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+ margin-top: 3em; + margin-bottom: 0em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + height: 4px; + border-width: 4px 0 0 0; /* remove all borders except the top one */ + border-style: solid; + border-color: #000000; + clear: both; } + pre {font-size: 85%;} + </style> +</head> +<body> +<h1 class="pg">The Project Gutenberg eBook of Sword and Pen, by John Algernon Owens</h1> +<pre> +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at <a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre> +<p>Title: Sword and Pen</p> +<p> Ventures and Adventures of Willard Glazier</p> +<p>Author: John Algernon Owens</p> +<p>Release Date: February 21, 2009 [eBook #28152]</p> +<p>Language: English</p> +<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p> +<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SWORD AND PEN***</p> +<p> </p> +<h3 class="pg">E-text prepared by Juliet Sutherland, David Cortesi,<br /> + and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br /> + (http://www.pgdp.net)</h3> +<p> </p> +<h2><a name="TRANSCRIBERS_NOTES" id="TRANSCRIBERS_NOTES"></a>TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES</h2> + +<p>Several minor typographical errors have been corrected in transcribing +this work. The corrected words are shown with a light underscore like +this: <ins title='originally contineu'>continue</ins>. Hover the mouse over +the word to see the original text. Typos aside, the text is original and retains +some inconsistent or outdated spellings. This HTML file uses the Latin-1 +(ISO 8859-1) character set, but all non-ASCII characters are rendered +using HTML entity notation, for example &AElig; for Æ.</p> + +<p>The original contains two lengthy addenda supplied by the publisher +which were not named in the <a href="#CONTENTS">Table of Contents</a>. +Entries for these have been added to the Contents for convenient linking.</p> + +<p>The 44 full-page illustrations from the original are shown inline in +reduced form. Click any illustration to open a larger version that +will print at the original size.</p> + +<p>Despite the many testimonials in this book, as of 2008, the source of +the Mississippi is considered to be Lake Itasca. Following a five-month +investigation in 1891 it was decided that the stream from Elk Lake (the +body that Glazier would have called Lake Glazier) into Itasca is too +insignificant to be deemed the river's source. Both lakes can be seen, +looking much as they do in the maps in this book, by directing any +online mapping service to 47°11'N, 95°14'W.</p> + +<p> </p> +<hr class="full" /> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_i" id="Page_i">[i]</a></span></p> + +<div class="center"> +<img src='images/titlepage1.png' alt='Advertisement for Works of Glazier' +title='Advertisement for Works of Glazier' /> +</div> + +<hr class='major' /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ii" id="Page_ii">[ii]</a></span></p> + +<div class='center'> +<a id='frontispiece' name='frontispiece'></a> +<img src='images/frontispiece.png' +alt='Portrait of Willard Glazier' +title='Portrait of Willard Glazier' /> +</div> + +<hr class='major' /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">[iii]</a></span></p> + +<div id='titlepage' class='center' > +<img src='images/titlepage2.png' style='border: 3px solid black;' +alt='original title page' title='original title page' /> + +<h1> + <span style="font-size:200%;">Sword and Pen;</span><br /> + <span style="font-size:33%;">OR,</span><br /> + <span style="font-size:125%;">Ventures and Adventures</span><br /> + <span style="font-size:33%;">OF</span><br /> + <span style="font-size:150%;">WILLARD GLAZIER,</span><br /> + <span style="font-size:66%;">(The Soldier-Author,)</span><br /> + <span style="font-size:33%;">IN</span><br /> + <span style="font-size:100%;">WAR AND LITERATURE:</span> +</h1> +<h3> + COMPRISING<br /> + + <span style="font-size:75%;">INCIDENTS AND REMINISCENCES OF HIS CHILDHOOD; HIS<br /> + CHEQUERED LIFE AS A STUDENT AND TEACHER; AND HIS<br /> + REMARKABLE CAREER AS A SOLDIER AND AUTHOR;<br /> + EMBRACING ALSO THE STORY OF HIS UNPRECEDENTED<br /> + JOURNEY FROM OCEAN TO OCEAN<br /> + ON HORSEBACK; AND AN ACCOUNT OF<br /> + HIS DISCOVERY OF THE TRUE SOURCE<br /> + OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER, AND<br /> + CANOE VOYAGE THENCE TO<br /> + THE GULF OF MEXICO.</span><br /> +</h3> +<h3> + <span style="font-size:75%;">BY</span><br /> + <span style="font-size:125%;">JOHN ALGERNON OWENS.</span> +</h3> + +<h3> + <span style="font-size:150%;">Illustrated.</span> +</h3> +<h3> + <span style="font-size:66%;">PHILADELPHIA:</span><br /> + + P. W. ZIEGLER &. COMPANY, PUBLISHERS,<br /> + 720 CHESTNUT STREET.<br /> + + <span style="font-size:66%;">1890</span>. +</h3> +</div> + +<hr class='major' /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv">[iv]</a></span></p> +<div style="border:1px solid black; margin: 3em; padding:2em;"> +<h3 style="line-height:1.75em;"> Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1880, by<br /> + JOHN ALGERNON OWENS,<br /> + In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D.C. +</h3> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[v]</a></span></p> + +<hr class='major' /> +<h2><a name="PREFACE" id="PREFACE"></a>PREFACE.</h2> + +<p>No apology will be required from the author for presenting +to the public some episodes in the useful career of +a self-made man; and while the spirit of patriotism continues +to animate the sturdy sons of America, the story of +one of them who has exemplified this national trait in a +conspicuous measure, will be deemed not unworthy of +record. The lessons it teaches, more especially to the +young, are those of uncompromising <i>duty</i> in every relation +of life—self-denial, perseverance and "pluck;" while the +successive stages of a course which led ultimately to a brilliant +success, may be studied with some advantage by those +just entering upon the business of life. As a soldier, +Willard Glazier was "without fear and without reproach." +As an author, it is sufficient to say, he is appreciated by +his <i>contemporaries</i>—than which, on a literary man, no +higher encomium can be passed. The sale of nearly half +a million copies of one of his productions is no slight testimony +to its value.</p> + +<p>Biography, to be interesting, must be a transcript of an +eventful, as well as a remarkable career; and to be instructive, +its subject should be exemplary in his aims, and +in his mode of attaining them. The hero of this story +comes fully up to the standard thus indicated. His career +has been a romance. Born of parents of small means but +of excellent character and repute; and bred and nurtured +in the midst of some of the wildest and grandest scenery<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[vi]</a></span> +in the rugged county of St. Lawrence, close by the +"Thousand Isles," where New York best proves her right +to be called the Empire State through the stamp of royalty +on her hills and streams—under the shadow of such surroundings +as these, my subject attained maturity, with no +opportunities for culture except those he made for himself. +Yet he became possessed of an education eminently useful, +essentially practical and calculated to establish just such +habits of self-reliance and decision as afterwards proved +chiefly instrumental in his success. Glazier had a fixed +ambition to rise. He felt that the task would be difficult +of accomplishment—that he must be not only the architect, +but the builder of his own fortunes; and, as the statue +grows beneath the sculptor's hand to perfect contour from +the unshapely block of marble, so prosperity came to Captain +Glazier only after he had cut and chiseled away at the +hard surface of inexorable circumstance, and moulded +therefrom the statue of his destiny.</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:3em;'>J. A. O.</p> + +<p style='padding-left:2em;'><span class="smcap">Philadelphia</span>, <i>June 14th</i>, 1880.</p> +<hr class='major' /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[vii]</a></span></p> +<div class='center'> +<p style='text-align:center; line-height:2em;'> +<span style="font-size:66%;"> TO </span><br /> + THE MEMORY OF<br /> + + <span style="font-size:125%;font-family:sans-serif, serif;"> ULYSSES SIMPSON GRANT,</span><br /> + + <span style="letter-spacing:3px;"> WHOSE SWORD,</span><br /> + + <span style="font-size:50%;">AND TO THAT OF</span><br /> + +<span style="font-size:125%;font-family:sans-serif, serif;">HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW,</span><br /> + + <span style="letter-spacing:3px;"> WHOSE PEN,</span><br /> + +<span style="font-family:fraktur, serif">Have so Nobly Illustrated the Valor and Genius of their Country:</span><br /> + + THE AUTHOR,<br /> + + <span class="smcap" style="font-size:75%;">In a Spirit of Profound Admiration for</span><br /> + + THE RENOWNED SOLDIER,<br /> + + <span class="smcap" style="font-size:75%;">And of Measureless Gratitude to</span><br /> + + THE IMMORTAL WRITER,<br /> + +<span style="font-family:fraktur, serif"> Dedicates This Book.</span> +</p> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[viii]</a></span></p> + +<hr class='major' /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[ix]</a></span></p> + +<div class='contents'> + +<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS.</h2> + +<h3>CHAPTER I.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>ORIGIN OF THE GLAZIER FAMILY.</span></h3> + + +<p><span class="min1">Lineage of Willard Glazier.</span> — A good stock. — Oliver Glazier at +the Battle of Bunker Hill. — The home of honest industry. — The +Coronet of Pembroke. — The "Homestead Farm." — Mehitable +Bolton. — Her New England home. — Her marriage to +Ward Glazier. — The wild "North Woods." — The mother of the +soldier-author<span class='tocnum'><a href='#Page_21'>21</a></span></p> + + +<h3>CHAPTER II.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>BIRTH AND CHILDHOOD OF WILLARD GLAZIER.</span></h3> + + +<p><span class="min1">The infant stranger.</span> — A mother's prayers. — "Be just before you +are generous." — Careful training. — Willard Glazier's first battle. — A +narrow escape. — Facing the foe. — The "happy days of +childhood." — "The boy is father to the man"<span class='tocnum'><a href='#Page_27'>27</a></span></p> + + +<h3>CHAPTER III.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>EARLY LIFE AND HABITS.</span></h3> + + +<p><span class="min1">Scotch-Irish Presbyterianism of twenty-five years ago.</span> — The +"little deacon." — First days at school. — Choosing a wife. — A youthful +gallant. — A close scholar but a wild lad. — A mother's influence. — Ward +Glazier a Grahamite. — Young Willard's practical jokes. — Anecdote +of Crystal Spring. — "That is something like water"<span class='tocnum'><a href='#Page_34'>34</a></span></p> + + +<h3>CHAPTER IV.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>WILLARD GLAZIER AT SCHOOL.</span></h3> + + +<p><span class="min1">School-days continued.</span> — Boys will be boys. — Cornelius Carter, the +teacher. — Young Willard's rebellion against injustice. — Gum-chewing. — Laughable +race through the snow. — The tumble into +a snow-bank, and what came of it. — The runaway caught. — Explanation +and reconciliation. — The new master, James Nichols. — "Spare +the rod and spoil the child." — The age of chivalry +not gone. — Magnanimity of a school-boy. — Friendship between +Willard and Henry Abbott. — Good-bye to the "little deacon"<span class='tocnum'><a href='#Page_42'>42</a></span> +</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[x]</a></span></p> +<div class='contents'> + +<h3>CHAPTER V.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>ECCENTRICITIES OF HENRY GLAZIER.</span></h3> + + +<p><span class="min1">Henry Glazier.</span> — A singular character. — "Kaw-shaw-gan-ce" and +"Quaw-taw-pee-ab." — Tom Lolar and Henry Glazier. — Attractive +show-bills. — Billy Muldoon and his trombone. — Behind the +scenes. — "Sound your G!" — The mysterious musician. — What +happened to Billy. — "May the divil fly away wid ye!"<span class='tocnum'><a href='#Page_50'>50</a></span></p> + + +<h3>CHAPTER VI.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>VISIONS OF THE FUTURE.</span></h3> + + +<p><span class="min1">The big uncle and the little nephew.</span> — Exchange of ideas between +the eccentric Henry Glazier and young Willard. — Inseparable +companions. — Willard's early reading. — Favorite authors. — Hero-worship +of the first Napoleon and Charles XII. of +Sweden. — The genius of good and of evil. — Allen Wight. — A +born teacher. — Reverses of fortune. — The shadow on the home. — Willard's +resolve to seek his fortune and what came of +it. — The sleep under the trees. — The prodigal's return. — "All's +well that ends well"<span class='tocnum'><a href='#Page_58'>58</a></span></p> + + +<h3>CHAPTER VII.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>WILLARD GLAZIER AT HOME.</span></h3> + + +<p><span class="min1">Out of boyhood. — Days of adolescence.</span> — True family pride. — Schemes +for the future. — Willard as a temperance advocate. — Watering +his grandfather's whiskey. — The pump behind the hill. — The +sleigh-ride by night. — The "shakedown" at Edward's. — Intoxicated +by tobacco fumes. — The return ride. — Landed in a +snow-bank. — Good-bye horses and sleigh! — Plodding through the +snow<span class='tocnum'><a href='#Page_68'>68</a></span></p> + + +<h3>CHAPTER VIII.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>ADVENTURES — EQUINE AND BOVINE.</span></h3> + + +<p><span class="min1">Ward Glazier moves to the Davis Place.</span> — "Far in the lane a +lonely house he found." — Who was Davis? — Description of the +place. — A wild spot for a home. — Willard at work. — Adventure +with an ox-team. — The road, the bridge and the stream. — "As an +ox thirsteth for the water." — Dashed from a precipice! — Willard +as a horse-tamer. — "Chestnut Bess," the blooded mare. — The +start for home. — "Bess" on the rampage. — A lightning dash. — The +stooping arch. — Bruised and unconscious<span class='tocnum'><a href='#Page_75'>75</a></span></p> +</div> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[xi]</a></span></p> +<div class='contents'> + +<h3>CHAPTER IX.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>THE YOUNG TRAPPER OF THE OSWEGATCHIE.</span></h3> + + +<p><span class="min1">A plan of life.</span> — Determination to procure an education. — A +substitute at the plow. — His father acquiesces in his determination +to become a trapper. — Life in the wild woods along the Oswegatchie. — The +six "dead falls." — First success. — A fallacious calculation. — The +goal attained. — Seventy-five dollars in hard cash! — Four +terms of academic life. — The youthful rivals. — Lessons in +elocution. — A fight with hair-brushes and chairs! — "The walking +ghost of a kitchen fire." — Renewed friendship. — Teaching +to obtain means for an education<span class='tocnum'><a href='#Page_87'>87</a></span></p> + + +<h3>CHAPTER X.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>THE SOLDIER SCHOOL-MASTER.</span></h3> + + +<p><span class="min1">From boy to man.</span> — The Lyceum debate. — Willard speaks for the +slave. — Entrance to the State Normal School. — Reverses. — Fighting +the world again. — Assistance from fair hands. — Willard +meets Allen Barringer. — John Brown, and what +Willard thought of him. — Principles above bribe. — Examination. — A +sleepless night. — Haunted by the "ghost of possible +defeat." — "Here is your certificate." — The school at +Schodack Centre. — At the "Normal" again. — The Edwards +School. — Thirty pupils at two dollars each. — The "soldier +school-master." — Teachers at East Schodack. — The runaway +ride. — Good-by mittens, robes and whip! — Close of school +at East Schodack<span class='tocnum'><a href='#Page_102'>102</a></span></p> + + +<h3>CHAPTER XI.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>INTRODUCTION TO MILITARY LIFE.</span></h3> + + +<p><span class="min1">The mutterings of war.</span> — Enlistment. — At Camp Howe. — First +experience as a soldier. — "One step to the front!" — Beyond +Washington. — On guard. — Promotion. — Recruiting service. — The +deserted home on Arlington Heights. — "How shall I behave +in the coming battle?" — The brave Bayard. — On the +march. — The stratagem at Falmouth Heights. — A brilliant +charge. — After the battle<span class='tocnum'><a href='#Page_118'>118</a></span></p> + + +<h3>CHAPTER XII.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>FIRST BATTLE OF BRANDY STATION.</span></h3> + + +<p><span class="min1">The sentinel's lonely round.</span> — General Pope in command of the +army. — Is gunboat service effective? — First cavalry battle of +Brandy Station. — Under a rain of bullets. — Flipper's orchard. — "Bring +on the brigade, boys!" — Capture of Confederate prisoners. — Story +of a revolver. — Cedar Mountain. — Burial of the dead +rebel. — Retreat from the Rapidan. — The riderless horse. — Death +of Captain Walters<span class='tocnum'><a href='#Page_128'>128</a></span></p> +</div> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[xii]</a></span></p> + +<div class='contents'> +<h3>CHAPTER XIII.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>MANASSAS AND FREDERICKSBURG.</span></h3> + +<p><span class="min1">Manassas.</span> — The flying troops. — The unknown hero. — Desperate +attempt to stop the retreat. — Recruiting the decimated ranks. — +Fredericksburg. — Bravery of Meagher's brigade. — The impregnable +heights. — The cost of battles. — Death of Bayard. — Outline +of his life<span class='tocnum'><a href='#Page_135'>135</a></span></p> + + +<h3>CHAPTER XIV.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>UNWRITTEN HISTORY.</span></h3> + + +<p><span class="min1">"What boots a weapon in a withered hand?"</span> — A thunderbolt +wasted. — War upon hen-roosts. — A bit of unpublished history. — A +fierce fight with Hampton's cavalry. — In one red burial +blent. — From camp to home. — Troubles never come singly. — The +combat. — The capture. — A superfluity of Confederate politeness. — Lights +and shadows<span class='tocnum'><a href='#Page_144'>144</a></span></p> + + +<h3>CHAPTER XV.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>THE CAPTURE.</span></h3> + + +<p><span class="min1">A situation to try the stoutest hearts.</span> — Hail Columbia! — Every man +a hero. — Kilpatrick's ingenuity. — A pen-picture from "Soldiers of +the Saddle." — Glazier thanked by his general. — Cessation of hostilities. — A +black day. — Fitzhugh Lee proposes to crush Kilpatrick. — Kil's +audacity. — Capture of Lieutenant Glazier. — Petty +tyranny. — "Here, Yank, hand me that thar hat, and overcoat, +and boots"<span class='tocnum'><a href='#Page_155'>155</a></span></p> + + +<h3>CHAPTER XVI.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>LIBBY PRISON.</span></h3> + + +<p><span class="min1">"All ye who enter here abandon hope."</span> — Auld lang syne. — Major +Turner. — Hope deferred maketh the heart sick. — Stoicism. — Glazier +enters the prison-hospital — A charnel-house. — Rebel +surgeons. — Prison correspondence. — Specimen of a regulation +letter. — The tailor's joke. — A Roland for an Oliver. — News of +death. — Schemes for escape. — The freemasonry of misfortune. — Plot +and counter-plot. — The pursuit of pleasure under difficulties +<span class='tocnum'><a href='#Page_166'>166</a></span></p> + +<h3>CHAPTER XVII.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>PRISON LIFE.</span></h3> + +<p><span class="min1">Mournful news.</span> — How a brave man dies. — New Year's day. — Jolly +under unfavorable circumstances. — Major Turner pays his +respects. — Punishment for singing "villainous Yankee songs." — Confederate +General John Morgan. — Plans for escape. — Digging +their way to freedom. — "Poet No. 1, All's well." — Yankee +ingenuity. — The tunnel ready. — Muscle the trump card. — No +respect to rank. — <i>Sauve qui peut!</i> — A strategic movement. — "Guards! +guards!" — Absentees from muster. — Disappointed +hopes. — Savage treatment of prisoners. — Was the prison +mined?<span class='tocnum'><a href='#Page_179'>179</a></span></p> +</div> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii">[xiii]</a></span></p> +<div class='contents'> + +<h3>CHAPTER XVIII.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>DANVILLE. — MACON. — SAVANNAH.</span></h3> + + +<p><span class="min1">Belle Boyd, the Confederate spy.</span> — National characteristics. — Colonel +Mosby. — Richmond to Danville. — Sleeping spoon-fashion. — Glazier's +"corrective point" suffers. — Saltatory entrance to a railroad +car. — Colonel Joselyn. — Sympathy of North Carolinians. — Ingenious +efforts to escape. — Augusta. — Macon. — Turner again! — "Carelessness" +with firearms. — Tunneling. — Religious revival. — Order +from Confederate War Department. — Murder! — Fourth +of July. — Macon to Savannah. — Camp Davidson. — More tunneling<span class='tocnum'><a href='#Page_194'>194</a></span></p> + + +<h3>CHAPTER XIX.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>UNDER FIRE AT CHARLESTON.</span></h3> + + +<p><span class="min1">Under siege.</span> — Charleston Jail. — The Stars and Stripes. — Federal +compliments. — Under the guns. — Roper Hospital. — Yellow Jack. — Sisters +of Charity. — Rebel Christianity. — A Byronic stanza. — Charleston +to Columbia. — "Camp Sorghum." — Nemesis. — Another +dash for liberty. — Murder of Lieutenants Young and Parker. — Studying +topography. — A vaticination. — Back to reality<span class='tocnum'><a href='#Page_206'>206</a></span></p> + + +<h3>CHAPTER XX.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>THE ESCAPE FROM COLUMBIA.</span></h3> + + +<p><span class="min1">Mysterious voices.</span> — "I reckon dey's Yankees." — "Who comes +there?" — The Lady of the Manor. — A weird spectacle. — The +struggle through the swamp. — A reflection on Southern swamps +in general. — "Tired nature's sweet restorer"<span class='tocnum'><a href='#Page_221'>221</a></span></p> + + +<h3>CHAPTER XXI.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>LOYALTY OF THE NEGROES.</span></h3> + + +<p><span class="min1">Startled by hounds.</span> — An unpleasant predicament. — A Christian +gentlewoman. — Appeal to Mrs. Colonel Taylor. — "She did all she +could." — A meal fit for the gods. — Aunt Katy. — "Lor' bress ye, +marsters!" — Uncle Zeb's prayer. — Hoe-cake and pinders. — Woodcraft +<i>versus</i> astronomy. — Canine foes. — Characteristics of the slave. — Meeting +escaped prisoners. — Danger. — Retreat and concealment<span class='tocnum'><a href='#Page_228'>228</a></span></p> + + +<h3>CHAPTER XXII.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>PROGRESS OF THE FUGITIVES.</span></h3> + + +<p><span class="min1">Parting company.</span> — Thirst and no water. — Hoping for the end. — The +boy and the chicken. — Conversation of ladies overheard. — The +fugitives pursued. — The sleeping village. — Captain Bryant. — The +<i>alba sus</i>. — Justifiable murder, and a delicious meal. — Darkies +and their prayers. — Man proposes; God disposes. — An adventure. — A +<i>ruse de guerre</i>. — Across the Savannah<span class='tocnum'><a href='#Page_238'>238</a></span></p> +</div> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xiv" id="Page_xiv">[xiv]</a></span></p> +<div class='contents'> + +<h3>CHAPTER XXIII.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>THE PERILS OF AN ESCAPE.</span></h3> + + +<p><span class="min1">Alligators.</span> — A detachment of Southern chivalry. — A scare. — Repairs +neatly executed. — Misery and despair. — Virtue its own +reward. — Hunger and desperation. — Audacity. — A Confederate +officer. — "A good Union man." — "Two sights and a jambye." — A +narrow escape<span class='tocnum'><a href='#Page_249'>249</a></span></p> + + +<h3>CHAPTER XXIV.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>RECAPTURED BY A CONFEDERATE OUTPOST.</span></h3> + + +<p><span class="min1">Fugitive slaves.</span> — A rebel planter. — The big Ebenezer. — A sound of +oars. — A <i>ruse de guerre</i>. — Burial of a dead soldier. — A +free ride. — Groping +in the dark. — "Who goes there!" — Recaptured. — <i>Nil +desperandum</i>. — James Brooks. — Contraband of war. — Confederate +murders. — In the saddle again. — A dash for freedom. — Again +captured. — Tried as a spy<span class='tocnum'><a href='#Page_261'>261</a></span></p> + + +<h3>CHAPTER XXV.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>FINAL ESCAPE FROM CAPTIVITY.</span></h3> + + +<p><span class="min1">In jail.</span> — White trash. — Yankees. — Off to Waynesboro. — No rations. — Calling +the roll. — Sylvania. — Plan for escape. — Lieutenant John +W. Wright. — A desperate project. — Escaped! — Giving chase. — The +pursuers baffled. — Old Richard. — "Pooty hard case, massa." — Rebel +deserters. — The sound of cannon. — Personating a rebel +officer. — Mrs. Keyton. — Renewed hope. — A Confederate outpost. — Bloodhounds. — +Uncle Philip. — March Dasher. — Suspicion disarmed. — "Now +I'ze ready, gemmen." — Stars and stripes. — Glorious +freedom. — Home<span class='tocnum'><a href='#Page_274'>274</a></span></p> + + +<h3>CHAPTER XXVI<br /> +<span class='subhd'>GLAZIER RE-ENTERS THE SERVICE.</span></h3> + + +<p><span class="min1">Glazier's determination to re-enter the army.</span> — Letter to Colonel +Harhaus. — Testimonial from Colonel Clarence Buel. — Letter from +Hon. Martin I. Townsend to governor of New York. — Letter +from General Davies. — Letter from General Kilpatrick. — Application +for new commission successful. — Home. — The mother +fails to recognize her son. — Supposed to be dead. — Recognized by +his sister Marjorie. — Filial and fraternal love. — Reports himself +to his commanding officer for duty. — Close of the war and of +Glazier's military career. — Seeks a new object in life. — An idea +occurs to him. — Becomes an author, and finds a publisher<span class='tocnum'><a href='#Page_295'>295</a></span> +</p> +</div> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xv" id="Page_xv">[xv]</a></span></p> +<div class='contents'> + +<h3>CHAPTER XXVII.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>CAREER AS AN AUTHOR.</span></h3> + +<p><span class="min1">Glazier in search of a publisher for +"Capture, Prison-Pen and Escape."</span> — Spends +his last dollar. — Lieutenant Richardson a friend +in need. — Joel Munsell, of Albany, consents to publish. — The +author solicits subscriptions for his work before +publication. — Succeeds. — Captain +Hampton. — R. H. Ferguson. — Captain F. C. +Lord. — Publication and sale of first edition. — Great +success. — Pays his publisher in full. — Still greater +successes. — Finally +attains an enormous sale. — Style of the work. — Extracts. — Opinions +of the press<span class='tocnum'><a href='#Page_304'>304</a></span></p> + +<h3>CHAPTER XXVIII.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>"THREE YEARS IN THE FEDERAL CAVALRY."</span></h3> + +<p><span class="min1">Another work by Captain Glazier.</span> — "Three Years in the Federal +Cavalry." — Daring deeds of the Light Dragoons. — Extracts from +the work. — Night attack on Falmouth Heights. — Kilpatrick's +stratagem. — Flight of the enemy. — Capture of Falmouth. — Burial +of Lieutenant Decker. — Incidents at "Brandy Station." — "Harris +Light" and "Tenth New York." — "Men of Maine, you must +save the day!" — Position won. — Some press reviews of the +work<span class='tocnum'><a href='#Page_313'>313</a></span></p> + +<h3>CHAPTER XXIX.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>"BATTLES FOR THE UNION."</span></h3> + +<p><span class="min1">"Battles for the Union."</span> — Extracts. — Bull Run. — Brandy Station. — Manassas. — Gettysburg. — Pittsburg +Landing. — Surrender of +General Lee. — Opinions of the press. — Philadelphia "North +American." — Pittsburg "Commercial." — Chicago "Inter-Ocean." — Scranton +"Republican." — Wilkes-Barre "Record of the +Times." — Reading "Eagle." — Albany "Evening Journal"<span class='tocnum'><a href='#Page_322'>322</a></span></p> + + +<h3>CHAPTER XXX.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>"HEROES OF THREE WARS."</span></h3> + + +<p><span class="min1">Literary zeal.</span> — "Heroes of Three Wars." — Extract from preface. — Sale +of the work. — Extracts: Washington. — Winfield Scott. — Zachary +Taylor. — Grant. — Sheridan. — Kilpatrick. — Press +reviews, a few out of many: Boston "Transcript." — Chicago +"Inter-Ocean." — Baltimore "Sun." — Philadelphia "Times." — Cincinnati +"Enquirer." — Worcester "Spy." — Pittsburg "Gazette"<span class='tocnum'><a href='#Page_341'>341</a></span></p> + + +<h3>CHAPTER XXXI.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>OCEAN TO OCEAN ON HORSEBACK.</span></h3> +</div> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xvi" id="Page_xvi">[xvi]</a></span></p> +<div class='contents'> +<p><span class="min1">From Boston to San Francisco.</span> — An unparalleled ride. — Object of +the journey. — Novel lecture tour. — Captain Frank M. Clark. — "Echoes +from the Revolution." — Lecture at Tremont Temple. — Captain +Theodore L. Kelly. — A success. — Proceeds of lecture. — Edward +F. Rollins. — Extracts from first lecture. — Press notices<span class='tocnum'><a href='#Page_363'>363</a></span></p> + + +<h3>CHAPTER XXXII.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>BOSTON TO CHICAGO.</span></h3> + + +<p><span class="min1">In the saddle.</span> — Bunker Hill. — Arrives in Albany. — Reminiscences. — The +Soldiers' Home. — Contributions for erecting Soldiers' +Home. — Reception at Rochester. — Buffalo. — Dunkirk. — Swanville. — Cleveland. — Massacre +of General Custer. — Monroe. — Lectures +for Custer Monument. — Father of General Custer. — Detroit. — Kalamazoo. — An +adventure. — Gives "Paul Revere" +a rest. — Decatur. — Niles. — Michigan City. — Chicago<span class='tocnum'><a href='#Page_376'>376</a></span></p> + + +<h3>CHAPTER XXXIII.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>CHICAGO TO OMAHA.</span></h3> + + +<p><span class="min1">Returns to Michigan City.</span> — Joliet. — Thomas Babcock. — Herbert +Glazier. — Ottawa. — La Salle. — Colonel Stevens. — Press Notice. — Taken +for a highwayman. — Milan. — Davenport. — Press Notice. — Iowa +City. — Des Moines. — Press Notice. — Attacked by prairie +wolves. — Council Bluffs. — Omaha<span class='tocnum'><a href='#Page_401'>401</a></span></p> + + +<h3>CHAPTER XXXIV.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>CAPTAIN GLAZIER CAPTURED BY INDIANS.</span></h3> + + +<p><span class="min1">Captain Glazier as a horseman.</span> — Cheyenne. — Two herders. — Captured +by Indians. — Torture and death of a herder. — Escape. — Ogden. — Letter +to Major Hessler. — Kelton. — Terrace. — Wells. — Halleck. — Elko. — Palisade. — Argenta. — Battle +Mountain. — Golconda. — Humboldt. — "The +majesty of the law." — Lovelock's. — White +Plains. — Desert. — Wadsworth. — Truckee. — Summit. — +Sacramento. — Brighton. — Stockton. — <span class="smcap">San Francisco</span><span class='tocnum'><a href='#Page_410'>410</a></span></p> + + +<h3>CHAPTER XXXV.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>RETURN FROM CALIFORNIA.</span></h3> + + +<p><span class="min1">Returns to the East by the "Iron Horse."</span> — Boston <i>Transcript</i> on +the journey on horseback. — Resumes literary work. — "Peculiarities +of American Cities." — Preface to book. — A domestic incident. — A +worthy son. — Claims of parents. — Purchases the Old Homestead, +and presents it to his father and mother. — Letter to his +parents. — The end<span class='tocnum'><a href='#Page_431'>431</a></span></p> +</div> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xvii" id="Page_xvii">[xvii]</a></span></p> +<div class='contents'> + +<h3>CHAPTER XXXVI.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER.</span></h3> + + +<p><span class="min1">An interval of literary work.</span> — Conception of another expedition. — Reflections +upon the Old Explorers. — Indian rumors. — Determined +to find the true source of the Great River. — Starting on +the eventful journey. — Joined by his brother George and Barrett +Channing Paine. — Collecting materials for the expedition. — Brainerd +the first point of departure. — Through the Chippewa +country. — Seventy miles of government road. — Curiosity its own +reward. — Arrival at Leech Lake<span class='tocnum'><a href='#Page_437'>437</a></span></p> + + +<h3>CHAPTER XXXVII<br /> +<span class='subhd'>HOME OF THE CHIPPEWAS.</span></h3> + + +<p><span class="min1">An aboriginal red man.</span> — A primitive hotel. — A native of +the forest. — Leech Lake. — Major Ruffe's arrival. — White +Cloud. — Paul Beaulieu and his theory about the source of the +Mississippi. — Che-no-wa-ge-sic. — Studying Indian manners and +customs. — Dining with Indian royalty. — Chippewa hospitality. — How +the wife of an Indian Chief entertains. — Souvenir of Flat +Mouth. — Return of Che-no-wa-ge-sic. — A council held. — An Indian +speech. — "No White Man has yet seen the head of the +Father of Waters." — Voyage of exploration. — Launching the canoes<span class='tocnum'><a href='#Page_444'>444</a></span></p> + + +<h3>CHAPTER XXXVIII<br /> +<span class='subhd'>EXPLORATION AND DISCOVERY.</span></h3> + + +<p><span class="min1">Launching the canoes.</span> — Flat Mouth and White Cloud again. — An +inspiring scene. — Farewell to Leech Lake. — Up the Kabekanka +River. — Dinner at Lake Benedict. — Difficult navigation. — A +peaceful haven. — Supper and contentment. — Lake Garfield. — Preparations +for first portage. — Utter exhaustion. — Encampment +for the night. — The cavalry column. — Lake George and Lake +Paine. — The Naiwa River. — Six miles from Itasca. — Camping on +the Mississippi watershed. — A startling discovery. — Rations giving +out. — Ammunition gone. — Arrival at Lake Itasca<span class='tocnum'><a href='#Page_454'>454</a></span> +</p> +</div> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xviii" id="Page_xviii">[xviii]</a></span></p> +<div class='contents'> +<h3>CHAPTER XXXIX.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>DISCOVERY OF THE SOURCE OF THE MISSISSIPPI.</span></h3> + + +<p><span class="min1">Short rations.</span> — Empty haversacks and depleted cartridge-boxes. — Statement +of Chenowagesic. — Captain Glazier's diary. — Vivid +description. — Coasting Itasca. — Chenowagesic puzzled. — The barrier +overcome. — Victory! the Infant Mississippi. — Enthusiastic +desire to see the source. — The goal reached. — A beautiful lake. — The +fountain-head. — An American the first white man to +stand by its side. — Schoolcraft. — How he came to miss the lake. — Appropriate +ceremonies. — Captain Glazier's speech. — Naming +the lake. — Chenowagesic. — Military honors. — "Three cheers for +the explorer"<span class='tocnum'><a href='#Page_465'>465</a></span></p> + + +<h3>CHAPTER XL.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>DOWN THE GREAT RIVER.</span></h3> + + +<p><span class="min1">Voyage from Source to Sea.</span> — Three thousand miles in an open +canoe. — "Pioneers of the Mississippi." — A thrilling lecture. — The +long voyage begun. — Mosquitoes. — Hunger and exhaustion. — The +Captain kills an otter. — Lakes Bemidji and Winnibegoshish. — An +Indian missionary. — Wind-bound. — Chenowagesic bids +farewell to the Captain. — Pokegama Falls. — Grand Rapids. — Meeting +the first steamboat. — Aitkin. — Great enthusiasm. — The +new canoes. — Leaving Aitkin. — Arrival at Little Falls. — Escorted +in triumph to the town. — "Captain Glazier! A speech! A +speech!" — Lake Pepin. — An appalling storm. — St. Louis. — Southern +hospitality. — New Orleans. — Arrival at the Gulf of +Mexico. — End of voyage<span class='tocnum'><a href='#Page_476'>476</a></span></p> + + +<h3>CHAPTER XLI.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>RECEPTION BY THE NEW ORLEANS ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.</span></h3> + + +<p><span class="min1">Captain Glazier returns to New Orleans.</span> — A general ovation. — Flattering +opinions of the press. — Introduction to the Mayor. — Freedom +of the City tendered. — Special meeting of the New Orleans +Academy of Sciences. — Presentation of the "Alice" to +the Academy. — Captain Glazier's address. — The President's Response. — Resolutions +of thanks and appreciation passed. — Visit +to the Arsenal of the Washington Artillery. — Welcome by the +Old Guard of the Louisiana Tigers. — Pleasant memories of the +"Crescent City"<span class='tocnum'><a href='#Page_490'>490</a></span></p> +</div> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xix" id="Page_xix">[xix]</a></span></p> +<div class='contents'> + +<h3>CHAPTER XLII.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>BEFORE THE MISSOURI HISTORICAL SOCIETY.</span></h3> + + +<p><span class="min1">Return to St. Louis.</span> — Lecture at Mercantile Library Hall. — Brilliant +audience. — The Missouri Historical Society present. — Eloquent +introduction by Judge Todd. — "Pioneers of the Mississippi." — Presentation +of the "Itasca" to the Historical Society. — Remarks +of Captain Silas Bent on accepting the canoe. — Congratulations +of the audience. — Closing scene<span class='tocnum'><a href='#Page_496'>496</a></span></p> + + +<h3>CHAPTER XLIII.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>GREETINGS OF THE VOYAGE.</span></h3> + + +<p><span class="min1">An interesting souvenir.</span> — Greeting at Lake Glazier. — Petition to +Geographical Societies. — Voice from Aitkin, Gate City of the Upper +Mississippi. — Tributes from Brainerd. — Mississippi Pyramid. — An +old friend at La Crosse. — Greetings at St. Louis. — Senator +Lamar. — Royal welcome at Bayou Tunica. — Sentiment of Port +Eads. — Congratulations of the officers of the "Margaret." — Greetings +from New Orleans. — "Fame's triple wreath." — Closing +remarks<span class='tocnum'><a href='#Page_502'>502</a></span></p> + +<h3>"SWORD AND PEN" COMMENDATIONS.</h3> +<p> +<span class='tocnum'><a href='#Page_517'>517</a></span></p> + +<h3>APPENDIX BY THE PUBLISHERS</h3> +<p> +<span class='tocnum'><a href="#Appx_i"><i>Appx. i</i></a></span></p> + +</div> + +<hr class='major' /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xx" id="Page_xx">[xx]</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="ILLUSTRATIONS" id="ILLUSTRATIONS"></a>ILLUSTRATIONS.</h2> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td class='l'>Portrait of the Soldier-author</td><td class='r'><a href='#frontispiece'><i>Frontispiece</i></a></td></tr> +<tr><td class='l'>Birth-place of Willard Glazier</td><td class='r'><a href='#illus01'>26</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class='l'>The First Battle</td><td class='r'><a href='#illus02'>32</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class='l'>Race with the Schoolmaster</td><td class='r'><a href='#illus03'>44</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class='l'>Tragic Experience with an Ox-Team</td><td class='r'><a href='#illus04'>80</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class='l'>The Young Trapper of the Oswegatchie</td><td class='r'><a href='#illus05'>90</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class='l'>Gouverneur Wesleyan Seminary</td><td class='r'><a href='#illus06'>102</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class='l'>Old State Normal School</td><td class='r'><a href='#illus07'>110</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class='l'>A Cavalry Column on the March</td><td class='r'><a href='#illus08'>118</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class='l'>Night Attack on Falmouth Heights</td><td class='r'><a href='#illus09'>126</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class='l'>Federal Canteens for Confederate Tobacco</td><td class='r'><a href='#illus10'>130</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class='l'>Burial of Captain Walters at Midnight, during Pope's retreat</td><td class='r'><a href='#illus11'>134</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class='l'>Sergeant Glazier at Aldie</td><td class='r'><a href='#illus12'>146</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class='l'>Lieutenant Glazier at Brandy Station</td><td class='r'><a href='#illus13'>156</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class='l'>Cavalry Fight at New Baltimore—Lieutenant Glazier taken Prisoner</td><td class='r'><a href='#illus14'>160</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class='l'>Libby Prison</td><td class='r'><a href='#illus15'>166</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class='l'>The Hole in the Floor</td><td class='r'><a href='#illus16'>192</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class='l'>Tunneling—the Narrow Path To Freedom</td><td class='r'><a href='#illus17'>198</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class='l'>Charleston Jail—Charleston, South Carolina</td><td class='r'><a href='#illus18'>206</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class='l'>The Escape From Columbia—Crossing the Dead-Line</td><td class='r'><a href='#illus19'>216</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class='l'>The Escape—Fed by Negroes in a Swamp</td><td class='r'><a href='#illus20'>220</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class='l'>The Pursuit of Knowledge under Difficulties</td><td class='r'><a href='#illus21'>224</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class='l'>Uncle Zeb's Prayer</td><td class='r'><a href='#illus22'>232</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class='l'>The Escape—Crossing the Savannah at Midnight</td><td class='r'><a href='#illus23'>246</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class='l'>A Mutual Surprise</td><td class='r'><a href='#illus24'>258</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class='l'>Recaptured by a Confederate Outpost</td><td class='r'><a href='#illus25'>266</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class='l'>The Escape and Pursuit</td><td class='r'><a href='#illus26'>270</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class='l'>The Escape From Sylvania, Georgia—Running the Guard</td><td class='r'><a href='#illus27'>276</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class='l'>Interview With Joel Munsell</td><td class='r'><a href='#illus28'>306</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class='l'>Cavalry Foraging-Party Returning To Camp</td><td class='r'><a href='#illus29'>312</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class='l'>A Cavalry Bivouac</td><td class='r'><a href='#illus30'>319</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class='l'>Battle of Gettysburg</td><td class='r'><a href='#illus31'>332</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class='l'>Captain Glazier at Tremont Temple—Boston</td><td class='r'><a href='#illus32'>364</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class='l'>Boston to Brighton—First Day of The Journey</td><td class='r'><a href='#illus33'>376</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class='l'>A Night among Wolves</td><td class='r'><a href='#illus34'>406</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class='l'>Captured by Indians, near Skull Rocks, Wyoming</td><td class='r'><a href='#illus35'>412</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class='l'>Pursued by Arrapahoes</td><td class='r'><a href='#illus36'>418</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class='l'>Riding into the Pacific, near the Cliff House—San Francisco</td><td class='r'><a href='#illus37'>428</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class='l'>Map of the Headwaters of the Mississippi</td><td class='r'><a href='#illus38'>437</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class='l'>Captain Glazier Embarking for the Headwaters of the Mississippi</td><td class='r'><a href='#illus39'>454</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class='l'>Camp Among the Pines</td><td class='r'><a href='#illus40'>458</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class='l'>Making a Portage</td><td class='r'><a href='#illus41'>462</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class='l'>Map of Lake Glazier</td><td class='r'><a href='#illus42'>464</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class='l'>Lake Glazier—Source of the Mississippi</td><td class='r'><a href='#illus43'>468</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class='l'>Running Rapids on the Upper Mississippi</td><td class='r'><a href='#illus44'>478</a></td></tr> +</table> +</div> + +<hr class='major' /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span></p> + + +<h1 style="margin:3em auto 3em auto; font-size:200%;">SWORD AND PEN.</h1> + + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>ORIGIN OF THE GLAZIER FAMILY.</span> +</h2> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Lineage of Willard Glazier. — A good stock. — Oliver Glazier at +the Battle of Bunker Hill. — The home of honest industry. — The +Coronet of Pembroke. — The "Homestead Farm." — Mehitable +Bolton. — Her New England home. — Her marriage to +Ward Glazier. — The wild "North Woods." — The mother of the +soldier-author.</p></div> + +<p>Willard Glazier comes of the mixed +blood of Saxon and of Celt. We first hear +of his ancestors upon this side of the Atlantic at that +period of our nation's history which intervened between +the speck of war at Lexington and the cloud +of war at Bunker Hill.</p> + +<p>Massachusetts and the town of Boston had become +marked objects of the displeasure of the British Parliament. +Later, in 1775, Ethan Allen had startled +Captain Delaplace by presenting his lank figure at the +captain's bedside and demanding the surrender of +Ticonderoga in the name of the "Great Jehovah and +the Continental Congress." In the language of Daniel +Webster, "A spirit pervaded all ranks, not transient, +not boisterous, but deep, solemn, determined."</p> + +<p>War on their own soil and at their own doors was +indeed a strange work to the yeomanry of New Eng<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span>land; +but their consciences were convinced of its necessity, +and when their country called them to her defense +they did not withhold themselves from the perilous +responsibility.</p> + +<p>The statement of Quincy seemed to pervade all +hearts. Said that distinguished son of genius and +patriotism, "Blandishments will not fascinate us, nor +will threats of a halter intimidate; for, under God, we +are determined that, wheresoever, whensoever, and +howsoever we shall be called to make our exit, we +will die free men."</p> + +<p>At such a time, and among such men, we find enrolled +in the ranks of the patriot army Oliver Glazier, +the great-grandfather of the subject of the present +biography.</p> + +<p>Oliver's father was John Glazier, a Massachusetts +Lancastrian, born in 1739. John Glazier was the son +of William Glazier, born about the year 1700, his +ancestry being respectively of English and of Scotch +extraction. Oliver himself, however, was born in the +town of Lancaster, in the province or colony of Massachusetts, +May twenty-third, 1763.</p> + +<p>Hence the blood of Norman, of Saxon and of Celt, +that had forgotten the animosities of race and mingled +quietly in the veins of his ancestors, had become purely +American in Oliver, and though but little over fourteen +years of age, we find him doing yeoman service +upon the ramparts of Bunker Hill.</p> + +<p>That he performed well his part in the struggle for +liberty, is evident from the fact that he appears upon +the rolls as a pensioner, from the close of that memorable +contest until the time of his death.</p> + +<p>Mr. Frank Renehan, in a sketch contributed by him<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span> +to an elaborate work which was published by the New +York and Hartford Publishing Company in 1871, +comments as follows upon the coincidence of Oliver +Glazier in 1775 and Willard Glazier in 1861—both +being at the time of entering service comparatively +boys in age, enlisting for the defense of their country: +"The former, though then but fourteen years of age, +participated with the patriots in the battle of Bunker +Hill, and to the last contributed his young enthusiasm +and willing services to the cause he had espoused; +thus giving early testimony of his devotion to the +land of his adoption and of fealty to the principles of +popular government involved in the struggle for +American independence. So remarkable an instance +of ancestral fidelity to the interests of civil liberty +could not but exercise a marked influence upon those +of the same blood to whom the tradition was handed +down, and here we find our subject, a scion of the third +generation, assisting in 1861 on the battlefields of the +South, in maintenance of the liberty his progenitor had +contributed to achieve in 1775 on the battlefields of the +North! This is not mentioned as a singular fact—history +is replete with just such coincidences,—but merely +for the purpose of suggesting the moral that, in matters +of patriotism, the son is only consistent when he imitates +the example and emulates the virtues of his sires."</p> + +<p>In this eloquent passage occurs an error of fact. +Oliver Glazier while in the patriot army was <i>not</i> fighting +for the "land of his adoption." As we have seen, +he was native here and "to the manor born." Indeed, +in the light of historic proof and with the example +of men descended from Washington and Light +Horse Harry Lee before us, we are rather inclined to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span> +admire the paragraph as a fine specimen of rhetorical +composition than to admit its accuracy as a deduction +in philosophy.</p> + +<p>Subsequent to his term of military service—an experience +through which he had safely passed—Oliver +Glazier became a resident of West Boylston, Massachusetts, +where he married a Miss Hastings.</p> + +<p>The name of Glazier, Lower tells us, is purely English, +and is derived from the title given to the trade. +However that may be, those who have borne it have +always expressed a pride in having sprung from the +great mass—the people—and have held with the philosopher +of Sunnyside, that whether "hereditary rank +be an illusion or not, hereditary virtue gives a patent +of nobility beyond all the blazonry of the herald's college." +The name of Hastings takes its rise from +a nobler source; for Mrs. Oliver Glazier brought +into the family as blue blood as any in all England. +The great family which bears that name in Great +Britain can show quarterings of an earlier date than +the battle which gave a kingdom to William of Normandy. +Macaulay says that one branch of their line, +in the fourteenth century, "wore the coronet of Pembroke; +that from another sprang the renowned Lord +Chamberlain, the faithful adherent of the White Rose, +whose fate has furnished so striking a theme both to +the poet and historian," and while it is probable that +this wife of an American patriot was many degrees removed +from the powerful leaders whose name she bore, +the same blood undoubtedly flowed in her veins that +coursed through theirs.</p> + +<p>Oliver, during the many years of a happy married +life which terminated in his death at the ripe age of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span> +ninety-seven, became the father of eight children. His +son Jabez left Boylston at an early age, and after considerable +"prospecting" finally married a Miss Sarah +Tucker and settled in the township of Fowler, St. +Lawrence County, New York. Out of their union +sprang three sons, George, Ward, and Henry, and four +daughters, Elvira, Martha, Caroline and Lydia. During +a visit he made to his "down East" relations, +Ward married a young lady by the name of Mehitable +Bolton, of West Boylston, Massachusetts.</p> + +<p>This young lady was a true representative of the +New England woman, who believes that work is the +handmaid of religion. She entered a cotton factory at +Worcester when only seventeen years of age, and worked +perseveringly through long years of labor, often walking +from her home in West Boylston to the factory +at Worcester, a distance of seven miles. At the time +of her marriage—which occurred when she was twenty-five—she +had accumulated the snug little sum of five +hundred dollars, besides possessing a handsome wardrobe, +all of which was the fruit of her own untiring +industry.</p> + +<p>If it be true that the mothers of men of mark are +always women of strong and noble characters, then we +are not surprised to find in the mother of Willard +Glazier those sterling qualities which made her young +life successful.</p> + +<p>The early married life of Ward Glazier was passed +upon the farm first cleared and cultivated by his father, +and which has since become known to the neighborhood +as the "Old Glazier Homestead." This farm +is situated in the township of Fowler, midway +between the small villages of Little York and Fullersville.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span></p> + +<p>The township is a tract of rugged land, containing +only the little village of Hailesborough, besides those +already named. Along its borders rushes and tumbles +a turbulent stream which still retains its original +Indian appellation—the Oswegatchie; a name no +doubt conveying to the ear of its aboriginal sponsors +some poetical conceit, just as another stream in far off +Virginia is named the Shenandoah, or "Daughter of +the Stars."</p> + +<p>Those who are at all familiar with the scenery that +prevails in what in other sections of the country are +called the great North Woods, and in their own neighborhood +the great South Woods, can readily imagine +what were the geological and scenic peculiarities of +Fowler township. Bare, sterile, famished-looking, as +far as horticultural and herbaceous crops are concerned, +yet rich in pasture and abounding in herds—with vast +rocks crested and plumed with rich growths of black +balsam, maple, and spruce timber, and with huge +boulders scattered carelessly over its surface and margining +its streams, St. Lawrence County presents to-day +features of savage grandeur as wild and imposing +as it did ere the foot of a trapper had profaned its +primeval forests.</p> + +<p>Yet its farms and its dwellings are numerous, its +villages and towns possess all the accompaniments of +modern civilization, the spires of its churches indicate +that the gentle influences of religion are not forgotten, +and there, as elsewhere, the indomitable will of man +has won from the wilderness a living and a home.</p> + +<div class="image"> +<a id='illus01' name='illus01'></a> +<a href='images/illus01h.png'> + <img src='images/illus01.png' + title='Birth-place Of Willard Glazier.' + alt='Birth-place Of Willard Glazier.' /> +</a> +<p class='caption'> +BIRTH-PLACE OF WILLARD GLAZIER. +</p></div> + +<hr class='major' /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>BIRTH AND CHILDHOOD OF WILLARD GLAZIER.</span> +</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The infant stranger. — A mother's prayers. — "Be just before you +are generous." — Careful training. — Willard Glazier's first battle. — A +narrow escape. — Facing the foe. — The happy days of +childhood. — "The boy is father to the man."</p></div> + +<p>The Glazier Homestead, as we have said, is upon +the main road leading from Little York to Fullerville. +It is a substantial and comfortable farm-house, +with no pretension to architectural beauty, but, +nevertheless, is a sightly object in a pleasant landscape. +Standing back two hundred feet from the +road, in a grove of gigantic elms, with a limpid brook +of spring water a short distance to the right, and rich +fields of herd grass stretching off rearwards towards +the waters of the Oswegatchie, which hurry along on +their journey of forty miles to the St. Lawrence River, +the old house is sure to attract the attention of the +traveller, and to be long remembered as a picture of +solid and substantial comfort.</p> + +<p>In this old house, upon the morning of August +twenty-second, 1841, to Ward Glazier and Mehitable, +his wife, a son was born who was subsequently named +Willard. The father and mother were by no means +sentimental people—they were certainly not given to +seeing the poetical side of life; they were plain, +earnest people, rough hewn out of the coarse fibre +of Puritanism, but the advent of this little child<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span> +brought a joy to their hearts that had its softening +influence upon the home in which he was to be +reared.</p> + +<p>The thoroughness of Ward Glazier's nature, that +conscientiousness in excess which made him radical in +all things, was of the <i>heart</i> as well as of the head, and +though not a demonstrative man, the intensity of his +paternal love cropped out in many ways. As to his +wife, hers was truly "mother's love." And what +notes are there attuned to sacred music, in all the +broad vocabulary of the English tongue, which gives +any idea of the sentiment that links a woman to her +babe, except the three simple syllables, "mother's +love!" Brooding over the tiny stranger, ready to +laugh or cry; exultant with hope and pride, despondent +with fear, quivering with anguish if the "wind of +heaven doth visit its cheek too roughly," and singing +hosannas of joy when it lisps the simpler syllables that +she so patiently has taught, covering it with the broad +wing of her measureless affection, and lavishing upon +it such "sighs as perfect joy perplexed for utterance, +steals from her sister sorrow," there is nothing except +God's own illimitable affection for his creatures, that +can rival in depth and strength and comprehensiveness, +a mother's love.</p> + +<p>The heart of Ward Glazier's wife, at this time, blossomed +in absolutely rank luxuriance with this feeling, +and ran riot in the joy of its possession; but she +determined within herself that it should be no blind or +foolish worship. It grew, therefore, into a sober, +careful, provident affection.</p> + +<p>Quiet and unobtrusive in manner, her face always +wore a look of gravity befitting one who felt that God<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span> +had entrusted to her charge a fresh human soul to +mould for good or evil. She fully realized the fact +that her son would grow up with honor or sink down +into ignominy just as she should guide or spoil him +in his youth. She quite comprehended the stubborn +truth, that while the father to some extent may +shape the outward career of his son, the mother is +responsible for the coloring of his inner life: and that</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"All we learn of good is learned in youth,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">When passion's heat is pure, when love is truth."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>Though of Puritan stock, though reared in the austere +faith of John Knox, there was nothing hard or +harsh in this mother's character, and still less was +there anything of the materialist about her. She +would have utterly scouted the doctrine of Cabanis +and his school, which held that the physical was the +whole structure of man; that all instincts, passions, +thoughts, emanated from the body; that sensibility is +an effect of the nervous system, that passion is an +emanation of the viscera, that intellect is nothing more +than a cerebral secretion, and "self-consciousness but a +general faculty of living matter." She had drunk +inspiration of a different kind from her infancy. In her +New England home the very atmosphere was charged +with religious influences. She was taught, or rather +she had learned without a teacher, not only to see God +in the flowers and in the stars, but to recognize his +immediate agency in all things terrestrial.</p> + +<p>Night after night, listening to the tremulous tones +of her father as he read a lesson from the sacred page, +not only to those of his own blood, but to his "man-servant, +his maid-servant, and the stranger within his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span> +gates," she had felt the presence of a tangible God, and +when, at last, she followed the fortunes of the chosen +one of her heart far into the great North Woods, nature +spoke to her from the forest and the cataract, deepening +each early impression and intensifying each early +belief, until she realized as a living fact that the "Lord +was ever in his holy temple" and that his temple was +the universe.</p> + +<p>To a woman like this every act of life became a matter +of conscience, and the training of her child of course +became such to Mrs. Glazier. She had watched the +pitfalls which the "world, the flesh and the devil"—that +trinity of evil—provide for the feet of the unwary, +and she determined that young Willard's steps, if she +could prevent it, should never stray that way.</p> + +<p>Her husband took life and its duties much more +easily. He was less rigid in his sense of parental responsibility. +While a man of great rectitude of purpose, +he was good-natured to a fault—somewhat improvident, +careless of money, ever ready to extend aid +to the needy, and especially disinclined to the exercise +of harshness in his home, even when the stern element +of authority was needed. In short, he was one of those +big-hearted men who are so brimful of the "milk of +human kindness" that the greatest pain they ever feel +is the pain they see others suffer. His plan therefore +was, spare the rod even if you <i>do</i> spoil the child.</p> + +<p>But—perhaps fortunately for young Willard—Mrs. +Glazier held different views. From his very infancy +she endeavored to instil into his nature habits of truthfulness, +industry and thrift. "Never waste and never +lie" was her pet injunction. Her aim was not to make +her son a generous, but a <i>just</i> man. "One hour of jus<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span>tice +is worth an eternity of prayer," says the Arabian +proverb, but Mrs. Glazier, while she exalted justice as +the greatest of the virtues, also believed that in order +to make man's heart its temple, prayer was an absolutely +necessary pre-requisite. She likewise endeavored +from the first to habituate the boy's mind to reflect +upon the value of money and the uses of economy. +She would have "coined her blood for drachms" if +that would have benefited her husband or her son. +Her savings were not spent upon herself, but in the +hard school of a bitter experience she had learned that +money means much more than dollars and cents—that +its possession involves the ability to live a life of +honor, untempted by the sordid solicitations that +clamor round the poor man's door and wring the poor +man's heart.</p> + +<p>The result was that as soon as he began to comprehend +her words, young Willard had impressed upon his +memory maxims eulogizing all who practise habits of +sobriety, industry and frugality, and denunciatory of +all who fail to do so.</p> + +<p>His mother never wearied of teaching him such sayings +of Dr. Franklin as these: "Time is money," +"Credit is money," "Money begets money," "The +good paymaster is lord of another man's purse," and +"The sound of a man's hammer heard by his creditor +at six o'clock in the morning makes him easy six +months longer, while the sound of his voice heard in a +tavern, induces him to send for his money the next +day;" "Trifling items aggregate into large totals," +while the text that ruled the house was that of the +Scripture, "If any would not work neither should he +eat."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span></p> + +<p>The effect of the constant teaching of such lessons +was not however perceptible in the lad's habits in very +early life. He was no model little boy, no monster of +perfection—he was like the boys that we see around us +every day—not one of the marvels we read about. +But the seed was sown in his soul which was destined +to quicken into fruit in after life.</p> + +<p>At the early age of four years his mother began to +teach him to read and write, and under her loving tuition +he acquired a knowledge of these two branches of +culture quite rapidly.</p> + +<p>Just about this time an incident occurred which +came near finishing young Willard's career in a manner +as sudden as it would have been singular.</p> + +<p>The "Homestead Farm" was at that time pretty +well stocked for a place only containing one hundred +and forty acres, and among the cattle was a sturdy +Alderney bull whose reputation for peace and quietness +was unusually good.</p> + +<p>On a certain morning, however, early in the spring +of the year 1845, young Master Willard happened to +overhear a conversation between two of the farm +hands, in the course of which one of them declared +that "old Blackface was tarin' round mighty lively." +This statement interested the lad to such an extent that +he concluded to go and see how this "tarin' round" +was done.</p> + +<p>Accordingly, taking advantage of a moment when +his mother's attention was occupied, he started for the +barnyard, into which Mr. Bull had been turned only +a few moments before. Now as young Willard was +somewhat smaller than the visitors our bovine friend +was in the habit of receiving, such an unwarrantable<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span> +intrusion was not to be tolerated for a moment. Accordingly, +no sooner had Willard set his little feet +within the enclosure of the barn-yard than the bull +gave a roar of rage, and catching the boy on the tips +of his horns, which fortunately were buttoned, sent +him twenty feet up in the air, preparing to trample +him out of existence when he should come down. +Luckily some of the men were attracted to the scene, +who secured his bullship and rescued the child. +Willard was not seriously hurt, and the instant he +regained his feet, he turned round, shook his tiny fist +at the now retreating animal and shouted out in a +shrill treble, "When I get to be a big man I'll toss +you in the air!"</p> + +<p>Having thus taken the bull by the horns in a literal +as well as figurative sense, the lad began gradually to +develop into that terrible embodiment of unrest—a +boy. He exhibited no very marked peculiarities up +to this time to distinguish him from other youths; but +just grew into the conglomerate mass of good, bad and +indifferent qualities which go to make up the ordinary +flesh-and-blood boy—brimful of mischief and impatient +of restraint.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr class='major' /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>EARLY LIFE AND HABITS.</span> +</h2> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Scotch-Irish Presbyterianism of twenty-five years ago. — The "little +deacon." — First days at school. — Choosing a wife. — A youthful +gallant. — A close scholar but a wild lad. — A mother's +influence. — Ward +Glazier a Grahamite. — Young Willard's practical jokes. — Anecdote +of Crystal Spring. — "That is something like water."</p></div> + +<p>It must not be supposed that young Willard's home +was gloomy and joyless, because it was presided +over by a religious woman. The Presbyterians of +that day and that race were by no means a lugubrious +people. They did not necessarily view their lives as a +mere vale of tears, nor did they think the "night side +of nature" the most sacred one. The Rev. Mr. Morrison, +one of their divines, tells us that "the thoughtless, +the grave, the old and the young, alike enjoyed +every species of wit," and though they were "thoughtful, +serious men, yet they never lost an occasion that +might promise sport," and he very pertinently asks, +"what other race ever equaled them in getting up +corn-huskings, log-rollings and quiltings?—and what +hosts of queer stories are connected with them!" +Fond of fun, there was a grotesque humor about them, +which in its way has, perhaps, never been equaled.</p> + +<p>"It was the sternness of the Scotch Covenanter +softened by a century's residence abroad, amid persecution +and trial, united to the comic humor and pathos +of the Irish, and then grown wild in the woods among +their own New England mountains."</p> + +<div class="image"> +<a id='illus02' name='illus02'></a> +<a href='images/illus02h.png'> + <img src='images/illus02.png' + title='The First Battle.' + alt='The First Battle.' /> +</a> +<p class='caption'> +THE FIRST BATTLE. +</p></div> + +<p> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span> +Such was the Scotch-Irish Presbyterianism of that +period.</p> + +<p>Other cheerful influences were also at work in the +two villages that comprised the town of Fowler. +The only house of worship in the town proper was a +Universalist church, and the people were compelled for +the most part, notwithstanding their various creeds, +to worship in a common temple where the asperities of +sectarian difference had no existence.</p> + +<p>Ward Glazier, at that time, was an adherent of +Universalism, while his wife held evangelical views. +But he was ever ready to ride with his wife and son +to the church of her choice at Gouverneur, a distance +of six miles, and returning, chat with them pleasantly +of the sermon, the crops, the markets and the gossip +of the town.</p> + +<p>In truth, young Willard's early home was a good +and pleasant one, and having learned, under his +mother's careful training, to read exceedingly well, for +a boy of his age, by the time he reached his fourth +year he became noted for his inquiring disposition, his +quiet manner, and a quaint habit of making some +practical application of the "wise saws" with which +his mother had stored his juvenile mind.</p> + +<p>The result was that up to this period of his existence +he was an old-fashioned little fellow, and somehow +had acquired the sobriquet of the "little deacon."</p> + +<p>At about five years of age, however, a change took +place in the boy.</p> + +<p>The bird that flutters and twitters in the parent +nest is a very different thing from the emancipated +fledgeling, feeling its newly acquired power of flight, +and soaring far up and out into the woods and over<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span> +the fields; and the boy whose experience of life is +confined to the household of his parents, is not less +different from the lad who has gone beyond it into +the bustle and turmoil of that epitomized world,—a +public school.</p> + +<p>Little Willard, like other youths, was thrown into +this new sphere of action suddenly, and without any +adequate idea of what was there expected of him. +The first day passed as all first days at school pass, +not in study, but in looking on and becoming accustomed +to the surroundings, himself in turn being the +subject of scrutiny by his school-mates, as the "new +boy." The day did not end, however, without its +incident.</p> + +<p>Young Willard as soon as he had made his bow to +his new teacher, was placed upon a bench in close +proximity to a pretty little girl of about his own age. +Instead of wasting his time therefore, by studying the +less attractive lineaments of his male companions, he +made a careful comparison between this young lady +and the other girls present, the result of which was +that the moment he was permitted to go out during +the customary recess, he bounded off home at the top +of his speed, and with all the exuberance natural to +his years announced to his astonished mother, "Mother! +mother! I've picked out my wife!"</p> + +<p>Susceptibility to the influence of beauty seems, at +this period of Willard's life, to have been one of his +prominent characteristics, for in addition to exhibiting +itself in the manner described, upon another occasion +not long afterwards it broke out as follows:</p> + +<p>Every school-boy is aware that there is nothing so +humiliating to a male pupil at a public school as to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span> +be called a "girl-boy." Hence, for trivial offences a +boy is often punished by being sandwiched between +two girls, and compelled to remain there until the +offence committed has been sufficiently atoned for. +Now young Willard was frequently guilty of talking +during study hours, and his teacher determined to try +this species of punishment upon him with a view of +correcting the offensive habit. As soon, therefore, as +he caught him indulging in the prohibited practice, he +was ordered to take his place between two very young +ladies of six and eight summers respectively. To the +amazement of his teacher, young Willard sustained the +infliction smilingly, and believing that this was an +indication that the culprit recognized the justice of the +punishment and was practising a commendable patience, +he very soon called him up to his own desk, reasoned +with him upon the necessity of observing the rules of +school, and released him with an admonition to be +careful for the future, as a repetition of his offence +would certainly be followed by a repetition of the +punishment.</p> + +<p>Willard said nothing, but went to his desk, and for +the space of five minutes, perhaps, there was complete +silence in the school-room. Then Mr. —— was startled +to hear a distinct, clear, unmistakable whisper +break in upon his meditations, and became as suddenly +struck with the conviction that it was uttered by +Master Willard Glazier.</p> + +<p>The countenance of the pedagogue grew dark and +stern. Fire shot from his usually calm eyes, and his +expression betokened the fact that this flagrant act of +disobedience was more than he could bear. Indignation +however soon gave place to astonishment, for the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span> +little fellow, without waiting for a single word from +his teacher's lips, quietly arose to his feet, and with +the placid expression of an individual performing a +meritorious action, marched across the school-room and +deliberately seated himself in the place he had before +occupied between the two little girls.</p> + +<p>"Willard Glazier!" thundered the master, "come +here, sir, immediately!"</p> + +<p>The boy of course instantly obeyed.</p> + +<p>"What do you mean, sir!" exclaimed the teacher, +"how dare you conduct yourself in this disgraceful +manner, sir!"</p> + +<p>Young Willard looked astonished.</p> + +<p>"Why, Mr. ——," said he, "didn't you say that if I +whispered to Myron Sprague again, I should go back +and sit between Lizzie and Annie?"</p> + +<p>"Yes, sir, I did, and how dare you disobey me in +this way?"</p> + +<p>"Why, sir," said Willard, "I whispered again to +him, because, sir,—because—I like to sit there, sir."</p> + +<p>A light dawned upon the mind of the master, and +thereafter he adopted a less attractive mode of punishing +Willard's offences. To some of my readers +such incidents may seem too trivial for record, and +no doubt such days as these <i>are</i> foolish days, but +are they not in our memories, among our very happiest +too? As David Copperfield said of such, so say we, +that "of all my time that Time has in his grip, there's +none at which I smile so much, or think of half so +kindly."</p> + +<p>The usual surroundings of a public school made a +great change in the existence of Willard Glazier, and +it is necessary to note its influence, for in writing the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span> +life of a man in its private as well as its public relations, +the chief point to be considered is that which +men call <i>character</i>, and how it was formed and fashioned.</p> + +<p>If the truth must be told, the "little deacon" had +not been a month in attendance at school before he +was up to every imaginable species of mischief that the +fertile brain of a school-boy could conceive—provided +its execution did not involve unequivocal untruth or +palpable dishonesty.</p> + +<p>No human being, save one, was exempt from his +practical jokes. That one was his mother. In his +wildest moods, a glance of reproach from her would +check him. His father, however, enjoyed no such +immunity, and in a kindly way, he delighted in tormenting +the good man whenever the opportunity +offered.</p> + +<p>For instance, that worthy gentleman, among other +idiosyncracies, was a follower of the so-called Dr. +Sylvester Graham, an ex-Presbyterian clergyman who, +in 1832, inaugurated, by a familiar course of lectures, +a new system of dietetics.</p> + +<p>The Grahamites, as they were called, held that +health is the necessary result of obeying certain physical +laws, and disease the equally certain result of +disobeying them; that all stimulants are pernicious to +the human body, and should be rejected, except in +those rare cases where it becomes necessary to administer +one known poison as an antidote to another +equally deadly, in order to neutralize its effects or +expel it from the system. Dr. Graham condemned +the use of tea, coffee and spices, tobacco, opium, and +not only alcoholic drinks but even beer and cider,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span> +declaring that all were equally poisonous, and that +they only differed in the degree in which their evil +qualities were concentrated or expanded.</p> + +<p>Ward Glazier held this theory to be the result of a +profound philosophy, and considered the observance +of the course of diet he prescribed to be the only way +in which a human being could secure for himself a +sound mind in a sound body. In medicine, Mr. +Glazier was an equally rigid hydropathist. He held +that the system of water cure was the only rational +system of healing. One of his individual fancies was +to drink only water obtained from a particular spring. +This spring was beautifully clear and cold, and was +situated at the distance of about sixty rods from the +house. It was Willard's allotted duty each day to fill +a large pitcher from its crystal treasures for use at +meals. In order to do this, the brooklet being extremely +shallow, and running over masses of pebbles, +he was compelled to kneel and dip it up with a cup,—an +operation requiring both time and patience. +Now within a few yards of this place flowed a small +stream or creek considerably deeper and of larger +volume, fed by a number of rills, and as the boy had +conceived the impression that his father only fancied +a distinction where there was really no difference, +between the waters of the rival streams, it occurred to +him that he might just as well plunge his pitcher in +the latter, fill it by a single effort, and thus save himself +what he especially disliked,—useless labor. This +he did with the following result:</p> + +<p>Ward Glazier was just about sitting down to dinner +as Willard entered, and observing that his son came +from the immediate vicinity of the creek, poured<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span> +out and tasted a little of the water with evident dissatisfaction.</p> + +<p>"Willard," said he, "you didn't get this from the +spring; this is creek water. Now go right back and +get a pitcherful from the spring."</p> + +<p>Off started Master Willard to do as he was bidden, +but on his way, the originator of all mischief suggested +to his fertile brain the idea of playing a trick upon his +father; so instead of going to the spring, he simply +loitered for a few moments out of sight of such of the +family as might be at the windows,</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Under an elm whose antique roots peep out<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Upon the brook, that brawls along the wood."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>He then quietly sauntered back, with the identical +pitcher of water with which he had come forth.</p> + +<p>"There," said he, emphatically, as if he had fulfilled +his mission, at the same time placing the pitcher near +his father's plate upon the table. The good man took +it up, examined the contents with a critical eye, poured +out a glassful of the sparkling liquid and drained it +to the last drop.</p> + +<p>"Ah," said he, with a sigh expressive of great satisfaction, +"<i>that</i> is something like water! <i>that</i> does a +man good!"</p> + +<p>This evidence of parental fallibility Master Willard +enjoyed hugely, but it was many years before he ventured +to give his father an opportunity to join in the +laugh at his own expense, by telling him of the occurrence.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr class='major' /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>WILLARD GLAZIER AT SCHOOL.</span> +</h2> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p>School-days continued. — Boys will be boys. — Cornelius Carter, the +teacher. — Young Willard's rebellion against injustice. — Gum-chewing. — Laughable +race through the snow. — The tumble into +a snow-bank, and what came of it. — The runaway caught. — Explanation +and reconciliation. — The new master, James Nichols. — "Spare +the rod and spoil the child." — The age of chivalry +not gone. — Magnanimity of a school-boy. — Friendship between +Willard and Henry Abbott. — Good-bye to the "little deacon."</p></div> + +<p>Willard Glazier was, by no means, what +is termed a bad boy, at school.</p> + +<p>It is true he was full of mischief; was the last in +for study and the first out for recreation, but he was +neither disobedient nor inattentive to his lessons. One +scholarly element, however, he lacked. The bump +which phrenologists term reverence had small development +in him at this period of his existence. His +record always stood high in the matter of lessons, but +low in the matter of conduct. Instances of insubordination +occurred whenever he thought he was treated +unfairly, while no boy was ever more ready to submit +to authority when wisely and justly administered. The +following incident is an illustration in point:</p> + +<p>One of his teachers bore the name of Cornelius +Carter. We have been unable to ascertain this gentleman's +nationality, nor would his history, if known to +us, be pertinent to this work, but we have reason to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span> +believe that he was of Scottish descent, if not actually +a native of that</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Land of brown heath and shaggy wood,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Land of the mountain and the flood."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>At all events he possessed all the sterling qualities +of that clear-headed people.</p> + +<p>A man of fine parts and scholarly attainments, +earnestly bent upon doing his whole duty, vigorous, +energetic and thorough in everything, Carter was just +the man to conduct a school with mathematical precision, +but at the same time, his natural irritability was such +that the whirlwind was less fierce than his wrath, when +the latter was aroused. About the time of his advent +among the pupils at the Little York public school, +gum-chewing had become an accomplishment among +the boys, and though it was a species of amusement +positively forbidden, was carried on surreptitiously +throughout the school.</p> + +<p>One dark winter morning just after a heavy fall of +snow, it happened that our friend Willard, though +placed upon a bench in the middle of a row of these +gum-chewing juveniles, was himself not chewing, for +the simple reason that he had no gum to chew, and +his next neighbors were niggardly enough to refuse to +give him any.</p> + +<p>Suddenly the hawk eye of Carter swept down upon +the offending group; and quite assured that if +mischief was in progress, young Glazier was in it, +came forward and stretching out his long arms, placed +his palms upon the outermost cheek of each "end +boy," and brought the heads of the entire line together +with a shock that made them ring again. Then, without +a word, he caught each urchin in turn by the collar<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span> +of his coat, and with one vigorous jerk swung him +into the middle of the floor and in his sternest tones +bade him stand there until further orders.</p> + +<p>Willard did not at the moment venture to say anything, +but stood with the rest, nursing his wrath. +Had he really been at fault he would have thought +nothing of it, but first to have been deprived by +circumstances of the opportunity to break the rules, +and then to be punished for a breach of them, was +too much.</p> + +<p>He waited, without a word, until the group of +delinquents, after listening to a scathing lecture, were +dismissed to their seats. He then deliberately proceeded +to put his books under his arm, preparatory to making +a start for home.</p> + +<p>One of the monitors, a large boy, observing this +movement, informed Mr. Carter that Willard Glazier +was going to "cut for home," in other words, to leave +school without permission.</p> + +<p>The master, upon receiving this intelligence, started +down the aisle towards young Willard; but that +restive youth perceiving the movement, made rapid +time for the door, and dashed down-stairs closely pursued +by the now furious pedagogue.</p> + +<p>Having some rods the advantage at the start, the +boy reached the exterior of the building first, and +struck out in a straight line for home.</p> + +<div class="image"> +<a id='illus03' name='illus03'></a> +<a href='images/illus03h.png'> + <img src='images/illus03.png' + title='Race With The Schoolmaster.' + alt='Race With The Schoolmaster.' /> +</a> +<p class='caption'> +RACE WITH THE SCHOOLMASTER. +</p></div> + +<p>The storms which prevailed throughout the entire +winter in St. Lawrence County, had piled up their +accumulated snows over the space of ground that +separated the school-house from Willard Glazier's home. +Over this single expanse of deep snow many feet had +trodden a hard path, which alternate melting and +freezing had formed into a solid, slippery, back-bone<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span> +looking ridge, altogether unsafe for fast travel. Over +this ridge young Willard was now running at the top of +his speed. In view of the probable flogging behind, +he took no heed of the perils of the path before him.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"So like an arrow, swift he flew<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Shot by an archer strong,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">So did he fly, which brings me to<br /></span> +<span class="i2">The middle of my song."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>As for Carter, not a whit daunted by the icy path +and the fact that he was hatless, in slippers, and clad +only in a long, loose summer coat worn in the heated +school-room, he gave chase in gallant style, and while +Willard possessed the advantage of an earlier start, +the teacher's long legs compensated for the time gained +by his pupil, and made a pretty even race of it.</p> + +<p>On he went therefore, his coat-tails standing out +straight like the forks of a boot-jack, and a red +bandanna handkerchief streaming in the wind from +his pocket behind like some fierce piratic flag! On, +too, went Master Willard Glazier, until both—one +now nearly upon the heels of the other—reached a +troublesome miniature glacier, when each missed his +footing.</p> + +<p>Down went the boy's head and up went the master's +heels, and the pair lay together, panting for breath, in +the drifts of a contiguous snow-bank.</p> + +<p>"Ah, ha!" said Carter, when he had recovered +sufficiently to speak, "so you were going home, were +you?"</p> + +<p>"Yes," said young Willard, as his head emerged +from the drift, looking like an animated snow-ball, +"and I would have reached there, too, if I hadn't +slipped."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span></p> + +<p>This was all that was said, at the time, but as Mr. +Carter led his prisoner back, an explanation took place, +in which the lad so strongly insisted that his escapade +arose from a sense of the gross injustice done him, +that Carter's own sense of right was touched, and after +admonishing the boy to take a different mode of +redressing his grievances in the future, he agreed to +forego the flogging and let Master Willard finish the +remainder of the session in the customary way.</p> + +<p>After this occurrence, Willard got along very well +under the tuition of Mr. Carter, and it was not until +some years later, when a gentleman by the name of +Nichols took charge of the school, that anything +transpired worthy of note.</p> + +<p>James Nichols was a devout believer in Solomon's +maxim that to spare the rod is to spoil the child. The +whip was his arbiter in all differences which arose +between his pupils and himself. He never paused, as +Mr. Montieth has lately done, to consider that at least +two-thirds of the offences for which children are flogged +at school are "crimes for which they are in nowise +responsible," and "when stripped of the color given +to them by senseless and unmeaning rules, they are +simply the crimes of being a boy and being a girl," +and are "incited by bad air, cold feet, overwork and +long confinement; crimes which the parents of these +same children are accustomed to excuse in themselves, +when they sit in church, by the dulness of the sermon, +or other circumstances that offend against nature and +which they sometimes soothe with fennel or hartshorn, +or change of position, and not unseldom with sleep." +In school discipline Mr. Nichols was a pure materialist. +He never realized Cayley's profound lesson that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span> +"education is not the mere storing a youthful memory +with a bundle of facts which it neither digests nor +assimilates," but that it is the formation and training +of a mind. Under his <i>régime</i> the rod ruled everything. +Even the offence of whispering was punished by the +lash.</p> + +<p>Upon one occasion, when young Willard was seated +between two brothers—Henry and Brayton Abbott by +name—engaged in solving Algebraic problems, a +whispered inquiry, regarding the lesson, passed from +one to the other.</p> + +<p>Mr. Nichols at the moment happened to glance +towards them, and conjectured, by the movement of +Willard's lips, that he was violating the rule against +whispering.</p> + +<p>"Willard Glazier!" said he, angrily, "come out +here, sir!"</p> + +<p>The boy obeyed.</p> + +<p>"Now then, Willard," said Mr. Nichols, "I +presume you understand the rules of this school?"</p> + +<p>"I think I do, sir."</p> + +<p>"Very well, then you know that whispering during +the hours of study is a breach of its discipline, and +that I must punish you."</p> + +<p>Willard said nothing.</p> + +<p>"Have you a knife, sir?" pursued the teacher.</p> + +<p>"No, sir," replied the boy, not quite certain whether +the knife was wanted for the purpose of scalping him, +or merely with a view of amputating the unruly +member which had been the instrument of offence. +"Well, take this one," said Nichols, handing him a +five-bladed pocket-knife, with the large blade open, +"go out and cut me a good stout stick."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span></p> + +<p>The boy by no means relished the prospect this +mission suggested, but seeing no means of escape, he +went to a grove in the neighborhood and cut a stick +whose dimensions resembled a young tree—shrewdly +suspecting that Nichols would never venture to use a +club of such size.</p> + +<p>With this stick he stalked majestically back to the +school-room. As he entered, he saw Henry Abbott +standing up in front of the teacher's desk, and heard +him utter these words:</p> + +<p>"It is not fair, Mr. Nichols, to flog Willard alone. +It was my fault, sir. I beckoned to Brayton and +whispered first. That is what started it. You should +whip me, too, sir."</p> + +<p>The master, as we have said, was stern and uncompromising, +but his nature was not entirely devoid of +feeling, and as he heard the brave admission, his eye +lighted up with sudden softness.</p> + +<p>"Go back to your seats, boys," said he, "I will not +flog either of you to-day. Lads that are brave enough +to face the punishment of one offence as you have +done, can, I hope, be trusted not to soon commit +another."</p> + +<p>The incident was one that raised the tone of the +whole school, and it gave rise to a warm feeling of +admiration in Willard Glazier's breast for Henry +Abbott which did Willard good, and made the two +youths firm friends.</p> + +<p>Thus the years sped on—dotted with little incidents +that seem too trivial to relate, and yet each one of which +had <i>some</i> effect upon the future life and character of +young Willard. He had become a pretty wild boy by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span> +this time, and the cognomen of the "little deacon" +was dropped without ceremony.</p> + +<p>Although he was marked high for scholarly attainment, +he received many a bad mark for violating the +rules of school.</p> + +<p>This state of affairs existed until the boy had +reached the age of eleven years, when he was brought +into contact with two diametrically opposite influences, +one of which was calculated to <i>make</i> and the other to +mar his future character and fortunes.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr class='major' /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>ECCENTRICITIES OF HENRY GLAZIER.</span> +</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Henry Glazier. — A singular character. — "Kaw-shaw-gan-ce" and +"Quaw-taw-pee-ah." — Tom Lolar and Henry Glazier. — Attractive +show-bills. — Billy Muldoon and his trombone. — Behind the +scenes. — "Sound your G!" — The mysterious musician. — What +happened to Billy. — "May the divil fly away wid ye!"</p></div> + + +<p>At this time there resided in the paternal homestead +a younger brother of Ward Glazier named +Henry, who was Willard's senior by about eleven +years, and, physically speaking, was a splendid specimen +of masculine development. Like his brothers Ward +and George, he stood six feet in his stockings, and +literally looked down on his fellows.</p> + +<p>He had conceived a great liking for his nephew +Willard, and on many a hunting excursion in the +Great North Woods, the boy was his only companion. +This affection, however, was not unmingled +with some contempt for the lad's diminutive stature.</p> + +<p>Upon one occasion, during a visit to West Boylston, +he made it his business to search out the relatives +of Willard's mother, in order to ascertain what +sort of stock she came from. On returning home, this +son of Anak exclaimed, with a dejected air:</p> + +<p>"Mother, I'll be hanged if I ain't discouraged! +Our Willard will always be a little runt. His mother's +folks ain't bigger'n a pinch of snuff!"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span></p> + +<p>How far the prediction has been verified any one +who has seen the compact, sinewy form of the young +soldier will understand.</p> + +<p>Henry Glazier reveled in everything sensational. +His ideal of heaven was a succession of tableaux in +which he was to play the principal part.</p> + +<p>At one time he joined another eccentric character +named Tom Lolar, an Indian of the Seneca tribe, whose +lands in the long ago of Indian history bordered the +blue waters of Lake Seneca in central New York. +This peculiar pair proceeded to electrify certain rural +communities in their immediate neighborhood with huge +posters, announcing that on a given night:</p> + +<p class='center' style='line-height:2em; border:3px double black; margin:auto 10%;'> +KAW-SHAW-GAN-CE,<br /> + +<span style="font-size:66%;">OR</span><br /> + +<span style="font-family:sans-serif,serif;font-weight:bold;">THE RED WILD CAT,</span><br /> + +<span style="font-size:66%;">THE</span><br /> + +<i>Great Chief of the Walaitipu Indians,</i><br /> + +Now traveling for the benefit of his tribe, proposes to exhibit<br /> +to an enlightened public the<br /> + +<span class="smcap">Trophies won by his Braves,</span><br /> + +In their battles with other Ferocious Tribes beyond the Rocky<br /> +Mountains, and the Great Chief will likewise give an<br /> +exhibition of the<br /> + +WAR DANCES OF HIS NATION. +</p> + +<p>Accordingly upon the night in question Tom Lolar +as "<i>Kaw-shaw-gan-ce</i>," and Henry Glazier as ticket +agent, reaped such an excellent harvest that the latter +concluded to start a "live Indian" upon his own +account.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span></p> + +<p>This he accordingly did, dubbing the prodigy of +his creation "Quaw-taw-pee-ah," or the "Red Wild Cat."</p> + +<p>Whether this venture was successful or not we have +failed to learn, but there is one story connected with it +which is too good to be lost, though it lacks satisfactory +evidence of authenticity.</p> + +<p>The legend runs that our enterprising manager went +three miles away and hunted up a genuine old native +of Erin who had deserted from the British army, +where he held some position in one of the military +bands attached to a regiment stationed in Canada. +With true Irish instinct this exile of Erin had brought +his trombone across the border, and "the enterprising +manager"—to use the language of the bills—"secured +in him the services of an eminent musician, late of +Her Majesty's Royal Band," to discourse sweet music +during the entire performance. This and other attractive +announcements drew a goodly crowd of lads and +lasses from far and near to the place appointed, and +when the doors—otherwise tent-flaps—were open, the +assemblage marched in to the entrancing strains of +the trombone, as played by "Professor Muldoonati" +<i>alias</i> Billy Muldoon.</p> + +<p>Everything passed off well. "Quaw-taw-pee-ah" +presented to the <i>elite</i> of the locality a type of the aboriginal +American, which at least possessed the merit +of originality. If the audience expected to be astonished +they were not disappointed; for such an Indian +as they then beheld no living eye had ever looked +upon before.</p> + +<p>Mr. Catlin would have admitted that this noble red +man was alien to any of his tribes, and even Cooper's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span> +Leather-Stocking would have conceded that his was a +new revelation of savage humanity. It is barely possible +that Buffalo Bill may have dreamed of something +like him, and it is not impossible that the late Edwin +Forrest may have actually been on speaking terms with +his brother, but outside of these two gentlemen, we do +not believe that human imagination ever conceived a +child of the forest in any respect resembling "Quaw-taw-pee-ah" +on his opening night.</p> + +<p>It did seem a little singular to combine the convivial +music of "St. Patrick's day in the morning" with +such diabolical grimaces and gestures as those which +the Great Chief used in the pantomimic expression +of his sentiments. But the people were prepared for +originality, and they had it. At any rate the performance +received their loud applause. At last, however, it +was over: the successive scenes of the programme had +come and gone—the war dances were finished, the +curtain had fallen on the last act, and Billy Muldoon's +trombone had subsided into silence. But if the performance +within was wild, it was nothing to the wild +night without. It was the seventeenth of March, and +the snow had been steadily falling since morning, +shrouding the hills and all the surrounding country +with a mantle as white and cold as a winding sheet.</p> + +<p>The wind had increased since nightfall, and by the +time "Quaw-taw-pee-ah" had washed his face of its +red lead, and Mr. Muldoon had been paid his share of +the proceeds, it was blowing "great guns," as the +sailors say. Out into such a night as this the audience +dispersed: but the lights of home shone through the +blinding storm near at hand, and buffeting with the +fierce gusts of whirling snow and wind was only brave<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span> +sport for them. Not so, however, with Mr. Billy Muldoon. +<i>His</i> home was three miles away, and though +the prospect without was anything but pleasant, he +prepared to face it like a man. His only precaution +was to see that an old army canteen was +filled afresh with the best whiskey the neighborhood +afforded. Then he started on his homeward journey.</p> + +<p>At first it was pretty hard work. The snow had +drifted into heaps in some places, and rose almost to +the little man's waist. Still he struggled bravely on, +only stopping now and then to celebrate the anniversary +of Ireland's Patron Saint by taking a long pull and +a strong pull at the canteen.</p> + +<p>For a half-hour or more he made but slow progress +through the pitiless, pelting storm, and he heartily +cursed his folly in attempting the task of coming home +at all, on such a night as this. But a change came +o'er the spirit of his dream. As the contents of the +canteen had diminished, Billy's spirits had risen in +exact proportion, his heart had grown strong and he +began to despise the difficulties in his way. In +fact he was as happy as a prince, and rather liked +the idea of facing the snow drifts and fighting the +wind. So on he went. What seemed strange to +Billy was the fact that there seemed to be so +much sameness in the surrounding features of the +landscape—or so much of it as he could discover, +during the momentary lulls of the storm. He therefore +stopped short, steadied himself for a moment, and +took another drink; which proceeding seemed to +clear up his mind on the puzzled subject, for muttering +that it was "all roight," he once more started +forward.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span></p> + +<p>Another half-hour passed and still another, and yet +Billy found the road open before him, with no sign of his +own humble little home. He began to grow very +tired and considerably muddled, and paused at length +to consider the situation.</p> + +<p>In front of him he perceived something so like the +lane that led to his own shanty that he joyfully +proceeded, and at length reached what he believed to +be a back door that he had directed his wife to leave +"on the latch" for his return.</p> + +<p>What surprised him was that he could see no light +within. He was, however, sufficiently aware of the +fact that he had taken more of "the crayther" than +his good woman would approve of, so not caring to +wake her up, he stole to the door and tried to lift the +latch. It was fastened. Everything within was dark +as Erebus, and not a sound could be heard except the +low breathing of what he supposed to be his sleeping +children. This rather excited Billy's wrath. He had +been particular in his injunction to leave the door +unbolted, and it was hard to be kept out in the storm +on such a night as this. He called out—at first in a +whisper, then louder and louder—to Kathleen to let +him in. There was no response. Yet he certainly +heard the movement of feet within. What could it +mean? The little man finally swore a big oath and +fiercely demanded admittance; but still there came no +reply. He then essayed to force the door, and to +his utter amazement the upper part of it gave way, +opening out like a window-shutter, while the lower +part remained firm. The musician therefore climbed +up, and seating himself on the edge of the door, peered +in. He could see nothing but a black void. To<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span> +use his own figure of speech, "yez might as well +hunt for Gineral Washington's will down a black +dog's throat, as attimpt to see the nose on yer face in +there!"</p> + +<p>He was nearly paralyzed with astonishment. Suddenly +a bright thought struck him. He raised his +trombone to his lips, and in spite of the mingled +emotions that agitated his breast, blew upon it a blast +loud enough to have waked the dead.</p> + +<p>Imagine therefore how his previous astonishment +was deepened into almost idiotic wonder when he heard +a reply from what appeared to be a trombone of more +gigantic power than his own. "Bur-r-r!" went Mr. +Muldoon's instrument.</p> + +<p>"Boo-o-o!" replied the invisible respondent.</p> + +<p>Billy was amazed. Billy was awe-stricken. But +the instinct of the musician rose above all other +emotions.</p> + +<p>"Sound your G!" said Billy.</p> + +<p>"Boo-o-o!" was the answer in a deeper base than +before.</p> + +<p>"Yer out o' tune, ye domned old fool!" says Billy.</p> + +<p>"Boo-o-o!" came the response once more.</p> + +<p>"Sound yer G, and take that, ye murtherin spalpeen!" +said the now thoroughly exasperated musician, dashing +his own instrument in the direction of his invisible rival.</p> + +<p>Just then poor Billy saw a ferocious-looking pair of +eyes glaring at him, and before he had time to add +another word, some huge object rushed towards him, +struck him a determined blow, and lifting him off his +perch sent him into the middle of the road.</p> + +<p>The fact is, Billy had wandered very much out of +his way, and had mistaken Ward Glazier's barn for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span> +his own dwelling. The supposed rival musician was +our old acquaintance, "Black-face," the Bull.</p> + +<p>Billy picked himself up from the snow, and, regardless +of his bruised body and aching bones, steadied +himself for a last shot at the enemy. The little man +looked in the direction where he thought his adversary +ought to be, and though he could see nothing through +the darkness and storm, he shouted out, in accents of +blended dignity and contempt:</p> + +<p>"May the divil fly away wid ye! Ye may +be the sthronger of the two, but, be jabers, yer no +museecian!"</p> + +<p>How he eventually got home and what were his +sentiments regarding the adventure with which he had +met, are facts that do not concern this history; but it +is quite probable that he wondered as we have often +done, that St. Patrick, while engaged in the laudable +task of expelling snakes from the soil of the Emerald +Isle, did not also provide that such reptiles should +keep out of the boots of her sons.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr class='major' /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>VISIONS OF THE FUTURE.</span> +</h2> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The big uncle and the little nephew. — Exchange of ideas between +the eccentric Henry Glazier and young Willard. — Inseparable +companions. — Willard's early reading. — Favorite authors. — Hero-worship +of the first Napoleon and Charles XII. of +Sweden. — The genius of good and of evil. — Allen Wight. — A +born teacher. — Reverses of fortune. — The shadow on the home. — Willard's +resolve to seek his fortune and what came of +it. — The sleep under the trees. — The prodigal's return. — "All's +well that ends well."</p></div> + +<p>Between Henry Glazier and young Willard +a singular friendship had sprung up. The +great, six-foot uncle and the quaint, old-fashioned boy +were much together.</p> + +<p>In the woods and fields, at junketings and corn-huskings, +the pair were often seen in grave converse, +and while Willard was ever eager to hear the stories +of his uncle's mad adventures and queer scrapes, +Henry Glazier, in turn, would listen with a species +of reverent wonder to the boy's recital of striking +passages of history or of fiction which he had picked up +in the course of a varied and desultory reading—a +taste for which was developed even at that early +age. The volumes to which he had access were few +in number, but he had read their pages again and +again, and the subjects of which they treated were, for +the most part, of just such a character as were calculated<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span> +to attract the attention of a youth of action rather than +of thought.</p> + +<p>Among them were "Rollin's Ancient History," +"Robinson Crusoe," "The Arabian Nights," "Life of +Charles XII. of Sweden," "Kossuth and his Generals," +and "Napoleon and his Marshals,"—everything +relating to the career of the great Corsican being +devoured with the greatest avidity.</p> + +<p>He began, of course, by reading the descriptions of +battles. All boys do so. But gradually his interest +in such exciting events extended to the actors in them, +and again to the causes that led to them, and at length +the books were read from the preface to the end.</p> + +<p>The conversations between the uncle and nephew +were far from exercising a good influence over the boy. +If Willard related some daring deed from the life of +Charles XII. or of the great Napoleon—his own +especial hero—his uncle Henry would match it with +some equally striking, if less civilized adventure in the +forest or upon the river, in which he or some of his +whilom associates had played the principal part. All +this was, to a certain extent, calculated to unsettle +the lad's mind for the common, routine duties of a +useful existence. Fortunately, however, at about the +time that it began to produce that effect, another opposite +and more powerful influence was brought to bear upon +him which changed the current of his ambition, and +turned his attention to matters less exciting in their +character, but destined to exert a much greater +influence over his future life. I allude to his association +with his teacher, Allen Wight.</p> + +<p>The small, plain brick school-house at Little York +stands there, we believe, to-day as it did then in all<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span> +its native and naked ugliness. Such a structure, +looking at it aesthetically, is not a cheerful sight to the +lover of learning, but at that period it was under the +mastership of a mind of no ordinary calibre. From +all that we can learn of him, Allen Wight was that +remarkable character—a born educator. He did not +believe his duty was performed by merely drilling his +pupils, parrot-like, to repeat other men's sentiments. +He knew that the minds of mortals, particularly if +young and fresh, are as diverse in their springs of action +as the laws of the universe, and he conceived it to be +his duty to study the individual characteristics of each +scholar under his charge, as he would have familiarized +himself with the notes of a piece of music before he +attempted to play it. His method was that of the +Jesuit, carried out in a Protestant fashion. In young +Glazier he took especial interest. He liked the sturdy +little fellow who, though full of youthful vim, could +yet sit down and discuss the difference between a +Macedonian phalanx as described by Rollin and a +<i>corps d'armée</i> as manoeuvred by Soult, and he +determined if possible—to use his own phraseology—"to +make a man of him."</p> + +<p>His first step was to lead the boy's mind up to a +habit of reasoning upon the present and the past, and +upon the every day world of practical realities with +which he had to do. When this habit had become +sufficiently matured in him, the wise teacher told him +the story of his own life, with its struggles, its disappointments +and its triumphs, thinking thus to stimulate +his favorite pupil to greater efforts and better achievements +in the path of knowledge. He talked to young +Willard as he would have talked to a man, yet with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span> +all the gentleness of manner he would have used in +addressing a woman. Every incentive which he could +place before the boy, every appeal to both heart and +brain which he could make, Allen Wight used—as the +mechanic would use the lever—to bring out all that +was noblest and best in him—to develop all the +sleeping possibilities of his young nature.</p> + +<p>Ward Glazier had not been as prosperous in his +worldly affairs as his patriotism and honesty deserved, +and things at the old "Homestead" looked rather +gloomy. Poverty is a fearful darkener of child-life, +and while its shadow rarely fell on Willard, who was +always at school or roving the woods and fields with +his uncle Henry, to his sisters and brothers it +frequently presented its dark face and whispered unpleasant +prophesies of the future.</p> + +<p>Of course it was not that abject kind of poverty +which stints the supply of food and fire in a house. +It did not still the prattle of the children, or banish +childish mirth from the dwelling. It was not the +wolf at the door, but the wolf in the dim possible +distance when the poor father, bent with age, would +perhaps be unable to keep his little flock together. +But the boy had never thought of such a possible +time. <i>His</i> visions of the future were of sights to be +seen in the great world—of a time when he would be +large enough and free enough to accompany his uncle +Henry upon some of his wild adventures among civilized +or savage races, and of the delights of unlimited books +to be read upon subjects most congenial to his mind. +He therefore made no allowance for his father's gloomy +face and short words, and often thought him stern +when he was only sad.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span></p> + +<p>A slight incident, however, changed all this and +compelled him to face life not as a dream but as a +reality. One evening Willard's father came home very +tired and somewhat dispirited by some adverse +circumstances, such as occur in every man's business +life at times, and of course he was not in the most +pleasant frame of mind to encounter the petty annoyances +of a household. Something that Willard +said or did, capped the climax of his irritability and +he called the boy a fool. It was a very unusual thing +for Ward Glazier to speak with even apparent harshness +to his children, and the lad felt it, therefore, all +the more keenly. He became very thoughtful and +silent, and crept off to bed earlier than usual only to +lie awake most of the night brooding over the insult, +and debating within himself what to do in order to +vindicate his outraged dignity. The conclusion at +which he finally arrived was that when the morning +came, he would run away from home and seek his +fortune in the great world. The fact is he had been +reading "Robinson Crusoe" but a day or two previous, +and that charming story had made a great impression +on his mind. Under its weird influence his vivid +imagination conjured up possible scenes of adventure +in which he was to emulate the courage and sagacity +of that celebrated truant, and eventually come home, +as Robinson did, a man full of knowledge with which +to astonish the family, and with wealth to lavish on +brothers and sisters, and make comfortable the +declining years of his parents. "<i>Then</i> his father +would not think him a fool," said this youthful logician +to himself. His active little brain was too highly +stimulated by his great resolve to permit much sleep<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span> +that night, and his bosom swelled proudly as he thought +how bravely he would encounter misfortune and face +danger for the sake of the glorious future he saw in +the distance. His boyish heart thrilled strangely +within him as he pictured to himself how full of +amazement his brothers and sisters would be, when +they found he had gone forth all alone to seek his +fortune. Even the little sleep, therefore, that he +obtained, was but a dreamy repetition of his waking +thoughts, and when the first gray streak of dawn told +of the coming day, the boy arose and quietly dressing +himself for his journey, emerged from the house, +passed down the avenue under the broad elms and +struck the highway. He shivered a little as the chill +air of morning touched his cheek, and his ambitious +dream did not look quite so glowing and glorious as it +had done when snugly ensconced in his comfortable +bed, but still he had a consciousness that he was doing +something very manly, and he walked on with a firm +step and determined heart.</p> + +<p>It is true he had no very definite idea of <i>where</i> he +was going,—he only thought of doing great things and +seeing strange sights. His whole plan of travel was +comprehended in the one idea of <i>going out into the +world</i>. That was all. Accordingly the youth trudged +on for miles without weariness,—for his head was still +thronged with thick coming fancies of the possible +future that lay before him, and for some time the +exulting sense of freedom that ever accompanies +disenthralment of any kind, thrilled his whole being +with a firm resolution to accomplish great things.</p> + +<p>At the expiration of a few hours, however, the fatigue +involved in so unusual a tramp before breakfast, began<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span> +to tell upon him, and as he mechanically slackened his +pace, his reflections assumed a less jubilant and less +satisfactory character. He had walked nearly fourteen +miles and was already footsore. "Going out into the +world," began to seem not quite so enchanting a +proceeding as it had appeared to be at starting. For +the first time since the idea of "seeking his fortune" +had entered his mind, he asked himself <i>where</i> he was +to seek it.</p> + +<p>The reply to this inquiry was not easy. Meanwhile +the sun had mounted high up in the heavens and was +shining brightly, the birds were singing their matin +songs, and in the roadside pastures the cattle were +quietly grazing. It was a peaceful, pastoral scene, but +its peace did not enter the heart of the wanderer. +Somehow the world did not appear half so attractive +in his eyes as it had looked when he stole forth from +his father's gate in the cold gray of the morning +twilight. His step, therefore, was less elastic and his +bearing less assured now than then, and at length he +sat down under a large beech-tree by the roadside, to +reflect upon the situation. He began to feel very +weary, and the sudden transition from action to repose +induced a drowsiness that in a few minutes overcame +his waking sense and launched him into the sea of +forgetfulness. The young head sank lower and lower +on his breast, and finally, sleep ... "that knits up +the ravelled sleeve of care," ... "sore labor's bath, +balm of hurt minds, great Nature's second course," +came to him unawares, and for some hours he was +totally oblivious of all surroundings.</p> + +<p>It was a dreamless sleep, and noon had come when +he awoke. For a few moments he was unable to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span> +recall where he was or how he had come there, but in +a very short time the recollection of everything that +had happened to him since the evening before swept +over his mind like a flood. Every circumstance now, +however, was viewed in a far different light. Somehow, +the provocation which had sent him into the wide +world to seek his fortune did not seem half so great as +it had seemed only the night before. The example of +De Foe's hero was not so completely alluring, and a +portion of that history which the evening previous he +had not deemed worthy of a thought, now rose vividly +before him. He seemed to read again these words:</p> + +<p>"My father, a grave, wise man, gave me serious and +excellent counsel against what he saw was my design. +He told me it was for men of desperate fortunes on the +one hand, or of aspiring superior fortunes on the other, +who went abroad upon adventures, to rise by enterprise +and make themselves famous in undertakings of a +nature out of the common road: that these things were +all either too far above me, or too far below me: that +mine was the middle state or what might be called the +upper station of humble life, which he had found by +long experience was the best state in the world, the +most suited to human happiness. The wise man gave +his testimony to this when he prayed to have 'neither +poverty nor riches.'" And then came the thought +that all that Robinson ever gained in fame or fortune, +failed to still the quiet but terrible whisper of his conscience +whenever he thought of those he had abandoned +for a roving life. So intently did he think upon these +things, he seemed actually to behold the wanderer upon +his sea-girt island with lawless Will Atkins and the +gentle French priest beside him, while the words of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span> +repentant mutineer seemed to be hissed into his ear:—"No, +sir, I did not cut his throat, but I cut the throat +of all his comforts. I shortened his days and I broke +his heart by the most ungrateful, unnatural return, for +the most tender and affectionate treatment that father +ever gave or child could receive." Young Willard +could not but remember that <i>his</i> parents had been +most kind and tender, that <i>his</i> father had lavished +upon him during all the years of his childhood a most +prodigal wealth of affection: and the one harsh epithet +he had received seemed as nothing among the multitude +of kind and loving words that had never been withheld +from him. His heart told him that something deeper +than any ordinary woe would darken his mother's +quiet face when she beheld his empty chair and realized +that he had gone, perhaps never to return, without one +farewell word to her. Such reflections as these, that +he wondered had not occurred to him before, now took +possession of his mind and, impelled by their influence, +he arose and slowly started back towards home. As +he came within sight of the old place he saw his +father in the distance reaping, and the sight filled him +with gladness.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"From the top of the road, through the gap was seen<br /></span> +<span class="i3">Down a zigzag road cut up by rills,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The velvet valley cradled between<br /></span> +<span class="i3">Dark double ridges of 'elm' clad hills;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And just beyond, on the sunniest slope,<br /></span> +<span class="i3">With its windows aglint in the sunset warm,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">In the spot where he first knew life and hope,<br /></span> +<span class="i3">Was the dear old house of the 'Homestead' farm."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>But he was not just then in a frame of mind to +meet the parental eye, and he therefore skirted round +a piece of woods which concealed him from his father's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span> +view and reaching the door unobserved, crept into the +house.</p> + +<p>Though his absence had been discovered, and its +cause, if not known, at least shrewdly suspected, his +father and mother in their reception of him very +wisely ignored all knowledge of his truancy and treated +the young prodigal with such unusual marks of kindness +and indulgence, that he was completely melted, +and felt, with keen remorse, that he had been upon +the eve of becoming a most wretched ingrate. The +lesson of the experiment was not lost upon him, and +he never again tried the foolish venture.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr class='major' /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>WILLARD GLAZIER AT HOME.</span> +</h2> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Out of boyhood. — Days of adolescence. — True family pride. — Schemes +for the future. — Willard as a temperance advocate. — Watering +his grandfather's whiskey. — The pump behind the hill. +The sleigh-ride by night. — The "shakedown" at Edwards. — Intoxicated +by tobacco fumes. — The return ride. — Landed in a +snow-bank. — Good-bye horses and sleigh! — Plodding through the +snow.</p></div> + +<p>Ward Glazier—putting his theories to the +test of practice—believed it best to allow the +error of his son to work out its own punishment, without +adding a word to indicate that he knew it had been +committed. The wisdom of such reticence is not often +recognized by parents placed in similar circumstances, +but it would perhaps be better for the children if it +were. At the same time the father thought it expedient +to apprise Allen Wight of the matter. That +gentleman readily acquiescing in his plans, saw in the +recoil which would probably succeed such an escapade +in the mind of a sensitive and generous boy, the opportunity +he sought to arouse him to a sense of the +duties that lay before him in his future career, in +living a useful and worthy life.</p> + +<p>One afternoon, therefore, when they were enjoying a +quiet chat after school hours, he managed—without +the slightest allusion to the runaway freak—to turn +the conversation to the subject of "self-made men."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span> +Not, be it understood, that species of fungi who only +love their maker, because being</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"<i>Self</i>-made, <i>self</i>-trained, <i>self</i>-satisfied,"<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p style="text-indent:0;">they are</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Themselves their only daily boast and pride."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p style="text-indent:0;"> +Not the Randall Leslies, or the Peter Firkins of the world or that other</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i8">"Score of Peter Funks,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of the mock-mining stamp, who deal in chunks<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of confidence, ores and metals as examples<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And sell the bowels of the earth by samples;"<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p style="text-indent:0;">but that higher race who have achieved noble things +despite all the drawbacks of poverty and friendlessness.</p> + +<p>He spoke of Clive, the Shropshire farmer's son, +who, according to the greatest of modern historians, +equalled Lucullus in war and Tergot in peace; that +reformer who out of the discordant elements of an Indian +oligarchy consolidated and perfected an empire, one +of the most splendid the world contains.</p> + +<p>He spoke, too, of that other Indian ruler who as +he lay dreaming a boy's day-dream one holiday, upon +the bank of a stream that flowed through Daylesford +Manor—the manor which one ancestor's sword had +won and another ancestor's folly had lost—who formed +a scheme of life that culminated in the extension +of the same empire beyond all previous expectation, +and in linking his own name so inseparably with +the story of his country, that no man can write the +history of England without writing the life of +Warren Hastings.</p> + +<p>Other examples of great ends achieved with little +means, by men in our own land, were talked over.</p> + +<p>Franklin the <i>boy</i>, walking up Market street, Phila<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span>delphia, +a penny-roll under each arm and munching a +third, under the laughing observation of Miss Read, +his future wife—and Franklin the sage and Minister, +representing his government at the most elegant court +in Europe, were contrasted for his edification. Various +modern instances were added, Mr. Wight keeping in +view Pope's axiom that</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Men must be taught as if you taught them not,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And things unknown proposed as things forgot."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>When the boy's mind had been sufficiently awakened +he followed the advice of the old adage to "strike +while the iron is hot," and impressed upon him the fact +that being the eldest son he was naturally the prop of his +house; nor did he ignore the truth, unpalatable as it +might be, that Willard could hope for no material aid +from the hands of his parents. He must carve his +own way. He must build even the ladder up which +he was to climb. Others had done so—why not he? +And then he told him that the way to do it successfully +was to acquire knowledge and cultivate wisdom; for</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Knowledge and wisdom, far from being one,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Have, oft times, no connection.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Knowledge dwells in the thoughts of other men,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Wisdom in minds attentive to their own."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>Working upon what he rightly conjectured to be the +boy's newly awakened sense of the kindness of his +father, he spoke of that good man's pecuniary reverses, +and professed his faith in Willard as the future regenerator +of the fallen fortunes of Ward Glazier's family.</p> + +<p>The boy's generous enthusiasm was awakened at +once. His ordinary school tasks and home duties no +longer looked commonplace, and were no longer dis<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span>tasteful +to him. They were but incidents in a general +plan of usefulness, and he performed them with an air +of cheerfulness that pleased his teacher and delighted +his parents. He volunteered to help his father in the +fields, and while but a boy in years, he yet performed +the work of a man. In fact, he had discovered that +every duty of life has its heroic side, and needs only +the impulse of high and noble motives to be invested +with dignity and interest.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile, he did not neglect his studies. The +idea of intellectual culture was no longer a mere abstraction. +Books were not only what they always had +been—reservoirs of knowledge, alluring to his imagination, +and fascinating to his mind—but they were +now looked upon as levers, with which he was to move +the world. Knowledge <i>now</i> meant the means whereby, +in the days to come, he was to acquire the power to +make his father and mother comfortable for the balance +of their lives; and to surround his sisters with +those luxuries which go far towards making existence +a thing of grace and refinement. When, +therefore, he worked during the warm days of +summer, aiding his father in the care of the farm, the +summer evenings found him poring earnestly over +his books—practical and useful ones now—and the +harvest once gathered, he was back again in his old +place at school, where he studied steadily and hard. +His teacher, Allen Wight, looked on and was satisfied. +And yet Willard was a wild boy—as wild as any in +the school. His relish for fun and frolic was as keen +as ever, but it was now subordinated to his judgment. +His practical jokes were fewer, and the peculiarities +of his father no longer furnished him with a subject<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span> +for their perpetration. Now and then, however, the +old exuberance of mischief <i>would</i> break out, and upon +one occasion his grandfather became its victim.</p> + +<p>As that mosaic styled "character" is nothing more +than an aggregate of just such trivial things, we trust +our readers will pardon us if we relate the incident in +point.</p> + +<p>When Willard was over nine years of age, his +father moved from the Old Homestead and purchased +a place named the Goodrich Farm, where he opened +a country store. The venture proved to be an unfortunate +one, and, after a series of pecuniary vicissitudes, +he left it, and, at the period to which we refer, +was the occupant of a farm known in that section as +the Davis Place.</p> + +<p>This farm and the Glazier Homestead occupied +positions upon opposite sides of the same public road—the +former being one mile nearer the town of Fullersville.</p> + +<p>Meantime, the Homestead was occupied and cultivated +by Jabez Glazier, the grandfather of Willard, +and upon certain occasions the boy was sent +over to stay for a few days at that place, to help the +old gentleman in many little ways connected with its +cultivation.</p> + +<p>At that time and in that locality it was customary +during the haying season to deal out to the men employed +stated rations of whiskey every day. A bottle +was filled for each one, and, being placed by the recipient +in a swathe of the newly-cut grass, frequent +visits were made to the spot and frequent libations +indulged in. Ward Glazier and his wife being determinedly +opposed to the use of ardent spirits under any<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span> +circumstances whatever, the custom was dispensed with +at the Davis Place; but at the Old Homestead, +under the rule of Jabez Glazier, the time-honored +usage was staunchly maintained. Young Willard had +been so deeply inoculated with his parents' opinions on +this subject, that he had delivered an address before +the society of "Sons of Temperance" at Fullerville +even at that early age, and his disgust may be imagined +when he found himself selected by his grandfather +to go to the village tavern for the necessary quantity of +"Old Rye." He asked that some other messenger +might be sent, but the old gentleman was inflexible. +Nobody but Willard would satisfy his whim—perhaps +because he felt that, in the custody of his grandson, +the "fire-water" would not be tampered with on its +return to the farm. Willard did not openly rebel +against his grandfather's commands—since it was the +fashion in those days for children to be obedient—but +turned his attention to gaining his object by means of +a little stratagem. Not far from the house on the road +leading to the store stood an old pump, concealed from +view by an intervening building and a rising hill. +Here this youthful disciple of Father Matthew made +it a practice regularly to stop, and pouring out half +the contents of the jug he carried, refilled it with the +crystal liquid from the pump.</p> + +<p>At first this <i>improvement</i> in their potations seemed +hardly to attract the attention of the individuals interested; +but, as each day the proportion of water +increased, the dilution at last forced itself upon their +attention, and every one agreed that the tavern-keeper +was cheating Jabez in the "Rye" business. The +result of it all was the withdrawal of Jabez Glazier's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span> +custom from the establishment in question, and the +future purchase of "spiritual" goods by Mr. Jabez +himself in person.</p> + +<p>Thus Willard's object was attained, and the cold-water +people were no longer vexed by the inconsistent +spectacle of a son of temperance playing Ganymede to +a set of drinking, though by no means drunken, +hay-makers.</p> + +<p>Not often, now, did young Willard figure as chief +in any mad scrape or wild boyish adventure. Those +times were left behind. Once, indeed, his uncle +Henry, the patron of the great chief "<i>Kaw-shaw-gan-ce</i>," +swooped down upon the household, and, in an +enormous four-horse sleigh of his own construction, +took him, together with a gay and festive party of lads +and lasses, off to Edwards, a village nine miles away. +Here the rustic party had a "shake-down," and young +Willard got fearfully sick in a dense atmosphere of +tobacco smoke. The feast over, he was tightly packed +in the sleigh with the buxom country girls and their +muscular attendants, while Henry Glazier drove across +country through a blinding snow-storm and over +measureless drifts. The party was stranded at last +on a rail fence under the snow, and the living freight +flung bodily forth and buried in the deep drifts. They +emerged from their snowy baptism with many a laugh +and scream and shout, and tramped the remainder of +the distance home. The horses having made good +their escape, Willard was carried forward on his uncle +Henry's back.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr class='major' /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII"></a>CHAPTER VIII.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>ADVENTURES—EQUINE AND BOVINE.</span> +</h2> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Ward Glazier moves to the Davis Place. — "Far in the lane a +lonely house he found." — Who was Davis? — Description of the +place. — A wild spot for a home. — Willard at work. — Adventure +with an ox-team. — The road, the bridge and the stream. — "As an +ox thirsteth for the water." — Dashed from a precipice! — Willard +as a horse-tamer. — "Chestnut Bess," the blooded mare. — The +start for home. — "Bess" on the rampage. — A lightning dash. — The +stooping arch. — Bruised and unconscious.</p></div> + +<p>It will be remembered that when Ward Glazier left +the Homestead, he removed to a neighboring +farm known as the Goodrich Place,—a fine, comfortable, +well-stocked and well-tilled farm, presenting +an appearance of prosperity to the eye of the +observer and calculated to make the impression that its +owner must be well-to-do in the world. As we have +heretofore hinted, however, Ward Glazier failed to +prosper there. Why this was the case it is hard to tell. +A late writer has suggested that "not only the higher intellectual +gifts but even the finer moral emotions are an +incumbrance to the fortune-hunter." That "a gentle +disposition and extreme frankness and generosity have +been the ruin in a worldly sense of many a noble +spirit;" and he adds that "there is a degree of +cautiousness and distrust and a certain insensibility +and sternness that seem essential to a man who has to +bustle through the world and engineer his own affairs,"—and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span> +if he be right, the matter may be easily understood.</p> + +<p>However that may be, he failed to prosper, and as +business misfortunes began to fall thick and fast upon +his head, he gave up the farm to his creditors, together +with all his other effects, and took up his abode at +the Davis Place.</p> + +<p>Who the particular Davis was whose name clung to +the place we have been unable to ascertain, but when +Ward Glazier moved there, the house seemed fairly to +scowl upon the passer-by—so utterly unprepossessing +was its appearance. A rude, capacious wooden structure, +it stood fronting the highway, and was a place where +the beautiful had no existence. The very soil looked +black and rough—the vegetation rugged. Every +inclosure was of stone or knotted timber, and even a +dove-cot which in its fresher days some hand had +placed upon the lawn, was now roofless and shattered, +and lay prone upon the ground, a shapeless mass of +collapsed boards. The lawn—if such it could be +named—resembled a bleak shore, blackened with +stranded wrecks of ships whose passengers had long +years before gone down at sea. The broken windows +in the dormitories were festooned with cobwebs that +had housed long lines of ancestral spiders, and where +a pane or two of glass remained among the many +empty frames, one fancied a gibbering spectre might +look out from the gloomy depths behind.</p> + +<p>The back-ground against which this bleak and +sombre place was thrown was no less grim and stern. +Huge rocks in tiers, like stone coffins, rose in fierce +ranges one above another up and up—back and farther +back until they reached a point from whence a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span> +miniature forest of dwarf beech and maple, that +appeared to crown the topmost bastion of them all, +nodded in the swaying wind like funeral plumes upon +a Titan's hearse.</p> + +<p>In fact, the only gleam of light upon the place—and +it was a crazy, fitful gleam at that—came from a +rushing stream that took its source high up among the +hills. This brook first seen off to the extreme left of +the house, came dashing down the rocks until it +reached a level. Then, swinging round with sudden +swirl it engirdled the place, and after many a curious +twist and turn got straight again and went onward far +off among the neighboring fields and lost itself at last +in the Oswegatchie. The interior of the house was +just as wild and dreary as the exterior. The rooms, +for the most part, were too large for comfort. When +one spoke, a dozen ghostly echoes answered, and at +twilight the smaller children huddled around the +kitchen fire and seldom went beyond that cheerful room +until bed time. Often, in the dead of night, the +creaking of timber and the voices of the wind startled +the little ones from sleep, and a sense of something +unreal and mysterious overshadowed their young +minds.</p> + +<p>It was, take it all in all, a grim, gaunt, strange place +in which to fix a home. It was there, however, in the +midst of such sterile surroundings, that the next five +years of Willard's life were mainly passed. There +were no external influences brought to bear upon this +portion of his existence that were not harsh and wild +and stern. His father, honest even to the verge of +fanaticism, was letting his heart corrode to bitterness +under the sense of hopeless indebtedness. The churlish<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span> +fields attached to the place offered but a grudging reward +for the hardest labor. There was no hope of his +acquiring a profession or even an education beyond the +scant opportunity of Allen Wight's school, unless he +himself could earn the means to pay for it. Still he +was neither discouraged nor without hope. Instead of +sinking under this accumulation of difficulties, his +moral fibre was rendered more robust, and with it his +physical strength and usefulness developed daily.</p> + +<p>Thus a year sped on, and at the end of that time his +father, as one means of adding something to his scanty +resources, obtained the job of hauling a quantity of iron +ore from the ore beds near Little York to a forge and +furnace at Fullerville. Willard with an ox-team and +his uncle Henry with a span of fine horses, were +employed for the most part to do the actual hauling.</p> + +<p>By this time Willard was quite familiar with the +management of horses, and he had also learned to drive +oxen, so that at the age of thirteen he worked with his +ox-team as regularly and almost as efficiently as any +of his grown-up uncles or even his father. The management +of an ox-team, by the way, is quite different +from that of horses, and at times it becomes very troublesome +business, requiring for its successful accomplishment +the very nicest admixture of courage, coolness and +discretion. Willard, however, with the self-reliance that +always characterizes a boy of his age, never for a moment +doubted that he was adequate to the task, and as he +had been placed in charge of a very fine yoke of oxen, +took much pride in driving them in the same manner +as he would have driven a span of horses, seated +on the top of his load upon the wagon instead of being +on foot and close by their heads, as prudence would<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span> +have taught an older driver to do. The truth is, that +if there was any human being before whom the boy delighted +to exhibit himself as doing a manly part in his +little circle of existence, that being was Henry Glazier.</p> + +<p>Consequently, when his uncle's team was on the +road, Master Willard took a position upon his own +load with as important an air as if he were on the box +of a coach-and-four, and guided his cattle as if they +were animals of the most docile disposition, to halt at +his whisper or proceed at his word. As the principal +part of the work was performed at midsummer under +the rays of a scorching sun, the cattle were, of course, +irritable and restive to a degree that in colder weather +would have seemed inconsistent with the phlegmatic +characteristics of their race.</p> + +<p>The road from Little York to Fullerville is a +winding, narrow road, somewhat hilly in places, and +neither very smooth nor level at any point. Midway +between the two villages a brawling stream crosses the +road, and making a turn empties itself, at the distance +of about thirty yards, into the waters of the Oswegatchie. +This stream is spanned by a rustic bridge at a +very considerable elevation above the water. The +banks are high and abrupt, and, as the traveler approaches +them, he cannot fail to be attracted by the +silvery sparkle of the waters far below. The view +from the bridge takes in the white farm-houses with +their emerald setting of rich grain-fields and meadowlands, +the distant forge with its belching smoke-stacks, +the winding Oswegatchie, and the distant blue hills. +If the month happens to be August, the traveler may +hear the cheerful hum of busy industry, the swinging +cradles of the harvesters or the steady roll of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span> +reaper. Upon a day, late in this richest of summer +months—August—in the year of our Lord 1854, +Willard and his uncle Henry were slowly wending +their way towards Fullerville—the former with his +ox-team and the latter with a spanking span of +horses. The beasts of burden by their drooping heads +and slow pace evinced the fact that the loads of +ore they were drawing were unusually heavy, and +this, combined with the sultry atmosphere, was telling +upon the strength of even such powerful beasts as +they.</p> + +<p>Willard, as usual, was seated upon the top of his +load, and, as they neared the bridge, despite his +familiarity with every detail of the scene, a sense of its +exquisite beauty took possession of him, and, for a +moment, he forgot that he was driving an ox-team. +For a moment he was oblivious to the fact that it +takes all a driver's care and skill to prevent mischief +whenever a thirsty ox obtains a glimpse of water upon +a summer's day. As they neared the bridge, the +fevered eyes of the cattle caught sight of the limpid +stream away down below, and, just as a cry of warning +from his uncle recalled the boy to a sense of the +deadly peril of his position, the cattle made an oblique +plunge over the edge of the bank with two tons of +iron-ore in lumps varying from five pounds to fifty, +pouring a huge and deadly hail over their reckless +heads. With rare presence of mind for a boy of his +age, the instant he heard his uncle's warning cry, +Willard realized the situation and jumped sideways +from the wagon. As he did so, his hat fell off and +rolled a short distance away. At the same moment a +lump of ore, weighing not less than one-hundred pounds,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span> +fell upon it and crushed it so deeply into the ground +that it was completely hidden from view. Many months +afterwards, some boys digging for fish-bait found the +hat buried there, and returned to the village with +a tale of some possible and unknown murder, committed +when or by whom no one could tell.</p> + +<div class="image"> +<a id='illus04' name='illus04'></a> +<a href='images/illus04h.png'> + <img src='images/illus04.png' + title='Tragic Experience With An Ox-team.' + alt='Tragic Experience With An Ox-team.' /> +</a> +<p class='caption'> +TRAGIC EXPERIENCE WITH AN OX-TEAM. +</p></div> + +<p>As for the boy himself, he escaped with only a +scratch or two and a few bruises, but that he escaped +with his life or with sound limbs was almost a miracle; +and, as his big-hearted uncle picked him up, he hugged +the lad as one snatched from the very jaws of death. +Willard was somewhat awed by the narrowness of his +escape, and it was observed that his face wore an expression +a shade graver than was its wont for several +days after the occurrence.</p> + +<p>The lesson, however, made no lasting impression. +Scarce a week had gone by ere his life was once more +imperilled, and this time the danger resulted from his +own reckless over-confidence in himself.</p> + +<p>It is a singular fact in the boy's history that every +danger to which at this period of his life he was +exposed, seems to have been twin-brother to some +other hazard equally great, and which tripped upon +its very heels.</p> + +<p>As already stated, Willard was a good horseman for +a boy of his age. He possessed considerable nerve, +and, having been brought up among horses, knew a +good deal about their ways. But his real knowledge +upon the subject was nothing to that which he thought +he possessed; and, though a stout little fellow, of +course he lacked the muscle of steel that is required +to master an enraged horse. But he had never hesitated +to ride any steed in all that neighborhood, with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span> +the single exception of one of a pair of extremely +beautiful but vicious mares, which on account of her +color was named "Chestnut Bess."</p> + +<p>This horse was as wild and untamed as the famous +steed of Mazeppa, and even Henry Glazier, +master-horseman though he was, seldom attempted to +use this one, except in harness with her mate. The +knowledge of this fact excited an overweening desire +in Willard's breast to show them what <i>he</i> could do in +the way of taming the hitherto untamed creature, and +never having been unhorsed in his life, he determined, +upon the first favorable opportunity, to try his powers +upon the vicious animal. That opportunity was not +long in coming. One summer morning it was arranged +that Willard should go over to his grandfather's +and aid in the cultivation of a large corn-field on +the Homestead Farm. Willard made up his mind +that, if he went, he would go in style on the +back of "Chestnut Bess." He wanted to show his +Uncle Henry and the others what the "little runt" +was capable of accomplishing as an equestrian. Accordingly, +he placed a good strong bridle upon the +mare's head, gave an extra pull at the saddle-girth to +assure himself there was no possibility of <i>that</i> failing +him, and, taking a hoe, which he wished to use in his +work on the farm, in his right hand, he led the mare +quietly down the path, out through the gate, and into +the road. Gathering the reins in his left hand, without +giving her time to conjecture his object—for +mounting her was no easy task—he jumped lightly +into the saddle, and screwed his knees into her sides +with all his might.</p> + +<p>Now, this mare was not one of those ordinary<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span> +quadrupeds possessing a single vice, which the rider +may learn and master. She was an animal of infinite +resources. Her modes of attack were innumerable. +It is true she rather preferred to settle matters upon +the very threshold of the contest in a short, sharp +way, by kicking her man before he could mount. +But, if baffled in this design, she would vary the proceedings +by dashing her head down between her knees, +sending her heels up in the air, and, if possible, plunge +the rider over her head to the ground; or, she would +waltz round on her hind legs in such a way as to +render the best balanced brain somewhat dizzy and +uncertain; in the event of the failure of these coquettish +pleasantries, she had not a single scruple against +playing Shylock, and taking her pound of flesh out of +his leg with her teeth. Thus, you see, it would not +do to go to sleep upon her back; and Master Willard +Glazier no sooner found himself firmly seated than he +made up his mind that for the time, at least, he had +his hands full of business. As the mare had been +deprived of an opportunity to kick him, by the suddenness +with which he sprang upon her back, she +concluded to try her next favorite line of strategy and +shake him off. So down went her head and up went +her heels, and, had he been less on the alert, he must +have gone to earth; but, with his knees dug into her +sides as if they were the opposite jaws of a vice, for +every jerk of her head <i>down</i> he gave one with the +reins <i>up</i>, and at each jerk the hoe-handle gave her a +rap over the ears, so that she began to find the fun +less agreeable than usual. Changing her tactics, with +a bound she proceeded to execute a fine imitation of +the "German," and spin round like a Fifth Avenue<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span> +belle or a humming-top. But the boy's young, clear, +temperate brain and well-disciplined nerves were +proof even against this style of attack, and still firm in +his seat, he belabored the brute with his hoe with such +a perfect rain of blows that she gave up her prancing +and dashed down the road at a break-neck pace. For +perhaps five hundred yards the road led down hill, +and then, crossing a stream, ascended again, the ascent +being quite steep and by no means smooth.</p> + +<p>While upon the descent, it was all Willard could do +to hold on, for he was encumbered with the hoe, +which at every jump of the mare struck the top of her +head, until she absolutely flew. The few pedestrians +upon the road that morning stopped in amazement to +stare after the mad flight of horse and rider.</p> + +<p>As soon as the bridge was crossed and they commenced +the abrupt rise, "Chestnut Bess" began to +slacken her pace, but the young gentleman, who by +this time considered himself her master, would not +agree to this. He proposed to give her a lesson, so he +administered a good thrashing with his novel style of +whip and compelled her to keep her pace all the +way to the top of the hill, where horse and rider at +length arrived in safety. From that point to the Old +Homestead the mare was perfectly willing to jog +along quietly, and when they reached the farm you +may be sure that the "spirit" of one "mortal" at +least was "proud," as he related to his wondering +kinsman how he had taken the mischief out of the +chestnut mare.</p> + +<p>The boy rose immeasurably in his uncle Henry's +estimation by this feat, and all were delighted with his +pluck, though Jabez Glazier, his grandfather, with his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span> +greater experience, warned him not to trust the beast +too far, for, according to his belief, her eye had danger +in it yet. When the day of work was ended, Willard +once more mounted upon "Chestnut Bess" and rode +towards home. For a short time the mare trotted +quietly along, and the boy was more than ever +convinced that he had broken her of her tricks.</p> + +<p>This agreeable belief however was of short duration. +The thought had hardly entered his head when she +commenced her antics again. Her heels went skyward +and her nose went down, and a repetition of the +morning's performances succeeded.</p> + +<p>There was quite as much vigor and pertinacity in her +movements as if she were just starting out for the day. +This time Willard had provided himself with a stout +beech switch, and used its stinging persuasion with good +effect. She danced, she pranced, she waltzed, she +made sudden dashes and full stops. She would have +rolled in the gravel if the boy's switch had ceased +stinging her into motives for action, but she could +not shake him off. He clung to her back like a +little leech, and it began to look as if human will-power +was going to conquer brute stubbornness, when +suddenly a new idea seemed to enter the animal's head. +Without a moment's warning, and utterly scorning +the control of the bit which she had taken in her +teeth, she swung round and at full gallop made +straight for the Homestead farm from which she +had so lately come. The farm-yard gate was wide +open and she dashed in, making directly for the +wagon-shed at the extreme end of the place, which was +now empty. This shed, the top of which was supported +by a cross-beam, was only just high enough to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span> +permit a wagon to be sheltered there, and if the horse +got in, Willard saw at a glance that she would be +obliged to lower her head to do so, and that in the +course of her entry he must inevitably strike the beam +and perhaps be instantly killed or swept off her back +upon a pile of rocks that on either side walled the entrance +to the shed.</p> + +<p>His heart for once failed him, for there seemed no +earthly hope of escape. There was no time to spring +off, even if the speed at which he was going would have +permitted him to do so, for in a shorter time than it +has taken to describe the scene, the shed was reached, +bang went the mare's head against the opposite end, +and at the same instant Willard felt a dull thud +against his person, realized the fact that he was being +thrown into the air, and then came darkness and unconsciousness. +He was dashed violently upon the +stones, and when picked up his body was found to be +much lacerated and bruised.</p> + +<p>Fortunately, however, no bones were broken, though +he was obliged to keep his bed for some days afterwards. +No doubt while lying there during slow convalescence +he mused upon the vicissitudes attendant +upon the career of a horse-tamer. At all events from +this time he became much steadier and more prudent,—the +wild adventures of his earlier boyhood having +entirely lost their attraction for him.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr class='major' /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IX" id="CHAPTER_IX"></a>CHAPTER IX.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>THE YOUNG TRAPPER OF THE OSWEGATCHIE.</span> +</h2> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p>A plan of life. — Determination to procure an education. — A substitute +at the plow. — His father acquiesces in his determination +to become a trapper. — Life in the wild woods along the Oswegatchie. — The +six "dead-falls." — First success. — A fallacious calculation. — The +goal attained. — Seventy-five dollars in hard cash! — Four +terms of academic life. — The youthful rivals. — Lessons in +elocution. — A fight with hair-brushes and chairs! — "The walking +ghost of a kitchen fire." — Renewed friendship. — Teaching +to obtain means for an education.</p></div> + +<p>At this period of Willard's life, he is described by +Mr. Rennehan as having acquired an appetite +for the acquisition of knowledge which soon became +the controlling passion of his nature, and, "thoroughly +absorbed by this idea, he fixed upon the select school +of his native town as the institution best adapted to +initiate him in the course suited to the fulfilment of +his laudable ambition."</p> + +<p>But his determination to procure an education +met with obstacles from the outset. How to defray +the necessary expenses which such a course involved +was the question which continually presented itself for +his ingenuity to solve. His father's reverses placed it +quite beyond the possibilities to hire help upon the +farm, and Willard's services had therefore come to be +looked upon as something of vital importance.</p> + +<p>In dragging from the hard soil of the Davis place<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span> +the living which necessity compelled, he performed the +work of a man, and the perfect trust which his father +reposed in him gave his services additional value.</p> + +<p>This fact increased the difficulty of his position; +but though he made it a point to husband all his spare +time for self-instruction, he was far from satisfied with +the existing state of affairs, and pondered long and +earnestly over the best means of securing the advantages +of regular instruction.</p> + +<p>At that time the streams tributary to the St. Lawrence +were supplied with such fur-bearing animals as +the mink, the musk-rat, the otter, and the more humble +rabbit, the skins of all of which were more or +less valuable and were sought by professional trappers. +These men found the business a reasonably lucrative +one, and it commended itself especially to Willard, +as health and strength were the only capital required. +The grand difficulty was how to supply his place in +the work of the farm. His father was a man who +always listened with patience and sympathy to any +scheme that promised to benefit his children. His +son, therefore, had no hesitation in laying the whole +matter before him and seeking his advice upon the +subject. He felt, of course, that any proposal to +withdraw his personal labor from the common stock +of exertion by which the cultivation of the farm was +rendered a possibility, was a direct pecuniary tax upon +his father's resources; but he believed he could to a +great extent neutralize the injury by supplying a substitute.</p> + +<p>He also felt assured that although the step he proposed +to take might be a present loss to the family it +would prove an ultimate gain. He was thoroughly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span> +determined to make <i>his</i> life a success, and he was just as +thoroughly determined that any success which might +crown his efforts should be shared by his parents. It +is true that the road looked long and the path rough, +but he had a "heart for any fate," and his courage +never failed. A substitute at the plow he knew he +could obtain for a small sum, and the board of such +a person would take the place of his own at the home +table, and he never doubted that he could earn a sufficient +surplus to pay the wages of such an assistant. +At all events he made up his mind to try the experiment.</p> + +<p>With young Willard, to think was to act, and this +project was no sooner conceived than he proceeded to +put it into execution. He laid his plans frankly before +his father, who, to his great gratification, +assented to his proposal. A man was hired for +fifteen dollars a month to take Willard's place on +the farm, and the latter made his first venture as a +trapper.</p> + +<p>His initial experiment was to set six traps of the +pattern called a "dead-fall" or "figure of four," and +this resulted in the capture of two minks worth about +eight dollars. With what an exultant heart he drew +out his first mink and realized that by his own unaided +exertions he had made some money, no boy or +man need be told. He at once, however, entered into +some rather fallacious calculations and built some extremely +airy castles. It occurred to him that if out of +six traps he could obtain two skins, out of one hundred +he could obtain thirty-three, and so on, in +proportion.</p> + +<p>This, however, proved to be a miscalculation, it not<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span> +being so much the number of traps set, as the quantity +of game in a given locality which regulates the amount +of success for a trapper. Yet his efforts in this new +business succeeded to a gratifying degree, and the +fact of having exchanged the dull monotony of farm +drudgery for the exhilarating excitement of a hunter's +life, was in itself a sufficient reward for any amount of +exertion. Indeed what mode of life could be happier +or more free, for a healthy, strong-limbed youth of +fifteen, than to live as he then did, almost entirely in +the woods? Then too, his daily route lay in the +midst of some of the finest scenery to be found anywhere +in New York, even in that grand old county of +St. Lawrence.</p> + +<p>To a lover of nature nothing could be more alluring +than the locality through which Willard, at that period +of his life, trapped and hunted. To follow the winding +waters of the Oswegatchie is to enjoy a perpetual +feast. That river is one of a great family of rivers, +among which may be enumerated the Rackett, the +Grasse, the Indian, and the Black, all of which take +their rise far up in the recesses of the great North +Woods. Though not to any extent navigable, it is +yet nearly as broad as the lovely and "blue Juniata" +of "peaceful Pennsylvania."</p> + +<p>At times turbulent and brawling, it is often vexed +in its passage to the St. Lawrence by rapids and cataracts +varying in height and volume, but which in their infinite +variety give a wild and romantic beauty to this +poetical stream. At times it glides smoothly along +through low meadow lands, and again it plunges into +some dense thicket or brawls through some briery dell +where the foliage is so thick that one can only see the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span> +glint and ripple of its waters at rare intervals, shining +between the lapping leaves and tangled vines. Then +again it sweeps onward through cleft rocks and jutting +banks until, lost at last in the very heart of the primeval +forest, its twilight waters reflect the images of +giant trees which had their beginning on its banks a +century ago.</p> + +<div class="image"> +<a id='illus05' name='illus05'></a> +<a href='images/illus05h.png'> + <img src='images/illus05.png' + title='The Young Trapper Of The Oswegatchie.' + alt='The Young Trapper Of The Oswegatchie.' /> +</a> +<p class='caption'> +THE YOUNG TRAPPER OF THE OSWEGATCHIE. +</p></div> + +<p>Willard's life during that autumn passed in persevering +work. Day by day he traveled his accustomed +routes, while the leaves turned from green to red and +from red to russet and brown, and at last fell from the +naked branches of the forest trees with a little farewell +rustle, to be trodden into the rich soil below.</p> + +<p>By the time the first snow came he found himself +much more robust physically, and with seventy-five +dollars clear profit in his pocket. In addition to these +advantages he also acquired the inestimable habit of +self-reliance, so that when he entered upon a course of +preparation for his academic life, it was with full faith +in himself. For four terms, beginning August thirteenth, +1857, and ending the latter part of June, 1859, +he remained at the excellent institution of learning +which he had selected, and while there gained considerable +credit as a hard student.</p> + +<p>During the first of these terms a generous rivalry existed +between himself and a youth by the name of Albert +Burt, as to which should lead the class. As it turned +out, however, they kept together and were both marked +"perfect." The academy was under the management +of the Rev. E. C. Bruce, M. A., Principal; and +Andrew Roe, Professor of Mathematics. About a +month or six weeks after he entered the school, he arranged +to take lessons in elocution under a Professor<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span> +Bronson, that gentleman having organized a large class +at the academy.</p> + +<p>In a brief diary kept by him at the time, we find the +remark that he was "greatly pleased with the Professor's +method of teaching that important branch of +study." Willard had advanced to the higher grade +of Algebra and Grammar, had added Philosophy to +the list of his studies, and having cultivated a +natural turn for public speaking, was elected on +the eighteenth of December, 1857, a member of the +Oratorical Society—an association connected with the +institution. His boy experiences were very similar +to those which happen to all lads in academic life. +He had his chums, among whom were Brayton +Abbott and Ozias Johnson; he had his little flirtations +with misses of his own age, and he had his +fights, as all boys have.</p> + +<p>Among the latter was one with Johnson, who was +his room-mate, and who, being four years older than +himself, undertook, for fun, to rub his face with a +newly-purchased hair-brush. This kind of fun did not +suit Willard, however, and he resented it by giving +Johnson a "dig" in the ribs. Whereupon a fight +ensued in earnest, and as Willard was too young and +light to keep up the contest at close quarters, he dodged +his adversary and covered his retreat by dropping +chairs in front of Johnson's legs, which brought that +young gentleman to the floor more than once, to his +own intense disgust and Willard's great gratification. +At length Johnson managed to corner his opponent, +and then rubbed his face so thoroughly with the bristles +that his comrades that morning thought he had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span> +caught the scarlet-fever, or as Dickens says, that he +was the "walking ghost of a kitchen fire."</p> + +<p>As generally happens, however, between two manly +fellows, their combat inspired a feeling of mutual respect, +and from being mere acquaintances they grew +to be fast friends.</p> + +<p>Study and sedentary habits at length so much impaired +Willard's health that, in the latter part of the +month of August, 1858, he was compelled to cease his +attendance at school and go home. The thirtieth of +September following, however, found him at the +Teachers' Institute of St. Lawrence County, with the +proceedings of which body he appears to have +been highly gratified, for in the diary to which we +have already referred, he speaks of it in these +words:—</p> + +<p>"I am now attending the Teachers' Institute of this +county, which is in session at Gouverneur, it having +opened upon the twenty-seventh instant. The School +Commissioners are Mr. C. C. Church and Allen +Wight. I am highly pleased with the proceedings +and the method of conducting the exercises of this +apparently indispensable part of a Teacher's instruction,"—adding +that it was his "intention to become a +teacher the coming winter." Indeed, to be a teacher +seems to have been his favorite scheme of life, and his +highest ambition was ultimately to fill the chair of +Mathematics in one of the great institutions of learning. +That most exact of sciences was his favorite +branch of study, and the intellectual stimulus which +it imparts had for him a peculiar fascination.</p> + +<p>In pursuance of his object, and in order, by teaching +during one part of the year, to raise means to enable<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span> +him to attend school during another portion, he set +about procuring for himself a school. Fortunately +for the accomplishment of his object, it was suggested +to him to apply to the School Commissioner of his own +Assembly district, and he did so. The examination +which followed his application, owing to some local +rivalry, was extremely rigid; but he passed through +it with great credit and received the appointment he +desired, being assigned forthwith to duty in the town +of Edwards, St. Lawrence County. He commenced +teaching in the bleak month of November, 1858, and +was very earnest in fulfilling the duties of his position, +taking every opportunity not only of instilling knowledge +into the minds of his pupils, but also striving to +imbue them with a love of self-culture. He labored +hard in his efforts to earn means with which to support +himself during the coming summer at the Gouverneur +Wesleyan Seminary, and discovered while thus +working that teaching was as much of a discipline for +himself as for his pupils.</p> + +<p>The time does not seem to have passed unpleasantly +to him at this period of his career, for in an entry made +in his diary on the twenty-eighth of November, 1858, +he says:</p> + +<p>"I am spending the evening with Mr. Hiram Harris +and family, having come into the district this afternoon. +My mission here is to teach school for a term +of three months in fulfilment of the contract existing +between the trustees and myself. In compliance with +a custom that prevails, I am expected to 'board +around,' as it is styled, and Mr. Harris, being one of +the Trustees, has invited me to spend my first week at +his house.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span></p> + +<p>"The School Commissioner of this Assembly district +is Mr. C. C. Church, of Potsdam, from whom I received +a certificate based upon the recommendation of +Commissioner Allen Wight of the first district. The +School Trustees are E. L. Beardsley, Hiram Harris, +and Jeptha Clark. The present term will be my first +experience in the profession I have adopted. I do +hope it will prove a useful one, for I am of opinion +that a teacher's first experience is apt to give color to +his whole future career." The day after this entry he +adds that "only a small attendance greeted me upon +opening my school," and after consoling himself with +the reflection that this will leave him plenty of time +for study, he adopted a single rule—"Do right;" and +an additional motto, "A time and place for everything +and everything in its time and place."</p> + +<p>It will thus be seen that he had already acquired a +clear idea of the importance of order in every pursuit, +and knew that method gives to an ordinary mortal +Briærean arms with which to accomplish whatever he +may desire to do. How few attain to this knowledge +until it is too late!</p> + +<p>As a writer, whose words we think worthy of remembrance, +has said:</p> + +<p>"This is an era of doing things scientifically. People +make scientific calculations of the weather, and the +average number of murders for the next year. They +measure the stars and they measure the affections, both +scientifically. The only thing they fail to do scientifically +is, to manage themselves. As a rule, they +<i>drift</i>, and then find fault with fate and Providence because +they don't drift into the right port. They drift +<i>into</i> life with a multiplicity of vague dreams, which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span> +are somehow to be realized; but they have a very dim +idea of ways and means. They drift <i>through</i> it, carelessly, +with an inadequate knowledge of their own +resources, and a still more inadequate notion of using +them to the best advantage; they drift <i>out</i> of it with a +melancholy sense of failure, both absolutely as to themselves +and relatively as to the world. Of all their +splendid possibilities, none are realized. Nothing is +completed. They start wrong or they make one fatal +step, and everything goes wrong all the way through. +It seems as if most lives were only experiments. Now +and then one is turned out which fits in its niche and +is tolerably symmetrical. The rest are all awry, unfinished, +misplaced, and merely faint suggestions of +what might have been. Much of this is doubtless beyond +mortal control, but a far greater portion is due +to the lack of a nice direction of forces. The human +mechanism is complicated, and a very slight flaw sets +it all wrong. There may be too much steam or too +much friction, or too little power or too little balance. +But clearly the first step is to strengthen the weak +points, to gauge its capabilities, to set it running +smoothly, and to give it a definite aim. If existence +were simply passive and the mission of man was to <i>be</i> +instead of to <i>do</i>, he might perhaps be left to develop +as the trees do, according to his own will or fancy or +according to certain natural laws. But as it is the universal +wish wherever one is, to be somewhere else, a +little higher in the scale, it seems to be a part of wisdom, +as well as humanity, to fit one for climbing. But +many an aspirant finds his wings clipped in the beginning +of his career, through the ignorance or carelessness +of his friends, who never took the trouble of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span> +measuring his capabilities. He is treated as a receptacle +into which a certain amount of ideas are to be +poured, no matter whether they may answer to anything +within him or not. He is turned out of an +educational mill with five hundred others, and with +plenty of loose knowledge, but without the remotest +idea of what to do with it, or what nature intended him +for, and with no especial fitness for any one thing. He +can <i>think</i>, probably, if he has the requisite amount of +brains, but how to establish a relation between thought +and bread and butter is the problem. He has the +requisite motive power, but it is not attached to anything. +<i>He</i> does not know how to attach it, so he +revolves in a circle, or makes a series of floundering +experiments, that bear meagre fruit, perhaps when the +better part of his life is gone. He knows <i>books</i>, but he +does <i>not</i> know men. He is a master of theories, but +cannot apply them. If he has a small amount of +brains, his case is still more hopeless. To be sure, a +proper amount of knowledge has been poured in, but +it has all slipped through. He might have assimilated +some other kind of knowledge, but that particular kind +has left him with mental dyspepsia, and a vague feeling +of hopelessness which is likely to prove fatal to +all useful effort. Or perhaps he has talent, but is destitute +of the requisite tact to make it tell upon the world. +His success depends largely on his power to move +others, but he has no lever and is forced to rely upon +main strength, which involves a serious expenditure +of vitality, with only doubtful results. He works all +his life against perpetual friction, because no one had +the foresight or insight to discern that this was the flaw +in his machinery.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span></p> + +<p>"Another fatal point is in the choice of a vocation. +Having drifted through an education, he next drifts +into his business or profession. He rarely stops to take +an inventory of his capital, or, at best, he takes a very +partial one. Chance or circumstance decides him. +His grandfather sits on the judge's bench. He thinks +the judge's bench a desirable place, so he takes to the +law. He puts on his grandfather's coat without the +slightest reference to whether it will fit or not. Perhaps +he intends to grow to <i>it</i>, but a willow sapling cannot +grow into an oak. It may grow into a very respectable +willow, but if it aspires to the higher dignity, +it will most likely get crushed or blown over. It may +be that he has a grand vision of commercial splendor, +and plunges into business life with a very good idea of +Sophocles and Horace and no idea whatever of trade; +with a very good talent for theories, but none whatever +for facts; with some insight into metaphysics, but none +at all into people. Instead of trying his strength in +shallow waters, he starts to cross the Atlantic in a very +small skiff. By the time he has reached mid-ocean he +discovers his error, but it is too late to turn back; so +he is buffeted about by winds and waves until he, too, +goes down and counts among the failures.</p> + +<p>"Another of the few points upon which life hinges +is marriage, and people drift into that as they do into +everything else. It is one of the things to be done in +order to complete the circle of human experience. A +man is caught by a pretty face and a winning smile. +He takes no thought of the new element he is adding +to his life, either with reference to his outward career +or his inward needs. Caprice governs his choice, or +perhaps a hard form of self-interest. Having com<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span>mitted +one or two of the grand errors of life, he settles +down to its serious business, and speedily discovers that +he has a dead weight to carry. He has mistaken his +vocation, whatever it may be.</p> + +<p>"He is conscious now that it is too late to change; +that he might have attained supreme excellence in +some other calling. He toils with heavy heart and +sinking spirit at the plodding pace of dull mediocrity. +His work is drudgery and wearies him body and soul. +Those who once smiled upon him pass him by. Men +of far inferior capabilities distance him in the race. +Perhaps too he has made another misstep, and has a +wife who sympathizes neither with his tastes nor his +trials: who has no comprehension of him whatever, +save that he is a being whose business it is to love her +and furnish her with spending money. The beauty +which fascinated him has grown faded and insipid. +The pretty coquetries that won him pall upon him; +he is absolutely alone with the burden of life pressing +heavily upon him. Is it strange that he is mastered +in the battle and finally falls beneath the world's pitiless +tread? This is a sad little picture, but it is an +every-day one, and the world goes on its way as +before.</p> + +<p>"What matters it that a lonely, dissipated man has +lain down in sorrow to rise no more! The world cannot +stop to weep over the remains of the departed one +it has trampled upon. Those whose business it is can +take them on one side, lay them away under the green +sod out of sight, shed a tear perhaps, and pass on until +their turn comes to lay down wearily, go to sleep, and +be laid away. The world chides, the world laughs, +but it takes no cognizance of the grief<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span>—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"'That inward breaks and shows no cause without,<br /></span> +<span class="i0"><i>Why</i> the man dies.'<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>"Yet there is but the difference of a point in the +game between the victim and the hero. The cards are +the same, or the victim, perhaps, <i>may</i> hold the best +trumps, but he plays recklessly, loses his point, loses +his game, loses all! On such slight things does human +destiny hinge. The hero has all his resources at command—his +game dimly outlined. He knows his winning +cards, and he plays them skilfully.</p> + +<p>"Every point tells. Nothing is left to chance that +can be accomplished by foresight. He wins the game. +He wins the prizes. He has the mastery of life. The +world takes off its hat to him. Fortune and people +smile upon him. Not that he is better than others—very +likely he is not so good. But the world counts +results. Becky Sharp is not a model, but Becky +Sharp is a power. The world does not like her in +the abstract, but it likes her dinners, it courts her +smiles, it fawns upon her, it showers its good things +upon her, all because <i>she has mastered it</i>. Becky +Sharp is not a model. Her aims are unworthy, and +her means unscrupulous; but she reads us a lesson in +fact, in foresight, in energy, in the subtle art of making +the most of limited resources. So long as life is a +game, it is worth studying. The difference between +playing it well and playing it ill is the difference +between light and darkness, between joy and desolation, +between life and death."</p> + +<p>Even at that early and immature time of his life, +Willard Glazier had thought much upon this subject—examples +of the disjointed successes of all unplanned +and unmethodical careers having been brought too<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span> +frequently into close proximity to his own door, not +to have made an impression upon his inquiring mind.</p> + +<p>Hence, at the very threshold of his life as a teacher, +he resolved to have plan and purpose clearly defined +in everything he did.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr class='major' /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_X" id="CHAPTER_X"></a>CHAPTER X.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>THE SOLDIER SCHOOL-MASTER.</span> +</h2> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p>From boy to man. — The Lyceum debate. — Willard speaks for the +slave. — Entrance to the State Normal School. — Reverses. — Fighting +the world again. — Assistance from fair hands. — Willard +meets Allen Barringer. — John Brown, and what +Willard thought of him. — Principles above bribe. — Examination. — A +sleepless night. — Haunted by the "ghost of possible defeat." — "Here +is your certificate." — The school at +Schodack Centre. — At the "Normal" again. — The Edwards +School. — Thirty pupils at two dollars each. — The "soldier +school-master." — Teaches at East Schodack. — The runaway +ride. — Good-by mittens, robes and whip! — Close of school +at East Schodack.</p></div> + +<p>Although a very boy in years, young Glazier +felt himself already stepping upon the boundary +line of manhood and, luckily for his future welfare, +comprehended the manifold dangers and mentally +realized the responsibilities which attend that phase of +human existence.</p> + +<p>Upon the fifth of February, 1857, the dull routine +of a teacher's duty was varied by a visit made to +Edwards by Willard's uncle Joseph, and his sisters; +and, after closing his school, the former went home +with his visitors, and thence to a Lyceum which had +been established in the Herrick School District, where +a debate was in progress as to the relative importance, +in a humanitarian point of view, of the bondage of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span> +African race in the Southern States, or the decadence +of the Indian tribes under the encroachments of +the Whites. The "question" assumed that the +Aborigines were most worthy of sympathy; and +young Glazier, being invited to participate in the +discussion, accepted, and spoke upon the negative side +of the question.</p> + +<div class="image"> +<a id='illus06' name='illus06'></a> +<a href='images/illus06h.png'> + <img src='images/illus06.png' + title='Gouverneur Wesleyan Seminary.' + alt='Gouverneur Wesleyan Seminary.' /> +</a> +<p class='caption'> +GOUVERNEUR WESLEYAN SEMINARY. +</p></div> + +<p>He little dreamed upon that winter's night, when, +in the small arena of a village debating-club, he stood +up as the champion of the slave, that the day was not +far distant when he would ride rowel-deep in carnage +upon battle-fields which war's sad havoc had made +sickening, fighting for the same cause in whose behalf +he now so eloquently spoke.</p> + +<p>No prophetic vision of what fate held in store for +him appeared to the ardent boy, speaking for those +who could not rise from the darkness of their bondage +to speak for themselves. No glimpse of weary months +dragged out in Confederate prisons—of hair-breadth +escapes from dangers dread and manifold—of hiding +in newly-dug graves made to assist the flight of the +living, not to entomb the dead—of lying in jungles +and cypress-swamps while fierce men and baffled +hounds were panting for his blood—of vicissitudes +and perils more like the wild creations of some fevered +dream than the plain and unvarnished reality: nothing +of all this came before him to trouble his young hopes +or cloud his bright anticipations of the future.</p> + +<p>He spoke of freedom, and had never seen a slave. +He pictured the cruelty of the lash used in a Christian +land on Christian woman, be she black or white. He +spoke of the deeper wrong of tearing the new-born +babe from its mother's breast to sell it by the pound—of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span> +dragging the woman herself from the father of her +child and compelling her to mate with other men—of +the fact that such wrongs were not alone the offspring +of cruel hearts, nor of brutal owners, but arose from +the mere operation of barbarous laws where masters, +if left to themselves, would have been most kind. +He spoke of such things as these, and yet he never +dreamed that his words were but the precursors of +deeds that would make mere words seem spiritless and +tame.</p> + +<p>Young Glazier spoke well. The little magnates of +the place,—the older men, after this, talked of him as +of one likely to rise, to become a man of note, and +their manner grew more respectful towards the young +school-master. His occupations and amusements at +this period of his existence, though simple in their +character, were considerably varied.</p> + +<p>Among other entries in his journal about this date, +is one that so commends itself by its brevity and +comprehensiveness that I quote it <i>verbatim</i>.</p> + +<p>"Having," he says, "received an invitation upon +the twenty-fourth of December, I attended a party at +the residence of Jeptha Clark, whose excellent wife +received me very kindly; upon Christmas day I visited +T. L. Turnbull's school at Fullerville; upon +Monday last called at Mr. Austin's school in the Herrick +District; Tuesday, dropped down for a moment +upon the students at Gouverneur; on Wednesday, +returned home; and on Thursday, for the greater part +of the day, assisted uncle Joseph in hauling wood from +the swamps on the Davis Place."</p> + +<p>Thus the time slipped rapidly by and his first term +of teaching drew to a close. In the spring of 1859 he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span> +again became a member of the Gouverneur Wesleyan +Seminary, and in May of that year, made the following +characteristic entry in his diary:</p> + +<p>"'Order is Heaven's first law.' A time and place +for everything, and everything in its time and place, +was the rule of conduct I adopted some time ago. In +accordance with this determination I have laid out the +following routine of occupation for each day. I intend +to abide by it during the present term. I will retire +at ten o'clock <span class="smcap">p. m.</span>, rise each morning at five o'clock, +walk and exercise until six, then return to my room, +breakfast and read history until eight, then repeat +what the English call a 'constitutional,' viz.: another +walk until prayers, devoting the time intervening +between prayers and recitation, to Algebra. After recitation, +I will study Geometry for three-quarters of +an hour, Latin for half an hour, and be ready for +recitation again at two o'clock. This will complete my +regular course of study, and, by carrying out this routine, +I can dine at noon, and also have a considerable +amount of time for miscellaneous reading and writing, +to say nothing of my Saturdays, upon which I can +review the studies of the week."</p> + +<p>To this plan young Glazier adhered conscientiously, +and hence made rapid progress and very soon found +himself in a condition to take another forward step in +the pathway of learning. That step was the entrance +to the State Normal School at Albany. To go to +West Point and receive the military training which +our government benevolently bestows upon her sons at +that institution, had been his pet ambition for years—the +scheme towards which all his energies were bent. +But failing in this, his next choice was the Normal<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span> +School. Accordingly, on a certain September afternoon +in 1859, he found himself in the capital city +of the Empire State, knocking for admission at the +doors of the Normal School. He was alone and among +strangers in a great city, with a purse containing the +sum of eight dollars! For a course of seven or eight +months instruction this was certainly a modest estimate +of expenses! In fact, young Glazier had based +his financial arrangements on a miscalculation of the +amount furnished by the State. He did not then know +that the only provision made by the body politic was +for mileage, tuition and text-books. But on Monday +morning, September seventeenth, 1859, he signed his +name to the Normal pledge, and at the conclusion of +the examination—which continued until September +twenty-third—was assigned to the Junior Class—there +being at that time four classes: the Senior and sub-Senior, +Junior and sub-Junior.</p> + +<p>The next step was to find lodgings at a weekly or +monthly price more suited to his means than those +which he had temporarily taken at the Adams House +on his arrival there the previous evening. Always +frugal in regard to his personal expenditures, he +knew that, in order to eke out the full term with his +scanty resources, he must carry his habitual thrift to +its fullest extent. He therefore scoured the town for +apartments, aided by references from Professor Cochran, +principal of the Normal, and finally obtained a room +on Lydius street, almost within shadow of the Cathedral, +and at the certainly reasonable rate of "six shillings +per week." This room he shared with Alexander +S. Hunter, from Schoharie County, and a +member of the sub-Senior Class. For several weeks<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span> +the young students boarded at this place, buying +what food they required, which the landlady cooked +for them free of charge. Seventy-five cents a week +paid for their cooking and rent!</p> + +<p>But even this small outlay soon exhausted the +meagre resources of young Glazier and, at the end of +the time mentioned, he went over into Rensselaer +County, to look up a school, in order to replenish his +well-nigh empty purse, and to enable him to <ins title="contiue">continue</ins> +in his efforts to acquire an education. It was a bright +clear morning in November when he left his boarding-place +on Lydius street in quest of his self-appointed +work, and, crossing the Hudson on a ferry-boat, +walked all the way to Nassau by the Bloomingdale +Road—a distance of sixteen miles. His object was +to find Allen Barringer, School Commissioner for +Rensselaer County, who, as he had been told, lived +somewhere near Nassau. On the way to that village +he passed two or three schools, concerning which he +made inquiries, with a view to engaging some one of +them on his return to Albany should he be so successful +as to obtain a certificate from Mr. Barringer. At +about two o'clock in the afternoon of this, to him, +eventful day, young Glazier had arrived at the residence +of Harmon Payne, near East Schodack, or +"Scott's Corners," as it was sometimes called. He +had been referred to this gentleman as one likely to +assist him in his endeavors to obtain a school. He +had eaten nothing since morning, and, having walked +a distance of nearly sixteen miles, as may be imagined, +was somewhat faint and hungry. But the good wife +of Mr. Payne showed herself not lacking in the +kindly courtesy belonging to a gentlewoman, and, with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span> +true hospitality, placed before the young Normal +student a delicious repast of bread and honey.</p> + +<p>To this youthful wayfarer, with a purse reduced to +a cypher, and struggling over the first rough places in +the pathway of life, the simple meal was like manna in +the wilderness. After chatting pleasantly with the +family for an hour or more, he started again on +his journey. But this time not alone; for Mr. Payne +very kindly sent his niece with the boy teacher, in +whom he had become so much interested, to show +him a shorter route "across lots" to East Schodack. +This village, two miles farther on, by the traveled +highway, was only three-quarters of a mile distant by +a pathway leading across the pasture lands of some +adjoining farms. In the fading November afternoon +the young lady and her <i>protégé</i> walked together to +East Schodack—a walk which young Willard never +forgot, and out of which afterwards grew a fairy fabric +of romantic regard glittering with all the rainbow hues +of boyish sentiment, and falling collapsed in the after-crash +of life, like many another soap-bubble experience +of first young days.</p> + +<p>But he did not succeed, at that time, in securing the +East Schodack School, as he had hoped to do. Nothing +daunted, however, he trod reverses under foot and +pushed on towards the residence of the School Commissioner +whose <i>ipse dixit</i> was to award him success or +failure.</p> + +<p>Allen Barringer lived one mile from the village +of Nassau, in Rensselaer County, and it was nearly +nightfall when, with an anxious heart and weary with +the day's journey, he knocked at the door of the comfortable +country residence which had been pointed out<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a></span> +to him as the one belonging to the School Commissioner. +That gentleman himself came to the door in +answer to his knock, and upon Willard's inquiry for +Mr. Barringer replied:</p> + +<p>"I am Mr. Barringer, sir; what can I do for you?"</p> + +<p>His manner was so pleasant and his face so genial +that young Glazier, at once reassured, had no difficulty +in making known his business.</p> + +<p>"I have come out here from Albany," said he, "to +see if I could pass examination for a certificate, to +teach in your district."</p> + +<p>"Well, come in, come in," said Mr. Barringer, cordially, +"and I will see what I can do for you. You +are not going back to Albany to-night?" he asked.</p> + +<p>"No, I shall not be able to do so," replied +Willard.</p> + +<p>"Have you friends or relatives here with whom you +intend to stay?"</p> + +<p>"No, sir."</p> + +<p>"Then I shall be glad to have you stop with us to-night. +I am a young man like yourself, living at +home here with my parents, as you see; I am fond of +company, and will be happy to place my room at your +disposal. And as there will be no hurry about the +examination, we will talk more about it after supper."</p> + +<p>Young Glazier thanked his host for the kind proffer +of entertainment, and of course acquiesced in the +arrangement.</p> + +<p>Accordingly, after the physical man had been refreshed +at a well-spread supper-table, Mr. Barringer +conducted his young guest to his own apartments, +where they drew their easy-chairs before a comfortable +fire, and entered into conversation.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[110]</a></span></p> + +<p>"I am considerably interested in politics just now," +said Mr. Barringer, and then he asked abruptly, "what +is your opinion of John Brown?"</p> + +<p>At this time the first red flash of the war that swiftly +followed, had glowered athwart the political horizon, +in the John Brown raid at Harper's Ferry, and against +this lurid background the figure of the stern old man +stood out in strong relief. It was at the period when, +shut up in prison, he was writing those heroic words to +his wife, those loving words of farewell to his children; +when petitions poured in pleading for his life—though +they were petitions all in vain—and when, naturally, +partisan feeling on the subject was at its height. Willard +felt that in expressing his candid convictions he +might be treading on dangerous ground, and perhaps +endangering his chances for success, yet he held principle +so high, and honest sentiment so far above bribe, +that if his certificate had depended on it he would not +have hesitated to express his admiration for the brave +old man who laid down his life for the slave, and +whose name has since been crowned with the immortelles +of fame. Therefore Willard replied with a +frankness worthy of emulation that he looked upon +John Brown as a conscientious, earnest, devoted man—a +man whose face was firmly set in the path of duty +though that path led to imprisonment and the gallows; +a man much in advance of his time—one of the +pioneers of free thought, suffering for the sacred +cause, as pioneers in all great movements always suffer. +He spoke with a modest fearlessness known +sometimes to youth and to few men. Mr. Barringer +replied that, though he held different views, he +could not but admire Willard's frankness in avow<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span>ing +his own political convictions, and that this independence +in principle would in nowise detract from +his previously formed good opinion of him. Afterwards, +Mr. Barringer examined him in the common +English branches of study, besides astronomy, +philosophy and algebra—studies usually taught in the +public schools of Rensselaer County. In this way, with +much pleasant talk dropped at intervals through the +official business of examination, interspersed with +politics and concluded with social chat, an agreeable +evening passed.</p> + +<div class="image"> +<a id='illus07' name='illus07'></a> +<a href='images/illus07h.png'> + <img src='images/illus07.png' + title='Old State Normal School. Albany, New York.' + alt='Old State Normal School. Albany, New York.' /> +</a> +<p class='caption'> +OLD STATE NORMAL SCHOOL. ALBANY, NEW YORK. +</p></div> + +<p>Mr. Barringer at last said good-night to the young +Normal student, with the remark that he would see +what could be done for him in the morning.</p> + +<p>Not much sleep visited Willard's eyes that night, +with the ghost of possible defeat haunting his wakeful +senses, stretched to their utmost tension of anxiety.</p> + +<p>Would he, or would he not, receive in the morning +the certificate he sought? This was the thought tossed +continually up on the topmost wave of his consciousness +all the night long. Morning dawned at last, much +to his relief. When Mr. Barringer came to his door +to announce breakfast, he handed Willard the coveted +piece of paper.</p> + +<p>"Now then," said he, cheerily, "here is your certificate, +and as I am going to drive over to Albany after +breakfast, if you have no particular school in view, I +shall be glad to have you ride with me as far as Schodack +Centre, where I have some very good friends, and will +introduce you to the trustees of the district, Messrs. +Brockway, Hover and Knickerbocker."</p> + +<p>Accordingly they drove over to the residence of +Milton Knickerbocker, school trustee of District No. 7, +of the town of Schodack.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span></p> + +<p>That gentleman thanked the School Commissioner +for bringing the young teacher over, said that he would +be pleased to engage him, and that it was only necessary +to see another trustee, George Brockway, to +make the engagement final. Mr. Knickerbocker +then accompanied young Glazier to the residence of +Mr. Brockway, where arrangements were made for +him to teach the school at Schodack Centre. He then +walked back to Albany.</p> + +<p>Willard had said nothing to his landlady, on Lydius +street, concerning his intended absence, fearing he +might have to report the failure of his project, and on +the evening of his return to Albany—having been +away for thirty-six hours—was surprised to find that +the family were just about to advertise him in the city +papers, thinking some strange fate had befallen him,—that +he had perhaps committed suicide.</p> + +<p>In just one week from the time Glazier engaged his +school at Schodack Centre, he returned to that place, +and taught the young Schodackers successfully through +the specified term, after which he went to Albany and +passed the next Normal School term. On the twelfth +of July following, he left Albany for the home farm, +where he worked until the first of September. He +then went on a prospecting tour out to Edwards, near +the field of his former efforts, and canvassed for scholars +at two dollars each, for a term of eight weeks. His +object was to teach during the fall and winter months +and return to Albany in the spring. This energetic +youth of eighteen succeeded in obtaining about thirty +pupils, among whom were six teachers—one of them +having taught four terms.</p> + +<p>Among the incidents of his school experience at this<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[113]</a></span> +time may be mentioned the fact of a series of drill +tactics, originated by himself, with which he practised +his pupils so thoroughly that they were enabled to go +through all the regular evolutions set down in Hardee. +Yet he had never seen the drill-book.</p> + +<p>It may be regarded as one of those outcroppings of +his natural bent towards the military art which he displayed +from his very infancy; for true military genius, +like true poetical genius, is born, not made. Of course +our young tactician soon made himself known, and +throughout the district he was distinguished by the +title of the "Soldier-Schoolmaster."</p> + +<p>It was an involuntary tribute yielded by public +sentiment to the boy who afterwards became the +"Soldier-Author."</p> + +<p>This boy-teacher, young as he was, marshaled all +his pupils into disciplined order, like the rank and +file of the army, and somehow held natural words +of command at his disposal whereby he wielded the +human material given into his charge, as a general +might wield the forces under his command. The school +was his miniature world and he was its master—his +diminutive kingdom wherein he was king; and within +the boundary of this chosen realm his sway was +absolute.</p> + +<p>First the "Soldier-Schoolmaster," drilling his boy-pupils; +then the Soldier of the Saddle, riding through +shot and shell and war's fierce din on Virginia's +historic fields; and last, but perhaps not least, the +"Soldier-Author," winning golden opinions from press +and people; through all these changes of his life, from +boy to man, one characteristic shows plain and clear—his +military bent. It is like the one bright stripe<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[114]</a></span> +through a neutral ground, the one vein of ore deposit +through the various stratifications of its native rock.</p> + +<p>The Edwards Select School was continued until the +first of November, when Glazier left home once +more, this time in company with his sister Marjorie, +bound for Troy. On arriving at that city he left +his sister at the house of an old friend, Alexander +McCoy, and went down into Rensselaer County a +second time in search of a school, or rather two schools—one +for his sister as well as one for himself. He succeeded +in obtaining both of them on the same day, and +went back to Troy that night. His own district was +East Schodack, near Schodack Centre, where he had +previously taught, and his sister secured the school two +miles north of the village of Castleton and six miles +distant from Albany.</p> + +<p>The little school-house near Castleton, where his +sister taught, was located in a lovely spot on a height +overlooking the Hudson and commanding a fine view +of the river and the surrounding scenery.</p> + +<p>During the school term in their respective districts, +it was Willard Glazier's habit to visit his sister +once a week, on Saturday or Sunday, and on several +occasions a gentleman living at East Schodack, William +Westfall by name, who owned a fine horse and +sleigh, loaned him the use of his conveyance to +drive to Castleton and return. The sleigh was provided +with warm robes of fur and the horse was beyond doubt +spirited, and a handsome specimen of the genus horse. +But as we cannot look for absolute perfection in anything +pertaining to earth, it may be stated that this +animal was no exception to the universal rule. He had +his fault, as young Glazier discovered—a disagreeable<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a></span> +habit of running away every time he saw a train of +cars. Perhaps the horse couldn't help it; it was no +doubt an inherited disposition, descended to him +through long lines of fractious ancestors, and therefore +it need not be set down against him in the catalogue +of wilful sins. But whether so or otherwise, this little +unpleasantness in his disposition was an established +fact, and unfortunately there were two railroads to +cross between East Schodack and Castleton. On Glazier's +first ride to Castleton with the Westfall horse +and sleigh, he had just crossed the Boston and Albany +Railroad when a freight-train rolled heavily by, which +put the horse under excellent headway, and on reaching +the Hudson River Railroad—the two tracks running +very near each other—a passenger train came up behind +him. This completed the aggregation of causes, +and away flew the horse down the road to Castleton at +break-neck speed. Fences disappeared like gray streaks +in the distance; roadside cottages came in view and +were swiftly left behind in the track of the foam-flecked +animal. All that Glazier could do was to keep +him in the road, until at length an old shed by the +roadside served his purpose, and running him into it, +the horse, puffing and snorting, was obliged to stop. +On his return to East Schodack, Mr. Westfall asked +him how he liked the horse. He replied that he +thought the animal a splendid traveler. He <i>did</i> think +so, beyond question.</p> + +<p>The next Sunday young Glazier was driving again +to Castleton with the same stylish turn-out; this time +with his sister Marjorie in the sleigh. She had come +up to East Schodack the evening before, and he was +taking her back to her school. The sleighing was ex<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></span>cellent, +the day fine, and all went merry as a marriage +bell until they reached the railroad. There the inevitable +train of cars loomed in view, and the puff, puff +of the engine, sending out great volumes of steam and +its wild screech at the crossing, completely upset what +few ideas of propriety and steady travel this horse may +have had in his poor, bewildered head, and, with a +leap and a jerk, he was once more running away on +the Castleton Road as if the entire host of the nether +regions were let loose after him.</p> + +<p>For a little while he made things around them as +lively as a pot of yeast. Away went whip, robes, +mittens and everything else lying loose in the bottom +of the sleigh at all calculated to yield to the velocity of +a whirlwind or a runaway. But Glazier proved himself +master of the situation in this as in many another +event of his life, and with one hand holding his frightened +sister from jumping out of the sleigh, with the +other he twisted the lines firmly around his wrist and +kept the horse in the road, until, at the distance of +three-quarters of a mile beyond Castleton, he brought +the infuriated animal to a stand-still by running him +against the side of a barn. Afterwards he drove leisurely +back and picked up the robes, and whip and +articles spilled during the wild runaway ride.</p> + +<p>A broken shaft was the only result of this last adventure, +which Glazier of course, put in repair before +his return to East Schodack. Mr. Westfall never +knew until after the close of the school term that his +horse had afforded the young teacher an opportunity +to tell what he knew about runaways.</p> + +<p>The school at East Schodack closed with an exhibition +exceedingly creditable to the efforts of the teacher,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[117]</a></span> +at which Mr. Allen Barringer was present, and in a +speech before the school complimented young Glazier +in the highest terms. The programme of exercises was +an excellent one, and was made up of original addresses, +declamations, recitations and music. After the close +of the school, Mr. Barringer presented Glazier with +a certificate which entitled him to teach for three years, +and also gave him in addition the following letter of +recommendation—a tribute of which any young teacher +might be justly proud, and which he carefully preserved:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"To Whom it May Concern:</p> + +<p>"This is to certify, that I am well acquainted with +Willard Glazier, he having taught school during the +winters of 1859 and '60 in my Commission District. +I consider him one of the most promising young +teachers of my acquaintance. The school that has the +good fortune to secure his services will find him one +of the most capable and efficient teachers of the day.</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:5em;'>"<span class="smcap">Allen Barringer</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'>"School Commissioner, Rensselaer County.</p> + +<p style='padding-left:1em;'>"<span class="smcap">Schodack</span>, New York, 1860."</p></div> + +<p>Early in the year 1860 he resumed his studies at +the State Normal School, and remained at that institution +until the guns of Sumter sounded their war-cry +through the land.</p> + +<p>This period was the great turning-point in Willard +Glazier's life, and hereafter we encounter him in a far +different <i>rôle</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr class='major' /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XI" id="CHAPTER_XI"></a>CHAPTER XI.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>INTRODUCTION TO MILITARY LIFE.</span></h2> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The mutterings of war. — Enlistment. — At Camp Howe. — First +experience as a soldier. — "One step to the front!" — Beyond +Washington. — On guard. — Promotion. — Recruiting service. — The +deserted home on Arlington Heights. — "How shall I behave +in the coming battle?" — The brave Bayard. — On the +march. — The stratagem at Falmouth Heights. — A brilliant +charge. — After the battle.</p></div> + +<p>The inevitable results of the discord so long +pending between North and South accumulated +day by day; and when, at length, Abraham Lincoln +was elected by a large popular majority, that election +was, as everybody knows, immediately followed by the +calling of a Southern States Convention, the secession, +one after another, of each of those States, the +capture of Fort Sumter, the killing of Ellsworth, and +the defeat of the Federal troops at Bull Run. All of +these occurrences contributed to inflame the passions, +intensify the opinions, and arouse the enthusiasm of +the people of both sections to fever-heat.</p> + +<p>It was in the whirl and torrent of this popular +storm that Willard Glazier was caught up and swept +into the ranks of the Union army.</p> + +<p>His regiment, the Harris Light Cavalry, was originally +intended for the regular service—to rank as +the Seventh Regular Cavalry. The general government, +however, concluded to limit the number of their +regiments of horse to six—the reasons for which are<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[119]</a></span> +given by Captain Glazier in his "Soldiers of the +Saddle," as follows:</p> + +<p>"Under the military <i>régime</i> of General Scott, the +cavalry arm of the service had been almost entirely +overlooked. His previous campaigns in Mexico, which +consisted chiefly of the investment of walled towns and +of assaults on fortresses, had not been favorable to +extensive cavalry operations, and he was not disposed, +at so advanced an age in life, materially to change his +tactics of war."</p> + +<div class="image"> +<a id='illus08' name='illus08'></a> +<a href='images/illus08h.png'> + <img src='images/illus08.png' + title='A Cavalry Column On The March.' + alt='A Cavalry Column On The March.' /> +</a> +<p class='caption'> +A CAVALRY COLUMN ON THE MARCH. +</p></div> + +<p>Hence, this regiment was mustered into service as +the "Second Regiment of New York Cavalry," and, +as Senator Ira Harris had extended to the organization +the influence of his name and purse, it soon came to be +called the "Harris Light Cavalry," and retained that +title throughout the whole of its eventful career. The +natural tastes of young Glazier led him into this branch +of the service in preference to the infantry, and we find +him writing to his sister Marjorie as follows:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p class='right'><span class="smcap">Camp Howe</span>, near <span class="smcap">Scarsdale, New York</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:8em;'><i>August 16th, 1861</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">My Dear Sister</span>: From the post-mark of this letter you +will at once conjecture the truth ere I tell it to you, and I can fancy +you saying to yourself when you glance at it: "Willard is no +longer talking about enlisting but has really entered the army." +You are right, I now wear the Union Blue.</p> + +<p>Many of our home friends will doubtless wonder why I have sacrificed +my professional prospects at a time when they first began to +look cheering, in order to share the hardships and perils of a soldier's +life. But I need not explain, to <i>you</i>, my reasons for doing +so. When our country is threatened with destruction by base and +designing men, in order to gratify personal ambition and love of +sway, it becomes her sons to go to her rescue and avert the impending +ruin. The rebelling South has yet to learn the difference between +the <i>true principles</i> of the Constitution and the <i>delusion</i> of "State +rights." It is as easy to die a volunteer as a drafted soldier, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span> +in my opinion, is infinitely more honorable. I shall return to my +studies as soon as the Rebellion is put down and the authority of +our Government fully restored, and not <i>until</i> then.</p> + +<p>Let me give you a sketch of our movements thus far. Having +reached Troy at 3 o'clock on the afternoon of the day you and I +parted, I spent the remainder of the evening until 8 o'clock in the +city. At that hour we embarked for New York, and the boys had +a very exciting and enthusiastic time on board the steamer Vanderbilt. +Wednesday was spent at 648 Broadway, Regimental Headquarters +of the "Harris Light Cavalry;" and on that night we came +by train to our present camp: or, rather, as near it as we could, for +it is two miles from the nearest station. The spot is picturesque +enough to be described. An old farm, surrounded by stone fences +that look like ramparts, constitutes the camp. The Hudson and +Harlem rivers are in full view, and the country around is full of +beauty. On the first night we <i>bivouacked</i> upon the bare sod, with +no covering for our bodies but the broad canopy of heaven. It was +not until a late hour on the following afternoon that our white +tents began to dot the ground and gleam through the dark foliage +of the trees.</p> + +<p>Crowds of visitors from the neighboring village come out every +day to see us. My health was never better, and this sort of life +affords me keen enjoyment. The very roughness of it is invigorating. +My present writing-desk is the top of the stone wall I have +alluded to, so you must criticise neither my penmanship nor my +style. I received a letter from father on Tuesday afternoon, and, +thank God! I enter the service with his full approbation. The discipline +enforced here is strict, our rations are good, fruit is very +abundant, and to be had for the asking; so that if you will only write +soon and often, there will be little else required to fill the wants of</p> + +<p>Your affectionate brother, <span class="smcap">Willard</span>.</p></div> + +<p>Fortunately for their future comfort, the Harris +Light Cavalry, at the very outset of its military +career, was placed under the charge of a rigid and +skilful disciplinarian—one Captain A. N. Duffiè—who, +having graduated honorably at the celebrated French +military school, St. Cyr, possessed all the martial +enthusiasm as well as personal peculiarities of his +excitable countrymen.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[121]</a></span></p> + +<p>The captain either was, or believed himself to be, +an eloquent speaker, and his efforts at rhetorical display, +added to his French pronunciation of English words, +became a source of great amusement to the men. He +was wont to harangue them, as if they were about to +enter upon a sanguinary battle. The old stone walls of +the peaceful farm were pictured as bristling with the +enemy's bayonets, and the boys were called on to +"charge" at the hidden foe and capture him.</p> + +<p>"One morning," says Captain Glazier, "after a +week spent in drill, we were all surprised by receiving +an order to 'fall into line,' and discovered that the +object of this movement was to listen to a Napoleonic +harangue from Captain Duffiè. So loud had been our +protests, so manifest our rebellious spirit on the subject +of fortifying a peaceful farm on the banks of the +Hudson, that the captain undoubtedly feared he +might not be very zealously supported by us in his +future movements, and, like Napoleon on assuming +command of the Army of Italy, sought to test the +devotion of his men. After amusing us a-while in +broken English, appealing to our patriotism and honor, +he at length shouted:</p> + +<p>"'Now, as many of you as are ready to follow me +to the cannon's mouth, take one step to the front!'</p> + +<p>"This <i>ruse</i> was perfectly successful, and the whole +line took the desired step."</p> + +<p>The time passed pleasantly enough in this camp of +instruction, despite the monotony of drill and guard +duty, and, by the time the order to break camp reached +the men, they were well advanced in the duties of the +soldier.</p> + +<p>The regiment left Camp Howe about the end of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[122]</a></span> +August, and, passing through New York, entered that +most beautiful and patriotic of cities, Philadelphia, +where they were royally entertained by the managers +of the "Volunteer Refreshment Saloon." They at +length reached Washington and encamped a half mile +beyond the Capitol.</p> + +<p>From this point Glazier writes to his mother as +follows:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'><span class="smcap">Camp Oregon</span>,</p> + +<p class='right'><span class="smcap">Near Washington, D.C.</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'><i>August 25th, 1861</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dear Mother</span>: I am at present seated under the branches of a +large peach tree that marks the spot where two sentinels of our +army, while on duty last night, were shot by the rebels. I was one +of the same guard, having been assigned to such duty for the first +time since entering the service. Like all other sentinels, I was +obliged to walk my lonely beat with drawn sabre.</p> + +<p>It may interest you to know where I performed my first guard +duty. It was in front of the residence of a rabid secessionist, who +is now an officer in the famous Black-Horse Cavalry. You may remember +that this regiment was reported to have been utterly +destroyed at Bull Run, and yet I am informed by Washingtonians +that it had but two companies in the fight. So much for newspaper +gossip.</p> + +<p>During the day I was very kindly treated by the family of this +gentleman, but in the evening our camp commander came to me +and said: "Take this revolver, and if you value your life, be +vigilant. <i>Remember, you are not at Scarsdale now!</i>" He, of course, +referred to our old camp near Scarsdale, twenty-four miles from +New York. Our present one is a little over half a mile from the +Capitol, and from my tent I can see the dome of that building, +glittering, like a ball of gold, in the sunlight.</p> + +<p>Yesterday I paid a visit to the city. The streets were crowded +with infantry, artillery and cavalry soldiers, all actively engaged in +preparing for the coming conflict. An engagement seems to be +close at hand. Entrenchments are being dug and batteries erected +in every direction. The citizens do not apprehend any danger from +an attack by the enemy.</p> + +<p>My regiment has been attached to Brigadier-General Baker's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[123]</a></span> +Brigade. It will be three weeks to-morrow since I enlisted. I have +been in this camp one week, and one week was spent at Camp +Howe, Scarsdale, New York.</p> + +<p>We are being rapidly prepared for field service. Our drill is +very rigid, yet I submit to the discipline willingly, and I find that +hard study is as essential to the composition of a good soldier as to +a good teacher. I have purchased a copy of the "Cavalry Tactics," +and devote every leisure hour to its mastery. There is but one +thing which gives me any serious annoyance now, and that is the +question of the ways and means for the education of my brothers and +sisters. I think Elvira and Marjorie had better teach this winter, +and then, if the war should be concluded before next spring, I will +make arrangements for their attendance at school again. With +kindest love to all, I am</p> + +<p class='center'>Your loving and dutiful son,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'><span class="smcap">Willard</span>. +</p></div> + +<p>About two months more were occupied by the Harris +Light in camp-duty, scouting and foraging, but +almost immediately after their arrival in Virginia, +young Glazier was promoted to the rank of Corporal. +Shortly after his promotion he was detailed for recruiting +service and sent to the city of New York for +that purpose. The great city was in a turmoil of excitement.</p> + +<p>The "Tammany" organization carried things with +a high hand, and was opposed by the equally powerful +Union League. Between these two centres the current +of public opinion ran in strong tides. But, in the +midst of it all, the young corporal was successful in his +recruiting service, and on the second day of December +rejoined his comrades, who were then at Camp Palmer, +Arlington Heights.</p> + +<p>This spot was one of peculiar beauty. Its associations +were hallowed. There stood the ancestral home +of the Lees, whose deserted rooms seemed haunted +with memories of a noble race. Its floors had echoed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[124]</a></span> +to the tread of youth and beauty. Its walls had witnessed +gatherings of renown. From its portals rode +General Lee to take command of the Richmond troops—a +man who must be revered for his qualities of +heart and remembered especially by the North as one +who, amid all the fury of passion which the war engendered, +was never betrayed into an intemperate +expression towards the enemy. <i>Now</i>, the halls and +porches of the quaint old building rang with the tread +of armed men. Its rooms were despoiled, and that +atmosphere of desolation which ever clings about a +deserted home, enveloped the place. A winding +roadway under thick foliaged trees, led down the +Heights to the "Long Bridge," crossing the Potomac. +Near the house stood an old-fashioned "well sweep" +which carried a moss-covered bucket on its trips down +the well, to bring up the most sparkling of water. Instinctively +a feeling of sadness took possession of the +heart at the mournful contrast between the past and +present of this beautiful spot.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Ah, crueler than fire or flood<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Come steps of men of alien blood,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And silently the treacherous air<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Closes—and keeps no token, where<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Its dead are buried."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>The day of trial—the baptism of battle—seemed +rapidly approaching. General McClellan, having +drilled and manoeuvred and viewed and reviewed the +Army of the Potomac, until what had been little better +than an armed and uniformed mob began to assume +the aspect of a body of regulars, determined upon an +advance movement. Accordingly on the third of +March, 1862, the army marched upon Centreville,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[125]</a></span> +captured the "Quaker" guns and, much to the disgust +of his followers, fell back upon his original position, +instead of continuing the advance.</p> + +<p>As the Harris Light enjoyed throughout this campaign +of magnificent possibilities, the honor of being +"Little Mac's" body guard, they were of course during +the forward movement in high spirits. They believed +it to be the initial step to a vigorous campaign in +which they might hold the post of honor. But when +the order to fall back came, their disappointment was +great indeed. At first they were mystified, but it +soon leaked out that a council of war had been held +and that McClellan's plan of the Peninsular Campaign +had been adopted.</p> + +<p>It had also been determined that a section of the +army should be left behind, under the command of +General Irvin McDowell, to guard the approaches to +Washington.</p> + +<p>The First Pennsylvania Cavalry, under the command +of General (then Colonel) George Dashiel Bayard, and +the Harris Light, remained with the latter force. +Under such a leader as Bayard, the men could have no +fear of rusting in inactivity. He was the soul of honor, +the bravest of the brave. No more gallant spirit ever +took up the sword, no kinder heart ever tempered +valor, no life was more stainless, no death could be +more sad; for the day that was appointed for his nuptials +closed over his grave.</p> + +<p>Judson Kilpatrick, one of those restless, nervous, +energetic and self-reliant spirits who believe in themselves +thoroughly, and make up in activity what they +lack in method, was Colonel of the Harris Light, and +the dawning glory of young Bayard's fame excited a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[126]</a></span> +spirit of emulation, if not of envy in his heart, which +found vent in a very creditable desire to equal or +excel that leader in the field. The brilliant night +attack on Falmouth Heights was one of the first +results of this rivalry, and as it was also the initial +battle in Corporal Glazier's experience, we give his +own vivid description of it as it is found in "Three +Years in the Federal Cavalry."</p> + +<p>"Our instructions," he says, "were conveyed to us +in a whisper. A beautiful moonlight fell upon the +scene, which was as still as death; and with proud +determination the two young cavalry chieftains moved +forward to the night's fray. Bayard was to attack on +the main road in front, but not until Kilpatrick had +commenced operations on their right flank, by a detour +through a narrow and neglected wood-path. As the +Heights were considered well-nigh impregnable, it was +necessary to resort to some stratagem, for which Kilpatrick +showed a becoming aptness.</p> + +<p>"Having approached to within hearing distance of the +rebel pickets, but before we were challenged, Kilpatrick +shouted with his clear voice, which sounded like a +trumpet on the still night air:</p> + +<p>"'Bring up your artillery in the centre, and infantry +on the left!'</p> + +<p>"'Well, but, Colonel,' said an honest though rather +obtuse Captain, 'we haven't got any inf—'</p> + +<p>"'Silence in the ranks!' commanded the leader. +'Artillery in the centre, infantry on the left!'</p> + +<p>"The pickets caught and spread the alarm and thus +greatly facilitated our hazardous enterprise.</p> + +<p>"'Charge!' was the order which then thrilled the +ranks, and echoed through the dark, dismal woods;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[127]</a></span> +and the column swept up the rugged heights in the +midst of blazing cannon and rattling musketry.</p> + +<div class="image"> +<a id='illus09' name='illus09'></a> +<a href='images/illus09h.png'> + <img src='images/illus09.png' + title='Night Attack On Falmouth Heights.' + alt='Night Attack On Falmouth Heights.' /> +</a> +<p class='caption'> +NIGHT ATTACK ON FALMOUTH HEIGHTS. +</p></div> + +<p>"So steep was the ascent that not a few saddles slipped +off the horses, precipitating their riders into a creek +which flowed lazily at the base of a hill; while others +fell dead and dying, struck by the missiles of destruction +which filled the air. But the field was won, and +the enemy, driven at the point of the sabre, fled unceremoniously +down the heights, through Falmouth and +over the bridge which spanned the Rappahannock, +burning that beautiful structure behind them, to prevent +pursuit."</p> + +<p>This engagement, while otherwise of but little +importance, was valuable because it taught the enemy +that the Federals could use the cavalry arm of the +service as effectively as their infantry.</p> + +<p>All accounts agree that Corporal Glazier acquitted +himself very creditably in his first battle. After the +action was over he accompanied his comrades to the +field and contributed his best aid towards the care of +the wounded and the unburied dead. Such an experience +was full of painful contrast to the quiet scenes of +home and school life to which he had hitherto been +accustomed. In his history, as with thousands of +other brave boys who missed death through many +battles, this period was the sharp prelude to a long +experience of successive conflicts, of weary marches +seasoned with hunger, of prison starvation and the +many privations which fall to the lot of the soldier, all +glorified when given freely in the defence of liberty +and country.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[128]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr class='major' /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XII" id="CHAPTER_XII"></a>CHAPTER XII.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>FIRST BATTLE OF BRANDY STATION.</span> +</h2> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The sentinel's lonely round. — General Pope in command of the +army. — Is gunboat service effective? — First cavalry battle of +Brandy Station. — Under a rain of bullets. — Flipper's orchard. — "Bring +up the brigade, boys!" — Capture of Confederate prisoners. — Story +of a revolver. — Cedar Mountain. — Burial of the dead +rebel. — Retreat from the Rapidan. — The riderless horse. — Death +of Captain Walters.</p></div> + +<p>The Harris Light now entered upon exciting +times, and Corporal Glazier, ever at the post of +duty, had little leisure for anything unconnected with +the exigencies of camp and field. At that period the +men of both armies were guilty of the barbarous practice +of shooting solitary sentinels at their posts, and no +man went on guard at night without feeling that an inglorious +death might await him in the darkness, while +deprived of the power to strike a defensive blow, or to +breathe a prayer.</p> + +<p>On the twenty-second of July, 1862, a new commander +was assigned the Army of Virginia in the +person of General John Pope. General McClellan +had lost the confidence of the Northern people by his +continued disasters, and was at length succeeded by +General Pope, who was placed at the head of the united +commands of Fremont, Banks, McDowell (and later +in August), Burnside and Fitz-John Porter. General +Pope commenced his duties with a ringing address to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[129]</a></span> +the army under his command. Among other things, +he declared: "That he had heard much of 'lines of +communication and retreat,' but the only <i>line</i> in his +opinion, that a general should know anything about, +<i>was the line of the enemy's retreat</i>." The <i>dash</i> of such +a theory of war was extremely invigorating, and once +more the hearts of the Northern people cherished and +exulted in the hope that they had found the "right +man for the right place." Popular enthusiasm reacted +upon the army; their idol of yesterday was dethroned, +and they girded their loins for a renewal of the struggle, +in the full belief that, with Pope to lead them, +they would write a very different chapter upon the +page of History, from that which recorded their Peninsular +campaign.</p> + +<p>Here we desire to correct a statement, then current, +regarding the value of the gunboat service, viz., that +McClellan's army was indebted for its safety during +the retreat from Malvern Hill to the gunboats stationed +in James River. That this was not the case is proven +by the testimony of L. L. Dabney, chief-of-staff to +General T. J. Jackson. He says: "It is a fact +worthy of note, that the fire of the gunboats, so much +valued by the Federals, and, at one time, so much +dreaded by the Confederates, had no actual influence +whatever in the battle. The noise and fury doubtless +produced a certain effect upon the emotions of the assailants, +but this was dependent upon their novelty. +The loss effected by them was trivial when compared +with the ravages of the field artillery; and it was found +chiefly among their own friends. Far more of their +ponderous missiles fell within their own lines than +within those of the Confederates. Indeed, a fire directed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[130]</a></span> +at an invisible foe across two or three miles of intervening +hills and woods can never reach its aim, save by +accident. Nor is the havoc wrought by the larger +projectiles in proportion to their magnitude. Where +one of them explodes against a human body it does, +indeed, crush it into a frightful mass, but it is not +likely to strike more men, in the open order of field +operations, than a shot of less weight; and the wretch +blown to atoms by it is not put <i>hors du combat</i> +more effectually than he whose brain is penetrated by +half an ounce of lead or iron. The broadside of a +modern gunboat may consist of three hundred pounds +of iron projected by forty pounds of powder, but it is +fired from only <i>two</i> guns. The effect upon a line of +men, therefore, is but one-fifteenth of that which the +same metal might have had, fired from ten-pounder +rifled guns."</p> + +<p>The truth of the matter is, that so far as offensive +operations in conjunction with that army were concerned, +the gunboats were more ornamental than useful; +and it is not just that the modicum of glory (mingled +with so much of disaster), won fairly upon that occasion +by the land forces, should be awarded to another branch +of the service.</p> + +<p>General Pope was not permitted to remain long before +an opportunity offered for practically testing his +war theories. McClellan's troops had scarcely recovered +breath after their retreat from before Richmond +when Lee, leaving his entrenchments, boldly +threw himself forward and met Pope and the Union +forces, face to face on the old battle-ground of Manassas. +The Harris Light, prior to the second battle +of Bull Run, had been offered, and eagerly accepted,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[131]</a></span> +an opportunity to cross swords with the "Southern +chivalry," and the result now was a desperate encounter +at Brandy Station. The first action which baptized +in blood this historic ground took place August +twentieth, 1862. About six o'clock in the morning a +heavy column of Stuart's cavalry was discovered approaching +from the direction of Culpepper, and Kilpatrick +received orders to check their advance. The +Harris Light, acting as rear guard of Bayard's +brigade, kept the enemy in check until Bayard could +form his command at a more favorable point two miles +north of the station. Corporal Glazier was in the +front rank of the first squadron that led the charge, +and repulsed the enemy. His horse was wounded in +the neck, and his saddle and canteen perforated with +bullets.</p> + +<div class="image"> +<a id='illus10' name='illus10'></a> +<a href='images/illus10h.png'> + <img src='images/illus10.png' + title='Federal Canteens For Confederate Tobacco' + alt='Federal Canteens For Confederate Tobacco' /> +</a> +<p class='caption'> +FEDERAL CANTEENS FOR CONFEDERATE TOBACCO +</p></div> + +<p>The fight at Flipper's Orchard preceded that at +Brandy Station by more than a month, having occurred +on the Fourth of July. The Troy company of the +Harris Light had been ordered, about eight o'clock in +the morning of that day, to reconnoitre the Telegraph +Road, south of Fredericksburg. Leaving camp, they +soon came in sight of a detachment of Bath cavalry on +patrol duty, escorting the Richmond mail. They +learned the strength of the enemy from some colored +people along the route, and also the probability that +they would halt at Flipper's Orchard for refreshments. +This place was on the south bank of the Po River, +some twenty miles from Fredericksburg, in an angle +formed by the roads leading to Bull Church and the +Rappahannock. After following them for several +hours, the company halted for consultation, "and," +says Glazier, "our lieutenant put the question to vote,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[132]</a></span> +whether we should go on and capture the foe, about +one hundred strong, or return to camp. The vote was +unanimous for battle. I was in charge of the advance +guard, having a squad of four men, and received orders +to strike a gallop. Just as we came within sight of +the Orchard, we saw the Confederates dismounting +and making leisurely arrangements for their repast. +Dashing spurs into our horses' flanks, we wheeled +round the corner and along the Bull Church Road, +sweeping down upon them with tremendous clatter. +'Here they are, boys!' I shouted; 'bring up the +brigade!' We were about forty in number, but surprised +them completely, and they fled panic-stricken. +Twelve men and nine horses were captured. On +reaching Dr. Flipper's house, I noticed a dismounted +Confederate officer who, with others, was running +across a wheat-field. I started in hot pursuit, jumping +my horse over a six-rail fence to reach him. He +fired upon me with both carbine and revolver, but +missed his mark, and by this time I stood over him with +my navy-revolver, demanding his surrender. He gave +up his arms and equipments, which were speedily +transferred to my own person. We made quick work +of the fight, the whole affair lasting not longer than +fifteen minutes. The Confederate reserves were only +a short distance off at Bull Church, and we hurried +back with our spoils towards the Rappahannock, fearful +that we might be overtaken. My prisoner, as I +afterward learned, was Lieutenant Powell, in command +of the patrol. His revolver has a story of its own. It +was a beautiful silver-mounted weapon, and I resolved +to keep possession of it as my especial trophy, instead +of turning it over to the Quartermaster's Department.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[133]</a></span> +This was not an easy matter, as vigilant eyes were on +the look-out for all 'munitions of war captured from +the enemy,' which were consigned to a common receptacle. +I therefore dug a hole in the ground of our tent +and buried my treasure, where it remained until we +changed our encampment. One day, some time after, +I carelessly left it lying on a log, a short distance from +camp, and on returning found it gone. While I stood +there deploring my ill luck, I heard a succession of +clear, snapping shots just beyond a rise of ground directly +in front of me, and recognized the familiar report +of my revolver. Going in the direction of the shots, I +rescued it from the hands of a sergeant by whom it had +been temporarily confiscated. After this adventure I +concluded to incur no further risks with the weapon, +and so packed it in a cigar-box and sent it to my sister +Elvira."</p> + +<p>The battle of Cedar Mountain, fought on the afternoon +of August ninth, 1862, needs only a passing +notice in connection with this record. The battalion +in which Corporal Glazier served acted as body-guard +to General McDowell, and arrived on the field just +as the wave of battle was receding. The following +morning, on passing over the slopes of Cedar Mountain, +where the guns of General Banks had made sad +havoc on the previous day, a dead Confederate soldier, +partially unburied, attracted the attention of the +troopers. At that period of the war a sentiment of +extreme bitterness toward the adversary pervaded the +ranks on both sides, and as the squadron swept by +the men showered on the poor dead body remarks expressive +of their contempt. Corporal Glazier was an +exception. Moved by an impulse born of our com<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[134]</a></span>mon +humanity, he returned and buried the cold, stark +corpse, covering it with mother Earth; and when +questioned why he gave such consideration to a miserable +dead rebel, replied, that he thought any man +brave enough to die for a principle, should be respected +for that bravery, whether his cause were right +or wrong.</p> + +<p>On the eighteenth of the month our cavalry relieved +the infantry on the line of the Rapidan, and on the +nineteenth, in a sharp skirmish between Stuart's and +Bayard's forces, Captain Charles Walters, of the Harris +Light Cavalry, was killed. This officer was very popular +in the regiment, and his death cast a gloom over +all. Wrapped in a soldier's blanket his body was +consigned to a soldier's grave at the solemn hour of +midnight. And while the sad obsequies were being +performed, orders came for the retreat to Culpepper.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"We buried him darkly at dead of night,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">The sod with our bayonets turning,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">By the struggling moonbeam's misty light,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And our lanterns dimly burning.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span style='letter-spacing:3em;'> ·····</span><br /> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Slowly and sadly we laid him down,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">On the field of his fame fresh and gory;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">We carved not a line, we raised not a stone,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">But left him alone with his glory."<br /></span> +</div></div> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[135]</a></span></p> + +<div class="image"> +<a id='illus11' name='illus11'></a> +<a href='images/illus11h.png'> + <img src='images/illus11.png' + title='Burial Of Captain Walters At Midnight.' + alt='Burial Of Captain Walters At Midnight.' /> +</a> +<p class='caption'> +BURIAL OF CAPTAIN WALTERS AT MIDNIGHT, DURING POPE'S RETREAT. +</p></div> + + + +<hr class='major' /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIII" id="CHAPTER_XIII"></a>CHAPTER XIII.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>MANASSAS AND FREDERICKSBURG.</span> +</h2> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Manassas. — The flying troops. — The unknown hero. — Desperate attempt +to stop the retreat. — Recruiting the decimated ranks. — Fredericksburg. — Bravery +of Meagher's brigade. — The impregnable +heights. — The cost of battles. — Death of Bayard. — Outline +of his life.</p></div> + +<p>The plains of Manassas still speak to us. The +smoke of battle that once hung over them has +long since rolled away, but the blood of over forty +thousand brave men of both North and South who +here met, and fighting fell to rise no more, consecrates +the soil. Between them and us the grass has grown +green for many and many a summer, but it cannot +hide the memory of their glorious deeds. From this +altar of sacrifice the incense yet sweeps heavenward. +The waters of Bull Run Creek swirl against their +banks as of old, and, to the heedless passer-by, utter +nothing of the despairing time when red carnage held +awful sway, and counted its victims by the thousand; +yet, if one strays thitherward who can listen to the +mystic language of the waves, they will reword their +burden of death and of dark disaster which "followed +fast and followed faster," and at last overtook the +devoted Northern army, and made wild confusion and +wilder flight.</p> + +<p>No general description of the battle need be given +here. That portion only which concerns the subject of +this biography, now promoted to the rank of Sergeant,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[136]</a></span> +will be set in the framework of these pages. Concerning +the part which he took in the action, and +which occurred under his own observation, he says:</p> + +<p>"On the eventful thirtieth—it was August, 1862—our +artillery occupied the crest of a hill a short distance +beyond Bull Run Creek, the cavalry regiments under +Bayard being stationed next, and the infantry drawn +up in line behind the cavalry.</p> + +<p>"A short time before the battle opened, I was sent +to a distant part of the field to deliver an order. An +ominous stillness pervaded the ranks. The pickets as +I passed them were silent, with faces firmly set towards +the front, and the shadow of coming battle hovered +portentously, like a cloud with veiled lightnings, over +the Union lines.</p> + +<p>"It was the calm which precedes a storm, and the +thunderbolts of war fell fast and heavy when the storm +at length broke over our heads. I had just taken +my place in the cavalry ranks when a shell from the +enemy's guns whizzed over our heads with a long and +spiteful shriek. One of the horses attached to a +caisson was in the path of the fiery missile, and the +next instant the animal's head was severed entirely +from his neck. The deathly silence was now broken, +and more shot and shell followed in quick succession, +plowing through the startled air and falling with +destructive force among the Union troops. This iron +hail from the guns of the enemy was composed in +part of old pieces of chain and broken iron rails, as +well as the shot and shell ordinarily used. Our artillery +soon replied, but from some unexplained cause the +Union troops in this portion of our line broke and fled +in panic before a shot had been fired from the muskets<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[137]</a></span> +of the enemy. This battle, like the first Bull Run, +had been well planned, and every effort which good +generalship and good judgment could dictate in order +to insure success, had been made by Generals Pope +and McDowell.</p> + +<p>"At this crisis of affairs, the cavalry under Bayard +and Kilpatrick were ordered to the rear, to stem, if +possible, the tide of retreat, but the effort was well nigh +fruitless. Regiment after regiment surged by in one +continuous and almost resistless wave. A cheer was +heard to go up from the Confederate ranks as Stuart's +cavalry charged us, and though we returned the charge +it did not stop the panic which had taken possession of +our troops.</p> + +<p>"One of its causes was undoubtedly the supposition +that the enemy was executing a flank movement on our +left. In forty-five minutes from the beginning of the +battle, this part of the army was in full retreat; but +the determined stand made by Heintzelman, and also +one or two heroic attempts to stop the backward-surging +wave, saved our forces from utter rout and +possible capture.</p> + +<p>"As soon as the Union batteries were taken by the +enemy, they were turned upon us, in addition to their +own guns, and afterwards, on came Stuart in a head-long +charge with one of those hideous yells peculiar to +the Southern 'chivalry.' With thousands of others +who were rapidly retiring, I had recrossed Bull Run +Creek when my attention was arrested by a mounted +officer who sprang out from the mass of flying men, +and waving his sword above his head, called on every +one, irrespective of regiment, to rally around him +and face the foe. He wore no golden leaf—no silver<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[138]</a></span> +star. He was appealing to officers higher in command +than himself, who, mixed with the crowd, were hurrying +by. His manner, tense with excitement, was +strung up to the pitch of heroism, and his presence +was like an inspiration, as he stood outside the mass, +a mark for the bullets of the enemy.</p> + +<p>"I halted, filled with admiration for so noble an example +of valor, and then rode rapidly towards him. +Seeing me, he galloped forward to meet me and asked +my aid in making a stand against the enemy.</p> + +<p>"'Sergeant,' said he, 'you are just in time. As +you are mounted, you can be of great service in rallying +these men for a stand on this ground.'</p> + +<p>"'Lieutenant,' I replied, 'they will not listen to +the wearer of these chevrons.'</p> + +<p>"'Tear off your chevrons,' said this unknown hero,—'the +infantry will not know you from a field officer—and +get as many men to turn their muskets to +the front as you can.'</p> + +<p>"Lieutenant,' I responded, 'I will do all I can to +help you,' and the insignia of non-commissioned rank +was immediately stripped from my sleeves.</p> + +<p>"I put myself under his command and fought with +him until he gave the order to retire. While he was +talking with me he was at the same time calling on +the men to make a stand, telling them they could +easily hold the position. He seemed to take in the +situation at a glance.</p> + +<p>"The enemy having advanced to the first crest of +hills, were throwing their infantry forward with full +force, and with the three thousand or more of men who +rallied around this heroic officer, a stand was made +on the rising ground north of Bull Run from which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[139]</a></span> +the advance of the enemy was opposed. We held +this position for half an hour, which gave considerable +time for reorganization.</p> + +<p>"While riding along the line, helping my unknown +superior as best I could, my horse was shot—the +first experience of this kind which had befallen me.</p> + +<p>"Just as the disaster was occurring which culminated +in retreat, General McDowell, on his white horse, galloped +up to the guns behind which Heintzelman was +blazing destruction on the Confederates. Alighting +from his horse he sighted the guns and gave a personal +superintendence to this part of the action. An +artillery captain, standing by his battery while his +horses were shot down, his pieces in part disabled, +and the infantry deserting him, shed tears in consequence.</p> + +<p>"'You need not feel badly over this affair,' said +the general, 'General McDowell is responsible for +this misfortune. Stand by your guns as long as you +can. If the general is blamed, <i>your</i> bravery will be +praised.'</p> + +<p>"Was there a touch of irony in this remark which +met in advance the grumblings and questionings +of the future? Was it the sarcasm of a man who, +having done his utmost, could not yet prevent disaster, +and who knew that an unthinking public sometimes +measured loyalty by success?</p> + +<p>"Later in the day our regiment—the 'Harris Light +Cavalry'—lost a squadron. Most of them were +killed.</p> + +<p>"In the deepening twilight we charged the enemy just +as they were forming for a similar attack on us. They<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[140]</a></span> +were compelled to halt, and Pope was thus enabled +to discover their position and arrange for the next +day's defence.</p> + +<p>"On the night of the thirtieth, the enemy occupied +the battle-field and buried the dead of both armies. +And thus it was that Bull Run again ran red with +patriot blood and witnessed the retreat of the Union +battalions.</p> + +<p>"By what strange fatality General Pope was allowed +to struggle on alone against an army twice the size of +the Federal force, has not been satisfactorily explained. +One is almost tempted to believe, with astrologists, +that baleful stars sometimes preside with malign influence +over the destinies of battles, as they are said to do +over individuals and nations."</p> + +<p>After the battle of Manassas, the Harris Light Cavalry +was so reduced in numbers that it was ordered +into camp at Hall's Hill, near Washington, with a +view of recruiting its wasted strength and equipment. +They remained at that point until November, when +they were again moved forward to form the principal +picket line along the front, prior to the Federal disaster +at Fredericksburg.</p> + +<p>Burnside, having strongly secured the mountain +passes in the neighborhood, in order to conceal from +Lee his real object, made a <i>feint</i> in the direction of +Gordonsville; but the keen eye of the Confederate generalissimo +penetrated his true design and took measures +to defeat its accomplishment. Upon the eighth of this +month, a lively encounter between the Harris Light and +a detachment of Confederate cavalry resulted in the +defeat of the latter, and soon after, the regiment +joined the main army.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[141]</a></span></p> + +<p>As all know, the battle of Fredericksburg was +fought and lost during the three days intervening between +the thirteenth and sixteenth of December. +Burnside's gallant army, in the midst of darkness, +rain and tempestuous wind, came reeling back from a +conflict of terrible ferocity and fatality. Six times in +one day Meagher's gallant Irishmen were literally +hurled against Marye's Heights, a point of almost impregnable +strength, and which, even if carried, would +still have exposed them to the commanding fire of +other and stronger Confederate positions.</p> + +<p>Twenty times had charge and counter-charge swept +the tide of battle to and fro—at what terrible cost, the +killed and wounded, strewing the ground like leaves +in the forest, made answer. Twelve thousand men lay +dead on the field when the battle ended, and one +thousand prisoners were taken, besides nine thousand +stand of arms.</p> + +<p>Although this battle seems to have been well planned +by General Burnside, a want of capacity to meet unforeseen +emergencies doubtless contributed to his defeat. +He committed a fatal error at a critical moment, by +sending General Franklin an equivocal <i>recommendation</i>, +instead of an <i>order</i> to attack the enemy in force. +The enemy, however, though having nobly held their +ground, could not boast of having advanced their lines +by so much as a foot. There were, indeed, but few +even of the Confederate officers, who knew they had +been victorious, and the amazement of their army was +beyond description when the gray dawn of the fourteenth +of December revealed the deserted camps of the +Federals, who had withdrawn their entire command +during the night to the north side of the river.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[142]</a></span></p> + +<p>Had General Franklin brought his men into action, +as he should have done, at the critical moment when +the issue of the fight was trembling in the balance, the +fortunes of this day would have terminated differently. +Had the splendid divisions of brave Phil. Kearney or +"Fighting Joe Hooker" been ordered into the arena, +and lent the inspiration of their presence to this hour +of need, the scales of victory would have turned in an +opposite direction.</p> + +<p>The "might have beens" always grow thickly on +the soil of defeat.</p> + +<p>Among the lamented dead of this day's havoc, no loss +was more keenly felt than that of Major-General George +Dashiel Bayard. He was standing among a group of +officers around the trunk of an old tree, near the headquarters +of Generals Franklin and Smith, when the +enemy suddenly began to shell a battery near by, and +one of the deadly missiles struck this gallant leader. +He was carried to the field-hospital, mortally wounded.</p> + +<p>Quietly turning to the surgeon who examined his +ghastly wounds, he asked "if there was any hope." +On being informed that there was none, he proceeded +with undisturbed composure, and without a murmur +of pain, to dictate three letters. One of these was to +his affianced bride. This day, it was said, had been +appointed for his wedding. The time-hands marked +the hour of eight when this letter was finished, and, as +he uttered its closing words, his spirit fled from the +shattered body and left it only cold and tenantless clay. +He was but twenty-eight years of age, of prepossessing +appearance and manners, with as brave a soul as ever +defended the flag of the Union, and a capacity for +military usefulness equal to any man in the service.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[143]</a></span> +Gradually he had arisen from one position of honor +and responsibility to another, proving himself tried +and true in each promotion, while his cavalry comrades +especially were watching the developments of his +growing power with unabating enthusiasm.</p> + +<p>Briefly, the outlines of his history are as follows:</p> + +<p>He was born December eighteenth, 1835, at Seneca +Falls, New York, from whence, in 1842, he removed +with his parents to Fairfield, Iowa. From this place +he went to the Dorris Military Institute at St. Louis, +Missouri, where he remained eighteen months.</p> + +<p>The family then removed to the East, and settled at +Morristown, New Jersey. From Morristown, he entered +West Point Academy. When twenty years of +age, he graduated with the highest honors, and, strange +to say, it was through the offices of Jefferson +Davis, then Secretary of War, that he was at once +assigned to a cavalry regiment as second lieutenant. +His subsequent career, so full of brilliance and the +true spirit of heroism, is better known to the country.</p> + +<p>Watered by the dews of hallowed remembrance, his +fame, as a sweet flower, still exhales its fragrance, and +finds rich soil in the hearts of the people.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"How sleep the brave who sink to rest,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">By all their country's wishes blest?<br /></span> +<span class="i0">When Spring, with dewy fingers cold,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Returns to deck their hallowed mould,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">She there shall dress a sweeter sod<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Than Fancy's feet have ever trod.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span style='letter-spacing:3em;'> ·····</span><br /> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"By fairy hands their knell is rung,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">By forms unseen their dirge is sung,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">There Honor comes, a pilgrim gray,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To bless the turf that wraps their clay.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And Freedom shall awhile repair,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To dwell a weeping hermit there."<br /></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[144]</a></span></div></div> + + + +<hr class='major' /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIV" id="CHAPTER_XIV"></a>CHAPTER XIV.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>UNWRITTEN HISTORY.</span> +</h2> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"What boots a weapon in a withered hand?" — A thunderbolt +wasted. — War upon hen-roosts. — A bit of unpublished history. — A +fierce fight with Hampton's cavalry. — "In one red burial +blent." — From camp to home. — Troubles never come singly. — The +combat. — The capture. — A superfluity of Confederate politeness. — Lights +and shadows.</p></div> + +<p>While the events we have narrated were occurring, +the "Harris Light" was not idle. +Under the command of their favorite Kilpatrick, they +made a dashing raid, and completely encircled the +rebels under Lee, penetrating to within seven miles of +Richmond. Such duties as were assigned them were +effectively performed, and yet, General Hooker's +object in detaching his cavalry from the main army +remained unaccomplished, either by reason of General +Stoneman's want of comprehension, or want of energy. +This general, instead of hurling his thirteen thousand +troopers like a thunderbolt upon the body of the Confederates, +divided and frittered away the strength +under his command by detaching and scattering it into +mere scouting parties, to "raid on smoke-houses and +capture hen-roosts." General Hooker was very naturally +exasperated by this conduct. The detachment from +the main army of such a splendid body of horse, was +a measure he had taken after mature deliberation, and +with the view of cutting off Lee's communications with +Richmond; thus precluding the possibility of his being<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[145]</a></span> +reinforced during the grand attack which Hooker +contemplated upon that leader at Chancelorsville.</p> + +<p>The Federal general attributed the loss of that battle +in a great degree to Stoneman's failure to carry out the +spirit of his orders. In a letter to the author, long +after that field of carnage had bloomed and blossomed +with the flowers and fruits of Peace, when the heart-burning +and fever engendered by the contest had subsided, +and it was possible to obtain access to men's +judgments, General Hooker wrote: "Soon after Stonewall +Jackson started to turn my right (a project of +which I was informed by a prisoner), I despatched a +courier to my right corps commander informing him +of the intended movement, and instructing him to put +himself in readiness to receive the attack. This dispatch +was dated at nine o'clock <span class="smcap">a. m.</span>, and yet, when +'Stonewall' did attack, the men of this corps had their +arms stacked some distance from them, and were busily +engaged in cooking their supper. When the attack +came these men ran like a flock of sheep. <i>This</i>, in a +wooded country, where a <i>corps</i> ought to be able to +check the advance of a large army. To make this +more clear, I must tell you that the corps commander, +General Howard, received the dispatch while on his +bed, and, after reading it, put it in his pocket, where +it remained until after the battle of Gettysburg, without +communicating its contents to his division commander, +or to any one!!! My opinion is that not a +gun of ours was fired upon Stonewall Jackson's force +until he had passed nearly into the centre of my army. +Judge, if you can, of the consternation throughout that +army caused by this exhibition of negligence and +cowardice. One word more, in regard to the cavalry.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[146]</a></span> +I had to have, under the seniority rule of the service, +a wooden man for its commander. If you will turn to +the first volume of the Report of the Committee on +the Conduct of the War, you will find my instructions +to General Stoneman, and then you will see the mistake +that I made in informing him of the strength and +position of the enemy he would be likely to encounter +on his raid, as that officer only made use of the information +to avoid the foe. He traveled at night, made +extensive detours, and did not interrupt the traffic on +the railroads between Lee's army and Richmond for a +single day. As he was charged to make this duty his +especial object of accomplishment over all others, he +had twelve thousand sabres, double the force the enemy +could collect from all quarters. I had men enough +with me to have won Chancelorsville without the cavalry +and other corps, but of what use could a field of +battle have been to me when the enemy could fall back +a few miles and post himself on a field possessing still +greater advantages to him? General Grant did this, +and is entitled to all the merit of his soldiership from a +grateful country. I believe if he had sacrificed every +officer and soldier of his command in the attainment +of this object, the country would have applauded him. +When I crossed the Rappahannock I aimed to capture +General Lee's whole army and thus end the war, by +manœuvring, and not by butchery."</p> + +<p>While his superior in command did little that was +practically useful with the cavalry, Kilpatrick covered +his little band with glory, and gave the people of Richmond, a +scare as great as Stuart administered to our +Quaker friends in Pennsylvania during his famous +foray into the border counties of the Keystone State.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[147]</a></span></p> + +<p>Their return was almost immediately followed by the +second grand cavalry battle of Brandy Station, June +ninth, 1863, a struggle as hotly contested as any +that occurred during the war. In this encounter +Sergeant Willard Glazier took part, leading the first +platoon of the first battalion that crossed the Rappahannock. +Matters were now assuming a warlike aspect. +The Valley of the Shenandoah groaned beneath the +tramp of the main army of the Confederacy, under +Lee. The Federal general, Pleasanton, and the Confederate +general, Stuart, were in fierce conflict among +the Blue Ridge mountains.</p> + +<div class="image"> +<a id='illus12' name='illus12'></a> +<a href='images/illus12h.png'> + <img src='images/illus12.png' + title='Sergeant Glazier At Aldie.' + alt='Sergeant Glazier At Aldie.' /> +</a> +<p class='caption'> +SERGEANT GLAZIER AT ALDIE. +"Come on boys! One charge, and the day is ours." +</p></div> + +<p>At Aldie, on the seventeenth of June, 1863, the +"Harris Light" led the division under Kilpatrick, +Glazier's squadron again being the advance guard—his +place at the head of the long column which wound +down the road. As they came upon Aldie, the enemy's +advance, under W. H. F. Lee, was unexpectedly +encountered. But Kilpatrick was equal to the occasion. +Dashing to the front, his voice rang out, "Form +platoons! trot! march!" Down through the streets +they charged, and along the Middleburg Road, leading +over the low hill beyond. This position was gained +so quickly and gallantly that Fitzhugh Lee, taken by +surprise, made no opposition to the brilliant advance, +though immediately afterward he fought for two hours +to regain the lost position, while the guns of his batteries +blazed destruction upon the Federal cavalry. +The latter, however, handsomely repelled the attack.</p> + +<p>On the crest of the hill there was a field of haystacks, +inclosed in a barricade of rails. Behind these the +enemy occupied a strong position, and their sharp-shooters +had annoyed Kilpatrick's lines to such an ex<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[148]</a></span>tent +as to prevent their advance on the left. It was +well known to the officers of the "Harris Light" that +their regiment had not met Kilpatrick's expectations +on the field of Brandy Station, and on the morning +of this battle they had asked their general for "an +opportunity to retrieve their reputation." This chance +came soon enough. Kilpatrick, ordering forward a +battalion of the "Harris Light," and giving the men +a few words of encouragement, turned to Major McIrvin +and pointing to the field of haystacks, said: +"Major, there is the opportunity you ask for! Go +take that position!" Away dashed the "Harris +Light," and in a moment the enemy was reached and +the struggle began. The horses could not leap the +barricade, the men dismounted, scaled the barriers, +and with drawn sabres rushed furiously upon the +hidden foe, who quickly called for quarter. Aldie +was by far the most bloody cavalry battle of the war. +The rebel "chivalry" was beaten; Kilpatrick from +this moment took a proud stand among the most +famous of the Union cavalry generals, and the fame +of the regiment was greatly enhanced. To quote our +young soldier in "Battles for the Union:" "Many a +brave soul suffered death's sad eclipse at Aldie, and +many escaped the storm of bullets when to escape was +miraculous. In looking back upon that desperate +day, I have often wondered by what strange fatality I +passed through its rain of fire unhurt; but the field +which brought a harvest of death to so many others +marked an era in my own humble, military history, +which I recall with pride and pleasure, for from the +Battle of Aldie I date my first commission. The mantle +of rank which fell from one whom death had garnered<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[149]</a></span> +on that ground dropped upon my shoulders, and I was +proud and grateful to wear it in my country's service. +I feel proud also of having been a participant in the +'Battle of the Haystacks,' where the glorious squadrons +of the 'Harris Light' swept into the mad conflict +with the same invincible bravery that distinguished +them on the field of Brandy Station. Every soldier +of the saddle who there fought under Kilpatrick may +justly glory in the laurels won at Aldie."</p> + +<p>In the same month followed the engagements of +Middleburg and Upperville, in each of which the +"Harris Light" participated with great éclat, charging +in face of the enemy's guns, forming in platoon +under fire, and routing him in splendid style. At +Upperville, Kilpatrick received orders to charge the +town. With drawn sabres and shouts which made +the mountains and plains resound, they rushed upon +the foe. The encounter was terrific. The enemy's +horse were driven through the village of Paris, and +finally through Ashby's Gap upon their own infantry +columns in the Shenandoah Valley. At Rector's +Cross-Roads, where Kilpatrick ordered the "Harris +Light" to charge the enemy's battery, as they were +forming, a fatal bullet pierced Glazier's horse, and it +fell dead under him. Fortunately he was not dragged +down in the fall, and as he struck the ground a riderless +horse belonging to an Indiana company came up. +Its owner, a sergeant, had been shot dead, and, rapidly +mounting, Lieutenant Glazier rode forward with +his regiment as they valiantly charged the enemy's +position.</p> + +<p>These actions were succeeded by the battle of Gettysburg +(July first, second and third), in which the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[150]</a></span> +disasters of Chancelorsville and Fredericksburg were +fully retrieved, and the rebel army, under Lee, received +a blow so staggering in its effects as to result +in a loss of prestige, and all hope in the ultimate success +of their cause. Prior to this battle the Confederates +had warred upon the North aggressively; +thenceforward they were compelled to act upon the +defensive. During the progress of this great and (so +far as the ultimate fate of the Confederacy was concerned) +decisive battle, the cavalry, including the +brigade to which our subject was attached, performed +brilliant service. They held Stuart's force effectually +at bay, and while the retreat of the rebel army was +in progress their services were in constant requisition. +On the first day of the battle, General John Buford, +commanding the Third Cavalry Division, was in position +on the Chambersburg Pike, about two miles west +of the village. Early in the forenoon the vanguard +of the rebel army appeared in front of them, and our +dauntless troopers charged the enemy vigorously, and +drove them back upon their reserves.</p> + +<p>The second day of the battle was spent by the +cavalry in hard, bold and bloody work, in collision +with their old antagonists, Stuart, Lee and Hampton. +Charge succeeded charge; the carbine, pistol and sabre +were used by turns; the artillery thundering long +after the infantry around Gettysburg had sunk to rest +exhausted with the carnage of the weary day. Stuart, +however, was driven back on his supports, and badly +beaten.</p> + +<p>Upon the third day the sun rose bright and warm upon +the bleached forms of the dead strewn over the sanguinary +field; upon the wounded, and upon long, glisten<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[151]</a></span>ing +lines of armed men ready to renew the conflict. +Each antagonist, rousing every element of power, +seemed resolved upon victory or death. Finally victory +saluted the Union banners, and with great loss the +rebel army sounded the retreat. "Thus," says Glazier +in his "Battles for the Union"—"the Battle of Gettysburg +ended—the bloody turning-point of the rebellion—the +bloody baptism of the redeemed republic. +Nearly twenty thousand men from the Union ranks +had been killed and wounded, and a larger number of +the rebels, making the enormous aggregate of at least +forty thousand, whose blood was shed to fertilize the +Tree of Liberty."</p> + +<p>During this sanguinary battle; the cavalry were in +daily and hourly conflict with the enemy's well-trained +horse under their respective dashing leaders. The +sabre was no "useless ornament," but a deadly weapon, +and "dead cavalrymen" and their dead chargers, were +sufficiently numerous to have drawn forth an exclamation +of approval from even so exacting a commander as +"Fighting Joe Hooker." Haggerstown, Boonsboro', +Williamsport and Falling Waters, all attested the great +efficiency of the cavalry arm, and at the end of the +month it was an assured, confident and capable body of +dragoons, that, according to Captain Glazier, "crossed +the Rapidan for, as they believed, the purpose of a +continued advance movement against the enemy."</p> + +<p>And here, parenthetically, we may observe, that he, +and other recent writers (Mr. Lossing being an exception), +are scarcely accurate in so designating the river +crossed by them as the Rapidan. It was the <i>chief +tributary of the Rappahannock</i>, while two sister streams, +which together form the Pamunkey, are known to local +topography as the North and South Rapid Anna rivers.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[152]</a></span></p> + +<p>It was a pleasant locality, and the "Harris Light" +encamped there for several weeks, having no occupation +more exciting or belligerent than picket duty. Duties +of a more stirring character, were, however, awaiting +them, and as these are intimately associated with the +career of the subject of this biography, the delineation +of whose life is the purpose of the writer, we will give +them something more than a cursory notice.</p> + +<p>We will first, however, take the opportunity of introducing +a letter from our young cavalryman to his +parents, illustrative in some measure of his intelligence +and soldierly qualities, while it is no less so of his +sense of filial duty:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='right' style='padding-right:5em;'>Headquarters Harris Lgt. Cavalry,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:4em;'>Near <span class="smcap">Hartwood Church, Virginia</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:9em;'><i>August 22d, 1863</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dear Father and Mother</span>:</p> + +<p>Another birthday has rolled around, and finds me still in the +army. Two years have passed since we were lying quietly in camp +near Washington. Little did I think at that time that the insurrection, +which was then in process of organization, was of such +mighty magnitude as to be able to continue in its treacherous designs +until now. Newspaper quacks and mercenary correspondents +kept facts from the public, and published falsehoods in their stead. +Experience has at last taught us the true state of things, and we now +feel that the great work of putting down the rebellion is to be accomplished +only by energy, perseverance and unity. Our cause +never looked more favorable than to-day. It is no longer a rumor +that Vicksburg and Port Hudson have fallen, but a stern reality, an +actual and glorious victory to our arms, and a sure exposure of the +waning strength of the ill-fated Confederacy. Charleston and Mobile +must soon follow the example of the West, and then the Army +of the Potomac will strike the final blow in Virginia.</p> + +<p>Kilpatrick's cavalry is now watching the movements of the +enemy on the Rappahannock—his head-quarters being near Hartwood +Church. I have seen nothing that would interest you much, +save a few expeditions among the bushwhackers of Stafford County.</p> + +<p>It may not be uninteresting to you to learn that I have just been +promoted to a lieutenancy, my commission to date from the seven<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[153]</a></span>teenth +of June. I have received four successive promotions since +my enlistment. Your son can boast that his Colonel says he has +earned his commission. Political or moneyed influence has had +nothing to do with it. I have been in command of a platoon or +company ever since the thirteenth of last April, and have very frequently +been in charge of a squadron. I conclude by asking you to +remember me kindly to all my friends,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:5em;'>And believe me, as ever, your dutiful son,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'><span class="smcap">Willard</span>. +</p></div> + +<p>It will be remembered that the greater part of the +spring of this year (1863), that is, from the time the +Federal army moved from its winter-quarters in Stafford +and King George counties, and all the early summer, +were passed by the belligerent forces in efforts to +compel their adversaries to fall back on their respective +capitals. The people and the press on both sides +were clamoring for the accomplishment of <i>something +definite</i>, and when Vicksburg fell, and on the stricken +field of Gettysburg, victory perched upon the Union +banners, our hopes seemed on the point of realization, +but the fall of the leaf found the hostile armies still +confronting each other. Lee's force, though fearfully +shattered, maintained its organization, and to +all appearance had lost little of its former self-confidence. +General Meade, perhaps the most scientific +strategist of all the generals who had held the chief +command of the Army of the Potomac, was severely +criticised, simply because he declined by "raw Haste, +half-sister to Delay," to hazard the ultimate fruition of +his well-laid plans; and Captain Glazier, it must be +admitted, was one of his adverse critics. We think the +censure was uncalled for. Wellington had but one +Waterloo, and although to him was due the victory, it +was the fresh army of Blucher that pursued the retreat<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[154]</a></span>ing +French, and made defeat irretrievable. But whenever +Lee, or McClellan, Jackson, or Meade obtained a +hard-earned victory, the people, on either side, were +dissatisfied because their triumph was not followed up +by, at once and forever, annihilating the foe!<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[155]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr class='major' /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XV" id="CHAPTER_XV"></a>CHAPTER XV.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>FROM BATTLE-FIELD TO PRISON.</span> +</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>A situation to try the stoutest hearts. — Hail Columbia! — Every man +a hero. — Kilpatrick's ingenuity. — A pen-picture from "Soldiers of +the Saddle." — Glazier thanked by his general. — Cessation of hostilities. — A +black day. — Fitzhugh Lee proposes to crush Kilpatrick.-"Kil's" +audacity. — Capture of Lieutenant Glazier. — Petty +tyranny. — "Here, Yank, hand me that thar hat, and overcoat, +and boots."</p></div> + +<p>At this period of the war, the Cavalry Corps was +separated into three divisions. Buford with his +division fell back by the way of Stevensburg, and +Gregg by Sulphur Springs; leaving Kilpatrick with +the brigades of Custer and Davies, which included the +"Harris Light," on the main thoroughfare along the +railroad line. "No sooner," says Glazier, "had Kilpatrick +moved out of Culpepper, than Hampton's +cavalry division made a furious attack upon the +'Harris Light,' then acting as rear-guard, with the +evident design of breaking through upon the main column +to disperse, or delay it, so as to enable a flanking +force to intercept our retreat. Gallantly repelling this +assault, the command, on the eleventh of October, +advanced to Brandy Station, where an accumulation +of formidable difficulties threatened our annihilation." +It appears that Fitzhugh Lee, with the flower of the +Confederate cavalry, held possession of the only road +over which it was possible for Kilpatrick to retire, +while Stuart, at the head of another body of cavalry, +supported by artillery well posted along a line of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[156]</a></span> +hills, completely covered the Federal left. His right +was exposed to a galling fire from sharp-shooters hidden +behind the forest; "while just behind them was +Hampton's legion threatening speedy destruction to +its surrounded foe." Here was a situation to try the +stoutest hearts. Nothing daunted, however, by this +terrific array of an enemy very much his superior in +numbers, Kilpatrick displayed that decision and daring +which ever characterized him. "His preparations +for a grand charge," for he had determined to cut his +way out of this <i>cul-de-sac</i>, "were soon completed. +Forming his division into three lines of battle, he +assigned the right to General Davies, the left to +General Custer; and placing himself, with General +Pleasanton, in the centre, advanced with terrible determination +to the contest. Approaching to within a +few yards of the enemy's lines, he ordered the band to +strike up a national air, to whose stirring strains was +added the blast of scores of bugles ringing out the +'charge.' Brave hearts became braver, and weak ones +waxed strong, until 'pride of country had touched +this raging sea of thought, and emotion kindled an +unconquerable principle that affirmed every man a +hero until death.'" The troops filled the air with +their battle-cry, and hurled themselves on their unequal +foe. "So swiftly swept forward this tide of +animated power that the Confederates broke and fled, +and Kilpatrick thus escaped a disaster which had +seemed inevitable."</p> + +<p>"No one"—we quote from "Soldiers of the Saddle,"—"who +looked upon that wonderful panorama, can +ever forget it. On the great field were riderless +horses and dying men; clouds of dirt from solid shot<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[157]</a></span> +and bursting shells, broken caissons, and overturned +ambulances; and long lines of dragoons dashing into the +charge, with their drawn and firmly grasped sabres +glistening in the light of the declining sun; while far +beyond the scene of tumult were the dark green forests +skirting the distant Rappahannock."</p> + +<div class="image"> +<a id='illus13' name='illus13'></a> +<a href='images/illus13h.png'> + <img src='images/illus13.png' + title='Lieutenant Glazier At Brandy Station."' + alt='Lieutenant Glazier At Brandy Station."' /> +</a> +<p class='caption'> +LIEUTENANT GLAZIER AT BRANDY STATION. +"Come on, Boys! We must break that line." +</p></div> + +<p>In this action Glazier, who occupied the post of +volunteer aide to General Davies, had his horse shot +under him, received a sabre-stroke on the shoulder, +two bullets in his hat, and had his scabbard split by a +shot or shell. His conduct was such as to obtain for +him the thanks of his general and a promise of early +promotion. This was the fourth battle of Brandy Station +in which the Harris Light Cavalry had been +engaged. The first occurred on August the twentieth, +1862, the second on June ninth, the third on September +twelfth, and this last action on October eleventh, +1863. They were followed by a number of spirited +engagements between the Federal cavalry and the +cavaliers of the South—the former under Generals +Buford and Kilpatrick, and the latter under Stuart and +Wade Hampton. In all of these both sides behaved gallantly, +the result being the masterly retreat of the Federals +across the Rappahannock to the old battle-ground +of Bull Run, where they made a protracted halt.</p> + +<p>From this time until the fifteenth of October, +nothing of sufficient importance transpired to require +mention here. Upon that day an indecisive battle was +fought at Bristoe Station, which was followed by another +calm that continued until the nineteenth of +October—a black day in the calendar of Willard +Glazier's life.</p> + +<p>Far away among the peaceful hills of his native<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[158]</a></span> +State there fell upon his father's house a sorrow such +as its inmates had never known before. Not that this +family had escaped the ordinary bereavements of human +life. On the contrary, two little children had been +taken from them at intervals of time which seemed to +them cruelly brief. But the death of an infant, while +a sad, is a beautiful thing to witness. There is no +flower that blooms on a baby grave that does not speak +to the world-worn heart, of <i>Immortality</i>. The grief, +therefore, is gentle in its touch. But with the ebb of a +maturer life the sorrow is of a different character, and +when the physician announced to this worthy couple +that their daughter, Elvira, would die, they were +stunned by the blow, and when the event came "they refused" +like Rachel "to be comforted." The child that is +going from us is, for the time, the favorite, and these +afflicted parents could not realize that she who had grown +up among them, the ewe lamb of their flock, could be +torn from their loving arms, and go down, like coarser +clay, to the dark grave. She was so good, so gentle, +so loving to her kindred, that their simple hearts could +not understand how God could let her die, in the very +bloom and beauty of her maidenhood. But though +crushed, they bowed their heads in submission. Their +hearts were almost broken, but they rebelled not +against the Hand that chastened them. Why is it that +such examples of tender feeling and unquestioning +faith are seldom found in cities? Is it that "the memories +which peaceful country scenes call up, are not of +this world; nor of <i>its</i> thoughts and hopes?" That +"their gentle influences teach us how to weave fresh garlands +for the graves of those we love, purify our thoughts, +and beat down old enmities and hatreds?" And that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[159]</a></span> +"beneath all this there lingers in the least reflective +mind, a vague and half-formed consciousness of having +held such feelings long before, which calls up solemn +thoughts of distant times to come, and bends +down pride and worldliness before it?" The physician +had said that Elvira would not live another day, +and the mother sat down to the sad task of writing +the mournful news to her soldier son. Meanwhile beyond +the Rappahannock, a scene was on the eve of +being enacted, which was destined to inflict upon her +a pain as poignant as that she was, now about to +bestow.</p> + +<p>The night of October eighteenth was passed by +Kilpatrick's command at Gainesville, but the first faint +streak of dawn saw him and his faithful followers in +the saddle, booted, spurred, and equipped for some +enterprise as yet unexplained to them, but evidently, +in their leader's estimation, one of "pith and moment." +At the word of command, the force, including the +"Harris Light," moved forward at a quick trot, taking +the road to Warrenton, and anticipating a brush with +Stuart's cavalry who, during the previous ten hours, +had thrown out videttes in their immediate front.</p> + +<p>The surprise of the Federals was great to find their +advance unimpeded, and that, instead of offering opposition, +the Confederates fell back as rapidly as their +opponents approached. On they dashed, unopposed +and unobstructed, until Buckland Mills was reached. +At this point they found themselves checked, and in a +manner that somewhat astounded them. As they arrived +within a stone's throw of that village, Fitzhugh +Lee, with his magnificent following, struck their flank. +That astute and valiant officer, it appears, had cut his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[160]</a></span> +way through the Federal infantry at Thoroughfare-Gap, +and accompanied by a battery of flying artillery, +swept down upon Kilpatrick, designing to crush him +at a blow. General Stuart, taking in the situation, +and keenly anxious to profit by the advantage thus +afforded him, instantly turned upon and charged the +Federals in his front, while, as if to make their utter +annihilation a certainty, the rebel General Gordon, +with a third body of men (his proximity at that +moment not being suspected), bore down fiercely on +their left, threatening to cut Kilpatrick's division in two.</p> + +<p>Kilpatrick possessed an extraordinary amount of +ingenuity in devising means of escape from a dangerous +position. In the present case his plan was +formed in an instant, and executed as soon as formed. +He immediately changed his front, and, without +the slightest hesitation, headed a mad and desperate +charge upon Fitzhugh Lee's advancing column. +The merit of the movement lay in its audacity; it was +the only one that promised the remotest chance of +escape to the entrapped Federals. Executed with +great rapidity and desperate decision, the movement +resulted in the salvation of the greater portion of his +command. It so happened, however, that the "Harris +Light," originally, be it remembered, forming the +vanguard of Kilpatrick's force, was by this manœuvre +thrown round upon the rear, and Stuart, who was now +the pursuer instead of the pursued, had a fine opportunity +of attacking them with his full force, at a great +disadvantage to the former—an opportunity he was not +slow to avail himself of.</p> + +<p>Kilpatrick's men met the assault manfully, retiring<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[161]</a></span> +slowly, until at length, upon the brow of a small hill, +they turned at bay, and for a time formed a living +rampart between their retreating comrades and the +enemy. Every attempt to approach and penetrate +their line proved instant death to their assailants, and +General Stuart, seeing no chance of otherwise dislodging +them, determined to charge in person, and crush +them with an entire division. Glazier, who had +already emptied two saddles, sat coolly upon his horse, +reloading as this formidable body came sweeping +down. By this time, experience of the vicissitudes of +a soldier's career, and possibly the fact that he had +hitherto been very fortunate in the numerous conflicts +in which his regiment had been engaged, left him quite +composed under fire. Singling out one of Stuart's +men, he covered that cavalier with his revolver, and +probably, in another instant, would have ended his +career; but, just as his finger gave the final pressure +upon the trigger, his horse, riddled with bullets, fell +dead under him, the shot flew wide of its mark, and +he fell to the ground.</p> + +<div class="image"> +<a id='illus14' name='illus14'></a> +<a href='images/illus14h.png'> + <img src='images/illus14.png' + title='Cavalry-fight At New Baltimore—lieutenant Glazier Taken Prisoner.' + alt='Cavalry-fight At New Baltimore—lieutenant Glazier Taken Prisoner.' /> +</a> +<p class='caption'> +CAVALRY-FIGHT AT NEW BALTIMORE—LIEUTENANT GLAZIER TAKEN PRISONER. +</p></div> + +<p>His first sensation was of a dense cloud between +himself and the sky, and next of being crushed by +tramping hoofs, whole squadrons of horse passing over +his body as he lay prone and helpless. A vague, +dreamy sensation of being a mass of wounds and +bruises was succeeded by utter darkness and oblivion. +How long he continued in this comatose state he never +knew. Raised from the ground, a terrible sense of +acute bodily pain gradually crept over him, as he +found himself hurried along at a rapid pace. Where +he was going, who had him in charge, what he had +done, whether he was in this or some other world,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[162]</a></span> +were matters of which he had no more conception than +the dead charger he had ridden. Pain, pain, nothing +but intense pain, absorbed the whole of his faculties. +Gradually his full consciousness returned. He remembered +the fierce onset of the enemy, his fall from +his horse, and at once concluded that he was a prisoner +in the hands of the enemy! Very soon after, he discovered +that, in addition to being deprived of his +arms, he had been stripped of his watch and other +valuables.</p> + +<p>One of the great annoyances to which a newly +captured prisoner was subjected, arose from the fact +that skulkers and sneaks, in order to secure safe positions, +coveted and sought the privilege of quartering +them. In his own words Glazier says:</p> + +<p>"The woods in the vicinity were full of skulkers, +and, in order to make a show of having something to +do, they would make their appearance in the rear of +the fighting column, and devote themselves sedulously +to guarding the prisoners." He adds, that "privates, +corporals and sergeants, in turn, had them in charge;" +and that "each in succession would call them into line, +count them in an officious manner, and issue orders +according to their liking," until some sneak of higher +rank came along, assumed the superior command, and +in a tone of authority, would say to the other poltroons: +"Gentlemen, your services are much needed +at the front. Go, and do your duty like soldiers." +The result would be an exchange of tyrants, but no +diminution of the petty tyranny. At dusk the prisoners +were marched to, and lodged in, the jail at Warrenton.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[163]</a></span></p> + +<p>Like all Federal soldiers who fell into the enemy's +hands, Glazier complains very bitterly of the small +persecutions inflicted by the officers and men of the +Home Guard, and unfortunately these mongrels—a +cross between a civilian and a soldier—were their +chief custodians during that night, and signalized themselves +after their fashion. They deprived the prisoners +of their clothing, and, in truth, everything of the +slightest value in the eyes of a thief. One of these +swashbucklers attempted to reduce our young hero's +wardrobe to an Arkansas basis, namely, a straw-hat +and a pair of spurs, with what success the following +dialogue, taken mainly from "The Capture, Prison-Pen, +and Escape," will indicate.</p> + +<p>"Here, Yank," said the guard, "hand me that thar +hat, and over-coat, and boots."</p> + +<p>"No, sir, I won't; they are my property. You have +no right to take them from me."</p> + +<p>"I have," said the guard. "We have authority from +General Stuart to take from you prisoners whatever +we d—d choose."</p> + +<p>"That I doubt," said the captive, "and if you are a +gentleman you won't be guilty of stripping a defenceless +prisoner."</p> + +<p>"I'll show you my authority, you d—d blue-belly," +said the ruffian, drawing his revolver. "Now, take +off that coat, or I'll blow your brains out."</p> + +<p>By this time Glazier's Northern blood was up, and +he grew desperate, so he angrily answered:</p> + +<p>"Blow away then! It is as well to be without +brains as without clothing."</p> + +<p>So the fellow, who was evidently a contemptible +blusterer, whom General Stuart, had he been aware<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[164]</a></span> +of his conduct, would have drummed out of the +army, not willing to risk the consequences of actual +violence—sneaked away.</p> + +<p>While this little incident was occurring at Warrenton +jail, a very different event was transpiring at his +father's house. His sister was dying. It was a peaceful, +hopeful death—the death of a Christian—of one +who in her young life had never by word or deed injured +man or woman. Many weeks elapsed before her +imprisoned brother heard of her death, and when +the intelligence at length reached him, he was overwhelmed +with grief at her loss.</p> + +<p>Upon the morning following the day of his capture, +in that dense darkness that precedes the dawn, the +prisoners started on their tramp toward Culpepper, +and as the day broke, and the sun mounted above the +eastern hills, their march, which extended to full +thirty miles, became a weary and exhausting journey. +Themselves on foot, and compelled to keep up with +the pace of mounted men, it was a tiresome task; but +to do so under the burning rays of a Southern sun +was nearly impossible. To make matters worse, in the +present case, the Confederates having sustained a +defeat at Bristoe and Rappahannock Station, the +guard was not in the most amiable humor; in addition +to which they were compelled to use haste in order to +avoid capture by the victorious Federals. Glazier +gave no thought to his present discomfort, and to use +his own words, "felt relieved when he heard of the +successes of his comrades." Still the annoyance of this +compulsory tramp was felt keenly. The prisoners +"being encumbered with heavy high-heeled cavalry +boots," and their feet having become tender from con<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[165]</a></span>tact +with the mud and water through which they +marched, soon became a mass of blisters, and their +sufferings from this cause alone were intense. Six of +the poor fellows succumbed, unable to proceed. After +a journey attended with much mental depression, and +bodily agony, the former increased by the barbarous +contumely flung at them by men who emerged from +roadside inns, to stare at them as they passed, the +prisoners, including the subject of our story, entered +Richmond, and were at once introduced to the amenities +of "Libby Prison."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[166]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr class='major' /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVI" id="CHAPTER_XVI"></a>CHAPTER XVI.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>LIBBY PRISON.</span> +</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"All ye who enter here abandon hope." — Auld lang syne. — Major +Turner. — Hope deferred maketh the heart sick. — Stoicism. — Glazier +enters the prison-hospital. — A charnel-house. — Rebel +surgeons. — Prison correspondence. — Specimen of a regulation +letter. — The tailor's joke. — A Roland for an Oliver. — News of +death. — Schemes for escape. — The freemasonry of misfortune. — Plot +and counter-plot. — The pursuit of pleasure under difficulties.</p></div> + +<p>It does not come within the scope of the present +work to enter into a detailed description of the +sufferings of the Union prisoners in this place of +durance: those who have a taste for such gloomy +themes may gratify it by reading the first work by our +young soldier-author, entitled "The Capture, Prison-Pen +and Escape," in which the horrors of that house +of misery are eloquently described. We may, however, +say this much, that if the testimony of eye-witnesses +is to be credited, it was a fearful place, and one +over whose portals the words of Dante might have +been appropriately inscribed, "All ye who enter here +abandon hope."</p> + +<div class="image"> +<a id='illus15' name='illus15'></a> +<a href='images/illus15h.png'> + <img src='images/illus15.png' + title='Libby Prison.' + alt='Libby Prison.' /> +</a> +<p class='caption'> +LIBBY PRISON. +</p></div> + +<p>Of some thousand Northern officers confined here, +Glazier, of course, met several from his own corps, who +had been previously captured. He at first felt his +condition very acutely. His roving life amid the +magnificent scenery of Virginia, Maryland and Penn<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[167]</a></span>sylvania +was now exchanged for the gloomy and +monotonous routine of a prison; but he writes under +date of October twenty-eighth, in a more reconciled +and hopeful strain "I am gradually," he says, "becoming +accustomed to this dungeon life, and I presume +I shall fall into the habit of enjoying myself at +times. 'How use doth breed a habit in a man.' +Indeed he can accommodate himself to almost any +clime or any circumstance of life, a gift of adaptation +no other living thing possesses in any such degree." +Of one man, in the midst of all his philosophy, +our hero speaks very bitterly. We allude to Major +Turner, military warden of the prison. He describes +him as possessed of a vindictive, depraved, +and fiendish nature, and moralizes over the man and +his career in this wise:</p> + +<p>"There is nothing more terrible than a human soul +grown powerful in sin, and left to the horrible machinations +of the evil one, and its own evil promptings. +Demons developed from germs that might have produced +seraphs, become rank growths, drinking in the +healthful stimulants of life and reproducing them in +hideous forms of vice and crime.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"'Souls made of fire, and children of the sun,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">With whom revenge is virtue.'<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>"Thus we see a soul coming pure and plastic from its +Maker's hand, yet afterward standing before the world, +stained and hardened."</p> + +<p>Slowly and wearily the days and weeks passed on in +"Libby," leaving its drear monotony unbroken, except +when the rumor of a prospect of being exchanged +came to flush the faces of the captives with a hope +destined not to be fulfilled while Willard Glazier was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[168]</a></span> +in Richmond. The result was that he at length +abandoned all hope of being exchanged, and for a +time tried hard to cultivate and "grow into the luxury +of indifference." His experience told him that "however +reprehensible" it might be in ordinary life, +"stoicism, under the circumstances in which he then +found himself, was an actual necessity." His mind +appears at this time to have sustained him under many +extreme bodily privations. But despite all his philosophy +and cultivated resignation of spirit, despite the +mental resources which he fortunately possessed in no +small degree, and which enabled him to occupy his +time profitably, while others were pacing up and +down the room like caged beasts, feeding upon their +own hearts, his bodily health was materially impaired. +The first winter month, with its frosty +atmosphere, and fierce northern blasts, instead of +bringing invigoration to his wasted frame, left him +more debilitated; and upon the eighth of December he +succumbed to a disease which had been encroaching +upon him for some time, and requested to be sent to +the hospital. His sensations were far from pleasant +when, for the first time in his life, he found himself +seriously ill among enemies, and in that most dismal +of all dismal places, a Prison Infirmary. "Once in +the hospital," he writes, "I found myself soon subjected +to its peculiar influences. There was the ominous +stillness, broken only by the choking cough, or labored +groan; the chilling dread, as though one were in the +immediate presence of death, and under the ban of +silence; and the anxious yearning—the almost frantic +yearning one feels in the contemplation of suffering +which he is powerless to alleviate. And worse than<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[169]</a></span> +all, at last came the hardened feeling which a familiarity +with such scenes produces. This is nothing but an +immense charnel-house. We are constantly in the +midst of the dead and dying. Nearly every day some +of our comrades, and on some days several of them, +are borne away coffinless and unshrouded to their +unmarked graves. Nor flower, nor cross, nor hallowed +token, gives grace to the dead, or beauty to the grave. I +am well aware that in time of war, on the field of +carnage, in camp, where the pestilential fever rages, +or in the crowded prisons of the enemy, human life +is but little valued. Yet there are moments amidst +all these scenes, when the importance of life and the +terrors of death, seem to force themselves upon the +mind of every man, with a power which cannot be +resisted."</p> + +<p>It is pleasant to find that here, as generally in the +world with members of the learned professions, the +surgeons were humane and kind; and remonstrated +with the authorities whenever remonstrance on behalf +of the poor sufferers was needed. Of course they +could not "minister to a mind diseased, pluck from the +memory a rooted sorrow," or,</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"With some sweet oblivious antidote, cleanse<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The choked bosom of that perilous stuff<br /></span> +<span class="i0">That weighs upon the heart;"<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p style="text-indent:0;">but gracious words and sympathizing looks, and the +consciousness that he was once more in the hands of +<i>gentlemen</i>, were a source of great comfort to the patient, +after having been brought into daily and hourly contact +with the familiars of Major Turner. Another +gratifying circumstance was, that the Federal surgeons +held as prisoners were permitted to attend upon their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[170]</a></span> +sick comrades when they expressed a wish to do so, +and that, of course, was very frequently. Even an +hospital has its little events, which although they appear +very trifling in the retrospect, are of considerable +importance at the time of their occurrence. Here +these little episodes were not infrequent. At one time +it was the destruction of a box of dainties sent by the +Federal Sanitary Commission for the prisoners; at +another, it was the excitement incident to an exchange +of the surgeons held in captivity; and again, it was +the surreptitious acquisition by some of the patients of +a daily newspaper, and the guarded dissemination of +such items as it might contain among his fellow-sufferers; +but greatest of all in importance was the +receipt of a letter from <span class="smcap">home</span>. Even when surrounded +by all the incidents of home life, the postman is +ever a welcome visitor; but in the midst of such a +dreary captivity as these men were undergoing, a letter +from <i>home</i> was like a message from heaven.</p> + +<p>Their correspondence had, however, its sad as well +as its cheerful aspect. The prisoners were restricted +in writing their letters to six lines, by an arbitrary +order from Major Turner, and much ingenuity was +exercised in the effort to crowd into these six lines +the thousand and one messages which many of the +writers desired to send to mothers, wives, sisters and +sweethearts. Here is a genuine specimen of a "regulation" +letter from a fond husband to the wife of his +bosom:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">My Dear Wife</span>: Yours received—no hope of exchange—send +corn-starch—want socks—no money—rheumatism in left shoulder—pickles +very good—send sausages—God bless you—Kiss the baby—Hail +Columbia! Your devoted husband,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'>A. D. S.</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[171]</a></span></p> + +<p>But the "rule of six" was successfully evaded for +a considerable time, by the manufacture and use of +invisible ink. The trick was however at last discovered, +and the way in which Glazier tells the story +is so amusing, that we are tempted to give it in his +own words:</p> + +<p>"A certain captain writing to a fair and undoubtedly +dear friend, could not brook the idea of being limited +to six lines, when he had so much to communicate; so +resorting to the use of invisible ink, he comfortably +filled the sheet with 'soft and winning words,' and +then fearing lest his <i>inamorata</i> would not discover the +secret he added this postscript:</p> + +<p>"'P.S.—Now, my dear, read this over, and then +bake it in the oven and read it again.'</p> + +<p>"This was too much. The rebels thinking if the +letter would improve by baking it might be well to +improve it at once, accordingly held it over the fire. +This brought to light four closely written pages of the +tenderest and most heart-rending sentiment."</p> + +<p>Ever after all letters sent out by the prisoners were +carefully inspected and subjected to the "ordeal by +fire," so that, to use the expressive language of an old +soldier, "that game was played."</p> + +<p>Among Glazier's fellow-prisoners at this time was a +certain Major Halsted. He was one of those social +anomalies that are not infrequently met with in this +country, a man of obscure origin, a member of a very +humble calling, prior to entering the army, and yet possessing +the personal appearance and manners of a man +of distinction. He really belonged to that terribly +maligned craft of whose followers it is popularly said, +"It takes nine to make a man,"—he was a tailor.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[172]</a></span> +Upon this fact some of the little wits of the prison, +forgetting that one of the bravest of Napoleon's generals, +and one of the most intrepid of America's sons, +had each followed the same occupation, were in the +habit of jokingly asking him to repair their old and +dilapidated clothes.</p> + +<p>When this jest was first indulged in, those who knew +the undaunted spirit and somewhat irascible temper of +the major, expected to hear him blaze out upon the +perpetrator of the <i>mauvaise plaisantrie</i>, or possibly +knock him down. To their surprise, however, he did +neither. For a single moment a gleam of passionate +wrath shot up in his eyes, but it was instantly suppressed, +and he joined in the laugh against himself. +Seeing, however, that the victim of the joke did not +appear at all disturbed or hurt, other, better-natured +fellows followed in the wake, and the jest of asking +the major to patch a pair of breeches or mend a coat, +became somewhat threadbare by repetition.</p> + +<p>It happened, however, that one day the rebel surgeon +accidentally tore his coat across the breast, and +turning to Major H. said, he would give him a bottle +of wine if he would repair it. "Yes, sir," said the +major, "if you will furnish me with a needle, thread, +and a few other indispensables, I will take the whole +suit and make it look very different." He added, "the +fact is, I would rather do anything than rust in idleness +in this d—d prison." Finding that he spoke +seriously, and as if it were an ordinary business, the +Confederate sawbones, who had a lively appreciation +of Yankee handicraft, accepted the offer, and all<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[173]</a></span> +next day the major was hard at work clipping and +scouring and pressing the surgeon's uniform, every +now and then the owner thereof passing by and smiling +approval; and it was remarked that his face wore that +complacent expression common to all good men when +they have furnished employment for idle hands—and +it is not going to cost them anything.</p> + +<p>The same evening, however, when the work, so +neatly done, was finished, the major very quietly +slipped it upon his own dignified person, and taking +with him a fellow-prisoner as "hospital steward," +coolly walked past the guard, remarking, to the +great consternation of that personage, "My friend, +there are unmistakable indications of <i>cerebro-spinal +meningitis</i> in your eyes. Come over to the hospital +as soon as you are relieved, and I will see what can be +done for you," walked out into the street, and neither +he nor the "hospital steward" was heard of again +until they reached the Federal lines.</p> + +<p>The devices resorted to, to effect an escape, were as +ingenious as they were numerous, and for a short time +the most popular and successful <i>ruse</i> was for the prisoners +to get into the hospital, simulate death, and, +while left unguarded in the dead-house, to escape. +The difference, however, between the tally of the deaths +and the burials ultimately attracted the attention of +the authorities, and that was stopped.</p> + +<p>It will be remembered that while young Glazier was +fighting his last fight prior to his capture upon the +nineteenth of October, the family at home were gathered +around his sister's dying bed, when her gentle +spirit winged its flight to Heaven. From that day +until the twenty-ninth of November, he had received<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[174]</a></span> +no news of his family, and consequently, up to that +time, was ignorant of her decease. It had been his +habit during the weary hours of his prison life, to +overcome the tendency to despair from brooding over +his misfortunes—which is common to all human beings +in trouble—to fix his thought upon the loved ones at +home. His imagination constantly conjured up pictures +of his parents, his sisters and brothers, and placed +them amid the rustic surroundings of his boyhood's +home. Even while in the hospital, and tossing with +fever upon his bed, the visions which haunted him were +not visions of red-handed war, but of quiet country life, +where his kindred filled their several spheres of duty. +He had never thought of them, except collectively. Although +he had, from time to time, felt apprehensive +that "Elvi" was somewhat delicate, he never had the +slightest fear that her life was thereby endangered. +Hence, when the sad news arrived, it came as a terrible +surprise. His sisters had been the objects of his +peculiar care. The relation he had borne to them, +young as he was, was that of a father, as well as brother. +He never wearied of devising plans for their +intellectual improvement. He made it his peculiar +care that they should be thoroughly educated, and that, +while intellectually robust, none of the soft down and +bloom of true womanhood should be brushed away in +the process. They were his memory's "good angels" +even in sleep; for what must have been his dreams in +the midst of such surroundings, if he had not had +them to think of!</p> + +<p>The shock on thus learning of his sister's death was +a very great one to young Glazier, and his reflections<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[175]</a></span> +for a time were bitter. He alludes to the subject himself +in this way: "In the very midst of death I am +permitted to drag out a weary life, while dear ones in +a land of health, freedom and plenty are struck down +by the fatal shaft. Her death occurred on the nineteenth +of October, the very day of my capture. I was +thrust into prison, and doubly bound to the groveling +discomforts of earth, while <i>she</i> was released from the +prison-house of clay, and received, I believe into the +joyous, freedom of Heaven. Our lives are all in +the hands of Him who doeth all things well. He +appoints us a period of existence, and appoints a +moment to depart. All other influences are subordinate +to His will. 'What can preserve our lives, and +what destroy!'"</p> + +<p>From the moment he realized that he was in the +hands of the enemy, after the battle of New Baltimore, +Glazier had made up his mind to exercise sleepless +vigilance in seeking for opportunities of escape. +He pondered over the matter until he became a complete +enthusiast in his efforts to master the minute +details of the construction and topography of the place +of his confinement, and, by the exercise of that natural +freemasonry which enables kindred spirits to recognize +each other, soon effected an understanding upon the +subject with certain of the more daring of his companions +in misfortune. One of these gentlemen was a +Lieutenant Tresouthick, an officer of the Eighteenth +Pennsylvania Cavalry. In order to comprehend the +plan which they finally determined to carry out, it will +be necessary to premise that Libby Prison was a three-story +structure, built over very ample cellarage; that +the stories were each divided into three compartments,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[176]</a></span> +as was the cellar; and that these spaces were all of +equal size in length and breadth. For the purpose of +conveying a clear conception of the <i>locus in quo</i> of the +proposed effort, the reader should also be informed that +the hospital occupied the first floor; that Lieutenant +Tresouthick was one of the occupants of the room immediately +above it; and that there were sinks built +against the exterior wall of the same height as each +story, and running the entire length of the building. +The lieutenant's plan was, that "he should feign sickness +and get into the hospital," says our hero, in +describing the scheme; "and that I, in the meanwhile, +should, with a saw-backed knife, cut a board +out of the sink large enough to let us through." This +looked feasible enough, and the two conspirators were +beginning to felicitate themselves upon their approaching +freedom, when they discovered that any such +opening as they proposed, would let them out "directly +opposite the guard," so <i>that</i> plan had to be dropped. +Glazier then proposed a plan of operations, promising +better and safer results. It was, that Tresouthick +should still carry out his original idea of a feigned +sickness and consequent admission to the hospital; +that he (Glazier) should procure a piece of rope, eight +or ten feet long, and then, "some dark, rainy night," +the pair should "steal down into the basement"—the +outer doors of which were "not locked until ten +o'clock"—and await their opportunity. That, when +they once reached the exterior of the building, and the +sentry's back was turned, they should rush past him +on either side, and, with the rope, trip him up, in the +hope of being beyond the reach of his musket before +he could fire. This was approved by the lieutenant<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[177]</a></span>, +and they made up their minds to try it. Of course, it +was necessary that Lieutenant Tresouthick's illness +should come on very gradually, and progress naturally +from bad to worse, until he became a fit subject for +the hospital, so that some time was occupied in preliminary +preparations before any steps could be taken +for the execution of their plan.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile, through the kindness of one of the +surgeons, young Glazier was furnished with some +reading matter, a very great luxury to a man in his +situation and of his tastes. In his more serious hours +he re-read the Bible, and committed to memory daily +a portion of "Saint Matthew's Gospel;" and for relaxation +read "Napoleon and his Marshals." This with +an occasional game at chess, checkers, or dominos, +games in which the invalids were permitted to indulge, +made the hours pass much more pleasantly than those +spent in the convalescent department. It is true their +chess-board was made with chalk upon the floor, the +"men" being pieces wrought out of bone saved from +their soup, and the "checkers" old buttons ripped +from their scanty wardrobe. But these rude implements +afforded as much real sport as if they had been +constructed of ivory or gold. The scene must at all +times have been grimly grotesque in this place, for all +the trades and professions had their representatives +there, and the lawyers held mock courts, politicians +formed caucuses, gamblers started a square game of +faro, and even some ministers of the gospel gathered +together a few of the prisoners each day, who listened +to words of hope and comfort from their lips.</p> + +<p>On the eighth of December Glazier made this note +in his diary: "Getting into the hospital is no easy<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[178]</a></span> +matter, but Tresouthick is becoming more and more +sick, and has good hopes." But</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"The best o' plans o' mice and men<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Gang aft aglee;"<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p style="text-indent:0;">and all hope of escape for our two worthies was interrupted +by the inconvenient fact that a couple of their +comrades anticipated them in point of time, and by so +doing aroused the guards to such a state of vigilance, +that our over-sanguine boys saw there was no chance +for them. Consequently Lieutenant Tresouthick's illness +vanished as it had come, and he was soon pronounced +convalescent.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[179]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr class='major' /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVII" id="CHAPTER_XVII"></a>CHAPTER XVII.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>PRISON LIFE.</span> +</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Mournful news. — How a brave man dies. — New Year's Day. — Jolly +under unfavorable circumstances. — Major Turner pays his +respects. — Punishment for singing "villainous Yankee songs." — Confederate +General John Morgan. — Plans for escape. — Digging +their way to freedom. — "Post No. 1, All's well." — Yankee +ingenuity. — The tunnel ready. — Muscle the trump card. — No +respect to rank. — <i>Sauve qui peut!</i> — A strategic movement. — "Guards! +guards!" — Absentees from muster. — Disappointed +hopes. — Savage treatment of prisoners. — Was the prison mined?</p></div> + +<p>The Richmond papers occasionally found their way +into the hands of the prisoners, and the following +mournful item of news is transcribed from one of them. +The writer of the ensuing letter was a man about +thirty years of age, who was accused by the rebel +authorities of having acted as a spy on behalf of the +Union government. A gloom hung over the prison +for some days after the reading of the article:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='right'><span class="smcap">Castle Thunder, Richmond</span>, Virginia.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dear Father</span>:—By permission and through the courtesy of +Captain Alexander, I am enabled to write you a few lines. You, +who before this have heard from me in regard to my situation here, +can, I trust, bear it, when I tell you that my days on earth are soon +ended.</p> + +<p>Last Saturday I was court-martialed, and this evening, a short +time since, I received notice of my sentence from Captain Alexander,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[180]</a></span> +who has since shown me every kindness consistent with his duty.</p> + +<p>Writing to my dear parents, I feel there can be no greater +comfort after such tidings, than to tell you that I trust, by the +mercy of our Heavenly Father, to die the death of a Christian.</p> + +<p>For more than a year, since the commencement of my confinement, +I have been trying to serve him in my own feeble way, and +I do not fear to go to Him.</p> + +<p>I would have loved to see you all again; God saw best not; +why should we mourn? Comfort your hearts, my dear parents, by +thoughts of God's mercy unto your son, and bow with reverence +beneath the hand of Him who "doeth all things well."</p> + +<p>* * * I sent a ring to my wife by a clergyman, Monday +last; I also sent a telegram to yourself, which will arrive too late, +as the time of my execution is set for the day after to-morrow.</p> + +<p>Dear parents: there are but few more moments left me; I will +try to think often of you; God bless and comfort you; remember +me kindly and respectfully to all my dear friends and relatives. +Tell Kitty I hope to meet her again. Take care of Freddy for me; +put him often in remembrance of me.</p> + +<p>Dear mother, good-bye. God comfort you, my mother, and +bless you with the love of happy children. Farewell, my father; +we meet again by God's mercy.</p> + +<p class='right'><span class="smcap">Spencer Kellogg.</span> +</p></div> + +<p>The following account of the execution is from a +Richmond paper:</p> + +<p>"At eleven o'clock yesterday forenoon, a detail of +one hundred men from the City Battalion, marched +from Castle Thunder with Spencer Kellogg, the +recently condemned spy, in custody.</p> + +<p>"The cavalcade reached the scene of execution +about half-past twelve o'clock, where, as usual, a vast +concourse of people, of both sexes and all ages, were +congregated. After a few moments spent in preliminary +arrangements, the prisoner was escorted, under +guard, to the gallows. While seated in the hack +awaiting the perfection of the arrangements for his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[181]</a></span> +execution, he conversed freely with the utmost <i>nonchalance</i> +with Dr. Burrows, frequently smiling at +some remark made either by himself or the minister.</p> + +<p>"Arriving under the gallows, the charges preferred +against the accused and the sentence of the court-martial +were read. A short but impressive prayer was +then offered by the minister, at the conclusion of which +the condemned man, unaccompanied, mounted the scaffold.</p> + +<p>"In a few moments Detective Capehart followed, +and commenced to adjust the rope over the neck of the +condemned, in which he assisted, all the while talking +with the officer. On taking off his hat, to admit the +noose over his head, he threw it one side, and falling +off the scaffold, it struck a gentleman beneath, when +the prisoner turned quickly, and bowing, said: 'Excuse me, sir!'</p> + +<p>"A negro next came on the scaffold with a ladder, +and proceeded to fasten the rope to the upper beam, the +prisoner meanwhile regarding him with the greatest +composure. The rope being fastened, the negro was +in the act of coming down, when the prisoner, looking +up at the rope, remarked: 'This will not break my +neck! It is not more than a foot fall! Doctor, I +wish you would come up and arrange this thing!' +The rope was then rearranged to his satisfaction, and +the cloth cap placed over his head.</p> + +<p>"The condemned man then bowed his head, and +engaged a few seconds in prayer, at the conclusion +of which he raised himself, and standing perfectly +erect, pronounced in a clear voice: 'All ready!'</p> + +<p>"The drop fell, and the condemned man was +launched into eternity!"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[182]</a></span></p> + +<p>Kellogg is said by his captors to have died with the +conviction that he had furnished more valuable information, +in the character of a spy, to the Federal government +than any other ten men in the service. But +this has been denied by his friends at the North, who +assert that he was innocent of the charge.</p> + +<p>With baseless rumors of a soon-to-be-effected cartel +of exchange; the drawing of lots for the selection of +hostages, upon whom the Confederacy proposed to +retaliate for the punishment inflicted upon three Confederates +by the Federal authorities who had sentenced +them to imprisonment in the Illinois State Prison; +listening to yarns spun by real or pretended veterans; +playing games of chance; holding spirited debates; +reading letters from home; occasionally poring over the +newspaper procured by stealth; or meditating plans of +escape—the balance of the year 1863 wore on to its +close, and still Willard Glazier was a prisoner of war, +with no prospect whatever of a speedy release. Then +came New-Year's Day, 1864, and some little attempt +was made to get up a New-Year's dinner—though no +extra rations had been issued. They did their best, +however, like Mark Tapley, to be "jolly under unfavorable +circumstances."</p> + +<p>Nothing occurred out of the usual routine until the +twenty-fourth of January, when, as the prisoners, including +Glazier, were singing "The Star-Spangled Banner," +"Rally Round the Flag, Boys," etc., the door leading +into the street was suddenly flung open, and a squad +of armed men filed in. Turner was at their head, and +quickly crossing the room and placing himself at the +door leading up-stairs, to prevent any of the prisoners +from making their escape, began: "Now you d—d<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[183]</a></span> +boisterous scoundrels, I'll teach you to begin your +d—d howling in this building again. I want you to +understand that you must not drive people crazy out in +the streets with your villainous Yankee songs." He +then turned to his men and ordered them to "Take +their stations around the d—d rascals, and shoot the +first man that dared to stir out of his tracks." Having +completed which arrangement, he added to his helpless +victims: "Now, d—n you, stay here until twelve +o'clock to-night, and make a bit of noise or move from +your place, if you dare." And he kept them there +until the appointed hour, standing and in silence. "The +fires went out early in the evening, and the cold +became intense. Some managed to get blankets from +their friends," in the apartment above, "but the +guards soon put a stop to that. One man called down +to a friend through a knot-hole in the floor, asking him +if he wanted a blanket. The guard heard him, cocked +his gun, and aimed at the hole; but a call from below +gave the man warning and he fled." And all this for +singing a song written by a Southerner, in praise of the +flag under whose ægis Major Turner was nurtured and +received his military education! It is quite possible +that a song identified with the cause of their supposed +enemy might have produced a commotion among the +ignorant rabble in the street, and hence it is perhaps +unfair to blame the commander of the prison for prohibiting +the loud singing, which partook somewhat of +the nature of defiance; but he could certainly have +attained his object as effectually in a manner becoming +an officer and a gentleman. Even the victims of the +First French Revolution were permitted to express in +song through the bars of the Temple sentiments of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[184]</a></span> +utter scorn for their enemies, and when the Jacobins in +their turn marched to the guillotine they did so, singing +the "Marseillaise."</p> + +<p>A great sensation was created among the prisoners on +the twenty-fifth of the month on account of a visit made +to "Libby" by the famous raider, General John Morgan, +whom Glazier describes as a "large, fine-looking +officer, wearing a full beard and a rebel uniform, +trimmed with the usual amount of gold braid;" but +something far more interesting than the visit of any +man, however famous, began to absorb the attention +of our imprisoned hero at this time. He had never +ceased to rack his brain with schemes looking to his +escape. A life of captivity was indescribably wearisome +to him. He not only taxed his own ingenuity +in the effort to discover some feasible plan, but eagerly +entered into the schemes of others. The result, however, +so far as he was individually concerned, was by no +means in accordance with his hopes; but, as he has +given the details in his "Capture, Prison-Pen, and +Escape," we cannot do better (even at the risk of quoting +from that work more freely than we had intended) +than to let our readers have it in his own words, thus:</p> + +<p>"Early in the winter, Colonel Thomas E. Rose, of +the Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Volunteers, conceived +a plan of escape, and organized a secret company +of twenty-seven, who were to dig their way to freedom.</p> + +<p>"Colonel Rose was well calculated to superintend +this work, for he had served in the Mexican War, was +taken prisoner by the Mexicans, and after a short +confinement, escaped by tunneling from the prison a +sufficient distance to be clear of the guards. He had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[185]</a></span> +served his apprenticeship and was now prepared to +manage and direct. After thorough organization of +our company, with <ins title="secresy">secrecy</ins> well enjoined, we adopted +the following plan of operations:</p> + +<p>"In the basement of the building just below our +cook-room, was a small unoccupied cellar, which had +been closed since our arrival, and was never entered. +From this room or cellar arose a large chimney, which +passed through the cook-room, and so to the top of the +building. Our first work was to make a hole in the +chimney from the kitchen, which opening we could +easily conceal by means of some slop-barrels. These +barrels we managed ourselves to empty, so that all +danger of detection from this point was carefully +avoided. A short ladder which our considerate jailers +had brought into the rooms for the purpose of raising +their flag on the building, was used to make our +descent into the dark room below. Inquiry was +made for the ladder, but as no one seemed to know +anything about it, it was inferred that it had been converted +into fuel. At the foot of the ladder another +opening was made through the chimney wall leading +into the underground basement room. By removing a +few stones from the wall of this place, we were in a +situation to commence the work of tunneling. The +only implements in our possession were an old trowel +and the half of a canteen. The arduous labor was commenced +with only the fragment of a canteen, but with +this the progress was so slow that even the most +patient were disheartened. Fortunately for us a mason +came in to repair the prison walls, and going to dinner +before he had finished his work, left his trowel, which +in his absence most mysteriously disappeared. To him<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[186]</a></span> +it may have been of little account, to us it was a godsend. +With the aid of this implement we were enabled to +make more rapid progress, were greatly encouraged, +and worked night and day with ceaseless energy. Two +of our number were kept in the tunnel almost constantly. +One, by a vigorous use of the trowel and +canteen, would advance slowly, placing the loosened +earth in an old blanket, which the other would convey +out of the tunnel into a corner of the room, from +whence it started. Our course was due east, under the +street, where constantly paced the sentinels, who at +every hour of the night were wont to cry: 'Post No. 1; +all's well!'—'Post No. 2; all's well!' etc. Little did +they dream that Yankee ingenuity and perseverance +were perforating the solid earth under their feet, and +opening a path to freedom.</p> + +<p>"As we progressed in our work we experienced great +difficulty from the want of pure air to breathe, and to +sustain our candles, which refused to burn. Consequently, +one of our party was compelled to stand at +the opening, fanning pure air into the tunnel with his +hat. Our atmospheric difficulties were the more increased +by the small size of the hole, which was a little +less than two feet in diameter, quite irregular in consequence +of large stones, and descended in a line below +the horizontal. This severe labor was carried on +without much interruption for more than three weeks, +when, at last, the plan came near being a failure on +account of a sad mistake in our measurement. Our +intention was to reach the yard of an old shed, or +warehouse, in which were then stored the boxes sent us +by the Christian and Sanitary Commissions, and by +our friends at the North.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[187]</a></span></p> + +<p>"Thinking we had reached the desired point, an +opening was made to the surface, when it was found +we were still in the street, outside the fence, and within +a few yards of the sentries. Not discovered by this +mishap, the hole was quickly filled with a pair of old +pants and some straw, and the work of excavation +continued to the spot intended.</p> + +<p>"The selection of this point was very fortunate, as +the guards used to skulk about this building at night +for the purpose of plundering the boxes, and on the +night of the escape, as it happened, they saw every +man that came out; but, supposing them to be friends, +only whispered to each other, that 'the boys were going +through the <i>Yankee boxes</i> mighty fast.'</p> + +<p>"These whisperings," adds Captain Glazier, "were +distinctly heard by some of our men. The tunnel was +about sixty-five feet in length, and was ready for use +February ninth, 1864.</p> + +<p>"The company of diggers had arranged that they +should make their egress first, and inform the others +just as they were going out. But each man had a +particular friend whom he wished to notify, and, as +we were seen packing our clothing, it soon became +suspected among our fellow-prisoners that something +unusual was in the wind. Curiosity, once on the alert, +soon discovered the secret, and then all were jubilant +with the hope of escape, and forthwith commenced +packing their poor wardrobes. But egress was so slow +that it soon became evident to the cool calculator that, +at best, but a comparatively small proportion of our +number would be fortunate enough to take their +departure from 'Libby' before daylight would forbid +any further efforts in that direction.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[188]</a></span></p> + +<p>"In order to get down the chimney, as well as along +the tunnel, it was necessary to do so <i>in puris naturalibus</i>, +wrap our clothing in a bundle, and push it on +before us. As soon as it was seen that only a few +could possibly get out, many, and in fact most, became +selfish, and thought only of attaining their own liberty. +All rushed for the mouth of the tunnel, each man +seemingly determined to be first out. By this movement, +the organization formed by the pioneers or +working party was broken up, and the workmen, who +were to have had the first opportunity to escape, were +not more favorably situated than those who had never +borne a hand in the digging. At the entrance to the +tunnel were hundreds eagerly awaiting their turn.</p> + +<p>"Through the intense anxiety and excitement that +arose, there was a rush and a crowd, each one being +eager to improve the opportunity. Muscle was the +trump card, and won. The weak had to step aside, or +rather they were pushed aside without apology. No +respect was paid to rank or name. A long-armed +second lieutenant had no scruple in taking hold of a +pair of shoulders that wore eagles, and pushing them +out of the way. It was <i>sauve qui peut</i>, and no standing +aside for betters—no deference to age, and gray +hairs ceased to be honored. Mere physical force was +the test of championship. Those poor weak ones who +gravitated to the outskirts of such an eager crowding +mass—just as the light kernels will find their way to +the top of a shaken measure of wheat—doubtless +thought, as they felt themselves crowded further and +further from the door of egress:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i8">"'Oh, it is excellent<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To have a giant's strength, but 'tis tyrannous<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To use it like a giant!'<br /></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[189]</a></span></div></div> + +<p>"I made several attempts," Glazier continues, "to +assert what I considered my rights, but as I had not, +at that time, much muscle to back my claims, they +were not recognized, and thus I spent the whole night +in a bootless struggle for freedom.</p> + +<p>"In digging the tunnel we had encountered a large +root which we could not well remove, and the passage +at this point was very narrow. Lieutenant Wallace +F. Randolph, Fifth United States Artillery, a corpulent +fellow, was caught fast by the root. There was a +man before him, and another behind, which almost +entirely excluded atmospheric circulation, and before +they could pull him out of his unfortunate predicament, +Randolph was almost dead. He was, however, successful +at last. This blockade greatly retarded the +line of march, and made the crowd within still more +desperate.</p> + +<p>"Some of the outsiders in the struggle, who despaired +of accomplishing anything by strength, had recourse +to a stratagem. There had been considerable noise +during the struggle for position, and the guards were +expected to make their appearance at any moment. +The outsiders, taking advantage of this apprehension, +went to the farther end of the cook-room, and, in the darkness, +made a racket with pots and kettles, which sounded +very much like the clashing of fire-arms; while some +of their number in the crowd sang out: 'Guards! +guards!' In an instant every man was gone from the +tunnel, and a frantic rush took place for the single +stairway by about five hundred men. Such a struggling +and pressing I have never elsewhere seen, or +participated in. We neither walked up, nor ran up, +but were literally lifted from our feet, and propelled<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[190]</a></span> +along in a solid mass up the passage, and made our +entrance through the door at the head of the stairs as +though shot from a cannon—most of us not stopping +until we struck the wall on the opposite side of the +room. While this was going on, the scamps who had +given the false alarm were quietly passing out of the +tunnel! The <i>ruse</i> was soon discovered, however, and, +in a few minutes, there was as great a jam at the +entrance of the tunnel as ever. But, so eager and +unthinking were we, that within half an hour, the +same trick was played on us again by others and +then followed another stampede up the stairs. It is a +wonder this affair was not stopped by the guards, but +they had no suspicion whatever of what was going on. +This was probably owing to the fact that great noises in +the cook-room were common throughout the night as +well as day. It is however reported that one of the +sentinels was heard to call out jocosely to a comrade on +the next beat, 'Hello, Billy! there goes somebody's +coffee-pot, sure.'</p> + +<p>"This struggle continued until morning, when the +opening in the chimney was covered, and we went to +our several quarters. Here a muster was called to discover +how many had made their escape, when it was +found that one hundred and fifteen were missing. +Arrangements were at once made to account for their +absence, and certain men were designated who were to +cross the room slyly during roll-call, and be counted +twice.</p> + +<p>"For some reason the authorities were late that +morning, and did not make their appearance until +about ten o'clock. On the roll being called the men, +according to arrangement, attempted to cross the room,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[191]</a></span> +but the movement was discovered, and so the count +showed one hundred and fifteen short. The clerk +thought he had made a mistake, and counted again, +but with the same result. The authorities also thought +there must be some error in the count, and joked little +Ross, the prison clerk, who was none of the brightest, +because he could not count a thousand Yankees!</p> + +<p>"We were now marched from one room to another, +and counted one by one, but still there were one +hundred and fifteen short of the complement. We, +of course, pretended to be as much surprised as the +authorities. They next sent for Major Turner, and he +counted us two or three times, but with an equally unsatisfactory +result. He demanded of us where they +had gone, and how they got out; but not a man knew.</p> + +<p>"The escape was at once made public, and the papers +were filled with the news, and the most strenuous +measures at once adopted to ensure the recapture of +the runaways. The authorities were terribly exasperated, +and as a first step, arrested the guards and threw +them into Castle Thunder, concluding as a matter of +course, that they had been bribed. This set the guards +thinking, and one of them remembered he had seen an +unusual number of men in the lot near the Yankee +boxes. Latouche, the prison adjutant, hearing of this, +just before nightfall discovered the locality of the +opening. Next, they questioned the prisoners as to +<i>where</i> in the building it began, but could obtain no +satisfaction, and not until after a long search, did they +discover the opening in the chimney."</p> + +<p>So the "patient toil and vigil long" of poor Glazier +went for nothing. The Confederate authorities seem to +have treated the matter very good-humoredly, frankly +expressed their surprise at the ingenuity and patience +of the subterranean engineers, and manfully set about +the task of recapturing the fugitives. Forty-eight +were brought in during the next two days, but at +the same time it leaked out among the prisoners that +the Unionists under General Kilpatrick were within +the outer line of fortifications, engaging the rebels, +as it was conjectured, with the view of rescuing the +prisoners. The consequence was, there was much +excitement among the latter, for the boom of cannon +sounded distinctly in their ears, and that sound was +accepted as the music that heralded their approaching +freedom.</p> + +<p>All such hopes, however, were doomed to disappointment. +The object of the expedition, which was a +combined movement from different points by General +Kilpatrick and Colonel Dahlgren, was defeated in consequence +of the treachery of a negro guide, employed +by the latter officer, and one of the effects of this man's +treason was the death of that gallant young soldier. +The only result that followed to the prisoners was that +the rebels became more exasperated than ever, and +unfortunately for their reputation, they seem, with +regard to the treatment of the few prisoners that fell +into their hands on this occasion, to have behaved +rather like savage than civilized people. Not satisfied +with the perpetration of acts of cruelty upon these +particular prisoners, they (according to Captain Glazier's +information) undermined the prison building, +and stored beneath the foundation a sufficient quantity +of powder to blow it into fragments. This proceeding +he says they called, with more force than elegance, +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[192]</a></span> +"preparing the Yankees for hell;" and Major Turner +very grimly informed them that if any further attempt +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[193]</a></span> +at escape were made, or efforts for their rescue, the +prison would be blown to atoms! It is not surprising +that at such a time, and under the circumstances, the +prisoners looked upon this threat as meant in sober +reality; but in all probability (or at least let us hope), +it was used simply as a means of discouraging attempts +upon the part of the incarcerated men, to regain their +liberty by their own efforts or that of their friends.</p> + +<div class="image"> +<a id='illus16' name='illus16'></a> +<a href='images/illus16h.png'> + <img src='images/illus16.png' + title='The Hole In The Floor.' + alt='The Hole In The Floor.' /> +</a> +<p class='caption'> +THE HOLE IN THE FLOOR. +</p></div> + +<p>The raiders captured in the expedition under Kilpatrick +and Dahlgren had been thrust into a cell +directly beneath the room in which Glazier was confined. +Contrivances were made to open communication +with them for the purpose, if possible, of alleviating +their sufferings, as it was well known that food +was issued to them in very niggardly quantities, and +every indignity the rebels could devise inflicted upon +them. After much effort, by the aid of a knife, a hole +was cut in the floor, sufficiently large to pass a man's +hand, and through this hole Glazier, for several weeks, +was instrumental in furnishing the captives with a +share of his own and his companions' rations, which +were eagerly grasped and devoured by the starving +men. No single act of our hero's life afforded him +more real happiness than the service he was thus enabled +to render the brave men who had lost their liberty +in the noble effort to capture the prison and release its +inmates.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[194]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr class='major' /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVIII" id="CHAPTER_XVIII"></a>CHAPTER XVIII.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>DANVILLE.—MACON.—SAVANNAH.</span> +</h2> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Belle Boyd, the Confederate spy. — National characteristics. — Colonel +Mosby. — Richmond to Danville. — Sleeping spoon-fashion. — Glazier's +"corrective point" suffers. — Saltatory entrance to a railroad +car. — Colonel Joselyn. — Sympathy of North Carolinians. — Ingenious +efforts to escape. — Augusta. — Macon. — Turner again! — "Carelessness" +with firearms. — Tunneling. — Religious revival. — Order +from Confederate War Department. — Murder! — Fourth of +July. — Macon to Savannah. — Camp Davidson. — More tunneling.</p></div> + +<p>The celebrated Confederate spy, Belle Boyd, paid a +visit to "Libby" in the latter part of March, and +her presence created much comment among the +prisoners. She was not that ideal of grace and gentleness +which</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i10">"Untutored youth,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Unlearned in the world's false subtleties,"<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p style="text-indent:0;">enthrones within the temple of his heart, but was, +notwithstanding, a remarkable woman. With much of +the enthusiasm that characterized "<i>La Pucelle</i>," she +appears to have combined a considerable allowance of +shrewdness, or common sense; a mixture of qualities, +by the way, of more common occurrence than is generally +supposed, among the northern and southern +people of our continent. There is little difference +between the "peartness" of the one, and the "smartness" +of the other; or the "high tone" of the South, +and the <i>nonchalance</i> of the North. The common<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[195]</a></span> +<i>national</i> characteristic of the people of both sections, +however, is the power of adapting themselves to every +variety of circumstance. No matter what the importance, +or the insignificance of the occasion, or event, +upon which they perceive that their opportunity for +the attainment of a desired object depends, they are +ready at the right moment to seize and turn it to +account; and while, to-day, the banks of the Ganges +or the Tigris are made to yield up to them the fruits +of their industry and produce, to-morrow, when a +modification of the law of demand and supply prevails, +we find the same men following the tide of fortune +through humbler but equally useful channels. We +are pre-eminently a practical people, and that this +characteristic to some extent destroys the poetic aspect +of American life, cannot be gainsaid. The homes +of our infancy, the graves of our kindred, the hills +upon whose summits we first felt the glory of the morning, +the altar at which we first knelt in prayer, the +rustic nook where we listened for the one step to which +our boyish hearts beat sweetest time; have no power +to trammel our migratory proclivities, or to check our +local inconstancy. The sentiments with which such +objects are indissolubly connected, are but tendrils +clinging round the parent nest, and the wings of the +new-fledged bird, bursting them asunder, it soars out +into the world to contend and battle with its storms.</p> + +<p>One of the least attractive illustrations of this spirit +of unrest, is where it extends to our women, and Miss +Belle Boyd's is in our estimation a case in point.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Unknown to her the rigid rule,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">The dull restraint, the chiding frown,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The weary torture of the school;<br /></span> +<span class="i2">The taming of wild nature down.<br /></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[196]</a></span> +<span class="i0">Her only lore, the legends told<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Around the soldiers' fire; at night<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Stars rose and set, and seasons rolled;<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Flowers bloomed, and snowflakes fell,<br /></span> +<span class="i4">Unquestioned, in her sight!"<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p style="text-indent:0;">Her career was full of adventure and intrepid daring, +and she served the disloyal cause she espoused faithfully +and to the bitter end; and then, like other wandering +stars of the troubled sky, sank into oblivion. From +the time of Miss Boyd's visit until the seventh of May, +Willard Glazier continued to lead the same dull life at +Libby Prison. The monotony of the hours was unbroken +by any circumstance more exciting than a visit +from the celebrated partisan chief, Mosby, who is described +by Glazier as a <i>preux chevalier</i>, at that time +about twenty-eight years of age, in figure slight, with +straight fair hair and closely shaven face, except that +"a faded German moustache overshadowed his upper +lip." It does not appear that he was received as a +welcome visitor, although he jocularly remarked to +some of the prisoners who had been captured by his +own troopers that he was "glad to see them there."</p> + +<p>Time! what wonders dost thou work. But a few +years have passed, and Mosby, who was erst so malignant +a rebel, that even the poor, but loyal, prisoners, +presented him the cold shoulder, is now a confidential +friend of the late Commander in chief of the Union +Army! Longstreet, the rebel General, again swears +by the Star-Spangled Banner; and Beauregard, hero +of Sumter and Bull Run, is now an advocate of perfect +equality between the black and white races in his +Southern State of Louisiana!</p> + +<p>The visit of Colonel Mosby was the last memorable<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[197]</a></span> +incident of our hero's sojourn in "Libby." Upon the +seventh of May following, the prisoners were removed +thence to Danville, Virginia. Several, in the course +of this transit, effected their escape, but the great +majority were safely conveyed to their new place of +imprisonment. The change made no improvement in +their unhappy condition. True, the rations furnished +at Danville were of somewhat better quality, and more +liberal in quantity, but the discipline was equally +Draconian, and the penalty of its slightest infraction—death! +The chief source of misery among the captives +was want of room, the men being compelled to sleep +"spoon-fashion," and in detachments, many being +compelled to stand up awake while their comrades +slept as best they could.</p> + +<p>This condition of things, however, did not last long. +Early upon the morning of the twelfth, the prisoners +were once more marched out and started southward. +After a journey of twenty-four hours in cattle cars, exposed +most of the time to a drenching rain, they were +disembarked and tramped another twelve miles to +Greensboro. Here the mass of weary, wet, and hopeless +patriots were about to be driven, pell-mell, like a +herd of cattle, into a train of filthy cars, when young +Glazier thought he espied a chance of evading his +captors. He waited until it appeared to him that the +guard was sufficiently occupied with other duties to overlook +his whereabouts, and then slipped behind a log, +where in an instant he lay upon the ground apparently +fast asleep, trusting in the confusion attendant upon the +departure of the train to escape observation. But fortune +was against him. The only result was the infliction +upon that portion of his body which some mothers<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[198]</a></span> +consider the "corrective point" of their children, of +sundry unceremonious kicks, which, coming from such +boots as the "C. S. A." at that time supplied to their +soldiers, were felt to be more persuasive than agreeable. +Of course it became necessary to awaken from +his profound slumber slowly, which made the <i>kicks</i> +still more persuasive, and by the time he was erect, +the cars were filled and the doors all closed. The +guards therefore insisted upon his effecting an entrance +through the small window, which he did with certain +vigorous assistance from behind, and landed upon the +head and shoulders of Lieutenant-Colonel Joselyn, of +the Fifteenth Massachusetts Infantry, who passed him +around in such a way that the other occupants of the +car were moved to sundry objurgations at the expense +of our young friend more forcible than polite, and partaking +little of the nature of a hospitable reception! +However, this is a world of compromises, and Glazier +soon found his level among his fellow-captives.</p> + +<p>Their route took them through a portion of North +Carolina, where for the first time they met with unmistakable +proofs of sympathy. At one city, on +learning there were "Yankee prisoners" in town, the +citizens came out in large numbers. Many attempted +to converse with them, but were forced back at the +point of the bayonet. The prisoners then struck up +the "Star-Spangled Banner," and "Rally Round the +Flag," and in each interlude could see white handkerchiefs +waving in the breeze, demonstrations that so +exasperated the Virginia guard that they sent a detail +to drive "the d—d tar-heels" from the field.</p> + +<p>The contiguity of friends of course presented a +strong temptation to some to strike for liberty. Every<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[199]</a></span> +device promising the least chance of escape was therefore +resorted to. Among the most ingenious of these +was one so graphically described by young Glazier +that we make no apology for again using his language:</p> + +<div class="image"> +<a id='illus17' name='illus17'></a> +<a href='images/illus17h.png'> + <img src='images/illus17.png' + title='Prison Pen, Macon, Georgia.' + alt='Prison Pen, Macon, Georgia.' /> +</a> +<p class='caption'> +PRISON PEN, MACON, GEORGIA. +Tunneling—The narrow path to freedom. +</p></div> + +<p>"The night being very dark," he writes, "and the +soil where we were huddled together very sandy and +light, many of the prisoners dug holes in the ground and +there buried themselves, hoping thus to escape the observation +of the guard when we should be marched +from the field to the cars. Unfortunately, however, +the scheme was exposed by one of the guard who accidentally +stumbled into one of the holes, in the bottom +of which he beheld a 'live Yankee.' Struck with +amazement, he shouted out: 'Oh, my G—, Captain, +here is a Yankee buried alive!' Great excitement was +the natural consequence. A general search ensued, +torch-lights were used, and the trees and ground +thoroughly inspected. This investigation brought to +light several holes of a similar character, each having +deposited therein a Federal prisoner. The guards were +very angry and went about shouting, 'Run them +through! Pick up the d—d hounds!' but their +captain, a good-natured sort of man, stopped all this. +'No,' said he, 'the d—d Yankees have a right to +escape if they can. Let them alone. I'll risk their +getting away from me!'"</p> + +<p>Some of the burrowers did escape, however, and +several others hid themselves in the foliage and were +left behind.</p> + +<p>After this nothing eventful occurred upon the way, +and on the fifteenth of the same month, the whole +party arrived at Augusta, Georgia, and found the home +guards, to whose custody they were consigned, a bad +lot. From that city they were soon after removed to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[200]</a></span> +Macon. Up to this period, amid all the mortifications +of their condition, notwithstanding their tiresome +rides and weary marches; despite the chagrin they +naturally felt when well-laid plans of escape were frustrated +by accidents beyond the power of men to foresee, +they still had one source of consolation—there was at +least one drop of balm in Gilead—<i>for had they not +gotten rid of—Turner!</i></p> + +<p>Judge, then, of their mingled horror and despair +when they reached the front gate of Camp Oglethorpe, +their future prison, to find that monster before them, +lounging gracefully against the gate entrance, and evidently +delighted with the idea of being in a condition +to shock his former victims with his presence.</p> + +<p>The laugh, however, was not entirely his, for, upon +mustering them, he discovered that forty-seven had +escaped. Smothering his wrath for the moment, he +welcomed the remainder to their prison-house, with the +gratifying intelligence that <i>it had its dead-line</i>, and all +who approached it had better be ready to meet the +contingencies of a future state of rewards and punishments!</p> + +<p>After horrifying them with his presence, he shortly +took himself off, and not long afterward, to their great +relief, was ordered back to Richmond.</p> + +<p>Before the week had expired, Glazier had an opportunity +of estimating how <i>careless</i>(<i>?</i>) some of his +custodians were in handling their firearms, being an +eye-witness of an attempt by a sentinel to shoot Lieutenant +Barker, of the First Rhode Island Cavalry. The +bullet, kinder than the boy who sped it on its errand +(for this guard was not over fourteen years of age), +passed over the old man's head. As the latter noted<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[201]</a></span> +the direction of the lad's aim, and heard the whistle of +the bullet above him, he very temperately asked the +somewhat unnecessary question, "What are you shooting +at?" "I am shooting at you, you d—d old cuss." "What +are you shooting at me for?" mildly inquired the lieutenant. +"Because you had your hands on the dead-line," +answered the boy. At this moment the sergeant +of the guard came up, and taking the precocious ruffian +by the collar, shook him with considerable energy, +and demanded of him very fiercely, "What the devil +are you shooting at that prisoner for, you little scoundrel?" +The boy replied that the prisoner had his +hands on the dead-line. Whereupon the sergeant +shook him again, told him he was a liar—that the +lieutenant was not within twenty feet of the dead-line, +and consigned him to the custody of the corporal of +the guard, who marched the young monster away.</p> + +<p>Captain Glazier states that he was within ten feet of +the lieutenant when the shot was fired, and that the latter +<i>was not within thirty feet of the fatal line</i>. The incident +was not very exhilarating upon the threshold of his +new abode, and the prisoners naturally felt greatly +exasperated when they heard the particulars.</p> + +<p>An order was promulgated next morning by the +officer commanding, Captain W. K. Tabb, directing +that "any of their number not in ranks at roll-call +should be shot," which was not calculated to make them +think more kindly of their jailers. The fact is, that the +prisoners, in pursuance of a settled determination to lose +no opportunity of escape that seemed at all feasible, +had been again making experiments in <i>tunneling</i>, and +this atrocious order was intended as a measure of precaution +against similar schemes in future.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[202]</a></span></p> + +<p>Thus excluded from the relief afforded by such hopeful +occupation, their poor captives had to find other +employment for their leisure hours, and at this time a +kind of religious revival took place among them, and +if human prayer could have effected the destruction of +the Confederacy, that organization would certainly have +crumbled into dust forthwith. The enthusiasm was so +great that at times the exercises bordered upon tumult, +and greatly incensed their less fervent guards. At one +time a huge Western man poured forth such a rhapsody +in favor of Grant and Sherman, and garnished it +with such pungent denunciations of Jefferson Davis, +and other Confederate magnates, that one of the +jailers commented thus: "D—d smart praying, but it +won't do! It won't do!"</p> + +<p>On the morning of the tenth of August, an order +from the Confederate War Department was read before +the entire garrison of Camp Oglethorpe, and caused much +excitement. This order directed that a detachment of +fifty prisoners, selected from officers of the highest +rank, should be forwarded to Charleston, in order that +they might be placed under the fire of the siege guns +with which the beleaguering Union forces were attempting +the reduction of that city. The order further +directed that Generals Scammon, Wessels, Seymour, +Schuyler and Heckman should be included in the +number. The mandate was of course at once executed, +and the departure of the devoted band was the signal +for a wild burst of indignant reprobation of the Confederate +authorities. It happened also, at this time, +that one of the sentinels shot and mortally wounded a +prisoner. The victim's name was Otto Grierson, and +he had been a general favorite. The excuse assigned<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[203]</a></span> +for the murder was that he was endeavoring to escape, +but his comrades declared that at the time the shot was +fired, he was fully sixteen feet from the dead-line, and +had made no attempt to escape. Young Glazier and +others joined in a formal report of the facts to the +officer in command, but the only result was that the +murderer received promotion, and was granted a furlough!</p> + +<p>If the statements of Captain Glazier regarding this +and other contemporaneous outrages are to be relied +upon (and he is very strongly corroborated), the officers +commanding this military prison sadly abused their +trust. Even the highest of those officials indulged in +such petty exhibitions of puerile spite as to be altogether +unworthy of his station, or even the name of an American.</p> + +<p>On the arrival of the Fourth of July, the prisoners +very naturally determined, as far as their limited +resources would permit, to celebrate the occasion. Accordingly, +in true American fashion, a meeting was +called, at which speeches of a patriotic character were +made, songs sung, and a miniature flag, containing the +full number of stars and stripes, which one of their +number had concealed about his person, was produced, +and became an object of much interest. Instead of +magnanimously ignoring all this harmless enthusiasm, +the commander of the prison marched in a company of +guards and violently dispersed the meeting!</p> + +<p>On the twenty-seventh of July, six hundred prisoners +were counted out, as they supposed to be added +to the others under fire at Charleston, but really for +removal to Camp Davidson, at Savannah, Georgia.</p> + +<p>This change proved for the better. In the first place,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[204]</a></span> +in lieu of the Sahara of shadeless sand and clay of their +former prison grounds, they found at "Davidson" a +number of fine oaks, beneath the shade of which they +were permitted to recline in peace. In addition to this, +and a matter of infinitely greater importance, their +guards were officered by <i>gentlemen</i>. Captain Glazier +states that the authorities here issued tents, cooking +utensils, and decent rations, and adds this tribute to +their generally manly conduct toward the prisoners: +"The troops here have seen service, and there is +nothing like the battle-field and the suffering there +experienced to teach soldiers humanity toward each +other. Whenever attempts are made to escape, they give +us to understand that they would do the same themselves, +under like circumstances, but are still compelled +to punish such infractions of discipline. They politely +ask our pardon for inspecting our quarters, and in a +manner as gentlemanly as possible, remove our blankets +from the floor of our tents in their search for incipient +<i>tunnels</i>. All this is very gratifying and tends to +assuage the bitter hatred which former brutality has +engendered. These Georgia boys will be long remembered, +and may look for the utmost kindness and consideration +from us if the chances of war ever reverse +our situations."</p> + +<p>This is a record for Georgia nobler far than any she +ever gained upon the battle-field, albeit her sons were +always in the van. All honor to them! Such victories +are well worth the winning.</p> + +<p>But pleasant as their Georgia quarters were by comparison +with former experiences, the captives were +afflicted with the <i>malade du pays</i>—the home-sickness +that tugged at their hearts, and bade them again and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[205]</a></span> +again risk death for the chance of freedom. Tunnel +after tunnel was attempted, and one, constructed by a +select band (sworn to secrecy), was upon the eve of +completion, when a straggling cow blundered upon +the frail covering of turf, and became so securely +imbedded in the falling earth that she could not extricate +herself. Her bellowing attracted the attention of +the sentinel, the plot was discovered, and, of course, +frustrated.</p> + +<p>Despite such disappointments, however, when the +time came, as it soon did, for the prisoners to leave +Savannah, they did so with sentiments of gratitude for +the comparatively humane treatment they had received +at the hands of the Georgians, not unmingled, however, +with apprehensions concerning their future, for +it was openly rumored that they were destined to join +their former fellow-prisoners now under fire of Gilmore's +siege guns at Charleston.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[206]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr class='major' /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIX" id="CHAPTER_XIX"></a>CHAPTER XIX.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>UNDER FIRE AT CHARLESTON.</span> +</h2> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Under siege. — Charleston Jail. — The Stars and Stripes. — Federal +compliments. — Under the guns. — Roper Hospital. — Yellow Jack. — Sisters +of Charity. — Rebel Christianity. — A Byronic stanza. — Charleston +to Columbia. — "Camp Sorghum." — Nemesis. — Another +dash for liberty. — Murder of Lieutenants Young and Parker. — Studying +topography. — A vaticination. — Back to reality.</p></div> + +<p>The next we see of Lieutenant Glazier is in the city +of Charleston, South Carolina, on the twelfth of +September, 1864. Coming Street on the morning of that +day was crowded with people of every variety of calling, +from the priest and sister of charity, out on their +merciful errands, to the riff-raff and <i>sans-culottes</i> out on +no errand at all but to help the excitement. The city +was under siege.</p> + +<p>At the end of the street a body of six hundred +emaciated, broken-spirited, ragged men, escorted by a +strong guard, marched along, and the busiest of the +pedestrians paused to gaze upon them as they passed. +Coarse and scurrilous was the greeting the captives +received from the motley and shameless groups. A +few of the more respectable citizens, however, spoke +words of grace to them, and some added hopeful predictions +of the final triumph of the Union cause. The +prisoners were hurried forward to the yard of Charleston +Jail, where for the first time in many weary months +they beheld the glorious flag of their country floating +in the breeze over Morris Island. Weak as they were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[207]</a></span> +the patriotic sentiment was still strong within +and they gave one rousing cheer! Some, despite the +curses of their guard, dancing like children, while +others wept tears of joy.</p> + +<div class="image"> +<a id='illus18' name='illus18'></a> +<a href='images/illus18h.png'> + <img src='images/illus18.png' + title='Charleston Jail—charleston, South Carolina.' + alt='Charleston Jail—charleston, South Carolina.' /> +</a> +<p class='caption'> +CHARLESTON JAIL—CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA. +</p></div> + +<p>The jail, as Captain Glazier describes it, was a large +octagonal building of four stories, surmounted by a +tower. In the rear was a large workshop, in appearance +like a bastile, where some of the prisoners were +confined. As a lugubrious accessory to his own quarters, +he had a remarkably clear view of a gallows, +erected directly in front of his fragment of a tent. +"The ground floor of the jail was occupied by ordinary +criminal convicts; the second story by Confederate +officers and soldiers, under punishment for military +offences; the third by negro prisoners, and the fourth +by Federal and Confederate deserters, and it is complimentary +to the good sense of the rebels that deserters +from <i>either</i> side were treated by them with equal +severity." He gives a sad account of the terrible +condition of the negro soldiers and their officers who +were captured at Fort Wagner, and says the hospital +at this place was "a lazar-house of indescribable +misery."</p> + +<p>On the twenty-second of September, Glazier makes +the following note on the progress of the siege:</p> + +<p>"Shelling is kept up vigorously. From sixty to a +hundred huge, smoking two-hundred-pounders convey +Federal compliments daily to the doomed city."</p> + +<p>It appears, however, that, for the most part, the +destructive effects of this bombardment were confined +to what was known as the "burnt district," and caused +little damage to the inhabited portion of the city.</p> + +<p>Seven days after the above entry in his journal his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[208]</a></span> +heart was gladdened by an order for removal, with his +fellow-prisoner and messmate, Lieutenant Richardson, +to Roper Hospital; a place much more tolerable as +to its situation and appointments, though still within +shell-range of the bombarding force. Prior to the transfer, +a parole was obtained from each, by which they +pledged themselves, while in their new quarters, to +make no attempt to escape.</p> + +<p>Here our prisoner found opportunity under the +usual restrictions for writing the following letter home:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p style='padding-left:1em;'>[Only one page allowed.]</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:3em;'><span class="smcap">C. S. Military Prison</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:5em;'><span class="smcap">Charleston, South Carolina</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:8em;'><span class="smcap">Roper Hospital</span>, <i>October 4th, 1864</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">My Dear Mother</span>:</p> + +<p>For a long time you have doubtless waited with anxiety some intelligence +of your absent son, which would tell you of his health, and +his prospects of release from the disagreeable restraints of prison life; +and I am now delighted to find this opportunity of writing to you. +Since my last letter, which was dated at Libby Prison, I have been +confined at Danville, Virginia; Macon and Savannah, Georgia; and +at this point. My health for the most part has been very poor, +which I attribute to the inactivity of prison life. I have also +suffered much for want of clothing. I have a pair of shoes on to-day +that I bought more than a year ago; have run about barefoot for +days and weeks during the past summer; many of my comrades have +been compelled to do the same. I do not look for a <i>general exchange</i> +before winter, though I hope and pray that it may take place to-morrow. +There is now an opportunity for sending boxes to prisoners. +I should be glad to receive one from home if convenient. +Please give my love to all the family circle. Remember me to +my friends, and believe me ever</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:7em;'>Your affectionate son,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class="smcap">Willard</span>. +</p></div> + +<p>The days passed anxiously with Glazier, when the +yellow fever began its inroads upon the prisoners.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[209]</a></span> +He had now, at the same moment, to face death at +the hands of man, and by the pestilence—a condition +of things to which the bravest spirit might +succumb. One great source of consolation was derived +from the visits of the Sisters of Charity, who +were always found where suffering and peril prevailed. +Writing of these angelic women, Captain Glazier +says:—"Confined as we are, so far away from every +home comfort and influence, and from all that makes +life worth living, how quickly do we notice the first +kind word, the passing friendly glance! Can any +prisoner confined here ever forget the 'Sisters of +Charity?' Ask the poor private now suffering in the +loathsome hospital so near us, while burning with +fever, or racked with pain, if he can forget the kind +look, the gracious word given him by that sister. +Many are the bunches of grapes—many the sip of their +pure juice, that the sufferer gets from her hands. +They seem, they <i>are</i> 'ministering angels;' and while +all around us are our avowed enemies, they remain +true to every instinct of womanhood. They dare lift +the finger to help, they do relieve many a sufferer. +All through the South our sick and wounded soldiers +have had reason to bless the 'Sisters of Charity.' +They have ministered to their wants and performed +those kind womanly offices which are better to the +sick than medicine, and are so peculiarly soothing to +the dying. These noble women have attended their +sick-beds when other <i>Christian</i> ladies of the South +looked on unpityingly, and turned away without even +tendering the cheap charity of a kind word. <i>They</i> +have done what others were too scornful and cruel to +do—they have done what others did not dare do. They<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[210]</a></span> +were, for some inscrutable reason, permitted to bestow +their charities wherever charities were needed. Their +bounties were bestowed indiscriminately on Federal +and Confederate sufferers, and evidenced a broad +philanthropy untainted by party-feeling or religious +bigotry. Many a poor soldier has followed them +from ward to ward with tearful eyes.... Were +other Christian denominations in the South as active +in aiding us as the Catholics have been, I might have +some faith in 'Rebel Christianity.'"</p> + +<p>This is no mean tribute to the beneficent influences +of the Catholic church, albeit the pen of a Protestant +records it; but the facts fully justify him. Protestant +England had <i>one</i>—the Church of Rome has her <i>legions</i> +of Florence Nightingales. They are found in the +camp, and the hospital, and the prison—wherever human +sympathy can palliate human suffering; they +are to be found where even wives and mothers flee +before the dreaded pestilence, and these ministers of +divine love, like light and air, and the dews of Heaven, +visit alike the rich and poor, the sinner and the saint; +the only claim they recognize being the claim of suffering +and misfortune.</p> + +<p>Willard Glazier remained <i>under the guns</i> of his +friends until the fifth of October, and during his sojourn +here had various opportunities of forming an +acquaintance with vagrant shot and shell that struck or +exploded near the hospital building, but fortunately +did no greater damage to its inmates than create "a scare."</p> + +<p>What was much more serious was the prevalence of +the deadly fever, which was of a most malignant type, +and carried off, among its many victims, the Confed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[211]</a></span>erate +commander and his adjutant. The prisoners +therefore were removed—the authorities assigning as +their reason for the step, the "danger to which they +would be exposed on account of the fever;" and +although, at the time, it appeared an anomaly to the +prisoners, "after bringing them there to be murdered +by their own guns, to remove them for the purpose of +saving them from death in another shape,"—yet it is +possible such was the case. At all events they were +removed, and their "Poet Laureate"—Lieutenant +Ogden, of Wisconsin—wrote a farewell poem, containing +among others, the following "Byronic" stanza:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Thy Sanctuaries are forsaken now;<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Dark mould and moss cling to thy fretted towers;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Deep rents and seams, where struggling lichens grow,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And no sweet voice of prayer at vestal hours;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">But voice of screaming shot and bursting shell,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Thy deep damnation and thy doom foretell.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The 'fire' has left a pile of broken walls,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And Night-hags revel in thy ruined halls!"<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>Who will say that a dread Nemesis has not overtaken +the metropolis of the Palmetto State? Streets, +once the busy scene of commerce and industry, now +covered with grass, in this city of secession—formerly +the head and front of treason and rebellion and the +defiant advocate of human slavery!</p> + +<p>Escorted by the Thirty-second Georgia Volunteers, +Glazier and his fifteen hundred companions were +marched through the principal streets of the city to the +depot, where they took the cars for Columbia, the +State capital. None will ever forget the parade of +ragged and bearded men through King Street. But +the Georgian guards, while strictly attentive to duty,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[212]</a></span> +showed the politeness and demeanor of gentlemen. He +says of them, at this point in the history of his imprisonment, +"the Georgia troops seem to be by far the +most civil and gentlemanly of all the Southern army. +They were the most respectable in appearance, most +intelligent and liberal in conversation, and to a greater +extent than others, recognized the principle that a man +is a man under whatever circumstances he may be +placed, and is entitled to humane treatment. They +very generally addressed the prisoners as 'gentlemen.'"</p> + +<p>The same kind of unventilated and filthy cattle-cars +were employed in their transportation as had been +used in their various previous removals. All suffered +from want of water, air and space. The arrival of the +captives at Columbia took place in the midst of a +drenching rain-storm, and during the entire night, +with scarcely any clothing, no rations, and no shelter, +they were exposed to the merciless elements, while +not twenty yards off, in front of their camping ground, +glared the muzzles of a park of loaded artillery. The +prisoners, being in a starving condition, looked the +picture of despair. A discovery however was made of +some bacon suspended to the rafters of the building +that enclosed them, in one corner separated by a partition. +As the famished men looked through the bars +of a window and saw this tempting food, their eyes +watered, and their inventive faculties were aroused. +Hooks, strings and poles were brought into requisition, +and in a short time most of the meat, by Yankee +talent, was transferred from the rafters of the building +to the stomachs of the prisoners!</p> + +<p>The day following, they were moved to a spot about<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[213]</a></span> +two miles from the town, and bivouacked in an open +field, without any shelter whatever. Surrounded by +the usual cordon of sentries, and menaced with the customary +"dead-line," they were turned loose to provide +for themselves, neither axe, spade, nor cooking utensils +being supplied them. Two days after their arrival +some corn-meal and <i>sorghum</i> were issued, the latter a +substitute for molasses. A great many suffered from +diarrhœa and dysentery in consequence, and the place +from this circumstance acquired the sobriquet of +"Camp Sorghum."</p> + +<p>They had no quarters to protect them from the cold +November storms, only huts constructed by themselves +of brush and pine boughs. The treatment at "Camp +Sorghum" was so exceptionally brutal, that almost +every dark night starving men would run the guard +and risk their lives to escape dying by inches. Sometimes +as many as thirty or forty would run in one +night. Generally some daring fellow would act as +<i>forlorn hope</i> and rush past the sentries, drawing their +fire, at the imminent risk of forfeiting his own life, +his comrades joining him before the guards could +reload their rifles. The latter would then fire a volley +into the camp, killing or wounding some of the +prisoners. Lieutenant Young, of the Fourth Pennsylvania +Cavalry, was thus shot dead whilst sitting at +his hut, and according to Captain Glazier, "no reason +for this atrocity was apparent, and none was assigned +by the guards." The poor young fellow had been a +prisoner twenty-two months. About this time the +guards accidentally killed two of their own men, in +their reckless and savage shooting, and afterwards observed +more care in firing at the prisoners.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[214]</a></span></p> + +<p>Hounds were kept near the prison to track escaped +fugitives. Lieutenant Parker, while attempting to escape, +was so much torn and bitten by these dogs that +he died the day after his recapture.</p> + +<p>Mingled with thoughts of home, and the friends +gathered around loved firesides, there had by this time +arisen in young Glazier's mind a stern determination +to win his freedom, or, in the effort, forfeit his life.</p> + +<p>As the weather grew colder, the possession of wood +became a matter of necessity, and some of the prisoners +were paroled to pass beyond the lines, and gather such +broken branches and pieces of bark in the neighboring +woods as they could carry back into camp. Glazier +availed himself of this privilege, and stored up an +abundance of fuel. But a more important acquisition +than fuel to him was the knowledge he obtained of the +topography of the surrounding country. One great +difficulty he foresaw in getting away arose from the +sorry condition of his shoes, which were nearly soleless. +He succeeded, however, in obtaining the rim of an old +regulation-hat, and out of this fashioned a serviceable +pair of soles for his worn-out brogans, and thus removed +one obstacle from his path.</p> + +<p>We need feel no surprise that he and many of his +companions thought no risk too great to run for the +chance of effecting their escape. Their treatment by +this time had become so bad as to be almost unendurable. +For example, to avoid being frozen to death, +they were compelled to run around all night, and only +when the sun arose in the morning dare they venture +to recline themselves on the ground to sleep. The +truth is, that our friend, in common with many of his +comrades, had arrived at the desperate conclusion that no<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[215]</a></span> +fate, even death by shooting, or by hounds, could be +worse than the misery and suffering he was now enduring. +It was not alone that they were starved and +shelterless, sick and unattended, nearly naked, with +no hope of being clad; it was not alone that they were +immersed, day and night, in filth and squalor like +hogs, with no prospect of relief to cheer them; but, in +addition to all this suffering of their own, they were +compelled to witness the sufferings of others—to hear +their sighs and groans, and look upon faces that hard +usage and despair had made ghastly and terrible. +They would greet in the morning a man sick and +emaciated perhaps, but still a human being, erect and +in God's image, who, in the evening of the same day, +would disappear from among them, making a desperate +dash for freedom. The following day a broken, nerveless, +shivering wretch would be dragged into their +midst, blood-stained, faint, and with the gashes of a +blood-hound's teeth covering his face and throat.</p> + +<p>Thus it was that existence became unbearable. +Their own sufferings were hard, but to continue for +many long months looking upon the sufferings of +others added to their misery beyond endurance. +Accordingly, when Thanksgiving-day arrived, and +the excitement created by Sherman's "march to the +sea" had reached its highest point, Glazier and a +fellow-prisoner, named Lieutenant Lemon, determined +that <i>they</i> would wait no longer the slow process of +tunneling, but make a bold effort for liberty—or die +in the attempt.</p> + +<p>"It was customary," says the former, "to extend +the guard-line in the morning for the purpose of +allowing prisoners (as previously stated) to collect<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[216]</a></span> +fuel on a piece of timbered land just opposite the camp, +and it was our intention this morning to take a shovel, +when permitted to pass to the woods, and make a hole +in the ground large enough to receive our two 'skeletons,' +and then enlist the services of some friend, who +would cover us up with brush and leaves, so that, +when the guard was withdrawn, we would be left +without the camp." The plan looked feasible, and, if +successful, it would not be a difficult matter to reach +Augusta, Georgia, at which point they hoped to find +themselves within Sherman's lines. The fates, however, +decreed otherwise. Their scheme was rendered +abortive by the simple fact, that upon that particular +morning, the line was not extended at all. Why it +was not, is purely a matter of conjecture. Possibly, +"the morning being unusually cold and raw," the +guard did not care to leave their own snug tents along +the line of the encampment, with no greater inducement +than that of increasing the comfort of their +Yankee prisoners, who, for that day, were left without +any fires at all; but, be this as it may, the guard-line +was not extended as was usual, and thus the plot of our +young friends was frustrated for the time being. They +agreed to "watch, pray <i>and act</i>" at the very first +opportunity that presented. It was not long before that +opportunity came.</p> + +<p>Early upon the day following that of their disappointment, +the conspirators arranged that each should +make a reconnaissance of the lines, discover the weak +points of the enemy, and, that being accomplished, +rendezvous at a given spot, ready to act upon any +likely plan that might suggest itself to them. Glazier +had become a tolerably expert physiognomist, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[217]</a></span> +singled out an unsophisticated-looking giant, who was +patrolling a certain beat, as the best man among the +line of sentries on whom to practise an imposition. +This individual was evidently a good-natured lout, not +long in the service, and very much resembling our +conception of "Jonas Chuzzlewit," in respect to his +having been "put away and forgotten for half a century." +It is only necessary to add that his owners +"had stuck a musket in his hand, and placed him on +guard." Yet there was some pluck in him. He was +just the sort of man who, led by a good officer, would +fight like a lion, but whose animal instincts had so +befogged his intellect that, if left to his own resources, +he would be as likely to ruin friend as foe.</p> + +<div class="image"> +<a id='illus19' name='illus19'></a> +<a href='images/illus19h.png'> + <img src='images/illus19.png' + title='The Escape From Columbia—crossing The Dead Line.' + alt='The Escape From Columbia—crossing The Dead Line.' /> +</a> +<p class='caption'> +THE ESCAPE FROM COLUMBIA—CROSSING THE DEAD LINE. +</p></div> + +<p>When Glazier rejoined his comrade, he described +this man, and the friends agreed that they would +boldly cross the "dead-line" immediately in front +of him, be ready to answer promptly his challenge, +and, by the audacity of their movement, attempt +to deceive him in regard to their real character and +purpose. With such a man as they had to deal with, +this scheme was certain to result in one of two things: +he would let them pass, or he would kill them both; +therefore, courage and <i>sang-froid</i> were matters of first +necessity.</p> + +<p>Accordingly, with the utmost coolness, and laughing +and chatting together, they sauntered up to and upon +the fatal line. The sentinel looked at them in amazement. +He then brought his piece to bear upon Glazier +completely covering his person, and, with the usual +order to "Halt!" added: "Whar in hell are you +going, Yanks?" As if his dignity was seriously +offended by this demand, our hero answered this<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[218]</a></span> +question by asking another: "Do you halt paroled +prisoners here?" "His meek 'No, sir!'" Glazier relates, +"was not yet lost in the distance when I boldly +crossed the dreaded line, adding: 'Then let my +friend in the rear follow me;' and so we passed, while +the sentinel murmured 'All right!' And right it was, +for now we were free, breathing the fresh air, untainted +by the breath of hundreds of famishing, diseased +and dying men."</p> + +<p>They could not proceed very far without falling in +with numbers of the paroled prisoners. This they +did, but their presence excited no suspicion or comment, +as they assumed to belong to the party. They +applied themselves to gathering wood and piling it +apparently for transportation, and gradually crept on +and on until they reached a point beyond the vision +of the gray-jackets, when off they started at the top +of their speed; and although before long they were +compelled to reduce their pace, they put several +miles behind them in a space of time that at any +other period of their lives, or under any other circumstances, +would have seemed impossible. Pausing +to regain breath, they turned, and <i>Columbia</i> was no +longer within sight. This, in itself, was a relief, for +the place was associated in their minds with the intense +misery they had suffered within its boundaries.</p> + +<p>Could these men have <i>foreseen</i> the not very distant +future, they would have known that every sigh and +groan that cruelty had wrung from them in that place +of torture would be avenged; they would have seen +loyal soldiers swarming in its streets, their old comrades +in misery torn from the grasp of their merciless jailers, +and the soulless "Southern Chivalry" thrust into<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[219]</a></span> +their place; they would have seen red-handed vengeance +doom that city of blood to destruction, and the +glaring tongues of fire lap up the costly goods and +edifices of its vile and relentless citizens; and those who +had no mercy for them in their wretchedness and +famine, now awe-struck on finding that the men they +had so barbarously trampled upon had now the power +and the will to retort upon them with interest; they +would have seen brothers in arms, who until now had +been merciful to their enemies when in their power, +suddenly transformed into ravenous wolves, fierce and +terrible in their righteous wrath at the treatment their +less fortunate brothers had met with in this city of +blood. The Avenger had come! and not one house +but would fall a smouldering heap of ruins. They +would have foreseen this city ablaze with burning +homes for its sins against humanity; its men, so lately +drunk with pride and satiated with cruelty to their +countrymen; its women divested of all womanly attributes, +and invested with those of demons, <i>now</i> all +cowed and humbled in the dust! They would have +seen one noted instance of the interference of a just +Providence that occurred amid all this dreadful saturnalia—a +woman, pale, but beautiful of feature, delicate +of form, madly rushing to and fro in front of her +blazing house, crying for her child that lay within it. +They would have seen a poor, emaciated prisoner, +roused to exhibit strength and courage by the hope of +saving life, rush in and drag the cradle and its innocent +living freight from the very jaws of death, while +burning rafters crashed and fell upon him; they would +have seen him place the babe in its mother's arms, and +they would have seen that mother turn with streaming<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[220]</a></span> +eyes to thank the saviour of her child, <i>and then start +back conscience-smitten, and scream and fall, seeing in +her child's preserver a man who in the prison had once +implored her for a piece of bread because he was +starving, and she spat upon him because he was of +Northern race</i>!! Could they have seen the future of +the coming months, they would have seen all this and +more. But no such prevision was vouchsafed them. +Their thoughts were now of themselves. They felt +that the shade of a deadly peril encompassed them. +Columbia and its prison were hidden from their sight, +but still they were so near that at any moment the +hounds might scent them, and if recaptured, all the +horrors they had undergone would be light compared +with the fate they must submit to in the future.</p> + +<p>Fortunately for the purpose of our fugitives, the settlements, +whether towns or villages, in that part of the +country, were "few and far between." The residences +of the planters were also distant from each other and +few in number, and the ravines and swamps which +abound there, while in many respects disagreeable and +dangerous lurking spots, were still the safest refuges +for hunted men. The wilder the country, the better +it promised to Glazier and his comrade fleeing for +their lives. Their greatest fear was the dreaded blood-hound. +Our friends knew they could defeat most of the +devices of human ingenuity in tracking them, but they +were apprehensive that the instinct of the brutes, which +a depraved humanity had enlisted in its service, might +render abortive all their plans and precautions. They +did their best, however, to baffle their canine foes, and +nightfall found them hurrying forward on the Lexington +Court-house Road.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[221]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr class='major' /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XX" id="CHAPTER_XX"></a>CHAPTER XX.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>THE ESCAPE FROM COLUMBIA.</span> +</h2> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Mysterious voices. — "I reckon deys Yankees." — "Who comes +there?" — The Lady of the Manor. — A weird spectacle. — The +struggle through the swamp. — A reflection on Southern swamps +in general. — "Tired nature's sweet restorer."</p></div> + +<p>The attention of the fugitives was suddenly arrested +by the sound of human voices in their immediate +rear. It occurred to both at once to discover as +quickly as possible if the speakers were white or black, +and they accordingly listened in the hope of learning +their color by their dialect. This was by no means +easy, the vernacular of the poorer class of whites in +that section of the country very much resembling the +ordinary dialect of the negroes. The comrades, however, +concluded to risk a halt until the strangers came +up. Glazier then saluted them with the remark that +it was "a pleasant night," with the view of drawing +them out before committing himself. "Indeed 'tis!" +was the reply. This failed to convey the desired information +as to the color of the strangers, and they +thought it wiser to hurry forward than prolong the +conversation at some risk to their safety. Before they +had advanced many steps, however, they were agreeably +surprised by hearing one of the same party remark +to another, "I reckon deys Yankees," followed +by the response, "Golly, I hope to God dey is!" +Glazier immediately turned and inquired, "Do you<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[222]</a></span> +know who I am?" "I reckon I dunno yer, massa," was +the reply. "Have you ever seen a Yankee?" asked +Glazier. "Lord bress yer, marser, I've seen a right +smart heap ov um down at Clumby." "Well," said +Glazier, "do we look like them?" "How'n de debbil +can I tell dat in de dark, marser?" answered the now +unmistakable negro, "but I spec' yer talk jest like' em." +"We are Yankees," responded Glazier, "and have just +escaped from Columbia. My good fellow, can't you do +something for us?" "Ob course!" said our colored +friend, promptly. "I'll do all I can for you, marster. +I no nigga if I didn't 'sist de Yankees."</p> + +<div class="image"> +<a id='illus20' name='illus20'></a> +<a href='images/illus20h.png'> + <img src='images/illus20.png' + title='The Escape—fed By Negroes In A Swamp.' + alt='The Escape—fed By Negroes In A Swamp.' /> +</a> +<p class='caption'> +THE ESCAPE—FED BY NEGROES IN A SWAMP. +</p></div> + +<p>The fugitives had heard so much from their fellow-prisoners +of the sympathy exhibited by the colored +people of the South for Federal soldiers, that they +hesitated not for a moment to place the fullest confidence +in these humble friends. They thereupon explained +their precise situation, and told them the story +of their recent escape. They also learned from the +negroes that they were returning to their masters, +having come from Columbia, where they had been +working upon a new prison stockade, now abandoned +on account of the expected approach of General +Sherman.</p> + +<p>The name of their "Master" was Steadman, and, +slave-fashion, one of the men was named "Ben +Steadman." They were directing their steps to Mr. +Steadman's plantation on the Augusta Road, and the +fugitives therefore decided to keep in their company +and use them as guides. In the nature of things, +unless guided by some one accustomed to traveling in +a country so bare of landmarks, they would lose ground +continually, even if they ever reached their destination.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[223]</a></span></p> + +<p>One of the negroes with that shrewdness engendered +by slavery, in which cunning is the only protection +against injury; and strength and courage count for +nothing; suggested that so large a party would attract +attention, and the safety of the two officers might be +endangered. It was therefore finally determined that +Ben should act as guide, and the other darkies take a +different route home. Another advantage to be derived +from dividing the party was that in the event of the +fugitives being pursued, the double trail would +mystify the hounds. Ere long Ben reached a +bridle-path, which plunged into the wood, and as it +offered superior advantages on account of its narrowness +and privacy, and from the fact of its leading to +the plantation of a well-known planter and therefore +less likely to be suspected of being the road taken by +escaped prisoners, the little party concluded that this +was their safest route. They therefore hurried forward +upon their way, Ben preceding them in the double +capacity of guide and scout. A few miles from its +commencement this path led to a blind road, which Ben +informed them was seldom traveled by any in the +night-time but men of his own race, so they turned into +it, and had become quite joyful and careless, when suddenly +the challenge, "Who goes there?" rang out in +the stillness, and the next moment Ben was halted by +the sentry of a Confederate picket consisting of eight +men, who had bivouacked just off the road. Ben +boldly advanced, and our two friends, it must be +admitted, with more discretion than valor, started off +like lightning, their "guide" meanwhile amusing the +guard with a description of how "Dem two oder dam +niggas got skeered, kase dey thought Mars Sentinel +must be a dam Yank!"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[224]</a></span></p> + +<p>No harm could come to Ben, as he was in a condition +to prove that two other negroes had left Columbia with +him, and the fugitives therefore feeling that <i>he</i> was +safe, concealed themselves among the brush and +awaited events. Ben shortly passed their place of hiding, +in custody, <i>en route</i> to the Reserve, and our friends +were not a little amused, despite their danger, to hear +Ben's vigorous denunciation of "dem two cowardly +niggas," who had taken to their heels!</p> + +<p>A few moments only elapsed before they were made +aware, by certain unmistakable tokens, that they were in +dangerous proximity to the Confederate encampment, +and although nearly famished, for they had eaten nothing +since morning, it was deemed safest to lie <i>perdu</i>; so, +thanking the good Providence which had sped them +thus far on their journey, they lay down and slept.</p> + +<p>The enemy's camp, which upon closer inspection, +turned out to be simply the resting-place of a local +patrol, unconnected with any regular command, broke +up early in the morning, and Glazier and his companion +once more had a clear road. Although hungry from +long fasting, they ran swiftly over the swampy ground, +and felt so elated to find themselves again in a state of +freedom, that they laughed and joked like boys +released from school, and pushed on until the verge of +an extensive morass was reached and passed, and they +found themselves in a section of country well wooded +and watered, the alternate hills and vales presenting a +pleasing variety to the eye.</p> + +<div class="image"> +<a id='illus21' name='illus21'></a> +<a href='images/illus21h.png'> + <img src='images/illus21.png' + title='Pursuit Of Knowledge Under Difficulties.' + alt='Pursuit Of Knowledge Under Difficulties.' /> +</a> +<p class='caption'> +PURSUIT OF KNOWLEDGE UNDER DIFFICULTIES. +</p></div> + +<p>There was here also a public road, but it would have +been dangerous to travel thereon, and they therefore +strode on beneath the trees and umbrageous undergrowth +of the wood. Having had no breakfast,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[225]</a></span> +"blueberries" were not precisely the diet they would +have selected for dinner, but as <i>necessitas non habet +leges</i>, they quietly munched their berries, and we may +hope felt grateful that matters were no worse. After +a while they made a sudden detour, crossing the high-road, +and by so doing, again broke the trail. Next +they came to a clearing, but the sight of a planter +leaning against a fence, soon sent them back to the +friendly shelter of the wood. Late in the afternoon +they came to a large plantation on the border of +which was a copse, in which they lay down and +watched for the opportunity of communicating with +some of the house slaves. At the expiration of about an +hour, a lady, probably the mistress of the estate, passed +within a few yards of them, accompanied by a troupe +of merry children. They however went on their way, +utterly unconscious of the close proximity of two +terrible Yankees!</p> + +<p>Here our fugitives remained quietly concealed until +night, and then cautiously crept away. They proceeded +onward until they found themselves near a +junction of cross-roads. Arrived at this junction, +matters looked serious. Unlike mariners, they had no +compass; unlike Indians, they were inexpert at discerning +a trail; and what was more appalling, they distinctly +saw reared up against the moonlit sky—a +gallows! Our two friends approached this object very +cautiously. It was not an unusual thing to hang spies, +and not unfrequently those <i>mistaken</i> for spies, but to +hang them on a regularly constructed gibbet was not +usual; and therefore while Lemon insisted that the +black and skeleton-like object that loomed against the +horizon was a gallows, he still entertained some doubt<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[226]</a></span> +upon the subject, and determined to satisfy himself by +a closer inspection.</p> + +<p>The weird object before them proved to be an innocent +guide-board—the article of all others they most +needed at that moment. Like the celebrated laws of +Nero, however, the <i>directions</i> were posted very high, +but Lemon being tall, our hero mounted on his shoulders +and by the light of the moon deciphered the +inscription. They had now no difficulty in choosing +their way. On they pushed therefore; and during the +black darkness of the night, crept through the tangled +underwood, and over swamps where loathsome, crawling +things that shun by day the presence of man, now +seemed to seek his acquaintance. How mysterious are +these dense untrodden forests of the South! The very +air one breathes is living. Throughout the day a +million chirping, whirring, twittering sounds, salute +the ear. The short grass beneath the forest trees +moves, writhes, and creeps with microscopic life, until +the brain grows dizzy at the sight. At night it is no +less marvellous to hear the myriad denizens of the +swamps and woods; and terrible when your tread on +some soft, velvety substance reveals a sleeping snake, +who, at the same moment, attacks you with his poisonous +fang, mayhap, fatally.</p> + +<p>It is a singular, but well-accredited fact, that these +great Southern swamps have been yearly deteriorating, +while the surrounding country has been growing in +civilization. Old writers tell us that the reptile life +now infesting them in such rank luxuriance had +scarcely any existence one hundred years ago. Colonel +Byrd writes of the "Dismal Swamp:" "Since the +surveyors have entered the Dismal Swamp they have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[227]</a></span> +seen no living creature; neither bird, beast, insect nor +reptile, came to view. Not even a turkey-buzzard +will venture to fly over it, no more than the Italian +vulture will venture to fly over the filthy lake of +Avernus; or the birds of the Holy Land over the Salt +Sea where Sodom and Gomorrah once stood." And +yet, in the present day, insect and reptile life swarms +there in every form through all the hours of the day +and night!</p> + +<p>Our fugitive friends, however, felt little inclination +to philosophize upon this subject. The hope of coming +liberty strengthened their limbs, and they bent all +their energy to the task of moving forward; walking, +running, creeping, until the dawn of day approached, +when weary and footsore they sought some secure spot +and lay down and slept—perchance to dream of +"Home, sweet Home"—perchance of "Camp Sorghum," +and its "chivalric" guards—perchance of the +dreadful blood-hounds whose fatal scent might even +then be on their trail!<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[228]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr class='major' /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXI" id="CHAPTER_XXI"></a>CHAPTER XXI.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>LOYALTY OF THE NEGROES.</span> +</h2> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Startled by hounds. — An unpleasant predicament. — A Christian +gentlewoman. — Appeal to Mrs. Colonel Taylor. — "She did all she +could." — A meal fit for the gods. — Aunt Katy. — "Lor' bress ye, +marsters!" — Uncle Zeb's prayer. — Hoe-cake and pinders. — Woodcraft +<i>versus</i> astronomy. — Canine foes. — Characteristics of the slave. — Meeting +escaped prisoners. — Danger. — Retreat and concealment.</p></div> + +<p>It is the morning of November twenty-eighth, 1864. +The sun has just risen above the eastern hills, and +his slanting beams fall upon the goodly heritage of +Colonel Alexander Taylor, "C. S. A." There are, as +yet, none of the usual features here of a war-stricken +country; everything around is rich and substantial. +The residence is a stately mansion in the Elizabethan +style, and the lady who, accompanied by two sweet +children, walks the broad piazza, is evidently a refined +gentlewoman. The colonel himself, like a gallant (but +mistaken) knight, has "gone to the wars."</p> + +<p>She marvels what makes "Rupert," a noble hound, +that but a moment ago stretched himself at full length +across the hallway, rise and bound over the lawn, +barking loudly and fiercely as he runs. She calls +him—at first gently, and then peremptorily, until the +old hound with evident reluctance obeys the summons, +and crouches at her feet. She then directs a negro, +whose tokens of age and long service are as pronounced +as those of his canine rival, to find out what there is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[229]</a></span> +in the clump of trees beyond the north hedge, to excite +"Rupert's" anger. The venerable negro, with the +deliberateness of his race, proceeds in the direction +indicated, but is saved the necessity of much exertion, +by the startling appearance of a young soldier in a +motley uniform of gray and blue—his coat of one +color—his nether garments of another! He advances +boldly toward the house, and the lady scrutinizes the +intruder. The result of her examination shows her +visitor to be a slight, but sinewy young man, with a +frank and honest expression, and seemingly not more +than eighteen years of age. The motley stranger drew +near, and bowing gracefully saluted her with, "Good-morning, +madam."</p> + +<p>The lady at once returned the salutation with a +genial smile, that sent a thrill of pleasure and confidence +to his heart. Without further ceremony he +thereupon frankly and fearlessly informed Mrs. Taylor +that he and his companion were escaped Union prisoners; +that they were in a condition of starvation; +and appealed respectfully but most urgently to her as +a woman, for humanity's sake, to assist them in their +sore need by giving them food. She at first hesitated, +startled by such a request from such a source. Her +husband, she said, was an officer in the Confederate +service, and if it became known that she had assisted +those whom his government counted enemies, it would +possibly bring reproach upon him. Our young hero +(for he it was) then addressed her somewhat after the +fashion of the unfortunate Ulysses in his appeal to the +goddess Calypso; recounted his misfortunes briefly, +touched on the terrible fate that awaited him and his +companion, should they be recaptured, and all doubt<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[230]</a></span>less +in such moving terms that, like Desdemona, the +lady must have thought, if she did not exclaim:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"'Twas pitiful—'twas wondrous pitiful!"<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>This is evident from the fact that she scarcely +awaited the end of his story, before assuring him that +"she would do all she could," following up that assurance +in a few moments by offering the manly and +polite youth before her an abundant supply of fresh +and excellent food; which, she took the precaution of +adding, was for himself and his comrade, fearing possibly, +from Glazier's famished look, he might consume +it all himself! She further assured her visitor that +she would keep the secret of his having been there; +while he, in return, protested that should the varying +fortunes of war give him the opportunity of serving +her husband, he would do so at the risk of his life. +With his haversack amply replenished, an appetite like +a wolf, faith in the goodness of God strengthened, and +belief in the perfection of some, at least, of the fairest +portion of creation greatly confirmed by this interview, +he rejoined Lieutenant Lemon, and the comrades proceeded +forthwith to their meal which was enjoyed with +a zest known only to the starving. Before reclining +himself under the glittering stars, Glazier made this +entry in his diary: "Oh! ye who sleep on beds of +down, in your curtained chambers, and rise at your +leisure to feast upon the good things provided ... +you never knew the luxury of a night of <i>rest</i>, nor +the sweets of a meal seasoned by hunger, and the +grateful remembrance that it was provided by woman's +kindly heart, which, wherever it may beat, sooner or +later responds to the tale of misfortune."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[231]</a></span></p> + +<p>After a sleep so profound as to extend several hours +beyond the time they had agreed upon as best adapted +for the resumption of their journey, they found themselves +much refreshed and strengthened, so much so +that by sunrise they had reached a small stream known +as Black Creek, one of the tributaries of the North +Edisto River. Here, in crossing a bridge, they very +opportunely encountered a colored laborer, who was on +his way to work, and who cheerfully turned aside to +guide them to a hut, where he assured them they could +remain in safety throughout the day. The proprietor +of this refuge for hunted wayfarers was a certain +"Aunt Katy"—an aged negress, whose heart and hut, +and such fare as her scanty larder contained, were +always at the disposal of the distressed. Hearing that +the strangers were Union soldiers who had escaped +from Columbia, she approached them with the following +salutation: "Gor A'mighty bress yer, marsters; dis +is de yeah ob jubilee, shua, when de Yankees come to +Aunt Katy's. Come in, marsters, come in!"</p> + +<p>Accordingly they entered, and, by some occult process, +the fact of their presence soon became known to +the entire slave population of the neighborhood, who +came flocking in throughout the day. Such an important +occasion would have been incomplete without +a prayer-meeting, Aunt Katy herself being a pillar of +the Colored Methodist Church, and it was not long +before the whole assemblage were on their knees, invoking +every imaginable blessing upon the cause of +the Union and its defenders, and every evil upon its +opponents. Among other things Captain Glazier records, +as a feature of this impromptu prayer-meeting, +is the petition of a venerable prototype of "Uncle<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[232]</a></span> +Tom," named Zebulon, "who appeared to be a ruling +spirit in the party." This good man's enthusiasm +burst forth as follows:</p> + +<p>"Oh Lor' Gor A'mighty! We'se you-ah chillen as +much as de white folks am, and we spec yo to heah us +widout delay, Lor'; cause we all is in right smart ob a +hurry. Dese yere gemmen has runned away from de +Seceshers, and wants ter git back to de Norf! Dey +has no time to wait! Ef it's 'cordin' to de des'nation +of great heben to help 'em et'll be 'bout necessary for +dat ar help to come right soon.</p> + +<p>"De hounds and de rebels is on dar track. Take +de smell out ob de dogs' noses, O Lor'! and let 'Gypshun +darkness come down ober de eyesights ob de +rebels. Comfoozle 'em, O Lor'! dey is cruel, and +makes haste to shed blood. Dey has long 'pressed de +black man, and groun' him in de dust, and now I +reck'n dey 'spects dat dey am agwine to serve de +Yankees in de same way.</p> + +<p>"'Sist dese gemmen in time ob trouble, and lift 'em +fru all danger on to de udder side ob Jordan dry-shod.</p> + +<p>"And raise de radiance ob your face on all de Yankees +what's shut up in de Souf. Send some Moses, O +Lor'! to guide 'em frue de Red Sea ob 'flickshun into +de promised land.</p> + +<p>"Send Mr. Sherman's company sweepin' down frue +dese yere parts to scare de rebels till dey flee like de +Midians, and slew darselves to sabe dar lives.</p> + +<p>"Let a little de best of heben's best judgments res' +on Massa Lincum, and may de year ob Jubilee come +sure.</p> + +<p>"O Lor'! bless de gin'rals ob de Norf—O Lor'! +bless de kunnels—O Lor'! bless de brigerdeers—O<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[233]</a></span> +Lor'! bless de capt'ins—O Lor'! bless de Yankees +right smart. O Lor'! eberlastin'. Amen."</p> + +<div class="image"> +<a id='illus22' name='illus22'></a> +<a href='images/illus22h.png'> + <img src='images/illus22.png' + title="UNCLE ZEB'S PRAYER." + alt="UNCLE ZEB'S PRAYER." /> +</a> +<p class='caption'> +UNCLE ZEB'S PRAYER. +</p></div> + +<p>This very pertinent supplication and much more in +the same vein, was listened to with marked approval +by the audience—a sonorous and prolonged "Amen!" +in which our friends heartily participated, greeting the +conclusion of Uncle Zeb's prayer. Our subject, in describing +the particulars of his escape, remarks that, +notwithstanding the fact that the secret of their retreat +was known to some thirty or forty of these poor slaves, +neither he nor his companion entertained the shadow +of a doubt that the secret would be safe with them; +and adds that, in addition to their good faith, they +possessed a remarkable talent for concealment.</p> + +<p>The Steadman plantation was only three miles +from Aunt Katy's hut, and accordingly, Ben being +sent for, soon made his appearance, and proffered his +valuable services as guide. The offer was thankfully +accepted; but, despite the preference of Glazier and his +companion for the swamp as the safest place of concealment, +Ben prevailed upon them to visit his cabin, +where they were hospitably entertained by his wife and +children. Having been duly inspected as curiosities +"from de Norf," our friends were pleased to hear Ben +instruct his little daughter to run up to the house of +his mistress and "snatch a paper." She soon afterward +came running back with the Augusta <i>Constitutionalist</i>, +published that morning.</p> + +<p>Having gathered from the newspaper a sufficiently +intelligible idea of the relative position of Sherman +and his opponents, the fugitives bade farewell to the +family, and proceeded upon their way, crossing the +river by ten o'clock; and shortly after—Ben having<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[234]</a></span> +parted from them—in consequence of the complicated +directions of numerous <i>blind-roads</i>, they became confused, +and, instead of pushing forward beyond the +South Edisto, as they had planned to do, halted early +in the afternoon and "pitched their tent" for the +remainder of the day and night—said <i>tent</i> having the +sky for its roof as usual.</p> + +<p>Their camping-ground upon this occasion was in the +heart of a dense pine wood, where, notwithstanding the +grim and spectral surroundings, they slept soundly +until after midnight, and then arose refreshed and +ready for another day's march on the road to freedom. +Hoe-cake and pinders (<i>anglicè</i>, peanuts) formed +their only repast, which they found sufficiently luxurious +under the circumstances.</p> + +<p>It now became necessary to find their bearings. +There was no star plainly visible, and they had not +yet learned to take the moon as a guide. Moreover, +the heavenly bodies in Southern latitudes have so different +an appearance from those seen at the North, +that they were frequently in doubt as to the points of +the compass. "I remember," writes Captain Glazier, +"that it caused me great grief to find that the North +Star was much nearer the horizon, and seemed to have +lost that prominence which is given to it in higher +latitudes, where it is a guide, standing far above tree-top +and mountain."</p> + +<p>What the lofty stars failed to teach, however, they +learned from humbler signs. Glazier, in his youth, +acquired the lesson in woodcraft, that moss hangs +heaviest upon the northern side of tree trunks; and +then the streams in this part of the continent, for the +most part, flow towards the southeast, so that our<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[235]</a></span> +friends were not altogether without indications of their +position with regard to the points of the compass.</p> + +<p>They were greatly annoyed by a serious obstacle to +their safe progress, which presented itself in the shape +of a vast multitude of dogs, of all sizes and every +variety of breed. There were dogs of high degree, +dogs of low degree, and mongrel curs of no degree; +and all these animals in common were in possession +of one ambition, namely, to nose out and hunt a Yankee!</p> + +<p>Consequently, from the deep-mouthed baying of the +blood-hound, or the mastiff, to the sniff and snarl of +the rat-terrier, their music was not agreeable to the +fugitives, who had, however, to contend with this +difficulty, and surmount it.</p> + +<p>Confining themselves to the pathless forest, the roads +were now frequently lost sight of for miles. Occasionally, +in the effort to shun the high-road, they would +come suddenly upon a dwelling, and the inevitable +lank, yellow dog would pounce out upon them, and +add wings to their feet.</p> + +<p>It was always a pleasant interruption of their lonely +tramp to meet any negroes. These people, so patient +under oppression, so humble under correction, were +ever faithful and devoted to those whom they believed +to be the friends of their race. Our hero, of course, +had rare opportunities of observing the characteristics +of this people. Simple, harmless and gentle, crimes +of violence among them were very rare, and the cruelties +practised upon them seem rather to have opened +their hearts to sympathy than to have hardened them +into vindictiveness.</p> + +<p>With the aid of many of these devoted people,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[236]</a></span> +Glazier and his friend reached and crossed the North +Edisto, the latter a task of some magnitude. The +river, at the point where they reached it, is not a single +stream, but a maze of creeks and bayous, all of which +it was necessary to cross in order to attain the opposite +bank of what is known as the South Edisto River.</p> + +<p>While passing over a bridge that spanned one of the +creeks, Glazier heard footsteps upon another bridge in +their rear; and so trained and acute does the ear of +man become when disciplined in such a school of perilous +experiences, that he knew at once they had nothing +to fear from those who followed; for, instead of the +bold, firm tread of the man who hunts, it was the +uncertain, hesitating, half-halting step of the hunted.</p> + +<p>"Escaped prisoners," whispered our two friends +simultaneously, and Glazier, stepping boldly forth, +gave the challenge, "Who goes there!"</p> + +<p>"With a trembling start," says our fugitive hero, +"the foremost man replied, 'Friends!'</p> + +<p>"'Halt, friends! and advance one,'" commanded +Lieutenant Glazier.</p> + +<p>Very cautiously, and with the manner of one ready +to turn at any moment and dash into the recesses of +the swamp, one of the strangers came forward to within +a few feet of his interrogator, and craning his body +over, peered nervously into his face. Thereupon a +mutual recognition as Federals was the result, and +Lemon discovered that one of the new comers had been +a fellow-prisoner with himself. This made matters +pleasant, and although it was mutually agreed that it +would be wise to separate, and take different routes, both +parties unconsciously protracted the meeting until they +were startled into caution by perceiving almost directly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[237]</a></span> +in front of them, surrounding a large fire, a Confederate +encampment. "It proved to be a squad of tax-gatherers, +going about the country with quartermasters' +wagons, collecting supplies."</p> + +<p>Further progress was now impossible. The enemy +occupied the only practicable road in front, and they +were flanked on both sides by large ponds of water. +Our party thereupon stealthily retreated into the woods, +where they finally concluded to make themselves contented +for the remainder of the night.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[238]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr class='major' /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXII" id="CHAPTER_XXII"></a>CHAPTER XXII.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>PROGRESS OF THE FUGITIVES.</span> +</h2> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Parting company. — Thirst and no water. — Hoping for the end. — The +boy and the chicken. — Conversation of ladies overheard. — The +fugitives pursued. — The sleeping village. — Captain Bryant. — The +<i>alba sus.</i> — Justifiable murder, and a delicious meal. — Darkies +and their prayers. — Man proposes; God disposes. — An adventure. — <i>A +ruse de guerre.</i> — Across the Savannah.</p></div> + +<p>On emerging from their place of concealment, the +following morning, the road proved to be once +more open. The tax-collectors had departed. Warned +by the experience of the previous night the newly +found friends reluctantly parted company, Glazier and +Lemon pursuing a separate route from the others.</p> + +<p>Our friends had suffered much in various ways since +they shook the dust of Columbia from their feet, +but now a dire misfortune overtook them in the total +absence of water. The waters of the swamps were +poisonous, and their longing desire and hope was that +they might soon come upon a spring or stream to slake +their burning thirst, which threatened to unfit them for +the exertion necessary.</p> + +<p>The land, in the region of country they had now +entered, was waste and arid—for the most part sand, +a few stunted trees being the sole vegetation. These +trees had nothing pleasant in their appearance, as forest +trees usually have. The branches seemed destitute of sap, +as the leaves were of verdure; they had not reached<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[239]</a></span> +maturity, and yet possessed none of the lithe grace of +saplings.</p> + +<p>Our fugitives were parched, fevered, and weak +before they emerged from this inhospitable tract of +country, but at length reached a point where the vegetation +was fresher, and finally, to their great joy, discovered +a spring. Here, to use Glazier's own words, they +realized "the value of cold water to a thirsty soul." +"The stream ran through a ravine nearly a hundred +feet in depth, while high up on the banks were groves +of pines."</p> + +<p>After their passage through the "Desert," they were +in excellent condition to appreciate the wild and solemn +grandeur of the spot they had now reached, and +for a considerable time they could not make up their +minds to leave the place. At length, however, they +resumed their journey. December second found the +two friends still far from their destination, and by no +means out of danger. It was one week only since they +bade adieu to Columbia, and yet many weeks seemed +to them to have passed. Still they were making considerable +progress, and had by this time reached a +swamp near Aiken, South Carolina.</p> + +<p>Having journeyed all night since quitting the +secluded ravine, they were ready once more to cast +themselves upon the soft moss under a venerable tree, +near which was a <ins title="bubling">bubbling</ins> spring. Here they slept +soundly until dawn, when a colored boy passing down a +road which came within their range of vision, attracted +attention. The boy was carrying a basket, and they +were suffering very seriously again from hunger. +Lemon followed, and called to him: "Hold on, my +boy; I want to see you!" The lad muttered some<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[240]</a></span>thing, +but the only word they could distinguish was +"chicken!" He then ran off as fast as his legs would +carry him. The lieutenant, with great emphasis, +endeavored to reassure him, but it was of no use. He +ran as if a legion of evil spirits was at his heels, and +Lemon returned to his comrade very much disappointed +and chagrined. "Now they are sure to overtake us," +said he, "we shall be prisoners again before night!"</p> + +<p>"Never fear," was the reply of his cooler companion; +"as long as there is a swamp in the neighborhood, +we'll lead them a lively dance."</p> + +<p>So the friends gathered up their belongings, and in +a few minutes put a considerable distance between +themselves and their resting-place of the preceding night. +Finally they concealed themselves in a swamp about a +mile distant. A road bordered the margin of their +sanctuary so closely, that they distinctly overheard a +conversation between three ladies who passed. The +chasing of a negro boy by a Yankee was the topic of +their discourse.</p> + +<p>This information made our friends more cautious, +and it is well they were so, for, towards evening, +several mounted men armed with guns were seen by +them upon the main road leading to Aiken; their evident +purpose being to intercept the fugitives, of whose +presence in their neighborhood the boy had made report.</p> + +<p>Forewarned was forearmed, and our hero and his +companion determined to give the enemy a wide berth. +Again, therefore, plunging into the recesses of a +neighboring swamp, they went quietly to sleep, and +slept until midnight, when Glazier awoke to see +thousands of stars glittering through the spectral<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[241]</a></span> +branches of the pines, and away off toward the western +horizon, a flood of silvery effulgence from the waning moon.</p> + +<p>Entranced by the beauty of the scene, he awoke his +comrade, and all around being buried in profound +silence, they proceeded on their way. It was not long +before they found themselves upon the outskirts of the +village of Aiken, and no practicable path upon either +side presenting itself, but one resource remained, namely, +to steal cautiously through, although this involved the +imminent risk of discovery. On, therefore, they walked +until they came to the border of the village. They +found it dumb with sleep. Not a sound disturbed the +silence. The very dogs, their usually sleepless foes, +appeared for once to have become wearied and gone to rest.</p> + +<p>There is something solemn about a sleeping town. +The solitude of the swamp and wood is solemn; but +the ghostly stillness of a town, where all its inhabitants +lie buried in sleep, and no sign or sound proclaims +the presence of life in man or beast, is of so +weird a character as to produce a sensation of awe, akin +to fear. The shadows that enwrapped them as they +came beneath the buildings, and the fitful gleams of +moonlight that fell upon them when streets were crossed, +seemed not lights and shadows at all, but strange, intangible +things. And when at length they reached +the outer limit of the village, and the distant woods were +seen by the moon's rays, our travellers felt as if they +had been wandering in a graveyard, where the tombs +were houses, and they wished they were in the swamp +again, where such uncanny fancies never troubled them. +When the toad and lizard, snakes and other loathsome<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[242]</a></span> +things, crawled around their swampy bed, they cared +nothing; but the dead silence of a cloudless night, +brooding over a swarm of their fellow-beings, brought +with it a feeling they could not account for or understand; +and therefore it was with a sense of great relief +they found themselves at the outer edge of the town.</p> + +<p>Their satisfaction, however, was somewhat moderated +when, at a sudden turn of the road, they abruptly came +upon a man and a boy, who were picking their way +with such velvety tread that the two parties were face +to face before either was aware of the proximity of the +other. The strangers appeared to be the more alarmed, +for they were just making a secret and rapid detour +with the view of debouching into a side street, when, +feeling sure that none but fugitives would be so anxious +to escape an interview, Glazier hailed them:</p> + +<p>"Don't be uneasy, boys! We're friends! We're Yankees!"</p> + +<p>His conjecture proved correct. The strangers were +Captain Bryant, of the Fifth New York Cavalry, and +a friend. "They had," says Captain Glazier, "a negro +guide, who was to secrete them in a hut until the next +night, when they were to proceed, as we had done, and +reach the line of freedom by the nearest route."</p> + +<p>The interview was brief, the parties differing as to +which was the most expedient route, and the discussion +terminated by each taking the one he thought best. +Glazier and his comrade made off to a swamp, and +upon securing a safe resting-place, were overjoyed to +find a venerable sow and her litter approaching. They +greeted the porcine mother, says our friend, "otherwise +than did wandering Æneas the <i>alba sus</i> lying +under the hollow trees of ancient Italy," for, "enticing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[243]</a></span> +them with crumbs of hoe-cake," they both in unison +struck a juvenile porker on the head with a heavy stick, +and a mammoth knife, the gift of Uncle Zeb, came into +requisition, and did good service. Over the embers of +a fire kindled in a hole in the ground, they roasted the +little fellow, and made a delicious meal.</p> + +<p>They had scarcely finished their unexpected feast, +when the thud of an axe in the distance smote +on their ears, and Glazier crept cautiously out to reconnoitre. +The wood-cutter proved to be a colored lad, +and having a vivid recollection of their scampering +friend of "chicken" fame, he hailed him in this wise: +"Hello, Sambo!"</p> + +<p>This manner of salute left the party addressed, in +doubt as to the colors under which the young white +stranger served. Off went his hat, therefore, and he +stood grinning and waiting to hear more. Our hero +walked quickly up to him, and frankly explained the +situation, concluding, as usual, with a request for information +and aid. Both were promptly tendered, and +shortly after, the fugitives were concealed in a corn-fodder +house. Here, in the evening, a motley and +humorous delegation of darkies waited upon them and +after ventilating their sage opinions upon the conduct +of the war, organized a prayer-meeting; and, if the +fervor of human prayer availeth, they doubtless damaged +the cause of Secession materially that evening.</p> + +<p>The topographical knowledge of these well-meaning +friends appears to have been at fault for had Glazier +followed the route they advised, instead of striking the +railroad running from Charleston to Augusta, on the +west side of Aiken, which would have enabled them, +by pursuing it to the westward, to reach Augusta, they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[244]</a></span> +would have struck it on the east side, and consequently +by mistake have followed it towards Charleston, precisely +the place to which they did <i>not</i> want to go.</p> + +<p>"How far is it, my boy, by this road, to Drainside?" +asked a mud-splashed traveler of a shrewd lad +by the roadside.</p> + +<p>"If you keep on the way you are heading, and can +manage the Atlantic and Pacific on horseback," replied +the boy, "it is 23,999 miles. If you turn your +horse's head and go right back, it is one mile."</p> + +<p>Our friends were in a somewhat similar condition. +Soon, however, in the darkness, they came to a small +village, where a freight train was in waiting for an +early start. They tried to conceal themselves on +board this train, but very fortunately for their safety +they could not find a hiding-place in or under the cars, +and shortly afterwards discovered that Charleston was +its destination and not Augusta. Had they boarded +this train they would certainly have been recaptured in +Charleston and sent back to imprisonment. "A merciful +Providence interposed," Glazier writes. "Thus +'man proposes,' often to his own ruin, but 'God disposes,' +always to His own glory, and the good of his creatures."</p> + +<p>A blood-hound was on their track in the course of +the night, the deep bayings being plainly audible, but +his scent being at fault, the trail of the fugitives was +lost, and he shortly barked himself out of hearing.</p> + +<p>When daybreak came and a passenger train filled +with rebel soldiers and recruits swept past them, setting +up a savage yell at sight of the pedestrians, it was +feared by the latter that the train might be stopped +with a view to their capture, so they once more concealed +themselves in the wood.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[245]</a></span></p> + +<p>The sound of heavy cannonading reassured them as +to the proximity of Federal troops; but, where was +Augusta? Accurate information on this point was absolutely +essential before further progress was made; +and Lemon was commissioned to obtain it. He was +so far successful that he learned from some negro +wood-choppers—much to the chagrin of both—that +they had been walking all night in the opposite direction +from Augusta, that is, on the direct road to +Charleston! They also learned, what was much more +cheering, that they could cross the Savannah River, at +a point twenty miles below Augusta, at Point Comfort; +that Sherman was making straight for Savannah, and +therefore their chances of ultimately falling in with +his army were by no means impaired.</p> + +<p>No time was lost in moving forward in the direction +indicated, and during the night our hero met with an +adventure which we cannot do better than relate in +his own words; he says: "We came to a fork in the +road, and after debating some time as to which course +we should pursue, I leaped over the fence and made +for a negro hut, while several hounds from the plantation +house followed hard on my track. I managed, +by some tall running, to come in a few feet ahead, and +bolted into the shanty without warning or formality, +slamming the door behind me to keep out the dogs. +A great stupid negro was standing before the fire, his +hands and face buried in fresh pork and hoe-cake, +which he was making poor work at eating. His broad, +fat countenance glistened with an unguent distilled +partly from within and partly from without. Turning +my eyes from the negro to the untidy hearth, they +were greeted, as were also my olfactories, with a skillet +of pork frying over the coals.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[246]</a></span></p> + +<p>"Without troubling him to answer any questions, I +opened the mouth of my haversack and poured into it +the dripping contents of the skillet. I next observed +that the ashes on the hearth had a suspiciously fat +appearance, and, taking the tongs, began raking among +them. My suspicions were verified, for two plump-looking +hoe-cakes came to light, which were also +deposited in the haversack.</p> + +<p>"Looking around still farther I saw what I had +not observed before, <i>Dinah's black head</i>, as she peered +out from among the bed-clothes, rolling two of the +most astonished white eyes that ever asked the question, +'What's you g'wine to do next?' Not seeing +any practical way in which I could answer her mute +question, I said to Sambo, 'Call the dogs into the +house.' This he did hastily. I then asked, 'Uncle, +what road must <i>this rebel</i> take for Tinker Creek?' +'De right han' one, out dar', I reckon,' he answered. +Again bidding him keep the hounds in the house till +morning, I rushed out to the road and joined my companion. +We made lively tracks for about three miles, +after which we took it more leisurely, stopping to rest +and refresh ourselves at every stream that crossed the road."</p> + +<p>The winter was by this time fairly upon them, and +sleeping in the open air by no means a pleasant experience. +They therefore made long marches, and by +the aid of an occasional friendly push from their negro +allies at length arrived in the vicinity of Point Comfort. +This was on the seventh of December, and the +twelfth day of their pilgrimage. After being somewhat +alarmed by the proximity of a pack of dogs, with +which some boys were hunting, they escaped discovery,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[247]</a></span> +and securing another negro for a guide, they on the +same night found themselves upon the banks of the +Savannah River.</p> + +<div class="image"> +<a id='illus23' name='illus23'></a> +<a href='images/illus23h.png'> + <img src='images/illus23.png' + title='The Escape—crossing The Savannah At Midnight.' + alt='The Escape—crossing The Savannah At Midnight.' /> +</a> +<p class='caption'> +THE ESCAPE—CROSSING THE SAVANNAH AT MIDNIGHT. +</p></div> + +<p>A colored man's cabin, as usual, sheltered them during +the day, and their host and his dusky neighbors (many +of whom flocked around to see the Yankees, as was +their custom) proving to be fishermen well acquainted +with the river, our friends prevailed upon one of their +number to undertake the task of carrying them across. +The first difficulty that presented itself was, where to +find a boat; but their host remembered, he said, a +place upon one of the tributaries of the Savannah +where one lay, not exactly in good sailing trim it is +true, for the authorities had ordered the destruction of +boats along all the streams where escaped prisoners +were likely to seek a passage, and this craft had not +escaped their vigilance; but he thought, by the liberal +use of pitch and cotton, materials easily obtainable in +that neighborhood, it could be made sufficiently water-tight +to answer their purpose. Accordingly, accompanied +by their friendly Charon, with his pitch-pot and +cotton, they reached the spot indicated and found the boat.</p> + +<p>It was in a very dilapidated state, but "all night +long the faithful fellow worked, caulking and pitching," +while the fugitives "lay concealed in an old +hollow beech log."</p> + +<p>It was long after midnight before he had finished his +task, and launched the boat into the stream. She +looked very shaky, but the extemporized shipwright +reassured them by saying confidently:</p> + +<p>"She's ready, massa. I'll soon land you in Georgey."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[248]</a></span></p> + +<p>They were scarcely, however, in the boat before she +commenced to leak; there was no help for it, so our +adventurers betook themselves to bailing the water +out as fast as it entered, and the zealous negro pulled +away with all his might. They kept her afloat until +within a short distance of the wished-for shore, and then, +seeing that if they did not quit her she would certainly +quit them, the two passengers leaped out, and managed +with some difficulty to ascend the beach.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[249]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr class='major' /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXIII" id="CHAPTER_XXIII"></a>CHAPTER XXIII.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>THE PERILS OF AN ESCAPE.</span> +</h2> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Alligators. — A detachment of Southern chivalry. — A scare. — Repairs +neatly executed. — Misery and despair. — Virtue its own +reward. — Hunger and desperation. — Audacity. — A Confederate +officer. — "A good Union man." — "Two sights and a jambye." — A +narrow escape.</p></div> + + +<p>Captain Glazier and his companion were +not insensible to the danger they incurred of +being drawn under the water by an alligator; animals +they knew to be numerous and voracious in that river, +and were therefore not slow in quitting its banks. So, +bidding a hearty good-bye to their humble companion, +who was already busy re-caulking his boat for the +home voyage, they once more plunged into the recesses +of the swamps, intending to push forward as far as +possible before the morning dawned.</p> + +<p>They wended their way through a Southern cypress +swamp. Some distance back from the river they could +perceive a large plantation-house, with its out-buildings +and accessories, protected by groups of oak and beech; +but they dared not approach it. Under the far-reaching +and sheltering cypress they pursued their way.</p> + +<p>The cypress here attains considerable height, the +branches issuing from a trunk formed like a cone; but +occasionally they are to be seen of very stunted growth. +Around the full-sized tree are frequently to be found +a whole family of dwarfs, nature having arrested their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[250]</a></span> +growth when from one to ten feet high. These would +present an unsightly look, were it not for the mantle +of Spanish moss that envelops, and gives them a +graceful and picturesque appearance.</p> + +<p>Large alligators lay along the bayous, and on every +prostrate log, watching the movements of Glazier and +his companion. "They were," he says, "apparently +pleased at our misfortunes, and sent towards us loving, +hungry glances." As soon as approached, these "wardens +of the marshes" would hobble to the edge of a +bayou, and allow themselves to fall in; their eyes +remaining above water blinking at the invaders, as if +inviting them to follow. They were probably, as +Glazier observes, "a detachment of Southern chivalry +doing duty on their own grounds."</p> + +<p>Finally, emerging from the swamp they entered a +corn-field, and discovered a delicious spring; and not +far off, a friendly negro. They arranged to meet him +here at eight o'clock, at which hour he returned and +piloted them to some of his friends a short distance off. +They were several times upon the point of being discovered—once +by a planter, and again by a number of +white children, who, attended by their nurse, and a +pack of curs, approached within a few feet of their +hiding-place. Our friends gradually edged themselves +towards a thicket, which was distant about four miles +from Briar Creek, the latter being eighteen miles from +Millen—the junction of the Augusta branch and the +main line of the Central Railway of Georgia.</p> + +<p>At this thicket, feeling very weary, our fugitives +threw themselves on the ground, and were soon asleep. +Nothing occurred to disturb their slumber; but, on +awaking, their consternation was great to find them<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[251]</a></span>selves +guarded by sentinels! Four large hounds stood +looking down at them with an air of responsibility for +their safe-keeping; snuffing occasionally at their persons +to discover, probably, if they had the scent of game. +This indicated an alarming condition of things. And +the fear fell upon them that the owner of the hounds +had discovered them while they slept, and they were +again prisoners. But their alarm soon subsided. No +human being appeared; and the dogs seemed to consider +their responsibility at an end, now that the slumberers +were awake; and walking around them in the +most natural manner, with much show of dignity, +trooped away without even a parting salute, but greatly +to the relief of our alarmed friends. They were soon +after confronted by another source of affright. This +was the approach of a large cavalry patrol, which came +so near their place of concealment, that they were compelled +to forego a fire, cold as it was, and eat their +sweet potatoes raw—the only rations left them. They +however escaped observation.</p> + +<p>They knew nothing of the whereabouts of General +Sherman; but certain unmistakable indications satisfied +them that they were now approaching the scene of military +operations. Bridges destroyed, while others were +under the guard of bodies of soldiers; large herds of +stock driven by the planters themselves to the recesses +of the swamps and forests for protection; the hurrying +across country of men on horseback and afoot, and the +general appearance of excitement and unrest that prevailed +around them, convinced Glazier and his companion +that the formidable Sherman was not very distant.</p> + +<p>It was hard to be deprived of the comfort of a fire +at such an inclement season, for the weather had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[252]</a></span> +become intensely cold, and rain fell incessantly. A +merciful Providence, however, directed their steps +towards a spot where an aged negro was cutting wood +and warming himself at a fire by turns, and they were +thus enabled to thaw their frozen garments and gather +some warmth in their numbed limbs. With the aid of +the old negro, they improvised a rude tent by means +of their blankets, and on leaving for his supper, he +promised to return in the evening with some hoe-cakes. +This promise he faithfully fulfilled, and remained to +cobble Glazier's shoes into a condition of comparative +comfort. During the day the shoes had threatened to +part company with their owner and leave him barefoot.</p> + +<p>The aforesaid shoes having been subjected to the +process of repair, our hero at first demurred to their +liberal dimensions, but learned, partly from the cobbler +and partly from experience, that as the <i>'possum skin</i> +(which formed the uppers) began to dry, it acquired +the hardness and durability of <i>horn</i>; and hence, extra +space became necessary. The shoes lasted him till +the end of his adventures, and are still preserved as a +memento of auld lang syne.</p> + +<p>The following day was passed in the swamp, a +wretched, dispiriting, drizzling rain, falling from morn +till night, bringing the temperature down to zero. They +recommenced their journey at dark despite the weather; +preferring to push ahead rather than seek shelter again, +with their friends, and so delay their progress. Thus they +tramped wearily along, until the small town of Alexander +was reached, and by this time their condition had +become so desperate, that they knocked at the first cabin +they came to. A white woman, in reply to their inquiry, +as to which was the road to Millen, said "she did not +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[253]</a></span> +know." And now, for the first time since their escape +from Columbia, a feeling of despair took possession +of them. They were cold, hungry, worn out, nearly +naked, and shelterless, and such was their misery and +despair, that had they not suddenly stumbled upon a +large frame building used by negro laborers on the +railroad, they would have been recaptured from utter +powerlessness to seek concealment, or have fallen by the +wayside and died.</p> + +<p>Here, however, they met with a generous reception, +and obtained the information they sought. After +exchanging some kind words with these humble people, +who heartily sympathized with them, Glazier and his +comrade proceeded on their way.</p> + +<p>Everything went well until they unexpectedly +came to the banks of a considerable stream, and, +after a careful search, failed to discover any practicable +means of crossing it, except by fording. The +fact of its being fordable gave rise to an incident with +a <i>moral</i>, and as the gallant captain relates the story we +will quote his own words:</p> + +<p>"Sitting," he writes, "on a log, and ruminating over +our chances, a very selfish piece of strategy suggested +itself. Accordingly, I said to Lemon, 'There is no use +of both getting wet; we can carry each other over these +streams. If you will carry me over this, I will carry you +over the next,' I said, 'these streams,' although only one +was before us, and the most prominent thought in my +mind was that, in all probability, there would be no other.</p> + +<p>"Lemon somehow failed to see the point, and consented. +Accordingly, taking off our shoes, I mounted +on the lieutenant's shoulders, as school-boys sometimes +carry each other, and he staggered through the stream +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[254]</a></span> +with me, doing no worse than wetting my feet. This +worked well. I congratulated myself, and gave a generous +sympathy to Lemon in his shiverings. The +chances were ten to one, I thought, that the carrying +business was at an end, when suddenly another stream, +wider than the first, rose up in the darkness before us. +There was no use in wincing, and I stripped for the task. +The lieutenant ascended to the position he had fairly +earned. I plunged into the water. The middle of the +stream was reached in safety, when, through no fault +of mine, either the water became too deep, or my back +became too weak for the burden, and the consequence +was, the worthy gentleman was nearly as well soaked +as myself when we reached the opposite shore. Selfishness, +as well as virtue, sometimes brings its own +reward."</p> + +<p>They crossed three other streams during the night, +but, by mutual consent, the carrying contract was canceled, +and each did his own wading. "Thus," adds +the captain, "another grand scheme for human elevation +fell to the ground!"</p> + +<p>Weary and wet to the skin, they persevered in their +onward course, until they reached another cypress +swamp, and discovered a road through it, which had +evidently been the scene of a recently fought battle. +Fences and buildings were razed to the ground, while +fragments of military equipments were scattered about +profusely—broken muskets, spent cartridges, and dead +cattle; all told the story of a late conflict.</p> + +<p>Our fugitives had no means of learning at the time +any particulars of the supposed fight, but were afterward +informed that less than a week previous to their +being on the spot, General Kilpatrick's cavalry and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[255]</a></span> +the Seventeenth Army Corps had swept like an +avalanche along that road.</p> + +<p>The temperature by this time had somewhat moderated, +and Glazier and his companion, thinking it +unlikely the road would be much used for a time, concluded +that they might with safety lie down and obtain +some necessary rest and sleep. In their exhausted +condition, they slept through the day and the greater +part of the following night, arousing themselves with +difficulty for the work still before them.</p> + +<p>Judging from the fact that many of the dead horses +seen on the road bore the brand of the "United +States," and from other indications, they arrived at the +conclusion that the Union forces were not very distant, +and that they themselves were now possibly in +the wake of Sherman's army. This being the case, +the hope revived in their breasts of soon joining their +friends—unless they had the misfortune to be picked +up by the enemy's scouts. Hence, having lost so much +of the night, they decided to travel this time by day, +and at once put their determination into practice. +Glazier and his friend soon discovered, however, that +they were not expedited in their journey to any great +extent—the streams being greatly swollen by the recent +rains, formed a serious obstacle to their further progress.</p> + +<p>They also felt that traveling by daylight was attended +with much hazard to their safety. One advantage +of journeying through a part of the country lately +traversed by an invading army, was found in the fact +of there being much smouldering fire along their line +of march, and thus our friends ran no risk of attracting +attention by approaching these fires at their several<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[256]</a></span> +halting-places. This circumstance afforded one element +of comfort—<i>warmth</i>. But another, still more important, +was lacking, namely—<i>food</i>.</p> + +<p>They had traveled the entire day without meeting a +single negro, and hence, their commissariat was <i>non est</i>, +and gaunt hunger created in them a sense of desperation. +In this state they reached, after sunset, a plantation, +where no house appeared but a number of +humble shanties; and, weary, starving and desperate, +they boldly advanced to the door of the best-looking +cabin, and knocked for admission.</p> + +<p>"Who's thar?" was answered in a tone, common to +the poor whites and blacks of that section, that afforded +no indication of the color of the speaker. That, however, +was the first thing to determine before proceeding +further. So our hero replied, interrogatively: "Are +you black or white in there?" "Thar aint no niggahs +heah," was the response, and the indignant tone of its +delivery placed it beyond doubt that they had fallen +upon a family of "poor whites." Glazier thereupon +changed his voice to that of the "high-toned" rebel, +and asked why he kept an officer of the Confederate +army waiting for admittance. The man reluctantly +opened the door, and the <i>soi-disant</i> Confederate demanded +in an imperious tone, "How long is it since +our army passed here?"</p> + +<p>"What army?" was the cautious query, before an +answer was vouchsafed.</p> + +<p>"Why the rebel army, of course!"</p> + +<p>The man hereupon stated that Wheeler's cavalry +had passed by a week before, following Sherman's rear guard.</p> + +<p>"How far is it to General Wheeler's headquarters?" +asked Lieutenant Glazier.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[257]</a></span></p> + +<p>"I dun'no!" growled the other; "but I guess it's a +right smart distance."</p> + +<p>To other questions, as to the possibility of obtaining +one or more horses and mules, and even a suggestion +that something to eat would not be unwelcome, the +fellow protested that the —— Yankees had stripped +the country of everything, and left them neither horses, +mules, nor anything to eat. Through the intervention +of his wife, however, Glazier finally obtained some +bread and sweet potatoes; and, delivering a lecture to +him upon the gross ingratitude of treating in such a +niggardly manner a soldier who had left a home of +opulence and comfort, to battle for <i>his</i> rights and +liberties, with much more of a similar audacious character, +he left the house.</p> + +<p>Time, however, was too precious to be wasted, and, +at the conclusion of the meal, they hurriedly resumed +their march.</p> + +<p>A solitary planter passed them, returning their carefully-worded +salutation, and, evidently mistaking them +for Confederates, volunteered the information that +"our cavalry"—meaning Wheeler's, had passed that +point last Tuesday. He was barely out of view, when +they overtook a couple of negroes going to their work; +and of them Glazier inquired the distance to the nearest +plantation, receiving for answer, "Jess a mile, massa." +"Are there any white folks there?" asked our hero. +"Narry one, massa," was the reply; adding, "Dat ar +planter is what dey call a Beeswaxer"—meaning a +Bushwacker, "and Massa Sherman took dem all orf." +Not wishing to commit themselves by imprudently +revealing their true character, Glazier asked them indifferently, +if they had seen any of Wheeler's cavalry<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[258]</a></span> +lately. To which one of them responded, "Dar's +right smart of dem down at Mars' Brown's, free mile +from de swamp, and dey's hazin' de country all 'round."</p> + +<p>This intelligence was not encouraging, but our +friends thought it the wiser course to proceed at once +to the plantation the negro had described. They soon +reached the place, and, finding that the dwelling of the +owner was closed, they, without delay, advanced to the +nearest of the smaller tenements, such as were usually +occupied by slaves.</p> + +<p>Glazier did not pause to knock at the door, but +boldly raised the latch and entered. He expected to +see the usual negro auntie with her brood of pickaninnies, +or to meet the friendly glance of one of the +males, and therefore walked in very confidently, and +with a pleasant smile. This, however, soon changed +to a look of amazement, when he found himself face to +face with a Confederate officer in full uniform. Quick +as lightning, our hero determined upon his course.</p> + +<p>"Ah, sir!" he exclaimed, with all the coolness he +could assume, "I perceive we are in the same service. +I can only hope you have not been so unfortunate as myself."</p> + +<p>"How unfortunate may you have been, sir?" the +<i>vis à vis</i> inquired.</p> + +<p>"Why, at the late cavalry fight at Waynesboro', I +lost my horse, having him shot under me. I have +not had the good fortune to obtain another, and the +consequence is, that I have been compelled to walk the +whole distance to this point."</p> + +<p>"I reckon, then, stranger, our cases are not altogether +dissimilar," the Confederate rejoined; "I had +my horse killed there, too, but luckily got a mule."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[259]</a></span></p> + +<div class="image"> +<a id='illus24' name='illus24'></a> +<a href='images/illus24h.png'> + <img src='images/illus24.png' + title='A Mutual Surprise.' + alt='A Mutual Surprise.' /> +</a> +<p class='caption'> +A MUTUAL SURPRISE. +</p></div> + +<p>In anticipation of an inquiry which, if addressed to +himself, might lead to unpleasant complications, Glazier +now asked: "What command he was attached +to?" "Forty-third Alabama Mounted Infantry," +said the other; and then put a similar question. +"Third South Carolina Cavalry," said Glazier, feeling +that he would be more at home as a trooper than an +infantry soldier. To carry out his assumed character, +he added some remarks regarding Sherman's barbarities, +and was just congratulating himself upon the gullibility +of the Confederate, when his apprehensions +were revived by a remark, that it was "strange a rebel +officer should be dressed in a Federal uniform."</p> + +<p>"Not at all, sir," was the quick response, "a poor +fellow must wear what he can get in times like these. +I have not had a full equipment since I entered the +service, and hang me, if I ever expect to get one. +In the fight at Waynesboro' we captured a few Yanks, +and I just stripped one fellow after he died, and took +his clothes."</p> + +<p>This explanation appeared to satisfy the rebel officer, +as he remarked, "that was a good idea, and I wish +I had been as sensible myself." After inquiry about +the probability of obtaining some "grub" from the +auntie, whose hut he supposed the place to be, and +receiving a discouraging reply, Glazier was advised to +call upon a Mr. Brown. The property of this <i>loyal</i> +gentleman had been protected from seizure by General +Sherman, on account of his having claimed to be a +"good Union man," and by General Wheeler, because +he was a "good rebel," and his larder was described to +be, in consequence, well stocked. Our hero prepared +to depart, first earnestly inquiring the road to Mr. +Brown's residence.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[260]</a></span></p> + +<p>"About two sights and a jambye," said the Alabamian, +which interpreted, meant, twice as far as they could +see, and the width of a swamp.</p> + +<p>Having obtained all the information he desired, +without the remotest intention of availing himself of +the "good Union man's" hospitality, Glazier said +"good-day," and rejoined his friend. They made the +best of their way along a path, until a turn carried +them out of the rebel officer's sight, then wheeled suddenly +round, and ran rapidly for a considerable distance +in the opposite direction to Mr. Brown's.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[261]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr class='major' /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXIV" id="CHAPTER_XXIV"></a>CHAPTER XXIV.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>RECAPTURED BY A CONFEDERATE OUTPOST.</span> +</h2> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Fugitive slaves. — A rebel planter. — The Big Ebenezer. — A sound of +oars. — A <i>ruse de guerre</i>. — Burial of a dead soldier. — A free +ride. — Groping in the dark. — "Who goes there!" — Recaptured. — <i>Nil +desperandum.</i> — James Brooks. — Contraband of war. — Confederate +murders. — In the saddle again. — A dash for freedom. — Again +captured. — Tried as a spy.</p></div> + +<p>Our hero had been somewhat impressed with the +subdued tone and manner of the Confederate +officer with whom he had lately parted. To some extent +he manifested a discouraged and cowed bearing, +and this, taken with some other circumstances in their +recent experience, led our friends to hope that the end +was not very remote.</p> + +<p>After bidding adieu to the Confederate, they walked +about two miles before discovering a place of concealment +in another swamp. Here they unexpectedly +came upon a party of negroes sleeping around a large +fire. They proved to be fugitive slaves, who had +abandoned their homes in Burke County, Georgia, to +follow in the rear of Sherman's army. They had +formed part of a body of several hundred persons of +all ages and both sexes, who had escaped and sought +refuge upon an island in Big Ebenezer Creek, and had +been inhumanly shelled out by the Confederates. +Thence they had scattered over the country in small +bands, and the present detached party were working<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[262]</a></span> +their way back to their masters. Captain Glazier +despatched one of them with a haversack in search of +some food among the resident colored people, and the +result was so far satisfactory that our friends were put +in possession of a good supply of sweet potatoes.</p> + +<p>After another march, and while still in the swamp, +they heard wood-choppers, and Lemon started to +reconnoitre. Guided by the sound of the axe, he approached +a small clearing, and seeing a negro, as he had +expected, wielding the axe, walked forward to him, but +was suddenly startled by observing a burly white man +sitting on a log, smoking and looking on. They eyed +each other for a moment in silence, when presently the +planter demanded in a blustering voice, "What are you +doing here, in a blue uniform?" Lemon was not slow +to answer in a corresponding tone, "I am serving my +country, as every loyal man should do: what have <i>you</i> +to say about it?"</p> + +<p>"I believe you're a d—d Yankee," said the planter. +"You're welcome to your opinion, old Blowhard," +responded Lemon. "This is a free country; I +<i>am</i> a Yankee—all but the d—d—and now what do +you propose to do about it?" (All this in an assumed +tone of bluster, as the best adapted to the situation.) +"We'll see! we'll see!" rejoined the planter, and at once +started in a direct line for his house. Lemon lost no +time, but returned as quickly as possible to his comrade, +and without any deliberation they evacuated the +enemy's country with as much expedition as their tired +legs were capable of exerting. Their ears were soon +saluted with the music of a pack of hounds let loose on +their track by the burly rebel, and the affair would +have had a disastrous ending if they had not oppor<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[263]</a></span>tunely +encountered a considerable stream, and by +wading through it for nearly a mile, succeeded in +cutting off the scent of the hounds.</p> + +<p>The planter had raised a hue and cry for miles +around, and our hunted friends, from their covert, saw +mounted men patrolling the corduroy road through the +swamp, seemingly under the belief that the "Yankees" +would be driven to use this highway eventually, and +thus fall an easy prey into their hands. The man-hunters, +however, found themselves at fault, for our +hero had learned, in the hard school of experience, to +anticipate all such contingencies. He and Lemon +therefore secreted themselves until late in the night, +determined to rob them of their game.</p> + +<p>It was approaching midnight, December fifteenth, +when the fugitives crept cautiously to the margin of +the swamp. A large fire denoted the position of the +planter's picket. They ventured out through the mud +and water with the purpose of flanking the enemy on +their left—a hazardous proceeding, and attended with +much suffering from the intense coldness of the water. +In two hours, however, they had reached a point on +the opposite side of the encampment, and fearing discovery +and pursuit, soon placed two or three miles between +themselves and the foe. Sometimes they were +made cognizant of the nearness of the parties in search +of them, by overhearing their conversation, which +treated mainly of Sherman's march to the sea, how it +would affect the Confederacy, and similar interesting topics.</p> + +<p>Our friends passed the last picket at the edge of +the swamp, but deeming it unwise to relax in speed +or vigilance, pushed forward to the banks of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[264]</a></span> +Big Ebenezer, which advanced them three miles further.</p> + +<p>Here, upon the charred abutment of a burned bridge, +Glazier and his friend paused, and with the dark river +in their front, debated how they were to reach the other +side. The dawn was just breaking, and through the +rising mist they could discern the opposite shore, but +no practicable mode of reaching it. They must not, +however, remain here after daybreak, and therefore +sought and found a place of concealment, again in the +hateful swamp, but not far from the river's bank. +They were soon enjoying the rest and sleep of the +weary.</p> + +<p>Lemon was startled from his slumber by a sound +resembling that of oars. He awoke Glazier, and both +listened intently, at a loss to understand the meaning +of such a sound in such a place. In a few minutes the +noise ceased, and looking cautiously from their hiding-place, +they observed two men pass near them, having +the appearance of messengers or couriers, with despatches, +which they could plainly see in their hands. +It at once occurred to our hero and his companion that +the boat in which these men had rowed themselves up +the river, could be made available for crossing to its +opposite bank. They found it moored to a tree, and +at once embarked and crossed the stream. To prevent +pursuit they cast the boat adrift, and as speedily as +possible left "Big Ebenezer" behind them.</p> + +<p>At a short distance from the river side Lemon stumbled +over the dead body of a soldier, which, upon +examination, proved to be that of a Federal. Our +friends having no means of placing the body underground, +concluded to bury it in the river, and thus<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[265]</a></span> +prevent to some extent its desecration by dogs or other +carrion-seeking animals that might find it exposed. +This was the best they could do under the circumstances, +and thus the poor body found a sailor's, if not +a soldier's grave.</p> + +<p>They had advanced not many paces again when they +discovered two horses tied to a tree, possibly the +property of the two couriers whose boat they had previously +utilized. These they looked upon as fair spoil +in an enemy's country, and with little compunction and +less ceremony mounted and started on their way. A +few miles brought them to the verge of the wood, and +the day was now breaking. They therefore reluctantly +dismounted, turned their steeds adrift for fear of +detection, and trudged forward on foot once more.</p> + +<p>Soon they had reason to congratulate themselves on +their prudence in dismounting. Another quarter of a +mile brought within view a Confederate picket, but +they were not themselves observed. They accordingly +sought a hiding-place among the thick undergrowth, +and were soon asleep, remaining so until midnight. +They then turned the flank of the picket and proceeded +on their journey.</p> + +<p>Long immunity from the peril of recapture had +now inspired Glazier and his friend with hope and +full confidence in successfully attaining the end of +their struggles. The swamp, the river, the alligator, +the man-hunter, and worse than all, the blood-hound, +had been met and successfully overcome or evaded; and +after three long weeks of travel from the execrable and +inhuman people, who had held them as prisoners of war, +and treated them worse than dogs, they now found +themselves within twenty miles of Savannah.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[266]</a></span></p> + +<p>Resting himself upon a fallen tree, clad in rags, +hungry and reduced almost to the proportions of a +skeleton by long fasting, Glazier with his companion +were able to congratulate themselves upon their wonderful +preservation thus far. All seemed to foreshadow +their final triumph, and their spirits were cheered, notwithstanding +that food had not passed their lips for +the past thirty-six hours, with the exception of a few +grains of corn picked up by the way. Probably within +the brief space of twenty-four hours they would be +again free and under the protection of the glorious +flag, in whose defence they had fought and suffered so much.</p> + +<p>Flushed with their past success and elated with +hope for the future they recommenced their march. +They had no exact information as to the position of the +Federal army, and were in fact groping their way in +the dark—figuratively as well as literally—every sense +on the alert to avoid the enemy's picket lines.</p> + +<p>On reaching Little Ebenezer Creek about midnight +they were chagrined to find the bridge destroyed, but +after reconnoitring for a time, were satisfied that the +coast was clear on the opposite side. Finding some +broken planks they constructed a raft and paddled +themselves across the stream.</p> + +<p>They were now on the Savannah River Road, over +which Kilpatrick's cavalry and the Fourteenth Army +Corps had passed but a week before. Old camping-grounds +were numerous along their way, and each +was examined closely for any bread or other eatables +they thought might have been left by the army.</p> + +<div class="image"> +<a id='illus25' name='illus25'></a> +<a href='images/illus25h.png'> + <img src='images/illus25.png' + title='Recaptured By A Confederate Outpost.' + alt='Recaptured By A Confederate Outpost.' /> +</a> +<p class='caption'> +RECAPTURED BY A CONFEDERATE OUTPOST. +</p></div> + +<p>They were closely engaged in this search, when +"<span class="smcap">Who comes there?</span>" was gruffly shouted by a +voice near them.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[267]</a></span></p> + +<p>"Friends," promptly answered Glazier.</p> + +<p>"Advance one!" commanded the picket.</p> + +<p>"I advanced promptly," writes Captain Glazier, in +the history of his capture and imprisonment, "and +arriving near my captors found them to be mounted +infantry. They were sitting upon their horses in the +shade of some cypress-trees. One asked, 'Who are +you?' to which I replied, 'A scout to General Hardie, +and must not be detained, as I have important information +for the general.'</p> + +<p>"The picket replied, 'I'm instructed to take every +person to the officer of the picket that approaches this +post after dark.'</p> + +<p>"'I can't help it, sir. It is not customary to arrest +scouts, and I must pass on.'</p> + +<p>"'You cannot; I must obey orders. I do not +doubt the truth of your assertion; but until you have +seen the lieutenant, you will not be allowed to pass +this post.'</p> + +<p>"Finding that I had met a good soldier I saw that +it was useless to trifle with him, and tried to console +myself with the thought that I should be able to dupe +the officer; and as we were hurried on towards the +reserve of the picket my mind was occupied in arranging +a plan for our defence, as spies to the great rebel +chief. Arrived at the reserve we found nearly all +asleep, including the lieutenant, in close proximity to +a large rail-fire.</p> + +<p>"A little rough shaking soon roused him up, and, +rubbing his eyes, he asked, 'What's wanted?'</p> + +<p>"I quickly answered, 'I'm surprised, sir, that +scouts to our generals should be arrested by your picket.'<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[268]</a></span></p> + +<p>"He said, 'My instructions are positive, and no +man can pass this post without examination.'</p> + +<p>"'Very well, then,' I said, 'be good enough to +examine us at once.'</p> + +<p>"'Have you passes?'</p> + +<p>"'No, sir; not at present. We had papers when +we left the general's headquarters; but having been +scouting in Northern Georgia, for the past two weeks, +our papers are worn out and lost.'</p> + +<p>"'You have some papers about you, I suppose?'</p> + +<p>"Thinking that by answering in the affirmative, +and producing quickly an old package of letters which +had been received while in Libby Prison, that none of +them would be examined, I hastily drew them from +the side-pocket of my jacket and held them before me, +saying, 'I hope here are enough, sir.'</p> + +<p>"The lieutenant's curiosity led him to take one +which had been received from Colonel Clarence Buel, +of Troy, New York. He held it near the fire, and +noticing the date, turned his eyes towards me and +again to the letter; the second glance seemed to satisfy +him that I was not a rebel, and he remarked very +indignantly, 'Then you are scouting for General +Hardie, are you? I believe you are a d—d Yankee +spy! and if you were to get your deserts I should hang +you to the first tree I come to,' Said I, 'Lieutenant, +do not be too hasty. I can convince you that I have +been a prisoner of war, and if you are a true soldier I +shall be treated as such.'</p> + +<p>"Becoming a little more mild he gave us to understand +that we should start at ten o'clock the next +morning for Springfield, the headquarters of General Wheeler.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[269]</a></span></p> + +<p>"After detailing a special guard for the prisoners, +and instructing them to be on the alert, the lieutenant +laid himself down by the fire, leaving us to reflect +upon the hardness of fate, and the uncertainties +attending an effort to escape the clutches of a vigilant enemy."</p> + +<p>Glazier did not despair, but at the first opportunity +communicated to Lemon his determination to reach +the Federal lines at all risks; he would never return +to South Carolina a prisoner; the horrors of prison-life +and the privations and sufferings they had already +endured, should never be repeated in his case, but +rather—welcome death! Their enemies—albeit fellow-countrymen +and <i>Americans</i>—were inhuman and barbarous, +and before putting himself in their hands again, +he would submit to be hung by bushwhackers, or +torn to pieces by blood-hounds. Their case was now +desperate, and for his part he would take the first +chance that offered of getting away. Our hero thought +he could count on Lemon's concurrence and co-operation. +The men of the picket told him they had been +arrested at the outpost; and it was now clear that +if the fugitives had been so fortunate as to pass +this picket, they could have reached the Federal +lines in less than an hour. Only a step intervened +between captivity and freedom—the thought was very disheartening.</p> + +<p>An instance of exceptional kindness on the part of a +Confederate must not be omitted here. James Brooks, +one of the picket, came to the prisoners and invited +them to partake of some hoe-cake and bacon. He said +he had been out foraging, and would share his plunder +with them. Having been without food for forty-eight<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[270]</a></span> +hours, save a few ears of corn, they eagerly embraced +the generous offer. The hoe-cake was produced and +partaken of ravenously and thankfully. The other +men of the picket were disgusted at the liberality of +their comrade, calling him a "blue belly," and a fool +to give good bread to a couple of d—d Yanks. Like +a true man, however, he made no reply to their brutal +taunts, and gave the captives a most excellent breakfast.</p> + +<p>Having finished their welcome meal, they asked +permission to bathe themselves, under guard, in a little +stream not many rods from the reserve, which request +was granted. Here the prisoners in their desperation +offered the guard one hundred dollars in Confederate +scrip, which had been given them by their negro +friends, to assist them in making their escape. The +guards seemed to distrust each other, and declined +the proposal. They, however, said they would be +right glad to have the money, but feared to take it, as +they were held responsible for the safe return of the +prisoners. The offer of the bribe was reported to the +lieutenant, who at once ordered the delinquents to be +searched, and all the scrip found upon them was confiscated, +as contraband of war, and appropriated to +rebel uses, leaving our two unfortunate friends penniless. +They were further threatened with condign +punishment for offering to bribe the guard. One said +"Shoot them;" another, "Let 'em stretch hemp;" +several recommended that they be taken to the swamp +and "sent after Sherman's raiders,"—referring, probably, +to the manner in which they had disposed of some +of the Federal sick, who had been left in the rear of +the army. Of this incident Glazier writes: "I had +been told by the negroes that fifteen of our sick,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[271]</a></span> +who fell into the hands of the rebels but a few days +before our recapture, were taken to a swamp, where +their throats were cut, and their bodies thrown into a +slough hole. I cannot vouch for the truth of this +statement, but it came to me from many whose +veracity I have no reason to question."</p> + +<p>Let us in the name of humanity doubt it!</p> + +<div class="image"> +<a id='illus26' name='illus26'></a> +<a href='images/illus26h.png'> + <img src='images/illus26.png' + title='The Escape And Pursuit.' + alt='The Escape And Pursuit.' /> +</a> +<p class='caption'> +THE ESCAPE AND PURSUIT. +</p></div> + +<p>At ten o'clock <span class="smcap">A. M.</span> a mounted guard, consisting of +a corporal and two men, were detailed to march the +prisoners to the headquarters of General Wheeler. +They had not proceeded far when Glazier assumed to +be footsore, and pleaded his utter inability to walk any +further. Believing this, one of the guards dismounted +and helped him into the saddle. Our hero was no +sooner mounted than he decided that, come what would, +he would make his escape. In a few moments the +guard who was on foot espied a black squirrel darting +across the road, and oblivious of his responsibility, +gave chase to it, Glazier looking on and biding his +time. The squirrel soon ran up a tree, and leaped +from bough to bough with its usual agility. Suddenly +it halted on a prominent branch, seeming to bid defiance +to its pursuer. The carbine was instantly raised, +and discharged. Without waiting to note the result, +Glazier, feeling that <i>now</i> was his opportunity, dashed +off at a gallop, urging his horse to the top of his +speed. Before the squirrel-hunter could reload, he +was many yards away. The corporal in charge fired +his revolver, and at each discharge of the weapon, +shouted to the fugitive to halt! but Glazier gave no +heed to the summons, and might have succeeded in +reaching the swamps and defied recapture, if he had not +unfortunately galloped into a rebel camp! Baffled, he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[272]</a></span> +turned his horse, and endeavored to cross an open field, +but the corporal continued to shout, "Halt that d—d +Yankee!" when a body of Texan Rangers from +General Iverson's cavalry division, some mounted +and some dismounted, gave chase, hooting and yelping, +and finally overtook and compelled him to surrender.</p> + +<p>The guard whose horse Lieutenant Glazier had ridden +came up and vented his rage at the escapade in no +measured language. The Texans, however, enjoyed +the fun of the thing, and laughed at, and ridiculed him. +Said one, "You are a d—d smart soldier to let a +blue-belly get away from you—and on your own +horse too!" Another joined in with, "Say, Corporal, +which of them nags can run fastest?" Nothing of +course was said about the <i>squirrel</i>!</p> + +<p>On Lemon and his guard coming up they resumed +their march to headquarters—Glazier's lameness exciting +no further sympathy, nor the offer of another mount.</p> + +<p>The escort with their charge reached General +Wheeler's headquarters in the afternoon, and the report +handed in stated that, "the two prisoners had +been captured while attempting to pass the out-post, +under the pretence of being scouts to General Hardie."</p> + +<p>Wheeler ordered them at once into his presence and +questioned them closely.</p> + +<p>Captain Glazier thus graphically relates the interview:</p> + +<p>"'Then you are scouting for Confederate generals?' +said Wheeler.</p> + +<p>"I replied, 'We would have rejoiced if we could +have convinced your out-post that we were.'</p> + +<p>"'None of your impudence, sir! Remember that +you are a prisoner.'<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[273]</a></span></p> + +<p>"'Very true; but when you ask questions, you +must expect answers.'</p> + +<p>"'What are you doing with that gray jacket?'</p> + +<p>"'I wear it, sir, to protect myself from the sun and +storm.'</p> + +<p>"'Where did you get it?'</p> + +<p>"'One of the guards at Columbia was kind enough +to give it to me, when he saw that I was suffering +for the want of clothing to cover my nakedness.'</p> + +<p>"'He could not have been a true rebel, to assist a +Yankee in making his escape.'</p> + +<p>"'He knew nothing of my intention to escape; and +I believe he was at least a kind-hearted man.'</p> + +<p>"'Why don't you wear the Federal uniform? Are +the Yankees ashamed of it?'</p> + +<p>"'By no means, sir! What few garments were +spared me at the time of my capture were worn out +during a long imprisonment, and the clothing which +was sent on to Richmond by our Government during +the winter of 1863 for distribution among the prisoners, +was, for the most part, appropriated by your authorities.'</p> + +<p>"'Like most of your contemptible Yankee crew, I +believe you to be a lying scoundrel, and you shall answer +to the charge of spy.'</p> + +<p>"'Very well, sir, I am compelled to await your +pleasure; but you have heard nothing but the truth.'</p> + +<p>"'Guard! take the prisoners to the jail, place them +in a cell, and keep them in close confinement until +further orders.'"</p> + +<p>The above colloquy between Wheeler and his +prisoners reflects small credit upon him as a leader of +"Southern Chivalry."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[274]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr class='major' /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXV" id="CHAPTER_XXV"></a>CHAPTER XXV.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>FINAL ESCAPE FROM CAPTIVITY.</span> +</h2> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p>In jail. — White trash. — Yankees. — Off to Waynesboro. — No rations. +Calling the roll. — Sylvania. — Plan for escape. — Lieutenant John +W. Wright. — A desperate project. — Escaped! — Giving chase. — The +pursuers baffled. — Old Richard. — "Pooty hard case, massa." — Rebel +deserters. — The sound of cannon. — Personating a rebel +officer. — Mrs. Keyton. — Renewed hope. — A Confederate outpost. — Bloodhounds. — Uncle +Philip. — March Dasher. — Suspicion disarmed. — "Now +I'ze ready, gemmen." — Stars and stripes. — Glorious +freedom. — Home!</p></div> + +<p>In obedience to orders, Glazier and his comrade were +at once marched off to the county jail at Springfield, +Georgia, then in the hands of the military authorities. +They were the only military prisoners confined +there, and were allowed the privilege of leaving their +cell and going into the yard for fresh air. They were +not a little amused by the crowds of wondering citizens +who visited the jail to view the "two live Yanks."</p> + +<p>These worthy citizens were greatly exercised that the +prisoners should be permitted to leave their cells, and +called on the jailer to remove them from the yard or +they would take the keys into their own hands; but +the officer in command told them that he was personally +responsible for their safe-custody, and refused to +remove them. These white Georgians were a very +primitive class of people. Utterly illiterate and uninformed, +their mode of speech was as bad as that of the +most ignorant slaves on the plantations. The term +"white trash," whatever its origin, was a most appro<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[275]</a></span>priate +designation. No care had been taken to educate +them—no school-houses built; education being confined +to the few whose wealth enabled them to send their +children to Northern schools, or to engage a private +tutor. Discovering that the prisoners were harmless, +many of these people asked them questions of a curious +and comical nature. They thought Yankees were +imps of darkness, possessed of horns and hoof, and, +seeing that the prisoners were formed not unlike themselves, +were with difficulty persuaded that they were +"Yankees." Their idea of the causes and character of +the war was ludicrous in the extreme, and will hardly +bear description—the negroes themselves being far +better informed upon this, as they were upon most +other subjects.</p> + +<p>A very brief examination before a hastily convened +board of officers resulted in a finding that the captives +were "escaped prisoners of war," and not "spies." +They were accordingly asked, where they were captured, +where imprisoned, when they escaped, etc.; +and then a strong guard from the Second Georgia +Cavalry was detailed to convey them, with fifteen +other prisoners from the Fourteenth Army Corps, to +Waynesboro.</p> + +<p>From the other prisoners Glazier gleaned much useful +information concerning the situation of the Union +lines, and also learned where the rebel troops were +stationed in Sherman's rear. Should he attempt +another escape, this knowledge would be valuable. +The rebel escort cared very little for the wants of their +prisoners, and issued no rations whatever to them—they +themselves being entirely dependent on foraging +for their own supplies. As the unfortunate prisoners<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[276]</a></span> +could not forage for themselves they had to go without, +a condition of things that spoke little for the soldierly +feeling of the guard. All attempts to elude the vigilance +of the latter during the day had failed, and as +darkness drew on, Glazier and his friend felt in very +low spirits. They came to a halt a few minutes before +dark, and were quartered in an old building for the night.</p> + +<p>In passing through a large swamp, just before halting, +the water was so deep that each man had to wade +through as he best could. The guard exerted themselves +to their utmost to keep them together, but in spite +of their efforts to do so, one of the prisoners fell out, and +his absence was overlooked by the sergeant, although +noticed by his fellow-prisoners, who succeeded in convincing +the sergeant that all were present. The mode +was this: Glazier found out the absent man's name, and +then volunteered to call the roll from a list in the sergeant's +possession. It being dark, a piece of pitch-pine +was lighted, and the list handed to Glazier, who proceeded +to call the names. All answered, except the +absentee, when, according to previous arrangement, +each affirmed that no such man had been among them. +The sergeant sapiently concluded that the name had +found its way upon the roster by some error, and +nothing further was said about it. Had this little ruse +not been resorted to, great efforts would have been +made to recover the fugitive. Picked men would have +been detailed, hounds called out from the nearest plantation, +and a very short time would have convinced +the unfortunate victim how little hope there was for +him who sought to shun the horrors of prison-life by +an escape.</p> + +<div class="image"> +<a id='illus27' name='illus27'></a> +<a href='images/illus27h.png'> + <img src='images/illus27.png' + title='The Escape From Sylvania, Georgia—running The Guard.' + alt='The Escape From Sylvania, Georgia—running The Guard.' /> +</a> +<p class='caption'> +THE ESCAPE FROM SYLVANIA, GEORGIA—RUNNING THE GUARD. +</p></div> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[277]</a></span></p> + +<p>We do not propose entering into any detail of this +march into captivity, more especially as our hero has +himself fully and graphically described it in his "Capture, +Prison-Pen and Escape," compiled from a diary +kept during the whole period of his adventurous career, +and published in 1865. We will merely state here +that on Monday, December nineteenth, 1864, after a +dreary march of twenty-five miles, the captives found +themselves encamped for the night at the little village +of Sylvania, Georgia; half-way between the point +of their departure and that of their destination, Waynesboro.</p> + +<p>Glazier's mind, during the whole of the day, had +been preoccupied with but one subject—<i>how to escape!</i>—this +problem excluding every other thought or consideration +of himself or his surroundings.</p> + +<p>Early in the evening the prisoners were stationed on +the porch of a large unoccupied building, and here it +was determined they should pass the night. The villagers +of Sylvania knew little of the sad realities of +war, having hitherto happily escaped the visits of the +armed hosts. They surrounded the men of the escort, +and plied them with many curious questions, which +were good-naturedly answered with as much, or as +little exaggeration as good soldiers usually indulge in +when confronted with greenhorns. Their attention, +thus agreeably occupied by the simple-minded villagers, +was in some degree removed from their charge, and +this little circumstance seemed propitious to Glazier, +who was watching intently his opportunity.</p> + +<p>The sergeant had notified the prisoners that his +foragers had returned with a quantity of sweet potatoes +and some corn-bread; that the former would be issued<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[278]</a></span> +to the "Yanks," and the latter to the guard. Orders also +were given to place all the food at one end of the porch, +where a fire had been kindled of rail fence; and the potatoes +were to be served to the prisoners from that point.</p> + +<p>Glazier, under the pretence of desiring to use the +fire for the purpose of roasting the potatoes, obtained +leave for all to remain outside on the porch until after +supper. This concession reluctantly granted, hope +sprang in his breast that the opportunity he so ardently +sought was now at hand. Quickly he determined +upon his plan of operation, and seeing Lieutenant John +W. Wright, of the Tenth Iowa Volunteers, near him, +whispered in his ear an outline of his desperate project, +and invited the latter to join in putting it into execution. +To this proposition, without a moment's consideration, +Wright consented.</p> + +<p>The two candidates for freedom then sauntered towards +the end of the porch, conversing loudly and +cheerfully upon general topics, and thus excited no +suspicion of their intentions. The hungry prisoners +gathered around the ration-board, when Glazier covertly +signaled his companion, and each suddenly clutched +a good handful of the corn-bread. Under cover of the +increasing darkness, and screened from observation by +the men who stood between them and the guard, they +quietly but rapidly, in a stooping position, stole away, +making for the edge of a neighboring wood. Not a +word was spoken, and in less time than it takes to record +it, they were concealed among the foliage and +undergrowth; and, befriended by the darkness, were +completely masked from the observation of the enemy.</p> + +<p>Fortunately their flight was unobserved until after +the distribution of the rations, when the guard missed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[279]</a></span> +their corn-bread. This seemed to be felt more than +the loss of their prisoners, the sergeant exclaiming, in +euphemistic southern (according to Glazier), "By dog +on't! the d—d Yankee officers have done gone and +took all our corn-bread. I'll have them, if it costs me +a horse!"</p> + +<p>Calling out a corporal and four men, he quickly ordered +them to go to the nearest plantation for hounds, +and to "bring back the two Yanks dead or alive," adding +that he "guessed they had taken the Springfield +road," which was the nearest route to the Federal lines.</p> + +<p>It happened, however, that the peremptory orders of +the sergeant were overheard by Glazier and Wright, +who were hidden not many yards away in the wood. +Instead, therefore, of proceeding on the direct road by +way of Springfield, they retraced their steps in the +dark, and by this means baffled their pursuers. Having +reached the Middle Ground Road, over which they +had lately passed, they bounded over it to avoid leaving +their foot-prints, and thus broke the trail. They +were now in a large and densely-wooded swamp, and, +effectually concealed by the umbrageous covering, sat +down to a council of war.</p> + +<p>We may here state that Lieutenant Lemon, the late +faithful companion of our hero, had been prevented from +participating in the plan of escape, and was eventually +taken back to be re-tortured in his old quarters at +Columbia. Wright was also an escaped prisoner from +Columbia, whom Glazier had often met during his +imprisonment there. He escaped from "Camp Sorghum" +a few days after Lemon and Glazier, but unfortunately +was recaptured just when he felt that he +was about to bid adieu to his captivity.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[280]</a></span></p> + +<p>Lieutenant Wright possessed one advantage for the +dangerous and desperate enterprise they had now re-entered +upon—he knew the country. By his advice, +therefore, it was agreed to remain quietly concealed in +the swamp until night, when he would lead the way to +the hut of a negro who had befriended him during his +previous attempt to escape.</p> + +<p>About midnight he piloted Glazier to the hut of +"Old Richard," a worthy and kind-hearted negro, who +had supplied him with hoe-cake and bacon just +before his recapture. Richard was in ecstasies on +beholding his friend, Massa Wright, again, whom he +knew to have been retaken, and with due formality, our +hero was introduced. On being asked for some bacon +and sweet potatoes to put with their corn-bread, he replied: +"Pooty hard case, massa; but dis yer darkey'll +do de best he can. Can't get nuffin' on this plantation, +but reckon I can buy some 'tatoes down at Massa Smith's, +three miles from yer, and will go down thar after I +finish my task to-morrer. As to meat," he said, "you +know, massa, dat in the Souf de slave takes what de +white folks frows away, and I reckon you all couldn't +eat a tainted ham dat ole massa gib me t'other day; but +if you can, God knows dis chile gibs it to you wid all +his heart." Having become, from long fasting, almost +entirely indifferent to the sense of taste, our friends +gave Old Richard to understand that the ham would +be welcome.</p> + +<p>The important question of rations having been thus +satisfactorily arranged, Richard was asked to guide the +fugitives to some place of hiding, where no rebel could +find them. Accordingly, they were conducted to a +swamp, and soon discovered a secure place of conceal<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[281]</a></span>ment +for the day. "The whippoorwill and turtle-dove," +Captain Glazier writes, "enlivened the hours with their +inspiring notes, and as night began to approach, the +gloomy owl, from the tree-tops, uttered his solemn +warning cry. The pine and cypress, swayed by the +breeze, moaned a perpetual chorus, and under their +teaching we learned, during the long, dreary hours, +how much we were indebted to these dismal wilds, +that concealed both friend and foe.</p> + +<p>"Here the rebel deserter concealed himself from his +pursuers. Here the loyalist found a hiding-place from +the rebel conscripting officer. Here the trembling +negro had his first taste of freedom. Here the escaped +Union prisoner was enabled to baffle blood-hounds and +human-hounds, and make his way to the Federal +lines."</p> + +<p>The day wore away at length, and as darkness was +approaching, Old Richard, true to his promise, was on +hand with the supplies. He gave the fugitives all he +had been able to purchase with his small means, and +they, after asking God to bless him for his kindness, +departed. Our friends trudged away, rejoicing, notwithstanding +their fatigue, and the bodily weakness of +Glazier. For the latter had by this time been reduced in +weight to not more than ninety pounds, his usual weight +having been about one hundred and forty-five. He +was still, however, filled with indomitable "pluck," and +a determination to conquer the situation, with all its +dread horrors, and return to his colors. Wright, on +the other hand, had a splendid physique, and cared +little for hardships that would have intimidated, or +perhaps killed, an ordinary man. On several occasions +he picked Glazier up and generously bore him upon<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[282]</a></span> +his broad shoulders over the worst parts of the swamp, +the latter being too weak to make his way alone without +falling into the slough-holes.</p> + +<p>They were startled, in the course of this night, on +seeing two men, who, by their conversation, which was +overheard, proved to be rebel deserters from Wheeler's +command. Our friends deemed it the wisest plan to +secrete themselves behind a log until the men had passed.</p> + +<p>At break of day they again concealed themselves, +and rested between the roots of an ancient cypress. +Their ears were now greeted with the distant boom of +heavy cannon, which came from the direction of +Savannah. This helped in directing their course for +the following night, and also announced to them in +plain language that they were not very far from the +friends they longed to meet.</p> + +<p>Refreshed and hopeful they started as the shades +of evening fell, determined, if possible, to accomplish a +good march before daylight.</p> + +<p>They had not, however, proceeded far, when a large +plantation became visible, the white mansion gleaming +through the trees. Wright recognizing the place, +suggested that Glazier might procure a good supper, +and something for the haversack, if he would boldly +call and personate a rebel officer, trusting to his +face and ready wit to carry him through. He had +heard from some negroes that the only occupant was +a Mrs. Keyton and some young children, the wife and +family of the planter, who was an officer in the +rebel army; and further that there were no hounds +about the place.</p> + +<p>Glazier, with characteristic promptness, acquiesced;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[283]</a></span> +and the following is a description of the interview, +extracted from the diary, which amid all his wanderings +and trials he never failed to keep regularly written up:</p> + +<p>"After hearing Wright's description, and having +agreed upon signals of danger, should any occur, I +started on my foraging expedition, with a good degree +of assurance.</p> + +<p>"Stepping up to the door of the mansion, I rapped, +and the lady soon made her appearance. She seemed +both refined and intelligent. I asked, 'Can you give +this rebel a supper?' She replied, 'You shall have +the best the house affords,' and invited me to step in +and take a seat by the fire. I did so, saying, as I took +my seat, 'Madam, I am shocked at the dastardly conduct +of General Sherman in his march through +Georgia. It has been characterized by nothing but +what should excite revenge, and move to action, every +man possessing a true Southern spirit. Our aged citizens, +who have banded together for mutual protection, +have been treated as bushwackers—have been driven +from their homes, and their property confiscated. Our +hounds, always true to the interests of the South, have +been shot down by the road-side for no other reason +than that they were used in tracking escaped prisoners—'</p> + +<p>"Interrupting me here, the lady remarked, much to +my surprise, that she could not see that the Yankees +were much worse than the Confederates, after all. +She added: "'When the Yankee army passed through +this State, they took from the rich the supplies necessary +for their sustenance; and when our cavalry followed +they took nearly all that was left, seeming to care<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[284]</a></span> +but little for our wants, and often depriving defenceless +women and children of their last morsel of bread.'</p> + +<p>"'I regret, madam, that the conduct of our troops +has been such as to give you reason for complaint.'</p> + +<p>"'I, too, regret that our men have not proved themselves +worthy of a cause which they appear so willing +to defend.'</p> + +<p>"'Remember,' I continued, 'that our commissary +department has been completely wrecked, and +that we are entirely dependent upon the people for the +subsistence of a large army.'</p> + +<p>"By the sad expression of her countenance, which +accompanied and followed this remark, I saw clearly +that she felt we had reached a crisis in the war, when +Providence was turning the tables, and she accordingly +interrogated:</p> + +<p>"'And what do you think of present prospects?'</p> + +<p>"I quickly responded, 'Our future looks dark—our +cause appears almost hopeless, but the sacrifices of +our gallant dead remain unavenged. Therefore, we +must fight while there is a man left, and die in the +last ditch.'</p> + +<p>"'If there be no longer any hope of success, sir, I +should say that it would be better to lay down our +arms at once, and go back under the old flag.'</p> + +<p>"'Madam, we must fight, we <i>must fight</i>!'</p> + +<p>"'But it is wickedness and worse than madness to +continue this awful massacre of human beings, without +some prospect of ultimate success.'</p> + +<p>"'Very true; but we have lost all in this struggle, +and must sell our lives as dearly as possible.'</p> + +<p>"By this time the good lady seemed to have waxed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[285]</a></span> +enthusiastic, and warm as the fire over which the servant +was preparing my supper, and she answered:</p> + +<p>"'My husband is a captain in the Twenty-fifth +Georgia Infantry. He is the father of these children, +and is very dear to both them and me. Long have I +prayed that he might be spared to return to his family, +but fear that we shall never be permitted to see him +again. When he entered the army, I admired his +patriotism, and was glad to see him go in defence of +what I supposed to be the true interests of the southern +people; but <i>we have been deceived from the beginning +by our military and political leaders</i>. It is time to +open our eyes, and see what obstinacy has brought us. +We are conquered. Let us return to the rule of the +Federal government, ere we are ruined.'</p> + +<p>"Madam, your sympathies appear to be largely +with the Yankees.'</p> + +<p>"'It is not strange, sir; I was born and educated in +New England;—and your speech would indicate that +you too are not a native of the South.'</p> + +<p>"'You are right; I am a New Yorker by birth, but +have been for a considerable time in South Carolina.'</p> + +<p>"After partaking of the frugal meal set before me, +which consisted of corn-bread and sweet potatoes, I +thanked the lady for her kindness, and told her that I +regretted very deeply that I was not in a situation to +remunerate her for so much trouble. Noticing my +blue pants as I arose from the table, she remarked:</p> + +<p>"'It is impossible for me to know our men from +the Yankees by the uniform; but a few days since, two +soldiers asked me to get them some supper, claiming +to be scouts to General Wheeler; they told many very +plausible stories, and the next day, to my astonishment, +I was charged with harboring Yankee spies.'<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[286]</a></span></p> + +<p>"'I do not wonder that you find it difficult to distinguish +the Yankee from the Confederate soldier, for +in these trying times a poor rebel is compelled to wear +anything he can get. The dead are always stripped, +and at this season of the year, we find the Federal uniform +far more comfortable than our own.'</p> + +<p>"'It must be an awful extremity that could tempt +men to strip the dying and the dead!'</p> + +<p>"'We have become so much accustomed to such practices, +that we are unmoved by scenes which might appall +and sicken those who have never served in our ranks.'</p> + +<p>"'I sincerely hope that these murderous practices +will soon be at an end.'</p> + +<p>"Feeling that I had been absent from my comrade +long enough, and that it was time to make my departure, +I arose, saying,</p> + +<p>"'I must go, madam; may I know to whom I am +so much indebted for my supper and kind entertainment +this evening?'</p> + +<p>"'Mrs. James Keyton. And what may I call your name?'</p> + +<p>"'Willard Glazier, Fifty-third Alabama Mounted Infantry.'</p> + +<p>"'Should you chance to meet the Twenty-fifth +Georgia, please inquire for Captain Keyton, and say +to him that his wife and children are well, and send +their love.'</p> + +<p>"'He shall certainly have your message if it is my +good fortune to meet him. Good-night.'"</p> + +<p>Leaving Mrs. Keyton with her fears for the rebel +cause in general, and her husband in particular, Glazier +hurried out to find his friend Wright pacing up and +down the road in a bad humor at having been kept so<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[287]</a></span> +long waiting; but setting their faces in the direction +of Springfield, they at once started on their march. +They soon found themselves approaching the rebel +forces in General Sherman's rear, and determined at all +risks to obtain information of the two armies. They +were at General Iverson's headquarters, and at one +time were within fifteen paces of the house he occupied.</p> + +<p>Cautiously concealing themselves behind trees they +reached a spot within earshot of the provost-guard, +and overheard their conversation. The prospects of +the war were freely discussed, and the fall of Savannah. +The conclusion forced on the minds of our friends was +that the Confederate cause was losing ground, and its +armies would soon be compelled to surrender to the +Union force.</p> + +<p>Glazier and his comrade left the spot inspired with +renewed courage.</p> + +<p>Six miles on their road to Springfield found daylight +approaching, and the fugitives hurriedly secreted themselves +among some tall swamp grass. They were +suddenly aroused by the baying of a blood-hound, and +immediately sprang to their feet.</p> + +<p>"We are followed!" exclaimed Wright.</p> + +<p>"What do you propose to do?" quickly asked Glazier.</p> + +<p>"I am undecided," was the unsatisfactory reply.</p> + +<p>"It is my opinion," said Glazier, promptly, "that +if we are not off at once we shall be prisoners."</p> + +<p>"Well, off it is!" spoke Wright; and both struck +off in a southeasterly direction in double quick time. +Fences and ditches were leaped, and streams forded, +the hounds approaching so nearly that their baying +could be distinctly heard by the fugitives; but fortu<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[288]</a></span>nately, +or providentially, they came to a large creek, and +jumping in, waded along its course for a distance of +some sixty rods, then emerging, pursued their journey +in the direction they had intended. About one o'clock +they concluded they had out-generaled the bushwhackers +and their hounds. Elated by success they +became less cautious and did not halt. About two +o'clock Glazier was startled by seeing his companion +drop suddenly and silently behind a tree. Glazier +followed, watching the movements of Wright, and +presently saw that they were within a few rods of a +Confederate picket. Before they had time to move +a cavalry patrol came up to the post with instructions, +and, as soon as he had passed, our friends crawled upon +their hands and knees into the friendly swamp, and +thus screened themselves from their enemy.</p> + +<p>The <i>hounds</i>, however, were a source of greater danger +to the fugitives than the rebel pickets; the training +and scent of the former having been so perfected and +developed by long and cruel use in the recapture of +fugitive slaves, that, to evade them, was almost an +impossibility. Hence the sense of caution was strained +to the utmost both by night and day on the part of our +friends.</p> + +<p>The use of blood-hounds in warfare is considered +<i>barbarous</i> in every country pretending to civilization, +even if they are employed against a foreign foe. How +much more so, in a war waged between fellow-citizens +of one blood, one history, one language, and in numerous +instances, bearing domestic or family relations to +each other; and this, in support of a cause, the righteousness +of which was doubted by many who found +themselves unwillingly compelled to give in their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[289]</a></span> +adherence at the dictation of a few ambitious men. +For this sin a righteous God has judged them! A +cause thus supported deserved defeat in the estimation +of just men of every nation, apart from all political +considerations.</p> + +<p>Captain Glazier and his friend congratulated themselves +on having so far eluded, by every expedient +known to them, the sanguinary fangs of these barbarous +instruments of warfare; and after nightfall continued +their route, passing the picket in the darkness.</p> + +<p>Soon after they encountered a colored friend, known +among his people as "Uncle Philip." This good +darkey informed them that the Federal forces had +possession of Cherokee Hill, on the Savannah River +Road, only eight miles distant—news which afforded +them inexpressible joy! Uncle Philip was asked if +he would guide them to the lines; and replied: "I'ze +neber ben down dar, massa, sense Massa Sherman's +company went to Savannah; but I reckon you-uns can +git Massa Jones, a free cullered man, to take you ober. +He's a mighty bright pusson, and understands de +swamps jest like a book."</p> + +<p>On reaching Jones' hut his wife informed them that +her husband was out scouting, but was expected back +about eleven o'clock. She urged our friends to enter +and await his return, as he was always glad to do all +in his power for the Yankees. Fearing the rebel +scouts might discover them, they, at first, hesitated, +but consented on Mrs. Jones promising to be on the +alert. She accordingly volunteered her two boys, one +of eight years and the other six, for out-post duty, +charging them strictly to notify her immediately if +they saw any one approaching, so that she might con<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[290]</a></span>ceal +the fugitives. Auntie then promptly placed before +them a bountiful supply of hoe-cake and parched corn, +the best her humble cot afforded, and most welcome to +the famished men.</p> + +<p>Jones returned at the appointed hour, but informed +his guests that, while very willing to guide them, he +was not sufficiently acquainted with the safest route to +do so; and referred them to a friend of his, who would +accompany them, and whom he could strongly recommend +as a competent and safe guide. On visiting this +man he also pleaded ignorance of any <i>safe</i> route; but +mentioned the name of still another "friend of the +Yankees," who, he said, had come up from the Union +lines that morning and would willingly return with +them. This friendly negro also was found. He was a +genuine negro, as black as ebony and very devout in +his mode of speech. His name was "March Dasher." +"I'll do it, massa, if God be my helper!" he answered +to their eager inquiry.</p> + +<p>Glazier and his comrade were impatient to start at +once, but upon this point Dasher was inexorable. +"Dis chile knows whar de pickets is in de day-time," +he emphatically declared, "but knows nuffin 'bout 'em +arter dark;" and absolutely declined to take the risk +of falling within the Confederate lines—an act of prudence +and firmness for which he was to be much commended.</p> + +<p>A fear of treachery was aroused when Dasher tried +to induce them to remain in his hut till morning, but +this was immediately and entirely removed when he +and his household at a signal, fell on their knees, and +joined in simple but fervent prayer to the Almighty, +as a friend of the friendless—beseeching Him to pro<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[291]</a></span>tect +and prosper them in their efforts to flee from their +enemies; and much more of a nature to disarm any +suspicion of their fidelity and good-will to the Union cause.</p> + +<p>Our friends, however, declined to remain in the hut, +fearing a surprise from the outpost; and at the conclusion +of the prayer, betook themselves to a pine thicket +with the joint resolution of giving their dark friend no +peace until he started with them to the Federal lines.</p> + +<p>About one o'clock in the morning, Wright, impatient +of delay, proceeded to the hut, and arousing +Dasher, told him that day had just begun to break. He +came to the door, and pointing to the stars in the +unclouded sky, remarked, with a good-tempered smile, +"I reck'n it's good many hours yet till break ob day, +massa. Yer can't fool March on de time; his clock +neber breaks down. It's jest right ebery time." +Wright returned to his lair in the thicket, remarking +irritably, as he threw himself down, "Glazier, you +might as well undertake to move a mountain, as to get +the start of that colored individual!"</p> + +<p>At the first peep of dawn, punctual to his promise, +Dasher thrust his black, good-humored face into the +thicket, and announced:</p> + +<p>"Now I'ze ready, gemmen, to take you right plum +into Mr. Sherman's company by 'sun-up;'" and as Sol +began to gild the tree-tops and the distant eastern hills, +the trio came within sight of the Federal camp, and +witnessed the "Stars and Stripes," floating triumphantly +in the breeze!</p> + +<p>What pen can describe their emotions, when—after +more than fourteen long months' suffering from imprisonment, +starvation, nakedness, bodily and mental<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[292]</a></span> +prostration, and every inhumanity short of being murdered, +like many of their imprisoned comrades, in cold +blood—they again hailed <i>friends</i> and found <i>freedom</i> at +last within their grasp! Words would fail to tell their +joy. Let us leave it to the reader to imagine.</p> + +<p>On first approaching the camp they were supposed, +by their motley attire, to be deserters from the enemy; +and, as true soldiers and deserters never fraternize, no +signal of welcome was offered by the "boys in blue." +The suspicions of the latter, however, were allayed on +seeing Glazier and his companion wave their caps: +then they were beckoned to come forward. And when +it was discovered that they were <i>escaped prisoners</i>, an +enthusiastic grip was given to each by every soldier +present, accompanied by cordial congratulations on +their successful escape from the barbarous enemy who +had had them in custody.</p> + +<p>"Each man," writes Glazier, "took us by the hand, +congratulating us on our eventful and successful escape, +while we cheered the boys for the glorious work they +had accomplished for the Union. Haversacks were +opened and placed at our disposal. There was a great +demand for hard-tack and coffee; but the beauty of it +all was, Major Turner was not there, to say what he +often repeated, 'Reduce their rations; I'll teach the +d—d scoundrels not to attempt to escape!'</p> + +<p>"I cannot forget," he adds, "the sea of emotion +that well-nigh overwhelmed me, as soon as I could +realize the fact that I was no longer a prisoner, and +especially when I beheld the starry banner floating triumphantly +over the invincibles who had followed their +great General down to the sea."</p> + +<p>Our hero and his friend became objects of much<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[293]</a></span> +curiosity, while their eventful escape was the subject +of general conversation and comment by the brave +boys who pressed around them, and who proved to be a +detachment of the One Hundred and First Illinois Volunteers, +Twentieth Army Corps. Their most intimate +friends would have failed to recognize them. Glazier +was clad in an old gray jacket and blue pants, with a +venerable and dilapidated hat which had seen a prodigious +amount of service of a nondescript kind; while +a tattered gray blanket that had done duty for many a +month as a bed by day and a cloak by night, and was +now in the last stage of dissolution from age and general +infirmity, completed his unmilitary and unpretentious +toilet. Having at first no one to identify them, +Glazier and his companion were as strangers among +friends, and necessarily without official recognition. At +length, however, after much searching, they found +Lieutenant Wright's old company, and thus the +refugees became officially identified and recognized +as Federal officers.</p> + +<p>In company with Lieutenant E. H. Fales, who had +been his fellow-prisoner at Charleston, and effected his +escape, Glazier proceeded on horseback to the headquarters +of General Kilpatrick. The General, cordially +welcoming and congratulating Glazier on his +happy escape, at once furnished him with the documents +necessary to secure his transportation to the +North. His term of service having expired, he was +anxious to revisit his family, who thought him dead, +and bidding an affectionate adieu to his friend Wright, +he and Lieutenant Fales embarked on a steamship on +December twenty-ninth for home. After experiencing +the effects of a severe storm at sea, the vessel arrived at<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[294]</a></span> +the wharf of the metropolitan city, and our hero adds: +"I awoke to the glorious realization that I was again +breathing the air of my native State. There was exhilaration +and rapture in the thought, which I could +not repress, and that moment is fixed as a golden era +in my memory. I hope never to become so hardened +that that patriotic and Christian exultation will be an +unpleasant recollection."</p> + +<p>There have probably been few hearts that beat +higher with martial ardor, than that of Willard Glazier; +but at that moment the thought of "Battle's red carnival" +was merged in the gentler recollection of kindred +and friends, rest and home.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[295]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr class='major' /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXVI" id="CHAPTER_XXVI"></a>CHAPTER XXVI.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>GLAZIER RE-ENTERS THE SERVICE.</span> +</h2> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Glazier's determination to re-enter the army. — Letter to Colonel +Harhaus. — Testimonial from Colonel Clarence Buel. — Letter from +Hon. Martin I. Townsend to governor of New York. — Letter +from General Davies. — Letter from General Kilpatrick. — Application +for new commission successful. — Home. — The mother +fails to recognize her son. — Supposed to be dead. — Recognized by +his sister Marjorie. — Filial and fraternal love, — Reports himself +to his commanding officer for duty. — Close of the war and of +Glazier's military career. — Seeks a new object in life. — An idea +occurs to him. — Becomes an author, and finds a publisher.</p></div> + +<p>Home, with its rest, its peaceful enjoyments and +endearments, was no abiding place for our +young soldier while his bleeding country still battled +for the right, and called upon her sons for self-denying +service in her cause. He had registered a vow to +remain in the army until relieved by death, or the +termination of the war. His heart and soul were in +the Union cause, and finding that at the expiration of +his term of service he had been mustered out, he had +determined before proceeding to his home to apply for +another commission, and, if possible, resume his place +at the front.</p> + +<p>The following letter, which we think stamps his +earnest loyalty to the cause he had espoused, and for +which he had already suffered so much, was addressed +to his friend and patron:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[296]</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'><span class="smcap">Astor House, New York</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:4em;'><i>January 10th, 1865</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Colonel Otto Harhaus</span>,</p> + +<p style='padding-left:3em;'>Late of the Harris Light Cavalry:</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dear Colonel</span>: Having reached our lines, an escaped prisoner, +on the twenty-third of last month, I at once took steps to ascertain +my position in the old regiment, and regret to say, was informed at +the war department that as my term of service had expired during +my imprisonment; and, as I had not remustered previous to +capture, I was now regarded supernumerary. I wish to remain in +the service until the close of the war, and so expressed myself before +I fell into the hands of the enemy. Fourteen months in rebel +prisons has not increased my respect for "Southern chivalry"—in +short I have some old scores to settle.</p> + +<p>I write, Colonel, to ascertain if you will be kind enough to advise +me what steps I had better take to secure a new commission in the +Cavalry Corps, and to ask if you will favor me with a letter of +recommendation to Governor Fenton. It was suggested to me at +Washington that I should place my case before him, and, if I conclude +to do so, a note from you will be of great value.</p> + +<p>I learn through Captain Downing that I was commissioned a +first lieutenant upon your recommendation soon after my capture. +If so, I avail myself of this opportunity to acknowledge my deep +sense of the favor, and to thank you very cordially for remembering +me at a time when I was entirely dependent upon your impartial +decisions for advancement in your command.</p> + +<p>I made my escape from the rebel prison at Columbia, South +Carolina, November twenty-sixth, 1864, was recaptured December +fifteenth by a Confederate outpost near Springfield, Georgia; escaped +a second time the following day and was retaken by a detachment +of Texan cavalry under General Wheeler; was tried as a spy at +Springfield; escaped a third time from Sylvania on the nineteenth +of December, and reached the Federal lines near Savannah, four +days later, and twenty-eight days after my escape from Columbia. I +was at General Kilpatrick's headquarters on the Ogeechee, December +twenty-sixth. The general was in the most exuberant spirits, +and entertained me with stories of the Great March from Atlanta +to the sea. He desired to be remembered to all the officers and men +of his old cavalry division in Virginia.</p> + +<p>I expect to be mustered out of service to-day, and if so, shall start +this evening for my home in Northern New York, which I have +not visited since entering the army three years ago.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[297]</a></span></p> + +<p>Soliciting a response at your earliest convenience,</p> + +<p class='center'>I have the honor to remain, Colonel,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:4em;'>Very respectfully, your obedient servant,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'><span class="smcap">Willard Glazier</span>. +</p></div> + +<p>Impatient of delay in the gratification of his ardent +and patriotic desire to rejoin the army, Glazier also +addressed an earnest letter to Hon. M. I. Townsend, +of his native State, accompanying it with the following +glowing testimonial from his late superior officer and +companion in arms, Colonel Clarence Buel:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'><span class="smcap">Saratoga Springs, New York</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:5em;'><i>February 14th, 1865.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hon. Martin I. Townsend</span>:</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>: It is with great pleasure that I introduce to your +acquaintance my friend Lieutenant Willard Glazier. He entered +the service as a private in my company in the "Harris Light +Cavalry," and was promoted for services in the field to his present +rank. I considered him one of the very best and most promising +young officers whom I knew, and his career has only strengthened +my opinion of his merits. After a period of long and gallant service +in the field he had the misfortune to be taken prisoner in a +desperate cavalry fight, and has but recently returned home after +escaping from a terrible confinement of more than a year in the +prison pens at Richmond, Danville, Macon, Savannah, Charleston, +and Columbia. I wish you would take time to hear the modest +recital which he makes of his experience in Southern prisons, and +of his escape; and I feel sure you will agree with me, that he is +worthy of any interest you may take in him.</p> + +<p>He is desirous of re-entering the service as soon as he can procure +a commission in any way equal to his deserts; and I told him that +I knew of no one who could give him more valuable aid than yourself +in his patriotic purpose. I do most cordially commend him to +your consideration, and shall esteem anything you may do for him +as a great personal favor. With very sincere regards,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:3em;'>I am, your obedient friend and servant,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'><span class="smcap">Clarence Buel</span>. +</p></div> + +<p>Hon. Martin I. Townsend, on receipt of Colonel +Buel's flattering introduction, at once interested him<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[298]</a></span>self +in Glazier's behalf; and after fully investigating +his military record handed him the following to the +Governor of New York State:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'><span class="smcap">Troy, New York</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'><i>February 15th, 1865.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">His Excellency R. E. Fenton</span>, Governor of New York:</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>: Willard Glazier, late of the "Harris Light Cavalry," +who served with honor as a lieutenant in that regiment, is a most +excellent young patriot, and has many well-wishers in our city. +He desires to enter the service again. I take the liberty to solicit +for him a commission. No appointment would be more popular +here, and I undertake to say, without hesitation, that I know of no +more deserving young officer. His heart was always warm in the +service, and he now has fifteen months of most barbarous cruelty, +practised on him while a prisoner, to avenge.</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:4em;'>Very respectfully yours,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'><span class="smcap">Martin I. Townsend</span>. +</p></div> + +<p>His former commanders, Generals H. E. Davies and +Judson Kilpatrick, also bore their willing testimony to +the qualifications and merits of our young subaltern in +the following handsome manner:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='right' style='padding-right:3em;'><span class="smcap">Headquarters, First Brigade, Cavalry Division,</span></p> + +<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Near Culpepper, Va.</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:3em;'><i>February 16th, 1865.</i></p> + +<p>To <span class="smcap">His Excellency Hon. R. E. Fenton</span>:</p> + +<p>Lieutenant Willard Glazier, formerly of the Second New York +Cavalry, served in the regiment under my immediate command, for +more than two years, until his capture by the enemy.</p> + +<p>He joined the regiment as an enlisted man, and served in that +capacity with courage and ability, and for good conduct was recommended +for and received a commission as second lieutenant. As +an officer he did his duty well, and on several occasions behaved +with great gallantry, and with good judgment. Owing to a long +imprisonment, I learn he has been rendered supernumerary in his +regiment, and mustered out of service. I can recommend him +highly as an officer, and as well worthy to receive a commission.</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:8em;'>Very respectfully,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:5em;'><span class="smcap">H. E. Davies, Jr.</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'>Brigadier-General U. S. Volunteers. +</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[299]</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'><span class="smcap">Headquarters Cavalry Command</span>, M. D. M.,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'><span class="smcap">Near Savannah, Georgia</span>, <i>December 27th, 1864</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lieutenant Willard Glazier</span>, Harris Light Cavalry:</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lieutenant</span>: I take great pleasure in expressing to you my +high appreciation of your many soldierly qualities. I well remember +the fact that you were once a private in the old regiment I +had the honor to command; and that by attention to duty and good +conduct <i>alone</i>, you received promotion. You have my best wishes +for your future advancement, and may command my influence at +all times.</p> + + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:4em;'>Very respectfully and truly yours,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'><span class="smcap">Judson Kilpatrick</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'>Brigadier-General, U. S. Volunteers. +</p></div> + +<p>His application was crowned with success, and upon +the twenty-fifth of February, 1865, he received his +commission as First Lieutenant in the Twenty-sixth +Regiment, New York Cavalry.</p> + +<p>Not until this important matter was satisfactorily +arranged would our young lieutenant turn his face towards +home. He had been absent about three years, +and a report had reached his family that he had died +in prison at Columbia.</p> + +<p>With his commission in his pocket, he now allowed +thoughts of home to occupy his mind, and proceeded +thither without the loss of a moment. On reaching +the homestead which had been the scene of his birth, +and of the adventures of his boyhood, he knocked and +entered, and his mother met him at the threshold. +Three years between the ages of sixteen and nineteen, +especially after vicissitudes and sufferings such as he +had endured, effect changes in the features and height +and general appearance, much more pronounced than +a similar interval would produce at a later or an earlier +period of life. The mother did not recognize her son; +and seeing this, he did not announce himself, but inquired +if any news had recently been received of her<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[300]</a></span> +son Willard, who, he said, was in the same regiment +as himself. She answered that her son was <i>dead</i>—she +had seen his name in the death-record of the prison of +Columbia, and asked earnestly concerning him. By +this time his sister Marjorie, with three years added to +her stature, but still in her teens, entered the room, +and, looking fixedly at the stranger's solemn countenance, +exclaimed, with a thrilling outcry: "Why, that's +Will!" The spell was broken, and mother and son, +sister and brother, amid smiles and sobs, embraced, and +the young soldier, "who was dead and is alive," was +welcomed to the fond hearts of those who had grieved +over his loss.</p> + +<p>Filial and fraternal love was a trait in Glazier's +character which claims a few words. A dutiful son +and an affectionate brother, he had never neglected an +opportunity of assisting and furthering the interests of +his family. Before entering the army he had contributed +of his scant earnings as a teacher towards the +education of his three sisters, and during his service +in the war had, from time to time, as he received his +pay, made remittances home for the same unselfish +purpose. On being mustered out of the army, the +government had paid him the sum of $500, and this +sum he now generously handed over to his parents to be +also expended in perfecting the education of his sisters.</p> + +<p>Lieutenant Glazier now hastened to report himself +to the commanding officer of his regiment, and displayed +all his wonted energy and devotion to the cause +of the Union. He served faithfully and honorably +until the mighty hosts of the Federal army melted +back into quiet citizenship, with nothing to distinguish +them from other citizens but their scars and the proud<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[301]</a></span> +consciousness of having <span class="smcap">served and saved their country</span>.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>This brief history of the military career of a remarkable +man would not be complete without some account +of his life subsequent to the dissolution of the great +army of volunteers. Willard Glazier's conduct as a +soldier formed an earnest of his future good citizenship—his +devotion to duty at the front, a foreshadow of his +enterprise and success in the business of life.</p> + +<p>Having been honorably mustered out, he lost no +time in looking about for an occupation. Joining the +volunteer army when a mere youth, his opportunities +of learning a profession had been very limited, and he +consequently now found himself without any permanent +means of support. His education had been necessarily +interrupted by the breaking out of the war, and his +chief anxiety, now that the struggle was over, was to +enter college and complete his studies.</p> + +<p>This desire was very intense in our young citizen-soldier, +and absorbed all his thoughts; but where to +find the means for its accomplishment he was at a loss +to discover. In ponderings upon this subject from +day to day, an idea suddenly occurred to him, which +formed an epoch in his life, and the development of +which has proved it to have been the basis of a successful +and useful career. The <i>idea</i> that has borne +fruit was this: During the period of his service in the +war he had kept a diary. Herein he had recorded his +experiences from day to day, adding such brief comments +as the events called for, and time and opportunity +permitted. This diary he always kept upon his +person, and while on a long and hurried march, or in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[302]</a></span> +a battle with the enemy, his <i>vade mecum</i> would be, +of necessity, occasionally neglected, no sooner did the +opportunity offer than his mind wandered back over +the few days' interval since the previous entry, and +each event of interest was duly chronicled. Again +during the period of his confinement in Southern +prisons, sick, and subjected to most inhuman treatment +and privation, and while escaping from his brutal +captors, concealed in the swamps during the day, tired, +hungry, and cold, his diary was never forgotten, albeit, +the entries were frequently made under the greatest +difficulties, such as to most men would have proved insurmountable.</p> + +<p>This journal was now in his possession. He had +stirred the souls of relatives and friends by reading +from it accounts of bloody scenes through which he +had passed; of cruelties practised upon him and his +brother-patriots in Southern bastiles; of his various +attempts to escape, and pursuit by blood-hounds and +their barbarous masters. The story of his war experiences +entranced hundreds of eager listeners around +his home, and the idea that now occurred to him, while +anxiously pondering the ways and means of paying +his college fees, was, that his story might possibly, by +the aid of his diary, be arranged in the form of a +book, and if he were fortunate enough to find a sale for +it, the profits would probably furnish the very thing +he stood so much in need of.</p> + +<p>Prompt in everything, the thought no sooner occurred +to the young candidate for college honors than he proceeded +to reduce it to action. He forthwith commenced +arranging the facts and dates from the diary; +constructed sentences in plain Saxon English; the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[303]</a></span> +work grew upon him; he "fought his battles o'er +again;" was again captured, imprisoned and escaped; +the work continued to grow, and at the end of six +weeks' hard application, always keeping his <i>object</i> in +view, Willard Glazier, the young cavalryman, found +himself an author—<i>i. e.</i>, in manuscript.</p> + +<p>Not a little surprised and gratified to discover that +he possessed the gift of putting his thoughts in a +readable form, he now felt hopeful that the day was +not distant when the desire of his soul to enter college +would be realized.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[304]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr class='major' /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXVII" id="CHAPTER_XXVII"></a>CHAPTER XXVII.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>CAREER AS AN AUTHOR.</span> +</h2> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Glazier in search of a publisher for "Capture, Prison-Pen and +Escape." — Spends his last dollar. — Lieutenant Richardson a friend +in need. — Joel Munsell, of Albany, consents to publish. — The +author solicits subscriptions for his work before +publication. — Succeeds. — Captain Hampton. — R. H. Ferguson. — Captain +F. C. Lord. — Publication and sale of first edition. — Great success. — Pays +his publisher in full. — Still greater successes. — Finally +attains an enormous sale. — Style of the work. — Extracts. — Opinions +of the press.</p></div> + +<p>Still very young, and knowing nothing of the +trade of the Publisher, Glazier found his way to +the Empire City, and, manuscript in hand, presented +himself before some of her leading publishers—among +them, the Harpers, Appletons, Carleton, Sheldon and others.</p> + +<p>To these gentlemen he showed his manuscript, and +received courteous recognition from each; but the +terms they offered were not of a character to tempt +him. They would publish his book and pay him a +small royalty on their sales. His faith in his manuscript +led him to expect more substantial results. The subject +of the work was one of absorbing interest at the +time, and if he had handled it properly, he knew the +book must meet with a commensurate sale. He therefore +determined, if possible, to find a publisher willing +to make it to his order, and leave him to manipulate +the sale himself. He was already in possession of many<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[305]</a></span> +unsolicited orders for it, and although knowing nothing +of the subscription-book business, determined that, +when printed, his book should be brought out by subscription.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile, he was, unfortunately, like many incipient +authors, without capital, and could not therefore +remain longer in New York for lack of means, +having literally nothing left wherewith to defray even +his board or procure a lodging. He was, consequently, +compelled to leave if he could obtain the means of +doing so. He had arrived in New York with sanguine +expectations of readily meeting with a publisher, but +discovered, from bitter experience, as many others +have done, that authors and publishers not unfrequently +view their interests from divergent points. +Courteous but cool, they offered the unknown author +little encouragement, who, but for this, would have +made the metropolis the starting-point in his successful +literary career.</p> + +<p>At this juncture he called on Lieutenant Arthur +Richardson, an old comrade of the "Harris Light," +who had also been his fellow-prisoner, and was then +residing in New York. To him he confided his difficulty +in finding a publisher for his book, and his +extremely straitened circumstances, at the same time +stating his strong wish to return, if possible, to Albany, +where he was known. Without ceremony and without +conditions Richardson generously handed him twenty +dollars, and, with this godsend in hand, Glazier at once +returned to Albany.</p> + +<p>Arrived in the capital of his native State, he lost no +time in calling on the bookmen of that city, and among +them, fortunately, on Mr. Joel Munsell, of 82 State<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[306]</a></span> +street. This gentleman, well known for his learning +and probity throughout the State, and far beyond its +limits, combined the profession of an author with the +more lucrative one of publisher and bookseller, and was +pre-eminently in good standing as a worthy citizen and +man of business.</p> + +<p>Glazier introduced himself, and once more produced +his fateful manuscript for inspection. Mr. Munsell +glanced at it through his glasses, and candidly admitted +the subject to be one of great interest, adding that he +also thought the manuscript was carefully written, and +spoke in general complimentary terms of the author +and his production.</p> + +<p>Glazier, elated with this praise, at once asked to have +the work stereotyped and made into a book of some +four hundred pages, with ten illustrations. Mr. Munsell +would be only too ready to fill the order, but +politely suggested, as a preliminary condition, an +advance of two hundred dollars! Our author modestly +confessed, without hesitation, that he was not worth +two hundred cents; had no means of obtaining such a +sum, and could therefore advance nothing. The worthy +old gentleman was startled, and answered that such +was the custom of the trade. He then inquired if +Glazier had any friends who would endorse a note for +the amount at thirty days. The reply was that he had +none; that he would exert himself to obtain a small sum +from army friends, and if he succeeded, would hand it +over to him; that his only capital at present was +his conduct and character as a soldier, for testimony to +which he would refer to his late commanding officer, +"and," he added, "faith in the success of my book." +He further offered to solicit subscriptions for the book +himself before publication, and report the result to the publisher.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[307]</a></span></p> + +<div class="image"> +<a id='illus28' name='illus28'></a> +<a href='images/illus28h.png'> + <img src='images/illus28.png' + title='Interview With Joel Munsell.' + alt='Interview With Joel Munsell.' /> +</a> +<p class='caption'> +INTERVIEW WITH JOEL MUNSELL. +</p></div> + +<p>Mr. Munsell, pleased with his appearance and ingenuousness, +hinted at the purchase of the manuscript, but +the proposal being respectfully declined, inquired, if the +writer undertook to sell the book himself, would he +"stick to it." "Yes!" was the emphatic answer, +"until everything is fully paid for."</p> + +<p>The reply of Munsell was equally prompt and +decisive: "I have never in all the years I have been +in business published a work under such circumstances, +<i>but I will get that book out for you</i>." Glazier thanked +the worthy man, and expressed a hope that he would +never have occasion to regret his generous deed; he +would place the manuscript in his hands forthwith.</p> + +<p>He then set out to solicit subscriptions for his +work, and without prospectus, circular, or any of the +usual paraphernalia of a solicitor—with nothing but +his own unsupported representations of the quality of +his projected book, succeeded in obtaining a very +considerable number of orders. These he hastened +to hand over to Joel Munsell, who was now confirmed +in his good opinion of the writer, and the +promising character of the venture.</p> + +<p>Thus our young soldier-author was fortunate enough +to find a publisher and a friend in need. A contract +was drawn up, and feeling that his prospects were now +somewhat assured, he ventured to write to his comrade, +and late fellow-prisoner, Captain Hampton, of Rochester, +New York, for the loan of fifty dollars. This +sum was promptly sent him, and he at once handed it +over to his publisher. Mr. R. H. Ferguson, late of +the "Harris Light," also generously came forward to +the assistance of his former comrade and tent-mate, and +advanced him one hundred dollars to help on the work.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[308]</a></span></p> + +<p>It may be stated here, that the friendship of Ferguson +and Glazier dated from before the war, while the +latter, a mere youth, was teaching school near Troy, +in Rensselaer County, New York: that together, on the +summons to arms, they enlisted in the Harris Light +Cavalry; together went to the seat of war; that both +fell into the hands of the rebels and had experience +of Southern prisons; and that both effected their escape +after the endurance of much suffering. Finally, +their friendship and common career resulted in a business +connection which was attended with considerable +success, Mr. Ferguson having become the publisher +of some of Captain Glazier's subsequent writings. +Captain Frederick C. Lord, of Naugatuck, Connecticut, +also contributed to Glazier's need, and enabled him by +the opportune loan of twenty-five dollars to defray his +board bill while waiting anxiously upon Munsell in +the reading of proofs, and soliciting subscriptions in advance.</p> + +<p>To return to the first work of our young author, now +in the hands of Joel Munsell, of Albany, which +was entitled "The Capture, Prison-Pen and Escape;" +the first edition consisted of five hundred copies, which +Glazier by his energy disposed of in a few days, handing +over the proceeds to the publisher. At the end of +six months he had called for several editions of his +book, and sold them all through the instrumentality +of solicitors selected by himself, some of them maimed +soldiers of the war, paid Mr. Munsell in full, and had +himself three thousand dollars in hand. Success is the +mother of success.</p> + +<p>Having prospered thus far beyond his expectations, +he was anxious to add to his store. Visions of large<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[309]</a></span> +sales over other territory than his native State of New +York presented themselves to his eager mind; the +book was purchased by the public as soon as it was +published; reviewers spoke in enthusiastic praise of +its merits. It was not a pretentious work—the author +was simply a young man and a patriot. But passages +of great beauty and of painful interest pervaded it, alternated +with vivid descriptions of battles in which the +writer had himself shared. A veteran author need not +have been ashamed of many of its glowing pages. +Lofty patriotism, heroic fortitude, and moral purity, +characterized it throughout.</p> + +<p>The account given of the sufferings of our soldiers +while in the prison-pens of the South, and of his own +and his comrades' while effecting their escape to the +Federal lines, are so vividly portrayed, that our feelings +are intensely enlisted in their behalf, and our +minds wander to their dreary abodes—in thought +sharing their sufferings and their sorrows.</p> + +<p>Encouraged by his success in this new vocation our +young author resolved, for the present at least, to postpone +going to college, and devote himself to the sale +of his book, by the simple agency before mentioned. +This resolution cannot be considered surprising when +we reflect upon the great amount of prosperity he had +met with, and the prospect before him of attaining +still greater advantage from a business upon which he +had, by the merest accident, ventured. The college +scheme was at length finally abandoned as the business +continued to increase. "The Capture, Prison-Pen +and Escape" ultimately reached the enormous sale of +over four hundred thousand copies; larger by many +thousands than that most extensively circulated and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[310]</a></span> +deservedly popular book, "Uncle Tom's Cabin," had +ever attained to, inclusive of its sale in Europe.</p> + +<p>The first book written and published by Willard +Glazier is of a character to surprise us, when we consider +the antecedents of the writer up to the date of its +publication, December, 1865. Enlisting in the ranks +of a cavalry regiment at the age of eighteen, during +the exciting period of the civil war; a participant in +many of its sanguinary battles; captured by the enemy +and imprisoned under circumstances of the greatest +trial and discouragement, his position and surroundings +were not a very promising school for the training of +an author. The book he produced is, in our judgment, +not unworthy of comparison with the immortal +work of Defoe, with this qualification in our author's +favor that "Robinson Crusoe" is a fiction, while +Glazier's is a true story of real adventure undergone +by the writer and his comrades of the Union army.</p> + +<p>His style in narrating his adventures is admirably +adapted to the subject; while the simple, unpretentious +manner in which he describes the terrible scenes he +witnessed, and passed through, enlists the reader's interest +in the work, and sympathy for the modest writer +himself. By the publication of this book, Glazier +stamped his name upon his country's roll of honor, and +at the same time laid the foundation of his fortune.</p> + +<p>As a specimen of his easy flowing style we give +part of the opening chapter of "Capture, Prison-Pen +and Escape:"</p> + +<p>"The first battle of Bull Run was fought July twenty-first, +1861, and the shock of arms was felt throughout +the land, carrying triumph to the South, and to the +North dismay. Our proud and confident advance into<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[311]</a></span> +'Dixie' was not only checked, but turned into a disastrous +rout. The patriotic but unwarlike enthusiasm +of the country, which had hoped to crush the +rebellion with seventy-five thousand men, was temporarily +stifled. But the chilling was only like that of +the first stealthy drops of the thunder-gust upon a +raging fire, which breaks out anew and with increased +vigor when the tempest fans it with its fury, and now +burns in spite of a deluge of rain. The chill had +passed and the fever was raging. From the great centres +of national life went forth warm currents of +renovating public opinion, which reached the farthest +hamlet on our frontiers. Every true man was grasping +the stirring questions of the day, and was +discussing them with his family at his own fireside, +and the rebellion was just as surely doomed as when +Grant received the surrender of Lee's army. In a +deeper and broader sense than before, the country +was rising to meet the emergency, and northern +patriotism, now thoroughly aroused, was sweeping +everything before it. Everywhere resounded the cry, +'To arms!' and thousands upon thousands were responding +to the President's call.</p> + +<p>"It was under these circumstances that I enlisted, as +a private soldier, at Troy, New York, on the sixth day +of August, in a company raised by Captain Clarence +Buel, for the Second Regiment of New York Cavalry. +It is needless to make elaborate mention of the motives +which induced me to enter the service, or the emotions +which then filled my breast; they can be readily conjectured +by every loyal heart."</p> + +<p>The Press, throughout the North (and West, as far +as its circulation had reached), spoke very highly of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[312]</a></span> +production and of its author, all bearing the same testimony +to its excellence and truthfulness. The Albany +<i>Evening Post</i> says:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"'The Capture, Prison-Pen and Escape' is the title of an intensely +interesting work, giving a complete history of prison-life in +the South. The book is at once accurate, graphic and admirably +written. It is full of adventure, and quite as readable as a romance. +A person who reads this volume will have a better idea of what it +cost in the way of blood, suffering and courage, to preserve the Republic, +than he can now possibly entertain."</p></div> + +<p>The Cleveland <i>Daily Leader</i> writes:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"We have had the pleasure of reading this book. It describes, +in the most graphic and interesting style, the prison-life of Union +soldiers in the South, their plans of escape, and their various trials +and hardships there. The history contained in the book is very +valuable. The Press, all over the land, speaks very highly of it, +and we can do naught but add our commendations to the rest."</p></div> + +<p>The New York <i>Reformer</i> exclaims:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"From the title-page to its close, the volume is full of fresh incidents, +attracting the reader on, from page to page, with unbroken, +though at times with melancholy, at others indignant, and at others +wrathful, interest."</p></div> + +<div class="image"> +<a id='illus29' name='illus29'></a> +<a href='images/illus29h.png'> + <img src='images/illus29.png' + title='Calvary.—foraging Party Returning To Camp.' + alt='Calvary.—foraging Party Returning To Camp.' /> +</a> +<p class='caption'> +CALVARY.—FORAGING PARTY RETURNING TO CAMP. +</p></div> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[313]</a></span></p> + + +<hr class='major' /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXVIII" id="CHAPTER_XXVIII"></a>CHAPTER XXVIII.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>"THREE YEARS IN THE FEDERAL CAVALRY."</span> +</h2> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Another work by Captain Glazier. — "Three Years in the Federal +Cavalry." — Daring deeds of the Light Dragoons. — Extracts from +the work. — Night attack on Falmouth Heights. — Kilpatrick's +stratagem. — Flight of the enemy. — Capture of Falmouth. — Burial +of Lieutenant Decker. — Incidents at "Brandy Station." — "Harris +Light" and "Tenth New York." — "Men of Maine, you must +save the day!" — Position won. — Some Press reviews of the +work.</p></div> + +<p>Through earnest and continued application our +soldier-author had, in the meantime, produced another +book of equal merit with his first. This he named, +"Three Years in the Federal Cavalry." It is a work +of thrilling interest, and contains much of history +relating to the Civil War, and more especially to the +cavalry service. It was the opinion of Captain Glazier +that the Union cavalry had never been properly +appreciated, and for this reason he took up his pen in +its defense. He narrates the daring deeds of our Light +Dragoons, their brilliant achievements during the first +three eventful years of the war; and his own personal +experiences are pictured with a vividness of color and +an enthusiasm of manner which carry the reader +straight to the field of action.</p> + +<p>We quote the following brief but graphic description +of the opening of the great Rebellion, as a specimen of +the style of this second product of his intellect:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[314]</a></span></p> + +<p>"The eleventh of April, 1861, revealed the real +intention of the Southern people in their unprovoked +assault upon Fort Sumpter. The thunder of rebel cannon +shook the air not only around Charleston, but sent +its thrilling vibrations to the remotest sections of the +country, and was the precursor of a storm whose wrath +no one anticipated. This shock of arms was like a +fire-alarm in our great cities, and the North arose in +its might with a grand unanimity which the South did +not expect. The spirit and principle of rebellion +were so uncaused and unprovoked, that scarcely +could any one be found at home or abroad to justify them.</p> + +<p>"President Lincoln thereupon issued a call for +seventy-five thousand men to uphold and vindicate the +authority of the government, and to prove, if possible, +that secession was not only a heresy in doctrine, but an +impracticability in the American Republic. The +response to this call was much more general than the +most sanguine had any reason to look for. The enthusiasm +of the people was quite unbounded. Individuals +encouraged individuals; families aroused families; +communities vied with communities, and States strove +with States. Who could be the first and do the most, +was the noble contention which everywhere prevailed. +All political party lines seemed to be obliterated. +Under this renovating and inspiring spirit the work +of raising the nucleus of the grandest army that ever +swept a continent went bravely on. Regiments were +rapidly organized, and as rapidly as possible sent forward +to the seat of government; and so vast was the +number that presented themselves for their country's +defence, that the original call was soon more than<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[315]</a></span> +filled, and the authorities found themselves unable to +accept many organizations which were eager to press +into the fray.</p> + +<p>"Meanwhile the great leaders of the rebellion were +marshalling the hordes of treason, and assembling +them on the plains of Manassas, with the undoubted +intention of moving upon the national capital. This +point determined the principal theatre of the opening +contest, and around it on every side, and particularly +southward, was to be the aceldama of America, the +dreadful 'field of blood.'</p> + +<p>"The first great impulse of the authorities was in +the direction of self-defence, and Washington was +fortified and garrisoned. This done, it was believed +that the accumulating forces of the Union, which +had become thoroughly equipped and somewhat disciplined, +ought to advance into the revolted Territory, +scatter the defiant hosts of the enemy, and put a speedy +end to the slave-holders' rebellion."</p> + +<p>Again we quote a description of an incident of the +cavalry fight at Brandy Station:</p> + +<p>"At a critical moment, when the formidable and +ever increasing hosts of the enemy were driving our +forces from a desirable position we sought to gain, and +when it seemed as though disaster to our arms would +be fatal, Kilpatrick's battle-flag was seen advancing, +followed by the tried squadrons of the 'Harris Light,' +the 'Tenth New York,' and the 'First Maine.' In +echelons of squadrons his brigade was quickly formed, +and he advanced, like a storm-cloud, upon the rebel +cavalry, which filled the field before him. The 'Tenth +New York' received the first shock of the rebel charge, +but was hurled back, though not in confusion. The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[316]</a></span> +'Harris Light' met with no better success, and, notwithstanding +their prestige and power, they were repulsed +under the very eye of their chief, whose excitement +at the scene was well-nigh uncontrollable. His +flashing eye now turned to the 'First Maine,' a regiment +composed mostly of heavy, sturdy men, who had +not been engaged as yet during the day; and, riding to +the head of the column, he shouted, 'Men of Maine, +you must save the day! Follow me!' With one simultaneous +war-cry these giants of the North moved +forward in one solid mass upon the flank of the rebel +columns. The shock was overwhelming, and the opposing +lines crumbled like a 'bowing wall' before this +wild rush of prancing horses, gleaming sabres, and +rattling balls.</p> + +<p>"On rode Kilpatrick, with the 'men of Maine,' and, +on meeting the two regiments of his brigade, which had +been repulsed, and were returning from the front, the +General's voice rang out like trumpet notes, above the +din of battle, 'Back, the "Harris Light!" Back, the +"Tenth New York!" Reform your squadrons and +charge!' With magical alacrity the order was obeyed, +and the two regiments, which had been so humbled by +their first reverse, now rushed into the fight with a +spirit and success which redeemed them from censure, +and accounted them worthy of their gallant leader. The +commanding position was won; a battery, lost in a +previous charge, was re-captured, and an effectual blow +was given to the enemy, which greatly facilitated the +movements which followed."</p> + +<p>From numerous press notices, eulogistic of this +work, which appeared shortly after its publication, we +select the following from the Chicago <i>Times</i>:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[317]</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"For the thousands of warriors who entered upon life too late to +participate in the war of the rebellion; for the thousands who entered +upon life too soon to be permitted a sight of its glorious and +hideous scenes; for the thousands who snuffed the smoke of battle +from afar; no better book could have been produced than this +'Three Years in the Federal Cavalry.' ... It tells them in +thrilling and glowing language of the most exciting phases of the +contests.... It is a book that will thrill the heart of every old +soldier who reads its historic pages.... The author carries +his readers into every scene which he depicts. Throughout the +book one is impressed with the idea that he saw all that he describes.... +The triumphs, the despondencies, the sufferings, +the joys of the troops, are feelingly and vigorously painted.... +His book is a noble tribute to the gallant horsemen, who have too +often been overlooked."</p></div> + +<p>The Syracuse <i>Herald</i> remarks:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"Among the newest, and we may truly say the best of the books +on the civil war, is a work by the widely-known author, Captain +Willard Glazier, entitled 'Three Years in the Federal Cavalry.' ... +Its pages teem with word-painting of hair-breadth escapes, +of marches, of countermarches, bivouacs and battles without number. +Stirring memories of Brandy Station, Chantilly, Antietam, +Fredericksburg, Yorktown, Falmouth and Gettysburg, are roused by +the masterly <i>raconteur</i>, until in October, 1864, just beyond New Baltimore, +the gallant captain was captured, and for a year languished +in 'durance vile.' The interest in the narrative never flags, but +rather increases with each succeeding page. For those who love to +fight their battles o'er again, or those who love to read of war's +alarms, this volume will prove most welcome."</p></div> + +<p>The New York <i>Tribune</i> is</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"Sure that 'Three Years in the Federal Cavalry' will meet with +the same generous reception from the reading public that has been +given to the former works of this talented young author. The fact +that Captain Glazier was an eye-witness and participant in the +thrilling scenes of which he writes, lends additional interest to the work."</p> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[318]</a></span> +The New York <i>Star</i> says:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"'Three Years in the Federal Cavalry' brings to light many +daring deeds upon the part of the Union heroes, that have never yet +been recorded, and gives an insight into the conduct of the war +which historians, who write but do not fight, could not possibly give. +It is full of incident, and one of the most interesting books upon the +war that we have read."</p></div> + +<p>From the New York <i>Globe</i> we cull the following:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"To a returned soldier nothing is more welcome than conversation +touching his experience 'in the field' with his companions, and next +to this a good book written by one who has known 'how it is himself,' +and who recounts vividly the scenes of strife through which he has +passed. Such a work is 'Three Years in the Federal Cavalry.' +Captain Glazier's experiences are portrayed in a manner at once interesting +to the veteran, and instructive and entertaining to those +who have but snuffed the battle from afar. An old soldier will +never drop this book for an instant, if he once begins it, until every +word has been read. There is an air of truth pervading every page +which chains the veteran to it until he is stared in the face with +'Finis.' The details and influences of camp-life, the preparations +for active duty, the weary marches to the battle-field, the bivouac at +night, the fierce hand-to-hand strife, the hospital, the dying volunteer, +the dead one—buried in his blanket by the pale light of the +moon, far, far away from those he loves—the defeat and victory—every +scene, in fact, familiar to the eye and ear of the 'boy in blue,' +is here most truthfully and clearly photographed, and the soldier is +once more transported back to the days of the rebellion. Captain +Glazier's style is easy and explicit. He makes no endeavor to be +poetic or eloquent, but tells his story in a straightforward manner, +occasionally, however, approaching eloquence in spite of himself. +We cheerfully and earnestly commend 'Three Years in the Federal +Cavalry' to the public as a most readable, entertaining and +instructive volume."</p></div> + +<div class="image"> +<a id='illus30' name='illus30'></a> +<a href='images/illus30h.png'> + <img src='images/illus30.png' + title='A Cavalry Bivouac' + alt='A Cavalry Bivouac' /> +</a> +<p class='caption'> +A CAVALRY BIVOUAC +</p></div> + +<p>Among the manifold testimonials we have seen to +the merits of this work, the following from the poetic +pen of Mrs. Maud Louise Brainerd, of Elmira, New +York, is at once beautiful and eloquent of praise, and +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[319]</a></span> +must not therefore be omitted from the chaplet we are +weaving for the brow of the 'soldier-author:' +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[320]</a></span> +</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Have you heard of our Union Cavalry,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">As Glazier tells the story?<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of the dashing boys of the 'Cavalry Corps,'<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And their daring deeds of glory?<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"This modest volume holds it all,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Their brave exploits revealing,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Told as a comrade tells the tale,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">With all a comrade's feeling.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"The Union camp-fires blaze anew,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Upon these faithful pages,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Anew we tremble while we read<br /></span> +<span class="i2">How hot the warfare rages.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"We hear again the shock of arms,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">The cannon's direful thunder,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And feel once more the wild suspense<br /></span> +<span class="i2">That then our hearts throbbed under.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"The deeds of heroes live again<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Amid the battle crashes,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">As, Phœnix-like, the dead take form<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And rise from out their ashes.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Where darkest hangs the cloud and smoke,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Where weaker men might falter,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The brave Phil Kearney lays his life<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Upon his country's altar.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Kilpatrick's legions thunder by,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">With furious clang and clatter,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Rushing where duty sternly leads,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">To life or death—no matter!<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Oh, hero-warriors, patriots true!<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Within your graves now lying,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">How bright on History's page to-day<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Shines out your fame undying!<br /></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[321]</a></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"The pomp and panoply of war<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Have vanished; all the glitter<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of charging columns, marching hosts<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And battles long and bitter,<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Recede with the receding years,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Wrapped in old Time's dim shadow;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Where once the soil drank patriot gore,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Green, now, grow field and meadow.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"But here the written record stands<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Of all that time of glory,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And bright through every age shall live<br /></span> +<span class="i2">These names in song and story.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Willard Glazier wrote his name<br /></span> +<span class="i2">First in war's deeds, then slipping<br /></span> +<span class="i0">His fingers off the sword, he found<br /></span> +<span class="i2">The mightier pen more fitting.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Read but the book—'twill summon back<br /></span> +<span class="i2">The spirits now immortal,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Who bravely died for fatherland<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And passed the heavenly portal!"<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>Such was the demand for the work that one hundred +and seventy-five thousand copies of it were sold, +and we may safely predicate that in the homes of thousands +of veterans scattered all over the land, the book +has been a source of profound interest in the help it +has afforded them in recounting to family and friends +the thrilling events of their war experience.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[322]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr class='major' /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXIX" id="CHAPTER_XXIX"></a>CHAPTER XXIX.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>"BATTLES FOR THE UNION."</span> +</h2> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"Battles for the Union." — Extracts. — Bull Run. — Brandy +Station. — Manassas. — Gettysburg. — Pittsburg Landing. — Surrender of +General Lee. — Opinions of the press. — Philadelphia "North +American." — Pittsburg "Commercial." — Chicago "Inter-Ocean." — Scranton +"Republican." — Wilkes-Barre "Record of the +Times." — Reading "Eagle." — Albany "Evening Journal."</p></div> + +<p>"Battles for the Union,"—published +by Dustin Gilman and Company, Hartford, +Connecticut—was the next work that emanated from +our soldier author's prolific pen. The most stubbornly +contested battles of the great Rebellion herein +find forcible and picturesque description. "I have endeavored," +Glazier writes in his preface to this interesting +work, "in 'Battles for the Union' to present, +in the most concise and simple form, the great contests +in the war for the preservation of the Republic +of the United States;" and as evidence of the manner +in which this task was undertaken, we shall again +present to the reader some passages from the work +itself.</p> + +<p>As an illustration of descriptive clearness and force, +combined with conciseness and simplicity of narrative, +we present the opening of the chapter on Bull Run:</p> + +<p>"The field of Bull Run and the plains of Manassas +will never lose their interest for the imaginative young +or the patriotic old; for on this field and over these<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[323]</a></span> +plains are scattered the bones of more than forty +thousand brave men of both North and South, who +have met in mortal combat and laid down their lives +in defence of their principles.</p> + +<p>"On the twenty-first of July, 1861, was fought the +battle of Bull Run, the first of a long series of engagements +on these historic plains. The battles of Bristoe, +Groveton, Manassas, Centreville, and Chantilly succeeded +in 1862, and in the summer and autumn of +1863 followed the cavalry actions at Aldie, Middleburg, +Upperville, and New Baltimore.</p> + +<p>"No battle-ground on the continent of America can +present to the generations yet to come such a gigantic +Roll of Honor. Here also was displayed the best +military talent, the keenest strategy, and the highest +engineering skill of our civil war. Here were assembled +the great representative leaders of slavery and +freedom. Here Scott, McDowell, Pope, and Meade +on the Federal side, and Beauregard, Johnson, and +Lee on the Confederate side, have in turn held the +reins of battle and shared both victory and defeat.</p> + +<p>"The action which resulted in the fall of Fort +Sumter developed extraordinary talent in the rebel +General P. G. T. Beauregard, and brought him conspicuously +before the Confederate government. Called +for by the unanimous voice of the Southern people, he +was now ordered to take command of the main portion +of the Confederate army in northern Virginia. He +selected Manassas Junction as his base of operations, +and established his outposts near Fairfax Court-House, +seventeen miles from Washington.</p> + +<p>"General Beauregard's forces, on the line of Bull +Run, numbered on the sixteenth of July nearly forty<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[324]</a></span> +thousand men, and sixty-four pieces of artillery, together +with a considerable body of cavalry. The +threatening attitude of this force, almost within sight +of the National capital, led General Scott to concentrate +the Union forces in that quarter with a view +to meeting the Confederates in battle, and, if possible, +giving a death-blow to the rebellion.</p> + +<p>"Ludicrous, indeed, in the light of subsequent +events, was the general conviction of the hostile sections, +that a single decisive engagement would terminate +the war. Little did the Unionists then know of +the ambitious designs of the pro-slavery leaders, and +still less did the uneducated, misguided masses of the +South know of the patriotism, resources, and invincible +determination of the North. On both sides there was +great popular anxiety for a general battle to determine +the question of relative manhood: and especially +on the side of the South, from an impression that one +distinct and large combat resulting in its favor, and +showing conspicuously its superior valor, would alarm +the North sufficiently to lead it to abandon the war. +The New York <i>Tribune</i>, which was supposed at that +time to be a faithful representative of the sentiment +and temper of the North, said, on the nineteenth of +July, 1861: 'We have been most anxious that this +struggle should be submitted at the earliest moment to +the ordeal of a fair, decisive battle. Give the Unionists +a fair field, equal weapons and equal numbers, and we +ask no more. Should the rebel forces at all justify +the vaunts of their journalistic trumpeters, we shall +candidly admit the fact. If they can beat double the +number of Unionists, they can end the struggle on +their own terms.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[325]</a></span></p> + +<p>"A field for the grand combat was soon found, but +its results were destined to disappoint both the victors +and the vanquished. The South had looked forward +to this field for an acknowledgment of its independence; +the North for a downfall of the rebellion."</p> + +<p>The chapter on "Brandy Station" affords several +illustrations of our author's glowing descriptive power, thus:</p> + +<p>"The words Brandy Station will ever excite a multitude +of thrilling memories in the minds of all cavalrymen +who saw service in Virginia, for this was the +grand cavalry battle-ground of the war.</p> + +<p>"On these historic plains our Bayard, Stoneman, +and Pleasanton have successively led their gallant +troopers against the commands of Stuart, Lee, and +Hampton. The twentieth of August, 1862, the ninth +of June, twelfth of September, and eleventh of October, +1863, are days which cannot soon be forgotten by the +'Boys in Blue' who crossed sabres with the Confederates +at Brandy Station.</p> + +<p>"Converging and diverging roads at this point quite +naturally brought the cavalry of the contending armies +together whenever we advanced to, or retired from, the +Rapidan. Being both the advance and rear-guard of +the opposing forces, our horsemen always found themselves +face to face with the foe on this field; in fact, +most of our cavalrymen were so confident of a fight +here, that as soon as we discovered that we were approaching +the station we prepared for action by tightening +our saddle-girths and inspecting our arms.</p> + +<p>"Upon the withdrawal of the Army of the Potomac +from the Peninsula, General Lee, contemplating the +invasion of Maryland and Pennsylvania, started his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[326]</a></span> +army northward with the view, no doubt, of driving +Pope from northern Virginia, and carrying the Confederate +standard into the loyal States. The battle +of Cedar Mountain temporarily checked his forward +movement and compelled him to retire to the south bank +of the Rapidan. The reappearance of rebel skirmishers +at the various fords of the river on the morning +of August the eighteenth, 1862, was an evidence +to our pickets that the enemy was about to resume hostilities.</p> + +<p>"General Pope at once ordered his artillery and +infantry to retire beyond the Rappahannock, while +General Bayard, commanding the cavalry, was charged +with covering the rear of the retiring army. We disputed +the advance of the rebels so stubbornly that +they found no opportunity to interfere with the retreat +of the main column. The morning of the twentieth +found the 'Harris Light,' Tenth New York, +First Pennsylvania, First Maine, First Rhode Island, +and First New Jersey Cavalry, bivouacked at Brandy Station.</p> + +<p>"The engagement opened at six o'clock by an +attack of Stuart's cavalry upon the 'Harris Light' acting +as rear-guard of Bayard's brigade.</p> + +<p>"This preliminary onset was speedily repulsed by +the 'Harris Light,' which regiment kept the enemy in +check until General Bayard had gained sufficient time +to enable him to form his command at a more favorable +point, two miles north of the station, on the +direct road to the Rappahannock. Here the 'Harris +Light' led by Colonel Kilpatrick and Major Davies, +again charged the advanced regiments of the Confederate +column, thus opening the series of memorable<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[327]</a></span> +conflicts at Brandy Station, and adding fresh laurels +to its already famous record. A deep cut in a hill, +through which the Orange and Alexandria Railroad +passes, checked our pursuit, else we should have captured +many prisoners. The First New Jersey and +First Pennsylvania coming to our relief enabled us to +reform our broken squadrons, and, as Pope had instructed +General Bayard not to bring on a general +engagement, the cavalry now crossed the Rappahannock +and awaited the orders of the general-in-chief."</p> + +<p>The following description of "Manassas or Second +Bull Run" shows great mastery of his subject, and the +possession of a facile and impartial pen:</p> + +<p>"On the twenty-ninth of August, 1862, the storm +of battle again broke over the plains of Manassas, +and surged furiously along the borders of Bull Run +creek and down the Warrenton pike. The figure of +General Franz Sigel stands out in bold relief against +the background of battle, the first actor appearing on +the scene in this drama of war and death.</p> + +<p>"The time is daybreak, and the rosy light of early +dawn, so peaceful and so pure, flushes the sky in +painful contrast to the scenes of strife and bloodshed below.</p> + +<p>"At noon on the day previous, General Pope had +ordered Reno, Kearney and Hooker to follow Jackson, +who, through the miscarriage of well-laid plans, had +been allowed to escape in the direction of Centreville. +McDowell's command, then on the way to Manassas, +was ordered to march to Centreville, while Porter was +directed to come forward to Manassas Junction. The +orders were promptly executed by the various commands, +excepting that of Fitz-John Porter, who unac<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[328]</a></span>countably +on loyal principles, remained inactive during +the ensuing contest. Kearney drove the enemy out of +Centreville, and in their retreat along the Warrenton +Road they encountered the division of King, McDowell's +advance, marching eastward to intercept them.</p> + +<p>"A sharp fight took place, terminating to the advantage +of neither, and at night the contestants bivouacked +near the battle-field.</p> + +<p>"On the night of the twenty-eighth, Pope's forces +were so disposed that twenty-five thousand men under +McDowell, Sigel and Reynolds, were ready to attack +Jackson from the south and west, and the corps of Reno, +Heintzelman, and Porter, consisting of an equal number +of troops, were to complete the attack from the east. Lee +was pushing forward his forces to support Jackson at +Thoroughfare Gap, and it was necessary for the Union +army to use all possible celerity of movement, in order to +make the attack before the main movement of the Confederate +army under Lee could come up. But this combination +failed like many another, and during the night +King's division fell back towards Manassas Junction, +at which place Porter's Corps had recently arrived, and +the road to Gainsville and Thoroughfare Gap was thus +left open to Jackson. A new arrangement of troops +became therefore necessary." ...</p> + +<p>There are several fine passages in the description of +the battle of Gettysburg which show graphic power, +and penetration into the motives of the leaders. The +story of this sanguinary struggle for victory is well told +throughout. We extract the following:</p> + +<p>"Night came on to close the dreadful day. Thus far +the battle had been mostly to the advantage of the +rebels. They held the ground where Reynolds had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[329]</a></span> +fallen, also Seminary Ridge, and the elevation whence +the Eleventh Corps had been driven. They also occupied +the ridge on which Sickles had commenced to +fight. Sickles himself was <i>hors du combat</i> with a shattered +leg, which had to be amputated, and not far from +twenty thousand of our men had been killed, wounded, +and captured. The rebels had also lost heavily in +killed and wounded, but having gained several important +positions, were deluded with the idea that they had +gained a victory.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>"During these days of deadly strife and of unprecedented +slaughter, our cavalry was by no means idle. +On the morning of the first, Kilpatrick advanced his +victorious squadrons to the vicinity of Abbottstown, +where they struck a force of rebel cavalry, which they +scattered, capturing several prisoners, and then rested. +To the ears of the alert cavalry chieftain came the +sound of battle at Gettysburg, accompanied with the +intelligence, from prisoners mostly, that Stuart's main +force was bent on doing mischief on the right of our +infantry lines, which were not far from the night's +bivouac.</p> + +<p>"He appeared instinctively to know where he was +most needed; so, in the absence of orders, early the +next morning he advanced on Hunterstown. At this +point were the extreme wings of the infantry lines, and +as Kilpatrick expected, he encountered the rebel cavalry, +commanded by his old antagonists, Stuart, Lee +and Hampton. The early part of the day was spent +mostly in reconnoitring, but all the latter part of the +day was occupied in hard, bold, and bloody work. +Charges and counter-charges were made; the carbine,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[330]</a></span> +pistol and sabre were used by turns, and the artillery +thundered long after the infantry around Gettysburg +had sunk to rest, well-nigh exhausted with the bloody +carnage of the weary day. But Stuart, who had hoped +to break in upon our flank and rear, and to pounce +upon our trains, was not only foiled in his endeavor by +the gallant Kilpatrick, but also driven back upon his +infantry supports and badly beaten.</p> + +<p>"In the night, Kilpatrick, after leaving a sufficient +force to prevent Stuart from doing any special damage +on our right, swung around with the remainder of his +division to the left of our line, near Round Top, and +was there prepared for any work which might be +assigned him.</p> + +<p>"Friday, July third, the sun rose bright and warm +upon the blackened forms of the dead which were +strewn over the bloody earth; upon the wounded, who +had not been cared for, and upon long glistening lines +of armed men, ready to renew the conflict. Each +antagonist, rousing every slumbering element of power, +seemed to be resolved upon victory or death.</p> + +<p>"The fight commenced early, by an attack of General +Slocum's men, who, determined to regain the rifle-pits +they had lost the evening before, descended like an +avalanche upon the foe. The attack met with a prompt +response from General Ewell. But after several hours +of desperate fighting, victory perched upon the Union +banners, and with great loss and slaughter, the rebels +were driven out of the breast-works, and fell back upon +their main lines near Benner's Hill.</p> + +<p>"This successful move upon the part of our Boys in +Blue was followed by an ominous lull or quiet, which +continued about three hours. Meanwhile the silence<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[331]</a></span> +was fitfully broken by an occasional spit of fire, while +every preparation was being made for a last, supreme +effort, which it was expected would decide the mighty +contest. The scales were being poised for the last time, +and upon the one side or the other was soon to be +recorded a glorious victory or a disastrous defeat. +Hearts either trembled, or waxed strong in the awful +presence of this responsibility.</p> + +<p>"At length one o'clock arrived, a signal-gun was +fired, and then at least one hundred and twenty-five +guns from Hill and Longstreet concentrated and crossed +their fires upon Cemetery Hill, the centre and key of +our position. Just behind this crest, though much +exposed, were General Meade's headquarters. For +nearly two hours this hill was plowed and torn by solid +shot and bursting shell, while about one hundred guns +on our side, mainly from this crest and Round Top, made +sharp response. The earth and the air shook for miles +around with the terrific concussion, which came no +longer in volleys, but in a continual roar. So long +and fearful a cannonade was never before witnessed on +this continent. As the range was short and the aim +accurate, the destruction +was terrible.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>"Gradually the fire on our side began to slacken, +and General Meade, learning that our guns were becoming +hot, gave orders to cease firing and to let the +guns cool, though the rebel balls were making fearful +havoc among our gunners, while our infantry sought +poor shelter behind every projection, anxiously awaiting +the expected charge. At length the enemy, supposing +that our guns were silenced, deemed that the moment +for an irresistible attack had come. Accordingly, as a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[332]</a></span> +lion emerges from his lair, he sallied forth, when +strong lines of infantry, nearly three miles in length, +with double lines of skirmishers in front, and heavy +reserves in rear, advanced with desperation to the +final effort. They moved with steady, measured tread +over the plain below, and began the ascent of the hills +occupied by our forces, concentrating somewhat upon +General Hancock, though stretching across our entire +front.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>"General Picket's division was nearly annihilated. +One of his officers recounted that, as they were charging +over the grassy plain, he threw himself down +before a murderous discharge of grape and canister, +which mowed the grass and men all around him as +though a scythe had been swung just above his prostrate form.</p> + +<p>"During the terrific cannonade and subsequent +charges, our ammunition and other trains had been +parked in rear of Round Top, which gave them splendid +shelter. Partly to possess this train, but mainly +to secure this commanding position, General Longstreet +sent two strong divisions of infantry, with heavy +artillery, to turn our flank, and drive us from this +ground. Kilpatrick, with his division, which had been +strengthened by Merritt's regulars, was watching this +point and waiting for an opportunity to strike the foe. +It came at last. Emerging from the woods in front +of him came a strong battle-line, followed by others.</p> + +<div class="image"> +<a id='illus31' name='illus31'></a> +<a href='images/illus31h.png'> + <img src='images/illus31.png' + title='Battle Of Gettysburg.' + alt='Battle Of Gettysburg.' /> +</a> +<p class='caption'> +BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG. +</p></div> + +<p>"To the young Farnsworth was committed the task +of meeting infantry with cavalry in an open field. +Placing the Fifth New York in support of Elder's +battery, which was exposed to a galling fire, but made<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[333]</a></span> +reply with characteristic rapidity, precision and slaughter, +Farnsworth quickly ordered the First Virginia, the +First Vermont, and Eighteenth Pennsylvania in line +of battle, and galloped away and charged upon the +flank of the advancing columns. The attack was +sharp, brief and successful, though attended with great +slaughter. But the rebels were driven upon their +main lines, and the flank movement was prevented. +Thus the cavalry added another dearly earned laurel +to its chaplet of honor—<i>dearly earned</i>, because many +of their bravest champions fell upon that bloody field.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>"Thus ended the battle of Gettysburg—the bloody +turning-point of the rebellion—the bloody baptism of +the redeemed republic. Nearly twenty thousand men +from the Union ranks had been killed and wounded, +and a larger number of the rebels, making the enormous +aggregate of at least forty thousand, whose blood +was shed to fertilize the Tree of Liberty."</p> + +<p>The following peroration to the glowing account of +the battle of Pittsburg Landing, we quote as an illustration +of the vein of poetry that pervades his +writings:</p> + +<p>"Thus another field of renown was added to the list, +so rapidly increased during these years; where valor +won deathless laurels, and principle was reckoned +weighter than life.</p> + +<p>"Peacefully the Tennessee flows between its banks +onward to the ocean, nor tells aught of the bloody +struggle on its shore. Quietly the golden grain ripens +in the sun, and the red furrow of war is supplanted +by the plowshares of peace. To the child born within +the shadow of this battle-field, who listens wonder<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[334]</a></span>ingly +to a recital of the deeds of this day, the heroes +of Shiloh will, mayhap, appear like the dim phantoms +of a dream, shadowy and unreal, but the results they +helped to bring about are the tissue of a people's life; +the dust he treads is the sacred soil from which sprang +the flowers of freedom, and the institutions for which +these men died, make his roof safe over his head."</p> + +<p>We conclude our extracts from the volume with a +part of the chapter on "The Surrender." The story +is told without flourish of trumpets, and in a manner +to give no offense to the vanquished, while its strict +and impartial adherence to truth must recommend it +to all readers:</p> + +<p>"The last act in the great drama of the war took +place without dramatic accessory. There was no +startling tableau, with the chief actors grouped in effective +attitudes, surrounded by their attendants. No +spreading tree lent its romance to the occasion, as some +artists have fondly supposed.</p> + +<p>"A plain farm-house between the lines was selected +by General Lee for the surrender, and the ceremony of +that act was short and simple. The noble victor did +not complete the humiliation of the brave vanquished +by any triumphal display or blare of trumpets. In +his magnanimity he even omitted the customary usage +of allowing the victorious troops to pass through the +enemy's lines and witness their surrender. The two +great commanders met with courteous salutation, General +Lee being attended by only one of his aides. +General Grant sat down at a table in the barely furnished +room and wrote in lead-pencil the terms of +capitulation, to which Lee dictated an agreement in +writing. His secretary, Colonel Marshall, and Colonel<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[335]</a></span> +Badeau, the secretary of General Grant, made copies +of the agreement from the same bottle of ink.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>"The final situation of the Confederate army before +its surrender was indeed desperate—its environments +hopeless. Hemmed in at Appomattox Court House, on +a strip of land between the Appomattox and James +rivers, the Union army nearly surrounded it on all +sides. Sheridan was in front, Meade in the rear, and +Ord south of the Court House. Lee had no alternative +other than the wholesale slaughter of his reduced +army, or its surrender to Federal authority. He wisely +chose the latter.</p> + +<p>"The decisive battle of Five Forks had put his +army to rout, and sent it in rapid retreat towards the +junction of the Southside and Danville railroads at +Burkesville. The Union troops pressed forward in +pursuit, and it became a vital question which would +reach the junction first. Between Petersburg, their +point of starting, and their destination, at Burkesville, +the distance was fifty-three miles. The roads were bad, +and the troops tired with two days' fighting; but they +pushed on with determination in this race which was +destined to decide the fate of two armies.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>"It was Palm Sunday, April the ninth, 1865, when +the capitulation was signed, in the plain frame dwelling +near Appomattox Court House.</p> + +<p>"One is often struck with the curious coincidences—the +apparent sympathy between nature and important +human events. The dying hours of Cromwell +and Napoleon were marked by violent storms. Omens +in earth and sky were the precursors of the death of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[336]</a></span> +Julius Cæsar and King Duncan. A great comet +heralded the opening of the war, and Palm Sunday—the +day which commemorates the victorious entry of +Christ into Jerusalem, ushered in the welcome reign of +peace. The time was auspicious; the elements were +rocked to sleep in a kind of Sunday repose. The two +armies, so long in deadly hostility, were now facing +each other with guns strangely hushed. An expectant +silence pervaded the air. Every heart was anxiously +awaiting the result of the conference in the historic +farm-house.</p> + +<p>"When at last the news of the surrender flashed +along the lines, deafening cheers rose and fell for more +than half an hour, over the victorious Union army. +Other than this, there was no undue triumphal display +of the victors over the conquered foe.... The shout +of joy which was sent up that day from Appomattox +Court House echoed through the entire North. Cannons +boomed forth their iron pæans of victory; the +glad clash of bells was heard ringing 'peace and freedom +in,' and bonfires flamed high their attestation of +the unbounded delight everywhere exhibited. The day +of jubilee seemed to have come, and rejoicing was the +order of the hour. The storm of war which had +rocked the country for four long years, was now rolling +away, and the sunlight of peace fell athwart the +national horizon. The country for which Washington +fought and Warren fell was once more safe from +treason's hands, and liberty was again the heritage of +the people."</p> + +<p>The Northern and Western press, as heretofore, +again bore its flattering testimony to our author's diligence, +truthfulness and loyalty to his colors; and to the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[337]</a></span> +surprising facility with which a soldier could sheathe +his sword and wield a pen, charming alike the veteran +by his details of valor, and the mother, wife and sister +by his stories of pathos from the battle-field.</p> + +<p>The following is from the Philadelphia <i>North American</i>:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"'Battles for the Union.'—Thoroughly representative of the +courage and ability shown on either side in the great struggle that +lasted from the close of 1860 to April, 1865. It is not the purpose of +the author to present a standard and critical work like the works of +Jomini, Napier and Allison; nor to include a discussion of political +questions. His aim is rather to furnish a vivid and correct account +of the principal battles in such simple and intelligible terms that every +reader may gain a precise idea of each. His style is rather graphic +and vigorous than ornate. He introduces effective details and personal +episodes. His facts are gleaned from a variety of sources as +well as from personal knowledge; and though proud of his own +cause and of his companions, he does not belittle their renown by +decrying the valor or the intelligence of his opponents. The conflicts +themselves will never be forgotten. It is desirable that they +shall be kept vivid and clear in the minds of the rising generation, +to cultivate a correct idea of the necessity of personal valor and of +military preparation and capacity, as well as impress a serious idea +of the momentous importance of political issues. Captain Glazier's +volume is excellently fitted to instruct and interest everywhere."</p></div> + +<p>The Pittsburg <i>Commercial</i> says:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"Commencing with the siege and final surrender of Fort Sumter, +the author traces the progress of the Union armies through all the +chief battles of the war, giving vivid and glowing descriptions of +the struggles at Big Bethel, Bull Run, Wilson's Creek, Ball's Bluff, +Mill Spring, Pea Ridge, the fight between the 'Merrimac' and +'Monitor,' Newbern, Falmouth Heights, Pittsburg Landing, Williamsburg, +Seven Pines, Fair Oaks, Malvern Hill, Cedar Mountain, +Brandy Station, Manassas or Second Bull Run, Chantilly, Antietam, +Corinth, Fredericksburg, Stone River, Chancellorsville, Aldie, Upperville, +Gettysburg, Vicksburg, Port Hudson, Falling Waters, +Chickamauga, Bristoe, New Baltimore, Fort Fisher, Olustee, Fort +Pillow, Cold Harbor, Fort Wagner, Cedar Creek, Waynesboro,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[338]</a></span> +Bentonville, Five Forks, and down to the surrender of Lee. Captain +Glazier has evidently had access to the official records of the war, +and his narrative of the great events are therefore accurate. The +book is one the reading of which will make the blood tingle in the +veins of every soldier who took part in the late war, while it will +deeply interest every lover of his country. As a book for boys, it +has few, if any, superiors."</p></div> + +<p>The Chicago <i>Inter-Ocean</i> writes:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"'Battles for the Union' is such a history as every soldier and +every man who has a pride in his country, should wish to possess. +Captain Glazier was no carpet knight. He shared the glories of +the Harris Light Cavalry in camp and field, earning his promotion +from the non-commissioned ranks to the command for which he was +so admirably fitted. There is the scent of powder in what he writes, +the vivid reality of sight and understanding. We are particularly +charmed with his style, which is plain, blunt, direct, and free from +strain or affectation. He describes the fights as they were fought; +individual deeds of bravery as they were performed; the march +and its trials; the defeat and its causes; the victory and its effects. +With the ardor of a young patriot, and the generous admiration of +a good soldier, he feels as great a pride in the successes of a rival +corps as in his own. Nor is this an unworthy feature of his work, +because the army was full of little, and sometimes not particularly +friendly, rivalries. Willard Glazier's chapters, in which every +battle may be regarded as a separate picture, read like a grand +panoramic view of gallant deeds and warlike pageantries. If the +author occasionally covers up a clear defeat, excusing it with graceful +art; if he feels disposed to over-estimate a slight advantage, and +to claim a victory where the battle was evidently drawn, he errs +upon the side of love for the Boys in Blue, and pride in the flag +under which he fought. The work is divided into forty-four chapters, +each containing a different battle. We confidently recommend +these graphic and life-like pictures to the notice of our readers. +They are thrilling as the sound of the trumpet, and soul-inspiring +as the songs of Ossian. We call the reader's attention to the +description of the combat between the 'Merrimac' and 'Monitor' +in chapter eight. It is something which will fill with pride the +sailor's heart."</p></div> + +<hr class='major' /> + +<!-- n.b. there is no page 339 or 340 in the original --> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">[341]</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXX" id="CHAPTER_XXX"></a>CHAPTER XXX.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>"HEROES OF THREE WARS."</span> +</h2> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Literary zeal. — "Heroes of Three Wars" — Extract from preface. — Sale +of the work. — Extracts: Washington. — Winfield Scott. — Zachary +Taylor. — Grant. — Sheridan. — Kilpatrick. — Press +reviews, a few out of many: Boston "Transcript." — Chicago +"Inter-Ocean." — Baltimore "Sun." — Philadelphia "Times." — Cincinnati +"Enquirer." — Worcester "Spy." — Pittsburg "Gazette."</p></div> + +<p>By this time our soldier-author found himself not +only famous, but, through the enormous sale of +his books, in comparatively affluent circumstances. His +literary zeal, however, was not yet spent, and work succeeded +work with a rapidity almost without parallel, +while the extent of their sale exceeded anything hitherto +known in the literary world.</p> + +<p>"Heroes of Three Wars," issued by Hubbard +Brothers, Philadelphia, the latest production of his +pen which he has as yet published, comprises original +and life-like sketches of the brave soldiers of the +Revolutionary, Mexican and Civil Wars; and the +stories are told in a way that is not easily forgotten. +In the wide field presented by these three important +epochs in the history of our country, Glazier has +labored to inculcate in the minds of young Americans +the virtues of gallantry, true worth, and patriotism; +and his work is valuable as presenting to the student +in a small compass, so much of interest in biography +and history.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">[342]</a></span></p> + +<p>In the preface to the work he observes: "Washington, +Scott and Grant are names that will live forever +in our history; not because they were the subjects of a +blind adulation, but because their worth was properly +estimated, and their deeds truthfully recorded. The +time for deifying men has long since passed; we prefer +to see them as they are—though great, still human, +and surrounded with human infirmities; worthy of +immortal renown, not because they are unlike us, but +because they excel us and have performed a work +which entitles them to the lasting gratitude of their +countrymen. Another object of this book is to group +around these three generals, those officers and men who +climbed to immortality by their side, shared their fortunes, +helped to win their victories, and remained with +them to the end." Again: "Biographies possess but +little value unless they give living portraits, so that +each man stands out clear and distinct in his true character +and proportions."</p> + +<p>Several thousand copies of this valuable work have +already been called for by the public, and it bids fair +to equal its predecessors in amount of circulation. As +a specimen of its style, we present to the reader the following +extract from the biographical sketch of Washington:—"There +is a singular unanimity of opinion +in ascribing to George Washington an exceptional +character. It was certainly one of peculiar symmetry, +in which a happy combination of qualities, +moral, social and intellectual, were guided to appropriate +action by a remarkable power of clear judgment. +It was just the combination calculated to lead a spirited +and brave people through such a trying crisis as the +American Revolution. His star was not dark and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">[343]</a></span> +bright by turns—did not reveal itself in uncertain and +fitful glimmerings—but shone with a full and steady +luminosity across the troubled night of a nation's beginning. +Under these broad and beneficent rays the +Ship of State was guided, through a sea of chaos, to +safe anchorage. The voyage across those seven eventful +years was one that tried men's souls. Often, appalling +dangers threatened. Wreck on the rocks of Disunion, +engulfment in the mountain waves of opposition, +starvation and doubt and mutiny on shipboard—these +were a few of the perils which beset their course. But +a royal-souled Commander stood at the helm, and discerned, +afar-off, the green shores of liberty. On this +land the sunshine fell with fruitful power. The air +was sweet with the songs of birds. Contentment, +peace, prosperity, reigned. Great possibilities were +shadowed forth within its boundaries, and a young +nation, growing rapidly towards a splendid era of enlightenment, +was foreseen as a product of the near +future. It took a man with deep faith in the ultimate +rule of right and in humanity, to occupy that position; +a man with large heart, with unselfish aims, with prophetic +instincts, with clear and equalized brain. George +Washington possessed all these qualities—and more!"</p> + +<p>The following is from the admirably graphic sketch +of the sturdy soldier, Winfield Scott: "On the twenty-fifth +of the same month (July, 1814), a little below +that sublime spot where the wide waste of waters +which rush over the Falls of Niagara roar and thunder +into the gulf below, and where Lundy's Lane meets +the rapid river at right angles, was enacted the scene +of conflict which took its name from the locality, and +is variously called the battle of 'Lundy's Lane,' or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">[344]</a></span> +'Niagara.' The action began forty minutes before +sunset, and it is recorded that the head of the American +column, as it advanced, was encircled by a rainbow—one +which is often seen there, formed from the +rising spray. The happy omen faithfully prefigured +the result; for when, under the cloudy sky of midnight +the battle at length terminated, the Americans +were in possession of the field, and also the enemy's +cannon, which had rained such deadly death into their +ranks. In this action General Scott had two horses +killed under him, and about eleven o'clock at night he +was disabled by a musket-ball wound through the left +shoulder. He had previously been wounded, and at +this juncture was borne from the fray. He had piloted +Miller's regiment through the darkness to the height +on Lundy's Lane, where the enemy's batteries were +posted, and upon which the grand charge was made +that decided the battle. Throughout the action he was +the leading spirit of the occasion, giving personal direction +to the movements of his men, and lending the +inspiration of his presence to all parts of the field."</p> + +<p>Of Zachary Taylor, our author writes, in his masterly +way: "The blaze of glory which is concentrated +upon the name and life of Zachary Taylor, reveals a +hero as true in metal, as sterling in virtue, as intrepid +in action, and tender of heart, as ever lifted sword in +the cause of honor or country. On him has fallen that +most sacred mantle of renown, woven from the fabric +of a people's confidence, and lovingly bestowed—not as +upon a being of superior race to be worshipped, but +because he was a leader from among themselves—truly +of the people. He was honored with their fullest +trust in his integrity, and with their largest faith in his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">[345]</a></span> +uprightness as a man. As Daniel Webster truly said, the +best days of the Roman republic afforded no brighter +example of a man, who, receiving the plaudits of a +grateful nation, and clothed in the highest authority of +state, reached that pinnacle by more honest means; +who could not be accused of the smallest intrigue or of +pursuing any devious ways to political advancement +in order to gratify personal ambition. All the circumstances +of his rise and popularity, from the beginning +of his career, when, amid blood and smoke, he made +the heroic defence of Fort Harrison, to the wonderful +battles of Palo Alto, Resaca, and Buena Vista, and at +last the attainment of the Presidential chair—all repel +the slightest suspicion of sinister motive, or a wish for +individual aggrandizement. The unwavering rule of +his life—his guide in every action—was the simple +watchword, 'duty.'</p> + +<p>"As to his qualities of leadership, they shone out in +high relief, from first to last. In the war of 1812, he +was only a captain, yet at Fort Harrison he inspired +the scanty garrison with a belief in his power, and they +gave him their devoted support. In the Florida campaign +he commanded only a brigade, yet he seemed to +infuse into every soldier the most courageous bravery. +In the beginning of the war with Mexico, he marched +into action at the head of a single division, and when +this force afterwards swelled into an army, it did not +prove too much for the resources of its commanding +general. The frowning heights and barricaded streets +of Monterey, bristling with ten thousand Mexicans, did +not daunt him. What though he had only six thousand +men with which to hold them in siege? The +assault was fearlessly made, the streets were stormed,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">[346]</a></span> +the heights were carried, the city was won—and +kept!</p> + +<p>"The brilliant victory of Buena Vista, where five +thousand Americans hurled back and repulsed a tumultuous +Mexican horde of twenty thousand, only reiterates +the same marvelous story of superior leadership."</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>"Fresh from these splendid achievements, he received +the nomination for President over the names of +Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and General Scott. It +was a spontaneous expression of the people's confidence, +unheralded and unsought. And when he was triumphantly +elected over the Democratic and Free-soil candidates—General +Cass, Martin Van Buren, and Charles +Francis Adams—he accepted the high office in a spirit +of humility and simple compliance with duty."</p> + +<p>In the sketch of General U. S. Grant's life, our +author has written with a masterly hand the outlines +of the grand career of his favorite general, the salient +points of which are given with a soldierly energy and +dash befitting the theme. Thus the chapter commences:</p> + +<p>"The occasion often creates the man, but the man +who <i>masters</i> the occasion is born, not made. Many are +pushed to the surface, momentarily, by the pressure of +events, and then subside into common levels; but he is +the true commander during a crisis, who can wield the +waves of difficulty to advantage, and be a sure pilot +amid the on-rush of events when they thicken and +deepen into a prolonged struggle.</p> + +<p>"When, during the late war, our country needed a +leader to face and quell the threatened danger of disunion, +and conduct her armies to successful issues; and +when Government entrusted those momentous issues<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">[347]</a></span> +to Ulysses S. Grant, 'the man and the moment had +met,'—the occasion had found its master.</p> + +<p>"Napoleon said that the most desirable quality of a +good general was that his judgment should be in equilibrium +with his courage. To no commander of modern +times could this rule apply with more force than +to Grant. A man of no outward clamor of character, +no hint of bluster or dash, quiet-voiced, self-controlled, +but not self-asserting, he yet displayed vast power as +an organizer, as a tactician, and in masterly combinations +of large forces so as to produce the most telling +effects. It has been truly said of him that no general +ever stamped his own peculiar character upon an army +more emphatically than did Grant upon the Army of +the Tennessee. It was the only large organization +which, as a whole, never suffered a defeat during the +war. It was noted for its marvelous persistence—its +determined fighting qualities—and had the reputation +of being sure to win any battle that lasted over a day, +no matter what the odds against it. It was at Grant's +recommendation that a united command was concentrated +in the Mississippi Valley—which concentration +has since been acknowledged to have been the basis of +all our subsequent victories.</p> + +<p>"Generosity, mildness and kind-heartedness, shone +as conspicuously in Grant's character as his firmness +and great generalship. Simplicity of manner and +kindness of heart are always characteristic of the true +hero.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">'The bravest are the tenderest,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The loving are the daring.'<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p style="text-indent:0;">"The rapid and bold descent upon Fort Donelson, +the unconquerable determination exhibited at Shiloh,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">[348]</a></span> +the brilliant capture of Vicksburg, and the high military +science displayed at Chattanooga Valley, Look-out +Mountain, and Missionary Ridge—these have +never been surpassed in military history, in splendor +of execution, or judiciousness of combination." ...</p> + +<p>For brevity and comprehensiveness we commend +the following unique paragraph on the genealogy of his +subject:</p> + +<p>"The great-grandfather of Ulysses was Captain Noah +Grant, who was killed at the battle of White Plains, +during the French and Indian wars, in 1776. His +grandfather, Noah Grant, Jr., fought at Lexington as +lieutenant of militia, and afterwards, during the Revolution. +His father, Jesse, emigrated from Pennsylvania +to Ohio, and was married at Point Pleasant, +Ohio, June, 1821, to Hannah Simpson, whose father +was also from the Keystone State. Ulysses was born +the following year, April twenty-seventh, 1822."</p> + +<p>We quote again from the sketch of Grant:</p> + +<p>"On the sixth of February the brilliant reduction +of Fort Henry, on the Tennessee, was accomplished +by Foote, and Fort Donelson, twelve miles distant, +was next in line. Grant and Foote were co-operating +by land and water; but Foote did not meet here with +the same success that attended him at Fort Henry. +It was the fifteenth of February, and Grant had spent +two or three days in making an investment of the high +and wooded bluff from which frowned the guns of +Donelson. Before daybreak, on the fifteenth, he had +gone on board the flag-ship of Foote, in consultation +as to the time and manner of attack, when the enemy +swept from their works and fell upon the Union lines +with tremendous force. The fighting became furious<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">[349]</a></span> +at once, and for some time the battle-line swayed to +and fro, between victory and defeat. It was desperate +work; brigades and regiments were repulsed and by +turns advanced—the brave commands disputing every +inch of the rocky and difficult battle-field. When +Grant reached the scene it was 'to find his right thrown +back, ammunition exhausted, and the ranks in confusion.' +With quick inspiration he took in the situation +at a glance, comprehended that the enemy had +exhausted his greatest strength, and ordered an +immediate attack by the left on the Confederate works +in front. General Smith was in command of this +portion of the army, and had not actively participated +in the conflict. He therefore brought fresh troops to +the assault. McClernand was also ordered to reform +his shattered ranks and advance. The combined +forces charged with splendid valor up the rocky steeps, +in the blaze of a withering fire poured down upon +them from the fort. They did not falter for a single +instant, but reaching the summit, swept over and into +the Confederate works with ringing cheers. On the +next morning a white flag was seen flying from the +fort, and under its protection, proposals for an armistice +were sent in. Grant replied that unconditional +surrender, and that immediately, must be made, or he +would move on their works at once. Thereupon, +Buckner, who was in command, surrendered the fort +with its thirteen thousand men. This splendid victory +blazoned the name of Grant all over the country, and +he immediately became the people's hero."</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>"His next achievement, the capture of Vicksburg, +was wonderful indeed. Its natural strength of posi<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">[350]</a></span>tion +on a high bluff, one hundred feet above the water +level, added to the formidable array of defences which +bristled defiance to all foes, made Vicksburg a very citadel +of power, and the fifty thousand men stationed +there under Pemberton and Price did not lessen the +difficulties to be overcome. A fort, mounting eight +guns, sentineled the approach to the city from beneath, +while the heights above were guarded by a three-banked +battery. Eight miles of batteries lined the shore +above and below Vicksburg. Grant made several +fruitless attempts to get to the rear of the city by digging +canals across the strip of land on which it stood, +and making an inland route; but each one, after +herculean labor, had been abandoned. He now decided +on the bold enterprise of running the gauntlet +of these batteries with his transports. This desperate +feat was successfully accomplished; but before he +could land his troops at Grand Gulf, which he had +selected as his starting-point, it was necessary to run +its batteries as he had those of Vicksburg, land his +troops farther down the river, and capture the place +by hard fighting. He waited for nothing. Hurrying +forward the moment he touched land, his object was to +take Grand Gulf before the enemy could reinforce +it.... After conquering Grand Gulf, where he +expected Banks to join him, he was confronted with +the refusal of that general to co-operate with him. In +this dilemma nothing but a master-stroke of genius could +wring success from the materials of defeat. He saw +what was before him, and with true inspiration became +the master of circumstances. At the head of his brave +command he pushed inland, aiming to crush the enemy +'in detail before he could concentrate his forces.' By<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">[351]</a></span> +a rapid series of brilliant marches, battles and victories, +Grant had, at last, on the nineteenth of May, succeeded +in completely investing Vicksburg. The whole plan +from its outset was brilliant to an extraordinary degree, +and the tireless persistence and energy shown in its +accomplishment, stamped this man as a very Gibraltar +of military genius.</p> + +<p>"An assault on the enemy's works at first, had proven +a failure, and now the wonderful siege began. For +forty-six days the digging and mining went patiently +forward, while screaming shells and booming shot produced +a reign of terror in the city, until at last, Pemberton +could hold out no longer and surrendered his +starving garrison to the superior prowess and strategy +of Grant. It was the morning of the fourth of July +when our troops took possession of Vicksburg, and +ran up the stars and stripes from the top of the court-house. +The soldiers, standing beneath it, sang 'Rally +round the Flag,' and Grant became more than ever the +popular hero. On the thirteenth of July, Lincoln +wrote him a letter of 'grateful acknowledgment for +the almost inestimable service' he had rendered the +country. In September he was placed in command +of the 'Departments of the Ohio, of the Cumberland, +and of the Tennessee, constituting the Military Division +of the Mississippi.'</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>"Grant assumed the duties of his high office [the +lieutenant-generalship of the army] without flourish +of any sort, and proceeded to inaugurate the successive +steps of his last great campaign. The military resources +which centered in his hand were stupendous, +but had they fallen under the control of a man less<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">[352]</a></span> +great than he, their very immensity would have rendered +them powerless. The splendid army of the +Potomac was on the move by May third, and the last +march to Richmond had begun. Then came the three-days' +battle of the Wilderness, on the south bank of the +Rapidan, bloody and terrible and strange, during +which some of our troops were fighting continuously +for forty-eight hours; and following close after came +also Spottsylvania, which was the result of an endeavor +to cut off Lee's retreat. This, too, was a desperate +conflict, where precious blood flowed in rivers. Then +followed the race between the two opposing armies, for +the North Anna. After crossing this river, and finding +the Confederates occupying a fortified position on +the South Anna, Grant 'swung his army around to the +Pamunky, and pitched his head-quarters at Hanover +Court House,' These masterly flank movements, in +which he manœuvred his vast army with such ease, +exhibited his marvelous genius in stronger light than +ever before. From the Pamunky he advanced to the +Chickahominy, and, after the battle of Cold Harbor, +made a rapid but quiet change of front on the night +of the twelfth of June, and two days afterwards crossed +the James and advanced against Petersburg and Richmond. +The attack, at first a success, failed through a +blunder, not Grant's; and then began the long siege +which ended at last in the evacuation of Petersburg +and Richmond. Nowhere was the joy more heartfelt +over these results than among the released captives of +Libby Prison.</p> + +<p>"Lee made a desperate endeavor to escape the +'manifest destiny' that pursued him, and led his army +a 'race for life.' But Grant, close on his track,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">[353]</a></span> +environed him on all sides, and the surrender at +Appomattox became inevitable. When, at the final +scene, Lee presented his sword to Grant, the great general +handed it back to him, saying, 'it could not be +worn by a braver man.'"</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>We present the reader with the following extracts +from the sketch of General Sheridan. It will be +observed that the author is extremely happy in the +selection of his subjects, his aim evidently being to +include those only whose reputation for heroism is +unquestioned and national.</p> + +<p>"Sheridan is probably the most intense type of 'soldiership' +brought to light by the last war. Nor can +any other war furnish an individual example that will +surpass him in fiery concentration. In battle he is the +very soul of vehement action—the incarnate wrath of +the storm. No historian can ever portray the man so +truly as did the remarkable victory of Cedar Creek—a +result solely of his extraordinary power. The marvelous +will-force with which he could hurl himself in +the front of battle, and infuse his own spirit of unconquerable +daring into the ranks, is phenomenal, to say +the least."</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>"When Grant became Lieutenant-General, Sheridan +was given the command of the cavalry of the army +of the Potomac, and all his subsequent movements +evinced wonderful daring, skill and energy. No trust +committed to his charge was ever misplaced, no matter +what its magnitude or importance.</p> + +<p>"When the Confederate Generals Ewell and Early +were sent into the Shenandoah Valley, and went so<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">[354]</a></span> +far north as to threaten Washington, Grant consolidated +the four military divisions of the Susquehanna, Washington, +Monongahela and West Virginia, into the +'army of the Shenandoah,' and placed Sheridan in +command. He defeated Early at Opequan, September +nineteenth—for which he was made brigadier-general +of the United States army; defeated him again at +Fisher's Hill on the twenty-second, and on October +the nineteenth occurred the battle of Cedar Creek.</p> + +<p>"The position of Sheridan's army at this time was +along the crest of three hills, 'each one a little back +of the other,' The army of West Virginia, under +Crook, held the first hill; the second was occupied by +the Nineteenth Corps, under Emory, and the Sixth +Corps, with Torbet's cavalry covering its right flank, +held the third elevation. Early, marching his army +in five columns, crossed the mountains and forded the +north branch of the Shenandoah River, at midnight, +on the eighteenth. He knew that Sheridan had gone +up to Washington, and wanted to take advantage of +his absence to surprise the unsuspecting camp. The +march was conducted so noiselessly that, though he +skirted the borders of our position for miles, nothing +came to the ears of our pickets, save in a few instances +where a heavy muffled tramp was heard, but disregarded +as of no consequence.</p> + +<p>"The gray gloom of early morning hovered over +the camp, when a reconnoitring force from Crook's +army was preparing to go out. Suddenly, a wild yell +burst through the fog which hid from view the Confederate +army. A withering musketry fire and the +clash of arms quickly followed. Before our surprised +and panic-stricken troops could be formed in battle-array,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">[355]</a></span> +the enemy were upon them, and after a short +and sharp encounter, the army of Western Virginia +was thrown into utter rout—a mass of fugitives flying +before the pursuing foe back towards the second hill +where the Nineteenth Corps was encamped.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>"The Nineteenth Corps attempted to arrest the Confederate +advance, but the enemy getting in our rear +and enfilading us with our captured batteries, the +troops broke ranks and fell back in confusion towards +the encampment of the Sixth Corps, on the third hill +in the rear.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>"Sheridan, meantime, was at Winchester, where he +had arrived the night before, intending to go on to +Cedar Creek the next morning. As he sipped his +coffee at breakfast he did not for an instant dream of +the terrible rout and disaster hovering at that moment +over his army. When he rode out of Winchester the +vibrations of the ground under the heavy discharges +of artillery in the distance gave the first intimations +of danger. But he was not yet alarmed, knowing the +security of his position. As he went onward, however, +the thunder of the cannon deepened, and then the terrible +truth flashed upon him. He dashed spurs into +his horse and was soon tearing madly along the road, +far ahead of his escort.</p> + +<p>"For five anxious hours the desperate struggle had +gone on, when Sheridan arrived on the field, encountering +first the stream of fugitives surging northward. +They turned about as they saw their invincible leader +flying towards the front, and even the wounded along +the roadside cheered him as he passed. Swinging his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">[356]</a></span> +cap over his head, he shouted: 'Face the other way, +boys!—face the other way! We are going back to +our camps! We are going to lick them out of their boots!'</p> + +<p>"It was about ten o'clock when, with his horse +covered with foam, he galloped up to the front. Immediately, +under his quick commands, the broken +ranks were reformed, and when the Confederates made +their next grand charge across the fields the terrific +repulse that met and hurled them back showed the +turn of the tide, and compelled them to relinquish the +offensive. For two hours Sheridan rode back and +forth along the line, seeming to be everywhere at once, +infusing into the men his own daring courage and enthusiasm. +Shouts and cheers followed him; and +though the tired soldiers had been fighting for five +long hours and had eaten nothing since the night before, +his presence was both food and inspiration, and +everything seemed to be forgotten in an all-controlling +impulse to follow their glorious leader to victory.</p> + +<p>"Early retired his troops a short distance after their +repulse, and began throwing up breastworks. But the +intrepid Sheridan had no notion of allowing him to +retain that position. He meant to regain Cedar Creek +and rout the enemy. At half-past three a bold charge +was made. An awful musketry and artillery fire was +poured into the advancing Union columns, and, at first, +the lines broke and fell back; but Sheridan rose at +once to the needs of the crisis, and with superhuman +efforts restored order and resumed the advance. Then +came 'the long-drawn yell of our charge,' and 'everything +on the first line, the stone walls, the tangled wood, +the advanced crest, and half-finished breastworks, had +been carried.'<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">[357]</a></span></p> + +<p>"The panic-stricken enemy was sent flying in utter +rout through Middletown, through Strasburg, through +Fisher's Hill, and to Woodstock, sixteen miles beyond. +Early was thus effectually driven out of the +Shenandoah Valley, and permanently crippled.</p> + +<p>"This wonderful victory, due to Sheridan's personal +presence alone, put a crown on his head which few +warriors could pluck from the heights of Fame."</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>"On March the fourth, 1869, he received the promotion +of lieutenant-general, and was appointed to +the command of the Division of the Missouri, of the +Platte, and of Texas, with head-quarters at Chicago."</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>The name of Kilpatrick kindles enthusiasm in the +breast of every cavalryman of the late war, and our +author, having served under him, has sketched his life, +<i>con amore</i>, in vivid and thrilling language, and with +a keen appreciation of his great merits as a cavalry +leader. The following extract will confirm our view:</p> + +<p>"Like the French Murat, Kilpatrick seems to have +been born to become a very demi-god of cavalry. +Daringly heroic on the field, he displayed a supreme +genius for war, especially for that department of the +service whose alarum cry is, 'To horse!' and whose +sweeping squadrons, with wild clatter of hoofs, seem +to the fervid imagination to be making a race for +glory, even though it be through the gates of death.</p> + +<p>"It is quite in keeping with everything about Kilpatrick +that he should choose the cavalry as a vehicle +for his high ambition and noble patriotism. Such +energies as his could scarcely be content with less dash +or less brilliance of action. The beginning of his war +career was one of romance, and his previous life indi<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">[358]</a></span>cated +an unusual range of abilities. He first figures as +the boy-orator, speaking in favor of a Congressional +candidate, with all the fresh warmth and enthusiasm +of his young nature. Then we see him as cadet at +West Point, from which he graduates fifteenth in his +class and is given the honor of valedictorian. The day +of graduation is hastened a few months by the startling +guns of Sumter, which proclaim treason rampant, and +fire all loyal breasts with a desire to rush to the rescue +of their country's beloved flag. The impatience and +enthusiasm of Kilpatrick could not be restrained, and +through his influence a petition was signed by thirty-seven +of his class to be allowed to graduate at once and +go to the front. The request was granted, and that +day was one of especial significance at West Point. +It was also one of equal significance in his life; for the +little chapel, where had rung out the words of his +farewell address, also witnessed the sacred ceremony +of his marriage with the lady of his love, and on that +evening the young soldier and his bride took the train +for Washington and the front. We know little of the +bride except that she was enshrined in her husband's +heart, and that her name—'Alice'—was inscribed on +the silken banner under which he fought, and so +gloriously led his troopers to victory and renown. No +one can tell how much that name may have had to do +with his future marvelous success. To natures like +his, the magic of a name thus loved, fluttering aloft +in the smoke of battle, becomes talismanic, and inspires +almost superhuman heroism."</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>"When McDowell marched to Falmouth, he was +once more at the front, and, in conjunction with Col<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">[359]</a></span>onel +Bayard and the First Pennsylvania Cavalry, +made a brilliant night-attack on Falmouth Heights, +routing Lee's cavalry and capturing the place. For +this dashing achievement Kilpatrick received the +thanks of the commanding general. Afterwards, under +Pope's command, he made his first famous raid in +breaking up 'Stonewall' Jackson's line of communication +with Richmond from Gordonsville in the Shenandoah +Valley, over the Virginia Central Railway. At Beaver +Dam, Frederick's Hall, and Hanover Junction, he +burned the stations, destroyed the tracks, and daringly +attacked the enemy wherever he could find him. +These events took place during July and August, 1862, +and the boldness of the operations, in the very heart +of the enemy's country, filled the North with Kilpatrick's +fame....</p> + +<p>"When Hooker was placed at the head of the +Army of the Potomac, the cavalry was reorganized +under Stoneman as chief, and that general, in the +following campaign, assigned to Kilpatrick the work +of destroying the railroad and bridges over the Chickahominy. +Four hundred and fifty men were given him +for the work; but with this small force he brought to +the difficult mission his usual skill, and, avoiding +large forces of the enemy, raided to within two miles +of Richmond, where he captured 'Lieutenant Brown, +aide-de-camp to General Winder, and eleven men +within the fortifications.' He says: 'I then passed +down to the left to the Meadow Bridge on the Chickahominy, +which I burned, ran a train of cars into the +river, retired to Hanover-town on the Peninsula, +crossed just in time to check the advance of a pursuing +cavalry force, burned a train of thirty wagons<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">[360]</a></span> +loaded with bacon, captured thirteen prisoners, and +encamped for the night five miles from the river,' +This was the manner of his conquering quest, until +on the seventh he again struck the Union lines at +Gloucester Point, having made a march of about 'two +hundred miles in less than five days, and captured and +paroled over eight hundred prisoners.' In the accomplishment +of this splendid feat he lost only one officer +and thirty-seven men.</p> + +<p>"At Chancellorsville, when Lee came into Maryland +and massed his cavalry at Beverly Ford, Pleasonton +was sent forward on a <ins title="reconnoissance">reconnaissance</ins>, and met the enemy +in battle at Brandy Station. This is renowned as the +greatest cavalry battle of the war. General Gregg +arrived upon the field at half-past ten in the morning, +and though his noble squadrons fought well and +bravely, these columns were rolled back, and for a +moment, all seemed lost, and overwhelmed by the +superior numbers of the foe. But at this crisis, Kilpatrick, +posted on a slight rise of ground, unrolled his +battle-flag to the breeze, and his bugles sounded the +charge. He had under his command, the Harris Light, +Tenth New York, and First Maine. The formation +for an onset was quickly made, and the disciplined +squadrons of these three regiments were hurled upon +the enemy. But the Tenth New York recoiled before +the murderous fire of the enemy's carbines. So did the +Harris Light. Kilpatrick was maddened at the sight. +He rushed to the head of the First Maine regiment, +shouting, 'Men of Maine, you must save the day!' +Under the impulse of this enthusiasm, they became +altogether resistless, and in conjunction with the reformed +squadrons of the two other regiments, swept<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361">[361]</a></span> +the enemy before them, and plucked victory, with +glorious valor, from the very jaws of defeat. On the +next day Kilpatrick was made brigadier-general."</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>Having presented extracts from "Heroes of Three +Wars," and ventured to express, incidentally and briefly +our own humble opinion of the merits of this work, we +will now, in confirmation of our judgment, give some +reviews of the Press—a few out of many. Throughout +the North the work was hailed with not a little enthusiasm, +by soldiers and civilians alike—as a work +of decided literary merit, and one written in a fair, +truthful, and loyal spirit, replete with much valuable +historical information of a character not otherwise easily +attainable, and calculated to accomplish much good +among the rising generation.</p> + +<p>The Boston <i>Transcript</i> says:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"The bivouac, the march, the hand-to-hand conflict with bristling +steel, the head-long charge, the ignominious retreat, and the +battle-field after the bloody assault, with its dead and wounded +heroes, are all excellently portrayed, and with an ease and vigor +of style that lend a peculiar charm to the book, and rivet the attention +of the reader from cover to cover. It is really refreshing to +meet with such a work as this in these degenerate days of namby-pamby +novels, so enervating to mind and morals. Captain Glazier's +work elevates the ideas, and infuses a spirit of commendable patriotism +into the young mind, by showing the youth of the country how +nobly men could die for the principles they cherished and the land +they loved."</p></div> + +<p>The Chicago <i>Inter-Ocean</i> writes as follows:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"It is correct in facts, graphic in its delineations, and in all its +makeup is a most admirable volume. It will do the young men, and +even those older, good to glance at these pages and read anew the +perils and hardships and sacrifices which have been made by the +loyal men who met and overthrew in battle the nation's enemies.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362">[362]</a></span> +The book is of absorbing interest as a record of brave deeds by as +brave and heroic men as ever answered a bugle's call. The author +writes no fancy sketch. He has the smoke and scars of battle in +every sentence. He answered roll-call and mingled amid the exciting +events he relates. No writer, even the most praised correspondents +of the foreign journals, have given more vivid descriptions +soul-stirring in their simple truthfulness, than Captain Glazier in his +'Heroes of Three Wars.'"</p></div> + +<p>The Baltimore <i>Sun</i> writes:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"'Heroes of Three Wars' is written by the masterly hand of one +who has evidently enjoyed a personal acquaintance with many of +the subjects introduced, and is not only thoroughly imbued with the +spirit of his work, but as thoroughly inspires his readers. Captain +Glazier has familiarized himself with all of the details of interest +in the lives of a grand galaxy of heroes, and has put on paper, in a +condensed and graphic form, a clear picture of what he has treasured +up in his own mind. We know of no book that contains so +faithful a presentation of our brave defenders in so condensed and +satisfactory a form."</p></div> + +<p>The Philadelphia <i>Times</i> observes:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"The soldier-author does his work in an artless, patriotic, beautiful +style, and gives to his readers a real and not an imaginary idea of +army life in all its lights and shades. Captain Glazier has laid his +countrymen under lasting obligations to him, especially in this new +book, 'Heroes of Three Wars.'"</p></div> + +<p>The Cincinnati <i>Enquirer</i> remarks:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"Captain Glazier rises above the conventional war-writers' idioms, +and gives his work a place in literature and history. Here is found +the stern actuality of war's fearful tug; here the beautiful pathos of +pure manly sentiment flowing from the heart of many a brave soul +on the battle's eve; here the scenes of sad and solemn burial where +warriors weep. The din of battle on one page, and the jest at the +peril past on the next—the life-test and the comedy of camp—these +alternatingly checker the work over, and give the reader a truer +insight into the perils and privations of our brave defenders than +any book we have read."</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">[363]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr class='major' /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXXI" id="CHAPTER_XXXI"></a>CHAPTER XXXI.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>OCEAN TO OCEAN ON HORSEBACK.</span> +</h2> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p>From Boston to San Francisco. — An unparalleled ride. — Object of +the journey. — Novel lecture tour. — Captain Frank M. Clark. — "Echoes +from the Revolution." — Lecture at Tremont Temple. — Captain +Theodore L. Kelly. — A success. — Proceeds of lecture. — Edward +F. Rollins. — Extracts from first lecture. — Press notices.</p></div> + +<p>The story of the career of Willard Glazier will not +be complete without some description of his +novel and adventurous feat of riding on horseback +across the continent of North America—literally from +ocean to ocean, or from Boston to San Francisco. +This unparalleled ride was satisfactorily accomplished +by him in 1876—the Centennial year. It was a +long and trying journey, extending over a period of +two hundred days, and a distance of four thousand +one hundred and thirty-three miles, but at the same +time a journey of great interest. His object was to +study, at comparative leisure, the line of country +through which he would pass, and to note the habits +and condition of the people he came in contact with. +The knowledge thus laboriously acquired he purposed +placing before the public in book form.</p> + +<p>While thus in the commendable pursuit of knowledge, +he also contemplated making some practical +return for the many kindnesses and courtesies he had +received at the hands of soldiers since the disbandment +of the volunteer army, and the wide circulation +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">[364]</a></span> +of the first product of his pen, <i>The Capture, Prison-Pen +and Escape</i>; and it had occurred to him that to +accomplish this he might turn his journey to beneficial +account by lecturing at the various towns he visited, +and handing over the proceeds to the Widows' and +Orphans' fund of the "Grand Army of the Republic," +of which patriotic society he was a member; or to some +other benevolent military organization.</p> + +<p>The thought no sooner entered his mind than, with +his usual promptitude, the resolution was formed, and, +with the following letter of introduction from Captain +Frank M. Clark, of New York, he at once proceeded +to Boston:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='right' style='padding-right:8em;'><span class="smcap">4 Irving Place</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class="smcap">New York</span>, <i>April 20, 1876.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">To Comrades of the G. A. R.</span>:</p> + +<p>I have been intimately acquainted with Captain Willard Glazier, +a comrade in good standing of Post No. 29, Department of New +York, "Grand Army of the Republic," for the past eight years, +and know him to be worthy the confidence of every loyal man. +He is an intelligent and courteous gentleman, an author of good +repute, a soldier whose record is without a stain, and a true comrade +of the "Grand Army." I bespeak for him the earnest and cordial +support of all comrades of the Order.</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'>Yours very truly in F., C. and L.,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:6em;'><span class="smcap">Frank M. Clark</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'>Late A. A. G. Department of New York, G. A. R. +</p></div> + +<div class="image"> +<a id='illus32' name='illus32'></a> +<a href='images/illus32h.png'> + <img src='images/illus32.png' + title='Captain Glazier At Tremont Temple, Boston.' + alt='Captain Glazier At Tremont Temple, Boston.' /> +</a> +<p class='caption'> +CAPTAIN GLAZIER AT TREMONT TEMPLE, BOSTON. +</p></div> + +<p>On the evening of the eighth of May, 1876, +Captain Glazier lectured as arranged at Tremont +Temple, Boston. His subject, appropriate to the +Centennial year, was entitled "Echoes from the +Revolution." This was the first occasion of any importance +on which he had ever appeared on the rostrum. +It may here be mentioned that his friends +strongly recommended him to deliver the first lecture +before a smaller and less critical audience than he +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365">[365]</a></span> +would be likely to confront in Boston, and thus prepare +himself for a later appearance in the literary capital; +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">[366]</a></span> +but our soldier reasoned that as lecturing was a +new experience to him, his military education dictated +that, if he could carry the strongest works the +weaker along the line would fall, as a matter of course, +and so resolved to deliver his first lecture in Tremont +Temple. The lecture, as we have said, had been +prepared with a view to its delivery at various towns +and cities on the route he contemplated traveling. +He was introduced to his Boston audience by Captain +Theodore L. Kelly, Commander of Post 15, Grand +Army of the Republic, and was honored by the presence +on the platform of representatives from nearly +all the Posts of Boston. Captain Kelly introduced his +comrade in the following complimentary manner:</p> + +<p>"<span class="smcap">Ladies and Gentlemen</span>: It gives me pleasure to +have the honor of introducing to you one who, by his +services in the field and by the works of his pen, is +entitled to your consideration, and the confidence of the +comrades of the 'Grand Army of the Republic.' I desire +to say that he comes well accredited, furnished with +the proper vouchers and documents, and highly endorsed +and recommended by the officers of the Department +of the State of New York. Though young in +years, his life has been one of varied and exciting +experience. Born in the wilds of St. Lawrence County, +New York, his education was drawn from the great +book of nature; and from his surroundings he early +imbibed a love of liberty. His early associations +naturally invested him with a love of adventure and +excitement, and when the call of war was heard he +at once responded, and enlisted in the Harris Light Cav<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367">[367]</a></span>alry, +with which corps he passed through many exciting +scenes of march and fray. His experience amid the +various vicissitudes of the war, in camp and field and +prison, have been vividly portrayed by his pen in his +various publications. Still inspired by this love of +adventure, he proposes to undertake the novelty of a +journey across the continent in the saddle. His objects +are manifold. While visiting scenes and becoming +more familiar with his own country, he will collect +facts and information for a new book, and at his various +stopping-places he will lecture under the auspices +and for the benefit of the 'Grand Army of the Republic,' +to whose fraternal regard he is most warmly commended. +Allow me then, ladies and gentlemen, without +further ceremony, to present to you the soldier-author, +and our comrade, Willard Glazier."</p> + +<p>The lecture proved a success both financially and in +the marked pleasure with which it was received by a +very select audience. In fulfillment of his generous +purpose in the application of the proceeds, Glazier on +the succeeding morning addressed a letter to the Assistant +Adjutant-General, Department of Massachusetts, +Grand Army of the Republic, in the following words:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='right' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class="smcap">Revere House</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'><span class="smcap">Boston</span>, <i>May 9th, 1876</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Captain Charles W. Thompson</span>,</p> + +<p style='padding-left:3em;'>A. A. G. Department of Massachusetts, G. A. R.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Comrade</span>: I take pleasure in handing you the net proceeds of +my lecture delivered at Tremont Temple last night, which I desire +to be divided equally between Posts 7 and 15, G. A. R., of Boston, for +the benefit of our disabled comrades, and the needy and destitute +wards of the "Grand Army." Gratefully acknowledging many +favors and courtesies extended to me in your patriotic city,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'>I am yours in F., C. and L.,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'><span class="smcap">Willard Glazier</span>. +</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_368" id="Page_368">[368]</a></span></p> + +<p>To this the following response was received:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'><span class="smcap">Headquarters, Encampment John A. Andrew</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:3em;'><span class="smcap">Post 15, Dept. of Mass., G. A. R</span>.,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:5em;'><span class="smcap">Boston</span>, <i>May 12th, 1876.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Captain Willard Glazier:</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Comrade</span>: In obedience to a vote of this Post, I am pleased to +transmit to you a vote of thanks for the money generously donated +by you, through our Commander, as our quota of the proceeds of your +lecture in this city; and also the best wishes of the comrades of this +Post for you personally, and for the success of your lecture tour +from sea to sea. Yours in F., C. and L.,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:3em;'><span class="smcap">Edward F. Rollins</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'>Adjutant of Post. +</p></div> + +<p>We have said the lecture was a success, and as an evidence +of the appreciation by the audience of its subject, +and the manner of its delivery, together with the +friendly feeling manifested towards the lecturer, we +adduce the following:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'>Department of Mass.,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'>"Grand Army of the Republic."</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'>Boston, <i>June 16th, 1876.</i></p> + +<p>To <i>Captain Willard Glazier:</i></p> + +<p style='padding-left:4em;'><span class="smcap">Dear Sir and Comrade:</span></p> + +<p>The undersigned comrades of "John A. Andrew" Encampment, +Post 15, Department of Massachusetts, G. A. R., desire to testify to +the pleasure afforded them by your lecture delivered at Tremont +Temple on May 8th; also, to return their thanks for the liberal donation +presented to this Post; and at the same time to express the +hope that you may be successful in your object and journey.</p> + +<div style='text-indent:0;margin-left:4em;'> +<div style='width:45%; float:left;'> +<p>[Signed.]<br /> +<span class="smcap">Theodore L. Kelly</span>, <i>Commander</i>.<br /> +<span class="smcap">Edward F. Rollins</span>, <i>Adjutant</i>.<br /> +<span class="smcap">W. Brooks Frothingham.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">James T. Price.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Frank Bowman.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Theodore L. Baker.</span> +</p></div> +<div style='width:45%; float:right;'> +<p> <br /> +<span class="smcap">Thomas Langham.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">J. Henry Brown.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">George W. Powers</span>, <i>Chaplain</i>.<br /> +<span class="smcap">Robert W. Storer</span>, <i>Q. M. S.</i><br /> +<span class="smcap">Oliver Downing.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">James Mclean.</span> +</p></div> +<p style='margin-left:6em; clear: both;'><span class="smcap">William S. Wallingford.</span></p> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Before proceeding with our account of the journey, +let us dwell for a moment upon the features of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369">[369]</a></span> +lecture prepared by Willard Glazier for delivery at +Boston. As might have been expected, it was a military-historical +lecture, adapted to the understanding +and taste of a mixed and educated audience, and was +written in the same earnest, original, patriotic and +rousing style that characterizes his writings throughout. +Some parts of this lecture, in our opinion, are worthy +of comparison with the oratorical deliverances of eminent +and practised lecturers, and that the reader may +judge for himself if the "Echoes of the Revolution" +lose aught of their sonorousness at this distant date, +when the reverberation reaches them through a lecture, +we here present an abstract of the opening:</p> + + +<h3>INTRODUCTORY.</h3> + +<p>"The year 1876 re-echoes the scenes and events of +a hundred years ago. In imagination we make a pilgrimage +back to the Revolution. We visit the fields +whereon our ancestors fought for liberty and a Republic. +We follow patriots from Lexington to Yorktown. +I see them walking through a baptism of blood +and of fire; their only purpose liberty; their only incentive +duty; their only pride their country; and their +only ambition victory. I see them with Warren and +Prescott at Bunker Hill; I see them with Washington +at Valley Forge, hatless, without shoes, half-clad, +and often without food; encamped in fields of snow; +patiently enduring the rigors of a northern winter. I +see them pushing their way through the ice of the +Delaware. I see them at Saratoga, at Bennington, +at Princeton, and at Monmouth. I follow Marion +and his daring troopers through the swamps of Georgia +and the Carolinas. And, finally, we come to that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">[370]</a></span> +immortal day at Yorktown, when Cornwallis surrendered +his sword and command to George Washington.</p> + +<p>"All the world is familiar with the causes which led +to the struggle for independence in America. We all +know the spirit which animated the people of the Colonies, +from the seizure of Sir Edmond Andross in +1688 to the destruction of the tea in Boston harbor +in 1774. No American is ignorant of the efforts of +John Hancock, Samuel Adams, Joseph Warren, Patrick +Henry, Alexander Hamilton, Paul Revere, and +others, at clubs, in newspapers, in pulpits, in the streets, +and in coffee-houses, to guide and prepare the people +for the approaching crisis. All the facts from the beginning +to the close of that memorable conflict are +given in school-books, as well as in more pretentious +history. But the immediate cause of the march of +the English troops from Boston to Concord seems to +be necessary to a comprehensive view of the subject.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>"On the nineteenth of April, 1775, a handful of the +yeomanry of Massachusetts, obeying a common impulse, +came hurriedly together, confronted a force of English +regulars outnumbering them ten to one, received their +fire, were repulsed, and left eighteen of their number +dead and wounded on the green in front of Lexington. +On the same day, at Concord, less than four hundred +undisciplined militia met a regiment of the enemy, +fired upon them, put them to flight, and compelled +them to retire to their intrenchments at Boston. It +was the first step in that war which gave us a Republic, +and may be classed in history as one of the decisive +conflicts of modern times.</p> + +<p>"Lexington and Concord were not the great battles<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371">[371]</a></span> +of the Revolution; they were, in fact, only skirmishes +as compared with the more sanguinary actions; but I +dwell upon them as the opening scenes, the starting-points, +where the first shots were fired in an eight +years' war against British rule and British oppression +in America....</p> + + +<h3>JOHN STARK.</h3> + +<p>"Despair was turned into joy by the telling victories +of the Americans at Trenton and Princeton, and the +country began to see that her precious blood had not +been spilled in vain. Just at this juncture of affairs, +when it was necessary to follow up the tide of victory +with vigorous work, the term of enlistment of most of +the men expired, and the personal popularity and influence +of the leaders was thus put to the test. Would +the men go, or could they be induced to stay through +another term of enlistment before seeking the respite +they desired at their homes? At this critical period, +John Stark made an earnest appeal to his regiment, +and every man without exception re-enlisted for six +weeks under the banner of their beloved leader. Then +Stark went to New Hampshire for recruits, and hundreds +flocked around his standard.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>"Soon after the surrender of Cornwallis, General +Stark returned once more to his home and farm. He +had served his country long and faithfully, and retired +from his protracted period of active service beloved +by the people and full of honors. He lived to be +ninety-four years old, and consequently witnessed the +war of 1812.</p> + +<p>"He sleeps on the banks of the Merrimac, nor heeds +the noisy rush of the river as it speeds on its mission<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372">[372]</a></span> +to the sea. No clash of musketry, no roar of cannon +will ever waken him more from his last deep repose. +Men call it death, but if it be death, it is that of the +body only, for his <i>memory</i> still lives and speaks to us +across the years. It bids us be noble and unselfish, +and high of purpose, and grand of aim. Will the oncoming +generations who con the story of the life of +John Stark listen to the preaching of such an example +in vain?</p> + + +<h3>PERORATION.</h3> + +<p>"The surrender of Cornwallis may be considered +the closing scene in the war of the Revolution. The +grim spectre of British rule over the American Colonies +vanished like the smoke of battle, while hirelings +were trembling and the patriot was prince. That was +indeed a day of triumph—a day of rejoicing. It was +to the patriots the crown of all their efforts. A long, +loud, thrilling shout of joy arose from the victorious +band of Washington, and as the tidings of actual surrender +were borne throughout the country, the people +everywhere broke forth in wild huzzahs that echoed +and re-echoed along the plains and among the hills, +from the lakes to the gulf, and from the Atlantic to +the mountains. There was joy because there was to +be no more needless sacrifice of life; because the +soldier could now exchange the camp for his home; +the implements of war for the implements of industry; +the carnage of battle for the amenities of peace.</p> + +<p>"The work for which they buckled on the armor +was accomplished. They did not rush to arms for the +love of glory, nor to ward off an imaginary foe. They +came at their country's call, and having achieved her +independence, they were now ready for the pursuits of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373">[373]</a></span> +peace. They even longed for the coveted seclusion +of their homes, and the sweet security of their firesides. +I see them now marshaled for the last time to receive +an honorable discharge from a long campaign, the +ensigns of victory everywhere above them, the air +vocal with the benedictions of a grateful people. But +on that great day of final discharge, at the last roll-call, +the heroes were not all there to answer to their +names; there were vacant places in the ranks. In the +marching and counter-marching, in the assault and in +the defence; in the swamp and in the prison, mid the +fever and the pestilence, the patriots faltered not, but +fell as falls the hero, nobly daring, bravely dying, and +though dead they are not forgotten: their works do +follow, and will forever live, after them....</p> + +<p>"Justice to our heroic ancestors does not forbid reference +to the equally gallant 'Boys in Blue,' who by +their invincible valor on the battle-fields of the Rebellion +preserved the unity of the Republic.</p> + +<p>"The fight is done, and away in the far horizon the +glorious days are waxing dim. Even now, it is the +bearded men who speak of Gettysburg; and children +clasp the knees that marched to Corinth and Chickamauga. +Year after year our soldiers meet to talk of +glory; and year by year their ranks grow thinner, +older, grayer; and, by and by, the last survivors of +the war for the Union will sleep with their brothers +who fell at Bunker Hill."</p> + +<p>The press of Boston were highly commendatory in +their notices of the lecture and its delivery, as will be +seen by the following extract from the <i>Globe</i>:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"A very fair audience, considering the unfair condition of the elements, +was gathered in Tremont Temple last night, to hear Captain<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374">[374]</a></span> +Glazier's lecture upon 'Echoes from the Revolution.' The frequent +applause of the audience evinced not only a sympathy with the +subject, but an evident liking of the manner in which it was delivered. +The lecture itself was a retrospective view of the leading +incidents of the Revolution. It would have been unfair to expect +to hear anything very new upon a subject with which the veriest +school-boy is familiar; but Captain Glazier wove the events together +in a manner which freed the lecture from that most unpardonable +of all faults, which can be committed upon the platform—dulness. +He passed over, in his consideration of the Revolution, the old scenes +up to the time when Cornwallis surrendered up his sword and command +to George Washington. 'The year 1876,' said Captain Glazier, +'re-echoes the scenes and events of a hundred years ago. In imagination +we make a pilgrimage back to the Revolution. We visit the +fields whereon our ancestors fought for liberty and a republic. We +follow patriots from Lexington to Yorktown. I see them pushing +their way through the ice of the Delaware—I see them at Saratoga, +at Bennington, at Princeton, and at Monmouth. I follow Marion +and his daring troopers through the swamps of Georgia and the +Carolinas;' and in following them up, the lecturer interspersed his +exciting narrative with sundry droll episodes. Treating of the battles +of Trenton and Princeton, he expatiated upon the devoted heroism +of John Stark, and briefly traced his career until, at Bennington, +Burgoyne's victor announced to his comrades, 'We must conquer +to-day, my boys, or to-night Molly Stark's a widow.' One battle +after another was handled by the lecturer in a pleasing manner, +showing that he was thoroughly familiar with the subject he had +chosen for his theme. After speaking in a most zealous manner of +the troops on land, Captain Glazier remarked: 'Our victories on +the ocean during the war of the Revolution were not less decisive +and glorious than those achieved on land. John Paul Jones and +the gallant tars who, under his leadership, braved the dangers of the +deep, and wrested from proud Britain, once queen of the sea, that +illustrious motto which may be seen high on our banner beside the +stars and stripes.'</p> + +<p>"Captain Glazier made special mention of the naval engagement +between the Bon Homme Richard and the British man-of-war Serapis, +which took place in September, 1789. He described in glowing +words the fierce nature of that memorable contest, until the captain +of the Serapis, with his own hand, struck the flag of England to +the free stars and stripes of young America. Captain Glazier has +elements in him which, carefully matured and nurtured, will make<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375">[375]</a></span> +him successful on the platform, as he has already proved himself in +the fields of literature. He has a strong and melodious voice, a +gentlemanly address, and unassuming confidence. He was presented +to the audience by Commandant Kelly, of Post 15, 'Grand Army +of the Republic,' in a brief but eloquent speech. Captain Glazier +will start on his long ride to San Francisco, from the Revere House, +this morning, at 9.30, and will be accompanied to Bunker Hill and +thence to Brighton, by several distinguished members of the 'Grand +Army,' and other gentlemen, who wish the captain success on his +long journey."</p></div> + +<p>The Boston <i>Post</i> said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"The lecturer spoke with a soldier's enthusiasm of those stirring +times. In a very eloquent manner he traced the movements of the +Revolutionary heroes from that day in April, 1775, when the undisciplined +militia at Concord put the red-coats to flight and forced +them to retire to their entrenchments at Boston, onward through +the various battles to the surrender of Cornwallis. The different +acts passed in rapid succession before the audience, and were enlivened +with interesting details. In touching upon the different +battles, the lecturer descanted upon the more eminent individuals +whom the fate of war and opportunity brought to the front, and enshrined +forever in the gallery of patriots. Bunker Hill came in for +especial notice, where 'many brave and noble men gave up their +lives.' ...</p> + +<p>"Captain Glazier was frequently and loudly applauded during the +delivery of his lecture. His voice is rich and powerful, his intonation +accurate, and his general manner could not help imparting +interest to the stirring deeds which he so graphically delineated."</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376">[376]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr class='major' /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXXII" id="CHAPTER_XXXII"></a>CHAPTER XXXII.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>FROM BOSTON TO CHICAGO.</span> +</h2> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p>In the saddle. — Bunker Hill. — Arrives in Albany. — Reminiscences. — The +Soldiers' Home. — Contributions for erecting Soldiers' +Home. — Reception at Rochester. — Buffalo. — Dunkirk. — Swanville. — Cleveland. — Massacre +of General Custer. — Monroe. — Lectures +for Custer Monument. — Father of General Custer. — Detroit. — Kalamazoo. — An +adventure. — Gives "Paul Revere" a +rest. — Decatur. — Niles. — Michigan City. — Chicago.</p></div> + +<p>From a journal kept by Captain Glazier during +his horseback ride from ocean to ocean, we shall +gather most of the incidents of his journey—a journey, +so far as we are aware, without any precedent, and +having for its sole object the acquirement of knowledge. +His intention was to lecture in the leading cities and +villages through which he passed, in the interest of the +relief fund of the "Grand Army of the Republic," to +which order he was greatly attached.</p> + +<p>The Boston <i>Globe</i> of May ninth, 1876, contained the +following brief notice:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"<span class="smcap">Boston to San Francisco.</span>—Captain Willard Glazier started +from the Revere House this morning at eleven o'clock, on horseback, +for San Francisco. Quite a gathering of his friends and comrades +of the 'Grand Army' were present to wish him God-speed. He +was escorted by Colonel John F. Finley and E. A. Williston, who +were mounted; and Adjutant-General Charles W. Thompson, Department +of Massachusetts, 'G. A. R.;' Commander Theo. L. Kelly, +of Post 15; Adjutant Grafton Fenno, of Post 7, and many others +in carriages, who will accompany him to Bunker Hill and thence +to Brighton."</p></div> + +<div class="image"> +<a id='illus33' name='illus33'></a> +<a href='images/illus33h.png'> + <img src='images/illus33.png' + title='Ocean To Ocean On Horseback—riding Out Of Boston.' + alt='Ocean To Ocean On Horseback—riding Out Of Boston.' /> +</a> +<p class='caption'> +OCEAN TO OCEAN ON HORSEBACK—RIDING OUT OF BOSTON. +</p></div> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_377" id="Page_377">[377]</a></span></p> +<p>The Captain's horse, which he had named "Paul +Revere," was a noble creature, black as jet, of good +pedigree, and possessing, in no slight measure, the sterling +qualities of endurance, pace, and fidelity, albeit +occasionally somewhat restive and wilful.</p> + +<p>On leaving the "Revere," the party referred to in +the above notice proceeded to Bunker Hill, gazed reverentially +at the monument commemorating the famous +battle, and then headed for Brighton. The short journey +had been rendered comfortless by a continuous +downfall of rain, and when the friends halted at the +Cattle-Fair Hotel for dinner, they were all more or +less drenched to the skin.</p> + +<p>Much cordial interest was manifested in the work +the captain had undertaken and the motives that +actuated him; and at length, taking leave of his +friendly escort, he pushed forward through Worcester, +Springfield, Pittsfield, Nassau, and on to Albany, covering +a distance of two hundred miles. At Beckett +he found "Paul's" back becoming sore, and as a good +rider is always humane to his horse, he removed the +saddle, washed the abrasion with cold water, and before +resuming his journey put a blanket under the saddle-cloth, +which kindly care afforded "Paul" considerable +relief. At Pittsfield, Glazier delivered his fourth lecture +in the Academy of Music, being introduced to his +audience by Captain Brewster, Commander of the +Pittsfield Post, "Grand Army of the Republic."</p> + +<p>His journey from Pittsfield was by the Boston and +Albany Turnpike, over the Pittsfield Mountain, passing +the residence of Honorable Samuel J. Tilden, then +Governor of New York, and a candidate for the Presidency. +Starting from Nassau at eleven o'clock, he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378">[378]</a></span> +reached the old Barringer Homestead soon after. It +was with this family that he had spent his first night +in Rensselaer County, sixteen years before, when looking +for a school to teach, and he could not resist the +temptation to stop a few minutes at Brockway's, where +he had boarded the first week after entering the school +at Schodack Centre as a teacher. At the hotel he +found Mrs. Lewis, the landlady, awaiting his approach, +as she had been told he would pass that way. He also +halted for a moment at his old school-house, where he +found Miss Libby Brockway, one of the youngest of +his old scholars, teaching the school. "Thoughts of +Rip Van Winkle," he says, "flitted across my imagination +as I contrasted the past with the present."</p> + +<p>On the eighteenth of May Captain Glazier reached +the fine old city of Albany, capital of his native State, +and in the evening of the same day delivered his fifth +lecture at Tweddle Hall.</p> + +<p>Thrilling memories awaited him in Albany. Here, +in 1859, he entered the State Normal School. It was +here his patriotism was aroused by intelligence of the +firing upon Fort Sumter, and he at once formed the +resolution to enter the army in defence of the Union; +and it was in Albany that the first edition of his first +book saw the light through the press of Joel Munsell, in +the autumn of 1865. Here, it may be said, his career +in life commenced, when, leaving his country home +in Northern New York, he entered the Normal School.</p> + +<p>The erection of a Soldiers' Home having been recently +projected, Glazier called on the adjutant-general +at the State House, in relation to his lecturing in the +interest of the fund for that purpose. Colonel Taylor,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379">[379]</a></span> +assistant adjutant-general, whom he had known for +some years, presented him to General Townsend, and +he was recommended to see and consult with Captain +John Palmer, Past Grand Commander of the State, G. A. R.</p> + +<p>Nothing can better prove the disinterested motives +and objects of Willard Glazier in undertaking his long +and tedious journey on horseback, than the numerous +voluntary offerings he made to certain military organizations +whose claims so forcibly presented themselves +to him. This was simply characteristic of him. He +has never valued money but for the practical uses to +which it may be applied in the amelioration of the condition +of others. Simple in his habits, and unostentatious +in his mode of life—indulging in no luxuries—he +has managed by sheer hard work to accumulate a +fair fortune, which is of value to him only so far as he +can do good with it—first to those having the strongest +domestic claims upon him, and secondly, to his comrades +of the camp and the battle-field.</p> + +<p>The following letters will explain themselves:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='right' style='padding-right:3em;'><span class="smcap">Delavan House</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'><span class="smcap">Albany</span>, <i>May 28th, 1876</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Captain John Palmer</span>, Past Grand Commander,</p> + +<p style='padding-left:3em;'>Department of New York, G. A. R.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir and Comrade</span>: I feel great pleasure in handing you +herewith, forty dollars, which I wish to be applied to the fund for +the erection of a Soldiers' Home, as lately proposed by our comrades +at Brooklyn. Should it be your pleasure to endorse my lecture +tour across the State, I feel confident that I could raise from five +hundred to a thousand dollars for this most worthy object. Pledging +my best efforts in the work, which I hope I need scarcely add, +enlists my warmest sympathies, I have the honor to remain,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:9em;'>Yours in F., C. and L.,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'><span class="smcap">Willard Glazier</span>. +</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_380" id="Page_380">[380]</a></span></p> + +<p>Captain Palmer, in acknowledging the donation, +wrote as follows:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'><span class="smcap">Headquarters Department of New York</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:4em;'>"Grand Army of the Republic,"</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:3em;'><span class="smcap">Albany</span>, <i>May 31st, 1876</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Captain Willard Glazier</span>:</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Comrade</span>: Your gift of forty dollars to the fund for the erection +of the "Soldiers' Home" is duly received, and the same has been +forwarded to Captain E. O. Parkinson, Chairman Soldiers' Home +Committee, Brooklyn, New York, for which accept my thanks.</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:9em;'>Very truly yours, in F., C. and L.,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:3em;'><span class="smcap">John Palmer</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'>Department Commander. +</p></div> + +<p>On the twenty-second of May, "'Paul' being in good +condition and the best of spirits," our soldier-author +started for Schenectady, paying his respects to Captain +Palmer on his way up Washington Avenue. Schenectady +was reached at four o'clock <span class="smcap">p. m.</span> through frequent +showers of rain. Putting up at Gwinn's Hotel +he delivered his lecture at Union Hall at the usual +hour in the evening, to a fair audience, notwithstanding +the rain.</p> + +<p>The Schenectady <i>Union</i> had heralded his approach +by the following notice:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"<span class="smcap">Captain Glazier.</span>—This noted soldier, author, rider, and raider, +who raided during the war with General Kilpatrick, will advance +upon this place next Monday, and in the evening lecture upon +'Echoes from the Revolution.' Captain Glazier is a member of the +'Grand Army' in good standing, and will be assisted here by the +members of Post 14, with whom he will divide the profits of the +lecture. The Captain was an inmate of Libby Prison at one time +during the war, and finally made his escape to the Union lines. +The book entitled 'Capture, Prison-Pen and Escape,' and several +other war books, were produced by him."</p></div> + +<p>Reaching Fonda, May twenty-sixth, we find the fol<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_381" id="Page_381">[381]</a></span>lowing +entry in his Journal: "Scenery charming. I +saw nothing in Massachusetts equal to the Valley of +the Mohawk, and am surprised that novelist and poet +have not found more material here for legendary +romance."</p> + +<p>Passing through St. Johnsville, Little Falls, Utica, +and Rome—where he met a large number of his +"Grand Army" comrades, and was introduced to +Hon. H. J. Coggeshall, Colonel G. A. Cantine, Hon. +W. T. Bliss, and many others—he arrived in Syracuse +June second, registered at the Vanderbilt House, +and lectured at Shakespere Hall in the evening. +Rochester was reached on the eighth, where the tenth +lecture was delivered to an appreciative audience in +Corinthian Hall—the introduction being made by +Colonel Reynolds. The Rochester <i>Democrat</i> noticed +the lecture in the following paragraph:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"A very large audience assembled at Corinthian Hall last evening +to listen to Captain Willard Glazier's lecture on 'Echoes from the +Revolution.' The lecture was a very interesting one, and the audience +were agreeably entertained. Captain Glazier proposes to go to +Batavia, and from thence to Buffalo. He is meeting with deserved +success in his journey on horseback from ocean to ocean, which increases +as he becomes better known."</p></div> + +<p>It may here be remarked that during Captain Glazier's +stay in Rochester, an exception was made to the usually +courteous reception given him by the local press. One +of the papers threw doubts on the genuineness of his +credentials and the rectitude of his motives. This, +however, had little effect on him. He was conscious +of his own integrity of purpose, and of being guided +by a desire to do good while seeking knowledge and +recreation in his own way, and the only notice we find<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_382" id="Page_382">[382]</a></span> +of the circumstance in his Journal is in a few words +under date of June eleventh: "Was pleased with an +article in the <i>Express</i>, contradicting falsehoods in the +<i>Union</i>."</p> + +<p>The following is the article referred to:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"On Friday our evening <ins title="cotemporary">contemporary</ins> took occasion to treat Captain +Willard Glazier, who lectured in Corinthian Hall the night +previous, with a degree of contempt and misrepresentation suggestive +of Confederate sympathies on the part of the writer. As to +the methods of Captain Glazier's business we have nothing to do. +As a man and a soldier, he is above reproach. We have examined +the original documentary testimonials to his military character, and +no man could be better endorsed. That he has devoted himself +since the war to illustrate the war of the rebellion in books and +upon the rostrum is to his credit, and certainly to the benefit of the +people whose patriotism he keeps alive by his appeals with pen and +tongue. Doubt was cast upon his services on account of his youth. +But the fact stands that Willard Glazier was a captain of cavalry at +the age of eighteen, certainly a higher record than that of a stay-at-home +Copperhead. He performed his duty, was honorably discharged, +and is a member in good standing of that noble organization +of veterans, the 'Grand Army of the Republic.' We trust +that when Captain Glazier comes again to Rochester, he will have +better treatment and a still better audience. His trip across the +continent will result in the public's having a record of observations +which cannot fail to be valuable and entertaining."</p></div> + +<p>Batavia, Croft's Station, Crittenden and Lancaster +were passed through, the usual courtesies tendered and +accepted, lectures delivered with unvarying success, +and the city of Buffalo reached on the morning of the +nineteenth of June.</p> + +<p>With a soldier's instinct, Glazier halted here at +the parade-ground, and witnessed the drill of the +militia. He then located himself at No. 34 Oak +Street, where he was visited by many comrades of the +"Grand Army" and other prominent citizens of Buf<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_383" id="Page_383">[383]</a></span>falo. +Arrangements having been made, he lectured to +a full house at St. James Hall, being introduced to +the audience by Major John M. Farquhar. The following +endorsement had appeared in the Buffalo +<i>Express</i> the day preceding his arrival in the city, +signed by prominent members of the "Grand Army of the Republic:"</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'><span class="smcap">Buffalo, New York,</span></p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:4em;'><i>June 18th, 1876.</i></p> + +<p>Captain Willard Glazier served his country with great credit in +the Harris Light Cavalry. He was a brave soldier and has a +splendid army record. His numerous works upon army life, +recording his personal experiences on the battle-field, in camp +and in prison, are exceedingly interesting and of a highly patriotic +character; they are universally commended by the press and by +men of army experience.</p> + +<p>He is highly endorsed as a member in good standing of the +"Grand Army of the Republic," and as a lecturer.</p> + +<p>The object of his lectures being to add to the fund for a Soldiers' +Home in this State, we most cheerfully commend him to the people +of this city, and earnestly hope he will receive a liberal patronage, +and have a full house at St. James Hall on Monday evening, the +nineteenth of June.</p> + +<div style='text-indent:0; margin-left:3em;'> +<div style='width:45%;float:left;'> +<p>[Signed]<br /> +<span class="smcap">George N. Brown,</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">George W. Flynn,</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">John B. Weber,</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">James N. Mcarthur,</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">G. A. Scroggs</span>,<br /> +<span class="smcap">P. J. Ripont,</span> +</p></div> +<div style='width:45%; float:right;'> +<p> <br /> +<span class="smcap">William F. Rogers,</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">G. L. Remington,</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">John M. Farquhar,</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Charles B. Dunning,</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Alfred Lytle,</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">John A. Franke,</span><br /> +</p></div> +<p style='margin-left:8em; clear: both;'><span class="smcap">Richard Flash.</span></p> +</div> +</div> + +<p>The lecture was a success, and the usual offering of +the proceeds made to the fund of the Soldiers' Home.</p> + +<p>"Paul" was ordered at eight o'clock the following +morning, and, again in the saddle, Glazier proceeded +at a walk to North Evans, distant from Buffalo fifteen +miles. His road laid along the banks of Lake Erie,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_384" id="Page_384">[384]</a></span> +a circumstance which he notes in his diary as one of +the events of his journey, the beauty of the scenery, +and fresh, cool air from the lake being exceedingly +pleasant and grateful on a hot day in June. He rode +"Paul" down to the beach and into the water up to +his girths.</p> + +<p>June twenty-fourth, we find the following entry:</p> + +<p>"My journey from North Evans to Angola has +been unusually pleasant. I could see the lake, and +feel its cool refreshing influence nearly the whole distance."</p> + +<p>Angola is situated on the Lake Shore Railroad, about +three-quarters of a mile from Lake Erie. Here Mr. J. +S. Parker, formerly of Malone, New York, called upon +him on business connected with the lecture, and in the +course of conversation, Captain Glazier discovered that +his visitor knew many of his old neighbors and acquaintances +in Northern New York. The events of +his early years along the banks of the Oswegatchie +were discussed with much interest, and it doubtless +formed a pleasing episode of his journey. The lecture +was delivered with satisfactory results, at the regular +hour, in a building that had once been a church, but +was now used as the Town Hall, and the introduction +made by Leroy S. Oatman.</p> + +<p>Dunkirk was reached June twenty-fifth, by way of +the Buffalo Road. The beautiful lake, which had been +very near the road from Buffalo to Angola, was now +seldom seen, but the haying season had commenced, +and the captain's love of nature was now gratified by +the lively spectacle of the mowers and hay-makers—men, +women and children at work in the fields as he +rode past. Putting up at the Eastern Hotel, he was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_385" id="Page_385">[385]</a></span> +ready to deliver his lecture in the evening, and at +Columbus Hall was introduced to a respectable audience +by the Rev. J. A. Kummer, pastor of the +Methodist church of Dunkirk. The following day +being Sunday, he attended divine service at the Rev. +Mr. Kummer's church.</p> + +<p>Before leaving Dunkirk the following testimonial +was handed him:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'><span class="smcap">Dunkirk, New York</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:3em;'><i>June 25th, 1876.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Captain Glazier</span>:</p> + +<p>We desire to express to you our warm appreciation of your +highly instructive and most entertaining lecture delivered here this +evening. We trust success beyond your most sanguine expectations +will attend you in your journey; and we cheerfully recommend you +and your lecture to any and all whom our endorsement might influence.</p> + +<p style='text-indent:0; margin-left:3em;'>[Signed]<br /> +J. M. <span class="smcap">McWharf</span>, M. D.,<br /> +J. A. <span class="smcap">Kummer</span>, <i>Pastor</i>,<br /> +P. B. <span class="smcap">Morrell</span>.<br /> +</p> +</div> + +<p>Dunkirk, with its pleasant associations, was left +June twenty-seventh, and, continuing along the Buffalo +Road, our cavalier stopped for dinner at Silver +Creek. Here he found the farmers of Chautauqua +County largely engaged in the cultivation of fruit and +grain. The flourishing vineyards near Fredonia had +also arrested his attention, giving promise of the extensive +cultivation of the grape which has since marked +this locality. At Westfield he lectured in the Metropolitan +Hall, being introduced by George Wilson, +Esq., and on the following day passed through a fine +fruit and grain region, stopping at a village named +State Line for dinner. Here he had some trouble in +finding the landlord of the caravansary, who, combining +the business of "mine host" with that of a farmer,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_386" id="Page_386">[386]</a></span> +was at the time some distance away, industriously +employed at hoeing corn.</p> + +<p>At five o'clock <span class="smcap">p. m.</span>, Captain Glazier reached the +flourishing little town of North East, where he found +a large crowd of people in front of the Haynes House +awaiting his arrival. He was taken by surprise when +told that he had been announced to deliver a lecture +there that evening. The band of the place escorted +him to the "Hall," and, taking position in front of +the audience, played "Hail Columbia" before, and +"The Sword of Bunker Hill" after the lecture. This +was a voluntary and quite an unexpected compliment +to Captain Glazier, who was sensibly affected by it. +The "Hall" was so crowded that many were compelled +to stand throughout the lecture, and if applause +is any evidence of the satisfaction of the applauders, he +might fairly consider his effort to entertain the "North +Easters" a decided success. Captain Bronson Orton +introduced him to this audience, a gentleman who, +although now in the peaceful practice of the law, had +been with Sherman's army in its memorable march +through Georgia.</p> + +<p>Arrived at Erie, Pennsylvania, June twenty-ninth, +Captain Glazier was cordially welcomed by Colonel F. +H. Ellsworth, proprietor of the Reed House, who +showed him many attentions while his guest. The +lecture was delivered to a full house at the Academy +of Music, the introduction being made by Hon. C. B. Carter.</p> + +<p>At Swanville he became the guest of John Jacob +Swan, an old and worthy resident, after whom the village +had been named. Everything was done for his comfort +by the Swan family, of which we find some pleasant<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_387" id="Page_387">[387]</a></span> +reminiscences noted in the Journal. Mr. Swan's son, +Andrew, was a lieutenant-colonel of cavalry during the +civil war, and the patriarch himself had participated in +the war of 1812. "Mr. Swan was one of the first settlers +in Erie County," Captain Glazier notes, "and although +more than fifty years have passed, this old +veteran still remembers distinctly, and describes minutely, +the scenes and events of his former life. He +saw the first steamer launched on Lake Erie, and +says it was regarded by the Indians as an evil omen: +they styled it 'the devil's canoe,' were greatly frightened, +and ran from the lake.... Took a stroll with +Mr. Swan over his farm. He found great pleasure in +showing me the wonderful changes which a half century +has wrought upon his estate."</p> + +<p>Taking leave of this amiable family, he left for +Girard, and found P. J. Farrington, his advance agent, +awaiting him at the Central House. At the lecture in +the evening he was introduced by Jacob Bender, Esq., +a brass band adding to the entertainment, and afterwards +serenading him at his hotel. The Girard <i>Cosmopolite</i> +came out on the next morning with the +following notice of the lecture:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"Captain Willard Glazier, the soldier-author and lecturer, now +on a journey on horseback from Boston to San Francisco, reached +this place on Saturday evening, and delivered his lecture, 'Echoes +from the Revolution,' to a highly respectable audience, at Philharmonic +Hall. He speaks with a soldier's enthusiasm of those stirring +times when our forefathers 'walked through a baptism of blood +and of fire, their only purpose liberty; their only incentive duty; +their only pride their country; and their only ambition victory.' +He traces, in a very eloquent manner, the movements of the Revolutionary +heroes from that day in April, 1775, when the undisciplined +militia at Concord put the red-coats to flight and forced +them to retire to their intrenchments at Boston, onward to the sur<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_388" id="Page_388">[388]</a></span>render +of Cornwallis to Washington.... We are credibly informed +that one of the chief objects of Captain Glazier's journey is +to make observations and collect material for another book, which +will no doubt be a very interesting one to read, and will add still +greater honors to one who, though still a young man, has already +acquired an enviable reputation as an author. After a very cordial +shake of the hand from some comrades and citizens, the captain +left the Central Hotel on his fine black horse, 'Paul Revere,' which +has brought him safely thus far from Boston since the ninth of May, +and which he proposes to ride to the Golden Gate by the first of +December next."</p></div> + +<p>July third found Captain Glazier at Ashtabula, +Ohio. The people everywhere, during his ride from +Girard, were engaged in preparations for the celebration +on the following day of the glorious Centennial +Fourth. It was his intention to have lectured at +Ashtabula, but he was counselled not to do so, as almost +every man and woman in the place was upon +some committee preparing for the next day's festivities, +and he would consequently get but a scant audience. +He therefore concluded not to deliver his lecture +here, but to push forward on his journey.</p> + +<p>Under date July fourth, he writes:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"Mounted 'Paul' at nine o'clock this morning in front of the +Fisk House, Ashtabula. Thousands upon thousands of country +people were pouring into the town as I rode out. The booming of +cannon, blowing of engine whistles, ringing of bells, and the discharge +of fire-arms of every variety and calibre, welcomed the dawn +of the One Hundredth anniversary of American Independence."</p></div> + +<p>Willard Glazier suffered no occasion to pass that +presented a chance of picking up useful information +on topics connected with the localities he rode through—their +population, industries, features of the country, +prominent men, etc., his capacity for absorbing such<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_389" id="Page_389">[389]</a></span> +knowledge being large, and the intention of utilizing it +in the interest of the public having been his chief +motive in undertaking the adventurous journey. The +large amount of information thus collected has been +reduced to system, and will, we trust, be shortly in +the hands of the publisher.</p> + +<p>Cleveland—the "Forest City"—was his next destination, +and on July sixth he registered at the Forest +City House, and delivered his lecture in the evening at +Garrett's Hall. He was introduced by Major E. M. +Hessler, of the "Grand Army of the Republic," who, in +the name of many citizens and in testimony of their +respect for the soldier, author, and lecturer, proposed +a banquet on the following day. This, however, was +modestly and respectfully declined. The result of the +lecture is shown in the following letter:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'><span class="smcap">National Soldiers' Home</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'><span class="smcap">Dayton, Ohio</span>, <i>July 27th, 1876</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Captain Willard Glazier</span>:</p> + +<p>My dear Comrade: We have received through Major E. M. +Hessler your generous donation to aid in erecting the Soldiers' +Monument at the "Home." You have the hearty thanks of three +thousand disabled veterans now on our rolls; and a cordial invitation +to visit us whenever it is your pleasure to do so. Again we +thank you. Please find receipt from our treasurer,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:8em;'>Very respectfully,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'><span class="smcap">William Earnshaw</span>,</p> + +<p class='right'>President, Historical and Monumental Society. +</p></div> + +<p>While in Cleveland the terrible news of the massacre +of General Custer by the Indians reached Captain +Glazier, who, as a cavalry officer, had seen service +with him in the late war, and felt for him that respect +and love which only a true soldier knows for a brave<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_390" id="Page_390">[390]</a></span> +leader. The stunning intelligence left a deep impression, +and in due time he showed his respect for the +dead general by substantial aid rendered in the erection +of a monument to his memory.</p> + +<p>The following letter was received before leaving the +Forest City:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'><span class="smcap">Headquarters, Post No. 1,</span></p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'><span class="smcap">"Grand Army of the Republic," Department of Ohio,</span></p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'><span class="smcap">Cleveland</span>, O., <i>July 12th, 1876.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Comrade</span>: Through your unsolicited generosity I have the +pleasure to acknowledge the receipt of the net proceeds of your lecture +on "Echoes from the Revolution," delivered in our city July +sixth, 1876, and by your direction have forwarded the amount to +Chaplain William Earnshaw, President of the "Soldiers' Home +Monumental Fund," at Dayton, to assist in erecting a monument to +the memory of the veterans, who by the fortunes of war await the +long roll at the National Military Home: and may your reward be +no less than the love and gratitude of our unfortunate comrades.</p> + +<p style='padding-left:8em;'>By order of</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'><span class="smcap">General James Barnett</span>, Commanding.</p> + +<p style='padding-left:2em;'><span class="smcap">E. M. Hessler, Q. M.</span></p></div> + +<p>Leaving Cleveland and the many friends who had +flocked around him in that hospitable city, offering +encouragement in his undertaking, Glazier proceeded +on his route, accompanied a short distance on horseback +by an old scholar named Alexander Wilsey, whose +affection for his teacher had not diminished by years +of separation. Keeping along the lake-shore all day, +and not a little tormented by the shoals of mosquitoes +as the evening advanced, he rode into Sandusky City, +July thirteenth, and delivered his lecture the same +evening to a fair audience. He was introduced +in a humorous and effective speech by Captain +Culver, Judge of the Probate Court.</p> + +<p>Fremont, the pleasant home of President Hayes, was +visited, and then on through Elmore to the flourishing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_391" id="Page_391">[391]</a></span> +city of Toledo, where he registered at the Boody House, +July seventeenth. Introduced by Dr. J. T. Woods, G. A. R., +he lectured at Lyceum Hall, to an interested +audience, who frequently signified their approval by applause.</p> + +<p>Passing through Erie, Michigan, Captain Glazier +reached Monroe, July twenty-fourth, the committee of +the Custer Monument Association receiving him at +the City Hall. Arrangements were made for the delivery +of a lecture in the interest of the fund for the +erection of the monument. This was of course most +congenial to Glazier's feelings, Custer being his <i>beau +ideal</i> of a soldier, and he therefore at once placed himself +in the hands of the committee, offering them the entire +proceeds of the lecture. The Monroe <i>Monitor</i>, of +July twenty-sixth, noticed the proposal thus:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"The lecture announced to be given for the benefit of the Custer +Monument Fund, on Monday evening at the City Hall, was postponed +for various reasons until Thursday evening at the same place. +On Monday evening several members of the association met Captain +Glazier, and were most favorably impressed with him. They are +convinced that he is thoroughly in earnest, and his proposition is a +most liberal one. He offers to give the entire proceeds of his lectures +to the association; and not only in this city but throughout +the State, he generously offers to do the same thing. This is certainly +deserving of the warm recognition of our own people at least, +and we hope on Thursday evening to see the City Hall filled. +Captain Glazier comes with the strongest endorsements from well-known +gentlemen in the East, both as to his character as a gentleman +and a soldier, and his ability as a speaker and writer. The +captain served under the late General Custer in the cavalry, and +has something to say regarding his personal knowledge of the dead hero...."</p></div> + +<p>The lecture was duly delivered, and the following +certificate placed in his hands:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_392" id="Page_392">[392]</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='right' style='padding-right:10em;'><span class="smcap">Headquarters</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'><span class="smcap">Custer National Monument Association,</span></p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:3em;'><span class="smcap">Monroe, Mich.</span>, <i>July 28th, 1876</i>.</p> + +<p>This is to certify that the proceeds of the lecture by Captain +Willard Glazier in this city on Thursday evening, July 27th, 1876, +have been paid into the treasury of this association; for which the +members hereby tender him their sincere thanks.</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:3em;'><span class="smcap">T. E. Wing,</span></p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'>Treasurer. +</p></div> + +<p>The following also is evidence of the benevolent aims +of Captain Glazier during his journey in the saddle:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='right' style='padding-right:10em;'><span class="smcap">Headquarters</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'><span class="smcap">Custer National Monument Association</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:3em;'><span class="smcap">Monroe, Mich.</span>, <i>July 28th, 1876</i>.</p> + +<p><i>To Auxiliary Societies and Associations of the<br /> +<span style='margin-left:4em;'>Custer Monument Association:</span></i></p> + +<p>Captain Willard Glazier having kindly and generously volunteered +to devote the proceeds of his lectures through Michigan to +the fund being raised by this Association for the erection of a monument +to the memory of the late General George A. Custer, he has +made arrangements to remit to our treasurer here the money derived +from such lectures, and we bespeak for him your earnest +endeavors in aid of our common, glorious cause. Respectfully,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'><span class="smcap">J. M. Bulkley</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'>Secretary. +</p></div> + +<p>Before leaving Monroe, Glazier called upon Mr. E. J. Custer, +the father of the deceased general, whom he +represents as nearly crushed by the melancholy news +of his son's tragic death. The worthy old gentleman +was very courteous, and showed him some photographs +and an oil-portrait of the late general, together with +some relics from the Indian country which the general +had sent him at different times. Mr. Custer seemed +greatly interested in the journey on horseback, and +asked the captain many questions concerning his plans +for crossing the plains. Finally, he accompanied Captain +Glazier as far as Strong's Hotel, and witnessed his +start from Monroe. During his stay in Monroe our<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_393" id="Page_393">[393]</a></span> +soldier-author was introduced to several prominent +gentlemen of the place, and plans were discussed for +availing themselves of his proffered services in behalf +of the monument. The lecture was a financial success, +and the whole of the proceeds were turned over to the +Treasurer, Judge T. E. Wing. "I gave them all, although +they generously offered to divide with me," is +the simple entry in his journal under date July +twenty-eighth.</p> + +<p>Passing through Rockwood, Trenton, Wyandotte, +and Ecorse, all in the State of Michigan, he reached +Detroit on the thirty-first of July, and was met by +General William A. Throop at the Russell House, as +one of a committee appointed to confer with him on +the subject of his lecture. At the usual hour the lecture +was delivered to a full house at Saint Andrew's +Hall, General L. S. Trowbridge introducing the lecturer +to the audience in very complimentary terms.</p> + +<p>The next morning the proceeds were turned over +to the monument fund as indicated in the following +letter to the treasurer, and its acknowledgment by the +local committee.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'><span class="smcap">Detroit, Michigan</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'><i>August 1st, 1876</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">T. E. Wing, Esq.</span>, Treasurer, Custer National Monument Association:</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>: I send you through General L. S. Trowbridge of this +city the net proceeds of my lecture <ins title="delived">delivered</ins> at St. Andrew's Hall +last night, the same to be applied to the fund of the Custer National +Monument Association, for the erection of a monument to the memory +of the late General Custer at Monroe. I hope and expect to +be able to send you much larger contributions as soon as the lecture +season is fairly open. My horse is still in excellent condition, and +I anticipate a delightful and successful ride across the Peninsular +State. Promising to write you again from Ypsilanti, I am</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:12em;'>Ever truly yours,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'><span class="smcap">Willard Glazier</span>. +</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_394" id="Page_394">[394]</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'><span class="smcap">Detroit, Michigan</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'><i>August 1st, 1876.</i></p> + +<p>Received of Captain Willard Glazier, forty dollars, for the benefit +of the Custer Monument Association, as the proceeds of his lecture +at Detroit on the evening of July 31st, 1876, in aid of such association.</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:6em;'>[Signed] <span class="smcap">L. S. Trowbridge</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:3em;'><span class="smcap">William A. Throop</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'>Committee. +</p></div> + +<p>While in Detroit, Captain Glazier visited all the +public buildings and places of note, enjoying the courtesies +and hospitality of many of its leading citizens; +and, encouraged by the success he had met with so far +in contributing to the Custer Monument Fund, he determined +to devote the net proceeds of all his lectures +delivered between Detroit and Chicago to the same object.</p> + +<p>Leaving Detroit and passing through Inkster, he +reached Ypsilanti through torrents of rain, and the same +evening—August fifth—received calls at the Hawkins +House from a large number of patriotic gentlemen +interested in the Custer monument. The lecture was +duly delivered in Union Hall and the proceeds handed +over to the fund.</p> + +<p>Arrived at Jackson, "a most enterprising little city," +as Captain Glazier notes, August ninth, and delivered +his lecture in the evening at Bronson Hall, to a very +full house. The Jackson <i>Citizen</i> said on the following morning:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"Captain Willard Glazier lectured last evening in the interest +of the Custer Monument Fund. His lecture was a good historical +review delivered with graceful rhetoric and at times real eloquence. +The captain is still in the city giving his horse—a noble Kentucky +Black Hawk, whom he has ridden all the way from Boston, and +whom he expects to carry him to San Francisco—a rest. He starts +to-morrow morning for Battle-Creek, where he lectures on Saturday +evening."</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_395" id="Page_395">[395]</a></span></p> + +<p>Through Parma, Albion, and on to Battle-Creek, +which was reached August twelfth. Lieutenant Eugene +T. Freeman here took the rôle of host and welcomed +Captain Glazier to the city, introducing him to many +admirers and friends of the late General Custer. Arrangements +were completed for the lecture, which took +place at the usual hour in Stuart's Hall before a numerous +and attentive audience—the introduction being +made by Lieutenant Freeman, and the proceeds applied +to the monument fund. The following day being +Sunday the lieutenant's invitation was accepted to +accompany him to church, where an introduction to +the pastor, Rev. Mr. Palmer, and others, took place. +In the afternoon Captain Glazier was agreeably surprised +by an invitation from Lieutenant Freeman to +ride with him in his carriage to the delightful summer +resort of that region—Goguac Lake; and in many +other ways Lieutenant Freeman manifested a very +friendly and cordial feeling for him.</p> + +<p>Contrary to Captain Glazier's intention on setting +out from Boston he yielded to invitations to lecture at +Albion and Marshall, and, in the interest of the Custer +Monument, also determined to visit South Bend, Indiana; +and Grand Rapids, Michigan; which cities were +not included in the route he had originally marked +out for himself.</p> + +<p>At Kalamazoo he delivered his lecture to a crowded +house, being introduced by Major Judson, late of General +Custer's staff. Nearing Comstock, Captain Glazier +met with a serious adventure. His horse "Paul" +becoming frightened by the approach of a train on the +Michigan Central Railway, dashed over the embankment +into the Kalamazoo River—a fall of nearly forty<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_396" id="Page_396">[396]</a></span> +feet, and the captain came very near losing his life. +No bones were broken, however, the result being happily +confined to a considerable ducking and a no less +considerable scare; "Paul" having fared as ill as his master.</p> + +<p>The following letters and press notices will show the +nature of the reception our soldier-author met with in +Kalamazoo, Grand Rapids and South Bend, respectively:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'><span class="smcap">Kalamazoo, Michigan</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'><i>August 18th, 1876</i>.</p> + +<p>J. M. <span class="smcap">Bulkley, Esq</span>.,</p> + +<p style='padding-left:2em;'>Secretary C. N. M. Association,</p> + +<p style='padding-left:9em;'><span class="smcap">Monroe, Michigan</span>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>:—I have the pleasure of transmitting to Judge Wing, +through Major R. F. Judson, the net proceeds of my lecture delivered +in this place on the evening of the sixteenth instant. I desire to +accompany my gift with an acknowledgment of many courtesies extended +by the press and band of this patriotic village. I resume my +journey this afternoon and shall speak at Niles, South Bend, and +Laporte before the close of the present week. Hoping that your +brightest anticipations for the "Monument" may be most fully +realized, I remain,</p> + +<p class='center'>Always sincerely yours,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:3em;'><span class="smcap">Willard Glazier</span>. +</p></div> + + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'><span class="smcap">Kalamazoo, Michigan</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'><i>August 19th, 1876</i>.</p> + +<p>Received of Captain Willard Glazier the net proceeds of his +lecture at this place, which sum is to be applied to the fund for the +erection of a monument to the memory of the late General Custer, +at Monroe City, Michigan.</p> + +<p>We take great pleasure in speaking of Captain Glazier in the +highest terms, not only on account of the self-devotion he has manifested +in a noble cause, but of his indomitable perseverance and +energy. We trust he will, wherever he goes, receive the unanimous +support of the citizens whom he addresses.</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:4em;'>F. W. <span class="smcap">Curtenius</span>,</p> + +<p class='right'>Late Colonel U. S. Volunteers.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_397" id="Page_397">[397]</a></span></p> + +<p>I take great pleasure in fully endorsing the above and recommending +to public confidence and support, Captain Willard Glazier, +in his efforts in behalf of the Custer Monument Association.</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:3em;'>R. F. <span class="smcap">Judson</span>,</p> + +<p class='right'>Late aide to General Custer. +</p></div> + +<p>From the South Bend <i>Herald</i>:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"As heretofore announced in these columns, Captain Glazier delivered +his lecture 'Echoes from the Revolution' at the Academy of +Music last evening. Promptly at eight o'clock, the lecturer, with +Mr. J. F. Creed, appeared on the platform. Mr. Creed, in introducing +the lecturer, stated the object of the lecture to be in aid of the Custer +Monument Association of Monroe, Michigan. He also read +several letters introducing Captain Glazier to the public, from +well-known citizens of Michigan, and acknowledging receipts of the +proceeds of the lectures delivered in Detroit and Kalamazoo. The +theme of the lecture afforded a fine field for the display of Captain +Glazier's talents as a speaker. Possessing a fine imagination, good +descriptive powers, and the real qualities of an orator, he could not +fail to please the really intelligent audience which greeted him last +evening. Probably one hour and a half were consumed in its delivery, +but the interest and attention of the audience did not flag +nor tire, and when the speaker took leave of his audience, he was +greeted with several rounds of applause."</p></div> + +<p>About this time his Boston friends were notified of +his progress toward the setting sun in the following +paragraph of the Boston <i>Inquirer</i>:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"Captain Willard Glazier, who undertook in May last to ride +from this city to the Golden Gate on horseback, has reached Michigan, +and has discoursed to large audiences at the various points along +his route. The profits of his lecture at Cleveland, Ohio, were +donated to the fund at Dayton, to assist in erecting a monument to +the memory of the veterans who by the fortunes of war are destined +to await the long roll-call at the National Military Home."</p></div> + +<p>To return to his present point of departure, South +Bend, Captain Glazier having found his horse "Paul" +suffering from the accident previously recorded, and also +from sore-back, had left him with a veterinary surgeon<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_398" id="Page_398">[398]</a></span> +at Michigan City for treatment, and sped on his way by +rail to Grand Rapids. Here he lectured with favorable +results, having been introduced by General Innes.</p> + +<p>Said the Grand Rapids <i>Eagle</i>:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"A very large audience gathered at Luce's Hall last night to +hear Captain Willard Glazier. The speaker was earnest and +impassioned, his lecture was delivered with a force and eloquence +that pleased his hearers, and all who were in the hall went away +glad that they had been there, and ready to add to the praises that +have been bestowed on Captain Glazier as a soldier, author, and orator."</p></div> + +<p>Decatur, Dowagiac, Paw-Paw, Niles, and Buchanan, +were all reached by railway, for the purpose of giving +"Paul" a rest and an opportunity of recovering from +his sore back. At Decatur, Glazier met an old comrade +of the "Harris Light," named George L. Darby, +with whom a pleasant exchange of reminiscences took +place, and a cordial intercourse was renewed. "Thirteen +years," says Captain Glazier in his Journal, "have +slipped away, since the day of our capture at New Baltimore, +which led him to Belle Isle, and me to Libby +Prison.... Darby called this afternoon with fishing +tackle, and proposed that we should go out to 'Lake +of the Woods,' a small lake not far from the village, +and try our luck with hook and line. We went, and +a delightful boat-ride followed, but in the matter of +the fish which we tried to lure with tempting pieces of +fresh meat, they are still enjoying their native freedom." +We suspect the friends were too intent on +fighting their battles o'er again to give due attention +to their occupation.</p> + +<p>The lecture here was delivered September fourth to +a crowded house, over two hundred persons being com<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_399" id="Page_399">[399]</a></span>pelled +to stand for want of room to seat them. +Captain Glazier was accompanied to the platform by +several leading citizens, among whom were Hon. Ransom +Nutting, Rev. Mr. Hoyt, Professor S. G. Burked +and Albert W. Rogers, Esq., Mr. Nutting presenting +him to the audience. The following will show the +opinion entertained of the lecturer:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'><span class="smcap">Decatur, Michigan</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'><i>September 4th, 1876.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Captain Willard Glazier</span>,</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">My Dear Sir</span>:—We take this means of expressing to you our +appreciation of the highly instructive and very entertaining lecture +delivered by you at Union Hall this evening.</p> + +<p>Truly we admire your plan, and your generosity in giving the +entire proceeds to the Custer Monument Fund. Our endorsement is +the expression of our village people generally. You have made +many friends here.</p> + +<p>May success attend you throughout your journey.</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:10em;'>Very respectfully,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'><span class="smcap">S. Gordon Burked</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'><span class="smcap">Ransom Nutting</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'><span class="smcap">Albert W. Rogers</span>. +</p></div> + +<p>Having lectured successfully at the several intermediate +towns before mentioned, Captain Glazier with +"Paul" now directed his course to Rolling Prairie, +Indiana (a place romantic only in name), and thence +to Michigan City. From the latter point he journeyed +by railway to Chicago, arrangements having been made +for the delivery of his lecture in that city for the +benefit of the monument fund. A very full house +greeted him at Farwell Hall. Major E. S. Weedon +in introducing the lecturer alluded in an eloquent and +touching manner to the record of the gallant Custer. +The lecture throughout its delivery was much applauded +by the audience, who appeared greatly interested; and +the proceeds reached a handsome sum.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_400" id="Page_400">[400]</a></span></p> + +<p>The following entry occurs in the Journal under +date, Chicago, September 12th, 1876:</p> + +<p>"I shall now push on to Omaha and Cheyenne as +rapidly as possible, in the hope of passing Sherman at +the summit of the mountains before the snow is too +deep to interrupt my progress. There are nine steps +in my journey from Boston to San Francisco, namely, +Albany, Buffalo, Toledo, Chicago, Omaha, Cheyenne, +Salt Lake City, Sacramento, and San Francisco. I +have now taken four of these nine steps, and shall +undertake to pass the five remaining points by the +first of December."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_401" id="Page_401">[401]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr class='major' /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXXIII" id="CHAPTER_XXXIII"></a>CHAPTER XXXIII.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>FROM CHICAGO TO OMAHA.</span> +</h2> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Returns to Michigan City. — Joliet. — Thomas Babcock. — Herbert +Glazier. — Ottawa. — La Salle. — Colonel Stevens. — Press Notice. — Taken +for a highwayman. — Milan. — Davenport. — Press Notice. — Iowa +City. — Des Moines. — Press Notice. — Attacked by prairie +wolves. — Council Bluffs. — Omaha.</p></div> + +<p>Captain Glazier having succeeded so far in +his novel and adventurous undertaking, felt little +concern as to his ability to accomplish the entire +journey from ocean to ocean. He had ridden but one +horse—his faithful "Paul," thus far, and having returned +to Michigan City, found him quite recovered +and ready to pursue the journey. On the sixteenth +of September he took his departure from the latter +city, and after riding a distance of twenty-eight miles, +rested for the night at Hobart, Indiana.</p> + +<p>On the seventeenth he crossed the boundary between +Indiana and Illinois. On Grand Prairie, after +dark, his ears were made familiar with the peculiar +howl of the prairie wolf, numbers of which followed +in his track for a distance of two or three miles. Not +having seen any of these animals before, he supposed +them at first to be dogs, until advised by "Paul's" +manner and movements that they were animals less +friendly to his equine companion.</p> + +<p>At four o'clock in the afternoon, Glazier rode into +Joliet, and met Mr. Thomas Babcock, his advance agent, +on Jefferson Street. Preparations had been made here<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_402" id="Page_402">[402]</a></span> +for the delivery of the lecture, and several prominent +citizens called upon him, having heard of his projected +visit to the place. His brother Herbert, who was also +acting in the capacity of advance agent, had departed +to Ottawa to prepare for a lecture there on the twentieth. +While at Joliet, Captain Glazier stopped at the +Robertson House, the proprietor of which, Mr. Conklin, +sent word through the agent, that the captain was +to consider himself his guest.</p> + +<p>At the suggestion of Mr. Conklin, Captain Glazier +on leaving Joliet, rode his horse along the tow-path of +the Michigan Canal, and borrowing a hook and line +from a gentleman who was fishing, caught twenty-three +perch in less than half an hour, the canal seeming +literally alive with this fish.</p> + +<p>Leaving Morris, in Grundy County, Illinois, his journey +lay along the north bank of the Illinois River, and +after encountering a very severe rain storm, he reached +Ottawa, September twentieth, stopping at the Clifton +House. From the proprietors of this hotel he received +many courtesies. The lecture, as arranged, was delivered +in the evening with the usual satisfactory results.</p> + +<p>On leaving Ottawa, the captain followed the telegraph +poles along the Illinois River, passing a large +number of very fine corn-fields, and overtaking an emigrant +train on its journey from Ohio to Western Nebraska. +La Salle was reached at six o'clock on the evening +of the twenty-first. Here he enjoyed the society +and hospitality of Colonel R. C. Stevens, and was introduced +to a number of other prominent gentlemen, who +were attracted to him by their interest in the projected +monument to General Custer. The lecture was delivered +at Opera Hall, Colonel Stevens making the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_403" id="Page_403">[403]</a></span> +introduction. The following letter may be presented +here to show the estimation in which Captain Glazier +continued to be held as he progressed in his journey +westward:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='right' style='padding-right:3em;'><span class="smcap">La Salle, Illinois</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'><i>September 25th, 1876</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">To Captain Willard Glazier</span>: I take pleasure in expressing +to you on behalf of many of our citizens, the gratification afforded +our people who listened to your instructive and entertaining lecture +given at Opera Hall on Saturday evening. While in conversation +with several of our prominent citizens—among them, W. A. Work, +superintendent of our public schools; A. J. O'Connor, clerk of the +City Court; W. T. Mason, Esq., and others; all of whom were present +and heard your lecture—I was requested to write you and tender +their hearty thanks for the entertainment, and their good wishes for +your success in your ride across the continent. Should you ever +again visit our city, you can rest assured you will be most cordially +received.</p> + +<p style='padding-left:10em;'>Very truly yours,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:5em;'><span class="smcap">R. C. Stevens</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'>Late Colonel U. S. Volunteers. +</p></div> + +<p>The La Salle <i>County Press</i> noticed the lecturer in +the following terms:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"We have not often met with a more agreeable and pleasant gentleman +than Captain Willard Glazier, who entertained a very respectable +number of our citizens at Opera Hall on Saturday evening +by delivering a lecture on 'Echoes from the Revolution.' The captain +has a fine voice and his manner of delivery is decidedly +interesting, while his language is eloquent and fascinating. His +description of the battles of the Revolution, and the heroes who took +part in them, from the engagement on the little green at Lexington +down to the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown, was grand indeed, +and was received with frequent and enthusiastic applause. +In conclusion he referred in an eloquent and touching manner to the +'Boys in Blue' who took part in the late war for the Union, and +all retired from the hall feeling that the evening had been spent in +an agreeable and profitable manner.</p> + +<p>"Captain Glazier served under Generals Kilpatrick and +Custer during the late war, since which time he has devoted<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_404" id="Page_404">[404]</a></span> +much labor to writing, and is now making the attempt to cross +the continent from Boston to San Francisco on horseback, for +the purpose of collecting material for another work. He left Boston +in the early part of May, and will endeavor to reach the Sacramento +Valley before the fall of the deep snow. His horse, 'Paul +Revere,' is a magnificent animal, black as a raven, with the exception +of four white feet. He was bred in Kentucky, of Black Hawk +stock, has turned a mile in 2.33, but owing to his inclination to run +away on certain occasions, was not considered a safe horse for the +track. The captain, however, has broke him to the saddle, and also +convinced him that running away is foolish business; consequently +he and the captain have become fast friends, and with 'Paul' for +his only companion, the gallant cavalryman proposes to cross the +continent. Success attend him!"</p></div> + +<p>Having heard at La Salle that he would find no +difficulty in securing a night's lodging at a village +named Hollowayville, Captain Glazier pushed on for +that point, but on applying at the only place of accommodation +for travellers, was looked upon suspiciously +by the German host and his <i>frau</i>, who politely intimated +their belief that he was either a highwayman or +a horse-thief! These latter gentry had for some time +infested that section of Illinois, and Glazier inferred +from the manner of the people that they more than +half suspected him to be one of the James or Younger +brothers, whose exploits they had probably read of.</p> + +<p>Turning his back on the "Grand Pacific Hotel," he +at length succeeded by dint of much perseverance, in +lodging himself and "Paul" at a farm-house for the +night, but not before he had fully satisfied the worthy +farmer and his wife that he had no evil designs in desiring +to spend the night with them.</p> + +<p>On the following day, September twenty-fifth, the +captain rode through a rich farming country, replete +with "corn-fields, fine stock and oceans of fruit."</p> + +<p>Passed through Wyanet, Annawan, and across the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_405" id="Page_405">[405]</a></span> +prairie—smiling corn-fields and ripe orchards occasionally +relieving the seemingly interminable ocean of +grass—and arrived at Milan, Illinois, on the evening +of the twenty-seventh, remaining for the night.</p> + +<p>Here he met a Mr. Pullman, an old and intelligent +miner who had recently arrived from the Pacific +coast, from whom he obtained valuable information +concerning the country between Omaha and +Sacramento. He also found a number of congenial +spirits at Milan, chiefly New Yorkers, who had spent +some years in the Far West, and their conversation +partook of a practical nature bearing on his journey.</p> + +<p>Leaving Milan on the following day, he crossed the +Government Bridge, which unites Rock Island with +the fine city of Davenport, Iowa, and registered at the +Burtis House—the rider and his horse continuing in +the best of health.</p> + +<p>The lecture at Davenport was delivered at the usual +hour at Moore's Hall to a very large and applauding +audience, General Sanders presenting him. The +brass band of the place volunteered their services, +and appeared in full uniform. The Davenport <i>Gazette</i> +of October fourth said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"The lecture of Captain Willard Glazier at Moore's Hall last evening +was attended by a large and appreciative audience. The captain +was introduced by our worthy fellow-citizen, General Sanders, +who spoke of the lecturer's career as a soldier and an author, and +said he was <i>en route</i> for the Pacific coast on horseback, and lecturing +for the benefit of the Custer Monument Fund...."</p></div> + +<p>The following notice is taken from the <i>Democrat</i> of +the same city:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"We had the pleasure of meeting Captain Glazier this morning, +who arrived here on horseback from La Salle on Saturday evening.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_406" id="Page_406">[406]</a></span> +He is making the journey from Boston to San Francisco on horseback, +and alone, for the purpose of seeing the country, studying the +people, and gathering materials for a new work he is engaged upon. +Captain Glazier is well known to fame as a writer, having published +several valuable works, among them a war-record entitled, 'Capture, +Prison-Pen and Escape.'</p> + +<p>"At the breaking out of the war, Willard Glazier, then a mere +youth, entered the Harris Light Cavalry, under Colonel Judson +Kilpatrick, and remained in the service until the close of the rebellion, +his career being marked by many adventures and hair-breadth +escapes. His feat of riding on horseback across the continent, +unattended, to gather materials for a book, is certainly without +a precedent, and shows a brave and intrepid spirit. His horse +'Paul' was an object of great curiosity and interest."</p></div> + +<p>Leaving Davenport, our traveller passed through +Moscow and reached Iowa City October fifth. The +weather was now becoming very cold, and he found it +necessary to dismount occasionally and walk some +warmth into his limbs.</p> + +<p>Registering at the St. James Hotel, Iowa City, Captain +Glazier lectured in the evening to a very full +house, a profusion of cheers greeting him on his arrival +upon the platform, whither he was escorted by George +B. Edmunds, Esq.</p> + +<p>Continuing his journey through Tiffin and Brooklyn +to Kellogg, all in the State of Iowa, he witnessed, +he says, some of the finest landscapes and grandest +farms he had yet encountered during his journey. He +rode into Colfax, October twelfth, and Des Moines on +the following day.</p> + +<div class="image"> +<a id='illus34' name='illus34'></a> +<a href='images/illus34h.png'> + <img src='images/illus34.png' + title='A Night Among Wolves.' + alt='A Night Among Wolves.' /> +</a> +<p class='caption'> +A NIGHT AMONG WOLVES. +</p></div> + +<p>"I have not seen a brighter or more stirring city in +my line of march than Des Moines," writes Captain +Glazier in his Journal. He wandered over the city in +company with two or three of the leading citizens, admiring +its numerous fine buildings and the evidences +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_407" id="Page_407">[407]</a></span>of its rapid progress; and the next day the Des Moines +<i>Leader</i> came out with the following notice of his visit:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"Captain Willard Glazier, the horseback traveler across the continent, +took in the Exposition on Saturday evening with intense +gratification. He says he has seen no place, on his route from +Boston, more promising than Des Moines. Among the calls he +received at the Jones House was one from Captain Conrad, a prominent +attorney from Missouri, and now settled in his profession in +this city, who was a fellow-captive with Captain Glazier in Libby +Prison during the rebellion. He continued his journey westward +yesterday, with the best wishes of the friends he has made during +his short stay here."</p></div> + +<p>Captain Glazier speaks very highly of the extremely +courteous treatment he received while at Des Moines.</p> + +<p>Adel, and Dale City, and Minden were passed, and +arriving at Neola, we find the following entry in the +journal: "Weather most disagreeable. A drizzling +rain made my ride to this place decidedly gloomy. +My journey to-day, as usual, since entering Iowa, has +been over the boundless, never-ending prairie. I have +never in my life beheld a grander sight than this afternoon, +when I reached the summit of an immense tableland +between Avoca and Minden."</p> + +<p>Wishing to reach Anita before halting for the night, +he ventured to continue on the road after dark, although +for some time before sunset he had been unable +to see a farm-house or even a tree as far as the eye +could reach. Giving "Paul" the rein, he followed a +blind road, after crossing a sluice-way, which ultimately +led them to a haystack on the prairie, where the captain +decided to spend the night. A pack of prairie +wolves, or coyotes, soon came upon the scene, several +of which he shot, but he was shortly after reinforced +by a friendly dog, who came to his rescue and kept the +coyotes at bay for the remainder of the night. In the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_408" id="Page_408">[408]</a></span> +morning at daybreak he was glad enough to say adieu +to the haystack where he had passed one of the most +unpleasant nights of his journey.</p> + +<p>It may here be mentioned that the <i>coyote</i> partakes +of the natures of the dog and the wolf, and is less dangerous +to encounter in the summer than in the winter, +which is a characteristic of its wolfish nature. In +the winter, when food is scarce, these animals will +attack man, but if a bold resistance is offered, they +speedily decamp.</p> + +<p>Hastening forward on his journey through various +small and more or less enterprising cities of the prairie, +our traveler reached Council Bluffs at eight o'clock in +the evening of October twentieth. This promising +city is located three miles east from the Missouri +River, and contains an enterprising population of +some 20,000; its history dating from 1804. The +locality is surrounded by high bluffs, and hence the +name given to the city.</p> + +<p>Striking the Missouri opposite Omaha, our horseman +found he would be compelled to ride up the bank +of the river and cross by ferry to the northern section +of the city. On reaching the boat, "Paul" declined +to embark, but with some encouragement and assistance +he was at length made to understand that when +rivers cannot be bridged or forded, they can sometimes +be ferried, and so yielded to necessity.</p> + +<p>Omaha is almost equidistant between the Atlantic +and Pacific, and has sprung up, flourished and waxed +great in the twinkling of an eye. It is now the grand +gateway through which the western tide of travel and +emigration is passing. The first house was erected +here in 1853, and the population now numbers in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_409" id="Page_409">[409]</a></span> +neighborhood of 30,000. Omaha can boast of as fine +business blocks, hotels, school-buildings and churches +as can be found in many older and more pretentious +cities in the East. There are also numerous elegant +private residences, with grounds beautifully ornamented +with trees and shrubbery, which sufficiently +attest the solid prosperity of Omaha's business men.</p> + +<p>A story is told of the postmaster of Omaha which +illustrates the changes made during the past few years. +Mr. Jones, one of the first pioneers, was appointed to +the office of postmaster in the autumn of 1854. At +that time there was no office, while letters were rarities. +The few letters that did come were kept by the postmaster +in the crown of his hat till he met their owners. +Only a few years have elapsed since this primitive +state of things, and the post-office of Omaha has expanded +from a hat into a handsome stone building, +worth $350,000, in which some twenty clerks find full employment.</p> + +<p>Hearing of the impossibility of riding his valuable +horse across the Alkali Plains, he resolved to leave him +at Omaha until his return from San Francisco, and to +continue his journey on a mustang. In these plains +the soil for two or three feet seems saturated with soda, +and so poisons the water that if drunk by man or +beast, after a fall of rain, is sure to be fatal. "Paul" +was therefore turned over by his master to the care of +G. W. Homan, proprietor of the Omaha Livery +Stable; and a good serviceable mustang purchased +of a Pawnee Indian, to replace him.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_410" id="Page_410">[410]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr class='major' /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXXIV" id="CHAPTER_XXXIV"></a>CHAPTER XXXIV.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>CAPTURED BY INDIANS.</span> +</h2> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Captain Glazier as a horseman. — Cheyenne. — Two herders. — Captured +by Indians. — Torture and death of a herder. — Escape. — Ogden. — Letter +to Major Hessler. — Kelton. — Terrace. — Wells. — Halleck. — Elko. — Palisade. — Argenta. — Battle +Mountain. — Golconda. — Humboldt. — "The +majesty of the law." — Lovelock's. — White +Plains. — Desert. — Wadsworth. — Truckee. — Summit. — Sacramento. — Brighton. — Stockton. — <span class="smcap">San +Francisco</span>.</p></div> + +<p>Having made several friends in Omaha, and +obtained all the information within his reach +concerning the remaining half of the journey, Captain +Glazier mounted his mustang and proceeded on his +route across the State of Nebraska. Over the great +plains that lie between the Missouri River and the +mountains, his nerve as a horseman was most thoroughly +tested, and not less so, the mettle of his mustang, which +carried him a distance of five hundred and twenty-two +miles in six days. The approach of winter suggested +the importance of reaching his destination at the earliest +possible date; therefore on riding into Cheyenne +October twenty-eighth, he lost no time in arranging to +continue his journey.</p> + +<p>The weather now became intensely cold, as he neared +the highest point in his line of march. Since leaving +Omaha, the ascent had been gradual but continuous, +and the point now reached was eight thousand feet +above the sea-level.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_411" id="Page_411">[411]</a></span></p> + +<p>Cheyenne, the "Magic City of the Plains," about +five hundred and twenty miles west of Omaha, stands +at an elevation of six thousand feet above the level of +the sea, and is perhaps the most progressive city west +of Chicago. It is the capital of Wyoming Territory, +the county-seat of Laramie County, and is the largest +town between Omaha and Salt Lake City. The gold +discoveries in the Black Hills of Dakota added greatly +to its prosperity. In proportion to its population, +Cheyenne has more elegant and substantial business +houses than most any other western city. This is a +wonderful change from a place known the world over +by its fearful sobriquet of "Hell on Wheels." +Churches have risen where gamblers once reigned, and +many other edifices for religious and educational purposes +have been erected. Cheyenne is the trading-post +for the thousands of ranchemen and stock-raisers of the +plains at the base of the Black Hills, and like all other +frontier cities, has a history. It was once a very fast +town, and it is not very slow now.</p> + +<p>On leaving Cheyenne he was accompanied by two +herders, who were on their way to Salt Lake City with +a few mustangs and ponies. It was the custom of +Captain Glazier to have company in his rides through +this wild region whenever he could do so, and having +made the acquaintance of these men in the city, it +was arranged that they should journey together as far +as their respective routes led them. The men were +of the usual stamp of herders, rough in exterior and +plain of speech, but apparently worthy of trust. The +captain was not wanting in discernment, and his cordial +manner won their confidence.</p> + +<p>Sherman having afforded them a night's shelter and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_412" id="Page_412">[412]</a></span> +refreshment, their course lay in the direction of the +Skull Rocks, a huge mass of granite on the Great +Laramie Plains, and so called from the resemblance of +the rocks to human skulls.</p> + +<p>The Skull Rocks being in front of them at no great +distance, the conversation of the party turned upon +their peculiar configuration, and opinions were advanced +by each of a more or less intelligent character; +the herders insisting on the probability of their having +plenty of gold in them. Suddenly, over a slight elevation +in the land, appeared a body of Indians, in +number about thirteen or fourteen. Glazier and his +companions were not at first surprised, as Indians are +often found on these plains—some friendly and some +hostile—but mostly those of the friendly tribes. The +Indians now advancing upon them were clearly not on +a friendly errand, and were pronounced by the herders +to be a detachment of the Arrapahoes. They were +decked in their war-paint, and on seeing the white +men immediately raised their war-shout, which, as +travellers on the plains are aware, always indicates an +intention to attack.</p> + +<p>The herders, knowing that they were in the presence +of an enemy who would speedily relieve them of their +merchandise, made conciliatory signs, by raising their +hands, a signal which is equivalent to a flag of truce, +and is so understood on the plains. The signal of +truce was, however, ignored by the red-skins, who continued +to advance at a rapid pace, gradually forming a +circle around Glazier and his companions. This is +the usual Indian form of attack. The circle is kept +constantly in rapid motion, the Indians concentrating +their fire upon a stationary object in the centre of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_413" id="Page_413">[413]</a></span> +circle, while they render themselves a constantly shifting +target, and are thus comparatively safe from the fire +of the centre.</p> + +<div class="image"> +<a id='illus35' name='illus35'></a> +<a href='images/illus35h.png'> + <img src='images/illus35.png' + title='Captain Glazier Captured By Indians Near Skull Rocks, Wyoming Territory.' + alt='Captain Glazier Captured By Indians Near Skull Rocks, Wyoming Territory.' /> +</a> +<p class='caption'> +CAPTAIN GLAZIER CAPTURED BY INDIANS NEAR SKULL ROCKS, WYOMING TERRITORY. +</p></div> + +<p>Riding around, and firing at intervals of a minute +or two at Glazier and his companions, the latter did +their best to defend themselves, and fired in return +upon their cowardly assailants, who showed no desire +for a parley. The firing from the centre was made over +the backs of the ponies and mustangs, who in such +emergencies are made to do duty as a breastwork. The +circle of red-skins gradually lessened in diameter, as +the firing on both sides continued, when a shot from +the carbine of the Mexican herder killed one of the Indians.</p> + +<p>The circle continued to grow less, until the Indians +in a mass rushed on the three whites, disarmed them, +secured them to each other with thongs at the wrists, +and appropriated as their own the mustangs and ponies, +which had been their primary object.</p> + +<p>Before yielding, Captain Glazier and his little squad +had nearly exhausted their ammunition, and felt that +further resistance was not only useless, but would certainly +cost them their lives. Without loss of time, +the prisoners were compelled to mount, and the entire +party—less one Indian killed—started off in a northerly direction.</p> + +<p>Ignorant of their destination, the herders expressed +their belief that they would in a few days find themselves +in the presence of Sitting Bull, when their fate +would be decided. They continued to ride at a full +trot till about ten o'clock, when the whole party +dismounted and camped for the night. A fire was +speedily built, and some antelope beef partially<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_414" id="Page_414">[414]</a></span> +roasted for their supper, of which the prisoners also partook.</p> + +<p>The supper over, an animated conversation ensued +among the Indians, while sundry furtive glances were +cast in the direction of the Mexican who had killed one +of their party during the attack in the morning. For +a time they shouted and violently gesticulated, while +one of them was observed driving a thick pole into +the ground, at about fifty yards from the fire, around +which the party and the prisoners squatted. Presently, +at a sign from one of the Indians, supposed to be a +chief named "Dull-Knife," four of the red-skins seized +the Mexican and forced him towards the stake, where +they stripped him to the skin, and then bound him +to it with thick cords. The whole party then, +without further ceremony, proceeded to torture the +wretched man to death, as a punishment for his presumption +in killing one of their party while defending +himself from their murderous attack near the Skull +Rocks. They heated their arrow-shafts in the fire, +and held them in contact with his naked flesh, while +others, at a distance of a few feet from their victim, +cast at him their sharp-pointed knives, which, penetrating +the body, remained embedded in the flesh, until he +nearly died from the agony. One of the party now advanced +with a revolver, and shot him in the head, thus +ending his sufferings.</p> + +<p>While the torture was proceeding, Captain Glazier +and the remaining herder lay on the ground bound +together by thick cords, and could offer no assistance to +their tortured companion. The Mexican being dead, +one of the party removed his scalp and fastened it to +his waist, after which all sat down around the fire and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_415" id="Page_415">[415]</a></span> +seemed in high glee for the remainder of the evening, +for the most part shouting and speech-making.</p> + +<p>Willard Glazier had never before witnessed a case +of torture by the Indians. It is true it was of a different +character from that he and many of his old comrades +had endured in Southern prisons; but in one +respect was more merciful, as the sufferings of their +victim were soon ended, while his own and his comrades +extended over many months; in the one case the +body was burnt and lacerated—in the other it was +starved and emaciated.</p> + +<p>The horses of the party having been tethered by +long ropes to stakes, to enable them to graze during +the night, a guard of two Indians was placed in charge +of the prisoners, who, still bound together at the wrists, +were made to lie down side by side, with an Indian on +either hand. The remainder of the red-skins then disposed +themselves around the fire for sleep.</p> + +<p>Glazier and his companion slept but little, but pretended +to do so. They were continually on the alert, +and the guard, believing their prisoners to be asleep, +dozed, and at length reclined their bodies in a restless +sleep. About two o'clock in the morning, the two +Indians were relieved by two others, and all remained +quiet in the camp. At the first streak of dawn, the +whole body leaped to their feet and were ready to resume +their march northward. Glazier and the herder +were assigned each a mustang, which they quietly +mounted under the close scrutiny of their guards, and +the entire party started off at a brisk trot.</p> + +<p>No attempt at escape having yet been made by the +captives, the surveillance became somewhat relaxed +throughout the day, and the attention of the party was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_416" id="Page_416">[416]</a></span> +given to their own proper business of foraging. Wherever +an opportunity offered, a momentary halt was +called, and one of the party creeping cautiously up to +a stray pony, would take possession by the simple process +of mounting and riding him away. If more than +one animal was to be appropriated, an equal number +of Indians were detailed for the "duty," and each leaping +on the mustang or pony he had selected, would ride +off as only these freebooters of the plains can ride, with +little prospect of being overtaken by the owners. Thus +the day passed; as a rule, half the number of the Indians +remaining as a guard to the prisoners, while the others +foraged for food, and anything that could be conveniently +carried off. They were now skirting the Black +Hills, and Glazier had discovered by this time that +they were making their way to their general rendezvous, +about one hundred miles from Deadwood.</p> + +<p>As the second night overtook the captives, the process +of the previous night was repeated: they built +their fire, cooked and <ins title="eat">ate</ins> their antelope steaks, and +then prostrated themselves around the fire for the +night. The captives were again bound together at the +wrists, and lay between their two guards. Our friend +was, however, on the alert and wide awake, though pretending +to be asleep. Quietly he passed the fingers of +one hand over the cords that bound his other to his +companion, and concluded that with patience and vigilance +the knot could be unfastened. While the guards +dozed and slept as on the preceding night, the eyes of +the prisoners stealthily sought the ponies and the arms.</p> + +<p>The latter were always placed at the head of each +sleeper, to be ready for immediate use in case of a surprise. +Captain Glazier and his companion were fully<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_417" id="Page_417">[417]</a></span> +convinced that any attempt to escape, if detected, would +be followed by immediate torture and death; but were, +nevertheless, resolved to make the effort. It was also +known that if they quietly accompanied the Indians to +their rendezvous or headquarters, they would be +retained as hostages, probably for a long period, and be +subject at any time to be tortured should a fit of vengeance +seize their captors. They would not, however, +make an attempt to escape unless there appeared a +moral certainty of its successful accomplishment.</p> + +<p>The third day arrived, and at dawn, after partaking +of the usual breakfast of raw antelope or other game, +they started again on their march. They rode all day, +with the usual stoppages for forage, and about eight +o'clock in the evening camped, supped, and lay down +for the night, as before, after assigning the usual night-guards +to the prisoners, who were again bound together.</p> + +<p>Glazier, with the experience he had obtained in the +South, and his companion, with his intimate knowledge +of the plains, kept themselves constantly on the alert, +prepared to take advantage of any opportunity that offered +to escape from their captors. They had each +fixed his eye on a pony in the herd. These animals +were turned out to graze with their saddles on, in order +that they might be ready for instant use, if required, in +the night. The prisoners began snoring loudly under +pretence of being asleep, and at the same time the +guards dozed and slept at intervals, but were restless +until about midnight, when they both succumbed and +were fast asleep.</p> + +<p>Glazier now worked at the cord on his wrist, and +found he could unfasten it. While so doing, one of +the Indians moved in his sleep, and immediately all<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_418" id="Page_418">[418]</a></span> +was still as death with the captives. At length the +time had arrived, the complicated knot was loosened, +and the noose slipped over his hand, which at once +gave him and his partner liberty of action. They +knew where the arms lay, and each in the twinkling +of an eye secured a large navy revolver without disturbing +the Indians. They then simultaneously struck +the two sleeping guards a powerful blow on the head +with the butt of their revolvers. The Indian struck by +the herder was nearly killed by the heavy blow, while +Glazier's man was only stunned. They then made for +the ponies, leaped into the saddles, and before any of the +other Indians had shaken off their heavy slumber, had +struck out with all their might in the direction from +which they had come, and in the opposite one, therefore, +to that in which the Indian party were proceeding.</p> + +<p>In a moment, however, the pursuit commenced in +earnest; vociferations implying vengeance of the direst +character if they did not halt, were flung through the +darkness, which only had the effect of spurring the +fugitives to still greater speed. Glazier turned in his +saddle and sent a bullet among his pursuers in reply to +their peremptory invitation to him to halt. Another +and another followed, and one Indian was dismounted, +but the darkness prevented his seeing if his other shots +had told. The Indians meanwhile, who had plenty of +ammunition, were not slow in returning the fire, but +luckily without any worse result than to increase the +pace of the flying ponies.</p> + +<div class="image"> +<a id='illus36' name='illus36'></a> +<a href='images/illus36h.png'> + <img src='images/illus36.png' + title='Escape From The Arrapahoes.' + alt='Escape From The Arrapahoes.' /> +</a> +<p class='caption'> +ESCAPE FROM THE ARRAPAHOES. +</p></div> + +<p>Away they tore at the top of their speed, and soon +entered a cañon in the mountain side. Only two or +three of the Indians could now be seen in pursuit, and +the herder, saying it would be better for both if they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_419" id="Page_419">[419]</a></span> +took different directions, at once struck off through a +ravine to the right, and left Glazier alone. One Indian +was observed to follow, but Glazier sent a +bullet into the enemy's horse, and thus put a stop to +further pursuit. The Indian now leveled his carbine at +Glazier and dismounted him; and the latter's ammunition +being exhausted, he ran off towards a gulch, and +leaping in, remained hidden until daylight. Finding the +coast clear in the morning, he emerged and at once set out +walking in a southwesterly direction, which eventually +brought him to a cattle-ranche, the owner of which supplied +him with refreshment and a fresh mustang. +Again turning his face to the west he pursued his way, +covering the ground between himself and the Golden +Gate at the rate of sixty miles per day.</p> + +<p>Ogden, in the northern extremity of Utah, about +forty miles from Salt Lake City, and five hundred +and eleven from Cheyenne, was reached November +thirteenth, after hard riding and sundry stoppages at +ranches in quest of hospitality and information. No +event occurred more exciting than the shooting of a +buffalo that crossed his path—this being the third, beside +sundry antelopes and several prairie wolves that +had fallen to his revolver, in the course of his journey +since leaving Omaha. On riding into Ogden, Captain +Glazier was surprised to find it so important a city. +It forms the western terminus of the Union Pacific, +and the eastern terminus of the Central Pacific, railroads, +and is the second city in size and population in +the Territory of Utah. Besides the churches, a Mormon +tabernacle was noticed, the population being largely +of the polygamic persuasion and yielding their allegiance +to the prophet of Salt Lake City.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_420" id="Page_420">[420]</a></span></p> + +<p>One peculiarity of the towns in these western territories +is the running streams of water on each side of +nearly every street, which are fed by some mountain +stream and from which water is taken to irrigate the +gardens and orchards adjoining the dwellings. Ogden +has a bright future before it. It is not only the terminus +of the two great trans-continental lines before +mentioned, but is also the starting-point of the Utah +Central and Utah Northern railroads. Vast quantities +of iron ore can be obtained within five miles of the +city, and in Ogden cañon discoveries of silver have +been made. Fruit-growing is very common in the +vicinity, and a large quantity of the best varieties grown +in the Territory are produced around Ogden. Utah +apples, peaches and pears are finer in size, color and +flavor than any grown in the Eastern or Middle States.</p> + +<p>November eighteenth, Captain Glazier heard from +his advance agent, Mr. Walter Montgomery, then in +Sacramento, who was in ignorance of the captain's adventure +among the Indians after leaving Cheyenne, +except that certain startling rumors had reached him +of the captain having been killed by the Sioux. Mr. +Montgomery had accordingly written to various points +for information of the missing horseman; and to allay +the fears of his numerous well-wishers, who were in +doubt as to his safety, Captain Glazier, after leaving +Ogden, wrote the following summary of his adventure, +addressed to his friend, Major E. M. Hessler, of Cleveland, Ohio:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='right' style='padding-right:6em;'><span class="smcap">Wild Cat Ranche,</span></p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class="smcap">In Ogden Canyon, Utah</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:5em;'><i>November 18th, 1876</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Major E. M. Hessler</span>,</p> + +<p style='padding-left:7em;'>Cleveland, Ohio.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir and Comrade</span>: I learn through my advance agent +Mr. Montgomery, that a letter, manifesting some anxiety for my<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_421" id="Page_421">[421]</a></span> +welfare, was recently addressed to you. I hasten to say that I am +again in the saddle, and although for three days the guest of the +Arrapahoes, I am still in the best of spirits, and with even more +hair than when I left Cleveland. I should be pleased to give +you a detailed account of my adventures among the red-skins, but +have only time to tell you that I started from Cheyenne, October +twenty-eighth, accompanying two herders who were on their way +to Salt Lake City with a small drove of mustangs and Indian +ponies. We were attacked on the thirty-first of the same month +by a straggling band of Arrapahoes, near Skull Rocks, on the +Laramie Plains. One Indian was killed, and my companions and +myself were made prisoners after using up nearly all our ammunition +in the effort to repulse our assailants. The herder whose fire +killed the Indian was afterwards tied to a stake and most cruelly +tortured to death. Bound to my remaining companion with thongs, +we were on the following morning placed upon ponies and marched +rapidly to the northward.</p> + +<p>Breaking away from our captors on the night of November second +by disabling two of our guards, we were followed some miles, +firing and receiving the fire of the Indians as we galloped off on +two of their ponies which we had appropriated. After being dismounted +by a shot, and dismounting the Indian who had killed my +horse, I finally eluded my pursuers by leaping into a gulch in the +mountains, where I remained until daylight, when, finding no Indians +in sight, I pursued my way on foot in a southwesterly direction, +which brought me to a cattle-ranche late in the afternoon. +Here I secured a fresh mustang, and once more turned my face +toward the setting sun.</p> + +<p>My money and personal effects were of course promptly taken +possession of by the Arrapahoes. I am now moving westward +at an average of over sixty miles per day, confidently expecting to +reach San Francisco by the twenty-fourth instant. In our encounter +on the Laramie Plains, five members of the "Lo!" family were +sent to their Happy Hunting Ground, and in the matter of scalps +you may score at least two for your humble servant.</p> + +<p>With kind regards to friends in Cleveland, I close this letter +to mount my horse,</p> + +<p style='padding-left:8em;'>And remain, ever truly yours,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class="smcap">Willard Glazier</span>. +</p></div> + +<p>Captain Glazier's main object now was to push on +to Sacramento as fast as his mustang would carry him.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_422" id="Page_422">[422]</a></span> +Kelton (Utah), at the northwest corner of Salt Lake, +was accordingly reached soon after leaving Ogden, +where he halted a few hours. This station is seven +hundred and ninety miles from San Francisco. Stock +is extensively grazed in its vicinity, feeding on sage +brush in the winter and such grass as they can get; +but excellent grazing is found in the summer. The +cattle are shipped to markets on the Pacific coast in +large numbers. Terrace (Utah) was the next resting-place, +seven hundred and fifty-seven miles from San +Francisco, in the midst of a desert with all its dreary +loneliness. Continuing his pace at an average of eight +miles per hour—the temperature being very low at an +elevation of nearly five thousand feet—Captain Glazier +observed a few only of the salient features of the wild +country he now passed through, his position on horseback +being less favorable for topographical study than +that of the tourist comfortably seated in a palace-car.</p> + +<p>Wells (Nevada) was duly reached by the lonely +rider, who found on inquiry that he was now only six +hundred and sixty-one miles from his destination. This +place stands at an elevation of five thousand six hundred +and twenty-nine feet. Humboldt Wells, as they +are designated, give celebrity to the place, which was a +great watering-station in the days of the old emigrant +travel. The emigrants always rejoiced when they had +passed the perils of the Great American Desert and +arrived at these springs, where there was always plenty +of pure water and an abundance of grass for the weary +animals. Hence it was a favorite camping-ground +before the existence of the Pacific Railroad. The wells +are very deep. A Government exploring party, under +command of Lieutenant Cuppinger, visited the spot in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_423" id="Page_423">[423]</a></span> +1870, and took soundings to a depth of seventeen hundred +feet without finding bottom.</p> + +<p>Halleck (Nevada) was the next resting station, at an +elevation of five thousand two hundred and thirty feet. +It is named from Camp Halleck, about thirteen miles +from the station, where two or three companies of +United States troops are usually kept. The land +around is mostly occupied as stock-ranges.</p> + +<p>Elko (Nevada), twenty-four miles nearer his destination, +supplied his wants in the way of rest and food +for the night. This is the county-seat of Elko County, +the northeastern county of the State. The town has a +population of 1500, and is destined to become an important +city. The money paid for freights consigned +to this place and the mining districts which are +tributary to it, averages $1,000,000 per year. There +are numerous retail stores, and a few wholesale establishments, +with a bank, brewery, hotels, and three +large freight depots for the accommodation of the railroad +business. Indians, mostly the Shoshones, of both +sexes, are frequently noticed about the town.</p> + +<p>The valley of the Humboldt continued to widen +after leaving Elko—the pastures and meadow lands, +with occasional houses, were soon passed, and the rider +pushed on to Palisade (Nevada), his next halting-place, +thirty miles from Elko, and five hundred and +seventy-six from San Francisco. For the last two +hundred miles the road had been a gradual descent, +and the change of temperature was very sensible. +Palisade is a growing little place, with a population +of about four hundred souls. The town is located +about half way down a cañon, and the rocky, perpendicular +walls give it a picturesque appearance.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_424" id="Page_424">[424]</a></span></p> + +<p>Forty-one miles farther west Captain Glazier stopped +again for refreshment and rest at Argenta (Nevada), in +the midst of alkali flats. The road continued for a few +miles along the base of the Reese River Mountain, +when suddenly a broad valley opened out—the valley +of the Reese River. Turning to the right he found +himself at Battle Mountain (Nevada), at the junction +of the Reese River and Humboldt Valleys. The town +of Battle Mountain has several extensive stores, a +public hall, an excellent school-house and a first-class +hotel, with a large and rapidly increasing trade. Battle +Mountain, about three miles south of the town, is reputed +to have been the scene of a sanguinary conflict +between a party of emigrants and a band of red-skins, +who were defeated.</p> + +<p>Golconda (Nevada) was reached, and is four hundred +and seventy-eight miles from San Francisco. It +is a small place, with three or four stores, a hotel, and +several houses. Gold Run mining district, a little +distance to the south, is tributary to the place. Having +rested for the night, Glazier mounted at sunrise +and directed his course to Winnemucca (Nevada), the +county-seat of Humboldt county, with a population of +fifteen hundred, among whom are some Indians and +not a few Chinamen. The town has an elegant brick +court-house, together with several stores, hotels, shops, +and a school-house. <i>Winnemucca</i> was the name of a +chief of the Piute Indians, who was favorable to the +whites at the time of the laying out of the city.</p> + +<p>Humboldt (Nevada) was reached in due time—an +oasis in the desert. Here he was reminded that he was +still in a land of cultivation and civilization. The first +growing trees since leaving Ogden were seen here, with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_425" id="Page_425">[425]</a></span> +plenty of green grass and flowing fountains of pure +water. Humboldt House offered its hospitality to our +traveler, and the place and its surroundings reminded +him of his home in the east. It was a great relief +from the wearisome, dreary views which had everywhere +met his gaze over the largest part of his journey +since leaving Omaha. Humboldt is the business centre +of several valuable mining districts, and has a bright +prospect in the future.</p> + +<p>The following incident is said to have occurred in +one of the Nevada mining towns not many miles from Humboldt:</p> + +<p>About the year 1852 or '53, on a still, hot summer +afternoon, a certain man who shall be nameless, having +tracked his two donkeys and one horse a half mile and +discovering that a man's track with spur marks followed +them, came back to town and told "the boys," +who loitered about a popular saloon, that in his opinion +some Mexican had stolen the animals. Such news +as this demanded, naturally, drinks all around.</p> + +<p>"Do you know, gentlemen," said one who assumed +leadership, "that just naturally to shoot these greasers +ain't the best way? Give 'em a fair jury trial, and +rope 'em up with all the majesty of the law. That's the cure."</p> + +<p>Such words of moderation were well received, and +they drank again to "Here's hoping we may ketch that greaser!"</p> + +<p>As they loafed back to the veranda, a Mexican +walked over the hill-brow, jingling his spurs pleasantly +in accord with a whistled waltz.</p> + +<p>The advocate for the law said, in an undertone, "That's the cuss!"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_426" id="Page_426">[426]</a></span></p> + +<p>A rush, a struggle, and the Mexican, bound hand +and foot, lay on his back in the bar-room. The miners +turned out to a man.</p> + +<p>Happily, such cries as "<i>String him up!</i>" "<i>Burn the +dog-goned lubricator!</i>" and other equally pleasant +phrases fell unheeded upon his Spanish ear. A jury +was quickly gathered in the street, and despite refusals +to serve, the crowd hurried them in behind the bar.</p> + +<p>A brief statement of the case was made by the advocate +<i>pro tem.</i>, and they showed the jury into a commodious +poker-room, where were seats grouped about +neat green tables. The noise outside in the bar-room +by-and-by died away into complete silence, but from +afar down the cañon came confused sounds as of disorderly +cheering. They came nearer, and again the +light-hearted noise of human laughter mingled with +clinking glasses around the bar.</p> + +<p>A low knock at the jury door, the lock burst in, and +a dozen smiling fellows asked the verdict. The foreman +promptly answered, "<i>Not guilty.</i>"</p> + +<p>With volleys of oaths, and ominous laying of hands +on pistol hilts, the "boys" slammed the door with—"<i>You'll +have to do better than that!</i>"</p> + +<p>In half an hour the advocate gently opened the door again.</p> + +<p>"Your <i>opinion</i>, gentlemen?"</p> + +<p>"Guilty!"</p> + +<p>"Correct! you can come out. <i>We hung him an hour ago!</i>"</p> + +<p>The jury took their drinks, and when, after a few +minutes, the pleasant village returned to its former +tranquility, it was "<i>allowed</i>" at more than one saloon +that "Mexicans'll know enough to let white men's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_427" id="Page_427">[427]</a></span> +stock alone after this." One and another exchanged +the belief that this sort of thing was more sensible than +"nipping 'em on sight."</p> + +<p>When, before sunset, the bar-keeper concluded to +sweep some dust out of his poker-room back-door, he +felt a momentary surprise at finding the missing horse +dozing under the shadow of an oak, and the two lost +donkeys serenely masticating playing-cards, of which +many bushels lay in a dirty pile. He was then reminded +that the animals had been there all day!</p> + +<p>Lovelocks (Nevada) is three hundred and eighty-nine +miles from San Francisco, and its elevation above +the sea-level three thousand nine hundred and seventy-seven +feet. It is simply a station, with a few buildings +connected with the Central Pacific Railroad; but +is a fine grazing region, and large herds of cattle are +fattened here upon the rich native grasses. There is +quite a settlement of farmers near Lovelocks. Before +the railroad came the pasture lands were renowned +among the emigrants, who recruited their stock after +the wearisome journey across the plains.</p> + +<p>Leaving Lovelocks, Captain Glazier soon found himself +again on the barren desert. A side track of the +railroad, named White Plains, gave him rest for the +night. The spot is surrounded by a white alkali desert, +covered in places with salt and alkali deposits. Hot +Springs is another station in the midst of the desert, +and is so named from the hot springs whose rising +steam can be seen about half a mile from the station.</p> + +<p>Hastening forward he reached Desert (Nevada), +which he found to be three hundred and thirty-five +miles from San Francisco, and that the place is rightly +named. The winds that sweep the barren plains here,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_428" id="Page_428">[428]</a></span> +heap the sand around the scattered sage brush till +they resemble huge potato hills—a most dreary place.</p> + +<p>The captain found it quite a relief on reaching +Wadsworth (Nevada), a town of about five hundred +souls, and three hundred and twenty-eight miles from +the end of his journey. It has several large stores, +Chinamen's houses, and hotels, in one of the latter +of which he found refreshment and a bed. His route +had been for several days across dreary, monotonous +plains, with nothing but black desolation around him. +Another world now opened to his view—a world of +beauty, grandeur and sublimity. Reluctantly leaving +this agreeable place, he crossed the Truckee River, and +gazed with delightful sensations upon the trees, the +green meadows, comfortable farm-houses and well-tilled +fields of the ranches, as he rode forward.</p> + +<p>He had now crossed the boundary line that divides +Nevada from California, and Truckee was the first +place he halted at. This is a flourishing little city of +fifteen hundred inhabitants, one-third of whom are +Chinese, and is two hundred and fifty-nine miles from +San Francisco. A large number of good stores were +seen here, and a considerable trade is carried on.</p> + +<p>He next reached Summit (California). From this +point the road descends rapidly to the Valley of the +Sacramento.</p> + +<p>Several intermediate places having been stopped at, +in which our traveler obtained accommodation for a +night, we hasten on with him to Sacramento, where, on +November twenty-first, he found himself again surrounded +with all the appliances of civilization. Sacramento +has a population of twenty-five thousand. The +broad streets are shaded by heavy foliage. It is a city<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_429" id="Page_429">[429]</a></span> +of beautiful homes. Lovely cottages are surrounded +by flowers, fruits and vines; while some of the most +elegant mansions in the State are in the midst of grassy +lawns, or gardens filled with the rarest flowers. Here is +the State capitol, a building that cost nearly $2,500,000 +for its erection. Sacramento is an important railroad +centre, second only to San Francisco.</p> + +<div class="image"> +<a id='illus37' name='illus37'></a> +<a href='images/illus37h.png'> + <img src='images/illus37.png' + title='Captain Glazier Riding Into The Pacific—near The Cliff House, San Francisco.' + alt='Captain Glazier Riding Into The Pacific—near The Cliff House, San Francisco.' /> +</a> +<p class='caption'> +CAPTAIN GLAZIER RIDING INTO THE PACIFIC—NEAR THE CLIFF HOUSE, SAN FRANCISCO. +</p></div> + +<p>Brighton was one hundred and thirty-four miles +from the termination of his ride. At the farm-houses +along the road numerous wind-mills were seen. These +are used to fill reservoirs for household wants, and are +common in all the valleys and plains of California.</p> + +<p>A halt was made at Stockton, twenty-one miles from +destination. This city has a population of about fifteen +thousand, and is only twenty-three feet above the level +of the sea. It was named to commemorate Commodore +Stockton's part in the conquest of California.</p> + +<p>Using all despatch, Captain Glazier pushed on to +San Francisco, and entered the city November twenty-fourth, +registering at the Palace Hotel. He immediately +after rode, in company with Mr. Walter Montgomery, +and a friend, to the Cliff House, reaching it +by the toll-road. This beautiful seaside resort is built +on a prominence overlooking the ocean. Captain Glazier +walked his horse into the waters of the Pacific, and +then felt that he had accomplished his task. He had +ridden in the saddle from the Atlantic to the Pacific +Ocean—from Boston to San Francisco—a distance of +four thousand one hundred and thirty-three miles, in +just two hundred days.</p> + +<p>He was now no longer the slave of duty, and would +rest for a few days and see the beautiful city before he +returned to the east. He wandered about, mostly on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_430" id="Page_430">[430]</a></span> +foot, visited and inspected the numerous public buildings, +the City Park, Woodward's Gardens, etc., and became +convinced from personal observation of the greatness +and magnificence of this city on the Pacific, with +its three hundred thousand inhabitants, covering a +territory of forty-two square miles, and the growth of +less than thirty years. On its eastern front San Francisco +extends along the bay, whose name it bears, +bounded on the north by the Golden Gate, and on the +west washed by the Pacific Ocean along a beach five +or six miles in extent. It is not, however, a part of +our plan to describe this wonderful city, which has +been done most effectively by others.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_431" id="Page_431">[431]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr class='major' /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXXV" id="CHAPTER_XXXV"></a>CHAPTER XXXV.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>RETURN FROM CALIFORNIA.</span> +</h2> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Returns to the East by the "Iron Horse." — Boston <i>Transcript</i> on +the journey on horseback. — Resumes literary work. — "Peculiarities +of American Cities." — Preface to book. — A domestic incident. — A +worthy son. — Claims of parents. — Purchases the old Homestead, +and presents it to his father and mother. — Letter to his parents.</p></div> + +<p>We now accompany our subject on his return +journey to the east. His family and friends +had naturally felt great concern for him during his +long and perilous ride, and he was anxious therefore to +allay their fears for his safety by presenting himself +before them. He accordingly purchased a ticket and +left San Francisco by rail on the twenty-eighth of November, +and after a journey more rapid and comfortable +than the one he had made on horseback, arrived +in New York city on December sixth.</p> + +<p>Several of the eastern papers, on hearing of the captain's +safe return, furnished their readers with interesting, +and, more or less, correct accounts of the journey. +We can find room only for that of the Boston <i>Transcript</i>:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"It will be remembered that on the ninth of May, 1876, Captain +Willard Glazier, the author of 'Battles for the Union,' and other +works of a military character, rode out of Boston with the intention +of crossing the continent on horseback. His object in undertaking +this long and tedious journey was to study at comparative leisure +the line of country which he traversed, and the habits and condition<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_432" id="Page_432">[432]</a></span> +of the people he came in contact with, the industrious and peaceful +white, and the 'noble' and belligerent red. According to the captain's +note-book, he had a closer opportunity of studying the characteristics +of the <i>terror</i> than the toiler of the plains.</p> + +<p>"Accompanied by certain members of the 'Grand Army of the Republic,' +on the morning of May ninth, as far as Brighton, he +there took leave of them, and with one companion, rode as far as +Albany, the captain lecturing by the way wherever inducement +offered, and handing over the profits to the benefit of the Widows' +and Orphans' Fund of the G. A. R. Many of these lectures were +well attended, and the receipts large, as letters of thanks from the +various 'Posts' testify.</p> + +<p>"From Albany Captain Glazier pursued his journey alone, and +rode the same horse through the States of New York, Pennsylvania, +Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, and Nebraska, as far as +Omaha. Thence he proceeded on whatever quadruped of the equine +species he could obtain, which was capable of shaking the dust from +its feet nimbly. That he was fortunate in this respect is proven by +the fact that he rode from Omaha to San Francisco, a distance of +nineteen hundred and eighty-eight miles in thirty days, making an +average of about sixty-seven miles per diem. The distance from +Omaha to Cheyenne, five hundred and twenty-two miles, he accomplished +in six days; the greatest distance accomplished in one day +of fourteen hours was one hundred and sixty-six miles, three mustangs +being called into requisition for the purpose. The entire time +occupied by the journey was two hundred days, the captain reaching +the Golden Gate on the twenty-fourth day of November. The +actual number of days in the saddle was one hundred and forty-four, +which gives an average of twenty-eight miles and seven-tenths per day.</p> + +<p>"During this strange journey of more than four thousand miles, +Captain Glazier delivered one hundred and four lectures for the object +before mentioned, and also for the benefit of the Custer Monument +Fund, and visited six hundred and forty-eight cities, villages +and stations. He tested the merits of three hundred and thirty-three +hotels, farm-houses and ranches, and made special visits to +over one hundred public institutions and places of resort. He killed +three buffaloes, eight antelopes, and twenty-two prairie wolves, thus +enjoying to the full all the pleasurable excitement of hunting on +the plains.</p> + +<p>"But on the thirty-first of October, while in the company of two +herders, the tables were turned, and a band of hostile Arrapahoes<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_433" id="Page_433">[433]</a></span> +suddenly disturbed the harmony of the occasion. After a lively +encounter, in which one of the Indians was despatched to the +Happy Hunting Grounds, Glazier and his companions were taken +prisoners, and one of the herders was gradually tortured to death. +All that now seemed to be required of the two survivors was patience—if +they desired to share a similar fate. But in the early morning +of the second of November, while their captors were asleep, they +contrived not only to escape, but to secure the arms which had been +taken from them; and, mounted on two mustangs belonging to the +Indians, soon placed a considerable distance between themselves +and their too confident guards. In the chase which ensued, Captain +Glazier was separated from his fellow-fugitive, and made good +his own escape by dismounting two of his pursuers, and eventually, +after a long, hard gallop, dismounting himself and hiding in a gulch. +What the fate of the herder was he had no means of discovering.</p> + +<p>"Though a man of usually robust constitution, Captain Glazier +felt the transitions of climate acutely, but he experiences no ill +effects from the long journey now that it is over. The 'iron horse' +brought him back to the East of this continent in a few days, and +there are probably few men in the States who have formed a higher +opinion of the blessings of steam, than Captain Willard Glazier."</p></div> + +<p>Returned to Washington our soldier-author applied +himself again to literature, his ever active brain having +been sufficiently recruited by the comparative relaxation +it had enjoyed during the long ride. One of the +fruits of his pen at this time was a volume entitled +"Peculiarities of American Cities," a subject upon +which his flowing pen expatiates with great freedom +and a nice discrimination. That the reader may perceive +the bent of Glazier's mind at this period of his +history, we here present the brief and succinct preface +to that work:</p> + +<p>"It has occurred to the author very often," he writes, +"that a volume presenting the peculiar features, favorite<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_434" id="Page_434">[434]</a></span> +resorts, and distinguishing characteristics of the leading +cities of America, would prove of interest to +thousands who could, at best, see them only in +imagination; and to others who, having visited them, +would like to compare notes with one who has made +their <span class="smcap">peculiarities</span> a study for many years.</p> + +<p>"A residence in more than a hundred cities, including +nearly all that are introduced in this work, leads me to +feel that I shall succeed in my purpose of giving to the +public a book, without the necessity of marching in slow, +and solemn procession before my readers, a monumental +array of time-honored statistics; on the contrary it will +be my aim in the following pages to talk of cities as I +have seen and found them in my walks from day to day, +with but slight reference to their origin and history."</p> +<hr /> +<p>We will bring this chapter to a close by recording +one incident in the life of its hero, which, humble and +common-place as it may be deemed by some, is one +which, in the judgment of a majority of our readers we +venture to think, reflects glory upon Willard Glazier +as a son, and the nation may well feel proud that can +rear many such sons.</p> + +<p>A subject of great domestic interest which had occupied +his thoughts for a considerable period, but to +which he had, in his busy life, been unable hitherto to +give the necessary time and attention, at this time +again forcibly presented itself to his mind. Glazier's +sense of a son's duty to his parents was not of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_435" id="Page_435">[435]</a></span> +ordinary type. He was profoundly conscious of the +moral obligation that devolved upon him, to render +the declining years of his parents as free from discomfort +and anxiety as it was within his power to do. +They had nursed and trained him in infancy and boyhood; +had set before him daily the example of an +upright life, and had instilled in him a love of truth, +honesty and every manly virtue. Their claim upon +him, now that he had met with a measure of success +in life, was not to be ignored, and to a good father and +a good mother he would, so far as he was able, endeavor +to prove himself a good son.</p> + +<p>The Old Homestead near the banks of the Oswegatchie, +in St. Lawrence County, New York, where his +parents still resided; where all their children had been +born, and where many happy years had been passed, +was not the property of the Glazier family, and there +was a possibility that the "dear old folks" might in +time have to remove from it. The thought of such a +contingency was painful to Willard Glazier. It was +the spot of all others around which his affections clung, +and he resolved to make a strenuous endeavor to possess +himself of it, so that his father and mother might +pass their remaining days under its shelter.</p> + +<p>He accordingly opened negotiations with the owners +of the property for the purchase of the Homestead, +and was soon rejoiced to find himself the sole proprietor +of a place endeared to him by so many associations.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_436" id="Page_436">[436]</a></span></p> + +<p>The following letter to his parents will form a fitting +conclusion to this chapter:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'><span class="smcap">102 Waverley Place</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'><span class="smcap">New York</span>, <i>May 1st, 1878</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">My Dear Father and Mother</span>:</p> + +<p>I am just in receipt of the papers which place me in possession of +the <i>Old Homestead</i>. This, I am sure, will be very pleasing news to +you, since it is my intention to make it the home of your declining +years: poor old grandmother, too, shall find it a welcome refuge +while she lives. I have never felt that I could see the home of my +birth pass to other hands; my heart still clings to it, and its hallowed +associations, with all the tenacity of former days. The first of May +will, in future, have special charms for me, for from this day, 1878, +dates my claim to that spot of earth which to me is dearer than all others.</p> + +<p>Imagination often takes me back to the Old House on the Hill, +where your children spent many of the happiest hours of their childhood +and youth. In fancy I again visit the scenes of my boyhood—again +chase the butterfly, and pick the dandelion with Elvira +and Marjorie in the shade of the wide-spreading elms.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>I have been working for you, dear parents, in the face of great +obstacles since the close of the war. If you think I have neglected +you—have not been home in ten long years, then I reply, I did not +wish to see you again until I could place you beyond the reach of +want. <i>One of the objects of my life is to-day accomplished:</i> and now, +with love to all, and the fervent hope that prosperity and happiness +may wait upon you for many, many years to come,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:12em;'>I remain, always,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:3em;'>Your most affectionate son,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'><span class="smcap">Willard.</span> +</p></div> + +<hr class='major' /> + +<div class="image"> +<a id='illus38' name='illus38'></a> +<a href='images/illus38h.png'> + <img src='images/illus38.png' + title='Headwaters Of The Mississippi.' + alt='Headwaters Of The Mississippi.' /> +</a> +<p class='caption'> +HEADWATERS OF THE MISSISSIPPI. +</p></div> + +<hr class='major' /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_437" id="Page_437">[437]</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXXVI" id="CHAPTER_XXXVI"></a>CHAPTER XXXVI.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER.</span></h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>An interval of literary work. — Conception of another expedition. — Reflections +upon the Old Explorers. — Indian rumors. — Determined +to find the true source of the Great River. — Starting on +the eventful journey. — Joined by his brother George and Barrett +Channing Paine. — Collecting materials for the expedition. — Brainerd +the first point of departure. — Through the Chippewa +Country. — Seventy miles of government road. — Curiosity its own +reward. — Arrival at Leech Lake.</p></div> + +<p>An interval of three years, from 1878 to 1881, +now elapsed in the career of Captain Glazier; +years of retirement from public attention, but by no +means of inactivity on his part. During this period +he was engaged mainly in literary work, and in preparation +for a forthcoming expedition which his ever +restless brain had evolved, and which, if successful, +would furnish a valuable contribution to the geography +of North America.</p> + +<p>The design of the expedition was no less than the +discovery of the true source of the "Father of Waters," +the mighty Mississippi; and a voyage thence, in a +canoe, to its mouth in the Gulf of Mexico. It was a +novel and daring project.</p> + +<p>The idea of such an undertaking had occurred to +him while on his horseback journey across the continent; +of which a brief outline has been given the +reader in previous chapters. He had come to a point<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_438" id="Page_438">[438]</a></span> +in his onward progress which is noted for its beauty, +being one of the most picturesque spots on the Mississippi, +the bridge spanning the river between Iowa and +Illinois, where the rock-divided stream flows grandly by +under the shadow of towering bluffs. His own words +best describe the impression which the scene made +upon him, and the consequent birth in his brain of the +most notable achievement of his life:—</p> + +<p>"While crossing the continent on horseback from +ocean to ocean, in 1876, I came to a bridge which +spans the Mississippi between Rock Island, Illinois, +and Davenport, Iowa. As I saw the flood of this +mighty stream rolling beneath me, I turned in imagination +to its discovery in 1541. I saw the renowned +De Soto upon its banks and buried in its depths: I accompanied +Marquette from the mouth of the Wisconsin +to the mouth of the Arkansas: I followed Father +Hennepin northward to St. Anthony's Falls: and I +saw the daring La Salle plant the banner of France on +the shores of the Gulf of Mexico.</p> + +<p>"Musing thus upon the exploits of the heroic old +explorers who led the way to this grand and peerless +river of North America, I felt that it was a subject of +much regret that although its mouth was discovered by +the Chevalier La Salle nearly two hundred years ago, +there was still much uncertainty as to its true source. +Within the last century several distinguished explorers +have attempted to find the primal reservoir of the +Great River. Beltrami, Nicollett, and Schoolcraft +have each in turn claimed the goal of their explorations. +Numerous lakes, ponds, and rivers have from +time to time enjoyed the honor of standing at the head +of the 'Father of Waters.' Schoolcraft, finally, in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_439" id="Page_439">[439]</a></span> +1832, decided upon a lake, which he named Itasca, as +the fountain-head, and succeeded in securing for it the +recognition of geographers and map-makers.</p> + +<p>"Notwithstanding the fact, however, that the claim +for geographical honors was very generally accorded +to Schoolcraft's lake, as being the source of the Mississippi, +I had frequently been told that many Indians +denied that their ideal river began its course in Lake +Itasca, and asserted that there were other lakes and +rivers above and beyond that lake, unknown to the +white man, and that in them was to be found the +original starting forth of the mysterious stream. These +reflections led me to conclude that there was yet a rich +field for exploration in the wilds of Minnesota."</p> + +<p>Thus it was that Captain Glazier determined upon a +search for this great unknown of waters. The time, +however, was not yet ripe for the fulfilment of his +purpose. There was promised work to be done, duties +to the public waiting to be fulfilled, various literary +responsibilities accumulated from the past which must +be met, the projected undertaking itself to be specially +prepared for;—all this to be done before he could +finally turn his face towards his new purpose.</p> + +<p>The intervening period was therefore occupied in +carefully revising his literary productions. Several of +his books, written hastily at the close of the war, had +been published in rapid succession in a somewhat incomplete +form, and the constantly increasing demand +for their subsequent editions brought a public pressure +to bear upon him for their needed revision which +could not well be resisted.</p> + +<p>He had also other forthcoming works on his +hands, which he was anxious should be put into form<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_440" id="Page_440">[440]</a></span> +before he again launched himself upon the sea of uncertain +ventures. In order to collect additional material +for his book upon the "Peculiarities of American Cities" +it was necessary that he should make an extensive +traveling tour; consequently, a considerable portion +of this time was spent in visiting the leading cities of +the United States and Canada. Adding to all this the +necessary preparatory labor attending his contemplated +voyage in search of the true source of the Mississippi, +and it will be seen that the years elapsing between his +journey from ocean to ocean and his latest expedition +were actively and well employed.</p> + +<p>At length, however, all his tasks were accomplished, +and the month of May, 1881, found him stopping for +a few days at Cleveland, Ohio, in his journey westward +from New York. Leaving Cleveland on the +first day of June, he proceeded to Chicago, and without +further tarrying went from that city directly to St. +Paul, Minnesota, intending to make this the first point +for gathering his forces and collecting the material +needed for his coming exploration. Here he was +joined by his brother George and Barrett Channing +Paine, of Indianapolis, Indiana. The month of June +was spent at St. Paul in collecting tents, blankets, +guns, ammunition, fishing tackle and all the various +paraphernalia necessary for a six weeks' sojourn in the +northern wilderness.</p> + +<p>Finally, all arrangements being completed, the party +left St. Paul on the morning of July the fourth, to go +to Brainerd, about a hundred miles above St. Paul, +which was to be the point of immediate departure for +Leech Lake and thence to Lake Itasca. Brief stoppages +were made at Minneapolis, Monticello, St. Cloud and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_441" id="Page_441">[441]</a></span> +Little Falls on their way up the river, until Brainerd +was reached July the seventh.</p> + +<p>Brainerd is an enterprising little village at the point +where the Northern Pacific Railroad crosses the Mississippi, +near the boundary of the Chippewa Indian +Reservation, and is the nearest point, of any consequence, +to Lake Itasca. Here Captain Glazier stopped +for some days that he might further inform himself +upon the topography of the country, in order to decide +on the most feasible route to his destination, and +also to provide such supplies of food as were necessary. +After consulting maps it was concluded that although +Schoolcraft and others had found Itasca by going up the +river through Lakes Winnibegoshish, Cass and Bemidji, +the most direct course would be by way of Leech Lake +and the Kabekanka River. It was therefore decided +to take wagon conveyance to Leech Lake over what is +known in Northern Minnesota as the Government +Road. This road stretches for seventy miles through +trackless pine forests and almost impenetrable underbrush, +the only habitations to be seen along its line +being the half-way houses erected for the accommodation +of teamsters, who are engaged in hauling government +supplies, and the occasional wigwams of wandering +Indians. It was opened in 1856, by James Macaboy, +for the convenience of Indian agents and the fur trade.</p> + +<p>At length, at eight o'clock on the bright, summer +morning of Tuesday, July the twelfth, Captain Glazier +and his companions, fully equipped, and with a driver +celebrated for his knowledge of frontier life, began +their long and toilsome wagon journey. A ride of between +three and four hours brought them to Gull Lake, +where a halt was proposed and made for rest and +refreshment.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_442" id="Page_442">[442]</a></span></p> + +<p>This lake was for many years the home and headquarters +of the noted Chippewa chief, Hole-in-the-day, +and has been the scene of many sanguinary struggles +between his braves and those of the equally noted +Sioux chief, Little Crow. The ruins of a block-house, +remains of wigwams, and a few scattered graves are all +that is now left to tell the story of its aboriginal conflicts. +A family of four persons living in a log-house +form the white population of the place. Reuben Gray, +the genial patriarch who presides over this solitary +household in the wilderness, delights in the title of +landlord, and his hotel (by courtesy) has become somewhat +famous as one of the pioneer half-way houses +between Brainerd and Leech Lake.</p> + +<p>After resting for a while and doing ample justice to +the appetizing dinner which was set before them, our +travelers resumed their journey. Pine River was their +evening destination, and at five o'clock they reached +the ranche of George Barclay, the only white habitation +to be found between their last resting-place and Leech +Lake. Here they were most agreeably surprised to find +very good accommodation for both man and beast.</p> + +<p>An excellent breakfast the next morning, with the +fair prospect of reaching by evening the first terminal +point of their journey, put the travelers in exuberant +spirits for the day, and nothing but jolting over one +of the roughest roads ever encountered by them could +have lessened their enjoyment of the occasion. A +short stop was made for luncheon at Fourteen Mile +Lake, and this being their first meal in the open air +they were enabled, together with the experience thus +far gained in their journeying, to gauge more accurately +their supply of rations. It was readily discovered<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_443" id="Page_443">[443]</a></span> +that they would need at least a third more provisions +for their expedition than would be required for the ordinary +occupations of in-door life; and it was at once +decided to provide an additional supply of bacon and +dried meats before leaving Leech Lake.</p> + +<p>After luncheon the Captain's brother and Mr. Paine +took a bath in the lake, while he himself found amusement +in duck-shooting and in chatting with some +straggling Chippewas, who were about launching their +canoes for a six weeks' hunting and fishing excursion. +It happened that Captain Glazier had never before +seen birch bark canoes, and they were therefore regarded +by him with considerable interest, their use in +the future being indispensable to the success of his +undertaking. Now the Captain possesses, in common +with most men of adventurous spirit, a characteristic +desire to get at the bottom facts of everything, and this +curiosity here caused him a laughable mishap; for, the +better to examine it, he stepped into one of the canoes, +when, from want of experience in balancing himself in +so light a vessel, he was precipitated into the lake, +much to his own discomfort but greatly to the amusement +of the spectators.</p> + +<p>Firmly resolved upon more caution in the future, +the Captain and his companions pursued their journey +towards Leech Lake, which was reached at four o'clock +in the afternoon.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_444" id="Page_444">[444]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr class='major' /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXXVII" id="CHAPTER_XXXVII"></a>CHAPTER XXXVII.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>HOME OF THE CHIPPEWAS.</span> +</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>An embryonic red man. — A primitive hotel. — An unkempt inhabitant +of the forest. — Leech Lake. — Major Ruffe's arrival. — White +Cloud. — Paul Beaulieu and his theory about the source of the +Mississippi. — Che-no-wa-ge-sic. — Studying Indian manners and +customs. — Dining with Indian royalty. — Chippewa hospitality. — How +the wife of an Indian Chief entertains. — Souvenir of Flat +Mouth. — Return of Che-no-wa-ge-sic. — A council held. — An Indian +speech. — "No White Man has yet seen the head of the +Father of Waters." — Voyage of exploration. — Launching the +canoes.</p></div> + +<p>Upon the arrival of the travelers at Leech Lake +their first glimpse of the embryonic red man was +a little fellow of about six years, who ran out of a +wigwam, brandishing a bow in one hand, and carrying +arrows in the other. He was very far from being +warlike, however, for with the first glance at his white +brothers he suddenly disappeared in the bushes. A +little further on they came to a log-cabin, over the door +of which was nailed a primitive pine board, bearing +the inscription—"Hotel."</p> + +<p>Here they were received by a rough-looking man +with long hair and unkempt beard, wearing, besides +one other garment, a pair of pants made from a red +blanket. The surroundings were certainly not inviting, +and a closer inspection of the squalid accommodation +did not lead them to form any more favorable +opinion. However, travelers cannot always be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_445" id="Page_445">[445]</a></span> +choosers, and they really fared much better than they +had expected, dining very agreeably on fresh fish and +vegetables; breakfast the next morning being selected +from the same simple bill of fare, varied only by +the addition of "flap-jacks." In default of habitable +beds their hammocks were swung from the rafters of +the loft.</p> + +<p>Leech Lake is one of the most irregularly shaped +bodies of water that can be imagined. It has no +well-defined form, being neither oval nor circular, +but rather a combination of curves and varied +outlines made by peninsulas and bays, of which +only a map could convey any accurate idea. Ten +islands are found upon its surface, and seven rivers +and creeks enter it from various directions. It extends +not less than twenty miles from North to South, +and a still greater distance from East to West, with a +coast line of over four hundred miles. It was for +many years the seat of the Chippewa Indian Agency, +but is now consolidated with the White Earth and +Red Lake agencies. Major C. A. Ruffe is at present +agent of the three departments, with headquarters at +White Earth. The village consists of some half +dozen government buildings, as many log-cabins, +and about twenty or thirty wigwams scattered here +and there along the shore of one of the arms of the lake.</p> + +<p>The day after the arrival of Captain Glazier's party, +the agency was thrown into a state of excitement by +the announcement that Major Ruffe was on his way to +Lake Winnibegoshish by way of Leech Lake. The +Major came the next day, accompanied by Captain +Taylor of St. Cloud, one of the pioneer surveyors of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_446" id="Page_446">[446]</a></span> +Minnesota; Paul Beaulieu, the veteran government +interpreter, and White Cloud, the present chief of the +Mississippi Indians, who succeeded Hole-in-the-day, +the latter having been killed some time before by one +of the Leech Lake band.</p> + +<p>Paul Beaulieu, the half-breed interpreter to Major +Ruffe, possesses a fund of information concerning the +Upper Mississippi which cannot be ignored by those +who are in pursuit of its mysterious source, and +Captain Glazier considered himself most fortunate in +meeting him before his departure for Lake Itasca. +Beaulieu deserves more than a passing mention, as he +is a man of wide experience, and is well known +throughout Minnesota, and, in some circles, throughout +the country. He was born at Mackinaw, while +General Sibley was stationed there in the interest of the +American Fur Company, of which John Jacob Astor +was then the head. His father was a Frenchman and +his mother an Indian. He received an English education, +partly in the government school of Mackinaw, +and partly at Montreal. On leaving school he was +employed by the Fur Company, and sent all over +the United States from the St. Lawrence to Lower +California. He crossed the continent with the +Stevens party on the first Northern Pacific survey, +and rendered such valuable services that he was +presented with a testimonial in recognition of his +efficiency.</p> + +<p>Beaulieu had a theory of his own regarding the +source of the Mississippi, based upon the stories of the +Chippewas and other Indians of his acquaintance. In +conversation with Captain Glazier upon the subject he +said that to the west of Lake Itasca there was another<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_447" id="Page_447">[447]</a></span> +lake, the outlet of which united with the stream from +the former, and which contributed a much larger +volume of water at its junction with the Mississippi +than the outlet of Lake Itasca. He therefore assumed +that this nameless and almost unknown lake +was the true source of the Mississippi.</p> + +<p>In corroboration of the Beaulieu theory Major +Ruffe said that he had heard the same opinion expressed +by a number of old and reliable Indian +voyagers. It will thus be seen that there was a +great diversity of sentiment among the most trustworthy +authorities as to the actual source of the Great River.</p> + +<p>Captain Glazier was greatly exercised on finding +that his arrival at Leech Lake was at a season when the +local band of Indians, the Pillagers, as they are +called, were away upon their annual hunting and +fishing excursion. Their absence from the agency +was a serious obstacle in the way of immediate +further progress, for the reason that, being compelled +to take the final step in their expedition to the source +of the Mississippi from this point, it was important +that they should complete their equipment by securing +an interpreter, reliable guides and birch bark canoes.</p> + +<p>"Find Rev. Edwin Benedict as soon as you reach +Leech Lake" was the last injunction Captain Glazier +received on leaving Brainerd. Mr. Benedict is Post +Missionary, and one of the five representatives of the +Episcopal Church on the Chippewa Reservation, +holding his commission from Bishop Whipple of +Minnesota. With this genial gentleman, Captain Glazier +spent the greater part of his time while waiting at<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_448" id="Page_448">[448]</a></span> +the Agency, when not engaged in preparations for the +voyage. The courtesy of a semi-civilized bed, and +the convenience of a table, with pens, ink and paper, +were luxuries to be appreciated and not readily forgotten.</p> + +<p>Conversations with Mr. Benedict and with Flat +Mouth, chief of the Chippewas, developed the unexpected +fact that there was but one Indian in the Chippewa +country who had actually traversed the region +which the Captain and his party were about to explore, +and that he was then visiting some friends near Lake +Winnibegoshish, and was not expected to return until +the following Saturday, some three days off.</p> + +<p>Satisfied that Che-no-wa-ge-sic, the Chippewa brave +referred to, would prove indispensable to the success +of his expedition, Captain Glazier decided to await his +return to the Agency. While thus detained the Captain +and his friends found themselves indebted to +Major Ruffe for his untiring efforts to relieve the +monotony of their sojourn, and to render their condition +as agreeable as possible while within his sovereign +borders.</p> + +<p>As an important part of Captain Glazier's purpose +in his Mississippi expedition was to study the manners +and customs of the people in the several portions of +the country along its banks, he took advantage of his +present detention to inquire into the habits and traits +of the Indians with whom he now came in daily contact. +Some extracts from his private diary, graphically +portraying the characteristics which impressed +him, are here especially interesting, as evidence of a +certain power of philosophic reflection and inductive +reasoning unusual in the mind of one so given to the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_449" id="Page_449">[449]</a></span> +excitement of an active, enterprising life as was Captain +Glazier, who as soldier, author, and explorer +certainly allowed himself little rest for the quiet abstractions +of the student.</p> + +<p>"Through conversations with Major Ruffe I learned +much of the pioneer history of the post, and the attempts +to civilize the Pillagers, as the Leech Lake +Indians are named. This band appears to have separated +from the other Chippewas at an early day, and to +have taken upon themselves the duty of defending +this portion of the Chippewa frontier. They 'passed +armed before their brethren' in their march westward. +Their geographical position was one which required +them to assume great responsibilities, and in the +defence of their chosen frontier they have distinguished +themselves as brave and active warriors. Many acts +of intrepidity are related of them which would be +recorded with admiration had white men been the +actors. Perfectly versed in the arts of the forest +they have gained many victories over that powerful +assemblage of tribes known as the Sioux. With +fewer numbers the Chippewas have never hesitated +to fall upon their enemies, and have defeated and +routed them with a valor and resolution which in any +period of written warfare would have been stamped as +heroic.</p> + +<p>"It is not easy on the part of the government to +repress the feelings of hostility which have so long +existed between the respective tribes, and to convince +them that they have lived into an age when milder +maxims furnish the basis of wise action....</p> + +<p>"The domestic manners and habits of a people +whose position is so adverse to improvement could<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_450" id="Page_450">[450]</a></span> +hardly be expected to present anything strikingly different +from other erratic bands of the Northwest. +There is indeed a remarkable conformity in the external +habits of all our Northern Indians. The necessity +of changing their camps often to procure game or fish, +the want of domestic animals, the general dependence +on wild rice, and the custom of journeying in canoes +has produced a general uniformity of life, and it is +emphatically a life of want and vicissitude. There is +a perpetual change between action and inanity in the +mind which is a striking peculiarity of the savage +state, and there is such a general want of forecast that +most of their misfortunes and hardships, in war and +peace, come unexpectedly." ...</p> + +<p>Our explorers were agreeably surprised one day +during their stay at Leech Lake by an invitation from +Flat Mouth, the present ruler of the Pillagers, to take +dinner with him. Captain Glazier accepted the invitation +with pleasure, for it so happened that although +he had for many years been much among the natives +of the forest he had never before had an opportunity +to dine with Indian royalty.</p> + +<p>Flat Mouth is a descendant of Aish-ki-bug-e-koszh, +the most famous of all the Chippewa chiefs. He is +stalwart in appearance and endowed with marked +talents, and well deserves the title of "chief." At the +appointed time for the dinner, Captain Glazier, accompanied +by his brother and Mr. Paine, went to his +residence. They found him living in a comfortable +log-house of two rooms, well floored and roofed, with +two small glass windows. A plain board table stood +in the centre of the front room, upon which the dinner +was served. Pine board benches were placed upon<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_451" id="Page_451">[451]</a></span> +each side of the table and at the ends, and they followed +the example of the host in sitting down. Five +other persons were admitted to the meal, the wife of +Flat Mouth, White Cloud, chief of the Mississippis, +and three Chippewa sub-chiefs. The wife of Flat +Mouth sat near him and poured out the tea, but ate or +drank nothing herself. Tea-cups, spoons, plates, +knives and forks, all of plain manufacture, were carefully +arranged, the number corresponding with the +guests. A fine mess of bass and white fish cut up and +very palatably broiled filled a dish in the centre of the +table, from which the host helped his guests. Birch +bark salt cellars containing pepper and salt mixed +allowed each one to season his fish with both or +neither. A dish of blue berries picked on the shore of +the lake completed the repast.</p> + +<p>While they were eating, the room became filled with +Indians, apparently the relatives and friends of Flat +Mouth, and after the dinner was over, speech-making +being in order, White Cloud arose, and, assuming an +oratorical attitude, addressed Captain Glazier:</p> + +<p>He expressed regret that white men had so long +been in ignorance of the source of the Mississippi, and +said that although he had not himself seen the head +of the Great River, there were many braves of his tribe +who were familiar with its location. He hoped that his +white brother had come thoroughly prepared to explore +the country beyond Lake Itasca, and that he would +not return to his friends until he had found the true +source of the "Father of Waters." Continuing he said: +"I am told that Che-no-wa-ge-sic, the Chippewa warrior, +will accompany you. He is a great hunter and +a faithful guide. He can supply you with game and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_452" id="Page_452">[452]</a></span> +paddle your canoe. The Chippewas are your friends, +and will give you shelter in their wigwams."</p> + +<p>After he had finished, Flat Mouth presented Captain +Glazier with a beautifully beaded pipe and tobacco +pouch, the work of his favorite squaw, and expressed +an earnest hope for the complete success of the expedition. +Although Captain Glazier needed nothing to +keep the memory of this novel dinner fresh in his +mind, he will always treasure this souvenir of Flat +Mouth among the many pleasant mementos of his +visit to Leech Lake.</p> + +<p>Here again, in referring to this dinner and those +whom he met there, Captain Glazier's diary furnishes +one of his vivid pen-pictures in an admirably conceived +criticism upon the mental attributes and general +character of the distinguished Indian chief, White +Cloud, the orator of the feast.</p> + +<p>"I was much gratified on this occasion by the +presence of White Cloud, whom I had been told was +the most respectable man in the Chippewa country; +and if the term were applied to his intellectual qualities +and the power of drawing just conclusions from +known premises, and the effects which these have had +on his standing and influence with his own tribe, it is +not misapplied. Shrewdness and quickness of perception +most of the chiefs possess, but there is more of +the character of common sense and practical reflection +in White Cloud's remarks than I have observed in +most of the chiefs I have hitherto met. In his early +life he was both a warrior and a counselor, and these +distinctions he held, not from any hereditary right, +but from the force of his own character. I found him +quite ready to converse upon those topics which were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_453" id="Page_453">[453]</a></span> +of most interest to him, and the sentiments he expressed +were such as would occur to a mind which +had possessed itself of facts and was capable of reasoning +from them. His manners were grave and dignified, +and his oratory such as to render him popular +wherever heard."</p> + +<p>Upon the return of Chenowagesic and other Indians, +a council was held and Captain Glazier stated +his object to them. They were asked to provide +maps of the country and to furnish an interpreter, +guides and canoes. Of course, it was impossible to +conclude any such important negotiations as attended +an expedition involving the veritable source of the +noble red man's mystical stream without the characteristic +Indian speech. Accordingly, Chenowagesic +arose, and with much dignity, extending his arm towards +Captain Glazier, said:</p> + +<p>"My brother, the country you are going to visit is +my hunting ground. I have hunted there many years +and planted corn on the shores of Lake Itasca. My +father, now an old man, remembers the first white +chief who came to look for the source of the Great +River. But, my brother, no white man has yet seen +the head of the 'Father of Waters.' I will myself +furnish the maps you have requested, and will guide +you onward. There are many lakes and rivers in the +way, but the waters are favorable. I shall talk with +my friends about the canoes, and see who will step +forward to supply them. My own canoe shall be one +of the number."</p> + +<p>But a few hours were required to complete the +maps, and on the following morning, three Chippewas, +including Chenowagesic, brought each a canoe and +laid it down on the shore of the lake.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_454" id="Page_454">[454]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr class='major' /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXXVIII" id="CHAPTER_XXXVIII"></a>CHAPTER XXXVIII.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>EXPLORATION AND DISCOVERY.</span> +</h2> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Launching the canoes. — Flat Mouth and White Cloud again. — An +inspiring scene. — Farewell to Leech Lake. — Up the Kabekanka +River. — Dinner at Lake Benedict. — Difficult navigation. — A peaceful +haven. — Supper and contentment. — Lake Garfield. — Preparations +for first portage. — Utter exhaustion. — Encampment for the +night. — The cavalry column. — Lake George and Lake Paine. — The +Naiwa River. — Six miles from Itasca. — Camping on the +Minnesota watershed. — A startling discovery. — Rations giving +out. — Ammunition gone. — Arrival at Lake Itasca.</p></div> + +<p>The following day, July seventeenth, was Sunday, +and Captain Glazier, being a guest of Rev. +Edwin Benedict, felt some delicacy in commencing +his journey on the Sabbath. Mr. Benedict, however, +greatly to his relief, not only decided that there could +be nothing objectionable in his doing so, but also +offered to launch his canoe and bid him God-speed. +In fact, Mr. Benedict had done all in his power to +alleviate the discomfort of his stay, by placing at +his service the only "civilized" bed the village possessed, +but now Bishop Whipple was hourly expected to +arrive in the course of his regular visitations to the missionary +posts he had established, and the Captain was +not inclined to monopolize a luxury which doubtless +the Bishop would appreciate as much as himself. +Accordingly, early in the morning, which proved to be +clear and beautiful, the explorers met on the shore of +the lake, preparatory to their embarkation. A large<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_455" id="Page_455">[455]</a></span> +number of Indians had assembled to see them off. +Flat Mouth was there, watching his white brothers +with interest as they stepped cautiously into the canoes, +for Captain Glazier had not forgotten his first +experience with one of these light vessels. White +Cloud, also, was there, chief of the Mississippis, thinking, +mayhap, somewhat sadly of the time when the +great "Father of Waters" was known only to the Red +Man who hunted on its banks, or glided swiftly down +its stream, in happy ignorance of the days when city +after city should line its shores, and steamboats force +their devious way through its waters. There, too, +were the friends and relatives of Chenowagesic and +the other guides, watching with characteristic gravity +the final preparations. Rev. Mr. Benedict, the only +white man on the beach other than the explorers, stood +ready to launch the canoe.</p> + +<div class="image"> +<a id='illus39' name='illus39'></a> +<a href='images/illus39h.png'> + <img src='images/illus39.png' + title='Captain Glazier Embarking For The Headwaters Of The Mississippi.' + alt='Captain Glazier Embarking For The Headwaters Of The Mississippi.' /> +</a> +<p class='caption'> +CAPTAIN GLAZIER EMBARKING FOR THE HEADWATERS OF THE MISSISSIPPI. +</p></div> + +<p>It was a scene well worthy the painter's most cunning +skill—the beautiful lake, the wigwams dotting its +shores here and there, the dark green of the forest in +the background, the Indians with their bright red +blankets adding bits of vivid coloring to the scene, +and, at the water's edge, Captain Glazier, upright and +soldierly in bearing, ready to step into his canoe and +start forth in search of the mysterious springs which +had hitherto baffled the investigations of all previous +explorers.</p> + +<p>Finally, all was ready, the baggage being evenly +distributed in the three canoes with an Indian in +each to guide and paddle it. Standing in the foremost +canoe Captain Glazier signified his readiness to +start, when Mr. Benedict pushed the light bark into +the water, and waved his hat in token of farewell. A<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_456" id="Page_456">[456]</a></span> +general waving of hats followed, and soon our explorers +found themselves gliding swiftly over the +bosom of the lake, and almost out of sight of the +friends who still watched them from the shore.</p> + +<p>After an hour's paddling they reached the other side +of the arm of the lake on which the Agency is situated, +and prepared for a short portage across a point of land +which brought them to a larger arm, where the wind +and the waves had a sweep of fifteen or twenty miles. +Coasting along the shore for some distance they finally +paddled across the lake to the mouth of the Kabekanka +River. A brisk wind was blowing from the north, +and the waves ran so high as to cause some anxiety in +the minds of those who were not accustomed to the +motion of a canoe; for, now they rose lightly to the +top of the wave and anon sank with a swash into the +trough, splashing and dashing the water over their +bows. Gradually, however, as they became more used +to their frail barks, their anxiety lessened, and they +began to enjoy the beautiful prospect before them, and +to inhale with delight the invigorating breeze.</p> + +<p>After two or three hours steady work they reached +the inlet into which this branch of the Kabekanka +empties. So choked up is this inlet with reeds and +rushes that it required some skill to force an entrance +for the canoes. Finally they succeeded, and paddling +up the river they came, at about eleven o'clock, to a +little lake caused by the widening of the stream, which +Captain Glazier named Lake Benedict, in honor of Rev. +Edwin Benedict, who had treated him so courteously +during his stay at Leech Lake. Reaching the upper +end of this lake they disembarked and prepared to +enjoy their noon-day meal.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_457" id="Page_457">[457]</a></span></p> + +<p>A brief rest, in order the better to digest their hearty +dinner, refreshed the travelers so much that they soon +re-embarked and pursued their voyage. Leaving the +lake they entered another branch of the Kabekanka, +and found that at its mouth the stream ran between +low shores, and that its bed was so overgrown with +wild rice as to make it almost impossible for a +canoe to work its way through. Further up the +river narrowed and ran more swiftly, the wild rice +giving place to snags and driftwood, which made +navigation even more toilsome. Almost worn out, +our weary voyagers began to despair of finding navigable +waters, when to their great joy they espied +at a little distance what seemed like a pond filled +with rushes. Struggling onward once more they soon +reached the spot, and found what they supposed to +be a pond was the outlet of a beautiful lake about +seven miles long and three broad, into whose quiet +waters they glided with glad hearts and a shout of +delight.</p> + +<p>It was now late in the afternoon, and time to look +about for a camping-ground, on which to spend the +night. Paddling slowly up the lake, trolling for fish +as they went, they soon found a spot which answered +their purpose admirably. It was a bluff near the lake, +wooded with Norway pines, and sloping rather abruptly +towards the water. By this time they had caught +half a dozen fine pickerel, and, disembarking, soon had +their fire built, tents pitched and hammocks swung. +The guides prepared supper of broiled fish, accompanied +by such canned dainties as had been brought +with them and their keen appetites caused by +the fresh breeze and toilsome paddling prepared<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_458" id="Page_458">[458]</a></span> +them to enjoy with zest their first supper in the open air.</p> + +<p>Supper being over they whiled away the time very +pleasantly by commenting upon the experiences of the +day, and discussing the object of their undertaking, +and so free were they from all discomfort, even from +that caused by those torments, the mosquitoes, they +felt ready to declare the hardships of their journey had +been much magnified. In this peaceful and contented +frame of mind they retired to their tents and slept +soundly until next morning.</p> + +<p>Rising at break of day they were soon on the water +making their way to the head of the lake, where they +breakfasted, and upon learning that no name had ever +been given to this beautiful body of water, Captain +Glazier designated it Lake Garfield, in honor of our +murdered President.</p> + +<div class="image"> +<a id='illus40' name='illus40'></a> +<a href='images/illus40h.png'> + <img src='images/illus40.png' + title='Camp Among The Pines.' + alt='Camp Among The Pines.' /> +</a> +<p class='caption'> +CAMP AMONG THE PINES. +</p></div> + +<p>After breakfast they were informed by the guides +that they had now come to the end of uninterrupted +water communication, and must prepare for a portage +of two and a half miles. Little did any of the white +members of the party guess what this meant, and so +with light hearts they packed their traps into convenient +bundles and prepared to take up the line of +march. The Indians, in the meanwhile, had made for +themselves packs weighing about a hundred pounds. +These packs they wrapped in blankets and secured +with a strap which passed over their foreheads, the +packs resting on their shoulders. Each then placed a +canoe, bottom upwards, on top of his pack, holding it +there by means of a cross bar.</p> + +<p>All were now ready, and the order, "March," was +given. Off started the Indians in single file with as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_459" id="Page_459">[459]</a></span> +much apparent ease as if they were taking a pleasure +walk along a well-beaten path instead of plunging, +heavily laden, into the recesses of a trackless forest. +Captain Glazier, his brother and Mr. Paine followed +their lead, guided only by the white bottoms of the +canoes gleaming through the dense foliage. It was +almost impossible to keep up with the Indians, whose +steady trot at times increased to a run, and in their +efforts to do so they barked their shins, scratched their +hands and faces, tore their clothes, and were almost devoured +by the mosquitoes. On they went, however, +determined not to be beaten by the red man, who +showed no sign of fatigue or stopping. Finally, in +spite of their determination to the contrary, they felt +absolutely compelled to cry "halt," when lo! the Indians +halted, removed their packs, and, smiling back +at them, no doubt in appreciation of their discomfort, +calmly began to pick the blue berries which grew in +abundance all along the route. With a sigh of relief, +the rest of the party threw themselves full length upon +the ground, utterly and completely exhausted, and +fairly groaned aloud when they saw the Indians were +about to resume their packs. There was no help for it, +however, so starting up they prepared to follow, but at +a somewhat slower pace. For several hours they continued +their fatiguing journey, until, at eleven o'clock, +reaching a high, clear piece of ground, they decided to +rest and have dinner.</p> + +<p>After dinner they found they were far too weary to +proceed, so the Indians, who were apparently as fresh +as when they first started, made two trips to the next +lake, carrying everything. On their last trip they +were accompanied by their exhausted white brethren,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_460" id="Page_460">[460]</a></span> +who succeeded at last in summoning up sufficient resolution +to carry themselves.</p> + +<p>Embarking once more in their canoes they pulled +through three small lakes connected by creeks, finally +camping for the night on the shore of a fourth lake. +The next morning they were up bright and early and +ready to resume their voyage, which for this day was +through a chain of lakes sometimes connected by small +creeks, but more frequently requiring them to make a +portage from one to the other. Gabekanazeba, meaning +"portage," is the Indian name applied to these +lakes and the stream which connects some of them; +but Captain Glazier, assuming the right tacitly yielded +to all explorers, called them in order after the brave +cavalry commanders of the Rebellion. Bayard, Stoneman, +Pleasanton, Custer, Kilpatrick, Gregg, Buford +and Davies, form the column, with Sheridan, as the +name of the largest and finest, at its head.</p> + +<p>Finally, they reached a lake of considerable size +whose Indian name, translated, means Blue Snake. +This they crossed at a point where its width is about +five miles, catching a number of fine bass as they went, +and camped for the night on a strip of land between it +and a second lake about half its size. These two +bodies of water were respectively denominated by +Captain Glazier Lake George and Lake Paine, after +his brother George and Mr. Barrett Channing Paine, +who accompanied him throughout his entire voyage, +sharing his dangers and rejoicing in his ultimate success.</p> + +<p>Upon resuming their journey next morning, July +twentieth, the canoes were paddled across a corner of +Lake Paine, and, after a portage of half a mile, they en<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_461" id="Page_461">[461]</a></span>tered +a small river, called by the Indians Naiwa. This +river they descended for about five miles, and after making +another short portage, reached a little stream, upon +the shore of which they rested for dinner. Resuming +their voyage they arrived at a beautiful lake late in +the afternoon, upon which Captain Glazier bestowed +the name of Elvira, in memory of his eldest sister.</p> + +<p>Here the Indians informed them that they were only +six miles from Itasca, but the joy with which they received +the good news was somewhat checked when they +heard that the whole distance, with the exception of +one small lake, must be made by portage. However, +they had a night's rest before them, so taking the +canoes out of the water, they were carried to the top +of the nearest ridge of land, where the tents were +pitched for the night.</p> + +<p>Their camp was now situated on one of a series of +diluvial ridges which forms the highest ground between +the <ins title="Alleghany">Allegheny</ins> and Rocky Mountains. It is, in fact, +the watershed separating the Mississippi, Red River of +the North and St. Lawrence River systems, all these +great streams having their origin in springs or lakes +found within this section of Minnesota.</p> + +<p>While camping here a discovery was made which +caused the party much uneasiness. This was the startling +fact that their supply of canned meats and other +rations was fast giving out! To appreciate their +situation under these circumstances we must remember +that they were far from any trading post, and in a +country where they could not hope to find even an Indian +at that season of the year, the many lakes and +marshy ground making hunting impracticable. To +add to their dismay, it was also discovered that during<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_462" id="Page_462">[462]</a></span> +one of the exhausting portages the trolling hooks had +been lost in passing through a bog, while their ammunition +was reduced to sixty-five rounds. Too late did +the Captain regret the permission given to his brother +and Mr. Paine, both of whom were but amateur sportsmen, +to fire at any game they might see. They had +blazed away recklessly during the entire voyage, so far +succeeding in killing but one duck. Evidently <i>they</i> +could not be depended upon to replenish the depleted +larder. Something had to be done, and after resolutions +of strict economy were proposed and unanimously +adopted, it was decided that hereafter the Captain +should occupy the bow of the first canoe, and, with +gun cocked, be ready to fire at any game which a sudden +turn in the river might discover. How the explorers +wished they could subsist on the blue berries which +were fully as abundant as the mosquitoes along the +entire route! But it required incessant eating of these +to satisfy the appetite, and even then, hunger, in a short +time, asserted its former sway.</p> + +<p>The morning following this discovery was so foggy +that it was impossible to make a start before seven +o'clock. The day was warm, and the journey unusually +fatiguing, consisting mainly of a portage +twice the length of the first one they had encountered. +It was, therefore, with unfeigned delight +that, late in the afternoon of the twenty-first of +July, they discovered the placid waters of Itasca +just ahead of them. Launching their canoes, they +soon reached Schoolcraft Island, after a pull of +about two miles, and prepared to make this point +their headquarters.</p> + +<div class="image"> +<a id='illus41' name='illus41'></a> +<a href='images/illus41h.png'> + <img src='images/illus41.png' + title='Making A Portage.' + alt='Making A Portage.' /> +</a> +<p class='caption'> +MAKING A PORTAGE. +</p></div> + +<p>Lake Itasca was discovered by Henry Rowe Schoolcraft<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_463" id="Page_463">[463]</a></span> +in 1832, and was located by him as the source of +the Mississippi. It is a beautiful body of water, with +an extreme length of about five miles, and an average +breadth of a mile and a half. It has three arms of +nearly equal size, and the island, named after the discoverer +of the lake, is situated near the point where +they come together. This island proved to be about +three acres in extent, and is so covered with underbrush +that our gallant little party had much difficulty +in clearing a sufficient space for their camp. Only one +or two trees of any size were found, and on the largest +of these, a pine, Mr. Paine carved their names and the +date of their arrival.</p> + +<p>By this time Captain Glazier had become more than +ever convinced, through conversations with Chenowagesic, +that he was right in his preconceived opinion +that Itasca was not the source of the Mississippi. He +was also satisfied that Chenowagesic was pre-eminently +fitted to aid him in discovering the fountain +head, owing to the fact that he was thoroughly at home +in that region, having hunted and trapped there for +many years. So intense had become the Captain's desire +not to return until he had thoroughly explored +Itasca and the surrounding country, that it was with +an anxious heart he now put the question to his companions: +would they be willing, on such a limited supply +of rations as they had remaining, to assist him in +his explorations, or would they vote for an immediate +descent of the river? To his great relief he found he +had so completely inoculated them, or at least his +brother and Mr. Paine, with his own ambition that +with one voice they decided in favor of a thorough exploration. +The Indians were soon persuaded to give<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_464" id="Page_464">[464]</a></span> +their consent, and so, before retiring for the night, the +entire party expressed their determination to stand by +the Captain until he was satisfied that every effort had +been made to discover the remotest springs in which +the Great River really had its origin.</p> + +<div class="image"> +<a id='illus42' name='illus42'></a> +<a href='images/illus42h.png'> + <img src='images/illus42.png' + title='Map Of Lake Glazier' + alt='Map Of Lake Glazier' /> +</a> +<p class='caption'> +MAP OF LAKE GLAZIER +</p></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_465" id="Page_465">[465]</a></span></p> + +<hr class='major' /> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXXIX" id="CHAPTER_XXXIX"></a>CHAPTER XXXIX.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>DISCOVERY OF THE SOURCE OF THE MISSISSIPPI.</span> +</h2> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Short rations. — Empty haversacks and depleted cartridge-boxes. — Statement +of Chenowagesic. — Captain Glazier's diary. — Vivid +description. — Coasting Itasca. — Chenowagesic puzzled. — The barrier +overcome. — Victory! the Infant Mississippi. — Enthusiastic +desire to see the source. — The goal reached. — A beautiful +lake. — The fountain head. — An American the first white man +to stand by its side. — Schoolcraft. — How he came to miss the +lake. — Appropriate ceremonies. — Captain Glazier's speech. — Naming +the lake. — Chenowagesic. — Military honors. — "Three +cheers for the explorer."</p></div> + +<p>Captain Glazier had instructed his Indian +guides to wake him early the following morning, +July twenty-second; but when he himself awoke +at six o'clock he found the remainder of the party still +sound asleep, the toilsome portages of the preceding +day having completely exhausted them. Rousing his +companions, preparations were begun for breakfast, +which consisted of a small piece of bacon and one +"flap-jack" each. But the determination of the +previous night had so inspirited all that the small +dimensions of the breakfast were scarcely noticed, and +the conversation turned upon the absorbing topic—would +they discover a source of the Mississippi other +than Lake Itasca?</p> + +<p>Chenowagesic again repeated his statement that +there was another lake to the south, which he called +Pokegama, meaning, "a lake on the side of or beyond<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_466" id="Page_466">[466]</a></span> +another lake." This lake, he said, was smaller than +Itasca, but contributed to the latter through its largest +inflowing stream. Captain Glazier, therefore, instructed +him to guide them to this lake and allow them to +make their own observations regarding it. Accordingly, +breakfast being over, the canoes were launched +and the coasting of Itasca begun.</p> + +<p>Captain Glazier's own account of the events succeeding +this breakfast on Schoolcraft Island is so +clear, and his description brings so vivid a picture +before the eye of the reader, that it is only necessary +to quote the following passages from his diary for the +reader to understand the importance of the discovery +which he made:</p> + +<p>"Notwithstanding the fact that we were now confronted +with empty haversacks and depleted cartridge +boxes my companions were still eager to follow my +lead in the work of exploration beyond Itasca, which +from the beginning had been the controlling incentive +of our expedition, the grand objective towards which +we bent all our energies. To stand at the <i>source</i>; to +look upon the remotest rills and springs which contribute +to the birth of the Great River of North America, +to write 'Finis' in the volume opened by the renowned +De Soto more than three hundred years ago, and +in which Marquette, La Salle, Hennepin, La Hontan, +Carver, Pike, Beltrami, Schoolcraft and Nicollet have +successively inscribed their names, were quite enough +to revive the drooping spirits of the most depressed.</p> + +<p>"During our encampment on the island Chenowagesic +again reminded me that he had planted corn there +many years before, and that his wigwam once stood +near the spot where we had pitched our tents. He<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_467" id="Page_467">[467]</a></span> +also repeated what he had told me before launching the +canoes at Leech Lake that the region about Lake +Itasca was his hunting-ground, and that he was thoroughly +acquainted with all the rivers, lakes and ponds +within a hundred miles. He further said that Paul +Beaulieu was in error concerning the source of the +Great River, and led me to conclude that the primal +reservoir was above and beyond Itasca, and that this +lake was simply an expansion of the Mississippi, as are +Bemidji, Cass, Winnibegoshish and several others.</p> + +<p>"Fully convinced that the statements of Chenowagesic +were entirely trustworthy, and knowing from +past experience that he was perfectly reliable as a +guide, we put our canoes into the water at eight o'clock, +and at once began the work of coasting Itasca for its +feeders. We found the outlets of six small streams, +two having well-defined mouths, and four filtering +into the lake through bogs. The upper end of the +southwestern arm is heavily margined with rushes and +swamp grass, and it was not without considerable difficulty +that we forced our way through this natural +barrier into the larger of the two open streams which +flow into this end of the lake.</p> + +<p>"Although perfectly familiar with the topography +of the country, and entirely confident that he could +lead us to the beautiful lake which he had so often +described, Chenowagesic was for some moments greatly +disturbed by the network of rushes in which we +found ourselves temporarily entangled. Leaping +from his canoe he pushed the rushes right and left +with his paddle, and soon, to our great delight, threw +up his hands and gave a characteristic Chippewa yell, +thereby signifying that he had found the object of his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_468" id="Page_468">[468]</a></span> +search. Returning, he seized the bow of my canoe, +and pulled it after him through the rushes out into +the clear, glistening waters of the infant Mississippi, +which, at the point of entering Itasca, is seven feet +wide, and from twelve to fifteen inches deep.</p> + +<p>"Lusty work with our paddles for half an hour +brought us to a blockade of fallen timber. Determined +to float in my canoe upon the surface of the lake towards +which we were paddling, I directed the guides to +remove the obstructions, and continue to urge the +canoes rapidly forward, although opposed by a strong +and constantly increasing current. Sometimes we +found it necessary to lift the canoes over logs, and +occasionally to remove diminutive sand-bars from +the bed of the stream with our paddles. As we +neared the head of this primal section of the mighty +river, we could readily touch both shores with our +hands at the same time, while the average depth of +water in the channel did not exceed ten inches.</p> + +<p>"Every paddle-stroke seemed to increase the ardor +with which we were carried forward. The desire +to see the actual source of a river so celebrated as +the Mississippi, whose mouth had been reached +nearly two centuries before, was doubtless the impelling +motive. In their eagerness to obtain a +first view of the beautiful lake toward which we +were paddling, and greatly annoyed by the slow +progress made in the canoes, my brother and Paine +stepped ashore and proposed a race to the crest of the +hill which Chenowagesic told them overhung the lake. +To this proposition of my companions I made objection +and insisted that all should see the goal of our expedition +from the canoes. What had long been sought at last<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_469" id="Page_469">[469]</a></span> +appeared suddenly. On pulling and pushing our way +through a network of rushes similar to the one encountered +on leaving Itasca, the cheering sight of a +transparent body of water burst upon our view. It was +a beautiful lake—the source of the 'Father of Waters.'</p> + +<div class="image"> +<a id='illus43' name='illus43'></a> +<a href='images/illus43h.png'> + <img src='images/illus43.png' + title='Lake Glazier—source Of The Mississippi.' + alt='Lake Glazier—source Of The Mississippi.' /> +</a> +<p class='caption'> +LAKE GLAZIER—SOURCE OF THE MISSISSIPPI. +Discovered by Captain Glazier, July 22, 1881. +</p></div> + +<p>"A few moments later and our little flotilla of three +canoes was put in motion, headed for a small promontory +which we discerned at the opposite end of the +lake. We paddled slowly across one of the purest and +most tranquil sheets of water we had encountered in +our voyage. Not a breath of air was stirring. We +halted frequently to scan its shores, and to run our +eyes along the verdure-covered hills which enclose its +basin. These elevations are at a distance of from +three to four miles, and are covered chiefly with white +pines, intermingled with the cedar, spruce and tamarack. +The beach is fringed with a mixed foliage of the evergreen +species. At one point we observed pond lilies, +and at another a small quantity of wild rice.</p> + +<p>"As we neared the promontory towards which we +were paddling, a deer was seen standing on the shore, +and an eagle swept majestically over our heads with food +for her young, which we soon discovered were securely +lodged in the top of a tall pine. The water-fowl noticed +upon the lake were apparently little disturbed by +our presence, and seldom left the surface of the water.</p> + +<p>"This lake is about a mile and a half in its greatest +diameter, and would be nearly an oval in form, but for +a single promontory which extends its shores into the +lake so as to give it in outline the appearance of a +heart. Its feeders are three boggy streams, two of +which enter on the right and left of the headland, and +have their origin in springs at the foot of sand-hills,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_470" id="Page_470">[470]</a></span> +from five to six miles distant. The third is but little +more than a mile in length, has no clearly defined +course, and is the outlet of a small lake situated in a +marsh to the south-westward. These three creeks +were named in the order of their discovery: Eagle, +Excelsior and Deer. The small lake, which is the +source of Eagle Creek, I called Alice, after my +daughter.</p> + +<p>"Having satisfied myself as to its remotest feeders, +I called my companions into line at the foot of the +promontory which overlooks the lake, and talked for +a few moments of the Mississippi and its explorers, +telling them I was confident that we were looking +upon the True Source of the Great River; that we +had completed a work begun by De Soto in 1541, +and had corrected a geographical error of half a century's +standing. Concluding my remarks, I requested +a volley from their fire-arms for each member of the +party, in commemoration of our discovery. When the +firing ceased, Paine gave me a surprise by stepping to +the front and proposing 'that the newly discovered +lake be named "Glazier" in honor of the leader of the +expedition.' The proposition was seconded by Moses +Legard, the interpreter, and carried by acclamation, +notwithstanding my protest that it should retain its +Indian name, Pokegama.</p> + +<p>"Much to the surprise of every one, as we were +about closing our ceremonies, Chenowagesic assumed +an oratorical attitude, and addressed me as follows in +a few words of true Indian eloquence: 'My brother, +I have come with you through many lakes and rivers +to the head of the Father of Waters. The shores of +this lake are my hunting-ground. Here I have had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_471" id="Page_471">[471]</a></span> +my wigwam and planted corn for many years. When +I again roam through these forests, and look on this +lake, source of the Great River, I will look on you.'</p> + +<p>"The latitude of this lake is not far from 47°. Its +height above the sea is an object of geographical interest +which, in the absence of actual survey, it may +subserve the purposes of useful inquiry to estimate. +From notes taken during the ascent it cannot be less +than seven feet above Lake Itasca. Adding the estimate +of 1,575 feet submitted by Schoolcraft in 1832, +as the elevation of that lake, the Mississippi may be +said to originate in an altitude of 1,582 feet above the +Atlantic Ocean. Taking former estimates as the +basis and computing reasonably through the western +fork, its length may be placed at 3,184 miles. Assuming +that the barometrical height of its source is +1,582 feet, it has a mean descent of over six inches per +mile.</p> + +<p>"At Lake Bemidji the Mississippi reaches its highest +northing, which is in the neighborhood of 47° 30'. +The origin of the river in an untraveled and secluded +region between Leech Lake and the Red River of the +North, not less than a degree of latitude south of Turtle +Lake, which was for a long time supposed to be the +source, removes both forks of the stream outside the +usual track of the fur-traders, and presents a good +reason, perhaps, why its fountain-head has remained +so long enveloped in uncertainty."</p> + +<p>The information imparted in the foregoing extract +brings the whole gist of the important discovery +within the compass of a few paragraphs, +and it will be readily seen from this clear description +of the new-found lake that the source of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_472" id="Page_472">[472]</a></span> +Mississippi is at last correctly located. Many others +have attempted to find it: Schoolcraft was sent out by +the Government especially for its discovery, but it remained +for Captain Glazier to successfully accomplish +an undertaking which had hitherto baffled the most +determined explorers. This, too, he did entirely at +his own expense, and with no other motive than such +as an ardent search after truth inspires in ambitious +minds. He had long doubted that Itasca was the +source of our greatest river. He knew no other way +of satisfying his doubt than by going himself to the +remotest headwaters of the mighty stream. He therefore +went there, for with him to think is to determine, +to determine is to act. Friends tried to persuade him +he was engaging in a useless and extravagant expedition, +and those to whom he applied for information +respecting the country through which he must pass +warned him that he would have to undergo many +hardships; but to all this advice he turned a deaf ear. +His active, energetic, and enterprising temperament +was proof against all fear of discomfort, and his desire +to know the truth overruled every other feeling. And, +when at last he stood by the beautiful lake, the goal of +his search, all the trials and annoyances of his arduous +journey sank into insignificance—lost in the depths +of his content.</p> + +<p>His companions gazed with delight upon the peaceful +scene which lay before them; and, as they noted +the peculiar outline of the lake, what wonder that the +thought came—this was indeed the heart of the Mississippi, +pulsating with life for the great stream flowing +onward and ever onward, enriching and ennobling the +land, until at last it loses itself, by reason of its own +vastness, in the waters of the Ocean.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_473" id="Page_473">[473]</a></span></p> + +<p>They rejoiced, too, that the first white man to stand +at the fountain-head of America's greatest river was +an American—an American who had fought bravely +and suffered many privations for his country. And +as they watched the eagle, whirling in his flight over +their heads, they felt glad that he had chosen this spot +for his home, in which to rear his young in the same +proud, free spirit which made him so fit an emblem +for their glorious land.</p> + +<p>Much astonishment was expressed by those of the +party who were aware of Schoolcraft's expedition in +1832, that he should have missed finding this lake so +closely connected with Itasca, and various were the +surmises as to the cause of this remarkable oversight. +One plausible suggestion was, that the rushes and reeds +had so obstructed the entrance of the stream into Itasca, +that not having a previous knowledge of its whereabouts, +there was nothing surprising in its being overlooked. +By far the most probable theory, however, +was advanced by Captain Glazier, who stated, quoting +Schoolcraft himself as authority, that when he reached +Itasca he was too much hurried to make a thorough +exploration. He had made an engagement to meet +some Indians in council at the mouth of the Crow-Wing +River, fully seven days' journey from this point, +and he had not more than the seven days to accomplish +it. Accordingly, as his mind had been prepared by +his guides all along to accept Itasca as the true source, +he only stopped long enough to see and hurriedly coast +the lake, and then returned to the Indian council on +Crow-Wing River. This is Schoolcraft's own statement, +and there can be no doubt that it is the true reason +for his failure to locate the source correctly. He<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_474" id="Page_474">[474]</a></span> +never saw the beautiful lake to the south of Itasca, fed +by the springs and streams of the marshes which give +birth to the Infant Mississippi.</p> + +<p>Therefore, he could not know that Itasca was but an +expansion of the stream, like other lakes in its onward +course, a sudden growth, as it were, which gave promise +of the vast proportions the mighty giant would +hereafter assume. There would be something almost +sad in his coming so near and yet missing the mark at +which he had aimed, if it were not that he lived and +<i>died</i> in the belief that he was right in his assertion +that the great Father of Waters rose in the lake +which he, oddly enough, named Itasca. Oddly, because +Itasca is a name given by the Indians to the +mysteries of their religion and necromantic arts, and +Schoolcraft, by his decided statements in regard to the +lake, succeeded in enveloping in mystery the true source +for another fifty years. Why it should <i>ever</i> have been +a mystery is a question often raised; but there can be +no doubt that it is owing to the fact that no fur traders +and but few Indians ever penetrate the boggy, swampy, +lake-covered regions of Northern Minnesota.</p> + +<p>Our explorers, having finished their survey of the +lake, now disembarked and prepared to hold suitable +and becoming ceremonies to celebrate their momentous +discovery. First they drank of the clear, cool water +to the health of Captain Glazier, who had led them on +to making this grand achievement. The Captain then +thanked them in a few eloquent and appropriate remarks +for their good wishes and also for their faith in +him, and the determination they had shown to stand +by him until he had reached the goal he sought. He +spoke, too, of the magnitude and importance of their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_475" id="Page_475">[475]</a></span> +discovery, of the knowledge it would add to the geographical +lore of the country, and of the strangeness of +the fact that the source of their mightiest river had so +long been a disputed question. The cause of this he +attributed to the peculiarities of the region in which it +rose, the many lakes and swamps making much traveling +impracticable; and recalling the hardships which +they themselves had encountered, expressed his belief +that it was not to be wondered at that earlier explorers +had been deterred from making the venture at a time +when civilization was even further remote than it was +at present. He then recounted some of the exploits +of the heroic old explorers, and, reminding his companions +that three hundred years had passed away +since white men first beheld the mighty stream by +whose cradle they were now standing, he congratulated +them on completing the work begun by De Soto, Marquette, +La Salle, Hennepin and Joliet.</p> + +<p>When he had finished Captain Glazier, true to his +soldierly instincts, proposed firing six volleys over +the lake, one in honor of each member of the party. +This was accordingly done, and Mr. Paine closed the +ceremonies by leading off with three hearty American +cheers for "the discoverer and the discovery." The +Indians chimed in with a Chippewa yell, and then, +while the air was still reverberating with the sound of +their voices, they all paused to take in once more the +scene of their explorations.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_476" id="Page_476">[476]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr class='major' /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XL" id="CHAPTER_XL"></a>CHAPTER XL.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>DOWN THE GREAT RIVER.</span> +</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Voyage from Source to Sea. — Three thousand miles in an open +canoe. — "Pioneers of the Mississippi." — A thrilling lecture. — The +long voyage begun. — Mosquitoes. — Hunger and exhaustion. — The +Captain kills an otter. — Lakes Bemidji and Winnibegoshish. — An +Indian missionary. — Wind-bound. — Chenowagesic bids +farewell to the Captain. — Pokegama Falls. — Grand Rapids. — Meeting +the first steamboat. — Aitkin. — Great enthusiasm. — The +new canoes. — Leaving Aitkin. — Arrival at Little Falls. — Escorted +in triumph to the town. — "Captain Glazier! A speech! A +speech!" — Lake Pepin. — An appalling storm. — St. Louis. — Southern +hospitality. — New Orleans. — Arrival at the Gulf of +Mexico. — End of voyage.</p></div> + +<p>Having decided to his entire satisfaction that +the newly located lake was the true source +of the Great River, Captain Glazier was ready to +begin his descent of the stream, for, as yet, but a +small portion of his great undertaking had been accomplished. +True, he had done what had never been +done before—he had penetrated into the innermost +recesses of the mystery which had so long enshrouded +the head-waters of the Mississippi, and traversed a +part of the country where white man had never trod +before; he had added greatly to the geographical +knowledge of his country's mightiest river, and satisfied +the spirit of investigation which had impelled him +to begin this novel adventure; but the by no means least +interesting, and at the same time, practical part of his +voyage still lay before him. De Soto, Marquette, La<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_477" id="Page_477">[477]</a></span> +Salle, Hennepin, Joliet and Schoolcraft, all had navigated +but portions of the great flood of water to which +they owe their renown; <i>he</i> would descend its entire +course from its source in the wilds of Minnesota to its +outlet in the Gulf of Mexico. He would become +familiar with the most striking features of the country +on either side, and study through personal intercourse +the varying phases of American character and life, as +he passed from the fur-bearing, lumber-dealing States +of the North, by the vast wheat fields of the West, and +finally reach the cotton and sugar plantations of the +South. No one had ever attempted this before, and it +is probable no one will ever attempt it again, for the +perils of a voyage of three thousand miles in an open +canoe are not purely imaginary. And yet this was the +only way in which he could satisfactorily and practically +accomplish his object of making careful and +minute observations along the route. Then, too, being +himself so much interested in all that concerned the +great "Father of Waters," he wished to awaken in +others a like interest, and to effect this prepared a +lecture on the "Pioneers of the Mississippi," which he +intended to deliver at every town of importance on +both banks as he floated down the stream. "Pay +tribute to those to whom tribute is due" is his motto, +and so the tragic fate of De Soto, the sad but poetic +death of Marquette, and the triumphant banner of +La Salle, called forth from his ready pen a lecture replete +with historical interest.</p> + +<p>Standing, then, by the source of the mighty river, +around which so many beautiful Indian legends cluster, +and about which the white man has ever been curious, +the Captain felt a natural throb of pride that so much<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_478" id="Page_478">[478]</a></span> +of his great undertaking had been successfully achieved, +and a hope that the future held further good in store +for him.</p> + +<p>Giving the order for embarkation the canoes were +soon gliding across the water bound for Lake Itasca. +Entering this lake, a short stop was made at Schoolcraft's +Island in order to obtain the remainder of their +luggage; after which they re-embarked, at three o'clock +in the afternoon, and continued the descent of the river.</p> + +<p>From Lake Itasca the Mississippi flows almost directly +north, then takes a turn to the east, and finally +sweeps with ever increasing volume south to the Gulf +of Mexico. At first it quietly pursues its course between +rich meadows, and promises easy and safe navigation, +so that our little band of explorers after leaving Itasca +expected to have a quiet and uneventful voyage until +they reached the inhabited part of the country. Such +was not the case, however, for they soon found their progress +very much impeded by drift-wood, snags, rapids, +and boulders of every size and description. They overcame +these obstacles in various ways, all requiring +much exertion and endurance, and many a time their +patience was nearly exhausted. Sometimes they forced +the canoes under the logs which lay across the stream, +and again cut a passage-way through them. Now they +removed the drift from their path and now were +obliged to lift the canoes over it. A little further on +a huge boulder would confront them, making it necessary +to disembark and carry the boats around. Presently +a dangerous rapid would be met, and in shooting +it some member of the party would be precipitated +into, the water, or perhaps a hole stove in one of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_479" id="Page_479">[479]</a></span> +canoes. At last they were obliged to make a portage +of about half a mile, and upon launching again, soon +discovered that the principal obstructions had been +overcome. This was a great relief to them, for the intolerable +annoyance of swarms of mosquitoes which +came in clouds about them, biting even through their +clothing, was quite enough to bear patiently without +having the hardships consequent upon such rugged +voyaging to endure.</p> + +<div class="image"> +<a id='illus44' name='illus44'></a> +<a href='images/illus44h.png'> + <img src='images/illus44.png' + title='Captain Glazier Running Rapids On The Upper Mississippi.' + alt='Captain Glazier Running Rapids On The Upper Mississippi.' /> +</a> +<p class='caption'> +CAPTAIN GLAZIER RUNNING RAPIDS ON THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI. +</p></div> + +<p>Laborious, however, as they found this unusually +rough canoeing, and troublesome as were the mosquitoes, +both trials sank into insignificance when compared +with their ever present danger of starvation. +It will be remembered how bravely all had decided, +when they first made the startling discovery that their +supplies were at a low ebb, to pursue their investigations +even at the risk of running completely out of rations. +The strictest economy had been observed ever since, +but despite all their care they now found that unless +they could reach a trading-post within a couple of days +they would be compelled to subsist on such game and +fish as they could capture; rather a precarious means of +existence to say the least, especially as they had but a +very few rounds of ammunition left. It was unanimously +voted that Captain Glazier, who was by far the +best marksman of the party, should occupy the bow +of the first canoe, and gun in hand be ready to fire at +any game which he had a reasonable chance of hitting. +One day while he was thus keeping a sharp lookout +for anything which gave promise of a meal, Chenowagesic +pointed excitedly to a small, black spot just +showing above the water, and told the Captain it was +an otter. The Captain fired, and to the gratification of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_480" id="Page_480">[480]</a></span> +all, the animal turned over on its back dead. That +day they were unable to bag anything else, and when +they encamped for the night the Indians prepared the +otter for supper. At first the white members of the +party refused to share the meal, but hunger was too +much for them, and so, conquering their prejudices, they +satisfied their appetites with the meat, which probably +resembles cat meat more nearly than any other kind. +The next day the Indians managed to kill several +ducks by driving them under the water and then +spearing them with their paddles; and the Captain's +brother, having improvised a very ingenious trolling +hook, succeeded in catching two fish. The main part +of their diet, however, for four long days, consisted simply +of blue berries, and Captain Glazier became so +weak from hunger and exhaustion that he was barely +able to sit upright. At last they met an Indian, a few +miles from Lake Bemidji, who supplied them with +dried fish and other provisions, and that night they +encamped on the shores of the lake.</p> + +<p>The next day they pursued their voyage under more +favorable circumstances, the larder being tolerably well +supplied, the river free from obstructions, and flowing +between beautiful groves and rich meadows. Late in +the afternoon they reached Cass Lake, where they +pitched their tents for the night, and the following day +found them at Lake Winnibegoshish, the largest expansion +of the Mississippi.</p> + +<p>Their arrival at this lake was at a time when a +strong south wind blew the waters into white-capped +waves, which ran very high, and the canoes were nearly +swamped before they could be forced into the little +bay upon the shores of which the Indian village stands.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_481" id="Page_481">[481]</a></span> +This village consists of about a dozen wigwams and +log-houses, and presents nothing more inviting than a +fine view of this beautiful lake. An Indian missionary +named Kit-chi-no-din is stationed here, and treated the +party with marked courtesy and hospitality, although +he could speak but very little English. During the +two days in which they were wind-bound and obliged +to remain inactive, the Captain took several meals with +him, and once attended service in the little log-church +of which he had been installed rector by Bishop Whipple.</p> + +<p>During their enforced stay at Lake Winnibegoshish, +Chenowagesic bade farewell to Captain Glazier and +returned to his home at Leech Lake. Every effort was +made by the Captain, who had found him invaluable +as a guide, to persuade him to continue the voyage with +them; but his mind was so filled with the legends he +had heard of the Lower Mississippi that no inducement +could prevail with him. The Indians of these +northern regions very commonly believe that the eddies +and whirlpools found in the river further down its +course are mysterious monsters, and that the surrounding +country is full of strange animals and fearful sights.</p> + +<p>On the third day of their stay at the village, the +wind moderated somewhat and they made an attempt +to coast along part of the lake, hoping to reach the +outlet in that way. But after struggling with the +waves all the morning they came to a small inlet, and +were forced by the again increasing wind to seek shelter in it.</p> + +<p>The next morning another start was made, and, after +some very rough paddling, the party at length arrived<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_482" id="Page_482">[482]</a></span> +at the outlet of the lake, and from thence pursued the +even tenor of their way without any further interruption +until they reached Pokegama Falls, two miles and +a half above Grand Rapids. Here they found a number +of white men, the first they had seen since leaving +Leech Lake, encamped and engaged in building a +small steamboat to run up to Lake Winnibegoshish. +After a portage around the Falls they entered Grand +Rapids, where they were rejoiced to find a post-office, +a hotel called the Potter House, and a few other evidences +of civilization, such as a comfortable bed, the +first they had slept in for many days.</p> + +<p>After leaving Grand Rapids nothing of any importance +occurred until Aitkin was reached, four days +later, unless we except meeting the first steamboat they +had seen on the river. This was quite an exciting +event, for the passengers on the boat knowing from the +papers that Captain Glazier's party were on their way +to Aitkin, recognized them, and testified their pleasure +in the meeting by cheering, waving their handkerchiefs +and hats, and calling after the explorers kind +wishes for their safety and success.</p> + +<p>At Aitkin, the most northern town on the Mississippi, +a brief rest was taken before the Captain embarked +on the second stage of his seaward voyage. He +had now entered the bounds of civilization, and from +this point the principal incidents of his expedition were +such as would naturally occur in a country where the +people delight to honor enterprise, courage and +ambition. All along the route great enthusiasm +was evinced. When it was announced through the +medium of the press at what time he would reach a +given point, the inhabitants flocked to the landing-place<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_483" id="Page_483">[483]</a></span> +to do him honor; and many, more impatient than +the rest, would put out in canoes and skiffs to meet +him on the way. Upon disembarking he would be +escorted to his hotel, usually preceded by a band +playing "Hail to the Chief" or other appropriate airs, +and wherever he delivered his lecture large audiences +greeted him, curious to see and hear the man who had +at last discovered the source of the Mississippi, and +who had come so far on its mighty waters in a frail +canoe. Everywhere he charmed all who met him by +the courtesy of his manners, the eloquence and interest +of his conversation, and the modesty with which he +spoke of his important undertaking. Some, indeed, were +disappointed by his lecture, having hoped to hear an +account of his discoveries. But while Captain Glazier +might with perfect propriety have spoken of his own +exploits after recounting in glowing terms those of +the old explorers, he is too modest and reserved to +say aught which might in the least seem to detract +from the achievements of his heroic predecessors. +Therefore, as his subject was the "Pioneers of the +Mississippi," he spoke only of their exploits, giving +them in eloquent words their just tribute of praise, +and leaving it to others to say that what <i>they</i> had +only begun <i>he</i> had triumphantly finished.</p> + +<p>Upon leaving Aitkin on the fifteenth of August the +birch bark canoes, with the exception of the one used +by the Captain himself, were abandoned, their places +being taken by a Rushton canoe, named "Alice," after +his daughter, and a Racine canoe of the Rob +Roy pattern. Their departure from this thriving +little city was the signal for an enthusiastic demonstration +on the part of its inhabitants, who congregated on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_484" id="Page_484">[484]</a></span> +the shore to see them off. Captain Glazier acknowledged +the compliment in a short speech, and then, +stepping into his canoe, the little flotilla paddled away +amidst the cheers of the multitude.</p> + +<p>From this point the descent of the river was comparatively +easy. Except when rainy weather or violent +winds prevailed, the voyagers found much to enjoy in +the novel life they were leading, the varying scenery +they met, and the altogether different phase which the +Mississippi, the great waterway of internal commerce in +North America, presented to them.</p> + +<p>At Brainerd the Captain delivered his lecture for +the first time, to a crowded and appreciative audience. +From Brainerd the party dropped down the river to +the antiquated town of Crow-Wing, opposite the mouth +of the Crow-Wing River. Remaining here over night +they re-embarked next morning, and gliding down the +stream arrived at about three o'clock in the afternoon +at a point just above Little Falls. Here they were +met by a number of row-boats and escorted to the town. +As the little fleet approached the land the shores were +seen to be crowded with people, and the band struck +up, merrily "A Life on the Ocean Wave," "See the +Conquering Hero comes," and other complimentary airs. +As soon as a landing was effected, cries of "Captain +Glazier! Captain Glazier! a speech! a speech!" went +up, and in response to the demand the Captain made +a few remarks. First, thanking them for the kind interest +manifested in his voyage, he continued: "I find a +great deal of speculation as I go down the river in regard +to the objects of this expedition, and it may be well to +state what they really are. My desire is to study thoroughly +the people, industries, and general features of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_485" id="Page_485">[485]</a></span> +grandest valley in the world—a valley which extends +from the great watershed almost on the northern boundary +of the United States to the Gulf of Mexico, a distance +of three thousand miles, and where the occupations +of the people change from the lumbering and +fur-hunting of the north to the cotton and sugar-raising +of the south. To do this carefully and at leisure I +take a method of traveling by which I can devote as +much time as is necessary to every section of the river, +and by which I can observe from a standpoint not +reached by the ordinary traveler. This, ladies and +gentlemen, is why you see me to-day descending the +Mississippi in a canoe."</p> + +<p>The Captain was then escorted to his hotel by the +band, and in the evening delivered his lecture at Vasaly +Hall, continuing his voyage the following day. Between +this point and Minneapolis numerous and dangerous +rapids were met, all of which were passed in safety, +and the Falls of St. Anthony were reached without accident. +Below these Falls the scenery was very beautiful, +although the immense number of rain storms +interfered sadly with the pleasure of sight-seeing.</p> + +<p>When the party arrived at Lake Pepin, a beautiful +body of water, thirty miles in length and three in +breadth, and surrounded by majestic bluffs, they found +navigation almost impossible. The winds sweeping +down between the bluffs caused the waves to rise so +high that even the river steamers had been compelled +to tie up and wait for the storm to subside. The Captain, +however, had an engagement to lecture at Lake +City, half way down the lake, and as he had never yet +failed to appear at the appointed time he now insisted +upon attempting to reach his destination. The river<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_486" id="Page_486">[486]</a></span> +men in vain endeavored to dissuade him from his +purpose. It took all day to make a pull of sixteen +miles, and many a time it seemed as if the frail canoes +would certainly be swamped; but nevertheless they arrived +at Lake City in time for the lecture. And it +may be mentioned here that in this voyage, as in his +journey from Ocean to Ocean, he seldom failed to +keep an engagement to lecture. No matter what the +stress of weather or unforeseen accident which would +have delayed most men, he surmounted every obstacle +and invariably appeared on the platform at the appointed hour.</p> + +<p>Bad weather, violent squalls, and dangerous rapids +were of frequent occurrence, but nothing succeeded in +crippling the energy which Captain Glazier had all +along exhibited. His mind was bent upon reaching the +Gulf in his canoe, and he pursued his course unmindful +of the dangers which he almost daily encountered. At +La Crosse the expedition was reduced in number to the +Captain and Mr. Paine, who, for the remainder of the +voyage, used the "Alice."</p> + +<p>St. Louis was reached on the eighth of October, and +the voyagers were heartily welcomed by the various +boat-clubs of the city and by many influential citizens. +On October the tenth, they re-embarked and continued +their voyage towards the Gulf.</p> + +<p>From here Cairo, Memphis, Vicksburg, Natchez, +and Baton Rouge were the chief halting-places, although +many a time night overtook them before they +could reach a town or city, and then they would be +entertained at some plantation near the shore with true +southern hospitality. Everywhere they were received +with the utmost cordiality. The various cities along<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_487" id="Page_487">[487]</a></span> +the banks of the river seemed to vie with each other +in doing honor to Captain Glazier; the press spoke in +the highest terms of his expedition and of his great +success, and every opportunity was afforded him to +make the most minute observations respecting the customs, +manner of life, business enterprise, and political +condition of the people of the different States. These +observations he proposed to embody in a work to be entitled +"Down the Great River"—a work which, in +the light of the Captain's well-known facility as a +writer, cannot fail to be both interesting and instructive.</p> + +<p>New Orleans was reached at last, but as the Captain +intended to return there after visiting Port Eads, no +stop was made, and the "Alice" paddled past the Crescent +City, arriving at the Jetties on the fifteenth of +November, one hundred and seventeen days after beginning +the descent of the river from its new found +source, Lake Glazier.</p> + +<p>Many citizens of Port Eads had assembled in small +boats at the entrance to the Gulf to see the "Alice" +and her gallant crew in the act of completing their +long voyage. Cheer upon cheer rent the air as the +beautiful little canoe, bearing aloft at the bow a pennant +with the inscription "Alice," and at the stern the +glorious "Stars and Stripes," paddled from the mouth +of the river out into the wide expanse of the Gulf. +Guns were discharged, flags enthusiastically waved, +and every possible demonstration made which could +give expression to the excitement of the occasion.</p> + +<p>Reaching the beacon, the Captain and Mr. Paine +disembarked, and, clambering up on the wall, gazed +out on the salt waters of the Gulf, hardly able to realize<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_488" id="Page_488">[488]</a></span> +that this was actually the goal towards which they had +been slowly paddling for almost four months.</p> + +<p>Thus ended the longest canoe voyage on record. De +Soto, Marquette, La Salle, Hennepin, Joliet, and +Schoolcraft, had all navigated sections of the Mississippi, +but Captain Glazier was the first to traverse its +entire course, from the remotest headwaters to the +outlet, a distance of three thousand one hundred and +eighty-four miles. This, too, he had done in a frail +canoe, amidst heavy rains and violent winds, in heat +and cold, in sunshine and in storm, steadily pursuing +his course, unfaltering in his purpose, deterred by no +danger, determined only on success. In the wilds of +Minnesota he stood by the beautiful little lake whose +placid bosom first nourishes the infant stream. Paddling +onward with the current, ever increasing in +strength and volume, he passed from the dense forests +of the North where nature holds undisputed sway, into +the realms of a civilization growing daily greater and +greater. Finally he reached the broad Gulf, in which +the "Father of Waters," now strong in the strength +of maturity, and vast in his proportions, pours his +mighty flood. Every variety of climate, soil and +production came under his observation, and all the +striking peculiarities of the Northern, Western and +Southern character. No other man had ever accomplished +this, and therefore it is not difficult to imagine +that Captain Glazier's emotions, when he first saw the +salt spray of the Gulf dash high over the seaward wall +of the Jetties, were of an elevated order, and lifted +him for the time above the plane of every-day life. +His long voyage was completed, the objective at which +he had aimed was reached, and his plans had all been<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_489" id="Page_489">[489]</a></span> +attended with success. Of little consequence now +were the dangers he had encountered, the annoyances +which had beset him, the difficulties he had surmounted. +He was proud of the fact that he was the +first to stand at the fountain-head of his country's +grandest river, and was the first to traverse its entire +course despite the turbulent waters and dangerous whirlpools +which threatened often to engulf him, and now at its +outlet could write "finis" to the great work of his life. +Few men in the world can say as much—for the energy, +perseverance, unfaltering will and indomitable courage +which characterize Willard Glazier are of rare occurrence, +and entitle him to a prominent position in the +ranks of America's distinguished sons.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_490" id="Page_490">[490]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr class='major' /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XLI" id="CHAPTER_XLI"></a>CHAPTER XLI.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>RECEPTION BY THE NEW ORLEANS ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.</span> +</h2> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Captain Glazier returns to New Orleans. — A general ovation. — Flattering +opinions of the press. — Introduction to the Mayor. — Freedom +of the City tendered. — Special meeting of the New Orleans +Academy of Sciences. — Presentation of the "Alice" to +the Academy. — Captain Glazier's address. — The President's Response. — Resolutions +of thanks and appreciation passed. — Visit +to the Arsenal of the Washington Artillery. — Welcome by the +Old Guard of the Louisiana Tigers. — Pleasant memories of the +"Crescent City."</p></div> + +<p>After standing for some time looking out upon +the vast expanse of water which lay before him, +Captain Glazier hailed a passing boat and, towing the +"Alice" after them, he and Mr. Paine were rowed back +to Port Eads. Here they were very hospitably entertained +until the arrival of the homeward-bound steamship +"Margaret," which they boarded and on which +they returned to New Orleans. There they met with the +most cordial reception; people everywhere were curious +to see Captain Glazier, and anxious to show their +appreciation of his enterprising spirit and the success +which had attended his last remarkable exploit. The +press, not only of New Orleans, but all through the +Mississippi Valley, gave glowing accounts of his +voyage and of the reception tendered him at its +conclusion. The Mayor offered him the freedom of +the city, and the New Orleans Academy of Sciences<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_491" id="Page_491">[491]</a></span> +gave him a public reception, at which resolutions were +passed recognizing the important results of his expedition, +and thanking him for the beautiful canoe "Alice," +which he had presented to that learned body.</p> + +<p>The following account of this reception is taken from +the "<i>St. Louis Republican</i>" of November twenty-eighth, +and is presented to the reader because, being +the testimony of an eye-witness, it cannot fail to give +a clear idea of the manner in which the scientists of +the city, and the people generally, appreciated Captain +Glazier and the work which he had accomplished.</p> + + +<p class='center'>[Correspondence of the <i>Republican</i>.]</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'>"<span class="smcap">New Orleans</span>, <i>November 23, 1881</i>.</p> + +<p>"The termination of the noted and unprecedented +exploring expedition and canoe trip of the Soldier-Author, +Captain Willard Glazier, extending from his +new-found true source of the mighty Mississippi +River to the Gulf of Mexico, culminated, after one +hundred and seventeen days' voyage, in a very general +and complimentary recognition and ovation on the +part of the officials and distinguished citizens of New +Orleans. In company with Dr. J. S. Copes, President +of the Academy of Sciences, the successful explorer +was presented to his honor, Mayor Shakespear, +and was by him warmly welcomed, and the freedom +of the city generously tendered him. In appreciative +recognition of the hospitality extended him the +distinguished soldier, author, and explorer, felt it a +pleasing as well as an appropriate opportunity to present +his beautiful canoe, which had safely carried him +through his long and perilous voyage, to the New +Orleans Academy of Sciences. The occasion of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_492" id="Page_492">[492]</a></span> +presentation and acceptance was one of high order and +much manifest interest. In presenting the canoe Captain +Glazier tendered the following letter:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='right' style='padding-right:6em;'>"<span class="smcap">St. Charles Hotel</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'><span class="smcap">New Orleans</span>, <i>November 21, 1881</i>.</p> + +<p style='padding-left:2em;'><span class="smcap">Joseph S. Copes</span>, M. D.</p> + +<p style='padding-left:4em;'>President New Orleans Academy of Sciences:</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>:—I have just concluded upon the border of the State +of Louisiana, a voyage of observation and exploration; and as you +have expressed considerable interest in the results of my expedition, +and manifested a desire to possess the canoe in which the explorations +were made, I find pleasure in presenting it to your honorable +society as a souvenir of my voyage and discoveries.</p> + +<p>During this canoe journey of over three thousand miles, beginning +at the headwaters of the Mississippi and extending to the Gulf +of Mexico, I had the satisfaction of locating the source of the Great +River which we have traversed, and feel a pride in having corrected +a geographical error of half a century's standing.</p> + +<p>I will not now enter into a detailed account of my explorations +on the Upper Mississippi, but shall take the earliest opportunity of +transmitting to your secretary a complete history of the voyage, +which will be issued in book form as soon as the matter can be prepared +for publication.</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:4em;'>Very respectfully yours,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'><span class="smcap">Willard Glazier</span>. +</p></div> + +<p>"A special meeting of the Academy of Sciences +was held at No. 46 Carondelet street, Dr. J. S. Copes, +president, in the chair, for the purpose of receiving +from Captain Willard Glazier the handsome cedar +canoe 'Alice,' with which he navigated the Mississippi +River from Aitkin to the Gulf.</p> + +<p>"By invitation Captain Glazier gave an account of +his explorations on the Upper Mississippi and especially +of that section of country beyond Lake Itasca, +which body of water has hitherto been considered the +fountain-head of the Great River.</p> + +<p>"Dr. Copes in the name of the Academy thanked<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_493" id="Page_493">[493]</a></span> +Captain Glazier for his valuable gift, which would be +highly prized, and then congratulated the explorer +upon his contribution to American geographical knowledge, +comparing him with De Soto, Marquette, La +Salle, Hennepin, and Joliet, whose highest fame was +connected with discoveries relating to the Mississippi.</p> + +<p>"In the course of his remarks the learned doctor +said that De Soto penetrated the continent of North +America in pursuit of gold and accidentally discovered +the Mississippi. Marquette, the zealous missionary, +traversed the river from the mouth of the Wisconsin +to the mouth of the Arkansas. La Salle pursued his +explorations from the mouth of the Illinois to the +Gulf, his sole aim seeming to be the conquest of North +America in the name of the King of France. Hennepin +explored but a small section of the stream, extending +from the mouth of the Wisconsin to St. Anthony's +Falls, while Captain Glazier has made the important +discovery of its primal reservoir and traversed its entire +length from source to sea.</p> + +<p>"The members of the Academy listened with great +interest to Captain Glazier's graphic account of his discovery, +and also to the intellectual and historical address +of Dr. Copes.</p> + +<p>"Dr. J. R. Walker then offered the following resolutions:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Resolved:</i>—That the thanks of this Academy are due and are +hereby tendered to Captain Willard Glazier for the donation of his +beautiful canoe "Alice," and for the brief narrative of his explorations +at the source of the Mississippi River, and of his voyage thence +to the Gulf of Mexico.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved:</i>—That this Academy not only gratefully accepts this +handsome gift, but promises to preserve and cherish it as a souvenir +of Captain Glazier's high qualities as an explorer and contributor +to the increase of American geographical knowledge.</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_494" id="Page_494">[494]</a></span></p> + +<p>"Mr. H. Dudley Coleman moved as an <ins title="amendmet">amendment</ins> +thereto that a copy of the resolutions be appropriately +written and framed, and presented to Captain Glazier, +and that a committee of three be appointed to prepare +the same in accordance therewith.</p> + +<p>"The resolutions as amended were unanimously +adopted, when Dr. Copes appointed as the committee, +Messrs. Coleman, Walker, and Blanchard.</p> + +<p>"The suggestion made by Mr. Coleman that the +canoe remain at the arsenal of the Battalion Washington +Artillery until such time as the Academy prepare +a suitable place for it was acceded to.</p> + +<p>"At the conclusion of the meeting Mr. Coleman escorted +Captain Glazier to the Washington Artillery +Arsenal, and introduced him to Colonel J. B. Richardson, +commanding the battalion, who accepted for the +command the care of the canoe, and extended to Captain +Glazier the hospitalities of the battalion during his +stay in the city. Colonel Richardson and Mr. Coleman +then took him around the arsenal and showed +him its attractive features."</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>It will be readily seen from this letter that the +members of the New Orleans Academy of Sciences +were much impressed with the importance of the discovery +Captain Glazier had made. The resolutions +which they passed were afterwards handsomely framed +and sent to him at St. Louis.</p> + +<p>Among the many courtesies which were tendered the +Captain during his stay in New Orleans, he perhaps +felt most deeply the royal welcome which was given +him by the Old Guard of the Louisiana Tigers. In +his own words "they could not do too much" for him,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_495" id="Page_495">[495]</a></span> +and when we remember that only twenty years have +passed away since these brave men and the gallant +Union soldier fought on opposite sides on the battlefields +of Virginia, it cannot be wondered at that he +was much impressed with the cordiality of his reception +by his former foes.</p> + +<p>At the headquarters of the Washington Artillery, +too, he found many who as Confederate officers and +soldiers had formerly been his opponents in the war, +but nothing could exceed the heartiness of their welcome +and the good-fellowship which they displayed. +They showed him their old battle-flags still religiously +kept, but a moment afterwards pointed to the Stars and +Stripes which occupied a prominent position in the +room. Altogether Captain Glazier found it difficult to +realize that there had ever been other than the most +cordial feeling between the North and South, and this as +much as anything else tended to make his stay in New +Orleans a pleasure which he will long remember.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_496" id="Page_496">[496]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr class='major' /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XLII" id="CHAPTER_XLII"></a>CHAPTER XLII.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>BEFORE THE MISSOURI HISTORICAL SOCIETY.</span> +</h2> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Return to St. Louis. — Lecture at Mercantile Library Hall. — Brilliant +audience. — The Missouri Historical Society present. — Eloquent +introduction by Judge Todd. — "Pioneers of the Mississippi." — Presentation +of the "Itasca" to the Historical Society. — Remarks +of Captain Silas Bent on accepting the canoe. — Congratulations +of the audience. — Closing scene.</p></div> + +<p>On leaving New Orleans Captain Glazier returned +to St. Louis, having an engagement there to deliver +his lecture on the "Pioneers of the Mississippi." +He had been unable to remain long enough for this +purpose during his previous visit to the city on his +way down the river, as winter was rapidly approaching +and it was expedient to reach the Gulf as soon as possible. +Therefore, as many were anxious to hear a +lecture which had been so highly spoken of by the +press of other cities, he had been induced to return +with this object in view.</p> + +<p>He was also desirous of presenting one of his canoes, the +"Itasca," to the Missouri Historical Society in recognition +of the unbounded hospitality he had enjoyed at +the hands of the citizens of St. Louis, and it was decided +that the donation of the canoe, a beautiful specimen +of the Rob Roy pattern, should take place on the +night of the lecture.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_497" id="Page_497">[497]</a></span></p> + +<p>Accordingly, on the evening of January fourteenth, +a large audience consisting of members of the Historical +Society, Academy of Sciences, clergy, officers and +teachers of the public schools, and the various boat +clubs of the city, assembled at Mercantile Library Hall +to listen to his thrilling lecture on the pioneer explorers +of the Mississippi, and to witness the formalities +of the presentation.</p> + +<p>At eight o'clock, Captain Glazier, accompanied by +Judge Albert Todd, an eminent lawyer, and vice-president +of the Historical Society, made his appearance +on the platform, and, after the storm of applause +which greeted their entry had subsided, Judge Todd +stepped to the front and introduced the lecturer in the +following terms:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Mark Twain wrote that in his oriental travels he visited the +grave of our common ancestor, Adam, and as a filial mourner he +copiously wept over it. To me, the grave of our common ancestress, +Eve, would be more worthy of my filial affection; but instead +of weeping over it, I should proudly rejoice by reason of her +irrepressible desire for knowledge. She boldly gratified this desire, +and thereby lifted Adam up from the indolent, browsing life that he +seemed disposed and content to pass in the "Garden," and gave +birth to that spirit of inquiry and investigation which is developing +and elevating their posterity to "man's pride of place"—"a little +lower than the angels," by keeping them ever discontented with the +status quo, and constantly pressing on to the "mark of their high +calling" beneath the blazing legend "Excelsior." It is the ceaseless +unrest of the spirit, one of the greatest evidences of the soul's +immortality, that is continually contracting the boundaries of the unknown +in geography and astronomy, in physics and metaphysics, in all +their varied departments. Of those pre-eminently illustrating it in +geography were Jason and his Argonauts; Columbus, De Gama +and Magellan; De Soto, Marquette and La Salle; Cabot and Cook; +Speke, Baker, Livingstone and Franklin; and our own Ledyard, +Lewis, Clarke, Kane, Hall and Stanley. And this evening will ap<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_498" id="Page_498">[498]</a></span>pear +before you another of these irrepressible <i>discontents</i> who would +know what is still hidden at any risk or privation.</p> + +<p>Impelled by this spirit of enterprise in search of Truth, Captain +Willard Glazier has discovered, at last, the true source of our grand +and peerless river, the "Father of Waters," down which he has +floated and paddled in frail canoes, a distance of more than three +thousand miles, to its mouth in the Gulf of Mexico. One of these +canoes is now placed here in your view, and will be presented to-night +by its navigator to our Historical Society.</p> + +<p>Nearly two hundred years ago La Salle discovered the mouth +of the Mississippi, yet only now in this year of grace, 1881, was +ascertained its true fountain source.</p> + +<p>This, the latest achievement of Captain Glazier, is only in the +natural course of his antecedents. Born as late as 1841, he has already +gone through the experiences of the Adamic labors of a tiller +of the soil, the hard toils of the student and of the successful teacher; +of the dashing and brilliant cavalry officer in the Union army +through the whole period of our late war, from its disastrous beginning +to its successful ending; of the sufferings of capture and imprisonment +in the notorious "Libby" and other prisons, and of a +daring and perilous escape from their cruel walls; of an adventurous +tourist on horseback through the most civilized and savage portions +of our continent, beginning with the feet of his horse in the +waters of the Atlantic, and ending with their splash in the waters +of the Pacific. He delivered lectures along his route wherever a +civilized audience could be collected, and suffered capture by the +Indians, with all its sensational romance and hideous prospects.</p> + +<p>From the material of these antecedents he has written and published +several books of singular interest and national value.</p> + +<p>From this brief sketch we would naturally expect to see a stalwart +man, massive and powerful in form and muscle. Our conception +of men of big deeds is that they also are big. But David was +a stripling when he slew Goliath of Gath. Napoleon was characterized +by the society ladies of the period of his early career as "Puss +in Boots." Our own Fremont and Eads would seem at sight capable +of only the ordinarily exposed duties of life. Of like physique is +the subject of this introduction.</p> + +<p>Ladies and gentlemen, it is now my pleasant privilege to introduce +to your acquaintance Captain Willard Glazier as the lecturer +for the evening.</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_499" id="Page_499">[499]</a></span></p> + +<p>At the close of Judge Todd's introduction, Captain +Glazier began his instructive historic lecture on the +"Pioneers of the Mississippi," holding the attention of +all present by the interest of his subject and the eloquence +of his delivery. Beginning with De Soto, +the discoverer of the Great River, he gave an account +of his early life and adventures, of his ambition to +found an empire like that of Cortez, and of his arrival +at the mighty stream in whose waters he soon found +his final resting-place.</p> + +<p>Marquette, the self-sacrificing missionary, was +brought vividly before the mind's eye of the hearer as +the Captain described in glowing terms the zeal +with which he preached the Gospel to the poor benighted +Indians, and drew a picture with all its +poetical surroundings of his death and burial in the +wilderness.</p> + +<p>La Salle came next, pushing onward down the river +until he planted his triumphant banner on the shores +of the Gulf of Mexico, and took possession of the +surrounding country in the name of the King of +France. Hennepin and Joliet then claimed the attention +of the eloquent speaker, and their exploits +were clearly and forcibly recounted in graphic language. +Other explorers were mentioned, but these +formed the ground-work of the lecture—a lecture replete +with historical interest, and crowded with such a +vivid portrayal of incidents that from beginning to +end one can see as in a panorama the Great River and +all the mighty men whose fame is indissolubly connected +with the history of its waters.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_500" id="Page_500">[500]</a></span></p> + +<p>At the conclusion of the lecture the following letter +to the President of the Historical Society was read:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='right' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class="smcap">1310 Olive Street</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'><span class="smcap">St. Louis</span>, <i>January 14, 1882</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Edwin Harrison</span>, Esq.,</p> + +<p style='padding-left:3em;'>President Missouri Historical Society:</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>:—In my recent canoe voyage down the Mississippi, +it was my good fortune to receive many courtesies at the hands of the +press, boat clubs, and other citizens of St. Louis. This, coupled +with the fact that you have expressed considerable interest in the +result of my explorations, inclines me to present to you the "Itasca," +one of the canoes used in the expedition, for the Museum of your +Society, as a memento of my voyage and discoveries.</p> + +<p>During this tour of observation and exploration, extending from +the headwaters of the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico, I +had the satisfaction of locating the true source of the mighty stream +down which we paddled our canoes to the sea.</p> + +<p>I am not now in a position to give you a detailed account of my +explorations on the Great River, but shall avail myself of the earliest +opportunity to transmit to your Secretary a complete history +of the voyage, which will be issued in book form as soon as the +matter can be put in proper shape for publication.</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:10em;'>Very truly yours,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'><span class="smcap">Willard Glazier</span>. +</p></div> + +<p>In response to this letter Captain Silas Bent, late of +the United States Navy, accepted for the Society the +canoe in these words:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Captain Glazier:</span>—It becomes my pleasant duty to accept for +the Missouri Historical Society this beautiful canoe, which has itself +become historic by reason of the service it has rendered you. +It shall be deposited with other treasured relics in our museum.</p> + +<p>I have also to express to you the high appreciation in which +the Society holds the valuable contributions to geographical knowledge +resulting from your explorations among the headwaters of the +Mississippi River, and your discovery of the remotest lake that +contributes to the perennial birth of this hydra-headed "Father of +Waters," whose Genesis near the Arctic regions gives it a length of +more than three thousand miles to the tropical gulf, to which it +bears upon its ample bosom in safety the freightage of an empire.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_501" id="Page_501">[501]</a></span></p> + +<p>I desire, too, to thank you for the interesting lecture just given +us upon the achievements of the heroic old explorers, who have in +centuries past preceded you in investigations of the characteristics +of this river. But whilst past investigations have made us familiar +with the general character of the stream, and the peculiarities of its +many mouths, yet we know very little of its source; and should be +gratified I am sure if you could give us this evening a brief account +of the circumstances attending your explorations in that direction, +and of the difficulties you had to encounter in the accomplishment +of your object.</p></div> + +<p>In compliance with Captain Bent's request that he +would give some account of the events connected with +his discovery of the source of the Mississippi, Captain +Glazier, greatly to the satisfaction of his large and appreciative +audience, now briefly narrated the leading +incidents in his voyage of exploration.</p> + +<p>When he had concluded his personal narrative many +came forward to congratulate him upon his discovery, +and to express their appreciation of the great work he +had accomplished. All inspected the "Itasca," which +occupied a prominent position on the platform, with the +curiosity human nature invariably feels concerning any +object closely connected with the fame of a distinguished +man or daring exploit. The beautiful canoe was afterwards +placed on exhibition at the rooms of the Historical +Society.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_502" id="Page_502">[502]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr class='major' /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XLIII" id="CHAPTER_XLIII"></a>CHAPTER XLIII.<br /> +<span class='subhd'>GREETINGS OF THE VOYAGE.</span> +</h2> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p>An interesting souvenir. — Greeting at Lake Glazier. — Petition to +Geographical Societies. — Voice from Aitkin, Gate City of the +Upper Mississippi. — Tributes from Brainerd. — An old friend at +La Crosse. — Welcome at Davenport. — Greetings at St. Louis. — Senator +Lamar. — Royal welcome at Bayou Tunica. — Sentiment +of Port Eads. — Congratulations of the officers of the "Margaret." — Greetings +from New Orleans. — "Fame's triple wreath." — Closing remarks.</p></div> + +<p>Such an expedition as Captain Glazier has recently +concluded inevitably gives birth to many souvenirs +and trophies of the undertaking which are always +interesting, not only to their immediate recipient +but also to the public generally; for a man of his +calibre is in one sense public property, and as such +everything associated with any important enterprise +of his, is loudly demanded by men of all classes without +regard to what would be considered its privacy +under other circumstances. It was the author's good +fortune to see such a souvenir of the voyage—an album +in which are inscribed the autographs of eminent men +from various points along the entire route traversed, +the first being dated at the source of the Mississippi, +and the last on the shores of the Gulf of Mexico; +and the thought occurred to him that this memento of +the latest exploit in Captain Glazier's exciting life +could not fail to be an object of some interest to the +reader who had thus far followed the soldier, author,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_503" id="Page_503">[503]</a></span> +and explorer in his eventful and successful career. +He therefore obtained permission to make a few +extracts from the large number before him, and these +Greetings of the Voyage are now presented to the +public as a fitting conclusion to the story of the Captain's +journey from source to sea.</p> + +<p>The first in order is naturally that of Barrett Channing +Paine, his constant companion during the entire +voyage. Standing by the discoverer's side at the +fountain-head of the Great River, he wrote:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'><span class="smcap">Lake Glazier, Minnesota</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:9em;'><i>July 22, 1881</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">My Dear Captain:</span>—From this beautiful lake where the mighty +Mississippi rises, my best wishes follow you down the course of the +"Father of Waters" till it mingles its flood with the sea.</p> + +<p class='center'>Very truly yours,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'><span class="smcap">Barrett Channing Paine</span>. +</p></div> + +<p>We next quote a petition of Captain Glazier's companions +to the Geographical Societies of the country, +although it is not found in the album. It was published +in the Missouri "<i>Republican</i>" and various other +newspapers, but being dated Schoolcraft Island, the +first stopping place after leaving the source of the +river, it seems quite naturally to follow the greeting +of Mr. Paine:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='right' style='padding-right:6em;'><span class="smcap">Schoolcraft Island</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class="smcap">Lake Itasca</span>, <i>July 22, 1881</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">To Geographical and Historical Societies:</span>—We the undersigned, +companions of Captain Willard Glazier, in his voyage of +exploration to the headwaters of the Mississippi, are fully convinced +that the lake located by him is beyond question the source of the +"Father of Waters."</p> + +<p>The privilege of bestowing a name upon the new discovery having +been delegated to us, we hereby name it <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span> in honor of +the leader of the expedition, whose energy, perseverance and pluck +carried us through many difficulties and brought us at last to the +shores of this beautiful lake—the True Source of the Great River.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_504" id="Page_504">[504]</a></span></p> + +<p>We respectfully petition all Geographical Societies to give it that +recognition which has heretofore been accorded to Lake Itasca, and +to which it is justly entitled as the primal reservoir of the grandest +river on this continent.</p> + +<table summary='signatures'> +<tr> +<td style='width:40%'> +<span class="smcap">Barrett Channing Paine</span>,<br /> + Indianapolis, Indiana.<br /> +<span class="smcap">George Herbert Glazier</span>,<br /> + Chicago, Illinois. +</td> +<td style='vertical-align:middle;width:15%;'><span style='font-size:400%;'>}</span></td> +<td> + <i>White</i><br /> +<i>Companions.</i> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<span class="smcap">Moses Lagard</span>,<br /> +<span class="smcap">Chenowagesic</span>,<br /> +<span class="smcap">Sebatise Lagard</span>,<br /> + Leech Lake, Minnesota, +</td> +<td style='vertical-align:middle;'><span style='font-size:400%;'>}</span></td> +<td> +<i>Interpreter<br /> +and<br /> +Indian<br /> +Guides.</i> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> + +<p>The inhabitants of Aitkin, the first town of importance +on the Upper Mississippi, took great interest +in the expedition, and did all they could to show their +appreciation of the intrepid explorers. The following +is from the pen of Warren Potter, one of the pioneer +citizens of the place:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'><span class="smcap">Aitkin, Minnesota</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:4em;'><i>August 15, 1881</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Captain Willard Glazier:</span>—As you float in your birch canoe +upon the bosom of the "Father of Waters" toward the sea, remember +Aitkin, the Gate City of the Upper Mississippi.</p> + +<p class='center'>Yours very truly,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'><span class="smcap">Warren Potter</span>. +</p></div> + +<p>Brainerd, situated at the point where the Northern +Pacific Railroad crosses the Mississippi, is a thriving +town, and has the honor of possessing the first newspaper +encountered in the descent of the river. This +paper, the Brainerd "<i>Tribune</i>," exhibited much cordial +interest in Captain Glazier and his successful explorations, +and from time to time published accounts of the +voyage. The autographs of its editor, Arthur E. +Chase, is found in the album, as is that of Hon. +Chauncey B. Sleeper, district attorney for the county, +who introduced him to the first audience before which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_505" id="Page_505">[505]</a></span> +he delivered his lecture on the "Pioneers of the Mississippi:"</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'><span class="smcap">Brainerd, Minnesota</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:5em;'><i>August 19, 1881</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dear Captain:</span>—That your voyage down the Great "Father of +Waters" may be fraught with experiences both pleasant to yourself +and beneficial to the public; and that your undertaking may prove +a worthy epoch in American history, is the wish of</p> + +<p class='center'>Your sincere friend,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'><span class="smcap">Arthur E. Chase</span>. +</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='right' style='padding-right:6em;'><span class="smcap">Brainerd</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:4em;'><i>August 19, 1881</i>.</p> + +<p>To <span class="smcap">Captain Willard Glazier</span>:—My cordial good wishes go +with you on your long and interesting journey. May it result in +benefit to yourself and your fellow-man.</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'><span class="smcap">Chauncey B. Sleeper</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'>District Attorney. +</p></div> + +<p>At St. Cloud, Judge L. A. Evans introduced Captain +Glazier to his audience on the evening of his lecture +in that city, and wrote as follows in the album:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'><span class="smcap">St. Cloud, Minnesota</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:5em;'><i>August 23, 1881</i>.</p> + +<p>To <span class="smcap">Captain Glazier</span>:—May your life voyage and your contemplated +voyage to the mouth of our Great River prove pleasant and profitable.</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'><span class="smcap">L. A. Evans.</span> +</p></div> + +<p>Hon. Samuel E. Adams, whose patriotic greeting +we quote next, is the editor of the Monticello "<i>Times</i>," +and was one of the early pioneers of Wright County, Minnesota.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='right' style='padding-right:3em;'><span class="smcap">Monticello</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'><i>August 24, 1881</i>.</p> + +<p>Love of one's country is always commendable, and may your +labors in its defence in the past, and its development in the future, +be crowned with imperishable renown.</p> + +<p class='center'>Very truly yours,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'><span class="smcap">Samuel E. Adams</span>. +</p></div> + +<p>At Hastings, Captain Glazier was cordially and +hospitably entertained by the proprietor and editor of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_506" id="Page_506">[506]</a></span> +the Hastings "<i>Gazette</i>," and other prominent citizens. +On parting Mr. Todd writes the following in the album:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'><span class="smcap">Hastings, Minnesota</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:5em;'><i>September 5, 1881</i>.</p> + +<p>With the cordial good wishes of the "<i>Gazette</i>" for a prosperous +voyage to the Gulf.</p> + +<p class='center'>Fraternally,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'><span class="smcap">Irving Todd</span>. +</p></div> + +<p>The friendly writer of the following is loyal to his +State while greeting the man who evokes the sentiment:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'><span class="smcap">Davenport, Iowa</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:5em;'><i>September 25, 1881</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dear Captain:</span>—As you plough the "Father of Waters" in your +frail bark, think of "Iowa the Beautiful."</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'><span class="smcap">Charles G. Plummer.</span> +</p></div> + +<p>At Davenport, Iowa, Captain Glazier had the pleasure +of again meeting Colonel P. A. J. Russell, city +editor of the "<i>Democrat</i>." This gentleman had been +the first to greet him on his arrival in that city during +his journey across the continent in 1876, and it was +with much cordiality that he now shook hands with +the Captain and congratulated him upon the success +of his latest expedition. But we will let him express +his sentiments in his own language:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'><span class="smcap">Davenport, on the Mississippi</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:10em;'><i>September 25, 1881</i>.</p> + +<p>To <span class="smcap">Captain Glazier:</span></p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Safety and success—thus far<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Adown this mighty stream;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">May Heaven guard your progress still<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And grant fulfilment of your dream.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'>Very truly yours, <span class="smcap">P. A. J. Russell</span>. +</p></div> + +<p>The first man to welcome Captain Glazier at La +Crosse was Pearce Giles, an old acquaintance whom he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_507" id="Page_507">[507]</a></span> +had known for many years in the East. Mr. Giles +tenders his congratulations in these words:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'><span class="smcap">La Crosse, Wisconsin</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:4em;'><i>September 10, 1881</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">My Dear Captain:</span>—I congratulate you on your important discovery +of the True Source of the Mississippi—a discovery which must +associate your name forever with the "Father of Waters." The intelligence, +earnestness, pluck and persistence you have displayed in +this, as in numerous other ways, are such as to give you a place +among the great Americans who have not lived in vain for their country.</p> + +<p class='center'>Always sincerely yours,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'><span class="smcap">Pearce Giles</span>. +</p></div> + +<p>The visit to Trempealeau, on the left bank of the +river, introduced the canoeists to some extremely +agreeable people, whose hearty and disinterested welcome +will be long remembered by Captain Glazier. +The sentiment of one of them is thus kindly expressed:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'><span class="smcap">Trempealeau, Wisconsin</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:6em;'>September 11, 1881.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Captain Glazier:</span>—My best wishes follow you down the "Father +of Waters" and through Life's Voyage.</p> + +<p class='center'>Very sincerely yours,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'><span class="smcap">M. H. Melchior</span>. +</p></div> + +<p>While at Bellevue, Captain Glazier was entertained +most agreeably by Hon. W. O. Evans, editor of the +Bellevue "<i>Republican</i>" who welcomed him on his arrival, +and launched his canoe when he resumed his +voyage. He seemed greatly interested in the Captain's +explorations, and expressed his interest in this manner:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'><span class="smcap">Bellevue, Iowa</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'>September 18, 1881.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dear Captain:</span>—That health, wealth, success and perpetual +youth may attend you in all your grand schemes and enterprises +through the Voyage of Life is the wish of your new-made friend,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'><span class="smcap">W. O. Evans</span>. +</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_508" id="Page_508">[508]</a></span></p> + +<p>At Hannibal, Captain Glazier landed and remained +three days, during which interval he met one or two +valued friends. Before launching his canoe this entry +found a place in the album:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'><span class="smcap">Hannibal, Missouri</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:4em;'><i>October 3, 1881</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dear Captain:</span>—May the Mississippi—that Grand Old Patriarch +of Rivers—carry you safely to the Gulf!</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'><span class="smcap">A. M. Paget</span>. +</p></div> + +<p>The "<i>Post-Dispatch</i>" one of the leading newspapers +of St. Louis, was foremost in publishing accounts of +the explorer's voyage from the time he left the headwaters +of the Mississippi until he reached the Gulf, +and hence the autograph of its editor, Colonel John A. +Cockerill, now editor of the New York "<i>World</i>," is of +special interest:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'><span class="smcap">St. Louis, Missouri</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:4em;'><i>October 8, 1881</i>.</p> + +<p>The "<i>Post-Dispatch</i>," sailing on prosperous sea, sends greeting +and good wishes to Captain Glazier and all daring navigators.</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'><span class="smcap">John A. Cockerill.</span> +</p></div> + +<p>Thomas E. Garrett, of the staff of the "<i>Republican</i>," +inscribed the following poetic tribute:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'><span class="smcap">Missouri Republican Office</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class="smcap">St. Louis</span>, <i>October 14, 1881</i>.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">On land and water—staunch and true,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">You steer and paddle your own canoe,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Strong arm, brave heart, will pull you through.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p class='center'>Very truly yours,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'><span class="smcap">Thomas E. Garrett</span>. +</p></div> + +<p>The editor of the Helena "<i>Yeoman</i>" writes:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'><span class="smcap">Helena, Arkansas</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:4em;'><i>October 22, 1881</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Captain Glazier:</span>—May your present voyage down the great +Mississippi redound to your credit, and add to the honors you have +already won.</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:6em;'><span class="smcap">W. L. Morris</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'>"<i>Yeoman</i>" Office. +</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_509" id="Page_509">[509]</a></span></p> + +<p>Prof. J. J. Flahift, Superintendent of Public Instruction +at Helena, greets the navigator in these terms:</p> + + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'><span class="smcap">Helena, Arkansas</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:4em;'><i>October</i> 26, 1881.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Nothing great is lightly won,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Nothing won is lost;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Every good deed nobly done,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Will repay the cost;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Leave to Heaven in humble trust<br /></span> +<span class="i2">All you will to do,"<br /></span> +<span class="i0">But, to reach the Gulf, you must<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Paddle your own canoe.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'><span class="smcap">J. J. Flahift.</span> +</p></div> + +<p>At Natchez, Captain Glazier had the pleasure of +hearing Senator Lamar deliver a political speech, and +was afterwards introduced to him at the Foster House, +where both were registered. The Senator seemed +much interested in the Captain's explorations, and so +signifies over his autograph:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'><span class="smcap">Natchez, Mississippi</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:4em;'><i>November</i> 3, 1881.</p> + +<p>Glad to have met you, Captain Glazier, and I leave with you my +best wishes for the success of your undertaking.</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'><span class="smcap">L. Q. C. Lamar.</span> +</p></div> + +<p>Bayou Tunica will always be held in pleasant remembrance +by Captain Glazier, for he was there most +hospitably received and entertained by John J. Winn, +a prosperous merchant and planter. Mr. Winn insisted +upon his remaining with him for two days during +the progress of a violent storm which rendered the +river unnavigable, and every effort was made to make +the time pass agreeably. His greeting to the explorer +is short but to the point:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'><span class="smcap">Bayou Tunica, Louisiana</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:6em;'><i>November 5, 1881</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Captain Glazier</span>:—May your voyage to the Gulf be a pleasant +one.</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'><span class="smcap">John J. Winn.</span> +</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_510" id="Page_510">[510]</a></span></p> + +<p>Captain Glazier's first acquaintance with a sugar +plantation was made on reaching the estates of Messrs. +V. U. Lefebre and son, who are extensively engaged +in the production of this staple of commerce. This +firm is counted among the wealthiest sugar planters of +Plaquemine Parish, owning and controlling three large +plantations. The Captain made the most of his opportunity +to learn something of the art of sugar manufacture. +The cane-field and sugar-mill and every detail +were explained by his polite host, from the cutting of +the canes to the refining process. The Captain and his +companion were hospitably entertained an entire day, +and on parting the senior Mr. Lefebre greeted him in +French, the tongue of his mother country:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'><span class="smcap">Eliza Plantation, Louisiana</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:6em;'><i>November</i> 9, 1881.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cher Capitaine</span>:—J'espère que votre voyage au Golfe sera +agréable que vous garderes un bon souvenir de la Louisiane.</p> + +<p class='center'>Votre sincère,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'><span class="smcap">V. U. Lefebre</span>. +</p></div> + +<p>The inhabitants of Port Eads, the terminal point of +the voyage, displayed, if possible, a more lively interest +in the expedition than those of any other town +along the river, for here it was that the goal was +reached and the Captain's long and hazardous undertaking +placed beyond the risk of failure. Some description +has already been given of the triumphant +manner in which the arrival of the "Alice" at the Gulf +was proclaimed by the people, and the following lines +of F. C. Welschaus, one of the citizens, expresses, in all +probability, the general sentiment of Port Eads:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'><span class="smcap">Port Eads, Louisiana</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:4em;'><i>November</i> 15, 1881.</p> + +<p>To <span class="smcap">The Discoverer of the Mississippi's Source</span>:—May all +your undertakings prove as successful as this one.</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'><span class="smcap">F. C. Welschaus</span>. +</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_511" id="Page_511">[511]</a></span></p> + +<p>This kindly wish of Mr. Welschaus in reality concludes +the greetings of the voyage proper, but when +Captain Glazier returned to New Orleans from Port +Eads, and afterwards to St. Louis, others were added +to the number, some of which are of so much interest +that the author takes pleasure in quoting them.</p> + +<p>The first in point of time was written by the officers +of the steamship <i>Margaret</i>, on board of which Captain +Glazier steamed back to New Orleans. This vessel +was engaged in the fruit trade between the Crescent +City and ports in Central America. His reception +and entertainment by the officers was characteristic of +sailors in general, cordial and hospitable in the extreme. +They expressed great wonder that a mere landsman +could make such an extended voyage in so small a +boat, and many questions were asked and answered +upon this subject. Their farewell greeting is thus entered +in the album:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'><span class="smcap">On Board Steamship</span> "<i>Margaret</i>," +®8:<i>November</i> 16, 1881.</p> + +<p>To <span class="smcap">Captain Willard Glazier</span>:—We congratulate you upon the +successful completion of your great undertaking, and ask you to accept +the following as our sincere wish and fervent prayer:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"May your bark of mortality<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Glide down the stream of Time,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And land at last at that glorious haven<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Where nothing reigns supreme<br /></span> +<span class="i0">But joy, health, prosperity and happiness."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p style='padding-left:12em;'><span class="smcap">John Otteson</span>, <i>Commander</i>.<br /> +<span class="smcap">Richard Hunter</span>, <i>Chief Officer</i>.<br /> +<span class="smcap">Albert J. Schlesinger</span>, <i>Purser</i>. +</p> +</div> + +<p>While in New Orleans, Captain Glazier had an opportunity +to listen to a sermon by Rev. B. M. Palmer, +a prominent clergyman of that city. The Captain afterwards +had the pleasure of meeting Dr. Palmer, who +inscribed this beautiful wish in the album:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_512" id="Page_512">[512]</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'><span class="smcap">New Orleans, Louisiana,</span></p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:6em;'><i>November</i> 22, 1881.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Captain Glazier</span>:—May your exploration of the Mississippi +from its source to its mouth be typical of your Voyage of Life, as it +rolls with its swelling flood into the bosom of God.</p> + +<p class='center'>Yours in the Faith of the Gospel,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:6em;'><span class="smcap">B. M. Palmer,</span></p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'>Pastor First Presbyterian Church. +</p></div> + +<p>The greetings from New Orleans would be incomplete +without some reference to H. Dudley Coleman, a +member of the New Orleans Academy of Sciences, and +also of the Washington Artillery, of that city, who +extended many courtesies to Captain Glazier. Mr. +Coleman was a cavalry officer in the Confederate +Army, and his command had been frequently opposed +to that of the Union soldier on the battle-fields of Virginia. +His Southern gallantry, however, prompted a +cordial greeting, and the true gentleman appeared in +the numerous attentions he showered on his former +adversary in arms. Captain Glazier was greatly impressed +by this display of good feeling, and the evident +desire manifested on the part of many Southern +gentlemen who received him to bury the animosities +of the late war and promote a state of harmony and +cordial friendship. The blue and the grey are no +longer estranged, or such a hearty reception could not +have been accorded to Captain Glazier, whose name and +reputation were well known to many in the Crescent +City as of a prolific writer on military subjects from a +Union standpoint. Mr. Coleman's apparently sincere +expressions of a deep friendly interest in the Captain's exploits +on the Mississippi impressed him very sensibly. +Want of space must be our excuse for not including +his long and very cordial greeting in the album.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_513" id="Page_513">[513]</a></span></p> + +<p>Albert G. Blanchard, also a member of the New +Orleans Academy of Sciences, and formerly a brigadier-general, +C. S. A., shows his appreciation of the +explorations which Captain Glazier had successfully +completed in these terms:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I congratulate you on your successful exploration of the headwaters +of the Mississippi River. Your name will always be honored +with that of Robert Cavalier de la Salle, the discoverer of the +outlet of this river as you are of its source.</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:6em;'>Very respectfully your obedient servant,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class="smcap">Albert G. Blanchard,</span></p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'>Deputy City Surveyor.</p> + +<p style='padding-left:1em;'><span class="smcap">New Orleans</span>,</p> + +<p style='padding-left:6em;'><i>November</i> 22, 1881. +</p></div> + +<p>We next quote from the pen of Dr. J. S. Copes, the +learned President of the New Orleans Academy of +Sciences. Dr. Copes manifested an intense interest in +the results of Captain Glazier's expedition, and endeavored +by every method within his power to show +the high estimation in which he held the intrepid explorer:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Captain Glazier</span>:—I congratulate you upon the successful +completion of your search for the primal reservoir of the Mississippi +River. It would be well for the country to erect before the +view of its youths and young men two monuments, three thousand +miles asunder—the one at the source, the other at the mouth of the +great river of North America—upon which should be chiseled +"Enterprise, Courage, Faith, Fortitude, Patriotism, Philanthropy," +leaving to posterity the selection of an illustrative name to be engraven +on each one when events shall have pointed conclusively to +the benefactors most worthy of this honor.</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:12em;'>With great respect,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:10em;'>Yours very truly,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:8em;'><span class="smcap">J. S. Copes,</span></p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:6em;'>President New Orleans Academy of Sciences.</p> + +<p style='padding-left:2em;'><span class="smcap">New Orleans,</span></p> + +<p style='padding-left:6em;'><i>November</i> 19, 1881. +</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_514" id="Page_514">[514]</a></span></p> + +<p>We will conclude this pleasing souvenir of the voyage +by quoting the sentiment of Judge Albert Todd, +who, it will be remembered, introduced Captain Glazier +to his audience at St. Louis upon the occasion of +his lecture on the "Pioneers of the Mississippi," and +the presentation of the "Itasca" to the Missouri Historical +Society. Judge Todd is one of the oldest and +most reputed citizens of St. Louis, and showed an especial +appreciation of the Captain's endeavors to increase +the geographical lore of the Mississippi River:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><span class="smcap">To Captain Willard Glazier</span>—Greeting:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">With triple wreaths doth Fame thine head now crown;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The patriot-Soldier's, in fierce battles won;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The "Pen's," than the "Sword's," mankind's greater boon,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The bold Explorer's finding where was born<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The rivers' King, till now, like Nile's, unknown.<br /></span> +<span style='letter-spacing:3em;'> ·····</span><br /> +<span class="i0">May years of high emprise increase thy fame,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And with thy death arise a deathless name.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:10em;'><span class="smcap">Albert Todd</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'>Vice-President Missouri Historical Society.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">St. Louis</span>, <i>January</i> 14, 1882. +</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>The career of Captain Glazier up to the present +time affords much food for thought and speculation. +His life is pre-eminently a life of success, and is a brilliant +example of what can be accomplished by the aid +of an indomitable will and untiring energy. Although +his early advantages of education and position were of +a most ordinary description, nothing he has ever attempted +failed, and none of his successes have been +mediocre. As a soldier he rose from a private to the +rank of captain, and was known as one of the bravest +officers on the field—one of the best disciplinarians in +camp; as an author his works are found in nearly every<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_515" id="Page_515">[515]</a></span> +home in the land, and are read with interest by people +of all ages, classes, and conditions of life; as a lecturer, +the press has ever spoken of him in the kindliest +and most favorable terms; as an equestrian traveler he +accomplished a feat never before attempted, and probably +knows more about the wide stretch of country +through which he passed than any other man living; +as a navigator and explorer he not only discovered +what had baffled the most determined of all previous +explorers, the source of the Mississippi River, but also +"paddled his own canoe" down the entire course from +its fountain-head to the Gulf of Mexico. He has then +unquestionably succeeded in all that he has undertaken; +and, as all men aim at success, the query naturally +arises, why is it that Willard Glazier occupies so high +a position in each of his many fields of labor? The +answer in all probability lies in the fact that while +<i>many</i> men have ambition, <i>few</i> have the untiring industry, +the calm perseverance, the determined will, and +unfaltering faith in themselves to grasp and hold the +objects of that ambition. Captain Glazier has never +known what failure means, and recalling the events of +his life as portrayed in this narrative, now drawing to +a close, we can understand why this is true. Unceasing +labor seems to have been his motto. As soon as +he had pursued one path of industry or research until +it could lead him no further, he sought out and traversed +another with unexampled patience and unflagging +zeal. What wonder in the light of such energy +that unqualified success has crowned his well-directed +efforts!</p> + +<p>His career affords an example which all men would +do well to reflect upon and imitate. May the Youth<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_516" id="Page_516">[516]</a></span> +of America, by the contemplation of a life still comparatively +young and yet so fraught with mighty deeds, be +especially inspired with the ambition to follow in his +footsteps, and a will to "carve with many a sharp incision," +from the shapeless block which lies before each, +the rounded outlines of a strong and noble character. +</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_517" id="Page_517">[517]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr class='major' /> +<h2><a name="SWORD_AND_PEN_COMMENDATIONS" id="SWORD_AND_PEN_COMMENDATIONS"></a> +"SWORD AND PEN" COMMENDATIONS.</h2> + + +<h3>EXTRACTS FROM NOTICES OF THE PRESS.</h3> + + +<h4>Syracuse Times.</h4> + +<p>"Sword and Pen; or, Ventures and Adventures of Willard Glazier," is written in +a very entertaining style. It gives interesting sketches of Captain Glazier from +boyhood down, and many amusing incidents are related, in which is embraced a +period covering the lively war times. Near the end of the work is given a minute +description of Captain Glazier's discovery of the source of the Mississippi River, +in 1881; in which, of course, Lake Itasca loses its claim. The captain, after many +adventures, reached the true head of the Great River, which lies many miles back +and beyond Lake Itasca, and from thence he made a voyage down the "Father of +Waters" in a birch canoe, to the Gulf of Mexico. The book is written by John +Algernon Owens, contains 516 pages printed in attractive style, adorned with +numerous fine wood cuts, and is generally attractive; in fact, people who have read +"Battles for the Union" and "Heroes of Three Wars" with so much interest will +be equally interested in the adventurous life of the soldier-author.</p> + + +<h4>Chicago Tribune.</h4> + +<p>"Sword and Pen" comprises incidents and reminiscences in the life of Captain +Willard Glazier, and in addition to his army experience gives details of a novel and +adventurous feat accomplished in 1876. In that year he rode on horseback across +the Continent from Boston to San Francisco. Over 200 days were occupied in making +the trip, and the distance traveled was more than 4,000 miles. His object in +undertaking this journey was to study at comparative leisure the section of country +through which he would pass, and note the habits of the people he came in contact +with. During this trip he was captured by the Indians after a severe fight, and one +of the herders comprising the party was burned at the stake. In 1881, Captain +Glazier started on an expedition to discover the source of the Mississippi River. In +this he was successful, and immediately thereafter commenced the descent of the +river, passing its entire length from the source to the Gulf of Mexico, in a small +open canoe. The new book entitled "Sword and Pen" gives a minute and graphic +description of the overland ride and the trip down the Mississippi, as well as the early +army experience of the well-known soldier and author.</p> + + +<h4>Hamilton (Ont.) Times.</h4> + +<p>"Sword and Pen" is a work replete with stirring pen-pictures of events in the +history of the United States during a critical period of its history. Its description +of the principal incidents in the late war, and the suffering of the author and others +in that detestable "Black Hole of Calcutta"—the Libby Prison—are most graphic. +Willard Glazier's life was not confined to warfare, though he saw service in nearly +all the great battles between the North and South. A few years ago he rode +on horseback from ocean to ocean, and his observations on that extraordinary trip +are also included in this handsome and interesting volume. He discovered the +true source of the Mississippi in northern Minnesota, and afterwards performed the +journey of 3,000 miles to the sea board in an open canoe, and a very interesting account +of these journeyings is given in the concluding chapters of the work which +is throughout beautifully illustrated.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_518" id="Page_518">[518]</a></span></p> + +<h4>Troy Daily Times.</h4> + +<p>The Works of Captain Willard Glazier, the soldier-author, are so well known and +popular that a life of the writer cannot fail to be interesting to a <ins title="lage">large</ins> portion of +the public. A very complete and excellent account of Glazier and his achievements +has been prepared by John Algernon Owens, and published by P. W. Ziegler +& Co., Philadelphia. The book bears the title of "Sword and Pen," and recounts +the ventures and adventures of the subject of it in war and literature, comprising +incidents and reminiscences of his childhood, his checkered life as a student and +teacher, and his remarkable career as a soldier and author; embracing also the +story of his unprecedented journey from ocean to ocean on horseback, and an account +of his discovery of the source of the Mississippi river, and his canoe voyage +from thence to the Gulf of Mexico. The story is told in the simple, direct way that +appeals at once to one's favorable attention. It is an exciting, in some portions +a thrilling narrative, recounting some of the most dramatic and tragic scenes of +the war, in which Glazier, as a youthful cavalry officer, bore a brave and manly +part, being then but nineteen years old. The lad abandoned his studies and his +school teaching and went from Troy to become a member of the Harris light cavalry, +with which he served during many a bloody fray. He was captured by the rebels and +shared the hard fate that fell to many a poor Union soldier in the prison pens of the +South, and the recital of this part of his experience will recall the angry blood to +the face of every old soldier who reads it, and arouse the sentient sympathies of +every patriot who peruses the volume. The book contains an appreciative yet discriminating +criticism of Glazier's literary achievements, and is in every sense +worthy of the hero with whom it deals. It is profusely illustrated with battle and +other scenes, and is accompanied by a map giving an accurate presentation of the +route pursued by Captain Glazier in his trip to the source of the Mississippi. Altogether +this is a book well worth reading.</p> + + +<h4>Scranton Republican.</h4> + +<p>"Sword and Pen" by John Algernon Owens, a story of endurance, patient toil, +danger and daring, very entertaining, as well as instructive. In Mr. Owens +Captain Glazier has found a biographer who has done him justice, and who has +made a book that will be widely read.</p> + + +<h4>Oswego Times and Express.</h4> + +<p>We have before us a new book, entitled "Sword and Pen; or, Ventures and +Adventures in War and Literature." It is a biography of the soldier-author, +Willard Glazier, a type of the adventurous American of which we may justly be +proud. It takes up the boyish life of Willard Glazier, takes him from the school-room +as a pupil to the school-room as a teacher, until the war of the Rebellion +called him to the army. It details his adventures as a member of the Ira Harris +Cavalry until his capture by the rebels, and the life he led in the prisons of the +South; and is detailed in a graphic manner. When the war was over the same +spirit of adventure which sent him to the front in the army drove him into other +adventures. The horseback ride from ocean to ocean is described in an interesting +style, followed by the search for the true source of the Mississippi River and its successful +termination, together with an account of his canoe voyage to the Gulf of +Mexico. The book is full of action, and is interesting as giving a correct history +of the life of this remarkable man. It is profusely illustrated, and is accompanied +by a map of the section covered by the source of the Mississippi.</p> + + +<h4>Boston Transcript.</h4> + +<p>The biography of Willard Glazier, under the title of "Sword and Pen," has<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_519" id="Page_519">[519]</a></span> +achieved a large sale in the Eastern, Western and Middle States. The subject of +the biography, who is still living, was a bright, wide-awake lad, whose childhood +was not more eventful than that of hundreds of other boys of like condition. He +was ambitious, energetic, and wholly free from any bad habit which would operate +as a drawback upon his advancement in life. His parents were not able to do more +for him in the way of an education than to send him to a common district school, but +he thirsted for an education, and his mind was continually busy devising ways and +means to secure it. The much-needed money to pay his expenses at the Albany +Normal School was at last gained by trapping minks, whose skins were worth +from two to four dollars. From the Normal he went to teach school, and was +engaged in this profession when the civil war broke out. He was then nineteen years +old. The first shot fired at Sumter changed his whole life plans, and the summer of +1861 found him in the field as sergeant in the Second New York Cavalry. He participated +in a good many exciting contests, and was finally wounded and captured at +Brandy Station, in October, 1863. The story of his life in prison is vividly told. He +made his escape after fourteen months' imprisonment, and made his way through +the enemy's lines into Sherman's army. After the war he wrote a volume made +up of his war experiences, entitled "Capture, Prison Pen, and Escape," over 400,000 +copies of which have been sold. In 1876, Captain Glazier started from the Revere +House, in this city, to cross the Continent on horseback, a feat which he successfully +performed, reaching San Francisco in two hundred days from the time of starting—a +distance of 4,133 miles. In 1881, he made a canoe voyage down the Mississippi +of 3,000 miles. Captain Glazier is the author of several books, and has won considerable +reputation as a lecturer. The book before us will be read with deep +interest, not only for what it is worth historically, but as showing what can be accomplished +by pluck and brains without the backing of money.</p> + + +<h4>Buffalo News.</h4> + +<p>The readers of Captain Willard Glazier's works will be pleased with the biography +of this remarkable man, published by P. W. Ziegler & Co., of Philadelphia. +Captain Glazier's life is full of exciting interest, and the well-written biography +holds the reader's attention to the last. The account of the discovery of the true +source of the Mississippi is especially interesting from the fact that it gives the best +account of that memorable event that has ever been published.</p> + + +<h4>Albany Sunday Press.</h4> + +<p>"Sword and Pen." This work is the biography of a man already well-known by +the American public as a soldier and an author. The subject is an especially interesting +one to the people of this section, as Captain Glazier was born in St. Lawrence +county of this State, and spent some years of his life in this city. His works have +been read with interest by thousands, and now those who have enjoyed them will +have the opportunity to learn something of the author who has for so long delighted +them. This biography gives a very full and interesting account of the principal +events in Captain Glazier's life, among which we notice especially his remarkable +journey from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean on horseback, his discovery of the +true source of the Mississippi River, and his canoe voyage thence to the Gulf of +Mexico. All these episodes are profusely and elegantly illustrated.</p> + + +<h4>Newark Register.</h4> + +<p>"Sword and Pen" is the suggestive title of a very readable and interesting +biography of Captain Willard Glazier, the soldier-author, by John Algernon Owens. +"Biography," the author tells us in his preface, "to be interesting, must be a transcript +of an eventful as well as a remarkable career; and to be instructive, its sub<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_520" id="Page_520">[520]</a></span>ject +should be exemplary in his aims and in his mode of attaining them." The +subject of this biography certainly fulfills these requirements, and a much bolder +and less graceful narrative of his adventures and exploits would, without doubt, be +interesting and instructive. Mr. Owens has, however, heightened the interest, and +pointed the moral of his subject's remarkable career by his clear and correct style, +and lively and picturesque narrative. Captain Glazier was born in northern New York, +near the St. Lawrence, in 1841. His boyhood was passed in the country, and filled +with all a rustic lad's delights and exploits as well as disadvantages and privations. +Fighting hard for an education, he became a teacher, continuing in this peaceful +vocation until the outbreak of the rebellion summoned him to his country's defence. +Passing through a succession of the most remarkable adventures and +escapes in the war, and rising from the ranks to a captain's post, Captain Glazier +has, since the war, become widely known as the soldier-author, and the triumphs of +his pen have been fully as great as, if not greater than, those of his sword. The +work is well printed and handsomely bound, and will prove very popular.</p> + + +<h4>Boston Globe.</h4> + +<p>The adventures of Willard Glazier admirably narrated by John Algernon Owens, +under the title of "Sword and Pen," is a fascinating biography in which the +author has woven many pleasing incidents, sometimes quite out of the line of his +story, yet always to the point and always entertaining. The war adventures of +Glazier, who is called the "Soldier-author," have already been largely read and +appreciated, particularly by old soldiers. Willard Glazier has enjoyed quite a +literary renown, the sale of his first book, "Capture, Prison-Pen, and Escape," having +been over 400,000 volumes. Mr. Owens has now given us Captain Glazier's life +in a neatly bound volume, from the press of P. W. Ziegler & Co. of Philadelphia. +The hero of this story had an eventful career which made it interesting. Born of +parents of small means, but of the old Puritan stock, and excellent character, and +bred and nurtured in the midst of the wildest and grandest scenery in the rugged +county of St. Lawrence, with no opportunities for culture, except such as he made +for himself, he rose by his ambition, and was the builder of his own fortune. There +is a strong lesson pointed out by the graphic history of his career. It teaches to +the young uncompromising duty in every relation of life—self-denial and pluck.</p> + + +<h4>Newark Daily Journal.</h4> + +<p>"Sword and Pen; or, the Ventures and Adventures of Willard Glazier." +Willard Glazier is an author who has risen into popularity almost unprecedented in +this country. It is said that his first book, "Capture, Prison-Pen, and Escape," +written from facts noted in his diary after a wonderful career on the battle-field, +and in prisons of the South, reached the enormous sale of 400,000 volumes. +"Sword and Pen" is the story of Captain Glazier's life. Born in obscurity, and +toiling for an education with great perseverance and against obstacles that seemed +almost unsurmountable, he became a teacher of the first rank when only eighteen +years of age. Enlisting in the Second New York Cavalry, at the very beginning of +the war, he served gallantly under General Kilpatrick in all the battles of Virginia +up to October 19, when he was taken prisoner at New Baltimore, after having +two horses shot under him. He participated in digging the tunnel out of Libby +Prison, through which one hundred and fifteen Union prisoners escaped. +Glazier, however, was left behind. From Richmond he was sent to Danville +and other prisons, frequently attempting to escape. He was sent to Charleston +jail, where, with other prisoners, he was placed under fire of the Union guns on +Morris Island. Next he was sent to Columbia, and then comes a thrilling recital of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_521" id="Page_521">[521]</a></span> +escapes and recaptures; wading through swamps and across rivers at night, and +lying hidden in thickets or negro huts by day; tracked by blood-hounds, frequently +shot at; enduring the pangs of starvation, thirst, cold and rain, the hero finally +reached Sherman's lines after encountering a hundred deadly perils. The brave +boy was a prisoner when the term of his enlistment expired, but he immediately +applied for and obtained a new commission, and after a brief visit to his +parents, he re-entered the army and served until the end of the war. The story is +thrillingly told, yet between the many tragic events depicted, there occur frequent +humorous episodes, especially those delineating negro character. Young Glazier's +brilliant career as the writer of "Soldiers of the Saddle," "Capture, Prison-Pen, +and Escape," "Battles for the Union," "Heroes of Three Wars," "Peculiarities of +American Cities," etc., is fully given, with copious extracts from each work, together +with highly favorable notices from the <i>Boston Post</i>, <i>New York Tribune</i>, +<i>Chicago Inter-Ocean</i> and other leading newspapers. The last part of the book is +devoted to a voluminous and somewhat roseate description of Captain Glazier's +highly successful lecture tour on horseback from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean; +his discovery of the source of the Mississippi River, and his canoe voyage from +thence to the Gulf of Mexico. Captain Glazier is unquestionably a hero, possessing +genius of a high order, and as he is now only forty-two years of age, it +would seem that there are still brilliant achievements before him. Whatever may +be said of the literary merits of his biography, the history is of absorbing interest. +It is such that takes hold of the popular heart, and the hundreds of thousands +of Grand Army men who read it will seem to "fight their battles o'er again."</p> + + +<h4>New York Herald.</h4> + +<p>"Sword and Pen; or, Ventures and Adventures of Willard Glazier," by John +Algernon Owens, is a well-written book and altogether readable. It describes the +humble origin of one who afterwards became one of the most dashing officers in +the Federal cavalry service during the war for the Union. It tells of the vicissitudes +of a life restless but resolute, and which bears the stamp of heroism and success. +There are stories of school-days full of the activity and frivolity of youth, of +failure and fortune, and a graphic sketch of the turning point in Glazier's career, +which came with the rebellion. From the day he entered the ranks of the Harris +Light Cavalry his course was steadily onward and upward, rising from corporal to be +the captain of brave men nerved to the utmost endurance and inured to the dangers +and hardships of war. The ensuing pages ring with the enthusiasm of martial +achievements, of peril by day and night, of capture, of the dungeon, and the +thrilling escape. The book closes with a vivid account of his famous ride on horseback +from ocean to ocean, from Boston to San Francisco. This unparalleled ride +was accomplished by Captain Glazier in 1876, the Centennial year, and serves as a +fitting conclusion to a career marked by indomitable industry, true courage and +unquestioned success, showing that</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Honor and shame from no condition rise;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Act well your part, there all the honor lies."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>The book is profusely illustrated and will be an interesting addition to either a +public or private library.</p> + + +<h4>Hartford Courant.</h4> + +<p>"Sword and Pen; or, Ventures and Adventures of Willard Glazier," the soldier-author, +by John Algernon Owens. Captain Glazier has had a very lively career +both during the war and since, in explorations on the upper Mississippi. He +is the author of a long list of war books himself, which have been much com<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_522" id="Page_522">[522]</a></span>mended +by the press, for their thrilling narrative style, patriotic enthusiasm, +and dash. He is evidently of the stuff of which American heroes are made. The +book claims for him high rank as an explorer and discoverer in being the first to +definitely locate the True Source of the Mississippi. It is a readable story of an adventurous +life, and being fully illustrated, commends itself to all classes of readers.</p> + + +<h4>Cincinnati Commercial Gazette.</h4> + +<p>John Algernon Owens has compiled incidents and reminiscences in the life of +Willard Glazier, the soldier-author, and the work should occupy a position on the +shelf of every library. The writings of Captain Glazier are too well known to +need any words of commendation from us, his "Capture, Prison-Pen, and Escape," +issued soon after the close of the war, having been among the most extensively +read annals of the war. The "Sword and Pen" gives a sketch of the early life and +adventures of the soldier-author, his school-boy days, and the incidents of that +halcyon period of youth, all of which reads like a romance. His academic life is +then detailed, after which the stern realities of life are encountered. His +military life follows, and his capture by the Confederate troops. Then follows +a recital of the dreary and monotonous routine of prison life, together with a +vivid account of the scenes enumerated, the escape, and the final entry into the +Federal lines. His life after re-entering the cavalry is given, and finally his +career as an author and travels across the Continent. The work is written in an +attractive style with a recital of much that has never been told before, while the +old is so garnished that it cannot fail to interest all classes of readers.</p> + + +<h4>Wilmington Morning News.</h4> + +<p>"Sword and Pen" is the life of Willard Glazier, who was born in St. Lawrence +county, New York, in 1841, of parents of narrow means, who was a bright, mischievous +boy, who educated himself by his own efforts, and became a country +school-teacher; who enlisted in the Harris Light Cavalry (a New York regiment), +at the beginning of the war; who was promoted from the ranks on account of +soldierly qualities and personal bravery, to the office of first lieutenant; who was +captured by the rebels and imprisoned in Libby Prison and other rebel pens; who +finally escaped and made his way on foot under great privations to General Sherman's +lines during that commander's "march to the sea;" who had made full +notes of his varied army experience, and from these had written several very +popular books about military life at that time, and who, hence, is designated, "The +Soldier-Author," and appears to be enjoying all the quiet rewards of a patient, industrious, +and resolute effort to improve himself and his fortunes in every legitimate +and proper way. As an account of a boy of the people it is clear and instructive; +as a picture of patriotic and courageous military service at a time of public peril, it +is graphic and often thrilling; as a picture of a determined and honorable effort by a +young man of generous instincts, to make his own way in the world, it is wholesome +and useful. Its style will probably make its obvious lessons the more impressive +to the mass of readers; and its general circulation among the young men +of this country, nine-tenths of whom must make their own fortunes if they are to +have any, will be a public benefit. It teaches honesty, self-help and patriotism; +and we cannot have too many teachers at work upon these things.</p> + + +<h4>New York Tribune.</h4> + +<p>The history of a famous man can never fail to interest the reading public, +especially when it records such adventures and dangers as those through which the +hero of the "Sword and Pen" passed. Willard Glazier's connection with the great +civil war is a fact rendering unusually fascinating his biography, as perhaps no other<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_523" id="Page_523">[523]</a></span> +fact could have done. The battles in which he fought are those around which +centre the deepest interest, and the vivid descriptions of his life in Libby Prison, +his unsuccessful attempt at escape therefrom, and his later imprisonment at +Camp Oglethorpe, are replete with interest to both old and young. The book is +written in a bright, attractive style, and is well illustrated with many cuts of true +war life and its thrilling incidents. For the old, and especially the young, it is a +book calculated to work much good, teaching lessons of patriotism, self-reliance, +and perseverance. His life was one of unusual events, and his indomitable ambition +to advance was not the least of his many excellent qualities. Like many +other well-known men, he began life in humble circumstances, and only to his own +efforts was due the great success he achieved. The author, John Algernon Owens, +brings out vividly the strong points of his hero's character, and throws around the +whole narrative a halo of bright fancy, which renders the book as attractive as the +most highly wrought romance.</p> + + +<h4>Baltimore American.</h4> + +<p>"Sword and Pen." Willard Glazier has made himself prominent both in war and +literature. He cast his lot with the Federal cause, and served for a time as a private +soldier in the Second Regiment, New York Cavalry. A little later he won laurels at +the battles of Cedar Mountain, Manassas, Fredericksburg, Gettysburg, Brandy Station, +and other historic spots, and rose rapidly in rank, until at the sharp skirmish +near Buckland Mills he led his comrades as their captain, and was himself captured. +All these features in the career of the soldier-author are portrayed in the most interesting +style, and are followed by a graphic description of life in Libby Prison. Mr. +Owens winds together the thread of detail in the ventures and adventures of his +hero, so that the book reads more like a romance than a veritable history. The +book is divided into three parts, which are so closely interwoven that the whole +forms one continuous story of a very adventurous life. The hero escapes from +Libby, but is recaptured and confined at Camp Oglethorpe, in Georgia. He also +escapes from this prison, and with the assistance of negroes, finally reaches the +Federal lines. In 1876, he crossed the Continent on horseback, and was captured +by hostile Indians. He escapes and subsequently planned the way for an expedition +to the source of the Mississippi River.</p> + + +<h4>Philadelphia Ledger.</h4> + +<p>"Sword and Pen" by John Algernon Owens. Captain Glazier, the soldier-author, +is the writer of several popular works about the war—"Soldiers of the Saddle," +"Battles for the Union," etc. Though still a young man he has had a most +eventful life, serving throughout the war, and passing through many adventures +of which he has since made good use in his life as an author. He has also accomplished +the remarkable feat of riding from Boston to San Francisco on horseback. +This memoir tells the story of his life in attractive narrative form, and is full of +interesting tales of the war.</p> + + +<h4>Philadelphia Evening Star.</h4> + +<p>Captain Willard Glazier, who is well known as the author of several popular +works about the late war, some of which have had an extraordinary sale, has +himself been made the subject of a book by Mr. John Algernon Owens. Captain +Glazier has had an eventful life; has been a teacher, a soldier, an author, explorer +and a horseback tourist; and there is much in his career inculcating the value of self-reliance +and other sterling qualities. He has found an appreciative biographer in +Mr. Owens, whose work will more especially interest soldiers and those fond of +reading of adventure.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_524" id="Page_524">[524]</a></span></p> + +<h4>Philadelphia Evening Bulletin.</h4> + +<p>"Sword and Pen" is a book describing the ventures and adventures of Captain +Willard Glazier, who was one of the many gallant heroes of the civil war, and who +wrote some clever books about it after he had laid aside the sword for the pen. +The author of the present work is John Algernon Owens, and the account he gives +of Glazier's youth and young manhood, his experiences in battle, in prison, after +peace came, in domestic life and in literature, is full of interest, entertainment and +instruction. We heartily commend it to our readers.</p> + + +<h4>Philadelphia Inquirer.</h4> + +<p>Of course all Americans remember Captain Willard Glazier, the well-known +soldier-author, who has made himself prominent in war and in literature. The present +volume is a more than usually interesting one, and is most carefully and effectively +gotten up. It relates graphically the ventures and adventures of Glazier from his +youth to the present time; and many of the adventures through which he passed are +so thrilling as to seem almost impossible, yet facts prove them true. Glazier's youth +is minutely detailed; we are treated to a series of adventures by the youngster, which +induce us to believe that his bump of reverence for his teachers and elders was represented +by a cavity. But passing through the incidents that precede the age of manhood, +he turned up in the Second Regiment, New York Cavalry. From that time +until the close of the war, Glazier's career was a stirring one. From the early fight at +Flipper's Orchard, he successively took part in the battles of Cedar Mountain, Manassas, +Fredericksburg, Brandy Station, Gettysburg and other engagements. At the +cavalry engagement of New Baltimore he was taken prisoner, and soon thereafter +made the acquaintance of the inside of Libby Prison. We get many glimpses of +life in that well-known Prison-Pen, and are treated to numerous pathetic and +humorous incidents that fell under Glazier's notice. All have read of what was +endured by such of the Union soldiers who passed that ordeal, and the reader can, +therefore, imagine what fell to the lot of this dashing cavalryman. The great +tunnel attempt at escape is graphically told. Glazier also got a taste of prison fare +at Camp Oglethorpe in Georgia. But he made his escape, and fed and sheltered by +negroes, at last, after a second capture, reached the Federal lines. Soon after the +war he wrote a book, called "Capture, Prison-Pen and Escape;" later he wrote +another volume, called "Three Years in the Federal Cavalry." After this came +"Battles for the Union," speedily to be followed by "Heroes of Three Wars." +After this he rode across the Continent on horseback, and then took the lecture +field, and indeed he has proved himself a thorough American in being able to do +anything and everything equally well. Being possessed of an energy and audacity +that were perfectly marvelous, he rushed in, as Shakespeare observes, "where angels +feared to tread." It is a miracle that he ever lived to relate them, for Libby Prison +experience alone was sufficient to destroy the constitution of the majority of the +prisoners. "Sword and Pen" will have a large sale. +</p> + + + +<hr class='major' /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Appx_i" id="Appx_i">[i]</a></span></p> + +<h2 style='line-height:2em;'> +<span style='font-size:150%;'>APPENDIX</span><br /> + +<span style='font-size:66%;'>BY THE</span><br /> + +<span style='letter-spacing:3px;'> PUBLISHERS OF</span><br /> + +<span style='font-size:150%;'>"DOWN THE GREAT RIVER."</span> +</h2> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Appx_ii" id="Appx_ii">[ii]</a></span></p> + +<hr class='major' /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Appx_iii" id="Appx_iii">[iii]</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="ADDENDUM" id="ADDENDUM"></a>ADDENDUM.</h2> + +<p>The following Appendix to "Down the Great +River," by Captain Willard Glazier, is here reproduced +in verification of his claim to the discovery of +the <span class="smcap">true source</span> of the Mississippi.</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'><span class="smcap">P. W. Ziegler & Co.</span>, Publishers.</p> + +<p style='padding-left:1em;'> 720 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, May 10, 1889.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>The publishers of Captain Willard Glazier's Works, having +recently had their attention drawn to sundry articles in the +public prints calling in question his claim to have located the +source of the Mississippi, conclude to invite the consideration +of the reader to a few of the many press notices, letters of endorsement +and other papers placed at their disposal by friends +of the explorer, bearing directly upon the subject of the +primal reservoir or true source of the Great River. In view +of the apparent incredulity of some critics, it is thought expedient +to lay this matter before the public in connection with +Captain Glazier's latest work, "Down the Great River," +which gives a detailed account of his discovery, in order that a +sound and enlightened conclusion may be arrived at upon the +merits of the claim presented.</p> + + + +<hr class='major' /> +<h2><a name="LETTERS_FROM_BARRETT_CHANNING_PAINE" id="LETTERS_FROM_BARRETT_CHANNING_PAINE"></a>I. LETTERS FROM BARRETT CHANNING PAINE.</h2> + + +<p>We commence with the press correspondence of Mr. Barrett +Channing Paine, who, at the period of the Glazier expedition, +was a reporter on the staff of the Saint Paul <i>Pioneer Press</i>, +and subsequently Managing Editor of the Saint Paul <i>Globe</i>. +This gentleman accompanied Captain Glazier to the source of +the Mississippi, and thence down the river in a canoe to the +Gulf of Mexico. During the entire voyage Mr. Paine was in +constant correspondence with the <i>Pioneer Press</i> and leading +papers of various cities on the banks of the Mississippi, to +which he furnished detailed accounts of the discovery and +incidents of the journey. We present only a few of these +letters, selected from a large number, for the perusal of the +reader. The writer was certainly in a position to know the +truth of the matters upon which he so intelligently reports.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Appx_iv" id="Appx_iv">[iv]</a></span></p> + +<p><i>Letter to the Brainerd (Minnesota) Tribune from Channing Paine:</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='right' style='padding-right:4em;'>"<span class="smcap">Schoolcraft Island,</span></p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'>"<i>Lake Itasca, Minnesota,</i></p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:8em;'>"July 22, 1881.</p> + +<p>"<i>To the Editor of the Tribune:</i></p> + +<p>"Captain Glazier's party arrived at this much-talked-of lake last +evening, reaching the south-eastern arm by a three mile portage, and +then paddling down to the Island, where we encamped. We left +Leech Lake on the sixteenth, after cordial farewells with the gentlemen +then at the Agency, especially Mr. Nichols and Rev. Edwin Benedict, +to whose kindness we were greatly indebted. Launching our +little fleet of canoes, three in number, on the billowy surface of the +lake, we started for our first objective, Lake Itasca. After leaving +Leech Lake our way lay up a river called by the Indians Gabakauazeba. +The river broadens out a short distance from the lake, but +narrows again and becomes tortuous and full of snags. Passing +safely through all these, we reached, late in the afternoon, a fine lake +nearly ten miles long, upon the shore of which we encamped. Next +morning we paddled to the upper end of the lake, and were there introduced +to our first real portage. Two miles and a half over a very +rough country—the hardest work we ever undertook—brought us to +another but smaller lake, and then, for five days, lakes and portages +followed each other in rapid succession, until at length the waters of +Itasca burst upon our view. The talk of our guides, coupled with +what we had heard at Leech Lake, had led Captain Glazier to the +conclusion that, whatever the source of the Mississippi might be, +there was reasonable ground for the belief that Lake Itasca was not. +Chief among the theories advanced by the Indian guides, one of +whom, Chenowagesic, had hunted and trapped for years at the headwaters +of this river, was that there existed a lake of good dimensions +and wooded shores <i>above</i> Itasca, which poured its waters into the +so-called source, and which was itself really the source of the Great +River. They also stated (correctly, as we afterwards learned) that +the stream which flowed from the lake spoken of by Paul Beaulieu +as perhaps the source, contributed much less water to the main +stream at its confluence with it than did the stream from Itasca. +Resolved to explore the lake <i>above</i> Itasca, the captain started with +two canoes, next morning, from Schoolcraft Island, and pushed up to +the head of the lake. Chenowagesic piloted us through the rushes +with which this end of Itasca is filled, and presently we found ourselves +in a small but rapid stream, up which we went, and after following +its windings, paddled again through some rushes, and then +shot out upon the smooth surface of a beautiful lake. This lake is +about two miles long by a mile and a half broad, and its shape is +that of a heart. The shores are beautifully wooded, and its waters +are deep and clear. On its one promontory our party landed. After +exploring its shores, and first slaking our thirst at a spring of ice-cold +water which bubbled up near by, we were marshalled in line, +and Captain Glazier made a few remarks pertinent to the discovery +of the <i>true source</i> of the Father of Waters. After this six volleys +were fired in honor of the occasion, and then the question of a name +for the new lake arose. This being left for the party to decide, I addressed +my companions, and after alluding to the time, money and +energy expended by the leader of the expedition, proposed that it be +named <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span> in his honor. This proposition was received +with applause and carried by acclamation, and it was further decided<span class='pagenum'><a name="Appx_v" id="Appx_v">[v]</a></span> +that the name and date should be blazed on a pine tree which stood +conspicuously on the point. After this we re-embarked in our canoes +and returned to the Island."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>In the following letter Channing Paine gives a further +account of the discovery of the head of the Great River:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='right' style='padding-right:4em;'>"<span class="smcap">Douglas House</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'>"<i>Aitkin, Minnesota</i>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:5em;'>"August 11, 1881.</p> + +<p>"<i>To the Editor—Saint Louis Globe-Democrat:</i></p> + +<p>"Lake Itasca, for many years, has been regarded, both by geographical +societies and map-makers, as well as by the public generally, +as the source of the grandest of rivers—the mighty Mississippi. +But geographical knowledge, like all other knowledge, is of little +consequence if it is not progressive, and in its history we have seen the +firmly-rooted beliefs of centuries torn up and tossed aside by the +explorations and reasoning of intrepid travellers, who, respecting truth +and facts more than mere theory, have accepted nothing without proof, +merely because others have so accepted it. This is the ground occupied +by Captain Willard Glazier in his explorations in search of the source +of the Mississippi.</p> + +<p>"Starting for the headwaters of this great river in July last, he +learned that the dense forests which surround the source of the +Father of Waters were rarely penetrated by white men, or even by +Indians, at any time except in winter, when lakes and rivers were +frozen up, and the whole surface of the country covered with a mantle +of snow.</p> + +<p>"He also heard through the interpreter and Indian guides who accompanied +him that the aboriginal inhabitants of these primeval +forests did not regard Itasca as the source; but, while rejecting it, +differed among themselves as to what lake really was the fountain-head. +Some claimed that the stream from Itasca was not itself the +main stream, but flowed into the river proper some three miles below +the lake. The stream to which it was tributary, though narrower, +was, they claimed, deeper and swifter, bringing to the united streams +more water than the one from Lake Itasca.</p> + +<p>"Others considered the Itascan stream as the main one, but spoke of +another lake, broad and beautiful, which lay above Itasca and +poured its clear waters into the accepted source through a small +stream which entered the southern arm of Lake Itasca. Captain +Glazier determined to thoroughly examine all this region, and to settle +definitely and forever the true source of the Mississippi.</p> + +<p>"Acting in accordance with this resolution, he pushed on toward +Itasca, intending to make it a starting-point for further exploration. +Reaching this objective point after innumerable hardships, he +camped on Schoolcraft Island, and after a day of rest directed operations +toward the lakes and streams of the surrounding country.</p> + +<p>"Thoroughly surveying the stream that the Indians claimed to be +the main one, he found it much inferior in volume to that from +Itasca. This point settled, he closely examined the shores of Lake +Itasca for tributary streams, finding but three of any importance. +Of these three the one by far the largest came in at the extreme +head of the lake, at a point where it is nearly filled with bulrushes.</p> + +<p>"Taking two canoes, Captain Glazier ascended this stream, which, +though shallow, is rapid, yet so narrow in places that to jump across +it would be an easy task. Following its windings, he entered what<span class='pagenum'><a name="Appx_vi" id="Appx_vi">[vi]</a></span> +appeared to be a lake filled with rushes. Pushing through this barrier, +however, the canoes soon glided out upon the still surface of a +beautiful lake, clear as crystal, with pebbly bottom, and its shores +covered with a thick growth of pine. This lake is formed in the +shape of a heart, having but one marked promontory. Its greatest +length is about two miles and its width a mile and a half.</p> + +<p>"Captain Glazier found that this fine lake was fed by three +rivulets, which rose in swamps a few miles from the lake, and thoroughly +convinced that this body of water was the true source of the +Mississippi, he proclaimed it as such. Without waiting for discussion, +the members of the party decided unanimously to call it Lake +Glazier in his honor. Modestly expressing his thanks for this +mark of their appreciation, Captain Glazier said that, though he +firmly believed this lake to be the source of the river, he should relax +none of his vigilance on the trip through the unknown part of the +stream, but would carefully examine all water flowing into the +Mississippi, in order to be positive as to the main stream."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>On reaching Hastings, Captain Glazier and his fellow-voyagers +were hospitably entertained by some of the leading +citizens and Mr. Paine addressed the following letter to the +Editor of the <i>Hastings Gazette</i>:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='right' style='padding-right:6em;'>"<span class="smcap">Foster House</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'>"<i>Hastings, Minnesota</i>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:5em;'>"September 5, 1881.</p> + +<p>"<i>To the Editor of the Gazette:</i></p> + +<p>"For many years the source of the Mississippi was as much a mystery +as is at present that of the Nile. But when in 1832 Schoolcraft +made his official exploration of the headwaters of this great water-course, +and after a long and arduous journey up the stream reached +a lake which he named Itasca, and pronounced it the head of the +river, the matter was considered settled, and speculation was no +longer rife in regard to this point. Now, however, it has been proved +by Captain Willard Glazier beyond doubt that the lake which has +so long enjoyed the honor of being the source of our greatest river +had an honor it did not merit.</p> + +<p>"Going thither with the object of visiting the head of the river, Captain +Glazier was led to suspect by the talk of his guides, one of +whom, Chenowagesic, had hunted and trapped for years in the region +around the source, that Lake Itasca had really no greater claim to be +considered the head of the river than Cass Lake, or Bemidji or +Winnibegoshish, all larger and finer lakes than Itasca. Above +and beyond Itasca lay another lake. This, with its feeding springs, +was the source of the mighty river, and this lake, if it existed, +Captain Glazier resolved to visit and explore. After a long and severe +journey he reached it, being the first white traveller to float +upon its surface; and after thoroughly examining its feeders and the +narrow stream through which it flowed into Itasca, he felt that he +had found the <i>true source</i> of the Mississippi. Nevertheless, he continued +his explorations along the river below Itasca after passing +through that lake, and satisfied himself thoroughly that the new lake +was at the head of the main stream. In speaking of the source of +the Mississippi, therefore, we should henceforth call it <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span> +instead of Lake Itasca."</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Appx_vii" id="Appx_vii">[vii]</a></span></p> + +<p>The following description of Lake Glazier from the pen +of Channing Paine appeared in the <i>Dubuque Herald</i> of September +sixth, 1881:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='center'><span class="smcap">Lake Glazier.</span></p> + +<p>"The new-found source of the Mississippi is a sparkling little gem +of a lake, situated above and beyond Lake Itasca. It nestles +among the pines of an unfrequented and wild region of Northern +Minnesota, many miles from the nearest white settlement, and just +on the dividing ridge which forms the great watershed of North +America. Within a few miles of it can be found lakes and streams, +whose waters are tributary to the Red River of the North and the +Yellowstone, thus reaching the sea thousands of miles from the +mouth of the mighty Mississippi, which flows in a limpid brook +from <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span>. This lake, discovered to be the source of one +of the greatest rivers of the world, by Captain Willard Glazier, on +the Twenty-second of July, 1881, is about two miles in greatest diameter, +and would be nearly round in shape but for a single promontory, +whose rocky shores give it in outline the form of a heart. The +waters of the lake are exceedingly clear and pure, coming from +springs, some being at the bottom, but the three most prominent +rise a few miles back, in low, wet land enclosed by sand-hills, +and flow into the lake in little rills. On the very point of the promontory +is a spring whose waters are as cold as ice, and at which the +Glazier party slaked their thirst while exploring the shores of the +new lake. So lonely is the region around the lake that for fourteen +days not even a red-skin was seen, and wearied by the hardships +of this rough country, yet with a feeling of having added something +to geographical knowledge, the Captain and his party were glad to +return to civilization."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>The Saint Louis <i>Post-Dispatch</i> published the following, with +several other communications, from Mr. Paine:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='right' style='padding-right:4em;'>"1310 <span class="smcap">Olive Street</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'>"<i>Saint Louis, Missouri,</i></p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:6em;'>"October 10, 1881.</p> + +<p>"<i>To the Editor—Post-Dispatch:</i></p> + +<p>"Lake Itasca has been considered to be the source of the Mississippi +for so many years that any man who disputes its title to that honor +is looked upon as a radical and one bent upon upsetting all our preconceived +geographical ideas. Still it is a fact that Lake Itasca is +<i>not</i> the source, and has no greater claim to being called so than has +Cass Lake or Lake Bemidji or Lake Pepin. This fact was discovered +beyond all doubt by Captain Willard Glazier, who equipped an +expedition last July and started for the headwaters of the Mississippi. +Reaching Lake Itasca after a journey of great hardship, he +camped on Schoolcraft Island, and, using this as a base of operations, +he thoroughly explored the lakes and rivers which contribute +their waters to the infant Mississippi. The various theories and stories +heard from his Indian guides were considered as clues and faithfully +followed up until their truth or falsity was ascertained. Success +at length crowned his efforts, for a beautiful lake was found +above Itasca, and in the direct line of the course of the river below +Itasca, which lake proved to be the farthest water—the extreme head +of the Mississippi. The lake, which the members of the expedition +voted to call <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span>, in honor of their leader, is about two<span class='pagenum'><a name="Appx_viii" id="Appx_viii">[viii]</a></span> +miles in diameter, with clear and beautiful water, fed by springs, +and altogether one of the prettiest lakes of its size in Minnesota. +The stream which flows from it into Itasca is quite rapid, though so +narrow that in some places one can easily jump across it."</p></div> + +<p>The following account of an interview with Mr. Paine +is extracted from the New Orleans <i>Democrat</i> of November +twentieth, 1881:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"There arrived at the Jetties on the fifteenth a tiny cedar canoe, +bearing aloft at the bows a pennant with the inscription <i>Alice</i>, and +at the stern a United States flag. Its officers and crew consisted of +Captain Willard Glazier, a distinguished writer, and a reportorial +companion, Mr. Barrett Channing Paine, of the Saint Paul <i>Pioneer +Press</i>, who had come all the way down the Mississippi, from its +source, in this frail bark. Great, indeed, was the joy of the voyagers +as they glided down to the mouth of the river, and saw the salt +spray of the Gulf dash high over the seaward wall of the Jetties. +After clambering up by the beacon, and standing gazing at the broad +expanse of water, toward which they had been paddling for the last +four months, until they were drenched by an unusually heavy wave, +the two men again descended slowly, scarcely conscious that their long +voyage was finished. Hailing a passing boat, they boarded her, and +the light canoe was made fast behind and towed back to Port Eads, +where the travellers were most hospitably entertained until the +arrival of an inward bound steamship to bring them to New Orleans.</p> + +<p>"As this is by far the longest canoe voyage ever made, and extended +the whole length of the Great River, some account of the expedition, +its aims and incidents, cannot fail to be of interest.</p> + +<p>"A representative of the <i>Democrat</i> had the pleasure of meeting +Barrett Channing Paine, who accompanied Captain Glazier, and +from him learned the following particulars of the voyage:</p> + +<p>"Captain Willard Glazier is a serious, soldierly-looking man, and a +military author of repute. Among his best known works are 'Soldiers +of the Saddle,' 'Capture, Prison-Pen and Escape,' 'Battles for the +Union,' 'Heroes of Three Wars,' and 'Peculiarities of American +Cities.' The Captain does not look like a man of thoughtless, adventurous +disposition, and it seems strange at first that he should have +made the voyage in the manner he did; but it looks sensible enough +when his reasons are taken into consideration. The Captain made the +trip avowedly for the purpose of study and observation, as he did his +horseback ride across the continent, from Boston to San Francisco, +in 1876. He wished to thoroughly understand the people of the +great valley, their social conditions, industries and modes of life. +He also expected to obtain much enjoyment from the changing +scenery and climate. Had he travelled by steamboat or railway, he +would have been whisked through the country in a week or so, and +would have had absolutely no opportunity for obtaining an inside +view of the condition of affairs. In addition to seeing the country, +the Captain designed delivering a lecture prepared specially for the +purpose on the 'Pioneers of the Mississippi,' in all the important +towns on his route. The lecture treated chiefly of the early explorers—De +Soto, Marquette, La Salle, and Hennepin.</p> + +<p>"Actuated by these motives, he procured a fine cedar canoe of the +Rushton model, which he shipped to Aitkin, the most northerly point +on the river reached by rail. He then went forward, himself, to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Appx_ix" id="Appx_ix">[ix]</a></span> +Saint Paul, accompanied by his brother, where he was joined by his +present companion, and there made final preparations for the long +voyage.</p> + +<p>"At Brainerd the party left the line of the Northern Pacific Railroad, +and proceeded by wagon over a road, which was hardly more +than a trail, to Leech Lake, where the Government has an Indian +Agency. The country traversed was exceedingly wild, being almost +without inhabitants, and covered with a growth of jack-pines. It +being the blueberry season, quite a number of Indians were seen +picking that fruit, which grows there in abundance. As a rule the +braves lay in the shade, smoking or sleeping, while the squaws +and children did the picking. At night they found a stopping-place +at Pine River, and the following afternoon arrived at the +Agency, where there are two trading-posts and a number of white +men.</p> + +<p>"Here three birch-bark canoes were purchased, and the services of +an equal number of Indian guides procured, one of whom also acted +in the capacity of interpreter. All of these were required to reach +the source of the river, which was a matter of great difficulty and +some danger. Lake Itasca, which was then supposed by most people +to be the source of the Mississippi, lay five days' journey away, through +an almost impassable wilderness. Indeed, it was well-nigh impossible +to find even an Indian who had visited it. But at last one was found +in the person of Chenowagesic, a Chippewa brave, who consented to +pilot the party to that lake.</p> + +<p>"On July seventeenth everything was in readiness, the three birch +canoes were launched on Leech Lake, and the voyage had fairly +commenced. After crossing Leech Lake the voyagers pushed up the +Gabecanazeba River, which was filled with rushes and wild rice. +Laboriously paddling through these, they reached another lake, and +encamped for the night. Next morning this lake was crossed, and +the first real hardship of the expedition confronted them in the shape +of a portage. The provisions and luggage were taken out of the +canoes and transported on the backs of the Indians across the country, +a distance of three miles, through underbrush so thick that they +could not see ten feet in advance. Five days were spent in this +manner—first paddling across a little lake, and then making a long +portage, until at last Lake Itasca was reached, and the party encamped +on Schoolcraft Island. By this time the Captain felt convinced +from the talk of the guides, particularly of Chenowagesic, the +chief guide, whose words were translated to him, that Itasca was not +the source of the Great River.</p> + +<p>"Determined to ascertain the truth, he proceeded at once to make +a thorough exploration of the headwaters of the river, guided in a +great measure by Chenowagesic, who had hunted and trapped for +years in this region. Various streams joining the infant Mississippi +were examined, and found to contain less water than that stream, +thus establishing the fact that Itasca is on the main stream. +Then a thorough exploration of the shores of the lake itself was +made. Several creeks were found to enter it, the chief of which +came in at the southern end of the south-western arm of the +lake. Itasca, at this point, is filled with bulrushes, through which, +with great difficulty, the explorers forced their way, but were +rewarded by finding themselves in a clear, swift-running stream, +having an average depth of about ten or twelve inches, and a +width of about five feet. Up this tortuous stream the canoes were +pushed and dragged, and finally the voyagers shot out upon the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Appx_x" id="Appx_x">[x]</a></span> +surface of a beautiful heart-shaped lake, which proved, upon careful +exploration, to be the true source of the Father of Waters. After +examining the shores, the party landed on a rocky point, and Captain +Glazier made a short speech, expressing his confident belief that +they had found the true source of the Great River, and added something +to the geographical knowledge of the country. He was followed +by Mr. Paine, who, after a few introductory remarks, moved +that the new lake be called <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span>, in honor of the man by +whom it had been discovered. This motion was adopted by the Captain's +companions, and after drinking from a spring of ice-cold +water which bubbled up at their feet, the party re-embarked. <span class="smcap">Lake +Glazier</span> is about two miles in greatest diameter, with clear, deep +waters and wooded shores, being altogether a prettier lake than +Itasca and both wider and deeper, to whose honors, as source of the +mighty Mississippi, it succeeds.</p> + +<p>"<i>Reporter.</i>—Then which way did you proceed?"</p> + +<p>"<i>Mr. Paine.</i>—From <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span> the descent of the river began. +Below Itasca it runs in a northerly direction for a hundred miles or +more, and then swings round to the eastward, finally bending toward +the south, which general direction it afterwards maintains. For the +first few miles it runs between rich meadows, and the canoeists expected +from this that the voyage would be easy and agreeable. Such +was not our fortune, however, for we soon found the river to be obstructed +by snags, drift-wood and boulders of all sizes. Huge trees had +in many places fallen completely across the river. These obstacles +were surmounted in different ways. Sometimes the canoes could be +pressed down and made to go under the logs; again, they would have to +be carried around; sometimes the drift would be removed, and sometimes +the canoes would be lifted over. At last they had to be carried +across a portage for half a mile, then launched again, until at length +the obstructions were passed. Meanwhile, and all through the +journey, the mosquitoes hovered around us in clouds, making life a +burden, and causing all the members of the expedition to forget their +early Christian training.</p> + +<p>"Leaving the obstructions behind, we sped smoothly between the +waving meadows once more lining the river. But a new hardship +now threatened us—our rations gave out entirely, and most of the +ammunition having become wet, starvation stared us in the face. To +buy anything in that wild country was, of course, impossible. This +danger was barely averted by the marksmanship of our leader, and +the dexterity of the Indian guides, who would occasionally kill +a duck with their paddles. We got down at last to 'hard pan,' and +had gone without any breakfast or supper the day we reached Lake +Bemidji. Here we were lucky enough to meet an Indian, who had +a little flour and pork, and having replenished our larder, we crossed +the lake and continued our course down the river.</p> + +<p>"A new danger now beset us in the shape of rapids which would +occur every few miles, rendering canoe navigation extremely hazardous. +Several times holes were stove in the thin birchen canoes, and +a number of times we were precipitated into the water, but no one +was dangerously hurt, and the guides were very deft in repairing the +canoes.</p> + +<p>"A half-day's journey from Lake Bemidji is Cass Lake, a fine +sheet of water, twenty miles in length by ten wide. The next day, +Winnibegoshish, the largest lake of the Mississippi, was reached. It +is twenty miles in diameter, and greeted us with a heavy sea, which +nearly swamped us as we paddled across the corner to a few scat<span class='pagenum'><a name="Appx_xi" id="Appx_xi">[xi]</a></span>tered +wigwams which form the little Indian village on its banks. +Two days we were wind-bound, getting away on the morning of the +third. That night our camp was invaded by a number of hostile +Indians, but, owing to our vigilance, bloodshed was avoided.</p> + +<p>"In three days more Pokegama Falls were reached, and we saw +the first white man since leaving Leech Lake. Making a portage +around the falls, we shot Grand Rapids a few miles below, and slept +that night beneath the shelter of a roof. Nothing worthy of mention +occurred between this point and Aitkin, which we reached in four +days, and at last found ourselves within the bounds of civilization, +and bade farewell to our Indian guides. Captain Glazier tried to induce +these dusky sons of the forest to accompany him to the Gulf, +but the stories they had heard of the alligators and snakes of the +Sunny South terrified them, and they refused. A short rest was taken +at Aitkin, and then we re-embarked in the pretty modern canoes +which awaited us there. The descent of the river in these canoes +was easy and pleasant. At all the principal towns the Captain +delivered his lecture, 'Pioneers of the Mississippi,' which was +listened to with great interest.</p> + +<p>"Between Aitkin and Saint Paul numerous and dangerous rapids +were met, all of which were shot in safety; and the Falls of Saint +Anthony reached without accident. Below Saint Anthony Falls the +scenery is very beautiful, high bluffs arising with more or less abruptness +from the water's edge.</p> + +<p>"Among other points of especial interest along the Upper Mississippi, +Lake Pepin occupies the most prominent position after Saint +Anthony Falls. Environed by majestic bluffs and with a length of +thirty miles it forms a very beautiful sheet of water. But though +beautiful it is treacherous, and the winds sweeping down between the +high bluffs frequently make navigation on its waters perilous. In +the morning when we reached its upper end we found to our dismay +that the elements had possession, and the waves ran so high that a +number of river steamers had been compelled to tie up and wait for +the storm to subside. Captain Glazier, however, having a lecture +appointment at Lake City, half way down the lake, determined to +keep his appointment despite the weather, and ventured forth regardless +of the warning of the river men. It took us all day to paddle a +distance of sixteen miles, and many times it seemed that our frail +boats would be engulfed by the waves which dashed over them; but +the danger was passed in safety.</p> + +<p>"From this point things went smoothly until the canoe fleet was +just below Winona, when a sudden and violent squall struck the +boats and came near sending us to the bottom. Fortunately, this too +was weathered, and then the only drawbacks encountered were the +continuous and strong headwinds and the seas consequent upon them, +which tried our nerves so frequently that they came at length to be +naturally expected. While on the Keokuk Rapids the wind blew so +strongly that it actually carried the boats up stream, and it was only +by the hardest paddling that any downward progress could be made.</p> + +<p>"At La Crosse the expedition was reduced in number to the Captain +and myself, who proceeded to the Gulf in the <i>Alice</i>. Some days were +spent in all the principal towns. On October eighth Saint Louis was +reached, and we were welcomed by the various boat-clubs of the city +and congratulated on having completed the first great section of +the navigable river. On October tenth we re-embarked and pushed +on towards the mouth of the river. Everywhere we were received +with the greatest cordiality. Cairo, Memphis, Vicksburg, Natchez and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Appx_xii" id="Appx_xii">[xii]</a></span> +Baton Rouge were the chief halting places, but frequently night overtook +us near some plantation house, and then we were the guests of +the planters, and were entertained with true Southern hospitality.</p> + +<p>"Special occasion was taken by Captain Glazier to investigate the +cotton and sugar crops, the relations of the white and colored races, +and the future possibilities of the South; and with very gratifying +results. At last New Orleans was reached.</p> + +<p>"As it was so near his journey's end, and as it was his intention to +return as soon as he had passed through the Jetties, the Captain determined +to pass the city on his downward trip without halting. This +was accordingly done, and three days' paddling brought us to Captain +Eads' great work. Remaining there a day we returned to the +city.</p> + +<p>"Thus far Mr. Paine; and thus ended the longest canoe voyage +ever made, and one which perhaps entailed more hardships on those +who made it than any other on record. Starting from the cold +springs at its source Captain Glazier followed the windings of the +greatest river on our continent from the pine forests and the wheat +lands of the extreme Northern States, through all the varying phases +of climate and industries, to the cotton and sugar-cane section of the +South; past the orange and banana groves, and on to the broad Gulf. +Such a journey is full of interesting and strange experiences, pleasures +and hardships intermingled, and has, Captain Glazier thinks, +fully repaid the cost in time, money and labor of the undertaking.</p> + +<p>"The canoe in which this long voyage was made has been presented +by the Captain to the New Orleans Academy of Sciences.</p> + +<p>"It may be well to mention that no one else has ever traversed +either in canoe, steamboat or otherwise more than two-thirds of the +course of the Mississippi; and when it is taken into consideration +that the distance is considerably over three thousand miles, and that +the upper portion is filled with rapids, logs and other obstructions, +it is not to be wondered at."</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Appx_xiii" id="Appx_xiii">[xiii]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr class='major' /> +<h2><a name="RECEPTION_AT_NEW_ORLEANS_AND_SAINT_LOUIS" id="RECEPTION_AT_NEW_ORLEANS_AND_SAINT_LOUIS"></a>II. RECEPTION AT NEW ORLEANS AND SAINT LOUIS.</h2> + + +<p>On his return to New Orleans from the Gulf, with the purpose +of viewing the great maritime city of the South, Captain +Glazier was met by Dr. J. S. Copes, President of the New +Orleans Academy of Sciences. This gentleman introduced him +to Mayor Shakespear, and arrangements were at once made for +a public reception by the Academy. The following interesting +account of the ceremony is taken from the New Orleans +<i>Picayune</i> of November twenty-first, 1881, and shows the estimate +placed on the Captain's exploratory labors by many of +the most prominent residents of the Crescent City:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"The termination of the exploring expedition and canoe trip of +Captain Willard Glazier, extending from his new-found source of the +Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico, culminated, after a voyage of one +hundred and seventeen days, in a very general and complimentary +recognition and ovation on the part of the officials and citizens of New +Orleans. In company with Dr. J. S. Copes, President of the Academy +of Sciences, Captain Glazier was presented to His Honor, Mayor +Shakespear was warmly welcomed, and the freedom of the city +tendered him.</p> + +<p>"In appreciation of the generous hospitality extended to him, the +Captain expressed a wish to present his beautiful canoe, which had +safely carried him through his long voyage, to the Academy of +Sciences, and the following letter accompanied the presentation:</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:4em;'>"'<span class="smcap">Saint Charles Hotel</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'>"'<i>New Orleans, Louisiana</i>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:6em;'>"'November 21, 1881.</p> + +<p>"'<i>Joseph S. Copes, M. D.</i>,</p> + +<p style='padding-left:4em;'>"'<i>President—New Orleans Academy of Sciences:</i></p> + +<p>"'<span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>:—I have just concluded upon the border of the State of +Louisiana a voyage of observation, exploration, and discovery; and, +as you have expressed considerable interest in the results, and manifested +a desire to possess the canoe in which the voyage was made, I +find pleasure in presenting it to your honorable society as a souvenir +of my expedition.</p> + +<p>"'During this canoe journey of over three thousand miles, beginning +at the headwaters of the Mississippi and extending to the Gulf of +Mexico, I had the satisfaction of locating the source of the Great +River which we have traversed, and feel a pride in having corrected +a geographical error of half a century's standing.</p> + +<p>"'I will not now enter into a detailed account of my explorations +on the upper Mississippi, but shall take the earliest opportunity of +transmitting to your Secretary a complete narrative of the voyage,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Appx_xiv" id="Appx_xiv">[xiv]</a></span> +which will be issued in book form as soon as the matter can be prepared +for publication.</p> + +<p class='center'>"'Very respectfully yours,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'>"'<span class="smcap">Willard Glazier</span>.'</p> + +<p>"A special meeting of the Academy of Sciences was held—Dr. J. S. +Copes, President, in the chair—for the purpose of receiving from +Captain Glazier the handsome cedar canoe <i>Alice</i>, with which he had +navigated the Mississippi from Aitkin to the Gulf.</p> + +<p>"By invitation, Captain Glazier gave an account of his explorations +on the Upper Mississippi, and especially of that section of country +beyond Lake Itasca, a body of water which has hitherto been considered +the fountain-head of the Great River.</p> + +<p>"Dr. Copes, in the name of the Academy, thanked Captain Glazier +for his valuable gift, which would be highly prized, and then congratulated +him upon his contribution to American geographical +knowledge. In the course of his remarks, the learned doctor said +that De Soto penetrated the continent of North America in pursuit +of gold, and accidentally discovered the Mississippi. Marquette, the +zealous missionary, traversed the river from the mouth of the Wisconsin +to the mouth of the Arkansas. La Salle pursued his explorations +from the mouth of the Illinois to the Gulf, his sole aim seeming +to be the conquest of North America in the name of the King of +France. Hennepin explored but a small section of the stream, extending +from the mouth of the Wisconsin to Saint Anthony Falls; +while Willard Glazier had made the discovery of its primal reservoir, +and traversed its entire length from source to sea.</p> + +<p>"The members of the Academy listened with great interest to Captain +Glazier's account of his explorations and discovery, and also to +the historical address of the President.</p> + +<p>"Dr. J. R. Walker then offered the following resolutions:</p> + +<p>"'<i>Resolved</i>, That the thanks of this Academy are due, and are +hereby tendered, to Captain Willard Glazier for the donation of his +beautiful canoe, <i>Alice</i>, and for the brief narrative of his explorations +at the source of the Mississippi River, and of his voyage thence to the +Gulf of Mexico.</p> + +<p>"'<i>Resolved</i>, That this Academy not only gratefully accepts this +handsome gift, but promises to preserve and cherish it as a souvenir +of Captain Glazier's high qualities as an explorer and contributor to +the increase of American geographical knowledge.'</p> + +<p>"Mr. H. Dudley Coleman then moved that a copy of the resolutions +be appropriately written and framed, and presented to Captain +Glazier; and that a committee of three be appointed to prepare the same.</p> + +<p>"The resolutions were unanimously adopted, when Dr. Copes appointed +as the committee Messrs. Coleman, Walker, and Blanchard.</p> + +<p>"At the conclusion of the meeting, Mr. Coleman escorted Captain +Glazier to the Washington Artillery Arsenal, and introduced him to +Colonel J. B. Richardson, commanding the battalion, who extended +to Captain Glazier the hospitalities of the battalion during his stay +in the city."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<h3>BEFORE THE MISSOURI HISTORICAL SOCIETY.</h3> + +<p>Captain Glazier returned to Saint Louis from New Orleans, +having engaged to deliver a lecture in that city on the "Pio<span class='pagenum'><a name="Appx_xv" id="Appx_xv">[xv]</a></span>neers +of the Mississippi." On his voyage down the river and +visit to the city, he was unable to remain long enough to fulfil +the engagement, as winter was rapidly approaching, and it was +expedient to reach the Gulf as soon as possible. Moreover, he +wished to present one of his canoes—the <i>Itasca</i>—to the Missouri +Historical Society, in return for the hospitality he had +received during his previous brief visit; and it was arranged +that the presentation should take place on the night of the +lecture. Accordingly, on the evening of January fourteenth, +1882, an audience consisting of members of the Historical Society, +the Academy of Sciences, clergy, officers and teachers of +the public schools, and the several boat clubs of the city, +assembled at Mercantile Library Hall, to listen to his lecture +on the pioneer explorers of the Great River, and to witness +the presentation of the <i>Itasca</i>.</p> + +<p>At eight o'clock, Captain Glazier, accompanied by Judge +Albert Todd, Vice-President of the Historical Society, appeared +on the platform, and the Judge introduced the lecturer in the +following terms, as reported in the local press:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"Mark Twain wrote that in his Oriental travels he visited the +grave of our common ancestor, Adam, and, as a filial mourner, he +copiously wept over it. To me the grave of our common ancestress, +Eve, would be more worthy of my filial affection, but, instead of +weeping over it, I should proudly rejoice by reason of her irrepressible +desire for knowledge. She boldly gratified this desire, and thereby +lifted Adam up from the indolent, browsing life that he seemed disposed +and content to pass in the 'Garden,' and gave birth to that +spirit of inquiry and investigation which is developing and elevating +their posterity to 'man's pride of place'—'a little lower than the +angels'—by keeping them ever discontented with the <i>status quo</i>, and +constantly pressing on to the 'mark of their high calling' beneath +the blazing legend 'Excelsior.' It is this ceaseless unrest of the +spirit, one of the greatest evidences of the soul's immortality, that is +continually contracting the boundaries of the unknown in geography +and astronomy, in physics and metaphysics, in all their varied departments. +Of those pre-eminently illustrating it in geography were +Jason and his Argonauts; Columbus, De Gama, and Magellan; De +Soto, Marquette, and La Salle; Cabot and Cook; Speke, Baker, +Livingstone, and Franklin; and our own Ledyard, Lewis, Clarke, +Kane, Hall, and Stanley. And this evening will appear before you +another of these irrepressible discontents who would know what is +still hidden, at any risk or privation.</p> + +<p>"Impelled by this spirit of enterprise, in search of truth, Captain +Willard Glazier has discovered, at last, the true source of our grand +and peerless river, the 'Father of Waters,' down which he has floated +and paddled in frail canoes, a distance of more than three thousand +miles, to its mouth in the Gulf of Mexico. One of these canoes is +now placed here in your view, and will be presented to-night by its +navigator to our Historical Society.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Appx_xvi" id="Appx_xvi">[xvi]</a></span> +"Nearly two hundred years ago La Salle discovered the mouth of +the Mississippi, yet only now in this year of grace, 1881, was ascertained +its true fountain source.</p> + +<p>"This, the latest achievement of Captain Glazier, is only in the +natural course of his antecedents. Born as late as 1841, he has already +gone through the experiences of the Adamic labors of a tiller of the +soil, the hard toils of the student and of the successful teacher; of the +dashing and brilliant cavalry officer in the Union army through the +whole period of our late war, from its disastrous beginning to its +successful ending; of the sufferings of capture and imprisonment in +the notorious 'Libby,' and other prisons, and of a daring and perilous +escape from their cruel walls; of an adventurous tourist on horseback +through the most civilized and savage portions of our continent, +beginning with the feet of his horse in the waters of the Atlantic, and +ending with their splash in the waters of the Pacific. He delivered +lectures along his route wherever a civilized audience could be collected, +and suffered capture by the Indians, with all its sensational +romance and hideous prospects.</p> + +<p>"From the material of these antecedents he has written and published +several books of singular interest and national value.</p> + +<p>"From this brief sketch we would naturally expect to see a stalwart +man, massive and powerful in form and muscle. Our conceptions +of men of big deeds is that they are also big. But David was a stripling +when he slew Goliath of Gath. Napoleon was characterized by +the society ladies of the period of his early career as 'Puss in Boots,' +Our own Fremont and Eads would seem at sight capable of only the +ordinarily exposed duties of life. Of like physique is the subject of +this introduction.</p> + +<p>"Ladies and gentlemen, it is now my pleasant privilege to introduce +to your acquaintance Captain Willard Glazier as the lecturer +for the evening."</p></div> + +<p>Captain Glazier then delivered his interesting historical lecture +on the "<span class="smcap">Pioneers of the Mississippi</span>." The adventures +and discoveries of De Soto, Marquette, La Salle, Hennepin, +Joliet, and others, including the more recent explorers, +Pike, Beltrami, Schoolcraft, and Nicollet, were intelligently +discussed, and the attention of all present absorbed by the +interest of the subject. He spoke of the ambition of De Soto +to found an empire like that of Cortez in Mexico; of his arrival +on the banks of the Great River, and finally of his death and +burial in its depths. Concerning Father Marquette, the lecturer +dwelt upon the zeal with which he preached the Gospel +to the benighted Indians, and his premature death and burial +in the wilderness. La Salle was then presented as an intrepid +pioneer, pushing down the mighty river to plant his banner on +the shores of the Gulf of Mexico, and taking possession of the +country through which he had passed in the name of the King +of France. The exploits of Hennepin, Joliet, and others were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Appx_xvii" id="Appx_xvii">[xvii]</a></span> +then recounted, and the lecturer gave evidence of great familiarity +with the lives of these heroic pioneer explorers of the +Mississippi. The following letter was then read:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='right' style='padding-right:4em;'>"<span class="smcap">1310 Olive Street</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'>"<i>Saint Louis, Missouri</i>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:5em;'>"January 14, 1882.</p> + +<p>"<i>Edwin Harrison, Esq.,</i></p> + +<p style='padding-left:3em;'>"<i>President Missouri Historical Society</i>:</p> + +<p>"<span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>:—In my recent canoe voyage down the Mississippi it +was my good fortune to receive many courtesies at the hands of the +press, boat clubs, and citizens of Saint Louis. This, coupled with the +fact that you have expressed considerable interest in the result of my +explorations, inclines me to present to you the <i>Itasca</i>, one of the +canoes used in the expedition, for the museum of your Society, as a +memento of my voyage and discovery.</p> + +<p>"During this tour of observation, extending from the headwaters +of the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico, I had the satisfaction +of locating the true source of the mighty stream down which we +paddled our canoes to the sea.</p> + +<p>"I am not now able to give you a detailed account of my voyage, +but shall avail myself of the earliest opportunity to transmit to your +Secretary a complete history of it, which will be issued in book form +as soon as the material can be put in proper shape for publication.</p> + +<p class='center'>"Very truly yours,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'><span class="smcap">Willard Glazier</span>." +</p></div> + +<p>Captain Silas Bent, late of the U. S. N., accepted the canoe +for the society, in the following words:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>"<span class="smcap">Captain Glazier</span>:</p> + +<p>"It becomes my pleasant duty to accept, for the Missouri Historical +Society, this beautiful canoe, which has itself become historic by +reason of the service it has rendered you. It shall be deposited with +other treasured relics in our museum.</p> + +<p>"I have also to express to you the high appreciation in which the +Society holds the valuable contribution to geographical knowledge +resulting from your explorations among the headwaters of the Mississippi +River, and your discovery of the remotest lake that contributes +to the perennial birth of this hydra-headed 'Father of Waters,' whose +genesis near the Arctic regions gives it a length of more than three +thousand miles to the tropical gulf, to which it bears upon its ample +bosom in safety the freightage of an empire.</p> + +<p>"I desire, too, to thank you for the interesting lecture just given +us upon the achievements of the heroic old explorers, who have, in +centuries past, preceded you in investigations of the characteristics +of this river. But whilst past investigations have made us familiar +with the general character of the stream, and the peculiarities of its +many mouths, yet we know very little of its source; and should be +gratified, I am sure, if you could give us, this evening, a brief account +of the circumstances attending your explorations in that direction, +and of the difficulties you had to encounter in the accomplishment +of your object."</p></div> + +<p>In compliance with Captain Bent's request that he would<span class='pagenum'><a name="Appx_xviii" id="Appx_xviii">[xviii]</a></span> +give some account of the events connected with the expedition +to the source of the Mississippi, Captain Glazier then briefly +narrated the leading incidents of his voyage and explorations. +At the conclusion, several gentlemen came forward to congratulate +him upon the practical results of his undertaking and expressed +their appreciation of the work he had accomplished. +The <i>Itasca</i>, which occupied a prominent position on the platform, +was duly inspected, and afterwards removed to the +rooms of the Historical Society.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Appx_xix" id="Appx_xix">[xix]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr class='major' /> +<h2><a name="LETTERS_PERTINENT_TO_THE_SUBJECT" id="LETTERS_PERTINENT_TO_THE_SUBJECT"></a>III. LETTERS PERTINENT TO THE SUBJECT.</h2> + + +<p>A letter from Captain Glazier which appeared in the Saint +Paul <i>Pioneer Press</i> in December, 1886, and was copied +into several Eastern papers, is here introduced as an epitomized +narrative of the discovery. The journey to the headwaters of +the Mississippi, the launch of the canoes on Lake Itasca, the +search for its feeders and the finding of one larger than the +others which the Indian guides said flowed from another lake +to the south of it; the passage of the canoes up this feeder +and the entrance of the explorers upon a beautiful lake which +they ascertained by sounding and measurement to be wider +and deeper than Itasca, and <i>the veritable source of the Great +River</i>; all this is succinctly told in the following letter of the +leader of the expedition, and we respectfully commend its +perusal to the reader:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"<i>To the Editor—Pioneer Press, Saint Paul, Minnesota</i>:</p> + +<p>"I solicit the favor of replying through your columns to articles +in one or two New York dailies calling in question my claim to +have definitely located, in 1881, the true source of the Mississippi +River.</p> + +<p>"When my attention was first drawn to the articles of those who +seem so much exercised by my expedition to the headwaters of the +Mississippi, I had no intention of replying, but have finally yielded +to the reasoning of friends who feel that longer silence might possibly +be construed to my disadvantage.</p> + +<p>"I am well aware that I assume grave responsibility in locating +the source of the greatest river of North America and correcting a +geographical error of half a century's standing, especially since I follow +in the footsteps of such eminent explorers as Pike, Beltrami, Schoolcraft +and Nicollet; and in view of the fact that I have presumed to +pass the limit of their explorations.</p> + +<p>"For many years prior to 1881, I had been of the opinion that Lake +Itasca occupied an erroneous position in our geography. In fact I +had become satisfied through conversations with straggling Chippewas +in the Northwest, that the red man's ideal river did not rise in the +lake described by his white brother, but that there were other lakes +and streams beyond that lake and that some day the truth of their +statements would be verified.</p> + +<p>"Thoroughly convinced that there was yet a field for exploration +in the wilds of Northern Minnesota I resolved, in 1876, to attempt a +settlement of the vexed question concerning the source of the Mississippi +at an early day. Finding the opportunity I sought in 1881 I<span class='pagenum'><a name="Appx_xx" id="Appx_xx">[xx]</a></span> +proceeded to Saint Paul in June of that year accompanied by Pearce +Giles, of Camden, New Jersey. Here I was joined by my brother +George, of Chicago, and Barrett Channing Paine, then an attaché of +the <i>Pioneer Press</i>.</p> + +<p>"Having completed arrangements we moved from Saint Paul on the +morning of July Fourth with Brainerd as our immediate objective. +Short stops were made at Minneapolis, Monticello, Saint Cloud and +Little Falls on our way up the river. Brainerd was reached July +seventh. This enterprising town is situated near the boundary of the +Chippewa Indian Reservation and is the nearest place of consequence +to Lake Itasca. Here I again halted to further inform myself concerning +the topography of the country; to decide upon the most +practicable route to our destination, and to provide such extra supplies +of rations and clothing as might be considered adequate to the +requirements of our undertaking.</p> + +<p>"After consulting our maps I concluded that while Schoolcraft and +Nicollet had found Itasca by going up the river through Lakes +Winnibegoshish, Cass and Bemidji, a more direct course would be by +way of Leech Lake and the Kabekanka River.</p> + +<p>"A careful study of the route to Leech Lake, with a few valuable +suggestions from Warren Leland, of Brainerd, one of its oldest +pioneers, led us to seek conveyance to the former place over what is +known in Northern Minnesota as the Government Road. This road +stretches for seventy-five miles, through immense pine forests, and +the only habitations to be seen from it are the 'half-way houses' +erected for the accommodation of teamsters who are engaged in hauling +government supplies; and the occasional wigwams of wandering +Indians.</p> + +<p>"While at the Leech Lake Agency it was our good fortune to meet +the post-missionary, Rev. Edwin Benedict; Major A. C. Ruffe, the +Indian Agent; Paul Beaulieu, the veteran Government Interpreter; +White-Cloud, chief of the Mississippi Indians; Flat-Mouth, head +chief of the Chippewas, and others well known at the Agency. +Through conversations with these parties I learned that pioneers of +that region were of the opinion that the lake located by Schoolcraft +was the source of the Mississippi, but that the Indians invariably +claimed that the Great River had its origin above and beyond Itasca, +in a beautiful lake known to them as Pokegama, signifying the +'place where the waters gather.'</p> + +<p>"Beaulieu, who is perhaps the best authority in Minnesota, having +lived for more than sixty years within its borders, said that Chenowagesic, +who afterwards became my chief guide, was the most intelligent +Chippewa of his acquaintance, had made his home for many +years in the vicinity of the headwaters of the Mississippi, and that +he had always asserted, when maps were shown him, that a lake +above Itasca would in time change a feature of those maps and confirm +his statement that Lake Itasca could not longer maintain its +claim to being the fountain-head of the Great River.</p> + +<p>"Three days were spent at Leech Lake, during which time we +secured an interpreter, Indian guides and birch bark canoes. Everything +being in order we launched our canoes on the morning of July +seventeenth. Wishing, as previously explained, to approach Itasca +by a different route from that adopted by Schoolcraft and Nicollet +who went up the Mississippi from Lake Winnibegoshish, I crossed +Leech Lake and ascended the Kabekanka River, thence proceeding +in a direct westerly course through twenty-one lakes, alternated by +as many portages, reaching Itasca between two and three o'clock on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Appx_xxi" id="Appx_xxi">[xxi]</a></span> +the afternoon of the twenty-first. The region traversed, we were told +by the guides, had never before been trodden by white men; and +considering the nature of the country it is not to be wondered at, as +swamps, floating bogs, and dense undergrowth were encountered +throughout the entire journey.</p> + +<p>"The work of coasting Itasca for its feeders was begun at an early +hour on the morning of the twenty-second. We found the outlets +of six small streams, two having well-defined mouths, and four filtering +into the lake through bogs. The upper or southern end of the +south-western arm of Lake Itasca is heavily margined with reeds and +rushes, and it was not without considerable difficulty that we forced +our way through this barrier into the larger of the two open streams +which enter at this point. This stream, at its mouth, is seven feet +wide and about three feet deep.</p> + +<p>"Slow and sinuous progress of between two and three hundred +yards brought us to a blockade of logs and shallow water. Determined +to float in my canoe upon the surface of the lake towards which +we were paddling, I directed the guides to remove the obstructions, +and continued to urge the canoes rapidly forward, although opposed +by a strong and constantly increasing current. On pulling and +pushing our way through a network of rushes, similar to that encountered +on leaving Lake Itasca, the cheering sight of a tranquil and +limpid sheet of water burst upon our view.</p> + +<p>"This lake, the Chippewa name of which is <i>Pokegama</i>, is about a +mile and a half in its greatest diameter, covers an area of two hundred +and fifty acres, and would be nearly an oval in form but for a +single promontory, which extends its shores into the lake, so as to +give it in outline the appearance of a heart. Its feeders are three +small creeks, two of which enter on the right and left of the headland, +and have their origin in springs at the foot of sand hills from +two to three miles distant. The third stream is but little more than +a rivulet of a mile in length, has no clearly defined course, and is the +outlet of a small pond or lakelet to the south-westward.</p> + +<p>"The latitude of the lake in question is about 47°; its height above +the Atlantic Ocean 1,582 feet, and its distance from the Gulf of +Mexico 3,184 miles.</p> + +<p>"The statement that the lake now very generally accepted by +geographers, and educational publishers as the True Source of the +Mississippi was so regarded prior to the organization of my expedition +cannot be substantiated; for, on the contrary, both press and +people throughout Minnesota were ignorant of its existence, so far as +we were able to ascertain by diligent inquiry from Saint Paul to +Brainerd; and, in fact, I may add that the missionary, Indian +agent, and post-trader at Leech Lake knew no other source of the +Mississippi than Lake Itasca, except what they had been told by +my chief guide, Chenowagesic, and a few other Chippewas in that +vicinity. Barrett Channing Paine, fully confirms this statement in +his letters to the Brainerd, Minneapolis, and Saint Paul papers of +that period. These letters prove most conclusively that the people +of Northern Minnesota had no knowledge whatever of the lake beyond +Itasca until its existence was announced by me through the +medium of the press in 1881.</p> + +<p>"If the assumption by some writers that the lake to the south of +Itasca had been seen before my visit to that region in 1881 is well +grounded, I need only say in reply that it had not been assigned any +geographical importance prior to my visit; in other words, it had not +been recognized by any one as the true source of the Mississippi.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Appx_xxii" id="Appx_xxii">[xxii]</a></span></p> + +<p>"When William Morrison, the fur-trader, pitched his tent on +Schoolcraft Island in 1804, he evidently did not know that the outlet +of the lake on which he looked was a part of the mighty river. +Schoolcraft followed, at the head of an expedition twenty-eight years +later, and claimed the lake as the source of the Mississippi. It is +very generally admitted that Morrison had seen Itasca before Schoolcraft, +but no one questioned that the latter was entitled to the credit +of discovery, since he was the first to establish the fact that the +Mississippi was its outlet. My claim to have definitely located the +<i>true source</i> in the lake beyond Itasca stands on precisely the same +ground.</p> + +<p>"I do not desire to pass a reasonable limit in an effort to insure +justice, but having consumed considerable time and money in locating +lakes and streams in Northern Minnesota, and having established +that the lake to the south of Itasca is the primal reservoir of the +Mississippi, I do not feel disposed to allow myself to be thrust aside +by those who know comparatively little or nothing of that region.</p> + +<p>"Assuming that the statements of my party are incontrovertible +concerning the lake which we claim as the True Source of the Great +River, it follows naturally:</p> + +<p>"I. That Lake Itasca cannot longer be recognized as the fountain-head +of the Mississippi, for the reason that it is the custom, agreeably +to the definition of geographers, to fix upon the remotest water, and +a lake if possible, as the source of a river.</p> + +<p>"II. That the lake to the south of Itasca, and connected therewith +by a perennial stream, is the primal reservoir or True Source of the +Mississippi; that it was not so considered prior to the visit of my expedition +in 1881; and that my party was the first to locate its feeders +correctly, and discover its true relation to the Great River.</p> + +<p>"III. That Schoolcraft could not have seen the lake located by +me, else he would have assigned it its true character in the narrative +of his expedition.</p> + +<p>"IV. That Nicollet, who followed Schoolcraft, could not have +been aware of its existence, as he gives it no place upon his maps, or +description in the accounts of his explorations.</p> + +<p>"V. That the lake known as Pokegama by the Chippewas was +not christened 'Glazier' by me, or through my instrumentality, but +was so named by my companions, in opposition to my wish that it +should retain its Indian appellation.</p> + +<p>"Finally, whatever the verdict may be upon the merits of my claim +to have been the first to locate the <i>source</i> of the Mississippi River and +publish it to the world, if any person had seen this lake prior to 1881 +it was certainly not known to the white residents of Northern Minnesota, +or to the Indian tribes in the vicinity of its headwaters. Lake +Itasca was still recognized as the fountain-head, was so placed upon +maps, and taught as such in all the schools of the country.</p> + +<p>"I simply claim to have established the fact that there is a beautiful +lake above and beyond Itasca—wider and deeper than that +lake—with woodland shores—with three constantly flowing streams +for its feeders—and in every way worthy of the position it occupies +as the primal reservoir or <span class="smcap">true source</span> of the Father of Waters.</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'>"<span class="smcap">Willard Glazier.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Syracuse, New York</span>, December, 1886." +</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>A letter from Pearce Giles, of Camden, New Jersey, who<span class='pagenum'><a name="Appx_xxiii" id="Appx_xxiii">[xxiii]</a></span> +was identified with the <span class="smcap">Glazier</span> expedition from its inception +to its close:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"<i>To the Editor—Boston Herald</i>:</p> + +<p>"In 1832 Henry Rowe Schoolcraft led an expedition through the +wilds of Northern Minnesota and discovered what he believed to be +the source of the Mississippi. Being at a loss for an appropriate name +to bestow upon the lake which constituted this supposed source, so +the story goes, he asked a companion what were the Latin words +signifying 'true head,' and received in reply '<i>veritas caput</i>.' This +was rather a ponderous name to give a comparatively small body of +water, even though the Father of Waters here took his first start in +the world. The explorer, therefore, conceived the idea of uniting the +last two syllables of the first word with the first syllable of the second, +thus, by a novel mode of orthography, forming a name which might +easily pass for one of Indian origin—<i>Itasca</i>. A person versed in +orthographical science would probably perceive at once that the name +did not belong to the same family of harsh Indian appellations which +have affixed themselves permanently to many towns and rivers in +Wisconsin and Minnesota, but was more allied to the softer language +of southern Indian nations. But it has now been discovered that +Lake Itasca is not <i>veritas caput</i>; and <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span>, discovered in +July, 1881, by Captain Willard Glazier, must be regarded by all +future generations as the true head of the Mississippi.</p> + +<p>"The Mississippi, on its first stages, flows in a northerly direction, +the whole system of small lakes which contribute to it being surrounded +on the north and west by an amphitheatre of hills. <span class="smcap">Lake +Glazier</span> lies above and beyond Lake Itasca, and its waters have an +elevation of probably seven feet above that lake, being connected +therewith by a small, swift stream. Lake Itasca is composed of three +arms, extending in the form of a trefoil, having a length of five miles +and an average width of about one mile. The upper, or southern +end of its middle arm apparently terminates in a swamp, which +might easily have deceived any one not familiar with the country. +But Chenowagesic, Captain Glazier's Indian guide, who had for +years used the region of these lakes for his hunting-ground, readily +made his way through the reeds and rushes at the mouth of the +connecting stream. <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span> at its outlet presents another +barricade of reeds, through which the party made their way in their +canoes.</p> + +<p>"<span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span> is about two miles in length by a mile and a +half in breadth. Its shores, instead of being low and marshy, as are +those of many of the neighboring lakes, present finely wooded slopes +and surround the lake in what would have been the shape of a perfect +oval, had not a bold, rocky promontory indented its southern +end, and given to it the outline of a heart. On the point of this +promontory is a spring from which flows ice-cold water. The waters +of the lake are exceedingly clear and pure, proceeding from springs, +some of them in the bottom of the lake itself, and the others at a +greater or less distance from its shores.</p> + +<p>"<span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span> has three small feeders, one of them named +Eagle Creek, entering it near its outlet, and taking its rise a mile or +so farther south, in a small pond or lakelet, upon which Captain +Glazier bestowed the name of 'Alice,' after his daughter. Eagle +Creek runs nearly parallel with the western shore of the lake, a little +distance from it. Two streams, two or three miles in length, flow +northward into <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span> at its southern extremity on either<span class='pagenum'><a name="Appx_xxiv" id="Appx_xxiv">[xxiv]</a></span> +side of the indenting promontory. Excelsior Creek, so named because +it represents the very highest water of the Mississippi, is the longer +of these. Deer Creek, to the eastward, and rising a little nearer the +lake, has been so named for the reason that numbers of deer were +seen in its vicinity.</p> + +<p>"<span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span> is thus supplied by three feeders, Eagle, Excelsior +and Deer Creeks, now named in the order of their importance, and +as uniting these waters in one common reservoir, this lake is +undoubtedly entitled to be regarded as the <i>veritas caput</i>—the true +head of the Mississippi.</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'>"<span class="smcap">Pearce Giles.</span></p> + +<p>"<span class="smcap">Boston</span>, August 6, 1886."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>We insert here an interesting letter from Paul Beaulieu, +Interpreter to the United States Indian Agency, White Earth, +Minnesota. Mr. Beaulieu is a very intelligent half-breed, +about sixty years of age, and has lived nearly all his life in +the neighborhood of the headwaters of the Mississippi. His +testimony, therefore, upon a subject with which he must +necessarily be familiar, will have due weight with the +inquiring reader:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='right' style='padding-right:4em;'>"<span class="smcap">U. S. Indian Service</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'>"<i>White Earth Agency, Minnesota</i>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:7em;'>"May 25, 1884.</p> + +<p>"<i>Dear Sir</i>:—I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your +letter of the sixteenth instant. In reply, I would respectfully state +that according to the ideas of the people of this section of country, +for a score of years past, in alluding to Lake Itasca, which is known +only as Elk Lake by the original inhabitants of this country, was +never by them considered as the head or source of the Father of +Running Waters, or May-see-see-be, as it is by them named. I have +received a map showing the route of exploration of Captain Willard +Glazier in 1881, and being well acquainted with his chief guide, Chenowagesic, +who has made the section of country explored by Captain +Glazier his home for many years in the past, and who has proved +the truth of his often repeated assertion, when maps were shown him, +that a smaller lake above Lake Itasca would in time change a +feature of those maps, and proclaim to the world that Lake Itasca +cannot longer maintain its claim as being the fountain head of Ke-chee-see-be, +or Great River, which is called May-see-see-be, by the +Chippewas. The map as delineated by Captain Glazier's guide, +Chenowagesic, and published by the Glazier party, is correct; and it +is plain to us who know the lay of this whole country (I mean by <i>us</i>, +the Chippewa tribe in particular, also the recent explorers for pine) +that <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span> is located at the right place, and is the last lake +on the longest stream of the several rivers at the head of the great +Mississippi.</p> + +<p class='center'>"With respect, yours truly,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:4em;'>"<span class="smcap">Paul Beaulieu</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'>"<i>U. S. Indian Interpreter</i>." +</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>An eastern correspondent addressed the following communication +to the Saint Paul <i>Dispatch</i>, in which he claims<span class='pagenum'><a name="Appx_xxv" id="Appx_xxv">[xxv]</a></span> +that the discovery of the true source of the Mississippi should +be credited to Captain Glazier:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"<i>To the Editor—Saint Paul Dispatch</i>:</p> + +<p>"Having been a resident of Minnesota in 1855, I wish to say a +word about Captain Glazier and his discovery. Minnesota, at the +time of my residence there, was thinly settled. Minneapolis and +Saint Anthony were both straggling villages. Saint Paul could +boast of something like 10,000 population. The nearest railroad +point to the latter city was one hundred and thirty miles distant. +In winter Burbank's Northwestern Express carried the mails and +the very few passengers that could muster courage to make the toilsome +journey; and well do I remember my trip over this route. I +know that, at that time, there was a question with the Sioux, Chippewas +and many pioneers as to Lake Itasca being the source of the +Great River. There was a settled opinion that something would be +found beyond that would eventually prove to be the source of that +stream. I believe Captain Glazier to have been actuated by a desire +to establish the truth of this problem. Interested parties may seek +to withhold from him his rightful due as a discoverer, but notwithstanding +these attempts, in some schools in this region, <span class="smcap">Lake +Glazier</span> is taught as the true source of the Mississippi. To attempt +to discredit one who took front rank for the preservation +of the Union, and who suffered in many rebel prisons, is altogether +unworthy of the parties who are making themselves conspicuous in +the matter.</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'>"<span class="smcap">J. C. Crane.</span></p> + +<p>"<span class="smcap">West Millbury, Massachusetts</span>, January, 1887." +</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>Letter from Mr. John Lovell, geographer and historian, and +one of the leading educational publishers of the Dominion of Canada:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"<span class="smcap">Captain Willard Glazier</span>:</p> + +<p>"<i>Dear Sir</i>:—I owe you an apology for not having earlier acknowledged +your courtesy in sending me a copy of your remarkably interesting +work '<span class="smcap">Down the Great River</span>.' Owing to illness and a +variety of calls on my time, I had not an opportunity ere this of +finishing the reading of it. I have no hesitation in saying that it is +most interesting and instructive, especially where you so ably summarize +the results of former expeditions, and where you describe in +animated language the aim, course, and outcome of your own explorations. +You have had an experience which has fallen to the lot of +few travellers, and, in certifying the source of the Father of Waters, +have rendered a great service to the cause of geographical discovery. +The account of your voyage from the newly discovered Source to the +Gulf of Mexico gave me much pleasure and information. The +patience and endurance of the brave fellows who were with you, +considering the distance, in canoes, is worthy of praise. Your own +able management of the expedition is worthy of all commendation +and of substantial and immediate thanks from the good men of +your own wonderful country.</p> + +<p>"Again I sincerely thank you for your handsome and most acceptable +present.</p> + +<p>"With sincere respect, I remain, dear sir,</p> + +<p class='center'>"Yours faithfully,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'>"<span class="smcap">John Lovell</span>.</p> + +<p>"<span class="smcap">Montreal</span>, October 17, 1887." +</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Appx_xxvi" id="Appx_xxvi">[xxvi]</a></span></p> + +<p>The following letter will speak for itself. Mr. Gus. H. +Beaulieu, of White Earth, Minnesota, Deputy United States +Marshal for the district, is an educated half-breed, and cousin +of Paul Beaulieu. His home is on the Chippewa Indian +Reservation, within sixty miles of the source of the Mississippi. +In this letter he presents the Indian theory as to the comparative +volume of water in the two lakes—<span class="smcap">Glazier</span> and Itasca:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>"<span class="smcap">Captain Willard Glazier</span>:</p> + +<p>"<i>Dear Sir</i>:—I have been somewhat interested in your discussion +regarding the source of the Mississippi. Even had you never proclaimed +to the world your discoveries, from information received by +me from Indians and old mixed-blood Indian voyageurs, there would +have always been a doubt existing with me as to whether Itasca was +the head of the Mississippi.</p> + +<p>"Henry Beaulieu, a brother of Paul Beaulieu, always maintained +that <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span> was the true source of the Mississippi. I +remember that, after his return from Itasca with Mr. Chambers of the New +York <i>Herald</i>, I think in 1872, he said that Winnibegoshish or Cass +Lake might as well be called the source of the Mississippi as Itasca. +Other mixed-blood have repeatedly stated the same thing. I mention +this to show you what the general opinion is among Indians and +those of mixed blood.</p> + +<p>"Chenowagesic's theory concerning the head of the Mississippi +is this: That while Itasca presents a larger surface than <span class="smcap">Lake +Glazier</span>, it does not contain as much water as the latter. He arrives +at this conclusion from the fact that Itasca freezes over two or three +weeks before <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span>. This, he says, is a sure sign that the +latter lake is the deeper of the two, and contains more water. His +arguments in favor of <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span> are rather novel, and, as a +matter of course, are taken from an Indian's standpoint.</p> + +<p class='center'>"Yours truly,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'>"<span class="smcap">Gus. H. Beaulieu</span>.</p> + +<p>"<span class="smcap">White Earth, Minnesota</span>, December 17, 1887." +</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Appx_xxvii" id="Appx_xxvii">[xxvii]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr class='major' /> +<h2><a name="PUBLIC_OPINION_IN_MINNESOTA" id="PUBLIC_OPINION_IN_MINNESOTA"></a> +IV. PUBLIC OPINION IN MINNESOTA.</h2> + + +<p>The evidence here presented in support of <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span>, +is, in our judgment, most conclusive; we may add, +overwhelming. Many of the most prominent citizens of +the State in which the Great River takes its rise volunteer +their endorsement of a claim, of the merits of which, they must +necessarily be better informed than persons living at a remote +distance from the head of the river. State authorities, including +the Governor and his staff; senators and representatives, +many of whom have resided from twenty to forty years in +Minnesota; pioneers, clergymen, and school-teachers, with +many of the leading citizens; editors, school-superintendents, +professional men, and others, strongly affirm that Lake Itasca +is not the source of the Mississippi, but that the lake to the +south of it, definitely located by Captain Glazier, is the primal +reservoir or <i>true source</i> of the Father of Waters. These witnesses, +moreover, unequivocally assert that the credit of the +discovery should be awarded to the man who made it, notwithstanding +the groundless opposition of a few cavillers who have +never themselves visited within many hundred miles a region +they affect to be so marvelously familiar with.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From His Excellency, A. R. McGill, Governor of Minnesota:</h4> + +<p>"Captain Glazier's claim to be the discoverer of the true source of +the Mississippi seems reasonable, to say the least. I have been a +resident of Minnesota twenty-six years, and never until Captain +Glazier's expedition, heard the claim of Itasca being the source of the +Great River seriously questioned."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From Hon. Horace Austin, Ex-Governor:</h4> + +<p>"I think that it would be a very proper thing to do under the circumstances +that Captain Glazier's services should be recognized by +the passage of a bill by the Legislature giving his name to the lake +which is the real source of the Mississippi."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From Hon. W. H. Gale, Ex-Lieutenant-Governor, Winona</h4> + +<p>"I have been a resident of Minnesota for more than twenty-eight +years, and I believe it was the generally accepted opinion of the people +of this State that Lake Itasca was the source of the Mississippi<span class='pagenum'><a name="Appx_xxviii" id="Appx_xxviii">[xxviii]</a></span> +River, until after the expedition of Captain Willard Glazier, and his +publication to the world that another lake south of Lake Itasca was +the true source, to which lake has been given the name of <span class="smcap">Lake +Glazier</span>. This is now generally recognized as the <i>true source</i> and +head of the Mississippi, and Captain Glazier as the man who first +made known that fact to the world."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From F. W. Seeley, Adjutant-General</h4> + +<p>"I desire to say, in justice to Captain Glazier, that, having been a +resident of Minnesota for twenty-five years, and quite familiar with +the geography of the State, it is my belief that he was the first to discover +the true source of the Mississippi River and publish it to the world."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From Moses E. Clapp, Attorney-General:</h4> + +<p>"From such information as I have on the subject, I am convinced +that the actual source of the Mississippi had not been recognized +prior to the published accounts of the explorations of Captain Willard +Glazier."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From H. W. Childs, Assistant Attorney-General:</h4> + +<p>"There is, in my opinion, no reason or ground for disputing Captain +Glazier's claim to have located the body of water now undoubtedly +regarded as the source of the Mississippi River, and appropriately +named <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span>."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From J. K. Moore, Private Secretary to Governor McGill:</h4> + +<p>"From the evidence, it seems clear to me that the actual source of +the Mississippi River had never been recognized until Captain +Glazier made its discovery in 1881."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From Gus. H. Beaulieu, Deputy U. S. Marshal, District of Minnesota:</h4> + +<p>"Having been born and raised in the State of Minnesota, and a +resident of White Earth Indian Reservation, and being familiar +with the Indian traditions, I certify that Itasca Lake had never been +considered the source of the Mississippi by the best informed Chippewa +Indians. Although I had never seen any published maps to +the contrary, prior to the expedition of Captain Glazier in 1881, from +the best information I have among the Indians, I now regard <span class="smcap">Lake +Glazier</span> as the true source of the Mississippi River. I regard his +chief guide, Chenowagesic, as the best authority among the Indians +regarding the section of country about the headwaters of the Mississippi, +and consider him thoroughly reliable."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From Ed. W. S. Tingle, St. Paul Globe:</h4> + +<p>"After a study of the literature of the subject, I am convinced that +the lake to which the name of <span class="smcap">Glazier</span> was given by the Glazier +exploring expedition is undoubtedly the true source of the Mississippi, +and that Captain Glazier was the first to call general public attention +to the fact."</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Appx_xxix" id="Appx_xxix">[xxix]</a></span></p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From Rev. W. T. Chase, Pastor First Baptist Church, Minneapolis:</h4> + +<p>"There seems no reasonable doubt that the actual source of the +Mississippi had never been recognized until Captain Willard Glazier +made its discovery in 1881. Captain Glazier merits the gratitude of +every citizen of the United States who is interested in knowing all +that is knowable about the great Father of Waters."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From Ex-Mayor Pillsbury, Minneapolis:</h4> + +<p>"From the best information I have been able to obtain, I am satisfied +that Captain Willard Glazier was the first person that discovered +the true source of the Mississippi."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From Rev. J. L. Pitner, Pastor Methodist Episcopal Church, Minneapolis:</h4> + +<p>"From the evidence I have examined, I am convinced that the +real source of the Mississippi was not known prior to 1881. I am +quite sure the claims of <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span> are not ill-founded, and that +in its deep, cool bosom the Great River takes its rise."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From John E. Bradley, Superintendent Public Schools, Minneapolis:</h4> + +<p>"From such examination as I have been able to give to the +problem of the <i>true source</i> of the Mississippi, it seems to be +satisfactorily established that <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span> is to be so regarded."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From Hon. Samuel E. Adams, Member of the Minnesota Historical +Society, Monticello:</h4> + +<p>"I have no doubt of the correctness of Captain Glazier's statement +that he discovered the new source of the Mississippi now bearing his name."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From John H. Elliott, Secretary Y. M. C. A., Minneapolis:</h4> + +<p>"I have no hesitation in stating that I believe <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span> to +be the real source of the Mississippi River, and that Captain Glazier's +claims are entitled to respectful and grateful recognition."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From J. S. McLain, Evening Journal, Minneapolis:</h4> + +<p>"I have no reason to question the claim of Captain Glazier to have +been the first to correctly map the section of country about the source +of the Mississippi, or that the body of water which bears his name +is the true source of the Great River."</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From Albert Shaw, Minneapolis Tribune:</h4> + +<p>"Unquestionably Captain Glazier may claim the credit of having +called public attention to the fact that there is a lake beyond Lake +Itasca which is more strictly to be considered as the source of the +Mississippi. That the lake will always be called <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span>, +and that it will henceforth be spoken of everywhere as the source of +the Great River, I have no doubt; nor do I doubt the propriety of the name."</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Appx_xxx" id="Appx_xxx">[xxx]</a></span></p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From Judge John P. Rea, Commander-in-Chief G.A.R., Minneapolis:</h4> + +<p>"I have resided in Minnesota eleven years, and always supposed +that Lake Itasca was the source of the Mississippi. I never heard +the fact questioned until within the past four or five years. From all +the evidence I have upon the subject, I am satisfied that <span class="smcap">Lake +Glazier</span> is the true source."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From G. M. Wing, Secretary North-West Indian Commission, Minneapolis:</h4> + +<p>"Concerning the real source of the Mississippi, I would say that +the lake which Captain Willard Glazier has located, and which he +claims to be the source, is no doubt more properly the true source of +this Great River than Lake Itasca. There is no doubt whatever in +my mind but that Captain Glazier was the first person to discover +that fact, and make the same known to the world; and that fact +alone, though it might have been visited before, should entitle him +to the honor of naming the same. I have been over the route +traversed by Captain Glazier and party, and find that the map which +he has published is a correct delineation of that section."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From Hon. J. G. Lawrence, Ex-Senator, Wabasha:</h4> + +<p>"I believe Captain Glazier is certainly entitled to the credit of +having discovered the true source of the Mississippi in a lake above +Lake Itasca, and now named <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span>."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From Judge L. A. Evans, Ex-Mayor, Saint Cloud</h4> + +<p>"First Mayor of Saint Cloud, and have served six terms as such. +Have resided in Saint Cloud for thirty years. I believe that <span class="smcap">Lake +Glazier</span> is the true source of the Mississippi River, and this is the +opinion of the majority of the people residing in this part of the State."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From Will E. Haskell, President and Managing Editor, Minneapolis Tribune:</h4> + +<p>"There can be no longer any doubt, when the question is carefully +considered, that the credit of discovering the true source of the +Mississippi belongs to Captain Willard Glazier. Captain Glazier's +discovery has now become an accepted geographical fact, and future +generations of school-boys will speak knowingly of <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span>, +as we did in our youth of Itasca."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From J. O. Simmons, Little Falls.</h4> + +<p>"Have been a resident of Little Falls for the past twenty-nine +years; County Attorney and justice of the peace for several years; +would state that I am personally acquainted with the half-breed +Indian interpreter, Paul Beaulieu. Have known him since June, 1857, +and know him to be a person of intelligence, great experience, and +personal knowledge of the northern portion of Minnesota, which up +to very recently has been a vast wilderness occupied only by the Chippewas. +Have often conversed with him relative to the country north<span class='pagenum'><a name="Appx_xxxi" id="Appx_xxxi">[xxxi]</a></span> +of us, and speaking of the Mississippi, have heard him say that Lake +Itasca was not the fountain head; that there was a stream emptying +its waters into Itasca from a lake a short distance above the latter, and +which, in his opinion, was the true source. Since Captain Glazier's +exploration, I accept the lake bearing his name as the true source of +the Mississippi."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From Rev. Andrew D. Stowe, Rector, Trinity Church, Anoka:</h4> + +<p>"This is to certify that from the testimony of Indians and Half-breeds +living at White Earth Agency, Minnesota, during my residence +there of two years, I am persuaded that <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span>, instead of +Itasca, is the real source of the Mississippi."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From D. Sinclair, Winona:</h4> + +<p>"In the autumn of 1862 I spent several weeks in that portion of +Northern Minnesota, extending from Crow Wing to Leech Lake, and +the country about Red Lake, in company with Paul Beaulieu, the +well-known Indian guide and interpreter. During a conversation as +to the source of the Mississippi, Beaulieu informed me that Lake +Itasca was not the real source of that river, but that a smaller lake, +located a short distance south of Itasca, was entitled to that distinction. +After investigating the matter recently, I have no doubt of the +genuineness of Captain Glazier's claim to be the person who first +publicly established the fact that the lake which now bears his name +is the true source of the Mississippi River."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From William A. Spencer, Clerk United States District Court, Saint Paul:</h4> + +<p>"I have resided in Minnesota upwards of thirty years, and until +recently have always thought that Lake Itasca was the source of the +Mississippi; but after an examination of the claim of Captain Glazier +to be the discoverer of the true source, I am satisfied his claim is well +founded."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From O. C. Chase, Chairman County Commissioners, Otter-Tail County:</h4> + +<p>"From information received, I am fully satisfied that Captain +Glazier was the first person to publicly announce the true source of +the Mississippi."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From John J. Ankeny, Postmaster, Minneapolis:</h4> + +<p>"From the best information I can obtain, I am persuaded that the +source of the Mississippi had not been recognized prior to the +published accounts of exploration by Captain Willard Glazier in +1881. I think, therefore, he is entitled to the credit of the discovery."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From P. P. Swenson, Sheriff, Hennepin County:</h4> + +<p>"After a residence of thirty-two years in the State of Minnesota, +until recently I have always supposed that Lake Itasca was the +source of the Mississippi River. I am now well informed of its true +source being <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span>, having personally traversed that +section of the State."</p></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Appx_xxxii" id="Appx_xxxii">[xxxii]</a></span></p><hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From Freeman E. Kreck, Postmaster, Aitkin:</h4> + +<p>"I have been a resident of Aitkin County since 1881; have been +County Auditor for past two years, and for a time proprietor and +editor of the <i>Aitkin Age</i>. Since Captain Glazier's explorations I do +not hesitate to say that I believe <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span> to be the true primal +reservoir of the Mississippi, and I think I voice the sentiment of the +majority of the residents of this section."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From A. Y. Merrill, County Attorney, Aitkin:</h4> + +<p>"I believe that the lake claimed to have been located by Captain +Glazier is the real source of the Mississippi River."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From J. W. Wakefield, Aitkin:</h4> + +<p>"Resident of Minnesota for thirty years. Personally acquainted +with Chenowagesic. Indian trader more than fifteen years. Thoroughly +familiar with the Chippewa language. I recognize <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span> +as the true source of the Mississippi River."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From Lyman P. White, Ex-Mayor, Brainerd:</h4> + +<p>"I have been a resident of Brainerd since 1870. Built the first +house in Brainerd. Have had charge of the town site for the Lake +Superior and Puget Sound Company for sixteen years. I met Captain +Glazier on his Mississippi trip, and fully endorse his claim to have +discovered the true source of the Mississippi."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From W. W. Hartley, Brainerd:</h4> + +<p>"Have been a resident of Brainerd for the past fifteen years. +Editor and publisher of the <i>Tribune</i> from 1875 to 1881, and postmaster +from 1879 to 1886. Met Captain Glazier and his party here in +1881, both <i>en route</i> to the source of the Mississippi River, and on their +return voyage by canoes to its mouth. Have no recollection of ever +having heard any other than Lake Itasca claimed to be the source of +the Mississippi prior to the Captain's expedition. <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span> +has since been accepted and is believed to be its source."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From J. H. Koop, Postmaster, Brainerd:</h4> + +<p>"Have been a resident of this State for sixteen years. Met Captain +Glazier at the time he made his expedition of discovery to the source +of the Mississippi, and I recognize the lake bearing his name as its +true source."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From N. H. Ingersoll, Editor, Brainerd Dispatch:</h4> + +<p>"I fully endorse the statement that Captain Glazier was the first +to proclaim to the world the <i>true source</i> of the Mississippi."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From Rev. Fletcher J. Hawley, D. D., Rector of St. Paul's Episcopal Church, Brainerd:</h4> + +<p>"I have been a resident of Brainerd since 1880, and have not +heard any one question the truth of Captain Glazier's claim to have +discovered the true source of the Mississippi to be in <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span>."</p></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Appx_xxxiii" id="Appx_xxxiii">[xxxiii]</a></span></p><hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From John F. Peterson, Register of Deeds, Minneapolis:</h4> + +<p>"I have resided in Minnesota for the past eighteen years, and fully +believe that <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span> is the true source of the Mississippi."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From C. P. De Laithe, Superintendent of Schools, Aitkin County:</h4> + +<p>"I recognize <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span> as the source of the Mississippi River. +Have resided in Aitkin for several years."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From J. H. Hallett, Brainerd:</h4> + +<p>"I recognize the lake discovered by Captain Glazier as the real +source of the Mississippi. Have been an Indian trader for the past +fifteen years."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From Hon. N. Richardson, Little Falls, Judge of Probate of Morrison County:</h4> + +<p>"I have resided on the banks of the Mississippi for thirty-one +years. Met Captain Glazier at Little Falls with his exploring party, +that visited the headwaters of this river in the summer of 1881. +From information derived from sources that I consider reliable, I +regard <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span> as the true source of the Great River. Have +been a member of the Minnesota Legislature for three terms."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From O. L. Clyde, First Lieutenant, National Guard, Little Falls:</h4> + +<p>"I have been a resident of Northern Minnesota for twenty years, +and always supposed that Lake Itasca was the source of the Mississippi. +I never heard any thing to the contrary until the year 1881, +when Captain Glazier explored the Upper Mississippi, and made his +report of the same. I now recognize <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span> as the true +source of the Great River."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From Moses La Fond, Little Falls:</h4> + +<p>"<span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span> is now considered the true source of the Mississippi. +I am one of the old pioneers of this State, having resided in the +northern section for over thirty-two years, and was a member of the +Legislature in 1874."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From R. Cronk, of the Government Survey, Sauk Rapids:</h4> + +<p>"This is to certify that I was compass-man on the survey of township +143 north, range 36 west of the 5th principal meridian, which embraces +Itasca Lake, (the Indian name of which I understood to be +<i>Omushkos</i> or Elk Lake,) and hereby affirm that <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span> is +the only well-defined body of water emptying into Lake Itasca, and +in my opinion is the true source of the Mississippi."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From Hon. T. G. Healey, Ex-State Senator, Monticello:</h4> + +<p>"Have resided in Monticello since 1856. I regard <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span> +as the true source of the Mississippi River, and it is now so regarded +by the people living in this section of Minnesota."</p></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Appx_xxxiv" id="Appx_xxxiv">[xxxiv]</a></span></p><hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From William Tubbs, Postmaster and Ex-County Auditor, Monticello:</h4> + +<p>"Have resided in Minnesota twenty-nine years. <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span> +is regarded by the people generally of this section as the true source +of the Mississippi."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"><h4>From W. J. Brown, Principal of the High School, Monticello:</h4> + +<p>"I consider <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span> to be the true source of the Mississippi, +and know of no other. I teach the same in the public schools of this +place, as also do my assistants."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"><h4>From Commander A. H. Fitch, J. S. Cady Post, G. A. R., Department Minnesota; Anoka:</h4> + +<p>"I am fully convinced that the body of water, known as <span class="smcap">Lake +Glazier</span> since 1881, is the true source of the Mississippi, and not +Lake Itasca."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"><h4>From J. M. Tucker, M. D., Hastings:</h4> + +<p>"I believe Captain Glazier's claim to being the discoverer of the +real source of the Mississippi is <i>just</i>, and have never heard it questioned. +It must stand as one of the facts of history."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"><h4>From Daniel O'Brien, Police Justice, Hastings:</h4> + +<p>"I am satisfied that the lake to the south of Itasca, located by +Glazier, in 1881, is the true source of the Mississippi, and that Captain +Glazier is entitled to whatever credit there is in the discovery."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"><h4>From J. R. Lambert, Ex-Mayor, Hastings:</h4> + +<p>"It has been a generally accepted fact that Lake Itasca was the +source of the Mississippi River, and like many others who have preceded +me in giving testimonials in favor of Captain Willard Glazier's +claim as the discoverer of a body of water now known quite generally +as <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span>, and so represented in many of our standard +geographical works, I cheerfully admit that Captain Glazier is +entitled to credit as the discoverer."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"><h4>From S. Westerson, Chairman, Board of County Commissioners, Hastings:</h4> + +<p>"It seems to be clearly proven that there is a lake—now called <span class="smcap">Lake +Glazier</span>—which is the true source of the Mississippi, discovered by +Captain Willard Glazier in the year 1881, and that said Captain +Glazier was the first man to make it public. The honor, therefore, +in my estimation, is due to him."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"><h4>From B. B. Herbert, Editor, The Republican, Red Wing:</h4> + +<p>"After a careful examination of the claim made for and against +the reputed discovery of the head of the Mississippi, by Captain +Willard Glazier, I am convinced that he was the first to question the +received statement that Lake Itasca was its source; and first to con<span class='pagenum'><a name="Appx_xxxv" id="Appx_xxxv">[xxxv]</a></span>nect +the lake, which some respectable geographers have called by +his name, with the Mississippi as its source. Having lived in +Minnesota, on the banks of the Mississippi, for nearly thirty years, +had any other person claimed to have discovered any other source +than Lake Itasca, I should have been informed thereof."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"><h4>From W. W. DeKay, Red Wing:</h4> + +<p>"From such information as I have upon the subject, I regard the +lake located by Captain Glazier, to the south of Itasca, as the true +source of the Mississippi. I have resided in Minnesota for thirty-three +years."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"><h4>From William Moore, Superintendent of Schools, Lake City:</h4> + +<p>"Knowing the facts in regard to Captain Glazier's discovery of the +true source of the Mississippi, as brought out by public discussion, I +am convinced that he is justly entitled to be considered the discoverer +of the source of the Mississippi River."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"><h4>From George C. Stout, Mayor, Lake City:</h4> + +<p>"I have no doubt that Captain Glazier is fully entitled to the honor +of first discovery of the true source of the Mississippi River."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"><h4>From D. O. Irwin, Postmaster, Lake City:</h4> + +<p>"I am convinced that the actual source of the Mississippi had not +been recognized before the published account of explorations by +Captain Glazier; and I regard <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span> as the true source of +the Great River."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From H. L. Smith, Editor and Proprietor of the Graphic, Lake City:</h4> + +<p>"I am fully convinced that <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span> is the real source of +the Father of Waters. Have resided in Minnesota seventeen years."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From F. J. Collins, Mayor of Wabasha:</h4> + +<p>"I have no doubt that Captain Glazier is fully entitled to the +credit of having discovered the true source of the Mississippi River. +I have resided in Minnesota thirty-one years."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From Hon. James G. Lawrence, Ex-State Senator, Wabasha:</h4> + +<p>"I believe Captain Glazier is certainly entitled to the credit of +discovering the true source of the Mississippi, in a lake above Lake +Itasca, now named after him, <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span>."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From D. L. Dawley, Principal of Schools, Wabasha:</h4> + +<p>"I believe Captain Glazier to be the real discoverer of the true +source of the Mississippi River."</p></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Appx_xxxvi" id="Appx_xxxvi">[xxxvi]</a></span></p><hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From S. B. Sheardown, M. D., Winona:</h4> + +<p>"I believe that Captain Glazier is entitled to the credit of discovering +the real source of the Mississippi River. I have been a resident of +Minnesota over thirty-one years."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From Judge A. F. Storey, St. Vincent:</h4> + +<p>"I have no hesitancy in saying that there can be no question, but, +that <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span> is the true and primal source of the Mississippi +River."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From James A. Thompson, Postmaster, Leech Lake (the nearest post-office to the source of the Mississippi):</h4> + +<p>"I am of opinion that <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span> is the source of the Mississippi. +I have talked on this subject with some of the Indians who +accompanied Captain Glazier on his exploring expedition in 1881, and +they all say it is the last lake; that they went all the way in their +canoes, and could go no further. It is the general belief here that LAKE +GLAZIER is the true source."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From Paul Beaulieu, United States Interpreter, White Earth Indian Agency:</h4> + +<p>"I would respectfully state that according to the ideas of the people +of this section of country, for scores of years past, in alluding +to Lake Itasca, <i>which is known only as Elk Lake by the original inhabitants +of this part of the country</i>, was never by them considered as +the head or source of the Father of Running Waters, or May-see-see-be, +as it is by them named. I received a map showing the route of +exploration of Captain Willard Glazier, 1881, and being well +acquainted with his chief guide, Chenowagesic, who has made the +section of country explored by Captain Glazier his home for many +years in the past, and who has proved the truth of his often repeated +assertion, when maps were shown him, that a smaller lake above +Lake Itasca would in time change the feature of those maps, and +proclaim to the world that Lake Itasca cannot any longer maintain +its claim as being the fountain head of Ke-chee-see-be, or Great +River, which is called May-see-see-be, by the Chippewas. The map +as delineated by Captain Glazier's guide, Chenowagesic, and published +by the Glazier party, is correct; and it is plain to us who know the +lay of this whole country (I mean, by <i>us</i>, the Chippewa tribe in particular, +also the recent explorers for pine) that <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span> is +located at the right place, and is the last lake on the longest stream +of the several rivers at the head of the great Mississippi."</p></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Appx_xxxvii" id="Appx_xxxvii">[xxxvii]</a></span></p> + +<hr class='major' /> +<h2><a name="RECOGNITION" id="RECOGNITION"></a>V. RECOGNITION.</h2> + + +<p>The discovery and final location of the source of the Great +River of the North American Continent by Captain +Glazier has received general recognition in this country and +in Europe, and our aim to place before the reader of this volume, +material to assist him in forming his judgment on the +validity of the author's claim, would not be attained if we +omitted to include in these <i>addenda</i> the following evidence, the +nature and weight of which we think should carry conviction +to the mind of every impartial critic.</p> + +<p>A report of the discovery was duly sent to Hon. Charles +P. Daly, President of the American Geographical Society, +New York, and by him forwarded to the Editor of the <i>New +York Herald</i>, and published by that paper, accompanied by a +map of the region explored, showing the true source of the +Mississippi.</p> + +<p>A report was also sent to the Royal Geographical Society, +London, England, and the following courteous reply received:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'>"<span class="smcap">Royal Geographical Society</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:4em;'>"<i>London</i>, January 12, 1885.</p> + +<p>"<span class="smcap">Captain Willard Glazier</span>, New York, U. S. A.</p> + +<p>"<i>Dear Sir:</i>—We owe you an apology for delaying so long +communicating with you on the subject of your interesting letter and its +accompanying map; a delay caused by the long summer vacation of +our council, which commenced a little before the arrival of your letter.</p> + +<p>"I am happy to be able to send you a copy of the January number +of the Proceedings of our Society, containing your letter and map, +and trust you will find no error has crept in.</p> + +<p>"Your discovery was considered a distinct addition to our knowledge +of the geography of the Mississippi basin, and well worthy of +publication by the Society, and I am directed to thank you for having +communicated this brief account of it to us.</p> + +<p class='center'>"Your obedient servant,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:8em;'>"<span class="smcap">H. W. Bates</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'>"<i>Assistant Secretary and Editor</i>." +</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>George W. Melville, the famed Arctic Explorer, writes:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'>"<i>Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</i></p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:6em;'>"February 5, 1885.</p> + +<p>"<span class="smcap">Captain Willard Glazier</span>:</p> + +<p>"Dear Sir:—Your very interesting paper and map of the discovery<span class='pagenum'><a name="Appx_xxxviii" id="Appx_xxxviii">[xxxviii]</a></span> +of the source of the Mississippi came to hand this morning. Having +but a single number of your paper I can form but an inadequate idea +of your labor and patience, except by a look at your map, which is +a very good one, and shows an immense amount of labor; in fact I +am astonished at the amount of work done in so short a space of +time as is shown on your track chart.</p> + +<p>"I am gratified at being made the recipient of your favor; and +with sentiments of the highest esteem and regard for a worthy brother +in the world of science,</p> + +<p class='center'>"I am, dear sir, very respectfully,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:4em;'>"<span class="smcap">George W. Melville</span>,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'>"<i>Chief Engineer, U. S. Navy</i>." +</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<h4>Geographers and Educational Publishers.</h4> + +<p>Many of the geographers and educational publishers of the +country have not only made the necessary changes in their +maps of Minnesota, but have expressed their recognition and acceptance +of the <span class="smcap">Glazier</span> discovery in letters addressed to friends +of the Captain and others interested in arriving at the truth of +this important question. Among these may be mentioned:</p> + +<p>Rand, McNally & Company, George F. Cram, and George +H. Benedict & Company, Chicago; Matthews, Northrup & +Company, Buffalo; A. S. Barnes & Company, New York and +Chicago; University Publishing Company, New York; Charles +Lubrecht, New York; M. Dripps, New York; W. & A. K. +Johnston, Geographers to the Queen, Edinburgh, Scotland; +MacMillan & Company, London and New York; Nelson & +Sons, New York and Edinburgh, Scotland; Gaylord Watson, +P. O'Shea and George H. Adams & Company, New York; W. +M. Bradley & Brother, Philadelphia; School Supply Company, +John A. Boyle, Boston; J. K. Gill & Company, Portland, +Oregon; John Lovell & Son, Montreal, Canada; Map and +School Supply Company, Toronto, Canada; F. A. Brockhaus, +Leipsic; A. Hartleben, Wein, Austria; and many others.</p> + +<p>The following extracts are from <span class="smcap">Barnes' Complete Geography</span> +by the eminent geographer, Professor James Monteith:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>Page 4. "Record of Recent Discoveries and Events.</h4> + +<p>"The source of the Mississippi River is <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span>, a small +lake from which water flows into Lake Itasca, which until recently +was thought to be its source."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>Page 73. "North Central States (Western Section).</h4> + +<p>"Recent surveys have shown that <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span> is about seven +feet higher than Lake Itasca, into which the former discharges its +water; and it is now recognized as the source of the Mississippi +River."</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Appx_xxxix" id="Appx_xxxix">[xxxix]</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><h4>"Maury's Manual of Geography, University Publishing Company, New York:</h4> + +<p>"<span class="smcap">Page 56.</span> Minnesota is crossed by the ridge or 'Height of Land' +which separates the Valley of the Mississippi from the northern slope +of the Great Central Plain. On this elevation, 1,600 feet above the +sea, both the Mississippi and the Red River of the North take their +rise, the one flowing south and the other north. The crest of the +'Height of Land' is crowned with lakes of clear water. <span class="smcap">Lake +Glazier</span>, one of these, is the source of the Mississippi...."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From Herr F. A. Brockhaus, Geographer and Publisher of Leipsic, Germany:</h4> + +<p>"I shall not fail to recognize and call public attention to your important +discovery of the True Head of your Great River."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From Professor J. W. Redway, of Philadelphia, a well-known geographer and scientist:</h4> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'>"<i>Philadelphia</i>, September 9, 1887.</p> + +<p>"<span class="smcap">Captain Willard Glazier:</span></p> + +<p>"<i>My Dear Sir:</i>— ... You will have the satisfaction of knowing that +by your exertions and enterprise an error of more than fifty years +standing has been made apparent. The world owes you a debt for +determining an important question in geography.</p> + +<p class='center'>"Sincerely yours,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:1em;'>"<span class="smcap">J. W. Redway</span>."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From the Messrs. Harper & Brothers, New York:</h4> + +<p>"Recent exploration and survey establish the fact that <span class="smcap">Lake +Glazier</span> has the best claim to the distinction of standing at the head +of the Father of Waters. School Geographies generally are being +corrected to show it."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From Rand, McNally & Company, Map-makers and Publishers, Chicago:</h4> + +<p>"As to the source of the Mississippi, we gave it considerable attention +in preparing our new map of Minnesota, and finally fixed it as +<span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span>. This, we consider, has the best claim."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From George F. Cram, Map and Atlas Publisher, Chicago:</h4> + +<p>"I mail you to-day a copy of the corrected map of Minnesota, +showing <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span> as the source of the Mississippi."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From Matthews, Northrup & Company, Art Printers, Buffalo, New York:</h4> + +<p>"We regard <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span> as the true source of the Mississippi, +and are so showing it on all maps, etc., issued by us."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From Messrs. Cowperthwait & Company, Philadelphia.</h4> + +<p>"We have added <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span> to our School Maps as the source +of the Mississippi."</p></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Appx_xl" id="Appx_xl">[xl]</a></span></p><hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From E. A. Lawrence, University Publishing Company, New York:</h4> + +<p>"We think <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span> is important enough to outrank Itasca +as the source of the Mississippi."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From W. M. Bradley & Brother, Philadelphia:</h4> + +<p>"<span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span> appears on our large Atlas of the World, and on +Mitchell's Atlas, as the true source of the Mississippi."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From John Lovell & Son, Educational Publishers, Montreal:</h4> + +<p>"The collection of testimonials from leading citizens of Minnesota, +and others, tells convincingly in Captain Glazier's favor."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From MacMillan & Company, London and New York:</h4> + +<p>"Pray accept our very cordial thanks for your courtesy in sending +us the map of the true source of the Mississippi. We are forwarding +it on to our London house, who will gladly avail themselves of the +information it conveys."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From Gaylord Watson, Map and Chart Publisher, New York:</h4> + +<p>"I shall show <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span> as the source of the Mississippi on +my maps."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From P. O'Shea, Catholic Publisher, New York:</h4> + +<p>"I have come to the conclusion that <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span> is the true +source of the Mississippi, and intend to give it as the source in the +new editions of my geographies."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From Geo. H. Adams & Son, Map Publishers, New York:</h4> + +<p>"We recognize <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span> as the True Source of the Mississippi +River, and believe that Captain Glazier's claim to its discovery +is now admitted by all the leading Map Publishers of the country."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From the Map and School Supply Company, Toronto:</h4> + +<p>"We consider <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span> the source of the Mississippi +River, and are having it appear on all our latest maps as such."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From Captain A. N. Husted, Professor of Mathematics, State Normal School, Albany, New York:</h4> + +<p>"<span class="smcap">Captain Willard Glazier:</span></p> + +<p>"<i>My Dear Sir:</i>—I have been much interested in your trip to the +beginning of the Father of Waters, and feel that you have contributed +a valuable item to the great volume of geographical knowledge."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From Colonel George Soulé, President of Soulé, College, New Orleans:</h4> + +<p>"I recognize the correctness of Captain Glazier's claim, and shall +teach that the source of the Mississippi is <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span>."</p></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Appx_xli" id="Appx_xli">[xli]</a></span></p><hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From Rev. L. Abernethy, A. M., D. D., President of Rutherford College, North Carolina:</h4> + +<p>"I am satisfied that <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span> is the true source of the +Mississippi and that Captain Glazier is entitled to the honor of its +discovery."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From J. L. Smith, Map Publisher, Philadelphia:</h4> + +<p>"Having given considerable attention to the merits of the claim +presented by Captain Willard Glazier to have definitely located the +source of the Mississippi, I am of the opinion that the lake to the +south of Itasca should be recognized as the primal reservoir or true +fountain-head of that river, and that Captain Glazier is entitled to +the credit of having been the first to discover this fact and call public +attention to it."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From G. H. Laughlin, A. M., Ph. D., President of Hiram College, Ohio:</h4> + +<p>"Captain Glazier has rendered an invaluable service to the science +of geography. I am glad that the school geographies are being +corrected so as to indicate <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span> as the source +of the Father of Waters."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From the firm of W. & A. K. Johnston, of Edinburgh, Scotland, Geographers and Engravers to the Queen:</h4> + +<p>"You have the satisfaction of having done a great work in settling +the vexed question of the source of your mighty river. For this, all +interested in geography are indebted to you."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From Charles Lubrecht, Map Publisher, New York:</h4> + +<p>"I shall show <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span> as the source of the Mississippi +River in all future editions of my Maps."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From M. Dripps, Map Publisher, New York:</h4> + +<p>"I will avail myself of Captain Glazier's discovery by showing the +True Source of the Mississippi on future editions of my maps of the +United States."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"><h4>From George H. Benedict & Co., Map, Wood and Photo-Engravers, Chicago:</h4> + +<p>"<span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span> is now acknowledged to be the True Source of +the Mississippi, and in the course of time will appear as such on all +maps."</p></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Appx_xlii" id="Appx_xlii">[xlii]</a></span></p><hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From John S. Kendall, President of the National School Furnishing Company of Chicago:</h4> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'>"<i>Chicago</i>, October 6, 1887.</p> + +<p>"<span class="smcap">Captain Willard Glazier:</span></p> + +<p>"<i>Dear Sir:</i>—Your book 'Down the Great River' has been received +and read with interest. I am glad to see the entire narrative in book +form. There is no doubt about your expedition having added largely +to our rather limited stock of information regarding the country +around the headwaters of the Great River. I deem it a graceful and +fitting compliment to give your name to the lake south of Itasca.</p> + +<p>"Thanking you for the book, which I have placed in my library.</p> + +<p class='center'>"Yours very respectfully,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'>"<span class="smcap">John S. Kendall</span>." +</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From Frederick Warne & Company, Publishers, London:</h4> + +<p>"Pray accept our very cordial thanks. The alteration in the +source of your great river has been noted, and we shall gladly avail +ourselves of the information to make the correction in our atlases."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From Thos. Nelson & Sons, Edinburgh and New York:</h4> + +<p>"The correction as to the True Source of the Mississippi will be +made as opportunity occurs, when issuing new editions of our publications."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From Herr A. Hartleben, one of the leading Publishers of Germany:</h4> + +<p>"I congratulate Captain Glazier on his important discovery of the +source of the Mississippi River, and shall have great pleasure in +bringing the subject to the notice of our Geographical Society."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From Appleton's Annual Encyclopedia—1885:</h4> + +<p>"Lake Itasca, which has been distinguished as the head of the +Mississippi for fifty years, must, it seems, yield that distinction to a +smaller lake about a mile and a half in length by a mile in width, +lying further south, discovered by Captain Willard Glazier in, 1881, +and named for him '<span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span>.'"</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>From American Supplement to the Encyclopedia Britannica:</h4> + +<p>"The Mississippi has its source in <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span>, south of Lake +Itasca, Minnesota, 47° 34' N. lat, 95° 2' W. long. The greatest +width of this lake is a mile and a half, and it is deeper than Itasca, +with which it is connected by a shallow stream about six feet wide."</p></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Appx_xliii" id="Appx_xliii">[xliii]</a></span></p><hr style='width: 45%;' /> + + + +<hr class='major' /> +<h2><a name="NOTICES_OF_THE_PRESS" id="NOTICES_OF_THE_PRESS"></a>VI. NOTICES OF THE PRESS.</h2> + + +<p>The Press, as the most important indication and expression +of public opinion, has been almost unanimous, since +1881, in sustaining Captain Glazier's claim, more especially +the Press of Minnesota; while the majority of the leading +papers of the East have pronounced strongly in his favor. +We can insert here only a few notices, taken chiefly from the +journals of the Northwest.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>Saint Paul Dispatch.</h4> + +<p>"Captain Glazier has just published the record of his experiences +in his undertaking to establish that the true source of the Mississippi +is not that which geographers have heretofore accepted as such, +to wit: Lake Itasca. It is indisputable that Captain Glazier did proceed +to a higher point than any reached by previous explorers, and +that the body of water located by him and now known as <span class="smcap">Lake +Glazier</span>, is a direct feeder of the generally accredited head of the +Mississippi. The <i>Dispatch</i> has always claimed for the writer of this +book the honor of being the discoverer of the true source of our Great +River. There certainly is a great deal in his work to substantiate his +claim, and to sustain the attitude taken by the <i>Dispatch</i>.</p> + +<p>" ... Captain Glazier set out to test the correctness of the generally +accepted theories of scholars as to the place of the rise of +this Great River; he made the test and found, as we believe, that +those theories were not correct. He has given to the world the record +of that work, and has done much to perpetuate his own name +thereby."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>Minneapolis Spectator.</h4> + +<p>"'Down the Great River,' by Captain Willard Glazier, gives an +account of the discovery of the lake now generally asserted to be +the source of the Mississippi; also a description of a canoe voyage +during the summer of 1881, from the source to the mouth of the +Father of Waters. A journey of over three thousand miles by canoe, +and on a single stream, is in itself an arduous and remarkable undertaking, +and one seldom, if ever, paralleled. Captain Glazier presents +not only reasonable evidence to support his claim as the discoverer +of the true source of the Great River, but gives an entertaining and +instructive narrative of his researches and adventures, thus affording +a graphic history and description of the Mississippi."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>Brainerd Dispatch.</h4> + +<p>"'Down the Great River,' by Captain Willard Glazier, is an<span class='pagenum'><a name="Appx_xliv" id="Appx_xliv">[xliv]</a></span> +account of the author's voyage in 1881, from the source to the mouth +of the Mississippi River in a canoe. It is a very interesting and instructive +narrative from beginning to end; the descriptions of the +scenery through which the river passes being unusually fine. In +this volume the Captain presents his claim of having discovered +beyond Lake Itasca another lake which is connected with Itasca by +a well-defined stream, and consequently is the true source of the +Mississippi."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>Northwestern Presbyterian, Minneapolis.</h4> + +<p>"All who live in the valley of America's greatest river will be +especially interested in knowing something of its source, its course, +and the cities that line its banks. Since De Soto first discovered the +Father of Waters in 1541, many eminent explorers have been associated +with its history. Marquette, Joliet, La Salle, Hennepin, La Hontan, +Charlevoix, Carver, Pike, Cass, and Beltrami preceded Schoolcraft. +The last named discovered a lake which he supposed to be the source, +but the Indians and the missionaries said there was a lake beyond. A +learned few believed them. It remained for some explorer to make +further investigation and publish the truth more widely to the world. +This was done by Captain Glazier in 1881, who visited the lake, explored +its shores and found it to be wider and deeper than Itasca."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>Winona Republican.</h4> + +<p>"Captain Glazier, who has won fame as the discoverer of the true +source of the Mississippi, has recently published a good-sized volume +entitled 'Down the Great River.' ... Very few persons realize that +a man who passes from the source of the Mississippi to its mouth experiences +a greater variety in scene, in populations, and in climate, +than would an explorer going from the source to the mouth of any +other river in the world.... The narrative of Captain Glazier is +interesting, because it gives a panoramic view of the Mississippi from +its source to its mouth, describing the appearance of the river wherever +tributaries enter, and noting the character of the Indians, fur-traders, +pioneers, frontiersmen, and the agricultural and commercial +communities along its course. There is, too, a spice of personal adventure +in such a journey, because for the greater part of the trip +the Captain was accompanied by only one other person, and the +novelty of riding in a canoe over every mile of one of the greatest +rivers in the world, in itself gives a peculiar character to the record +of the journey. The story is simply the narrative of life in a canoe +floating down the Mississippi, supplemented by such historical recollections +and reminiscences as have seemed appropriate to one who +is an enthusiast in the history of exploration...."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>Minneapolis Star-News.</h4> + +<p>"On the 22d day of July, 1881, the traveler and author, Captain +Willard Glazier, discovered a silvery lake nestled among the +pineries of Northern Minnesota and situate about a mile and a half +to the south of Lake Itasca. He also discovered that a swift current +flowed continuously from his new-found wonder to what was supposed +to be the source of the Father of Waters. The lake is known to the +Indians as <i>Pokegama</i>, and when it was reached by the Glazier party<span class='pagenum'><a name="Appx_xlv" id="Appx_xlv">[xlv]</a></span> +they were much surprised by Chenowagesic, an Indian chief, who +had accompanied them as guide, addressing Captain Glazier as follows:</p> + +<p>"'My brother, I have come with you through many lakes and rivers +to the head of the Father of Waters. The shores of this lake are my +hunting ground. Here I have had my wigwam and planted corn for +many years. When I again roam through these forests, and look on +this lake, source of the Great River, I will look on you.'</p> + +<p>"Captain Glazier was induced to explore the true source of the Mississippi +by Indian traditions which he had picked up while traveling +across the continent and which denied Schoolcraft's theory of Itasca.... +Fortified with the idea that Schoolcraft was in error he set out +to discover the true source of the Father of Waters, and how he succeeded +forms the subject of the first five chapters of his very interesting +book. The remainder of the book, an interesting and instructive +volume of nearly five hundred pages, is devoted to a trip 'down the +Great River' to the Gulf of Mexico. To Captain Glazier is due all +the honor and glory of discovering to modern geographers the true +source of our great river."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>Detroit Commercial Advertiser.</h4> + +<p>"'Down the Great River' is Captain Willard Glazier's interesting +record of his expedition in 1881 in search of the source of the Mississippi +River. It is a very exciting narrative from beginning to end, +is profusely illustrated and will be especially interesting to students +of geography, as well as to all interested in matters of exploration +and discovery. Captain Glazier undoubtedly accomplished a great +work. The source of the Mississippi had ever been an unsettled +question, unsatisfactory attempts at discovery having been made and +various ill-founded claims put forward; but the subject for the last +half century has been constantly agitated. It remained for Captain +Glazier to finish the work begun by De Soto in 1541, and positively +locate the true fountain-head.... That the lake from which the +Great River starts, known by the Indians as Lake Pokegama, should +be re-named <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span>, seems an appropriate honor for the +resolute explorer...."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>La Crosse Republican and Leader.</h4> + +<p>"'Down the Great River' is the title of a book just issued which +possesses many claims to popular favor. No one on the North +American continent will be at a loss to identify the river by its title; +the Amazon undoubtedly discharges a larger volume of water into the +sea, and the Volga is claimed to be longer. No river in the Old or +New World is surrounded by so many associations, or is so identified +with the memories of discoverers and adventurers, warrior-priests and +saintly soldiers, peaceful pioneers and devastating armies, as the +Mississippi.... For half a century Lake Itasca has been accepted +as the fountain-head of the Great River, but Captain Glazier having +had reasons for doubting the correctness of that theory, undertook, in +1881, to verify or disprove it, and the book treats of his adventures +on that mission and his subsequent voyage by canoe down its entire +length from its source to its mouth, a distance of three thousand one +hundred and eighty-four miles.... The voyage, embracing as it +does over seventeen degrees of latitude, furnishes material for the +description of strongly contrasted scenery and greatly diversified<span class='pagenum'><a name="Appx_xlvi" id="Appx_xlvi">[xlvi]</a></span> +industries, and in depicting these the Captain has the pen of a ready +writer, simple and concise...."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>Michigan Christian Advocate.</h4> + +<p>"'Down the Great River' is a book of great current interest. It is +packed full of things people ought to know. Not only is there a full +and well-written account of the finding of the true source of the +Mississippi, but a wonderful amount of fact and incident picked up along +its shores from its headwaters clear down to New Orleans and the +Gulf of Mexico."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>Detroit Tribune.</h4> + +<p>"This interesting work gives an account of the discovery of the +true source of the Mississippi River, by the author. From the first +page to the last the book teems with information and topographical +and geographical data to be found nowhere else. Captain Glazier +carries his readers along with him from the source of the mighty +river down through a stretch of over three thousand miles clear +into the salt waters of the Gulf of Mexico. The author made the +trip in an open canoe, and as he proceeds downwards discourses +pleasantly upon the features of the landscape, the characteristics of +the people and the important towns upon the banks of the Great River."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>Grand Rapids (Michigan) Leader.</h4> + +<p>"Lake Itasca has been the accredited head of the Mississippi for +fifty years, and the author's desire to pursue further investigations +into the great north country was due to conflicting reports published +by other navigators and explorers of discoveries made in that region. +He decided to investigate the matter personally. The author describes +in an entertaining manner the incidents of each day as the +journey proceeded towards Lake Itasca. Here a careful survey of +the lake was made for feeders, several of which were found, and +up the largest of which the party forced their way through a strong +barrier of rushes. After a short passage a body of water was found +Which the Indians called Lake <i>Pokegama</i>, but which the Captain's +companions named <span class="smcap">Glazier</span> in honor of the head of the expedition. +They then floated down the river in their canoes to the Gulf, +and the events of each day form very interesting and often thrilling +chapters as they are described by the author."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>New Bedford Standard.</h4> + +<p>"In 1881 Captain Glazier made a canoe voyage of over three +thousand miles from the headwaters of the Mississippi to the Gulf +of Mexico, and this book gives an interesting account of the voyage, +together with a description of the cities and villages along the +river banks, not omitting important historical events or quaint bits +of legendary lore. While the book is of special value to the young +student of geography and history, it is none the less valuable to all +who are interested in geographical science, particularly in the +question of the source of the Mississippi River...."</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Appx_xlvii" id="Appx_xlvii">[xlvii]</a></span></p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>Madisonensis, Madison University, New York.</h4> + +<p>"Captain Glazier has commanded the attention of educated men +generally by asserting and satisfactorily proving that he has at last +discovered what De Soto, Marquette, La Salle, Schoolcraft, and other +explorers, were unable to find—the true source of the Mississippi. +The journey of exploration is here minutely described, and the account +is enlivened with bright narratives of personal experiences. +The author is an able writer, and a keen critical observer, and the +information collected, pertaining to the people and country along +the course of the Great River, from its headwaters to the Gulf of +Mexico, is of value to every student of our country's history. The +book is more than a mere description of an expedition—it is an +epitomized collection of historical, geographical and commercial +matters interesting to all."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>Hamilton, New York, Republican.</h4> + +<p>... "The important fact brought out is, that Lake Itasca, discovered +by Schoolcraft in 1832, and by him located as the fountain-head +of the river, has no just claim to that title. Glazier's expedition has +brought public notice to another lake at a remoter distance from the +mouth than Itasca, which is united to the latter by a constantly +flowing stream.... It now seems that the prominence Itasca has +had so long must hereafter be given to <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span>."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>Davenport Tribune.</h4> + +<p>"This work embraces an account of the discovery by the author of +the true source of the Mississippi. It is an interesting tale of how +Captain Glazier and his party pursued a voyage in canoes up the +stream which flowed into Itasca, and finally located the real source of +the river in a new lake, which was named by his companions <span class="smcap">Lake +Glazier</span>. The work is a valuable one and highly instructive, and +should be read by all residents of the Mississippi Valley."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>Daily Eagle, Grand Rapids, Michigan.</h4> + +<p>... "It seems most surprising that it should have been reserved +for so recent a date as 1881 to discover the true source of the greatest +river of our continent, especially within the borders of a territory +that has been a State for nearly forty years. But such is the +fact, and to Captain Glazier belongs the honor of the discovery among +white men."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>Telegram-Herald, Grand Rapids, Michigan.</h4> + +<p>... "Captain Glazier, in his search for the true source of the +Mississippi, has corrected a geographical error of half a century, and +located the fountain-head in a lake above and beyond Lake Itasca. +He discovered this lake on the twenty-second day of July, 1881, +Chenowagesic, a Chippewa brave, being his guide. The lake, out of +which flows the infant Mississippi, is about two miles in its greatest +diameter. Its Indian name is <i>Pokegama</i>, but Glazier's companions +insisted on naming it after their leader." ...</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Appx_xlviii" id="Appx_xlviii">[xlviii]</a></span></p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>Akron Daily Beacon.</h4> + +<p>... "Until Captain Glazier traced back from Lake Itasca the +perennial stream that supplied it from a more distant lake, called by +the Indians <i>Pokegama</i>, and beyond which there is no further supply +to the Father of Waters, Itasca was considered its source.... July +twelfth, 1881, Glazier left Brainerd, Minnesota, on his mission, reaching +Leech Lake July seventeenth. Thence the expedition proceeded +westward by little lakes and streams and portages, until on the +twenty-first they camped on Schoolcraft Island, in Lake Itasca, and +then paddling through this lake away, as supposed, from the Mississippi, +and by Eagle Creek, the next day they found what is now, +and will hereafter be known as, <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span>, the ultimate source +of the mighty Mississippi." ...</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>Youngstown (Ohio) Telegram.</h4> + +<p>"A pamphlet, entitled the 'True Source of the Mississippi,' by +Pearce Giles, has reached us. It proves very clearly that not Lake +Itasca but <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span>, a lake just to the south of it, is the true +source of the mighty central river. The best part of the discovery +seems to be that Captain Glazier so explored the country about this +lake that there is no possibility of another discovery of a connecting +lake beyond it. One likes to have such matters settled definitely."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>National Republican, Washington, D. C.</h4> + +<p>... "The birthplace of the Father of Waters is not Lake Itasca, +as generally received, but <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span>, in its vicinity, which, by +a small stream, flows into Itasca. <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span>, so named from +its discoverer, Captain Willard Glazier, has three feeders, Eagle, Excelsior, +and Deer creeks. This latest geographical claim is supported +by ample testimony from highest and widespread authorities. The +story of adventures during the exploration which had so important a +result, is extremely interesting."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>Dubuque Trade Journal.</h4> + +<p>"On July twenty-second, 1881, Captain Willard Glazier dispelled +the geographical error of half a century which has placed Lake Itasca +on the maps as the source of the Mississippi. Strange as it may seem, +there is scarcely a wilder region on this continent than exists in +Northern Minnesota, and it has so remained in spite of the explorations +of Beltrami, Schoolcraft, and Nicollet, who, perhaps, ought to +have been a little more exhaustive in their efforts when on the same +depended the designation of the actual source of a great river. +Nevertheless, at the date above mentioned, Captain Glazier, at the +head of a small but indomitable band, emerged from Lake Itasca, and +the birch-bark canoes of the party were urged against a strong current +and a bulwark of rushes, through a stream seven feet wide and three +deep, until the clear waters of another lake came in view. The greatest +diameter of this new body of water is about two miles, its feeders +are traceable to springs only, and hence it is unquestionably the +primal source whence the Father of Waters starts on his long journey +of 3,184 miles to the Gulf of Mexico." ...</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Appx_xlix" id="Appx_xlix">[xlix]</a></span></p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>Burlington Hawkeye.</h4> + +<p>"In the summer of 1881, Captain Willard Glazier, well known as +a popular writer, made a remarkable canoe voyage from the source +of the Mississippi down its entire length to the Gulf of Mexico. Prior +to starting on this unprecedented voyage, he organized and led an +expedition to the headwaters of the river in Northern Minnesota, with +a view of setting at rest the vexed question as to the true source of the +mighty river. Captain Glazier and his party left Saint Paul, duly +equipped with canoes and commissariat, July Fourth, 1881, and +arrived at Lake Itasca July twenty-first. Thence, by the aid of his +Indian guides, he penetrated to another lake beyond Itasca, and +connected therewith by a stream which is a continuation of the Mississippi, +and at that point is simply a narrow creek. The lake thus +entered by Captain Glazier he claims to be the true source of the +Father of Waters. <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span> now appears on the maps as the +source of the Great River."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>Saint Paul Times.</h4> + +<p>... "Captain Glazier's claims are supported emphatically by the +overwhelming testimony of thousands of the most distinguished and +competent authorities in the Northwest. Glazier undoubtedly expended +much time and treasure in investigating not only the source +of the Mississippi, but the geography and history of the entire river, +from its source to the Gulf.... The leading map publishers have +endorsed his claims, and do so in a way that leaves no doubt that they +place implicit confidence in him as a careful and trustworthy +geographer and historian. Rand, McNally & Co., and George F. +Cram, of Chicago; Matthews, Northrup & Co., of Buffalo; A. S. +Barnes & Co., of New York; University Publishing Company, of New +York; W. & A. K. Johnston, of Edinburgh, Scotland; MacMillan & +Co., London and New York; W. M. Bradley & Brother, Philadelphia, +and many others of the leading publishing houses, who have a +heavy personal interest in investigating the accuracy of everything +they publish, acknowledge Captain Glazier's claims by accepting his +views, and reproducing them in their books and maps. The press, +bar, pulpit, and legislature of the State of Minnesota give unqualified +assent through many of their leading members, to the position +of Captain Glazier."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>Chicago Times.</h4> + +<p>"The most interesting portion of Captain Glazier's 'Down the +Great River' is the beginning, where the author gives the details of +an expedition made in 1881 by himself with five companions, when +he claims, with good grounds, to have fixed the actual, true source +of the Great River. His attention was called in 1876 to the fact that, +though everybody knows the mouth of the stream, there was then +much uncertainty about the source. In 1881 he found time to organize +the expedition named, and crossing the country to Itasca, embarked +and pushed through that lake up a stream flowing into it, +and came upon another considerable body of water fed by three +streams originating in springs at the foot of a curved range of hills +some miles further on. This lake he fixed upon as the true source, +and since his published accounts many geographers and map-workers +have modified their works according to his discoveries. He does not<span class='pagenum'><a name="Appx_l" id="Appx_l">[l]</a></span> +claim to be the actual discoverer of the lake, as such, but only to +have been the first to discover and establish the fact that it is the +highest link in a chain in which Itasca is another; or, in other words, +the true source of the river. The Indian name of the lake is <i>Pokegama</i>, +and this, the author says, he would have retained, but was +overruled by the other five, who insisted on calling it <span class="smcap">Lake +Glazier</span>. For the particulars of the interesting story the reader +must be referred to the volume itself. Captain Glazier is an old +traveler and a practised writer. The manner of his journey down +the Mississippi enabled him to see well all there was to see, and he +enables his readers to see also."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>Chicago Inter-Ocean.</h4> + +<p>"Readers of 'Soldiers of the Saddle,' 'Capture, Prison-Pen and +Escape,' and other writings of Captain Glazier will require no urging +to read the entertaining volume 'Down the Great River.' It is +an account of the discovery of the true source of the Mississippi +River, with pictorial and descriptive views of cities, towns and scenery +gathered from a canoe voyage from its head waters to the Gulf. +For fifty years American youth have been taught that 'the Mississippi +rises in Lake Itasca,' until Captain Glazier, in this memorable +journey of one hundred and seventeen days in his canoe, demonstrated +the error and mapped the facts so accurately as to settle the +question for all time. Leading geographers and educational publishers +have already made changes in their maps and given due +credit to Captain Glazier and his new lake. To say the Mississippi +rises in <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span> is only doing simple justice to the intrepid +explorer and hero of many battles. The book is charmingly written, +mainly in the form of a diary, and contains facts of great value, +so interwoven with incidents and fine descriptions and novel adventures +as to be as interesting as the best romance. One could scarcely +find better history or finer descriptions or be more fully impressed +with the breadth and length and grandeur of American possessions +than by journeying with Captain Glazier in his canoe down the +grand river of the continent. The volume is handsomely printed +and bound and well illustrated."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>Chicago Evening Journal.</h4> + +<p>"However the knowledge may affect the world at large that the +source of the mighty Mississippi is other than generations of geography +students have been taught that it was, there is little doubt left +in the reader's mind, after perusing Captain Willard Glazier's 'Down +the Great River,' that we have all been in the wrong about it, and +that this most peerless river was born, not in Itasca's sparkling +springs, but in another wider and deeper lake that lies still further +south and bears the name of its discoverer, the author of this interesting +volume of exploration and adventure. There is something +charming in the simple thought of an expedition such as the one +undertaken by Captain Glazier. Imagine long, silent days of absolutely +unbroken communion with Nature! Slipping along in a frail +canoe, without the sound of an uncongenial human speech, of clanging +bells or grating wheels, through circling hours of unbroken +calm, with only the swish of bending reeds and lapping waters to +break the hush and remind one of a sentient world. Perhaps the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Appx_li" id="Appx_li">[li]</a></span> +author and his Indian guides occasionally exchanged a word, or the +two white companions and himself indulged in a laugh that started +the rattling echoes of the hills, but there was no chatter, no twaddle, +no dissensions. The narrative reads like a story. Reading it, one +longs to start for <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span> to-morrow, and thence descending, +halt not in his long course until his faithful canoe slips out into the +waters of the Southern Gulf, three thousand miles away. A man +with a soul in him would rather take such a trip with all its hardships +and its perils than go on a hundred cut-and-dried trips to +Europe. The book is handsomely bound and well illustrated."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>Chicago Herald.</h4> + +<p>"For half a century or more it has been understood that Lake +Itasca was the source of the Mississippi River, but Captain Willard +Glazier has exploded this theory by a canoe voyage undertaken in +1881. The results of his investigations were given to geographers at +the time and accepted as satisfactory and complete. Maps were at +once changed by the map publishers, and <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span>, a tributary +of Lake Itasca, was set down as the true source of the 'Father +of Waters.' The story of Captain Glazier's adventures is told by +him in a book entitled 'Down the Great River,' which is entertaining +as well as being of importance as a contribution to the geography +and history of this country. Together with two companions +and several guides, Glazier first discovered that the lake now bearing +his name was the true source of the Great River, and then journeyed +by canoe from that point to the mouth of the Mississippi, a distance +of 3,184 miles. This trip occupied one hundred and seventeen days +and was attended with various haps and mishaps and numerous adventures +of an exciting character. It is not easy from a mere book +description to realize the extent and importance of such a trip as +that made by Captain Glazier. More than a hundred days of roughing +it along one of the greatest waterways in the world could not +fail to be productive of much that would interest even a casual +reader, and as Captain Glazier is an experienced traveller and a +skilled writer, he has made the most of his opportunities."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>Springfield (Ohio) Times.</h4> + +<p>"The latest book from the pen of Willard Glazier, the well-known +soldier-author, is entitled 'Down the Great River.' It is a work of great +geographical and historical value, and settles beyond peradventure +the disputed question of the true source of the Mississippi. Aside +from its scientific value, the work is a charmingly entertaining narrative +of the thrilling adventures and amusing incidents of a canoe +trip over the whole length of the Mississippi from its source in the +cold regions of the North to where it rolls into the ocean over the +burning sands of the Gulf coast. It is highly instructive and interesting +in its graphic descriptions and character sketches, depicting +the varied human nature, local customs, and folk-lore that find habitation +along the banks of the Great River. The book is well worth +the perusal of every one, and an American library without it would +be incomplete."</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Appx_lii" id="Appx_lii">[lii]</a></span></p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>Ohio State Journal.</h4> + +<p>"It seems strange that for nearly fifty years up to 1881, no new +thing had been discovered concerning the great Mississippi, whose +source in the vast wilderness of the Northwest was supposed to be in +Lake Itasca. In that year, however, Captain Willard Glazier, an +adventurous spirit, determined to finally solve the mystery of the +source of the 'Father of Waters,' and also to navigate its entire +length from source to sea. Accordingly he traced with infinite hardship +the narrowing stream above Itasca until its true source was +finally reached in what is now known as <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span>. Then, +turning about, he floated down the constantly growing stream until +its mighty volume was emptied into the Gulf of Mexico. Of this +great trip, replete with adventure and abounding in incident, he has +given a most graphic and interesting account under the title of +'Down the Great River.'"</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>The Wheeling Intelligencer.</h4> + +<p>"Captain Glazier's name is familiar to the reading public of +America through his earlier works, 'Soldiers of the Saddle,' 'Capture, +Prison-Pen and Escape,' 'Battles for the Union,' 'Heroes of Three +Wars,' 'Peculiarities of American Cities,' and 'Ocean to Ocean on +Horseback.' His latest book, 'Down the Great River,' is his most +important essay in the field of literature, and is in several respects +unique. It is a very interesting account of a remarkable canoe voyage +from the head waters of the Mississippi to the Gulf; but its +importance comes from the fact that, until this voyage was made, the +source of the Mississippi was universally placed in Lake Itasca, +whereas Glazier and his party demonstrated that a higher basin, now +put down in all the new maps and geographies as <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span>, is +really the primary reservoir of the Mississippi. It seems almost +incredible, but is nevertheless true, that for over forty years previous +to 1881, when Captain Glazier made his discovery, it was accepted as +settled that Lake Itasca was the remotest body of water from the +mouth of the Mississippi. The falsity of this theory, however, has +been established and an important discovery given to the geographical +world. No discovery rivaling this in interest and importance has +been made on the American continent for half a century."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>Philadelphia Public Ledger.</h4> + +<p>"By the discoveries of Captain Willard Glazier, made in 1881, +Lake Itasca is dislodged from its former eminence as the source of the +Mississippi, the real head-waters of that mighty stream being traced +to <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span>, a distance of 3,184 miles from the Gulf of Mexico."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>Brooklyn Eagle.</h4> + +<p>"Captain Glazier's very clear map of the Great River shows the +True Source to be south of Lake Itasca, accepted by Schoolcraft in +1832 as the head-waters in disregard of the stream entering its +southwestern arm.... To Captain Glazier belongs the identification of +the fountain-head of the Mississippi."</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Appx_liii" id="Appx_liii">[liii]</a></span></p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>Philadelphia Times.</h4> + +<p>"Captain Willard Glazier has lately discovered the True Source +of the Mississippi, which is not in Lake Itasca, but in another lake to +the south of it, and succeeds in proving his discovery to the satisfaction +of the most competent judges, to wit, the geographers and +educational publishers of the country. These accept the new source +by placing it on their maps and calling it after its discoverer, +'<span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span>.'"</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>New York Observer.</h4> + +<p>"To Captain Glazier is undoubtedly due the honor of tracing the +Father of Waters, the great American river, up to its real source in +the network of lakes that occupies the central and northern portion +of the State of Minnesota."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>Minneapolis Journal.</h4> + +<p>" ... That what is now known as <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span> is the True +Source of the Mississippi River; and that to Captain Glazier is due +the credit of first placing the fact before the public by accurate chart +and maps, is unquestionably true."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>Philadelphia North American.</h4> + +<p>"The True Source of the Mississippi is settled beyond controversy. +Glazier's name will hereafter be classed with those of De Soto, La +Salle, and Hennepin, whose names are forever associated with the +Great River which divides the United States."</p></div> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class='center'><i>Philadelphia Inquirer.</i></p> + +<p>"Several years ago Captain Glazier, while meditating upon the +exploits of De Soto, Marquette, Father Hennepin and La Salle, the +heroic old explorers, who led the way to the Great River of North +America, regretted that, although its mouth was discovered by the +Chevalier La Salle nearly two hundred years ago, there was still +much uncertainty as to its True Source.... The discovery and +final location of the source of the Mississippi has now received general +recognition in this country and Europe, and there certainly +seems to be no doubt of the validity of Captain Glazier's claim. +His account of the discovery is very entertaining reading."</p></div> + + + +<hr class='major' /> +<h2><a name="CONCLUSION" id="CONCLUSION"></a>CONCLUSION.</h2> + +<p>The reader who is interested in the question discussed in +this Appendix has, we venture to assert, found ample evidence +to justify the author of "<span class="smcap">Down the Great River</span>" in +his claim to have been the first to locate the veritable source +of the Mississippi. The testimony is of such a character that +it is impossible for an impartial critic to arrive at any +other verdict than that the fountain-head of the Father of +Waters is <i>not</i> in Lake Itasca, but in the lake to the south of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Appx_liv" id="Appx_liv">[liv]</a></span> +it, now known as <span class="smcap">Lake Glazier</span>. The declarations of the +Indians and pioneers in the vicinity of the source of this river +are altogether corroborative of Captain Glazier and his companions; +the press of Minnesota speaks with but one voice, +while geographers and educational publishers are almost unanimous +in their recognition of the facts developed by his expedition.</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:8em;'>HUBBARD BROTHERS,</p> + +<p class='right' style='padding-right:2em;'><i>Publishers of "Down The Great River</i>."</p> + +<p style='padding-left:2em;'><span class="smcap">723 Chestnut Street</span>,</p> + +<p style='padding-left:1em;'><span class="smcap">Philadelphia</span>, April 30, 1888.</p> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<hr class="full" /> +<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SWORD AND PEN***</p> +<p>******* This file should be named 28152-h.txt or 28152-h.zip *******</p> +<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> +<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/8/1/5/28152">http://www.gutenberg.org/2/8/1/5/28152</a></p> +<p>Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed.</p> + +<p>Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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