter R. playmates, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">at Sherborne, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">accused by Essex, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">advised by R. to show Essex no mercy, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>-<a href="#Page_119">9</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">decline of friendship with R., <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">invited to Bath by R., <a href="#Page_127">127</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. complains of Lord Bindon to, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">craftiness towards R., <a href="#Page_129">129</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">created a peer by King James, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">estranged from the Brookes, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">describes R.'s attempted suicide, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">aids R. with Sherborne estate, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">sits on R.'s trial, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">influence sought to save R., <a href="#Page_158">158</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">created Lord Cranborne, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">and Earl of Salisbury, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. writes of his condition to, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">references to, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">his death and epigram on, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Cecil, William. <i>See</i> <a href="#Ind_Salisbury">Salisbury</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Champernowne, Captain Arthur, in Azores, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Champernowne, Gawen, his career, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Champernowne, Henry, R.'s cousin, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">his Huguenot contingent, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Champernowne, Sir Philip, <a href="#Page_1">1</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Champernownes, connections of R., <a href="#Page_1">1</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Chapman, George, his epic poem on Guiana, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">his <i>Byron's Conspiracy</i>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></p> + +<p class="indmain"><span class='pagenum' style="text-indent:0em;"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span>Chatham, R. raising sailors at, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Chaunis Temotam, its fabulous ores, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Cherbourg, R. takes barks from, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Christian IV. of Denmark and R., <a href="#Page_169">169</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Church, Dean, compares R.'s exploits with passages in <i>Faery Queen</i>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Clarke executed for Watson's plot, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Cleve, Lord Barry defeated by R. at, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Clifford, Sir Conyers, at Cadiz, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></p> + +<p class="indmain"><a name="Ind_Cobham" id="Ind_Cobham"></a>Cobham, Lord, Henry Brooke succeeds as, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">first mention by R. of, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R.'s increased intimacy, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">invited to Sherborne and Bath, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">goes to Ostend with R. <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">called an enemy of England by Essex, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">attends at Basing to entertain French, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">plotting at Durham House, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. only intimate friend, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Lord Warden of Cinque Ports, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">and Watson's plot, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">shown R.'s explanation, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">accuses R., but retracts, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">communicates with R. by Mellersh, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">tried at Staines for Arabella Stuart plot, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">communications with R., <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">vacillation, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">retracts to R, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. asks that Cobham should die first, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">convicted of treason, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">led out for execution, but reprieved, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">death by paralysis, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Coke, Sir Edward, Attorney-General at R.'s Winchester trial, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>-<a href="#Page_147">7</a></p> + +<p class="indmain"><i>Colin Clout</i>, Spenser refers to R. in, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Queen Elizabeth commands its publication, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></p> + +<p class="indmain"><i>Collectiones Peregrinationum</i>, by De Bry, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Collier, J. P., <a href="#Page_56">56</a></p> + +<p class="indmain"><i>Commentaries</i>, by Sir F. Vere, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></p> + +<p class="indmain"><i>Commerce</i>, R.'s <i>Observations on Trade and</i>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Condé, Prince of, his death, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Cookes, the, R. takes to Cadiz, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Copley and Watson's plot, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">his arrest, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Corabby, R.'s courage at ford of, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Cordials made by R., <a href="#Page_168">168</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Cork, R. reinforces Sentleger at, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Geraldine executed at, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. governor of, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">land granted to R. in, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">cedars planted by R. still at, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R.'s second Guiana fleet takes refuge at, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Cornwall, R. Lieutenant and Vice-Admiral of, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R.'s deputy in, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. collects miners to resist Armada, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">its defences considered, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R.'s efforts for tin-workers in, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. tries to retain office, but superseded by Earl of Pembroke, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Coro, burned, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Cotterell, messenger between R. and Cobham, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">examined against R., <a href="#Page_170">170</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Cotton, Sir Robert, lends books to R., <a href="#Page_171">171</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Court, early record of R.'s admission to, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. not a penniless adventurer at, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">recognised courtier, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. inferior to Leicester, Walsingham, and Hatton at, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">reference to R. at, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. excluded by James I., <a href="#Page_188">188</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Cranborne, Lord. <i>See</i> <a href="#Ind_Cecil">Cecil</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">'Crane,' the, R.'s ship, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></p> + +<p class="indmain"><span class='pagenum' style="text-indent:0em;"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span>Creighton's, Mrs., <i>Period of R.</i>, <a href="#Page_vi">vi</a>.</p> + +<p class="indmain">Cross, Captain, and plate ship prize, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Crosse, Sir Robert, with R. meets King James, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Cucuina, river, R. ascends, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Cumana, Venezuela, spared by ransom and subsequently burnt by R.'s ships, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></p> + +<p class="indmain"><i>Cynthia</i>, R.'s supposed lost poem, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>-<a href="#Page_46">46</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">fragments printed from Hatfield MS., <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">style and importance, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>-<a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">called <i>The Ocean to</i>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">and <i>The Ocean's Love to</i>, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">treated of in <i>Athenæum</i>, 1886, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">publication urged by Spenser, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></p> + +<p class="indfirst"><i>Dangers of a Spanish Faction in Scotland</i>, by R., <a href="#Page_124">124</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Daniel, Samuel, and R, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>-<a href="#Page_183">3</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Dartmouth, 'Madre de Dios' towed to, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. stops spoliation of, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Davies, Sir John, <i>Nosce teipsum</i> and R.'s <i>Cynthia</i>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Davis, John, R.'s partner for discovery of N.-W. passage, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">refers to whereabouts of R., July 1595, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">De Beaumont, French ambassador, refers to R., <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">De Bry prints R.'s <i>Discovery</i> in his <i>Collectiones</i>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">'Destiny,' ship built by R. for Guiana expedition, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Des Marêts visits the, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">commanded by young Walter R., <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">John Burwick the master, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">outlawed, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">arrives at Plymouth, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Des Marêts, French ambassador, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">suspicious of R.'s Guiana voyage, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">visits R.'s 'Destiny,' <a href="#Page_193">193</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">his correspondence, <i>ib.</i></p> + +<p class="indmain">Desmond, Earl of, murder of his brother's guest, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. shares escheated lands of, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Devonshire Association, <i>Transactions of</i>, and R., <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">accent strong in R., <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R.'s popularity in, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Stannaries, R.'s report on, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. Vice-Admiral of, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Sir John Gilbert, R.'s deputy in, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. member of Parliament for, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">miners serve in Netherlands, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">farmers settle in south of Ireland, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">miners raised by R. to repel Armada, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. considers its defences, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Devonshire, Earl of, on R.'s trial at Winchester, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Dingle, expedition from Ferrol lands at, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></p> + +<p class="indmain"><i>Discovery of Guiana</i>, published by R., <a href="#Page_83">83</a>-<a href="#Page_84">84</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">literary value, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">translations in Latin, German, and French, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">reprinted by Hakluyt, <i>ib.</i></p> + +<p class="indmain">Doddridge, Sir John, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></p> + +<p class="indmain"><i>Domestic Correspondence</i> refers to R.'s ships, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Donne, John, earliest known poem, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Dover, R. at, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Drake, Sir Francis, receives prisoners from Armada, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">expedition to Portugal, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>-<a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">and spoil of 'Madre de Dios,' <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">his fate, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">'Dreadnought,' Sir C. Clifford's Cadiz ship, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Dudley, Robert, D. of Northumberland, at Cadiz, <i>ib.</i></p> + +<p class="indmain">Duke, Richard, contemporary owner of R.'s birthplace, <a href="#Page_1">1</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Durham, Bishop of, demands Durham House, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Durham House leased by R., <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">its site and history, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Queen Elizabeth there in 1592, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">references to, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">fire at, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub"><span class='pagenum' style="text-indent:0em;"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span>Lady R. advises a proper lease for, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Bishop of Durham demands and King James directs R. to surrender, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>-<a href="#Page_134">4</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. forced to remove from,<a href="#Page_134">134</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">alleged plotting at, <i>ib.</i></p> + +<p class="indmain">Dutch to assist in attack on Cadiz, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">take part in capture of Azores, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Dyer's evidence at R.'s trial, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></p> + +<p class="indfirst">Edwards, Edward, life and letters of R., <a href="#Page_v">v</a>.;</p> +<p class="indsub">collected evidence of battle of Cadiz, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">references to, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Effingham, Lady, converse with R., <a href="#Page_167">167</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Effingham. <i>See</i> <a href="#Ind_Howard_Effingham">Howard</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">El Dorado, legendary prince of Guiana, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">supposed lake in heart of Guiana, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">efforts of Spaniards and Germans to reach, <i>ib.</i></p> + +<p class="indmain">Elizabeth, Queen, Duc d'Alençon her suitor, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>-<a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">confers an Irish captaincy on R., <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. first favourite with, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>-<a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">gifts to R., <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">grants charter to R. for discovery of N.-W. passage, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Virginia named in honour of, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">leases Durham House to R., <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">feelings towards Leicester, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">keeps R. from politics, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. supplanted by Essex, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">appropriates pirated fine raiment, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. restored to favour by, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">praised in <i>Cynthia</i>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Spenser introduced to, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">commands publication of <i>Colin Clout</i>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">happy retort of R. to, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">instals a pliable Bishop of Salisbury and receives fine from R., <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">supports R. in Spanish plate-ship venture, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">buys the 'Ark Raleigh,' <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">vanity and resentment, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">recalls R. from Frobisher's fleet, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">discovers R.'s Throckmorton intrigue, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">confines R. in Tower, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R.'s letter of devotion to, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">acknowledges R.'s marriage, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">works of travel published in her reign, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">irresolution to attack Spain after Armada, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. seeks reconciliation with, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">claims Cadiz prize-money, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R.'s position with, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">reconfers captaincy of the Guard on R., <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">her custom to retire early to rest, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">festivities on her sixty-fifth birthday, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">sends R. to Ostend, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">confers Governorship of Jersey and Manor of St. Germain on R., <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Essex accuses R., Cecil, and Cobham to, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">refuses communication with Essex, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">said to have shown skull of Essex, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. sends her a supposed diamond, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">interviews R. on Irish policy, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. advises as to MacDermod, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">her death, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">reference to, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Elizabethan poets engaged in Ireland, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">El Nuevo Dorado, or Guiana, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Elphinstone, Sir James, eager for R.'s estate, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Elyot, Sir John, his <i>Monarchy of Man</i>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">describes R.'s end, <i>ib.</i></p> + +<p class="indmain"><i>England, Breviary of the History of</i>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Archbishop Sancroft and MS. of, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Samuel Daniel's share in, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub"><span class='pagenum' style="text-indent:0em;"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span>attributed to R., <i>ib.</i></p> + +<p class="indmain">Epuremi tribe in Guiana, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Erskine, Sir Thomas, supplants R. in the Guard, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">his position with King James, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></p> + +<p class="indmain"><i>Essays</i>, Bacon issues his, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Essex, Earl of, competes with R. for royal favour, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">demands R.'s sacrifice, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Court attacks on R., <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">challenges R., <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">drives R. from Court, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">more friendly with R., <a href="#Page_50">50</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">perceives value of the Puritans, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">his Protestantism, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">to consider attack on Cadiz, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">his share in Cadiz expedition, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>-<a href="#Page_100">100</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">captures library of Bishop of Algarve, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">presents it to Sir T. Bodley, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">and Cadiz prize money, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">at Chatham, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">planning fresh attack on Spain, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">charged with disloyalty, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R.'s guest at Plymouth, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">expedition to Azores and result, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>-<a href="#Page_109">109</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Royal influence on the wane, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">offended past forgiveness by Queen, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">uncompromising speech to Elizabeth, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">surliness of temper, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">adopts for his men tilting colours of R., <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">increasing enmity with R., <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">complaints to Queen, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Queen refuses communication with, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">conspiracy, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>-<a href="#Page_120">120</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. and the execution of, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Elizabeth shows his skull to Duc de Biron, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Eugubinus, Steuchius, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Euphuistic prose, example in R.'s letter to Cecil, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></p> + +<p class="indmain"><i>Evesham, Chronicle of</i>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Ewaipanoma tribe, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Execution of R., <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>-<a href="#Page_219">219</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">his speech, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">his gallant bearing, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Exeter, R.'s parents buried at, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></p> + +<p class="indfirst"><i>Faery Queen</i>, R.'s adventures compared with those in, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">its progress, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">registered, Spenser obtains pension by, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R.'s sonnet appended to, <i>ib.</i></p> + +<p class="indmain">Fajardo Isle, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Falmouth, expedition to Spain puts back into, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">'Farm of Wines' granted by Q. Elizabeth to R., <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">granted by King James to E. of Nottingham, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Fayal, Essex and R. arrange to capture, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. to meet Essex at, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. arrives before Essex, its attack and capture, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">arrival of Essex, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">dispute relative to capture, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Featley, Dr. Daniel, tutor to young Walter R., <a href="#Page_171">171</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Fenton, Geoffrey, in Munster, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Ferrol, Spanish expedition to Ireland from, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Finland, Duke of, offers assistance to R. in Guiana, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Fish tithes, in Sidmouth, leased to R.'s family, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Fisher, Jasper, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Fitzjames rents R.'s Sherborne farms, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Fitzwilliam, Sir William, Irish Deputy, dispute with R., <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">reference to, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Fleet Prison, R. committed to, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. removed from Tower to, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Flemish ships captured off Fuerteventura, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Flores in Azores, R. joins fleet of Essex off, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></p> + +<p class="indmain"><span class='pagenum' style="text-indent:0em;"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span>Flores, Gutierrez, Spanish President, opinion of the enemies' fleet off Cadiz, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Fort del Ore, Ireland, built by invaders, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">siege, capture and massacre at, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Fowler, R.'s gold refiner, death of, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">France, R. aids Huguenot princes, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Hakluyt in, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R.'s return from, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Henry IV.'s compliment to Queen Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">invited to support Huguenots, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Ambassador visits R., <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. offered escape by, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Free trade, R. an advocate of, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>-<a href="#Page_187">7</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">French Ambassadors: Duc de Biron, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">De Beaumont, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Des Marêts, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">French envoy, La Chesnée, offers R. means of escape, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">French vessels detained by R., <a href="#Page_195">195</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Frobisher, Sir Martin, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">fleet for capturing Indian carracks, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">reputed severity, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. with his fleet, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">off Spanish coast seeking plate ships, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Fuerteventura, R. captures ships off, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Fuller records R. at Oxford, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">story of R. making his cloak a mat for Queen, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">anecdotes, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></p> + +<p class="indfirst">Gamage, Barbara, marries Robert Sidney, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">grandmother of Waller's Sacharissa, <i>ib.</i></p> + +<p class="indmain">Gardiner, S. R., estimate of R.'s genius, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">credits Beaumont's story of, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">account of R.'s trial, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">account of the Benevolence, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">details of intrigues in K. James's Court, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">'Garland,' the, R.'s ship, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Gascoigne, protégé of R.'s half-brother, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">his <i>Steel Glass</i>, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">death of, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Lord Grey patron of, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Gate House, R. confined in, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Gawdy, one of R.'s Winchester judges, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Genoa, its seizure proposed, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">discussed before K. James and rejected, <i>ib.</i></p> + +<p class="indmain">Geraldine Friary, Youghal, destroyed, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Geraldine, Sir James, trial and execution, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Geraldines rebel, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Gibb, John, page to James I., <a href="#Page_159">159</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Gifford, Captain, reference to, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Gilbert, Adrian, R.'s half-brother, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">partner in N.-W. expeditions, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">holds office at Sherborne, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">obnoxious to R.'s bailiff Meeres, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">commended to Lady R., <a href="#Page_140">140</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">and R.'s Sherborne estates, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Gilbert, Bartholomew, his voyage to America, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">sails from Virginia with rich woods, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">carries supposed diamond from R. to Queen, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>-<a href="#Page_128">8</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Gilbert, Katherine. <i>See</i> <a href="#Ind_Raleigh_Mrs">Raleigh, Mrs</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, R.'s half-brother, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. companion of his voyages, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">gained renown in Ireland, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">granted Charter to make settlements in America, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">lends ships to serve on Irish coast, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub"><span class='pagenum' style="text-indent:0em;"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span>misfortunes and vicissitudes of expedition, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>-<a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">his death at sea, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Gilbert, Sir John, half-brother to R., <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">preparing to sail for Guiana, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Gilbert, Otto, <a href="#Page_1">1</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Gillingham Forest, R. in, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Glenmalure, R. meets Spenser at battle of, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Globe Theatre, Shakespeare's <i>Richard the Second</i> at, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Godolphin, Sir Francis, warden of Stannaries, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Gomera Islands, R. lands at, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">courtesy of governor and his lady to R., <a href="#Page_197">197</a>-<a href="#Page_198">198</a></p> + +<p class="indmain"><a name="Ind_Gondomar" id="Ind_Gondomar"></a>Gondomar (Sarmiento), Spanish ambassador, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">suspicious of R., <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">pledged R.'s life against Spanish attack, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">protests against Guiana expedition, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Captain Bailey in his pay, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Bailey traduces R. to, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">activity for R.'s ruin, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">urges embargo on English at Seville, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">claims punishment of R., <a href="#Page_205">205</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Goodwin, Hugh, hostage with Topiawari, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">learns Indian language, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">serves under Gifford, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">meets R. after twenty-two years, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Googe, Barnabee, in Munster, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Gorges, Sir A., assaulted by R., <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">believes R. mad, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">historian of Azores expedition, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">and Duc de Biron, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Gorges, Sir F., and Essex conspiracy, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Gosnoll, Captain, American discoveries, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">sails from Virginia without R.'s leave, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Gray's <i>Elegy</i> and R.'s <i>Cynthia</i>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Grenville, Sir Richard, and R.'s Virginian expeditions, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">captures Spanish prize of 50,000<i>l.</i>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">and Armada, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R.'s account of the fight in the 'Revenge' and his heroic death, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Sir R. Beville inquires into his death, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">praised by Tennyson and Bacon, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R.'s cousin, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. revenges his death, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Greville, Fulke, in Munster, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Grey, Lord de Wilton, in Dublin, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">dislikes R., <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">patron of Gascoigne, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">hatred of Popery, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">treatment of Irish rebels, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">denounced by R. to Leicester, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">leniency in Ireland, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">and Armada, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">dines with R. at Flores, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">in Low Countries, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Grey, young Lord de Wilton, and Watson's plot, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Grosart's <i>Lismore Papers</i>, <a href="#Page_vi">vi</a>.</p> + +<p class="indmain">Guard, R. Captain of the, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Sir T. Erskine supplants R., <a href="#Page_133">133</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Guayana Vieja founded by Berreo, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Guiana, R.'s desire to conquer, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">its description, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">capture of Spanish letters relative to, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">annexed by Berreo, governor of Trinidad, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Captain Whiddon visits for R., <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. explores part of, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">supposed mineral wealth, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Humboldt on its gold yield, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">leaves two sailors at Morequito, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">health of R.'s expedition, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. asks effect of expedition on Court, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R.'s <i>Discovery of Guiana</i> published, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>-<a href="#Page_84">84</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Chapman's poem on, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>-<a href="#Page_86">86</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Captain Keymis's voyage, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R.'s <i>Of the Voyage for Guiana</i>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub"><span class='pagenum' style="text-indent:0em;"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span>Government interest not excited by R., <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Captain L. Berrie's voyage, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">D. of Finland urges R. to colonise, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Sir J. Gilbert preparing for, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">increased fame of <i>Discovery</i>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. asks leave to revisit, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R.'s funds for voyage, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>-<a href="#Page_190">190</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. released from Tower to go to, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">advantages promised King James, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">preparations for, excite Spaniards, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R.'s Royal commission, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>-<a href="#Page_191">191</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">composition of R.'s fleet, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>-<a href="#Page_194">194</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">its delays, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">fleet detains French traders, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">fleet off Canaries, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Captain Bailey deserts, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">courtesies with Governor of Gomera, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R.'s log of <i>Second Voyage</i>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. ill of fever in, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>-<a href="#Page_200">200</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. meets Hugh Goodwin after twenty-two years, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">fleet at Trinidad, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Keymis explores for gold, attacks San Thomé, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>-<a href="#Page_201">1</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R.'s son Walter killed, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Keymis's failure and embarrassed meeting with R., <a href="#Page_201">201</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Keymis commits suicide in, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R.'s failure to find gold mines in, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">mutiny of fleet, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. sails to Newfoundland from, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R.'s ignominious return from, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub"><i>Apology for the Voyage to</i>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Gunpowder Plot and R., <a href="#Page_168">168</a></p> + +<p class="indfirst">Hakluyt, R.'s contemporary at Oxford, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">his <i>Voyages</i> and sojourn in France, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">reprints R.'s report of Grenville's fight, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub"><i>Discovery of Guiana</i>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Hale, the sergeant at R.'s Winchester trial, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>-<a href="#Page_147">7</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Hamburg ship, R. takes sugar, &c., from a, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Hampden, John, collector of R.'s MSS., <a href="#Page_185">185</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Hannah, Archdeacon, printed R.'s <i>Cynthia</i>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Harington, Sir John, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Hariot, Thomas, R.'s scientific agent in Virginia, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Harris, Sir C., R. lodged in his house, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Hart, Captain, betrays R., <a href="#Page_208">208</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Harvey, Sir G., Lieutenant of Tower, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">suspects R.'s communications, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">indulges R., succeeded by Sir W. Waad, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Hatfield MSS. and R.'s <i>Cynthia</i>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></p> + +<p class="indmain"><a name="Ind_Hatton" id="Ind_Hatton"></a>Hatton, Sir C., R. reconciles him to Queen Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">references to, and death, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Hawkins, his third voyage, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">character of his voyages, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Hayes relates R.'s expense in Gilbert's expedition, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Hayes Barton, R.'s birthplace, in Devon, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Hennessy, Sir J. Pope, account of R. in Ireland, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Henri IV. of France, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Henry VIII. censured in R.'s <i>History</i>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Henry, Prince, visits R. in Tower, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">seeks advice of R., <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">death agonies eased by R.'s cordial, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">efforts and sympathy for R., <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">opinion of his father's conduct, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">and R.'s <i>Cabinet Council</i>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></p> + +<p class="indmain"><i>Histoire Universelle</i>, by d'Aubigné, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></p> + +<p class="indmain"><span class='pagenum' style="text-indent:0em;"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span>Historical MSS. Commission <i>Reports</i>, <a href="#Page_vi">vi</a>.</p> + +<p class="indmain"><i>History of the World</i>, by R.'s personal reference, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">references to Armada, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">on boarding galleons, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">refers to Trinidad, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. aided by Ben Jonson, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">size and contents, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">critically examined, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>-<a href="#Page_182">182</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">its preface, when written, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">suppressed by King James, and cause, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>-<a href="#Page_181">181</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Hooker's <i>Supply of the Irish Chronicles</i> and references to R., <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub"><i>Ecclesiastical Polity</i>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Oxford tutor of Walter R., jun., <a href="#Page_171">171</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Hornsey, R.'s servants disturb the peace at, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></p> + +<p class="indmain"><a name="Ind_Howard_Bindon" id="Ind_Howard_Bindon"></a>Howard of Bindon, Thomas Lord, R. to warn him if any Spaniards in Channel, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">and Cadiz expedition, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">takes R.'s servant under his protection, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">persuades Sir W. Peryam to re-try Meere's suit, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">juror on R.'s trial, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Howard, Lord Henry, and R., interview with Lennox, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>-<a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. prays forgiveness for, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></p> + +<p class="indmain"><a name="Ind_Howard_Effingham" id="Ind_Howard_Effingham"></a>Howard of Effingham, Lord Charles, R.'s advice on boarding Armada, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">high opinion of R., <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub"><i>Discovery of Guiana</i> dedicated to, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">forces expedition to Cadiz, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">on committee for attack on Cadiz, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">details of his action at Cadiz, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>-<a href="#Page_100">100</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">ship 'Ark Royal,' <a href="#Page_93">93</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">obtains R.'s return to Court, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">to attempt capture of Graciosa, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">created E. of Nottingham, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">granted R.'s wine patent, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">conducts Arabella Stewart to R.'s trial, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">outlaws R.'s ship 'Destiny,' <a href="#Page_205">205</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">death of, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Huguenots, R. offers to aid, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Henry Champernowne's force aids, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">mode of smoking out Catholics, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Hulsius, Levinus, Latin translation of the <i>Discovery of Guiana</i>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Humboldt's examination of Guiana gold, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">testified to the genuineness of R.'s account of Guiana, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">'Husband' ship, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></p> + +<p class="indfirst">Imataca mountains seen by R., <a href="#Page_72">72</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Imokelly, R. escapes ambush by Seneschal of, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Income of R., references to, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Indian carracks (plate-ships) scheme for R. to seize, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>-<a href="#Page_54">54</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Sir J. Burrows to attack them, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">their capture, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>-<a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">fleet of in Cadiz harbour, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">burnt by Spaniards to avoid capture, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">two destroyed by R. in Azores, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></p> + +<p class="indmain"><i>Ireland, History of the Early Ages in</i>, MacCarthy's, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Ireland, R. in, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Catholic invasion of, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R.'s voyage to Cork, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Lord Grey succeeds Pelham in, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">execution of Sir J. Geraldine, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">poets on service in, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">massacre at Fort del Ore, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R.'s severity towards rebels, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">rebels pardoned through Ormond, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R.'s seizure of Barry Court, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Castle Bally-in-Harsh taken by R.'s strategy, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R.'s return from, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. paid for service in, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. assigned a Captaincy in, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub"><span class='pagenum' style="text-indent:0em;"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span><i>The Opinion of Mr. Rawley</i> on, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Lord Grey deprived of Deputyship, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R.'s residences in, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">estates in Cork, Waterford, and Tipperary settled by R., <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R.'s experience as a colonist in, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. leaves to fight Armada, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Essex forces R.'s return to, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R.'s efforts in developing his estates in, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">potato and tobacco introduced by R., <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Sir William Fitzwilliam, Deputy in, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. refused Lord Deputyship, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">occupied with affairs of, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">invaded by Spain, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. on situation in, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">MacCarthy's <i>History of the Early Ages in</i>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Boyle, Earl of Cork, buys R.'s estates in, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. sells remainder of his leases, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></p> + +<p class="indmain"><i>Irish Chronicles</i>, Hooker's <i>Supply of the</i>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Islands voyage. <i>See</i> <a href="#Ind_Azores">Azores</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Islington, R.'s residence in, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></p> + +<p class="indfirst">James I. first cognisant of R., <a href="#Page_123">123</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">offers Scotch troops to repel Spanish invasion, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">sends Lennox on mission to Elizabeth, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. and Cobham reported unfavourable to, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">met by London nobility at death of Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. and Sir R. Crosse meet him at Burghley, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">unfavourably received R., <a href="#Page_132">132</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">promises R. continuance of Stannaries, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">displaces R. from the Guard, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">increases R.'s salary as Governor of Jersey, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">deprives R. of Durham House on petition of Bishop of Durham, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">involved in promises to Catholics, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">waiting Spanish overtures, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">guest of Sir F. Carew, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">given R.'s <i>Discourse on Spanish War, &c.</i>, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R.'s projects distasteful to, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">commits R. to Tower, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. begs his life of and refused hope by, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">prepares warrant for stay of R.'s execution, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">signs death-warrants for conspirators, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">intention to reprieve, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">at bull-baiting on Tower Hill, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">and Christian IV. of Denmark, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">suppresses R.'s <i>History of the World</i>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. hopes to propitiate him, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">forbids printing of R.'s <i>Prerogative of Parliament</i>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">and the Benevolence, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">a Protectionist, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">releases R., <a href="#Page_188">188</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">to be enriched by R.'s second voyage to Guiana, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">submits R.'s proposed route to Madrid, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">ignores statements of Bailey, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Captain North relates R.'s failure to, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R.'s apologetic letter to, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Spain clamours for R.'s death, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">invites claims against R., <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">his arguments for R., <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. doomed by, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub"><i>Apology</i> for Guiana voyage of no effect on, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R.'s attempted catspaw against Spain, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R.'s confession to, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">advised to give R. public trial, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. throws himself on his mercy, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">quits London and signs R.'s death-warrant, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">foiled by R.'s bearing at execution, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. begs his memory to be saved from scurrilous writers, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub"><span class='pagenum' style="text-indent:0em;"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span>death of, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Jarnac, battle of, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Jeaffreson, J. Cordy, contribution by, <a href="#Page_vi">vi</a>.;</p> +<p class="indsub">researches in Middlesex Records, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">researches in Assembly Books of K. Lynn, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Jersey, R. seeks Governorship of, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. succeeds Sir A. Paulet as Governor, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">account of and effect of R.'s rule in, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>-<a href="#Page_117">117</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Norman gentry in, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">King James increased R.'s salary for, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. displaced for Sir J. Peyton, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">references to R. in, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Jesuit captured by R., <a href="#Page_64">64</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Jewels, R.'s love of, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">value on his person when arrested, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Jonson, Ben, referred by Camden to R., <a href="#Page_175">175</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">assists R. in <i>History of the World</i>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">goes with young Walter R. to Paris, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">his <i>Works</i>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">jealous of Samuel Daniel, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">death of, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></p> + +<p class="indfirst">Keymis, Captain, with R. in Guiana, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">his second voyage to Guiana, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">commended to Lady R., <a href="#Page_140">140</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">gives evidence on R.'s trial under fear of torture, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">warden of Sherborne, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">and Guiana, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">joins R.'s fleet at Plymouth, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">commands Orinoco gold expedition without success, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">attacks San Thomé, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">announces to R. death of his son Walter R., <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">dejection at R.'s reproach, asks forgiveness, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">writes to Earl of Arundel, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">commits suicide, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Kilcolman, Spenser's Irish seat, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">King, Captain Samuel, attempts R.'s escape, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>-<a href="#Page_208">8</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">his arrest, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">King's Lynn entertains R., <a href="#Page_38">38</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Kinsale, Spanish landing at, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. returns from Guiana to, <a href="#Page_203">203</a></p> + +<p class="indfirst">La Chesnée, French envoy, offers escape to R., <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Lake, Sir Thomas, to send R. from Court, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Lane, Ralph, leader of R.'s Virginian colony, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">considers defence against Armada, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Languedoc, Catholics smoked out at, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">La Rienzi, reference to at R.'s trial, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Leicester, Earl of, R. writes from Lismore to, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. his protégé at Court, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">goes to Netherlands with R. and Sir P. Sidney, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Queen Elizabeth quarrels with, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">reconciled to R.'s Royal favour, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">in Netherlands and in disgrace, R.'s sympathy, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">reference to, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">death of, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Lennox, Duke of, diplomatic visit to Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">believes R. and Cobham opposed King James, <i>ib.</i></p> + +<p class="indmain">Limerick, victory of Sir N. Malby in woods of, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">'Lion,' Sir R. Southwell's ship at Cadiz, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">'Lion Whelp,' Cecil's ship, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. reinforced at Port of Spain by, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Lisbon, Drake and R. with expedition at, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>-<a href="#Page_42">42</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Lismore, Elizabethan capital of Munster, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></p> + +<p class="indmain"><span class='pagenum' style="text-indent:0em;"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span>Lismore Castle, R. rents from Archbishop of Cashel, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></p> + +<p class="indmain"><i>Lismore Papers</i> and R.'s references, <a href="#Page_vi">vi</a>., <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Loftie, Rev. W. J., account of R.'s lodgings in Tower, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">London citizens aid privateering against Spain, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">eagerness to share spoil, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">jewellers or goldsmiths and Spanish prize, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">plague in, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Lostwithiel, Stannaries Court of, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></p> + +<p class="indfirst">Macareo, R. tried to enter river, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">channel, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">MacCarthy, Florence, R. advises his retention in Tower, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">asks Cecil to permit R. to judge him, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">his <i>History of the Early Ages in Ireland</i>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Mace, Samuel, commands a Virginian fleet for R., <a href="#Page_125">125</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">MacDermod, Cormac, Lord of Muskerry, R.'s severity to, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Macureguarai, rich city of Guiana, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Madeira, R.'s Virginian ships stripped at, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">'Madre de Dios,' plate-ship, value of its capture, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">inquiry as to disposal of treasure, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Magrath, Meiler, Archbishop of Cashel, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Malby, Sir Nicholas, defeats Irish rebels, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Malet, Sir A., MSS., R.'s unpopularity referred to in, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Manamo, R. enters the Orinoco by river, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Manatee seen by R. in Guiana, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Mannourie, French quack attendant and spy on R., <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">gives R. a detrimental dose, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">bribed by R., <a href="#Page_208">208</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">denounced by R., <a href="#Page_220">220</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">his disgrace, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Manoa, capital of Guiana, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Markham led out for execution but reprieved, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Marlowe's career, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Marriage of R. to Elizabeth Throckmorton, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Martinez, Juan, journal of visit to Manoa, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">'Mary Rose,' Sir G. Carew's Cadiz ship, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Maurice of Nassau, letters taken to Prince, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Medina Sidonia, Duke of, his report to Philip II. of English attack on Cadiz, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">burns fleet of carracks to avoid capture by English, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Meeres, John, R.'s bailiff at Sherborne, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">his dismissal and revenge, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">arrests R.'s new bailiff, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">brings civil action against R., <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">commissioner for despoiling Sherborne, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Mellersh, Cobham's secretary, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Mexican plate fleet, R.'s designs on, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Mexico, Gulf of, R.'s early knowledge of, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Mexico, its revenue to Spain, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Meyrick, Sir Gilly, his conduct towards R., <a href="#Page_108">108</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Middle Temple, R. in, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Milton inherits and publishes R.'s <i>The Cabinet Council</i>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Mitcham, Lady R. sells an estate at, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></p> + +<p class="indmain"><i>Monarchy of Man</i>, by Sir J. Elyot, describes R.'s last moments, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Moncontour in France, R. at retreat of, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Montgomery, death of Huguenot chief, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></p> + +<p class="indmain"><span class='pagenum' style="text-indent:0em;"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span>Mont Orgueil, Jersey, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Morequito, port on River Orinoco, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">its chief Topiawari, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Mulla. <i>See</i> <a href="#Ind_Awbeg">Awbeg</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Munster, R. temporary governor of, succeeded by Zouch, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Sentleger provost-marshal in, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Spenser clerk of the council of, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">life in, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R.'s efforts to improve, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">severity of President against Cormac MacDermod, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Muskerry, Lord of, severity against, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></p> + +<p class="indfirst">Naunton's description of R., <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Navigation, R. considering international, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Netherlands, Earl of Leicester in, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Devon miners serve in, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R.'s <i>Discourse ... the Protecting of</i>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Newfoundland, R. in, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. establishes trade with Jersey, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Ninias, R.'s account of King, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">'Nonparilla,' R., Dudley's ship at Cadiz, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">North, Captain, tells the King of R.'s Guiana failure, <a href="#Page_203">203</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">North-West Passage, R.'s efforts, its discovery, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">and northern route to China, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Northampton, Lord, interviews R. in Tower, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R.'s enemy removed, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">at R.'s execution, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Northumberland, Earl of, R. visits at Sion House, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">goes to Ostend with R., <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">invited to Bath, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Nottingham, Earl of. <i>See</i> <a href="#Ind_Howard_Effingham">Howard</a></p> + +<p class="indfirst">Old Palace Yard, R. executed at, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Oldys, William, <i>Life of R.</i>, <a href="#Page_v">v</a>.;</p> +<p class="indsub">reference to, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Olonne, R. captures and forfeits to Treasury a bark of, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Orange, Prince of, Elizabeth sends R. to, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Leicester accused of conspiracy with, <i>ib.</i></p> + +<p class="indmain">Orinoco, R.'s expedition to river, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>-<a href="#Page_81">81</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">second expedition up, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">failure to find gold, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Ormond, governor of Munster, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">desire to treat with Irish, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">obtains pardon for the rebels, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">quarrels with R., <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">denounced for leniency, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Ostend, R. and Northumberland visit, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Oxford, R. educated at, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Oxford's, Lord, quarrel with Sir P. Sidney, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">at execution of R., <a href="#Page_218">218</a></p> + +<p class="indfirst">Panama pearl fisheries, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R.'s scheme to seize, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></p> + +<p class="indmain"><i>Parliaments, Prerogative of</i>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Paulet, Sir Anthony, governor of Jersey, death, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Paunsford, Richard, servant of R., <a href="#Page_6">6</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Pecora Campi. <i>See</i> <a href="#Ind_Hatton">Hatton</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Pelham, Sir William, Irish command, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Pembroke, Earl of, succeeds R. in Duchy of Cornwall, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Pembroke, Lady, R.'s friend in hour of trial, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">her son intercedes for R., <i>ib.</i></p> + +<p class="indmain">Peryam, Sir William, Chief Baron of Exchequer, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Pew, Hugh, steals R.'s pearl hat-band, &c., <a href="#Page_20">20</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Peyton, Sir John, succeeds R. in Jersey, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>;<span class='pagenum' style="text-indent:0em;"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span></p> +<p class="indsub">Sir John the younger messenger between Cobham and R., <a href="#Page_144">144</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Philip of Spain's Armada, resistance to, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">expels Antonio from Portugal, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">desire to recover prestige, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Philip III. demands R.'s execution, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">foiled by R.'s conduct at execution, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></p> + +<p class="indmain"><i>Phœnix Nest</i>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></p> + +<p class="indmain"><i>Pilgrimage</i>, R. writes <i>The</i>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Piratical expedition by R. stopped, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Plymouth, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Popham, Lord Chief Justice, tries R. at Winchester, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">hissed at conclusion of R.'s trial, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">declares R.'s Sherborne conveyance invalid, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Popham, Captain George, captures Spanish letters, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Portland, R. as governor completes defences of, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Portugal, expedition to restore Antonio, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. serves under Drake at Lisbon, <i>ib.</i></p> + +<p class="indmain">Potato introduced into Ireland by R., <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">distributed by ancestor of Lord Southwell, <i>ib.</i></p> + +<p class="indmain"><i>Prerogative of Parliaments</i>, by R., <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">its publication and intention, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">King James forbids its printing, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">issued posthumously, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">MS. in Record Office, <i>ib.</i></p> + +<p class="indmain">Preston, Captain Amyas, harries Venezuela, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Prest, Agnes, her martyrdom, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">indirect effect on R.'s religion, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">'Prudence,' a London ship, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Puerto Rico friars, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Purchas, his collection of travels, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Puritans, Essex and R. their friends, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Puttenham's praise of <i>Shepherd's Calender</i>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></p> + +<p class="indfirst"><a name="Ind_Queen" id="Ind_Queen"></a>Queen of James I., R.'s friend, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">her father, Christian IV., <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Samuel Daniel a servant of, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R.'s rhyming petition to, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">exertions to save R., <a href="#Page_210">210</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">death of, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></p> + +<p class="indfirst">'Rainbow,' Sir F. Vere's ship at Cadiz, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Rakele, R. meets Spenser at, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R.'s treatment of Irish kerns at, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Raleigh, Carew, son of Sir Walter, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">reference to, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Raleigh, George, Sir Walter's nephew, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></p> + +<p class="indmain"><a name="Ind_Raleigh_Mrs" id="Ind_Raleigh_Mrs"></a>Raleigh <i>née</i> Gilbert, Mrs., Sir Walter's mother, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">her religion, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Raleigh town, Virginia, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Raleigh, Walter, the elder, his third marriage, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">diversity of spelling his name, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">family lease of fish tithes, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">latest mention of, his age, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Raleigh, Sir Walter, Lives of, <a href="#Page_v">v</a>.;</p> +<p class="indsub">correspondence of, <a href="#Page_v">v</a>.;</p> +<p class="indsub">bibliography by Dr. Brushfield, <a href="#Page_vi">vi</a>.;</p> +<p class="indsub">love of birthplace, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">connections and parentage, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">earliest record of, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">education and career at Oxford, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">convicted of assault, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">goes to Ireland, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">with Spenser, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">character whilst in Ireland, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">pecuniary position, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>;<span class='pagenum' style="text-indent:0em;"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span></p> +<p class="indsub">his person in 1582, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">mother wit and audacious alacrity, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">success as a courtier, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Royal gifts to, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">continues Sir H. Gilbert's efforts, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">and Virginia, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">granted licence to export woollen broad-cloths, their nature and value, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">resides at Durham House, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">receives knighthood, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">successful expedition to Azores, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">elegy on Sir Philip Sidney, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">experience as an Irish colonist, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">zenith of personal success, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">part in fighting Armada, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">privateering expeditions, their excuse, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">forced return to Ireland, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">his poem of <i>Cynthia</i>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">developes his Irish estates, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">introduces the potato, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">and Puritans, his toleration, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub"><i>Report on Grenville's fight in the</i> '<i>Revenge</i>,' <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">obtains Sherborne Castle, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>-<a href="#Page_53">53</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">clandestine relations with Elizabeth Throckmorton, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">embroilment between Queen and Mrs. Throckmorton, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>-<a href="#Page_57">57</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">confined in the Tower, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">failure in health, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">released to quell disturbance in Devon, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">his popularity in Devon, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">marriage with E. Throckmorton, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">eagerness for service, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">attracted to Guiana, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">and Guiana gold, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>-<a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">publishes <i>Discovery of Guiana</i>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">merit as a writer of travel, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">his <i>Of the Voyage for Guiana</i>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">naval skill first fully recognised, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">taking of Cadiz, brilliant triumph for, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">his <i>Relation of the Action in Cadiz Harbour</i>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">details of his Cadiz command, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>-<a href="#Page_99">99</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">wounded in the leg, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">preparation for third Guiana expedition, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">lauded by literary classes on return from Cadiz, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">intimacy with Cecil and Brooke family, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">exertions to provoke second attack on Spain, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">sails with fleet to attack Azores; success at Fayal, which provokes Essex, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>-<a href="#Page_109">109</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">only nominally in Queen's favour, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">his <i>Prerogative of Parliament</i>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>-<a href="#Page_184">184</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">seeks various dignities without success, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">increasing enmity with Essex, and friendship with Cobham, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">height of fame as a geographer, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">his share in the execution of Essex, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>-<a href="#Page_121">121</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">comes under notice of James of Scotland, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">his <i>Dangers of the Spanish Faction in Scotland</i>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">his view of Irish affairs in 1601, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">not a complete loser by his expeditions, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">severe action towards Cormac MacDermod, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">advises detention of F. MacCarthy in Tower, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">good fortune ceases with Elizabeth's death, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">character, condition, and fame in 1603, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>-<a href="#Page_131">131</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">ungraciously received by King James, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">sent from Court of James, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">not judicious towards James, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Spanish schemes distasteful to King, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">arrested for complicity in Watson's plot, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">compromised by Cobham, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;<span class='pagenum' style="text-indent:0em;"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span></p> +<p class="indsub">committed to the Tower, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">attempts suicide, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">supposed farewell letter to his lady, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>-<a href="#Page_140">140</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">stripped of his appointments, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">communications with Cobham, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">enmity of populace to, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">trial at Winchester, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>-<a href="#Page_157">157</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">letter to K. James suing for life, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">poem <i>The Pilgrimage</i>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">reprieved at hour for execution, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">confinement in Tower, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">efforts for his release, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">friendship with Queen and Prince Henry, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">asks permission to go to Guiana, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">literary pursuits, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">consulted by P. Henry in shipbuilding, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>-<a href="#Page_174">4</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">writing <i>Marriage Discourses</i>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub"><i>History of World</i> and Ben Jonson, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>-<a href="#Page_182">182</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">demands for his MS., <a href="#Page_184">184</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">his <i>Cabinet Council</i>; <i>Discourse of War</i>; and <i>Observations on Trade and Commerce</i>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">his release and conditions, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">prepares second voyage to Guiana, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>-<a href="#Page_191">191</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">intrigues for seizure of Genoa, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">leaves for Guiana—fleet vicissitudes, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>-<a href="#Page_194">194</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">details of outward voyage, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>-<a href="#Page_200">200</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">meets an old servant in Guiana, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">his son slain at San Thomé, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">fails to discover gold, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">his faithful Keymis commits suicide, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">mutiny of his fleet <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">ignominious return to England, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">arrest and attempted escape, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">writes <i>Apology for the Voyage to Guiana</i>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">valuables found on his person, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">James uninfluenced by <i>Apology</i>, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">rhyming petition to Queen; her exertions, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">examined before Commissioners, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">written confession to the King, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">if pardoned declares ability to reveal State secrets, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">trial, defence, condemnation, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">bearing night before execution, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>-<a href="#Page_215">5</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">last interview with his Lady, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">last verses, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">proposed burial at Beddington, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">last moments, conduct on scaffold, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>-<a href="#Page_220">220</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">reason for attempted escape to France, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">execution, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">body in St. Margaret's, Westminster, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">his head embalmed and preserved, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">death roll of his friends, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Raleigh, Walter, the younger, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">and Sherborne estates, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">at Oxford; his tutors, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">wins a fatal duel, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">and Ben Jonson, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Captain of the 'Destiny,' <a href="#Page_193">193</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">with Keymis in Orinoco gold expedition, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">killed at San Thomé, last words, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></p> + +<p class="indmain"><a name="Ind_Raleigh_Lady" id="Ind_Raleigh_Lady"></a>Raleigh, Lady, and <i>see</i> <a href="#Ind_Throckmorton">Throckmorton</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">influence over Cecil, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">appeals to Cecil, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">and Durham House, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">her husband's supposed farewell letter, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>-<a href="#Page_140">140</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">shares rooms in Tower, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">and Sherborne Estates, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">pleads with James for R.'s pardon, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">sells an estate at Mitcham, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">letter from R. in Guiana, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">meets R. at Plymouth, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>;<span class='pagenum' style="text-indent:0em;"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span></p> +<p class="indsub">precedes R. to London, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">released from Tower, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">final interview with R., <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">and burial of her husband, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">her death, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Rebellion in Ireland, R.'s share in suppression, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>-<a href="#Page_16">16</a></p> + +<p class="indmain"><i>Remains</i> of R.'s writings, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">'Repulse,' Essex's ship off Cadiz, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">off Azores, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Revenge, R.'s ship, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">'<i>Revenge</i>,' <i>A Report of the Truth of the Fight</i>, etc., <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">its style and anonymous issue, <i>ib.</i></p> + +<p class="indmain"><i>Richard the Second</i>, Cecil entertains Essex and R. with Shakespeare, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>-<a href="#Page_104">104</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Richelieu refers to R., <a href="#Page_193">193</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Rimenant, R. at battle of, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Roanoke, discovery of, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">settled by Ralph Lane, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Roche, Lord and Lady, captured by R., <a href="#Page_15">15</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Rochelle privateers strip R.'s ships, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">'Roebuck,' R.'s ship captures 'Madre de Dios,' <a href="#Page_60">60</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Roraima, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Rutland, Countess of, Sir P. Sidney's sister, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></p> + +<p class="indfirst">Sacharissa, grand-daughter of R.'s cousin, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Saint Germain, R. receives manor of, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Salisbury, R. ill at, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">K. James and Court at, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Salisbury, See of, and R.'s Sherborne estate, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></p> + +<p class="indmain"><a name="Ind_Salisbury" id="Ind_Salisbury"></a>Salisbury, Cecil created Earl of, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Salisbury, William, Second Earl of, playmate to young Walter R., <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">at Sherborne, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Salto Caroni, cataract of, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">San Juan de Ulloa, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">San Miguel, its capture arranged, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">San Rafael de Barrancas settlement, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">San Thomé, R.'s captain attacks, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R.'s eldest son killed at, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">news of attack reaches Spain and England, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Sancroft, Archbishop, attributes <i>History of England</i> to R., <a href="#Page_182">182</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Sandars, a legate, and Irish rebellion, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Sarmiento, Don Pedro, captured by R., <a href="#Page_33">33</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Sarmiento. <i>See</i> <a href="#Ind_Gondomar">Gondomar</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Savage, Sir Arthur, and Duc de Biron, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">reference to, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Savoy watched by Venice, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Scarnafissi, Savoyard Envoy, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. suggests to him seizure of Genoa, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">lays R.'s scheme before King James; its rejection, <i>ib.</i></p> + +<p class="indmain">Schomburgk, Sir Robert, corroborates R. in Guiana, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Sentleger, Sir Warham, Irish command, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Provost Marshal of Munster, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Sentleger, Sir William, command in Guiana fleet, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Shakespeare's advent, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">performance of his <i>Richard the Second</i>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Shepherd of the Ocean, R. so named by Spenser, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>-<a href="#Page_47">7</a></p> + +<p class="indmain"><i>Shepherd's Calender</i> by Spenser, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">references to R. in, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Sherborne, R.'s favourite country abode, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R.'s acquirement of, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. at, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Dean of Sarum lets farms over R.'s head, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;<span class='pagenum' style="text-indent:0em;"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span></p> +<p class="indsub">remnant of R.'s fortune: tries to tie it to his son and Adrian Gilbert, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Sir J. Elphinstone applies for, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. conveys it to his son with rent charge to Lady R., <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">supports R. six years in Tower, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">King's Commissioners spoiling, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Cecil stays commissioners, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">held on trust for Lady R. by Sir A. Brett, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R.'s conveyance declared invalid, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Keymis warder of, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Lady R. pleads for secure tenure of, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">James covets it for and bestows it on Carr, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">repurchased for Prince Henry, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Lady R. receives 8,000<i>l.</i> in lieu of, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R.'s last sojourn at, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></p> + +<p class="indmain"><i>Shipping</i>, R.'s <i>Invention of</i>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Sidmouth Church, earliest R. deed preserved at, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Sidney, Sir Philip, R.'s contemporary at Oxford, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">tennis court quarrel, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">handsome features, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R.'s elegy on, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Sidney, Robert, marries R.'s cousin, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Simancas, R.'s map of Guiana found at, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R.'s confession of French intrigues found at, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Sion House, R. visits Earl of Northumberland at, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Smerwick Bay, Spanish invasion at, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Southwell, Sir Robert, with Cadiz expedition, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Southwell, Lord, his ancestor distributes R.'s potatoes, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Southampton, Earl of, his amusement, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Spain and R., <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">attack and capture of its plate ships, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>-<a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. tries to stem flow of gold to, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>-<a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">effect of Cadiz expedition on, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. counsels a second attack on, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">expedition to, and its accidents, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">alters destiny for Azores, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">invades Ireland at Kinsale, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">King James waiting overtures from, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R.'s <i>Discourse touching War with</i>, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R.'s offer to raise and lead troops against, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">watching France, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Guiana route submitted to, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">offers R. escort to Guiana gold mines, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">promised security at peril of R.'s life, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">asks punishment of R. for San Thomé attack, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Buckingham favourable to, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">James, the attempted catspaw of R. against, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">English pensioners in pay of, <i>ib.</i></p> + +<p class="indmain"><i>Spanish Alarum, The</i>, by R., <a href="#Page_104">104</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Spanish Ambassador pleads for R.'s life, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Spanish Armada, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>-<a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></p> + +<p class="indmain"><i>Spanish Faction in Scotland, the Dangers of a</i>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Spanish invasion of England, R.'s advice against, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>-<a href="#Page_38">38</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Sparrey, Francis, volunteers to stay in Guiana, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">captured by Spaniards; his account of Guiana, <i>ib.</i></p> + +<p class="indmain">Spenser, Edmund, secretary to Lord Grey in Ireland, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">his <i>Shepherd's Calender</i>; first meets R., <i>ib.</i>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub"><i>Colin Clout</i>, evidence of R.'s position with Queen, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">effect of R.'s friendship on, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">his <i>Faery Queen</i> and R.'s adventures compared, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Clerk of Council of Munster, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Irish estate, <i>ib.</i>;<span class='pagenum' style="text-indent:0em;"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span></p> +<p class="indsub">returns to England; at Court with R., <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">secures a pension for <i>Faery Queen</i>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">'St. Andrew,' rich Spanish prize taken at Cadiz, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">St. Bartholomew's, R. and massacre on, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">St. John, J. A., <i>Life of R.</i>, <a href="#Page_v">v</a>.;</p> +<p class="indsub">discovery of R.'s map of Guiana, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">prints R.'s confession, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">St. John, Oliver, trial of, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">St. John, Sir William, efforts for R.'s release, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">St. Margaret's, Westminster, R.'s body buried in, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">'St. Matthew,' valuable prize taken at Cadiz, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">'St. Philip,' R.'s contest at Cadiz with, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">saved from total destruction by Dutch, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Stafford, Sir Edward, tells Bacon of R. in Tower, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">his kinswoman wife of Governor of Gomera, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Stannaries, R. Lord Warden of the, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Stead, death of, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></p> + +<p class="indmain"><i>Steel Glass</i>, Gascoigne's, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">verses prefixed by R. to, <i>ib.</i></p> + +<p class="indmain">Stourton, Lady, R. arrests a Jesuit in house of, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Strozzi, Peter, lost at Azores, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Stuart, Arabella, conspirators for, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">her descent and relationship to James I., <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">protests her ignorance of plot at R.'s trial, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">James wishes to spare, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">her death, R. deprived of her pearls, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Stukely, Sir Lewis, R.'s cousin, arrests R., <a href="#Page_206">206</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">hires French quack to inveigle R., <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">bribed by and betrays R., <a href="#Page_208">208</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">valuables on R.'s person fall to, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">denounced by R., <a href="#Page_220">220</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">condemned for clipping coin, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">fled to Lundy and died a maniac, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Suffolk urges severity against R., <a href="#Page_141">141</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">'Summer's Nightingale,' R. styled the, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></p> + +<p class="indfirst">Talbot, John, R.'s secretary in Tower, death of, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Tarleton, comedian, his remark against R. at Court, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Tax on tavern-keepers ascribed to R. but due to Queen, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Temple, Middle, R. in, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Tennyson, Lord, praise of Sir R. Grenville, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></p> + +<p class="indmain"><i>Tewkesbury, Annals of</i>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Throckmorton, Arthur, dispute and dismissal from fleet, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">restored by R.'s influence, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">gains distinction at Cadiz, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></p> + +<p class="indmain"><a name="Ind_Throckmorton" id="Ind_Throckmorton"></a>Throckmorton, Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Nicholas, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">her love of R., <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">private marriage with R., <i>ib.</i>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">confined in Tower, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub"><i>see</i> <a href="#Ind_Raleigh_Lady">R., Lady</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Thynne, Francis, R.'s cousin, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">'Tiger,' Sir R. Grenville's ship, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Tipperary, R. granted estates in, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Tonson, navigator, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Topiawari, friendly Guiana chief, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Tounson, Dean of Westminster, R.'s spiritual adviser, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">describes R. in face of death, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>-<a href="#Page_215">215</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">attends R.'s execution, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Tower, R. confined in, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>-<a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. attempts suicide in, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">plague in outlying posts of, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;<span class='pagenum' style="text-indent:0em;"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span></p> +<p class="indsub">R.'s apartments in Garden or Bloody Tower, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">malaria in, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Lady R. and son leaves, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R.'s experiments in garden of, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">death of Arabella Stuart in, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">release of R., <a href="#Page_188">188</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Tower, Lieutenants of, in charge of R., Sir G. Harvey and Sir J. Peyton, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Sir William Waad, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">Sir A. Apsley and Sir T. Wilson, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></p> + +<p class="indmain"><i>Trade and Commerce</i>, R. on, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">a plea for free trade, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>-<a href="#Page_187">187</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">when published, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Trinidad, A. de Berreo Governor of, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">visited by R.'s expedition, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">its liquid pitch and oysters, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. returns from Guiana to, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></p> + +<p class="indfirst">Udall, John, protected by R. and Essex, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></p> + +<p class="indmain"><i>Underwoods</i>, verses by R. attributed to Ben Jonson, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></p> + +<p class="indfirst">Vanlore, Pieter, R. borrows of, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Venezuela coast plundered by R.'s expedition, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">precautions against English, <i>ib.</i></p> + +<p class="indmain">Venice watching Savoy, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Vere, Sir Francis, with Cadiz expedition, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">to attempt with Howard capture of Graciosa, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Villiers, favourable to R., <a href="#Page_187">187</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">animus against Somerset, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">urged to intervene for R., <a href="#Page_210">210</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">pledged to Spanish alliance, <i>ib.</i></p> + +<p class="indmain">Virginia, discovery of, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">failure of a second expedition to, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">its products attract R., <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">collapse of R.'s colony, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">a fourth expedition fails, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">expenditure on abortive fifth expedition, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R.'s relief vessels stripped by privateers, <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">drain on R.'s fortune; leases patent, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">never visited by R., <i>ib.</i>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R.'s final effort to colonise, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. not a complete loser by expeditions to, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">expected return of an expedition by R., <a href="#Page_40">40</a></p> + +<p class="indfirst">Waad, Sir W., takes R. to Winchester for trial, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">special commissioner at R.'s trial, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">thinks R. too comfortable in Tower, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">succeeds as Lieutenant of Tower, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">suspicion of R.'s experiments, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">reference to, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Walsingham and R. in Paris on St. Bartholomew's eve, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">massacre of Fort del Ore reported to, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">reference to, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">death of, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Walton, Izaak, accounts of Ben Jonson and R., <a href="#Page_175">175</a></p> + +<p class="indmain"><i>War</i>, R.'s <i>A Discourse of</i>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>-<a href="#Page_186">6</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">most pleasing of R.'s prose writings, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Warburton, judge at R.'s Winchester trial, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">'War Sprite,' R.'s ship in Cadiz expedition, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Waterford, R. granted estates in, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">trade in pipe-staves encouraged by R., <a href="#Page_47">47</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Watson's plot, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">his conviction and execution, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Webbe's praise of <i>Shepherd's Calender</i>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></p> + +<p class="indmain"><i>West Indies, Sir W. R.'s voyage to the</i>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R.'s early visits to, <i>ib.</i></p> + +<p class="indmain"><span class='pagenum' style="text-indent:0em;"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span>West Horsley Church, R.'s head rests in, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Wexford, its trade in pipe-staves encouraged by R., <a href="#Page_47">47</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Weymouth, R. at, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Whiddon, Captain Jacob, visits Guiana for R., <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">examines mouths of Orinoco, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">White, Captain John, fourth Virginian expedition, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">lands at Hatorask. His failure, <i>ib.</i></p> + +<p class="indmain">White, Roland, records R. at Court, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Whitlock, Captain, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Willoughby, Ambrose, Esquire of the body, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Wilson, Sir Thomas, spy on R., <a href="#Page_211">211</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">his acquaintance with Raleigh in Tower, <i>ib.</i></p> + +<p class="indmain">Winchester, Marquis of, entertains Queen and French envoys at Basing House, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Winchester, R. tried at Wolvesey Castle, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. confined in, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. removed from, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Winchester, Bishop of, attendant on, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Wines, farm of, R. granted, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">King James transfers it to E. of Nottingham, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Winwood, Sir Ralph, favourable to R., <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">hater of Spain, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">visits R.'s ship 'Destiny,' <a href="#Page_192">192</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">ignores Bailey's charge against R., <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R. writes of his Guiana failure to, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">his death, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Wither, George, prophecy of English supremacy in America, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Wokoken, discovery of, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Wood, Anthony à, records R. at Oxford, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></p> + +<p class="indmain"><i>Works</i> by Ben Jonson, and R.'s verses, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></p> + +<p class="indfirst">Yelverton, Attorney-General, prosecutes R., <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Yetminster Manor given to R., <a href="#Page_53">53</a></p> + +<p class="indmain">Youghal burned by Geraldines, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">destruction of Geraldine Friary, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">R.'s residence at, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">yew tree contemporary with R. still at, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">potato first planted at, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></p> + +<p class="indfirst">Zouch, in trenches at Fort del Ore, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;</p> +<p class="indsub">at Lismore, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></p> + + +<p class="center gap3"><i>Spottiswoode & Co. Printers, New-street Square, London</i></p> + +<div class="bbox"> +<h2>TRANSCRIBERS' NOTES</h2> + +<p class="tnote">General: corrections to punctuation have not been individually documented</p> + +<p class="tnote">General: references to page iii changed to page v</p> + +<p class="tnote">Page 19: life-time standardised to lifetime</p> + +<p class="tnote">Page 28: "'a delicate sweet smell' far out in ocean" as in original</p> + +<p class="tnote">Pages 148, 238: Discrepancy in the spelling of Renzi/Rienzi as in original</p> + +<p class="tnote">Page 160: Gray's standardised to Grey's in "could not hear, Grey's lips"</p> + +<p class="tnote">Page 226: "Madre de Dio" standardised to "Madre de Dios"</p> +<p class="tnote2">Beddingfield Park standardised to Bedingfield Park</p> + +<p class="tnote">Page 228: Gavan standardised to Gawen</p> + +<p class="tnote">Psge 233: N.W. standardised to N.-W.</p> + +<p class="tnote">Page 238: 206-7-8 standardised to 206-8</p> + +<p class="tnote">Page 239: Meere standardised to Meeres</p> +<p class="tnote2">Montcontour standardised to Moncontour</p> + +<p class="tnote">Page 240: hatband standardised to hat-band</p> + +<p class="tnote">Page 242: broadcloths standardised to broad-cloths</p> +<p class="tnote2">McDermod standardised to MacDermod</p> + +<p class="tnote">Page 246: Page number corrected from 24 to 64 in entry Stourton</p> + +<p class="tnote" style="margin-bottom:0.75em;">Page 247: Page number corrected from 517 to 175 in entry Underwoods</p> +</div> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Raleigh, by Edmund Gosse + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK RALEIGH *** + +***** This file should be named 27580-h.htm or 27580-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/7/5/8/27580/ + +Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading +Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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