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+The Project Gutenberg eBook of Sword and Pen, by John Algernon Owens
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Sword and Pen
+ Ventures and Adventures of Willard Glazier
+
+
+Author: John Algernon Owens
+
+
+
+Release Date: February 21, 2009 [eBook #28152]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SWORD AND PEN***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Juliet Sutherland, David Cortesi, and the Project
+Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team (https://www.pgdp.net)
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+ file which includes the original illustrations.
+ See 28152-h.htm or 28152-h.zip:
+ (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/8/1/5/28152/28152-h/28152-h.htm)
+ or
+ (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/8/1/5/28152/28152-h.zip)
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+ Several minor typographical errors have been corrected in
+ transcribing this work: contineu, secresy, bubling,
+ reconnoissance, cotemporary, delived (should be delivered),
+ eat (ate), Alleghany, amendmet, lage (large). Otherwise the
+ text is original and retains some inconsistent or outdated
+ spellings.
+
+ The original contains two lengthy addenda supplied by the
+ publisher which were not named in the Table of Contents.
+ Entries for these have been added to the Contents for
+ the convenience of the reader.
+
+ Despite the many testimonials in this book, as of 2008, the
+ source of the Mississippi is considered to be Lake Itasca.
+ Following a five-month investigation in 1891 it was decided
+ that the stream from Elk Lake (the body that Glazier would
+ have called Lake Glazier) into Itasca is too insignificant
+ to be deemed the river's source. Both lakes can be seen,
+ looking much as they do in the maps in this book, by directing
+ any online mapping service to 47 deg.11'N, 95 deg.14'W.
+
+
+
+
+
+SWORD AND PEN
+
+ * * * * *
+
+POPULAR WORKS OF
+
+Captain Willard Glazier.
+
+THE SOLDIER-AUTHOR.
+
+ I. Soldiers of the Saddle.
+ II. Capture, Prison-Pen, and Escape.
+III. Battles for the Union.
+ IV. Heroes of Three Wars.
+ V. Peculiarities of American Cities.
+ VI. Down the Great River.
+
+Captain Glazier's works are growing more and more popular
+every day. Their delineations of military life, constantly
+varying scenes, and deeply interesting stories, combine to
+place their writer in the front rank of American authors.
+
+SOLD ONLY BY SUBSCRIPTION.
+
+PERSONS DESIRING AGENCIES FOR ANY OF CAPTAIN GLAZIER'S
+BOOKS SHOULD ADDRESS
+
+THE PUBLISHERS
+
+ * * * * *
+
+[Illustration: (signed) Willard Glazier]
+
+SWORD AND PEN;
+
+or,
+
+Ventures and Adventures
+
+of
+
+WILLARD GLAZIER,
+(The Soldier-Author,)
+
+In
+War and Literature:
+Comprising
+Incidents and Reminiscences of His Childhood; His
+Chequered Life As a Student and Teacher; and His
+Remarkable Career As a Soldier and Author;
+Embracing Also the Story of His Unprecedented
+Journey from Ocean to Ocean
+on Horseback; and an Account of
+His Discovery of the True Source
+of the Mississippi River, and
+Canoe Voyage Thence to
+the Gulf of Mexico.
+
+by
+
+JOHN ALGERNON OWENS.
+
+Illustrated.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Philadelphia:
+P. W. Ziegler &. Company, Publishers,
+720 Chestnut Street.
+1890.
+
+Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1880, by
+John Algernon Owens,
+In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D.C.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+No apology will be required from the author for presenting to the public
+some episodes in the useful career of a self-made man; and while the
+spirit of patriotism continues to animate the sturdy sons of America,
+the story of one of them who has exemplified this national trait in a
+conspicuous measure, will be deemed not unworthy of record. The lessons
+it teaches, more especially to the young, are those of uncompromising
+_duty_ in every relation of life--self-denial, perseverance and "pluck;"
+while the successive stages of a course which led ultimately to a
+brilliant success, may be studied with some advantage by those just
+entering upon the business of life. As a soldier, Willard Glazier was
+"without fear and without reproach." As an author, it is sufficient to
+say, he is appreciated by his _contemporaries_--than which, on a
+literary man, no higher encomium can be passed. The sale of nearly half
+a million copies of one of his productions is no slight testimony to its
+value.
+
+Biography, to be interesting, must be a transcript of an eventful, as
+well as a remarkable career; and to be instructive, its subject should
+be exemplary in his aims, and in his mode of attaining them. The hero of
+this story comes fully up to the standard thus indicated. His career has
+been a romance. Born of parents of small means but of excellent
+character and repute; and bred and nurtured in the midst of some of the
+wildest and grandest scenery in the rugged county of St. Lawrence,
+close by the "Thousand Isles," where New York best proves her right to
+be called the Empire State through the stamp of royalty on her hills and
+streams--under the shadow of such surroundings as these, my subject
+attained maturity, with no opportunities for culture except those he
+made for himself. Yet he became possessed of an education eminently
+useful, essentially practical and calculated to establish just such
+habits of self-reliance and decision as afterwards proved chiefly
+instrumental in his success. Glazier had a fixed ambition to rise. He
+felt that the task would be difficult of accomplishment--that he must be
+not only the architect, but the builder of his own fortunes; and, as the
+statue grows beneath the sculptor's hand to perfect contour from the
+unshapely block of marble, so prosperity came to Captain Glazier only
+after he had cut and chiseled away at the hard surface of inexorable
+circumstance, and moulded therefrom the statue of his destiny.
+
+ J. A. O.
+ Philadelphia, _June 14th_, 1880.
+
+
+ * * * * *
+
+
+ TO
+ THE MEMORY OF
+
+ ULYSSES SIMPSON GRANT,
+
+ WHOSE SWORD,
+
+ AND TO THAT OF
+
+ HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW,
+
+ WHOSE PEN,
+
+ Have so Nobly Illustrated the Valor and Genius of their Country:
+
+ THE AUTHOR,
+
+ In a Spirit of Profound Admiration for
+
+ THE RENOWNED SOLDIER,
+
+ And of Measureless Gratitude to
+
+ THE IMMORTAL WRITER,
+
+ Dedicates This Book.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+ CHAPTER I.
+
+ ORIGIN OF THE GLAZIER FAMILY.
+
+ Lineage of Willard Glazier.--A good stock.--Oliver Glazier at the
+ Battle of Bunker Hill.--The home of honest industry.--The Coronet of
+ Pembroke.--The "Homestead Farm."--Mehitable Bolton.--Her New England
+ home.--Her marriage to Ward Glazier.--The wild "North Woods."--The
+ mother of the soldier-author 21
+
+ CHAPTER II.
+
+ BIRTH AND CHILDHOOD OF WILLARD GLAZIER.
+
+ The infant stranger.--A mother's prayers.--"Be just before you are
+ generous."--Careful training.--Willard Glazier's first battle.--A
+ narrow escape.--Facing the foe.--The "happy days of childhood."--
+ "The boy is father to the man" 27
+
+ CHAPTER III.
+
+ EARLY LIFE AND HABITS.
+
+ Scotch-Irish Presbyterianism of twenty-five years ago.--The "little
+ deacon."--First days at school.--Choosing a wife.--A youthful
+ gallant.--A close scholar but a wild lad.--A mother's influence.--
+ Ward Glazier a Grahamite.--Young Willard's practical jokes.--
+ Anecdote of Crystal Spring.--"That is something like water" 34
+
+ CHAPTER IV.
+
+ WILLARD GLAZIER AT SCHOOL.
+
+ School-days continued.--Boys will be boys.--Cornelius Carter, the
+ teacher.--Young Willard's rebellion against injustice.--
+ Gum-chewing.--Laughable race through the snow.--The tumble into a
+ snow-bank, and what came of it.--The runaway caught.--Explanation
+ and reconciliation.--The new master, James Nichols.--"Spare the rod
+ and spoil the child."--The age of chivalry not gone.--Magnanimity
+ of a school-boy.--Friendship between Willard and Henry
+ Abbott.--Good-bye to the "little deacon" 42
+
+ CHAPTER V.
+
+ ECCENTRICITIES OF HENRY GLAZIER.
+
+ Henry Glazier.--A singular character.--"Kaw-shaw-gan-ce" and
+ "Quaw-taw-pee-ab."--Tom Lolar and Henry Glazier.--Attractive
+ show-bills.--Billy Muldoon and his trombone.--Behind the
+ scenes.--"Sound your G!"--The mysterious musician.--What happened to
+ Billy.--"May the divil fly away wid ye!" 50
+
+ CHAPTER VI.
+
+ VISIONS OF THE FUTURE.
+
+ The big uncle and the little nephew.--Exchange of ideas between the
+ eccentric Henry Glazier and young Willard.--Inseparable
+ companions.---Willard's early reading.--Favorite authors.--
+ Hero-worship of the first Napoleon and Charles XII. of Sweden.--
+ The genius of good and of evil.--Allen Wight.--A born teacher.--
+ Reverses of fortune.--The shadow on the home.--Willard's resolve
+ to seek his fortune and what came of it.--The sleep under the
+ trees.--The prodigal's return.--"All's well that ends well" 58
+
+ CHAPTER VII.
+
+ WILLARD GLAZIER AT HOME.
+
+ Out of boyhood.--Days of adolescence.--True family pride.--Schemes
+ for the future.--Willard as a temperance advocate.--Watering his
+ grandfather's whiskey.--The pump behind the hill.--The sleigh-ride
+ by night.--The "shakedown" at Edward's.--Intoxicated by tobacco
+ fumes.--The return ride.--Landed in a snow-bank.--Good-bye horses
+ and sleigh!--Plodding through the snow 68
+
+ CHAPTER VIII.
+
+ ADVENTURES--EQUINE AND BOVINE.
+
+ Ward Glazier moves to the Davis Place.--"Far in the lane a lonely
+ house he found."--Who was Davis?--Description of the place.--A wild
+ spot for a home.--Willard at work.--Adventure with an ox-team.--The
+ road, the bridge and the stream.--"As an ox thirsteth for the
+ water."--Dashed from a precipice!--Willard as a horse-tamer.--
+ "Chestnut Bess," the blooded mare.--The start for home.--"Bess" on
+ the rampage.--A lightning dash.--The stooping arch.--Bruised and
+ unconscious 75
+
+ CHAPTER IX.
+
+ THE YOUNG TRAPPER OF THE OSWEGATCHIE.
+
+ A plan of life.--Determination to procure an education.--A
+ substitute at the plow.--His father acquiesces in his determination
+ to become a trapper.--Life in the wild woods along the
+ Oswegatchie.--The six "dead falls."--First success.--A fallacious
+ calculation.--The goal attained.--Seventy-five dollars in hard
+ cash!--Four terms of academic life.--The youthful rivals.--Lessons
+ in elocution.--A fight with hair-brushes and chairs!--"The walking
+ ghost of a kitchen fire."--Renewed friendship.--Teaching to obtain
+ means for an education 87
+
+ CHAPTER X.
+
+ THE SOLDIER SCHOOL-MASTER.
+
+ From boy to man.--The Lyceum debate.--Willard speaks for the
+ slave.--Entrance to the State Normal School.--Reverses.--Fighting
+ the world again.--Assistance from fair hands.--Willard meets Allen
+ Barringer.--John Brown, and what Willard thought of him.--Principles
+ above bribe.--Examination.--A sleepless night.--Haunted by the
+ "ghost of possible defeat."--"Here is your certificate."--The school
+ at Schodack Centre.--At the "Normal" again.--The Edwards
+ School.--Thirty pupils at two dollars each.--The "soldier
+ school-master."--Teachers at East Schodack.--The runaway
+ ride.--Good-by mittens, robes and whip!--Close of school at East
+ Schodack 102
+
+ CHAPTER XI.
+
+ INTRODUCTION TO MILITARY LIFE.
+
+ The mutterings of war.--Enlistment.--At Camp Howe.--First experience
+ as a soldier.--"One step to the front!"--Beyond Washington.--On
+ guard.--Promotion.--Recruiting service.--The deserted home on
+ Arlington Heights.--"How shall I behave in the coming battle?"--The
+ brave Bayard.--On the march.--The stratagem at Falmouth Heights.--A
+ brilliant charge.--After the battle 118
+
+ CHAPTER XII.
+
+ FIRST BATTLE OF BRANDY STATION.
+
+ The sentinel's lonely round.--General Pope in command of the
+ army.--Is gunboat service effective?--First cavalry battle of Brandy
+ Station.--Under a rain of bullets.--Flipper's orchard.--"Bring on
+ the brigade, boys!"--Capture of Confederate prisoners.--Story of a
+ revolver.--Cedar Mountain.--Burial of the dead rebel.--Retreat from
+ the Rapidan.--The riderless horse.--Death of Captain Walters 128
+
+ CHAPTER XIII.
+
+ MANASSAS AND FREDERICKSBURG.
+
+ Manassas.--The flying troops.--The unknown hero.--Desperate
+ attempt to stop the retreat.--Recruiting the decimated
+ ranks.--Fredericksburg.--Bravery of Meagher's brigade.--The
+ impregnable heights.--The cost of battles.--Death of
+ Bayard.--Outline of his life 135
+
+ CHAPTER XIV.
+
+ UNWRITTEN HISTORY.
+
+ "What boots a weapon in a withered hand?"--A thunderbolt
+ wasted.--War upon hen-roosts.--A bit of unpublished history.--A
+ fierce fight with Hampton's cavalry.--In one red burial blent.--From
+ camp to home.--Troubles never come singly.--The combat.--The
+ capture.--A superfluity of Confederate politeness.--Lights and
+ shadows 144
+
+ CHAPTER XV.
+
+ THE CAPTURE.
+
+ A situation to try the stoutest hearts.--Hail Columbia!--Every man a
+ hero.--Kilpatrick's ingenuity.--A pen-picture from "Soldiers of the
+ Saddle."--Glazier thanked by his general.--Cessation of
+ hostilities.--A black day.--Fitzhugh Lee proposes to crush
+ Kilpatrick.--Kil's audacity.--Capture of Lieutenant Glazier.--Petty
+ tyranny.--"Here, Yank, hand me that thar hat, and overcoat, and
+ boots" 155
+
+ CHAPTER XVI.
+
+ LIBBY PRISON.
+
+ "All ye who enter here abandon hope."--Auld lang syne.--Major
+ Turner.--Hope deferred maketh the heart sick.--Stoicism.--Glazier
+ enters the prison-hospital--A charnel-house.--Rebel surgeons.--
+ Prison correspondence.--Specimen of a regulation letter.--The
+ tailor's joke.--A Roland for an Oliver.--News of death.--Schemes
+ for escape.--The freemasonry of misfortune.--Plot and
+ counter-plot.--The pursuit of pleasure under difficulties 166
+
+ CHAPTER XVII.
+
+ PRISON LIFE.
+
+ Mournful news.--How a brave man dies.--New Year's day.--Jolly under
+ unfavorable circumstances.--Major Turner pays his respects.--
+ Punishment for singing "villainous Yankee songs."--Confederate
+ General John Morgan.--Plans for escape.--Digging their way to
+ freedom.--"Poet No. 1, All's well."--Yankee ingenuity.--The tunnel
+ ready.--Muscle the trump card.--No respect to rank.--_Sauve qui
+ peut!_--A strategic movement.--"Guards! guards!"--Absentees from
+ muster.--Disappointed hopes.--Savage treatment of prisoners.--Was
+ the prison mined? 179
+
+ CHAPTER XVIII.
+
+ DANVILLE.--MACON.--SAVANNAH.
+
+ Belle Boyd, the Confederate spy.--National characteristics.--Colonel
+ Mosby.--Richmond to Danville.--Sleeping spoon-fashion.--Glazier's
+ "corrective point" suffers.--Saltatory entrance to a railroad
+ car.--Colonel Joselyn.--Sympathy of North Carolinians.--Ingenious
+ efforts to escape.--Augusta.--Macon.--Turner again!--"Carelessness"
+ with firearms.--Tunneling.--Religious revival.--Order from
+ Confederate War Department.--Murder!--Fourth of July.--Macon to
+ Savannah.--Camp Davidson.--More tunneling 194
+
+ CHAPTER XIX.
+
+ UNDER FIRE AT CHARLESTON.
+
+ Under siege.--Charleston Jail.--The Stars and Stripes.--Federal
+ compliments.--Under the guns.--Roper Hospital.--Yellow
+ Jack.--Sisters of Charity.--Rebel Christianity.--A Byronic
+ stanza.--Charleston to Columbia.--"Camp Sorghum."--Nemesis.--Another
+ dash for liberty.--Murder of Lieutenants Young and Parker.--Studying
+ topography.--A vaticination.--Back to reality 206
+
+ CHAPTER XX.
+
+ THE ESCAPE FROM COLUMBIA.
+
+ Mysterious voices.--"I reckon dey's Yankees."---"Who comes
+ there?"--The Lady of the Manor.--A weird spectacle.--The struggle
+ through the swamp.--A reflection on Southern swamps in
+ general.--"Tired nature's sweet restorer" 221
+
+ CHAPTER XXI.
+
+ LOYALTY OF THE NEGROES.
+
+ Startled by hounds.--An unpleasant predicament.--A Christian
+ gentlewoman.--Appeal to Mrs. Colonel Taylor.--"She did all she
+ could."--A meal fit for the gods.--Aunt Katy.--"Lor' bress ye,
+ marsters!"--Uncle Zeb's prayer.--Hoe-cake and pinders.--Woodcraft
+ _versus_ astronomy.--Canine foes.--Characteristics of the slave.--
+ Meeting escaped prisoners.--Danger.--Retreat and concealment 228
+
+ CHAPTER XXII.
+
+ PROGRESS OF THE FUGITIVES.
+
+ Parting company.--Thirst and no water.--Hoping for the end.--The boy
+ and the chicken.--Conversation of ladies overheard.--The fugitives
+ pursued.--The sleeping village.--Captain Bryant.--The _alba
+ sus_.--Justifiable murder, and a delicious meal.--Darkies and their
+ prayers.--Man proposes; God disposes.--An adventure.--A _ruse de
+ guerre_.--Across the Savannah 238
+
+ CHAPTER XXIII.
+
+ THE PERILS OF AN ESCAPE.
+
+ Alligators.--A detachment of Southern chivalry.--A scare.--Repairs
+ neatly executed.--Misery and despair.--Virtue its own
+ reward.--Hunger and desperation.--Audacity.--A Confederate
+ officer.--"A good Union man."--"Two sights and a jambye."--A narrow
+ escape 249
+
+ CHAPTER XXIV.
+
+ RECAPTURED BY A CONFEDERATE OUTPOST.
+
+ Fugitive slaves.--A rebel planter.--The big Ebenezer.--A sound of
+ oars.--A _ruse de guerre_.--Burial of a dead soldier.--A free
+ ride.--Groping in the dark.--"Who goes there!"--Recaptured.--_Nil
+ desperandum_.--James Brooks.--Contraband of war.--Confederate
+ murders.--In the saddle again.--A dash for freedom.--Again
+ captured.--Tried as a spy 261
+
+ CHAPTER XXV.
+
+ FINAL ESCAPE FROM CAPTIVITY.
+
+ In jail.--White trash.--Yankees.--Off to Waynesboro.--No
+ rations.--Calling the roll.--Sylvania.--Plan for escape.--Lieutenant
+ John W. Wright.--A desperate project.--Escaped!--Giving chase.--The
+ pursuers baffled.--Old Richard.--"Pooty hard case, massa."--Rebel
+ deserters.--The sound of cannon.--Personating a rebel officer.--Mrs.
+ Keyton.--Renewed hope.--A Confederate outpost.--Bloodhounds.--Uncle
+ Philip.--March Dasher.--Suspicion disarmed.--"Now I'ze ready,
+ gemmen."--Stars and stripes.--Glorious freedom.--Home 274
+
+ CHAPTER XXVI
+
+ GLAZIER RE-ENTERS THE SERVICE.
+
+ Glazier's determination to re-enter the army.--Letter to Colonel
+ Harhaus.--Testimonial from Colonel Clarence Buel.--Letter from Hon.
+ Martin I. Townsend to governor of New York.--Letter from General
+ Davies.--Letter from General Kilpatrick.--Application for new
+ commission successful.--Home.--The mother fails to recognize her
+ son.--Supposed to be dead.--Recognized by his sister
+ Marjorie.--Filial and fraternal love.--Reports himself to his
+ commanding officer for duty.--Close of the war and of Glazier's
+ military career.--Seeks a new object in life.--An idea occurs to
+ him.--Becomes an author, and finds a publisher 295
+
+ CHAPTER XXVII.
+
+ CAREER AS AN AUTHOR.
+
+ Glazier in search of a publisher for "Capture, Prison-Pen and
+ Escape."--Spends his last dollar.--Lieutenant Richardson a friend
+ in need.--Joel Munsell, of Albany, consents to publish.--The author
+ solicits subscriptions for his work before publication.--
+ Succeeds.--Captain Hampton.--R. H. Ferguson.--Captain F. C.
+ Lord.--Publication and sale of first edition.--Great success.--Pays
+ his publisher in full.--Still greater successes.--Finally attains
+ an enormous sale.--Style of the work.--Extracts.--Opinions of the
+ press 304
+
+ CHAPTER XXVIII.
+
+ "THREE YEARS IN THE FEDERAL CAVALRY."
+
+ Another work by Captain Glazier.--"Three Years in the Federal
+ Cavalry."--Daring deeds of the Light Dragoons.--Extracts from the
+ work.--Night attack on Falmouth Heights.--Kilpatrick's
+ stratagem.--Flight of the enemy.--Capture of Falmouth.--Burial of
+ Lieutenant Decker.--Incidents at "Brandy Station."--"Harris Light"
+ and "Tenth New York."--"Men of Maine, you must save the
+ day!"--Position won.--Some press reviews of the work 313
+
+ CHAPTER XXIX.
+
+ "BATTLES FOR THE UNION."
+
+ "Battles for the Union."--Extracts.--Bull Run.--Brandy
+ Station.--Manassas.--Gettysburg.--Pittsburg Landing.--Surrender of
+ General Lee.--Opinions of the press.--Philadelphia "North
+ American."--Pittsburg "Commercial."--Chicago "Inter-Ocean."--
+ Scranton "Republican."--Wilkes-Barre "Record of the
+ Times."--Reading "Eagle."--Albany "Evening Journal" 322
+
+ CHAPTER XXX.
+
+ "HEROES OF THREE WARS."
+
+ Literary zeal.--"Heroes of Three Wars."--Extract from preface.--Sale
+ of the work.--Extracts: Washington.--Winfield Scott.--Zachary
+ Taylor.--Grant.--Sheridan.--Kilpatrick.--Press reviews, a few out
+ of many: Boston "Transcript."--Chicago "Inter-Ocean."--Baltimore
+ "Sun."--Philadelphia "Times."--Cincinnati "Enquirer."--Worcester
+ "Spy."--Pittsburg "Gazette" 341
+
+ CHAPTER XXXI.
+
+ OCEAN TO OCEAN ON HORSEBACK.
+
+ From Boston to San Francisco.--An unparalleled ride.--Object of the
+ journey.--Novel lecture tour.--Captain Frank M. Clark.--"Echoes from
+ the Revolution."--Lecture at Tremont Temple.--Captain Theodore L.
+ Kelly.--A success.--Proceeds of lecture.--Edward F.
+ Rollins.--Extracts from first lecture.--Press notices 364
+
+ CHAPTER XXXII.
+
+ BOSTON TO CHICAGO.
+
+ In the saddle.--Bunker Hill.--Arrives in Albany.--Reminiscences.--
+ The Soldiers' Home.--Contributions for erecting Soldiers'
+ Home.--Reception at Rochester.--Buffalo.--Dunkirk.--Swanville.--
+ Cleveland.--Massacre of General Custer.--Monroe.--Lectures for
+ Custer Monument.--Father of General Custer.--Detroit.--
+ Kalamazoo.--An adventure.--Gives "Paul Revere" a rest.--Decatur.--
+ Niles.--Michigan City.--Chicago 376
+
+ CHAPTER XXXIII.
+
+ CHICAGO TO OMAHA.
+
+ Returns to Michigan City.--Joliet.--Thomas Babcock.--Herbert
+ Glazier.--Ottawa.--La Salle.--Colonel Stevens.--Press Notice.--Taken
+ for a highwayman.--Milan.--Davenport.--Press Notice.--Iowa
+ City.--Des Moines.--Press Notice.--Attacked by prairie
+ wolves.--Council Bluffs.--Omaha 401
+
+ CHAPTER XXXIV.
+
+ CAPTAIN GLAZIER CAPTURED BY INDIANS.
+
+ Captain Glazier as a horseman.--Cheyenne.--Two herders.--Captured
+ by Indians.--Torture and death of a herder.--Escape.--Ogden.--
+ Letter to Major Hessler.--Kelton.--Terrace.--Wells.--Halleck.--
+ Elko.--Palisade.--Argenta.--Battle Mountain.--Golconda.--Humboldt.--
+ "The majesty of the law."--Lovelock's.--White Plains.--Desert.--
+ Wadsworth.--Truckee.--Summit.--Sacramento.--Brighton.--
+ Stockton.--SAN FRANCISCO 410
+
+ CHAPTER XXXV.
+
+ RETURN FROM CALIFORNIA.
+
+ Returns to the East by the "Iron Horse."--Boston _Transcript_ on the
+ journey on horseback.--Resumes literary work.--"Peculiarities of
+ American Cities."--Preface to book.--A domestic incident.--A worthy
+ son.--Claims of parents.--Purchases the Old Homestead, and presents
+ it to his father and mother.--Letter to his parents.--The end 431
+
+ CHAPTER XXXVI.
+
+ THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER.
+
+ An interval of literary work.--Conception of another expedition.--
+ Reflections upon the Old Explorers.--Indian rumors.--Determined to
+ find the true source of the Great River.--Starting on the eventful
+ journey.--Joined by his brother George and Barrett Channing
+ Paine.--Collecting materials for the expedition.--Brainerd the
+ first point of departure.--Through the Chippewa country.--Seventy
+ miles of government road.--Curiosity its own reward.--Arrival at
+ Leech Lake 437
+
+ CHAPTER XXXVII
+
+ HOME OF THE CHIPPEWAS.
+
+ An aboriginal red man.--A primitive hotel.--A native of the
+ forest.--Leech Lake.--Major Ruffe's arrival.--White Cloud.--Paul
+ Beaulieu and his theory about the source of the
+ Mississippi.--Che-no-wa-ge-sic.--Studying Indian manners and
+ customs.--Dining with Indian royalty.--Chippewa hospitality.--How
+ the wife of an Indian Chief entertains.--Souvenir of Flat
+ Mouth.--Return of Che-no-wa-ge-sic.--A council held.--An Indian
+ speech.--"No White Man has yet seen the head of the Father of
+ Waters."--Voyage of exploration.--Launching the canoes 444
+
+ CHAPTER XXXVIII
+
+ EXPLORATION AND DISCOVERY.
+
+ Launching the canoes.--Flat Mouth and White Cloud again.--An
+ inspiring scene.--Farewell to Leech Lake.--Up the Kabekanka
+ River.--Dinner at Lake Benedict.--Difficult navigation.--A peaceful
+ haven.--Supper and contentment.--Lake Garfield.--Preparations for
+ first portage.--Utter exhaustion.--Encampment for the night.--The
+ cavalry column.--Lake George and Lake Paine.--The Naiwa River.--Six
+ miles from Itasca.--Camping on the Mississippi watershed.--A
+ startling discovery.--Rations giving out.--Ammunition gone.--Arrival
+ at Lake Itasca 454
+
+ CHAPTER XXXIX.
+
+ DISCOVERY OF THE SOURCE OF THE MISSISSIPPI.
+
+ Short rations.--Empty haversacks and depleted
+ cartridge-boxes.--Statement of Chenowagesic.--Captain Glazier's
+ diary.--Vivid description.--Coasting Itasca.--Chenowagesic
+ puzzled.--The barrier overcome.--Victory! the Infant
+ Mississippi.--Enthusiastic desire to see the source.--The goal
+ reached.--A beautiful lake.--The fountain-head.--An American the
+ first white man to stand by its side.--Schoolcraft.--How he came to
+ miss the lake.--Appropriate ceremonies.--Captain Glazier's
+ speech.--Naming the lake.--Chenowagesic.--Military honors.--"Three
+ cheers for the explorer" 465
+
+ CHAPTER XL.
+
+ DOWN THE GREAT RIVER.
+
+ Voyage from Source to Sea.--Three thousand miles in an open
+ canoe.--"Pioneers of the Mississippi."--A thrilling lecture.--The
+ long voyage begun.--Mosquitoes.--Hunger and exhaustion.--The Captain
+ kills an otter.--Lakes Bemidji and Winnibegoshish.--An Indian
+ missionary.--Wind-bound.--Chenowagesic bids farewell to the
+ Captain.--Pokegama Falls.--Grand Rapids.--Meeting the first
+ steamboat.--Aitkin.--Great enthusiasm.--The new canoes.--Leaving
+ Aitkin.--Arrival at Little Falls.--Escorted in triumph to the
+ town.--"Captain Glazier! A speech! A speech!"--Lake Pepin.--An
+ appalling storm.--St. Louis.--Southern hospitality.--New
+ Orleans.--Arrival at the Gulf of Mexico.--End of voyage 476
+
+ CHAPTER XLI.
+
+ RECEPTION BY THE NEW ORLEANS ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
+
+ Captain Glazier returns to New Orleans.--A general ovation.--
+ Flattering opinions of the press.--Introduction to the Mayor.--
+ Freedom of the City tendered.--Special meeting of the New Orleans
+ Academy of Sciences.--Presentation of the "Alice" to the Academy.--
+ Captain Glazier's address.--The President's Response.--Resolutions
+ of thanks and appreciation passed.--Visit to the Arsenal of the
+ Washington Artillery.--Welcome by the Old Guard of the Louisiana
+ Tigers.--Pleasant memories of the "Crescent City" 490
+
+ CHAPTER XLII.
+
+ BEFORE THE MISSOURI HISTORICAL SOCIETY.
+
+ Return to St. Louis.--Lecture at Mercantile Library
+ Hall.--Brilliant audience.--The Missouri Historical Society
+ present.--Eloquent introduction by Judge Todd.--"Pioneers of the
+ Mississippi."--Presentation of the "Itasca" to the Historical
+ Society.--Remarks of Captain Silas Bent on accepting the
+ canoe.--Congratulations of the audience.--Closing scene 496
+
+ CHAPTER XLIII.
+
+ GREETINGS OF THE VOYAGE.
+
+ An interesting souvenir.--Greeting at Lake Glazier.--Petition to
+ Geographical Societies.--Voice from Aitkin, Gate City of the Upper
+ Mississippi.--Tributes from Brainerd.--Mississippi Pyramid.--An old
+ friend at La Crosse.--Greetings at St. Louis.--Senator Lamar.--Royal
+ welcome at Bayou Tunica.--Sentiment of Port Eads.--Congratulations
+ of the officers of the "Margaret."--Greetings from New
+ Orleans.--"Fame's triple wreath."--Closing remarks 502
+
+ "SWORD AND PEN" COMMENDATIONS. 517
+
+ APPENDIX BY THE PUBLISHERS Appx. i
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+
+ Portrait of the Soldier-author _Frontispiece_
+
+ Birth-place of Willard Glazier 26
+
+ The First Battle 32
+
+ Race with the Schoolmaster 44
+
+ Tragic Experience with an Ox-Team 80
+
+ The Young Trapper of the Oswegatchie 90
+
+ Gouverneur Wesleyan Seminary 102
+
+ Old State Normal School 110
+
+ A Cavalry Column on the March 118
+
+ Night Attack on Falmouth Heights 126
+
+ Federal Canteens for Confederate Tobacco 130
+
+ Burial of Captain Walters at Midnight, during Pope's retreat 134
+
+ Sergeant Glazier at Aldie 146
+
+ Lieutenant Glazier at Brandy Station 156
+
+ Cavalry Fight at New Baltimore--Lieutenant Glazier taken Prisoner 160
+
+ Libby Prison 166
+
+ The Hole in the Floor 192
+
+ Tunneling--the Narrow Path To Freedom 198
+
+ Charleston Jail--Charleston, South Carolina 206
+
+ The Escape From Columbia--Crossing the Dead-Line 216
+
+ The Escape--Fed by Negroes in a Swamp 220
+
+ The Pursuit of Knowledge under Difficulties 224
+
+ Uncle Zeb's Prayer 232
+
+ The Escape--Crossing the Savannah at Midnight 246
+
+ A Mutual Surprise 258
+
+ Recaptured by a Confederate Outpost 266
+
+ The Escape and Pursuit 270
+
+ The Escape From Sylvania, Georgia--Running the Guard 276
+
+ Interview With Joel Munsell 306
+
+ Cavalry Foraging-Party Returning To Camp 312
+
+ A Cavalry Bivouac 319
+
+ Battle of Gettysburg 332
+
+ Captain Glazier at Tremont Temple--Boston 364
+
+ Boston to Brighton--First Day of The Journey 376
+
+ A Night among Wolves 406
+
+ Captured by Indians, near Skull Rocks, Wyoming 412
+
+ Pursued by Arrapahoes 418
+
+ Riding into the Pacific, near the Cliff House--San Francisco 428
+
+ Map of the Headwaters of the Mississippi 437
+
+ Captain Glazier Embarking for the Headwaters of the Mississippi 454
+
+ Camp Among the Pines 458
+
+ Making a Portage 462
+
+ Map of Lake Glazier 464
+
+ Lake Glazier--Source of the Mississippi 468
+
+ Running Rapids on the Upper Mississippi 478
+
+
+ SWORD AND PEN.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+
+ORIGIN OF THE GLAZIER FAMILY.
+
+
+ Lineage of Willard Glazier.--A good stock.--Oliver Glazier at the
+ Battle of Bunker Hill.--The home of honest industry.--The Coronet
+ of Pembroke.--The "Homestead Farm."--Mehitable Bolton.--Her New
+ England home.--Her marriage to Ward Glazier.--The wild "North
+ Woods."--The mother of the soldier-author.
+
+Willard Glazier comes of the mixed blood of Saxon and of Celt. We first
+hear of his ancestors upon this side of the Atlantic at that period of
+our nation's history which intervened between the speck of war at
+Lexington and the cloud of war at Bunker Hill.
+
+Massachusetts and the town of Boston had become marked objects of the
+displeasure of the British Parliament. Later, in 1775, Ethan Allen had
+startled Captain Delaplace by presenting his lank figure at the
+captain's bedside and demanding the surrender of Ticonderoga in the name
+of the "Great Jehovah and the Continental Congress." In the language of
+Daniel Webster, "A spirit pervaded all ranks, not transient, not
+boisterous, but deep, solemn, determined."
+
+War on their own soil and at their own doors was indeed a strange work
+to the yeomanry of New England; but their consciences were convinced of
+its necessity, and when their country called them to her defense they
+did not withhold themselves from the perilous responsibility.
+
+The statement of Quincy seemed to pervade all hearts. Said that
+distinguished son of genius and patriotism, "Blandishments will not
+fascinate us, nor will threats of a halter intimidate; for, under God,
+we are determined that, wheresoever, whensoever, and howsoever we shall
+be called to make our exit, we will die free men."
+
+At such a time, and among such men, we find enrolled in the ranks of the
+patriot army Oliver Glazier, the great-grandfather of the subject of the
+present biography.
+
+Oliver's father was John Glazier, a Massachusetts Lancastrian, born in
+1739. John Glazier was the son of William Glazier, born about the year
+1700, his ancestry being respectively of English and of Scotch
+extraction. Oliver himself, however, was born in the town of Lancaster,
+in the province or colony of Massachusetts, May twenty-third, 1763.
+
+Hence the blood of Norman, of Saxon and of Celt, that had forgotten the
+animosities of race and mingled quietly in the veins of his ancestors,
+had become purely American in Oliver, and though but little over
+fourteen years of age, we find him doing yeoman service upon the
+ramparts of Bunker Hill.
+
+That he performed well his part in the struggle for liberty, is evident
+from the fact that he appears upon the rolls as a pensioner, from the
+close of that memorable contest until the time of his death.
+
+Mr. Frank Renehan, in a sketch contributed by him to an elaborate work
+which was published by the New York and Hartford Publishing Company in
+1871, comments as follows upon the coincidence of Oliver Glazier in 1775
+and Willard Glazier in 1861--both being at the time of entering service
+comparatively boys in age, enlisting for the defense of their country:
+"The former, though then but fourteen years of age, participated with
+the patriots in the battle of Bunker Hill, and to the last contributed
+his young enthusiasm and willing services to the cause he had espoused;
+thus giving early testimony of his devotion to the land of his adoption
+and of fealty to the principles of popular government involved in the
+struggle for American independence. So remarkable an instance of
+ancestral fidelity to the interests of civil liberty could not but
+exercise a marked influence upon those of the same blood to whom the
+tradition was handed down, and here we find our subject, a scion of the
+third generation, assisting in 1861 on the battlefields of the South, in
+maintenance of the liberty his progenitor had contributed to achieve in
+1775 on the battlefields of the North! This is not mentioned as a
+singular fact--history is replete with just such coincidences,--but
+merely for the purpose of suggesting the moral that, in matters of
+patriotism, the son is only consistent when he imitates the example and
+emulates the virtues of his sires."
+
+In this eloquent passage occurs an error of fact. Oliver Glazier while
+in the patriot army was _not_ fighting for the "land of his adoption."
+As we have seen, he was native here and "to the manor born." Indeed, in
+the light of historic proof and with the example of men descended from
+Washington and Light Horse Harry Lee before us, we are rather inclined
+to admire the paragraph as a fine specimen of rhetorical composition
+than to admit its accuracy as a deduction in philosophy.
+
+Subsequent to his term of military service--an experience through which
+he had safely passed--Oliver Glazier became a resident of West Boylston,
+Massachusetts, where he married a Miss Hastings.
+
+The name of Glazier, Lower tells us, is purely English, and is derived
+from the title given to the trade. However that may be, those who have
+borne it have always expressed a pride in having sprung from the great
+mass--the people--and have held with the philosopher of Sunnyside, that
+whether "hereditary rank be an illusion or not, hereditary virtue gives
+a patent of nobility beyond all the blazonry of the herald's college."
+The name of Hastings takes its rise from a nobler source; for Mrs.
+Oliver Glazier brought into the family as blue blood as any in all
+England. The great family which bears that name in Great Britain can
+show quarterings of an earlier date than the battle which gave a kingdom
+to William of Normandy. Macaulay says that one branch of their line, in
+the fourteenth century, "wore the coronet of Pembroke; that from another
+sprang the renowned Lord Chamberlain, the faithful adherent of the White
+Rose, whose fate has furnished so striking a theme both to the poet and
+historian," and while it is probable that this wife of an American
+patriot was many degrees removed from the powerful leaders whose name
+she bore, the same blood undoubtedly flowed in her veins that coursed
+through theirs.
+
+Oliver, during the many years of a happy married life which terminated
+in his death at the ripe age of ninety-seven, became the father of
+eight children. His son Jabez left Boylston at an early age, and after
+considerable "prospecting" finally married a Miss Sarah Tucker and
+settled in the township of Fowler, St. Lawrence County, New York. Out of
+their union sprang three sons, George, Ward, and Henry, and four
+daughters, Elvira, Martha, Caroline and Lydia. During a visit he made to
+his "down East" relations, Ward married a young lady by the name of
+Mehitable Bolton, of West Boylston, Massachusetts.
+
+This young lady was a true representative of the New England woman, who
+believes that work is the handmaid of religion. She entered a cotton
+factory at Worcester when only seventeen years of age, and worked
+perseveringly through long years of labor, often walking from her home
+in West Boylston to the factory at Worcester, a distance of seven miles.
+At the time of her marriage--which occurred when she was
+twenty-five--she had accumulated the snug little sum of five hundred
+dollars, besides possessing a handsome wardrobe, all of which was the
+fruit of her own untiring industry.
+
+If it be true that the mothers of men of mark are always women of strong
+and noble characters, then we are not surprised to find in the mother of
+Willard Glazier those sterling qualities which made her young life
+successful.
+
+The early married life of Ward Glazier was passed upon the farm first
+cleared and cultivated by his father, and which has since become known
+to the neighborhood as the "Old Glazier Homestead." This farm is
+situated in the township of Fowler, midway between the small villages of
+Little York and Fullersville.
+
+The township is a tract of rugged land, containing only the little
+village of Hailesborough, besides those already named. Along its borders
+rushes and tumbles a turbulent stream which still retains its original
+Indian appellation--the Oswegatchie; a name no doubt conveying to the
+ear of its aboriginal sponsors some poetical conceit, just as another
+stream in far off Virginia is named the Shenandoah, or "Daughter of the
+Stars."
+
+Those who are at all familiar with the scenery that prevails in what in
+other sections of the country are called the great North Woods, and in
+their own neighborhood the great South Woods, can readily imagine what
+were the geological and scenic peculiarities of Fowler township. Bare,
+sterile, famished-looking, as far as horticultural and herbaceous crops
+are concerned, yet rich in pasture and abounding in herds--with vast
+rocks crested and plumed with rich growths of black balsam, maple, and
+spruce timber, and with huge boulders scattered carelessly over its
+surface and margining its streams, St. Lawrence County presents to-day
+features of savage grandeur as wild and imposing as it did ere the foot
+of a trapper had profaned its primeval forests.
+
+Yet its farms and its dwellings are numerous, its villages and towns
+possess all the accompaniments of modern civilization, the spires of its
+churches indicate that the gentle influences of religion are not
+forgotten, and there, as elsewhere, the indomitable will of man has won
+from the wilderness a living and a home.
+
+[Illustration: Birth-place Of Willard Glazier.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+
+BIRTH AND CHILDHOOD OF WILLARD GLAZIER.
+
+
+ The infant stranger.--A mother's prayers.--"Be just before you are
+ generous."--Careful training.--Willard Glazier's first battle.--A
+ narrow escape.--Facing the foe.--The happy days of
+ childhood.--"The boy is father to the man."
+
+The Glazier Homestead, as we have said, is upon the main road leading
+from Little York to Fullerville. It is a substantial and comfortable
+farm-house, with no pretension to architectural beauty, but,
+nevertheless, is a sightly object in a pleasant landscape. Standing back
+two hundred feet from the road, in a grove of gigantic elms, with a
+limpid brook of spring water a short distance to the right, and rich
+fields of herd grass stretching off rearwards towards the waters of the
+Oswegatchie, which hurry along on their journey of forty miles to the
+St. Lawrence River, the old house is sure to attract the attention of
+the traveller, and to be long remembered as a picture of solid and
+substantial comfort.
+
+In this old house, upon the morning of August twenty-second, 1841, to
+Ward Glazier and Mehitable, his wife, a son was born who was
+subsequently named Willard. The father and mother were by no means
+sentimental people--they were certainly not given to seeing the poetical
+side of life; they were plain, earnest people, rough hewn out of the
+coarse fibre of Puritanism, but the advent of this little child brought
+a joy to their hearts that had its softening influence upon the home in
+which he was to be reared.
+
+The thoroughness of Ward Glazier's nature, that conscientiousness in
+excess which made him radical in all things, was of the _heart_ as well
+as of the head, and though not a demonstrative man, the intensity of his
+paternal love cropped out in many ways. As to his wife, hers was truly
+"mother's love." And what notes are there attuned to sacred music, in
+all the broad vocabulary of the English tongue, which gives any idea of
+the sentiment that links a woman to her babe, except the three simple
+syllables, "mother's love!" Brooding over the tiny stranger, ready to
+laugh or cry; exultant with hope and pride, despondent with fear,
+quivering with anguish if the "wind of heaven doth visit its cheek too
+roughly," and singing hosannas of joy when it lisps the simpler
+syllables that she so patiently has taught, covering it with the broad
+wing of her measureless affection, and lavishing upon it such "sighs as
+perfect joy perplexed for utterance, steals from her sister sorrow,"
+there is nothing except God's own illimitable affection for his
+creatures, that can rival in depth and strength and comprehensiveness, a
+mother's love.
+
+The heart of Ward Glazier's wife, at this time, blossomed in absolutely
+rank luxuriance with this feeling, and ran riot in the joy of its
+possession; but she determined within herself that it should be no blind
+or foolish worship. It grew, therefore, into a sober, careful, provident
+affection.
+
+Quiet and unobtrusive in manner, her face always wore a look of gravity
+befitting one who felt that God had entrusted to her charge a fresh
+human soul to mould for good or evil. She fully realized the fact that
+her son would grow up with honor or sink down into ignominy just as she
+should guide or spoil him in his youth. She quite comprehended the
+stubborn truth, that while the father to some extent may shape the
+outward career of his son, the mother is responsible for the coloring of
+his inner life: and that
+
+ "All we learn of good is learned in youth,
+ When passion's heat is pure, when love is truth."
+
+Though of Puritan stock, though reared in the austere faith of John
+Knox, there was nothing hard or harsh in this mother's character, and
+still less was there anything of the materialist about her. She would
+have utterly scouted the doctrine of Cabanis and his school, which held
+that the physical was the whole structure of man; that all instincts,
+passions, thoughts, emanated from the body; that sensibility is an
+effect of the nervous system, that passion is an emanation of the
+viscera, that intellect is nothing more than a cerebral secretion, and
+"self-consciousness but a general faculty of living matter." She had
+drunk inspiration of a different kind from her infancy. In her New
+England home the very atmosphere was charged with religious influences.
+She was taught, or rather she had learned without a teacher, not only to
+see God in the flowers and in the stars, but to recognize his immediate
+agency in all things terrestrial.
+
+Night after night, listening to the tremulous tones of her father as he
+read a lesson from the sacred page, not only to those of his own blood,
+but to his "man-servant, his maid-servant, and the stranger within his
+gates," she had felt the presence of a tangible God, and when, at last,
+she followed the fortunes of the chosen one of her heart far into the
+great North Woods, nature spoke to her from the forest and the cataract,
+deepening each early impression and intensifying each early belief,
+until she realized as a living fact that the "Lord was ever in his holy
+temple" and that his temple was the universe.
+
+To a woman like this every act of life became a matter of conscience,
+and the training of her child of course became such to Mrs. Glazier. She
+had watched the pitfalls which the "world, the flesh and the
+devil"--that trinity of evil--provide for the feet of the unwary, and
+she determined that young Willard's steps, if she could prevent it,
+should never stray that way.
+
+Her husband took life and its duties much more easily. He was less rigid
+in his sense of parental responsibility. While a man of great rectitude
+of purpose, he was good-natured to a fault--somewhat improvident,
+careless of money, ever ready to extend aid to the needy, and especially
+disinclined to the exercise of harshness in his home, even when the
+stern element of authority was needed. In short, he was one of those
+big-hearted men who are so brimful of the "milk of human kindness" that
+the greatest pain they ever feel is the pain they see others suffer. His
+plan therefore was, spare the rod even if you _do_ spoil the child.
+
+But--perhaps fortunately for young Willard--Mrs. Glazier held different
+views. From his very infancy she endeavored to instil into his nature
+habits of truthfulness, industry and thrift. "Never waste and never lie"
+was her pet injunction. Her aim was not to make her son a generous, but
+a _just_ man. "One hour of justice is worth an eternity of prayer,"
+says the Arabian proverb, but Mrs. Glazier, while she exalted justice as
+the greatest of the virtues, also believed that in order to make man's
+heart its temple, prayer was an absolutely necessary pre-requisite. She
+likewise endeavored from the first to habituate the boy's mind to
+reflect upon the value of money and the uses of economy. She would have
+"coined her blood for drachms" if that would have benefited her husband
+or her son. Her savings were not spent upon herself, but in the hard
+school of a bitter experience she had learned that money means much more
+than dollars and cents--that its possession involves the ability to live
+a life of honor, untempted by the sordid solicitations that clamor round
+the poor man's door and wring the poor man's heart.
+
+The result was that as soon as he began to comprehend her words, young
+Willard had impressed upon his memory maxims eulogizing all who practise
+habits of sobriety, industry and frugality, and denunciatory of all who
+fail to do so.
+
+His mother never wearied of teaching him such sayings of Dr. Franklin as
+these: "Time is money," "Credit is money," "Money begets money," "The
+good paymaster is lord of another man's purse," and "The sound of a
+man's hammer heard by his creditor at six o'clock in the morning makes
+him easy six months longer, while the sound of his voice heard in a
+tavern, induces him to send for his money the next day;" "Trifling items
+aggregate into large totals," while the text that ruled the house was
+that of the Scripture, "If any would not work neither should he eat."
+
+The effect of the constant teaching of such lessons was not however
+perceptible in the lad's habits in very early life. He was no model
+little boy, no monster of perfection--he was like the boys that we see
+around us every day--not one of the marvels we read about. But the seed
+was sown in his soul which was destined to quicken into fruit in after
+life.
+
+At the early age of four years his mother began to teach him to read and
+write, and under her loving tuition he acquired a knowledge of these two
+branches of culture quite rapidly.
+
+Just about this time an incident occurred which came near finishing
+young Willard's career in a manner as sudden as it would have been
+singular.
+
+The "Homestead Farm" was at that time pretty well stocked for a place
+only containing one hundred and forty acres, and among the cattle was a
+sturdy Alderney bull whose reputation for peace and quietness was
+unusually good.
+
+On a certain morning, however, early in the spring of the year 1845,
+young Master Willard happened to overhear a conversation between two of
+the farm hands, in the course of which one of them declared that "old
+Blackface was tarin' round mighty lively." This statement interested the
+lad to such an extent that he concluded to go and see how this "tarin'
+round" was done.
+
+Accordingly, taking advantage of a moment when his mother's attention
+was occupied, he started for the barnyard, into which Mr. Bull had been
+turned only a few moments before. Now as young Willard was somewhat
+smaller than the visitors our bovine friend was in the habit of
+receiving, such an unwarrantable intrusion was not to be tolerated for
+a moment. Accordingly, no sooner had Willard set his little feet within
+the enclosure of the barn-yard than the bull gave a roar of rage, and
+catching the boy on the tips of his horns, which fortunately were
+buttoned, sent him twenty feet up in the air, preparing to trample him
+out of existence when he should come down. Luckily some of the men were
+attracted to the scene, who secured his bullship and rescued the child.
+Willard was not seriously hurt, and the instant he regained his feet, he
+turned round, shook his tiny fist at the now retreating animal and
+shouted out in a shrill treble, "When I get to be a big man I'll toss
+you in the air!"
+
+Having thus taken the bull by the horns in a literal as well as
+figurative sense, the lad began gradually to develop into that terrible
+embodiment of unrest--a boy. He exhibited no very marked peculiarities
+up to this time to distinguish him from other youths; but just grew into
+the conglomerate mass of good, bad and indifferent qualities which go to
+make up the ordinary flesh-and-blood boy--brimful of mischief and
+impatient of restraint.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+
+EARLY LIFE AND HABITS.
+
+
+ Scotch-Irish Presbyterianism of twenty-five years ago.--The "little
+ deacon."--First days at school.--Choosing a wife.--A youthful
+ gallant.--A close scholar but a wild lad.--A mother's
+ influence.--Ward Glazier a Grahamite.--Young Willard's practical
+ jokes.--Anecdote of Crystal Spring.--"That is something like
+ water."
+
+It must not be supposed that young Willard's home was gloomy and
+joyless, because it was presided over by a religious woman. The
+Presbyterians of that day and that race were by no means a lugubrious
+people. They did not necessarily view their lives as a mere vale of
+tears, nor did they think the "night side of nature" the most sacred
+one. The Rev. Mr. Morrison, one of their divines, tells us that "the
+thoughtless, the grave, the old and the young, alike enjoyed every
+species of wit," and though they were "thoughtful, serious men, yet they
+never lost an occasion that might promise sport," and he very
+pertinently asks, "what other race ever equaled them in getting up
+corn-huskings, log-rollings and quiltings?--and what hosts of queer
+stories are connected with them!" Fond of fun, there was a grotesque
+humor about them, which in its way has, perhaps, never been equaled.
+
+"It was the sternness of the Scotch Covenanter softened by a century's
+residence abroad, amid persecution and trial, united to the comic humor
+and pathos of the Irish, and then grown wild in the woods among their
+own New England mountains."
+
+[Illustration: The First Battle.]
+
+Such was the Scotch-Irish Presbyterianism of that period.
+
+Other cheerful influences were also at work in the two villages that
+comprised the town of Fowler. The only house of worship in the town
+proper was a Universalist church, and the people were compelled for the
+most part, notwithstanding their various creeds, to worship in a common
+temple where the asperities of sectarian difference had no existence.
+
+Ward Glazier, at that time, was an adherent of Universalism, while his
+wife held evangelical views. But he was ever ready to ride with his wife
+and son to the church of her choice at Gouverneur, a distance of six
+miles, and returning, chat with them pleasantly of the sermon, the
+crops, the markets and the gossip of the town.
+
+In truth, young Willard's early home was a good and pleasant one, and
+having learned, under his mother's careful training, to read exceedingly
+well, for a boy of his age, by the time he reached his fourth year he
+became noted for his inquiring disposition, his quiet manner, and a
+quaint habit of making some practical application of the "wise saws"
+with which his mother had stored his juvenile mind.
+
+The result was that up to this period of his existence he was an
+old-fashioned little fellow, and somehow had acquired the sobriquet of
+the "little deacon."
+
+At about five years of age, however, a change took place in the boy.
+
+The bird that flutters and twitters in the parent nest is a very
+different thing from the emancipated fledgeling, feeling its newly
+acquired power of flight, and soaring far up and out into the woods and
+over the fields; and the boy whose experience of life is confined to
+the household of his parents, is not less different from the lad who has
+gone beyond it into the bustle and turmoil of that epitomized world,--a
+public school.
+
+Little Willard, like other youths, was thrown into this new sphere of
+action suddenly, and without any adequate idea of what was there
+expected of him. The first day passed as all first days at school pass,
+not in study, but in looking on and becoming accustomed to the
+surroundings, himself in turn being the subject of scrutiny by his
+school-mates, as the "new boy." The day did not end, however, without
+its incident.
+
+Young Willard as soon as he had made his bow to his new teacher, was
+placed upon a bench in close proximity to a pretty little girl of about
+his own age. Instead of wasting his time therefore, by studying the less
+attractive lineaments of his male companions, he made a careful
+comparison between this young lady and the other girls present, the
+result of which was that the moment he was permitted to go out during
+the customary recess, he bounded off home at the top of his speed, and
+with all the exuberance natural to his years announced to his astonished
+mother, "Mother! mother! I've picked out my wife!"
+
+Susceptibility to the influence of beauty seems, at this period of
+Willard's life, to have been one of his prominent characteristics, for
+in addition to exhibiting itself in the manner described, upon another
+occasion not long afterwards it broke out as follows:
+
+Every school-boy is aware that there is nothing so humiliating to a male
+pupil at a public school as to be called a "girl-boy." Hence, for
+trivial offences a boy is often punished by being sandwiched between two
+girls, and compelled to remain there until the offence committed has
+been sufficiently atoned for. Now young Willard was frequently guilty of
+talking during study hours, and his teacher determined to try this
+species of punishment upon him with a view of correcting the offensive
+habit. As soon, therefore, as he caught him indulging in the prohibited
+practice, he was ordered to take his place between two very young ladies
+of six and eight summers respectively. To the amazement of his teacher,
+young Willard sustained the infliction smilingly, and believing that
+this was an indication that the culprit recognized the justice of the
+punishment and was practising a commendable patience, he very soon
+called him up to his own desk, reasoned with him upon the necessity of
+observing the rules of school, and released him with an admonition to be
+careful for the future, as a repetition of his offence would certainly
+be followed by a repetition of the punishment.
+
+Willard said nothing, but went to his desk, and for the space of five
+minutes, perhaps, there was complete silence in the school-room. Then
+Mr. ---- was startled to hear a distinct, clear, unmistakable whisper
+break in upon his meditations, and became as suddenly struck with the
+conviction that it was uttered by Master Willard Glazier.
+
+The countenance of the pedagogue grew dark and stern. Fire shot from his
+usually calm eyes, and his expression betokened the fact that this
+flagrant act of disobedience was more than he could bear. Indignation
+however soon gave place to astonishment, for the little fellow, without
+waiting for a single word from his teacher's lips, quietly arose to his
+feet, and with the placid expression of an individual performing a
+meritorious action, marched across the school-room and deliberately
+seated himself in the place he had before occupied between the two
+little girls.
+
+"Willard Glazier!" thundered the master, "come here, sir, immediately!"
+
+The boy of course instantly obeyed.
+
+"What do you mean, sir!" exclaimed the teacher, "how dare you conduct
+yourself in this disgraceful manner, sir!"
+
+Young Willard looked astonished.
+
+"Why, Mr. ----," said he, "didn't you say that if I whispered to Myron
+Sprague again, I should go back and sit between Lizzie and Annie?"
+
+"Yes, sir, I did, and how dare you disobey me in this way?"
+
+"Why, sir," said Willard, "I whispered again to him, because,
+sir,--because--I like to sit there, sir."
+
+A light dawned upon the mind of the master, and thereafter he adopted a
+less attractive mode of punishing Willard's offences. To some of my
+readers such incidents may seem too trivial for record, and no doubt
+such days as these _are_ foolish days, but are they not in our memories,
+among our very happiest too? As David Copperfield said of such, so say
+we, that "of all my time that Time has in his grip, there's none at
+which I smile so much, or think of half so kindly."
+
+The usual surroundings of a public school made a great change in the
+existence of Willard Glazier, and it is necessary to note its influence,
+for in writing the life of a man in its private as well as its public
+relations, the chief point to be considered is that which men call
+_character_, and how it was formed and fashioned.
+
+If the truth must be told, the "little deacon" had not been a month in
+attendance at school before he was up to every imaginable species of
+mischief that the fertile brain of a school-boy could conceive--provided
+its execution did not involve unequivocal untruth or palpable
+dishonesty.
+
+No human being, save one, was exempt from his practical jokes. That one
+was his mother. In his wildest moods, a glance of reproach from her
+would check him. His father, however, enjoyed no such immunity, and in a
+kindly way, he delighted in tormenting the good man whenever the
+opportunity offered.
+
+For instance, that worthy gentleman, among other idiosyncracies, was a
+follower of the so-called Dr. Sylvester Graham, an ex-Presbyterian
+clergyman who, in 1832, inaugurated, by a familiar course of lectures, a
+new system of dietetics.
+
+The Grahamites, as they were called, held that health is the necessary
+result of obeying certain physical laws, and disease the equally certain
+result of disobeying them; that all stimulants are pernicious to the
+human body, and should be rejected, except in those rare cases where it
+becomes necessary to administer one known poison as an antidote to
+another equally deadly, in order to neutralize its effects or expel it
+from the system. Dr. Graham condemned the use of tea, coffee and spices,
+tobacco, opium, and not only alcoholic drinks but even beer and cider,
+declaring that all were equally poisonous, and that they only differed
+in the degree in which their evil qualities were concentrated or
+expanded.
+
+Ward Glazier held this theory to be the result of a profound philosophy,
+and considered the observance of the course of diet he prescribed to be
+the only way in which a human being could secure for himself a sound
+mind in a sound body. In medicine, Mr. Glazier was an equally rigid
+hydropathist. He held that the system of water cure was the only
+rational system of healing. One of his individual fancies was to drink
+only water obtained from a particular spring. This spring was
+beautifully clear and cold, and was situated at the distance of about
+sixty rods from the house. It was Willard's allotted duty each day to
+fill a large pitcher from its crystal treasures for use at meals. In
+order to do this, the brooklet being extremely shallow, and running over
+masses of pebbles, he was compelled to kneel and dip it up with a
+cup,--an operation requiring both time and patience. Now within a few
+yards of this place flowed a small stream or creek considerably deeper
+and of larger volume, fed by a number of rills, and as the boy had
+conceived the impression that his father only fancied a distinction
+where there was really no difference, between the waters of the rival
+streams, it occurred to him that he might just as well plunge his
+pitcher in the latter, fill it by a single effort, and thus save himself
+what he especially disliked,--useless labor. This he did with the
+following result:
+
+Ward Glazier was just about sitting down to dinner as Willard entered,
+and observing that his son came from the immediate vicinity of the
+creek, poured out and tasted a little of the water with evident
+dissatisfaction.
+
+"Willard," said he, "you didn't get this from the spring; this is creek
+water. Now go right back and get a pitcherful from the spring."
+
+Off started Master Willard to do as he was bidden, but on his way, the
+originator of all mischief suggested to his fertile brain the idea of
+playing a trick upon his father; so instead of going to the spring, he
+simply loitered for a few moments out of sight of such of the family as
+might be at the windows,
+
+ "Under an elm whose antique roots peep out
+ Upon the brook, that brawls along the wood."
+
+He then quietly sauntered back, with the identical pitcher of water with
+which he had come forth.
+
+"There," said he, emphatically, as if he had fulfilled his mission, at
+the same time placing the pitcher near his father's plate upon the
+table. The good man took it up, examined the contents with a critical
+eye, poured out a glassful of the sparkling liquid and drained it to the
+last drop.
+
+"Ah," said he, with a sigh expressive of great satisfaction, "_that_ is
+something like water! _that_ does a man good!"
+
+This evidence of parental fallibility Master Willard enjoyed hugely, but
+it was many years before he ventured to give his father an opportunity
+to join in the laugh at his own expense, by telling him of the
+occurrence.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+
+WILLARD GLAZIER AT SCHOOL.
+
+
+ School-days continued.--Boys will be boys.--Cornelius Carter, the
+ teacher.--Young Willard's rebellion against
+ injustice.--Gum-chewing.--Laughable race through the snow.--The
+ tumble into a snow-bank, and what came of it.--The runaway
+ caught.--Explanation and reconciliation.--The new master, James
+ Nichols.--"Spare the rod and spoil the child."--The age of
+ chivalry not gone.--Magnanimity of a school-boy.--Friendship
+ between Willard and Henry Abbott.--Good-bye to the "little
+ deacon."
+
+Willard Glazier was, by no means, what is termed a bad boy, at school.
+
+It is true he was full of mischief; was the last in for study and the
+first out for recreation, but he was neither disobedient nor inattentive
+to his lessons. One scholarly element, however, he lacked. The bump
+which phrenologists term reverence had small development in him at this
+period of his existence. His record always stood high in the matter of
+lessons, but low in the matter of conduct. Instances of insubordination
+occurred whenever he thought he was treated unfairly, while no boy was
+ever more ready to submit to authority when wisely and justly
+administered. The following incident is an illustration in point:
+
+One of his teachers bore the name of Cornelius Carter. We have been
+unable to ascertain this gentleman's nationality, nor would his history,
+if known to us, be pertinent to this work, but we have reason to
+believe that he was of Scottish descent, if not actually a native of
+that
+
+ "Land of brown heath and shaggy wood,
+ Land of the mountain and the flood."
+
+At all events he possessed all the sterling qualities of that
+clear-headed people.
+
+A man of fine parts and scholarly attainments, earnestly bent upon doing
+his whole duty, vigorous, energetic and thorough in everything, Carter
+was just the man to conduct a school with mathematical precision, but at
+the same time, his natural irritability was such that the whirlwind was
+less fierce than his wrath, when the latter was aroused. About the time
+of his advent among the pupils at the Little York public school,
+gum-chewing had become an accomplishment among the boys, and though it
+was a species of amusement positively forbidden, was carried on
+surreptitiously throughout the school.
+
+One dark winter morning just after a heavy fall of snow, it happened
+that our friend Willard, though placed upon a bench in the middle of a
+row of these gum-chewing juveniles, was himself not chewing, for the
+simple reason that he had no gum to chew, and his next neighbors were
+niggardly enough to refuse to give him any.
+
+Suddenly the hawk eye of Carter swept down upon the offending group; and
+quite assured that if mischief was in progress, young Glazier was in it,
+came forward and stretching out his long arms, placed his palms upon the
+outermost cheek of each "end boy," and brought the heads of the entire
+line together with a shock that made them ring again. Then, without a
+word, he caught each urchin in turn by the collar of his coat, and with
+one vigorous jerk swung him into the middle of the floor and in his
+sternest tones bade him stand there until further orders.
+
+Willard did not at the moment venture to say anything, but stood with
+the rest, nursing his wrath. Had he really been at fault he would have
+thought nothing of it, but first to have been deprived by circumstances
+of the opportunity to break the rules, and then to be punished for a
+breach of them, was too much.
+
+He waited, without a word, until the group of delinquents, after
+listening to a scathing lecture, were dismissed to their seats. He then
+deliberately proceeded to put his books under his arm, preparatory to
+making a start for home.
+
+One of the monitors, a large boy, observing this movement, informed Mr.
+Carter that Willard Glazier was going to "cut for home," in other words,
+to leave school without permission.
+
+The master, upon receiving this intelligence, started down the aisle
+towards young Willard; but that restive youth perceiving the movement,
+made rapid time for the door, and dashed down-stairs closely pursued by
+the now furious pedagogue.
+
+Having some rods the advantage at the start, the boy reached the
+exterior of the building first, and struck out in a straight line for
+home.
+
+[Illustration: Race With The Schoolmaster.]
+
+The storms which prevailed throughout the entire winter in St. Lawrence
+County, had piled up their accumulated snows over the space of ground
+that separated the school-house from Willard Glazier's home. Over this
+single expanse of deep snow many feet had trodden a hard path, which
+alternate melting and freezing had formed into a solid, slippery,
+back-bone looking ridge, altogether unsafe for fast travel. Over this
+ridge young Willard was now running at the top of his speed. In view of
+the probable flogging behind, he took no heed of the perils of the path
+before him.
+
+ "So like an arrow, swift he flew
+ Shot by an archer strong,
+ So did he fly, which brings me to
+ The middle of my song."
+
+As for Carter, not a whit daunted by the icy path and the fact that he
+was hatless, in slippers, and clad only in a long, loose summer coat
+worn in the heated school-room, he gave chase in gallant style, and
+while Willard possessed the advantage of an earlier start, the teacher's
+long legs compensated for the time gained by his pupil, and made a
+pretty even race of it.
+
+On he went therefore, his coat-tails standing out straight like the
+forks of a boot-jack, and a red bandanna handkerchief streaming in the
+wind from his pocket behind like some fierce piratic flag! On, too, went
+Master Willard Glazier, until both--one now nearly upon the heels of the
+other--reached a troublesome miniature glacier, when each missed his
+footing.
+
+Down went the boy's head and up went the master's heels, and the pair
+lay together, panting for breath, in the drifts of a contiguous
+snow-bank.
+
+"Ah, ha!" said Carter, when he had recovered sufficiently to speak, "so
+you were going home, were you?"
+
+"Yes," said young Willard, as his head emerged from the drift, looking
+like an animated snow-ball, "and I would have reached there, too, if I
+hadn't slipped."
+
+This was all that was said, at the time, but as Mr. Carter led his
+prisoner back, an explanation took place, in which the lad so strongly
+insisted that his escapade arose from a sense of the gross injustice
+done him, that Carter's own sense of right was touched, and after
+admonishing the boy to take a different mode of redressing his
+grievances in the future, he agreed to forego the flogging and let
+Master Willard finish the remainder of the session in the customary way.
+
+After this occurrence, Willard got along very well under the tuition of
+Mr. Carter, and it was not until some years later, when a gentleman by
+the name of Nichols took charge of the school, that anything transpired
+worthy of note.
+
+James Nichols was a devout believer in Solomon's maxim that to spare the
+rod is to spoil the child. The whip was his arbiter in all differences
+which arose between his pupils and himself. He never paused, as Mr.
+Montieth has lately done, to consider that at least two-thirds of the
+offences for which children are flogged at school are "crimes for which
+they are in nowise responsible," and "when stripped of the color given
+to them by senseless and unmeaning rules, they are simply the crimes of
+being a boy and being a girl," and are "incited by bad air, cold feet,
+overwork and long confinement; crimes which the parents of these same
+children are accustomed to excuse in themselves, when they sit in
+church, by the dulness of the sermon, or other circumstances that offend
+against nature and which they sometimes soothe with fennel or hartshorn,
+or change of position, and not unseldom with sleep." In school
+discipline Mr. Nichols was a pure materialist. He never realized
+Cayley's profound lesson that "education is not the mere storing a
+youthful memory with a bundle of facts which it neither digests nor
+assimilates," but that it is the formation and training of a mind. Under
+his _regime_ the rod ruled everything. Even the offence of whispering
+was punished by the lash.
+
+Upon one occasion, when young Willard was seated between two
+brothers--Henry and Brayton Abbott by name--engaged in solving Algebraic
+problems, a whispered inquiry, regarding the lesson, passed from one to
+the other.
+
+Mr. Nichols at the moment happened to glance towards them, and
+conjectured, by the movement of Willard's lips, that he was violating
+the rule against whispering.
+
+"Willard Glazier!" said he, angrily, "come out here, sir!"
+
+The boy obeyed.
+
+"Now then, Willard," said Mr. Nichols, "I presume you understand the
+rules of this school?"
+
+"I think I do, sir."
+
+"Very well, then you know that whispering during the hours of study is a
+breach of its discipline, and that I must punish you."
+
+Willard said nothing.
+
+"Have you a knife, sir?" pursued the teacher.
+
+"No, sir," replied the boy, not quite certain whether the knife was
+wanted for the purpose of scalping him, or merely with a view of
+amputating the unruly member which had been the instrument of offence.
+"Well, take this one," said Nichols, handing him a five-bladed
+pocket-knife, with the large blade open, "go out and cut me a good stout
+stick."
+
+The boy by no means relished the prospect this mission suggested, but
+seeing no means of escape, he went to a grove in the neighborhood and
+cut a stick whose dimensions resembled a young tree--shrewdly suspecting
+that Nichols would never venture to use a club of such size.
+
+With this stick he stalked majestically back to the school-room. As he
+entered, he saw Henry Abbott standing up in front of the teacher's desk,
+and heard him utter these words:
+
+"It is not fair, Mr. Nichols, to flog Willard alone. It was my fault,
+sir. I beckoned to Brayton and whispered first. That is what started it.
+You should whip me, too, sir."
+
+The master, as we have said, was stern and uncompromising, but his
+nature was not entirely devoid of feeling, and as he heard the brave
+admission, his eye lighted up with sudden softness.
+
+"Go back to your seats, boys," said he, "I will not flog either of you
+to-day. Lads that are brave enough to face the punishment of one offence
+as you have done, can, I hope, be trusted not to soon commit another."
+
+The incident was one that raised the tone of the whole school, and it
+gave rise to a warm feeling of admiration in Willard Glazier's breast
+for Henry Abbott which did Willard good, and made the two youths firm
+friends.
+
+Thus the years sped on--dotted with little incidents that seem too
+trivial to relate, and yet each one of which had _some_ effect upon the
+future life and character of young Willard. He had become a pretty wild
+boy by this time, and the cognomen of the "little deacon" was dropped
+without ceremony.
+
+Although he was marked high for scholarly attainment, he received many a
+bad mark for violating the rules of school.
+
+This state of affairs existed until the boy had reached the age of
+eleven years, when he was brought into contact with two diametrically
+opposite influences, one of which was calculated to _make_ and the other
+to mar his future character and fortunes.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+
+ECCENTRICITIES OF HENRY GLAZIER.
+
+
+ Henry Glazier.--A singular character.--"Kaw-shaw-gan-ce" and
+ "Quaw-taw-pee-ah."--Tom Lolar and Henry Glazier.--Attractive
+ show-bills.--Billy Muldoon and his trombone.--Behind the
+ scenes.--"Sound your G!"--The mysterious musician.--What happened
+ to Billy.--"May the divil fly away wid ye!"
+
+At this time there resided in the paternal homestead a younger brother
+of Ward Glazier named Henry, who was Willard's senior by about eleven
+years, and, physically speaking, was a splendid specimen of masculine
+development. Like his brothers Ward and George, he stood six feet in his
+stockings, and literally looked down on his fellows.
+
+He had conceived a great liking for his nephew Willard, and on many a
+hunting excursion in the Great North Woods, the boy was his only
+companion. This affection, however, was not unmingled with some contempt
+for the lad's diminutive stature.
+
+Upon one occasion, during a visit to West Boylston, he made it his
+business to search out the relatives of Willard's mother, in order to
+ascertain what sort of stock she came from. On returning home, this son
+of Anak exclaimed, with a dejected air:
+
+"Mother, I'll be hanged if I ain't discouraged! Our Willard will always
+be a little runt. His mother's folks ain't bigger'n a pinch of snuff!"
+
+How far the prediction has been verified any one who has seen the
+compact, sinewy form of the young soldier will understand.
+
+Henry Glazier reveled in everything sensational. His ideal of heaven was
+a succession of tableaux in which he was to play the principal part.
+
+At one time he joined another eccentric character named Tom Lolar, an
+Indian of the Seneca tribe, whose lands in the long ago of Indian
+history bordered the blue waters of Lake Seneca in central New York.
+This peculiar pair proceeded to electrify certain rural communities in
+their immediate neighborhood with huge posters, announcing that on a
+given night:
+
+ KAW-SHAW-GAN-CE,
+
+ OR
+
+ THE RED WILD CAT,
+
+ THE
+
+ _Great Chief of the Walaitipu Indians,_
+
+ Now traveling for the benefit of his tribe, proposes to exhibit
+ to an enlightened public the
+
+ Trophies won by his Braves,
+
+ In their battles with other Ferocious Tribes beyond the Rocky
+ Mountains, and the Great Chief will likewise give an
+ exhibition of the
+
+ WAR DANCES OF HIS NATION.
+
+Accordingly upon the night in question Tom Lolar as "_Kaw-shaw-gan-ce_,"
+and Henry Glazier as ticket agent, reaped such an excellent harvest that
+the latter concluded to start a "live Indian" upon his own account.
+
+This he accordingly did, dubbing the prodigy of his creation
+"Quaw-taw-pee-ah," or the "Red Wild Cat."
+
+Whether this venture was successful or not we have failed to learn, but
+there is one story connected with it which is too good to be lost,
+though it lacks satisfactory evidence of authenticity.
+
+The legend runs that our enterprising manager went three miles away and
+hunted up a genuine old native of Erin who had deserted from the British
+army, where he held some position in one of the military bands attached
+to a regiment stationed in Canada. With true Irish instinct this exile
+of Erin had brought his trombone across the border, and "the
+enterprising manager"--to use the language of the bills--"secured in him
+the services of an eminent musician, late of Her Majesty's Royal Band,"
+to discourse sweet music during the entire performance. This and other
+attractive announcements drew a goodly crowd of lads and lasses from far
+and near to the place appointed, and when the doors--otherwise
+tent-flaps--were open, the assemblage marched in to the entrancing
+strains of the trombone, as played by "Professor Muldoonati" _alias_
+Billy Muldoon.
+
+Everything passed off well. "Quaw-taw-pee-ah" presented to the _elite_
+of the locality a type of the aboriginal American, which at least
+possessed the merit of originality. If the audience expected to be
+astonished they were not disappointed; for such an Indian as they then
+beheld no living eye had ever looked upon before.
+
+Mr. Catlin would have admitted that this noble red man was alien to any
+of his tribes, and even Cooper's Leather-Stocking would have conceded
+that his was a new revelation of savage humanity. It is barely possible
+that Buffalo Bill may have dreamed of something like him, and it is not
+impossible that the late Edwin Forrest may have actually been on
+speaking terms with his brother, but outside of these two gentlemen, we
+do not believe that human imagination ever conceived a child of the
+forest in any respect resembling "Quaw-taw-pee-ah" on his opening night.
+
+It did seem a little singular to combine the convivial music of "St.
+Patrick's day in the morning" with such diabolical grimaces and gestures
+as those which the Great Chief used in the pantomimic expression of his
+sentiments. But the people were prepared for originality, and they had
+it. At any rate the performance received their loud applause. At last,
+however, it was over: the successive scenes of the programme had come
+and gone--the war dances were finished, the curtain had fallen on the
+last act, and Billy Muldoon's trombone had subsided into silence. But if
+the performance within was wild, it was nothing to the wild night
+without. It was the seventeenth of March, and the snow had been steadily
+falling since morning, shrouding the hills and all the surrounding
+country with a mantle as white and cold as a winding sheet.
+
+The wind had increased since nightfall, and by the time
+"Quaw-taw-pee-ah" had washed his face of its red lead, and Mr. Muldoon
+had been paid his share of the proceeds, it was blowing "great guns," as
+the sailors say. Out into such a night as this the audience dispersed:
+but the lights of home shone through the blinding storm near at hand,
+and buffeting with the fierce gusts of whirling snow and wind was only
+brave sport for them. Not so, however, with Mr. Billy Muldoon. _His_
+home was three miles away, and though the prospect without was anything
+but pleasant, he prepared to face it like a man. His only precaution was
+to see that an old army canteen was filled afresh with the best whiskey
+the neighborhood afforded. Then he started on his homeward journey.
+
+At first it was pretty hard work. The snow had drifted into heaps in
+some places, and rose almost to the little man's waist. Still he
+struggled bravely on, only stopping now and then to celebrate the
+anniversary of Ireland's Patron Saint by taking a long pull and a strong
+pull at the canteen.
+
+For a half-hour or more he made but slow progress through the pitiless,
+pelting storm, and he heartily cursed his folly in attempting the task
+of coming home at all, on such a night as this. But a change came o'er
+the spirit of his dream. As the contents of the canteen had diminished,
+Billy's spirits had risen in exact proportion, his heart had grown
+strong and he began to despise the difficulties in his way. In fact he
+was as happy as a prince, and rather liked the idea of facing the snow
+drifts and fighting the wind. So on he went. What seemed strange to
+Billy was the fact that there seemed to be so much sameness in the
+surrounding features of the landscape--or so much of it as he could
+discover, during the momentary lulls of the storm. He therefore stopped
+short, steadied himself for a moment, and took another drink; which
+proceeding seemed to clear up his mind on the puzzled subject, for
+muttering that it was "all roight," he once more started forward.
+
+Another half-hour passed and still another, and yet Billy found the road
+open before him, with no sign of his own humble little home. He began to
+grow very tired and considerably muddled, and paused at length to
+consider the situation.
+
+In front of him he perceived something so like the lane that led to his
+own shanty that he joyfully proceeded, and at length reached what he
+believed to be a back door that he had directed his wife to leave "on
+the latch" for his return.
+
+What surprised him was that he could see no light within. He was,
+however, sufficiently aware of the fact that he had taken more of "the
+crayther" than his good woman would approve of, so not caring to wake
+her up, he stole to the door and tried to lift the latch. It was
+fastened. Everything within was dark as Erebus, and not a sound could be
+heard except the low breathing of what he supposed to be his sleeping
+children. This rather excited Billy's wrath. He had been particular in
+his injunction to leave the door unbolted, and it was hard to be kept
+out in the storm on such a night as this. He called out--at first in a
+whisper, then louder and louder--to Kathleen to let him in. There was no
+response. Yet he certainly heard the movement of feet within. What could
+it mean? The little man finally swore a big oath and fiercely demanded
+admittance; but still there came no reply. He then essayed to force the
+door, and to his utter amazement the upper part of it gave way, opening
+out like a window-shutter, while the lower part remained firm. The
+musician therefore climbed up, and seating himself on the edge of the
+door, peered in. He could see nothing but a black void. To use his own
+figure of speech, "yez might as well hunt for Gineral Washington's will
+down a black dog's throat, as attimpt to see the nose on yer face in
+there!"
+
+He was nearly paralyzed with astonishment. Suddenly a bright thought
+struck him. He raised his trombone to his lips, and in spite of the
+mingled emotions that agitated his breast, blew upon it a blast loud
+enough to have waked the dead.
+
+Imagine therefore how his previous astonishment was deepened into almost
+idiotic wonder when he heard a reply from what appeared to be a trombone
+of more gigantic power than his own. "Bur-r-r!" went Mr. Muldoon's
+instrument.
+
+"Boo-o-o!" replied the invisible respondent.
+
+Billy was amazed. Billy was awe-stricken. But the instinct of the
+musician rose above all other emotions.
+
+"Sound your G!" said Billy.
+
+"Boo-o-o!" was the answer in a deeper base than before.
+
+"Yer out o' tune, ye domned old fool!" says Billy.
+
+"Boo-o-o!" came the response once more.
+
+"Sound yer G, and take that, ye murtherin spalpeen!" said the now
+thoroughly exasperated musician, dashing his own instrument in the
+direction of his invisible rival.
+
+Just then poor Billy saw a ferocious-looking pair of eyes glaring at
+him, and before he had time to add another word, some huge object rushed
+towards him, struck him a determined blow, and lifting him off his perch
+sent him into the middle of the road.
+
+The fact is, Billy had wandered very much out of his way, and had
+mistaken Ward Glazier's barn for his own dwelling. The supposed rival
+musician was our old acquaintance, "Black-face," the Bull.
+
+Billy picked himself up from the snow, and, regardless of his bruised
+body and aching bones, steadied himself for a last shot at the enemy.
+The little man looked in the direction where he thought his adversary
+ought to be, and though he could see nothing through the darkness and
+storm, he shouted out, in accents of blended dignity and contempt:
+
+"May the divil fly away wid ye! Ye may be the sthronger of the two, but,
+be jabers, yer no museecian!"
+
+How he eventually got home and what were his sentiments regarding the
+adventure with which he had met, are facts that do not concern this
+history; but it is quite probable that he wondered as we have often
+done, that St. Patrick, while engaged in the laudable task of expelling
+snakes from the soil of the Emerald Isle, did not also provide that such
+reptiles should keep out of the boots of her sons.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+
+VISIONS OF THE FUTURE.
+
+
+ The big uncle and the little nephew.--Exchange of ideas between the
+ eccentric Henry Glazier and young Willard.--Inseparable
+ companions.--Willard's early reading.--Favorite
+ authors.--Hero-worship of the first Napoleon and Charles XII. of
+ Sweden.--The genius of good and of evil.--Allen Wight.--A born
+ teacher.--Reverses of fortune.--The shadow on the
+ home.--Willard's resolve to seek his fortune and what came of
+ it.--The sleep under the trees.--The prodigal's return.--"All's
+ well that ends well."
+
+Between Henry Glazier and young Willard a singular friendship had sprung
+up. The great, six-foot uncle and the quaint, old-fashioned boy were
+much together.
+
+In the woods and fields, at junketings and corn-huskings, the pair were
+often seen in grave converse, and while Willard was ever eager to hear
+the stories of his uncle's mad adventures and queer scrapes, Henry
+Glazier, in turn, would listen with a species of reverent wonder to the
+boy's recital of striking passages of history or of fiction which he had
+picked up in the course of a varied and desultory reading--a taste for
+which was developed even at that early age. The volumes to which he had
+access were few in number, but he had read their pages again and again,
+and the subjects of which they treated were, for the most part, of just
+such a character as were calculated to attract the attention of a youth
+of action rather than of thought.
+
+Among them were "Rollin's Ancient History," "Robinson Crusoe," "The
+Arabian Nights," "Life of Charles XII. of Sweden," "Kossuth and his
+Generals," and "Napoleon and his Marshals,"--everything relating to the
+career of the great Corsican being devoured with the greatest avidity.
+
+He began, of course, by reading the descriptions of battles. All boys do
+so. But gradually his interest in such exciting events extended to the
+actors in them, and again to the causes that led to them, and at length
+the books were read from the preface to the end.
+
+The conversations between the uncle and nephew were far from exercising
+a good influence over the boy. If Willard related some daring deed from
+the life of Charles XII. or of the great Napoleon--his own especial
+hero--his uncle Henry would match it with some equally striking, if less
+civilized adventure in the forest or upon the river, in which he or some
+of his whilom associates had played the principal part. All this was, to
+a certain extent, calculated to unsettle the lad's mind for the common,
+routine duties of a useful existence. Fortunately, however, at about the
+time that it began to produce that effect, another opposite and more
+powerful influence was brought to bear upon him which changed the
+current of his ambition, and turned his attention to matters less
+exciting in their character, but destined to exert a much greater
+influence over his future life. I allude to his association with his
+teacher, Allen Wight.
+
+The small, plain brick school-house at Little York stands there, we
+believe, to-day as it did then in all its native and naked ugliness.
+Such a structure, looking at it aesthetically, is not a cheerful sight
+to the lover of learning, but at that period it was under the mastership
+of a mind of no ordinary calibre. From all that we can learn of him,
+Allen Wight was that remarkable character--a born educator. He did not
+believe his duty was performed by merely drilling his pupils,
+parrot-like, to repeat other men's sentiments. He knew that the minds of
+mortals, particularly if young and fresh, are as diverse in their
+springs of action as the laws of the universe, and he conceived it to be
+his duty to study the individual characteristics of each scholar under
+his charge, as he would have familiarized himself with the notes of a
+piece of music before he attempted to play it. His method was that of
+the Jesuit, carried out in a Protestant fashion. In young Glazier he
+took especial interest. He liked the sturdy little fellow who, though
+full of youthful vim, could yet sit down and discuss the difference
+between a Macedonian phalanx as described by Rollin and a _corps
+d'armee_ as manoeuvred by Soult, and he determined if possible--to use
+his own phraseology--"to make a man of him."
+
+His first step was to lead the boy's mind up to a habit of reasoning
+upon the present and the past, and upon the every day world of practical
+realities with which he had to do. When this habit had become
+sufficiently matured in him, the wise teacher told him the story of his
+own life, with its struggles, its disappointments and its triumphs,
+thinking thus to stimulate his favorite pupil to greater efforts and
+better achievements in the path of knowledge. He talked to young Willard
+as he would have talked to a man, yet with all the gentleness of manner
+he would have used in addressing a woman. Every incentive which he could
+place before the boy, every appeal to both heart and brain which he
+could make, Allen Wight used--as the mechanic would use the lever--to
+bring out all that was noblest and best in him--to develop all the
+sleeping possibilities of his young nature.
+
+Ward Glazier had not been as prosperous in his worldly affairs as his
+patriotism and honesty deserved, and things at the old "Homestead"
+looked rather gloomy. Poverty is a fearful darkener of child-life, and
+while its shadow rarely fell on Willard, who was always at school or
+roving the woods and fields with his uncle Henry, to his sisters and
+brothers it frequently presented its dark face and whispered unpleasant
+prophesies of the future.
+
+Of course it was not that abject kind of poverty which stints the supply
+of food and fire in a house. It did not still the prattle of the
+children, or banish childish mirth from the dwelling. It was not the
+wolf at the door, but the wolf in the dim possible distance when the
+poor father, bent with age, would perhaps be unable to keep his little
+flock together. But the boy had never thought of such a possible time.
+_His_ visions of the future were of sights to be seen in the great
+world--of a time when he would be large enough and free enough to
+accompany his uncle Henry upon some of his wild adventures among
+civilized or savage races, and of the delights of unlimited books to be
+read upon subjects most congenial to his mind. He therefore made no
+allowance for his father's gloomy face and short words, and often
+thought him stern when he was only sad.
+
+A slight incident, however, changed all this and compelled him to face
+life not as a dream but as a reality. One evening Willard's father came
+home very tired and somewhat dispirited by some adverse circumstances,
+such as occur in every man's business life at times, and of course he
+was not in the most pleasant frame of mind to encounter the petty
+annoyances of a household. Something that Willard said or did, capped
+the climax of his irritability and he called the boy a fool. It was a
+very unusual thing for Ward Glazier to speak with even apparent
+harshness to his children, and the lad felt it, therefore, all the more
+keenly. He became very thoughtful and silent, and crept off to bed
+earlier than usual only to lie awake most of the night brooding over the
+insult, and debating within himself what to do in order to vindicate his
+outraged dignity. The conclusion at which he finally arrived was that
+when the morning came, he would run away from home and seek his fortune
+in the great world. The fact is he had been reading "Robinson Crusoe"
+but a day or two previous, and that charming story had made a great
+impression on his mind. Under its weird influence his vivid imagination
+conjured up possible scenes of adventure in which he was to emulate the
+courage and sagacity of that celebrated truant, and eventually come
+home, as Robinson did, a man full of knowledge with which to astonish
+the family, and with wealth to lavish on brothers and sisters, and make
+comfortable the declining years of his parents. "_Then_ his father would
+not think him a fool," said this youthful logician to himself. His
+active little brain was too highly stimulated by his great resolve to
+permit much sleep that night, and his bosom swelled proudly as he
+thought how bravely he would encounter misfortune and face danger for
+the sake of the glorious future he saw in the distance. His boyish heart
+thrilled strangely within him as he pictured to himself how full of
+amazement his brothers and sisters would be, when they found he had gone
+forth all alone to seek his fortune. Even the little sleep, therefore,
+that he obtained, was but a dreamy repetition of his waking thoughts,
+and when the first gray streak of dawn told of the coming day, the boy
+arose and quietly dressing himself for his journey, emerged from the
+house, passed down the avenue under the broad elms and struck the
+highway. He shivered a little as the chill air of morning touched his
+cheek, and his ambitious dream did not look quite so glowing and
+glorious as it had done when snugly ensconced in his comfortable bed,
+but still he had a consciousness that he was doing something very manly,
+and he walked on with a firm step and determined heart.
+
+It is true he had no very definite idea of _where_ he was going,--he
+only thought of doing great things and seeing strange sights. His whole
+plan of travel was comprehended in the one idea of _going out into the
+world_. That was all. Accordingly the youth trudged on for miles without
+weariness,--for his head was still thronged with thick coming fancies of
+the possible future that lay before him, and for some time the exulting
+sense of freedom that ever accompanies disenthralment of any kind,
+thrilled his whole being with a firm resolution to accomplish great
+things.
+
+At the expiration of a few hours, however, the fatigue involved in so
+unusual a tramp before breakfast, began to tell upon him, and as he
+mechanically slackened his pace, his reflections assumed a less jubilant
+and less satisfactory character. He had walked nearly fourteen miles and
+was already footsore. "Going out into the world," began to seem not
+quite so enchanting a proceeding as it had appeared to be at starting.
+For the first time since the idea of "seeking his fortune" had entered
+his mind, he asked himself _where_ he was to seek it.
+
+The reply to this inquiry was not easy. Meanwhile the sun had mounted
+high up in the heavens and was shining brightly, the birds were singing
+their matin songs, and in the roadside pastures the cattle were quietly
+grazing. It was a peaceful, pastoral scene, but its peace did not enter
+the heart of the wanderer. Somehow the world did not appear half so
+attractive in his eyes as it had looked when he stole forth from his
+father's gate in the cold gray of the morning twilight. His step,
+therefore, was less elastic and his bearing less assured now than then,
+and at length he sat down under a large beech-tree by the roadside, to
+reflect upon the situation. He began to feel very weary, and the sudden
+transition from action to repose induced a drowsiness that in a few
+minutes overcame his waking sense and launched him into the sea of
+forgetfulness. The young head sank lower and lower on his breast, and
+finally, sleep ... "that knits up the ravelled sleeve of care,"...
+"sore labor's bath, balm of hurt minds, great Nature's second course,"
+came to him unawares, and for some hours he was totally oblivious of all
+surroundings.
+
+It was a dreamless sleep, and noon had come when he awoke. For a few
+moments he was unable to recall where he was or how he had come there,
+but in a very short time the recollection of everything that had
+happened to him since the evening before swept over his mind like a
+flood. Every circumstance now, however, was viewed in a far different
+light. Somehow, the provocation which had sent him into the wide world
+to seek his fortune did not seem half so great as it had seemed only the
+night before. The example of De Foe's hero was not so completely
+alluring, and a portion of that history which the evening previous he
+had not deemed worthy of a thought, now rose vividly before him. He
+seemed to read again these words:
+
+"My father, a grave, wise man, gave me serious and excellent counsel
+against what he saw was my design. He told me it was for men of
+desperate fortunes on the one hand, or of aspiring superior fortunes on
+the other, who went abroad upon adventures, to rise by enterprise and
+make themselves famous in undertakings of a nature out of the common
+road: that these things were all either too far above me, or too far
+below me: that mine was the middle state or what might be called the
+upper station of humble life, which he had found by long experience was
+the best state in the world, the most suited to human happiness. The
+wise man gave his testimony to this when he prayed to have 'neither
+poverty nor riches.'" And then came the thought that all that Robinson
+ever gained in fame or fortune, failed to still the quiet but terrible
+whisper of his conscience whenever he thought of those he had abandoned
+for a roving life. So intently did he think upon these things, he seemed
+actually to behold the wanderer upon his sea-girt island with lawless
+Will Atkins and the gentle French priest beside him, while the words of
+the repentant mutineer seemed to be hissed into his ear:--"No, sir, I
+did not cut his throat, but I cut the throat of all his comforts. I
+shortened his days and I broke his heart by the most ungrateful,
+unnatural return, for the most tender and affectionate treatment that
+father ever gave or child could receive." Young Willard could not but
+remember that _his_ parents had been most kind and tender, that _his_
+father had lavished upon him during all the years of his childhood a
+most prodigal wealth of affection: and the one harsh epithet he had
+received seemed as nothing among the multitude of kind and loving words
+that had never been withheld from him. His heart told him that something
+deeper than any ordinary woe would darken his mother's quiet face when
+she beheld his empty chair and realized that he had gone, perhaps never
+to return, without one farewell word to her. Such reflections as these,
+that he wondered had not occurred to him before, now took possession of
+his mind and, impelled by their influence, he arose and slowly started
+back towards home. As he came within sight of the old place he saw his
+father in the distance reaping, and the sight filled him with gladness.
+
+ "From the top of the road, through the gap was seen
+ Down a zigzag road cut up by rills,
+ The velvet valley cradled between
+ Dark double ridges of 'elm' clad hills;
+ And just beyond, on the sunniest slope,
+ With its windows aglint in the sunset warm,
+ In the spot where he first knew life and hope,
+ Was the dear old house of the 'Homestead' farm."
+
+But he was not just then in a frame of mind to meet the parental eye,
+and he therefore skirted round a piece of woods which concealed him from
+his father's view and reaching the door unobserved, crept into the
+house.
+
+Though his absence had been discovered, and its cause, if not known, at
+least shrewdly suspected, his father and mother in their reception of
+him very wisely ignored all knowledge of his truancy and treated the
+young prodigal with such unusual marks of kindness and indulgence, that
+he was completely melted, and felt, with keen remorse, that he had been
+upon the eve of becoming a most wretched ingrate. The lesson of the
+experiment was not lost upon him, and he never again tried the foolish
+venture.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+
+WILLARD GLAZIER AT HOME.
+
+
+ Out of boyhood.--Days of adolescence.--True family pride.--Schemes
+ for the future.--Willard as a temperance advocate.--Watering his
+ grandfather's whiskey.--The pump behind the hill. The sleigh-ride
+ by night.--The "shakedown" at Edwards.--Intoxicated by tobacco
+ fumes.--The return ride.--Landed in a snow-bank.--Good-bye horses
+ and sleigh!--Plodding through the snow.
+
+Ward Glazier--putting his theories to the test of practice--believed it
+best to allow the error of his son to work out its own punishment,
+without adding a word to indicate that he knew it had been committed.
+The wisdom of such reticence is not often recognized by parents placed
+in similar circumstances, but it would perhaps be better for the
+children if it were. At the same time the father thought it expedient to
+apprise Allen Wight of the matter. That gentleman readily acquiescing in
+his plans, saw in the recoil which would probably succeed such an
+escapade in the mind of a sensitive and generous boy, the opportunity he
+sought to arouse him to a sense of the duties that lay before him in his
+future career, in living a useful and worthy life.
+
+One afternoon, therefore, when they were enjoying a quiet chat after
+school hours, he managed--without the slightest allusion to the runaway
+freak--to turn the conversation to the subject of "self-made men." Not,
+be it understood, that species of fungi who only love their maker,
+because being
+
+ "_Self_-made, _self_-trained, _self_-satisfied,"
+
+they are
+
+ "Themselves their only daily boast and pride."
+
+Not the Randall Leslies, or the Peter Firkins of the world or that other
+
+ "Score of Peter Funks,
+ Of the mock-mining stamp, who deal in chunks
+ Of confidence, ores and metals as examples
+ And sell the bowels of the earth by samples;"
+
+but that higher race who have achieved noble things despite all the
+drawbacks of poverty and friendlessness.
+
+He spoke of Clive, the Shropshire farmer's son, who, according to the
+greatest of modern historians, equalled Lucullus in war and Tergot in
+peace; that reformer who out of the discordant elements of an Indian
+oligarchy consolidated and perfected an empire, one of the most splendid
+the world contains.
+
+He spoke, too, of that other Indian ruler who as he lay dreaming a boy's
+day-dream one holiday, upon the bank of a stream that flowed through
+Daylesford Manor--the manor which one ancestor's sword had won and
+another ancestor's folly had lost--who formed a scheme of life that
+culminated in the extension of the same empire beyond all previous
+expectation, and in linking his own name so inseparably with the story
+of his country, that no man can write the history of England without
+writing the life of Warren Hastings.
+
+Other examples of great ends achieved with little means, by men in our
+own land, were talked over.
+
+Franklin the _boy_, walking up Market street, Philadelphia, a
+penny-roll under each arm and munching a third, under the laughing
+observation of Miss Read, his future wife--and Franklin the sage and
+Minister, representing his government at the most elegant court in
+Europe, were contrasted for his edification. Various modern instances
+were added, Mr. Wight keeping in view Pope's axiom that
+
+ "Men must be taught as if you taught them not,
+ And things unknown proposed as things forgot."
+
+When the boy's mind had been sufficiently awakened he followed the
+advice of the old adage to "strike while the iron is hot," and impressed
+upon him the fact that being the eldest son he was naturally the prop of
+his house; nor did he ignore the truth, unpalatable as it might be, that
+Willard could hope for no material aid from the hands of his parents. He
+must carve his own way. He must build even the ladder up which he was to
+climb. Others had done so--why not he? And then he told him that the way
+to do it successfully was to acquire knowledge and cultivate wisdom; for
+
+ "Knowledge and wisdom, far from being one,
+ Have, oft times, no connection.
+ Knowledge dwells in the thoughts of other men,
+ Wisdom in minds attentive to their own."
+
+Working upon what he rightly conjectured to be the boy's newly awakened
+sense of the kindness of his father, he spoke of that good man's
+pecuniary reverses, and professed his faith in Willard as the future
+regenerator of the fallen fortunes of Ward Glazier's family.
+
+The boy's generous enthusiasm was awakened at once. His ordinary school
+tasks and home duties no longer looked commonplace, and were no longer
+distasteful to him. They were but incidents in a general plan of
+usefulness, and he performed them with an air of cheerfulness that
+pleased his teacher and delighted his parents. He volunteered to help
+his father in the fields, and while but a boy in years, he yet performed
+the work of a man. In fact, he had discovered that every duty of life
+has its heroic side, and needs only the impulse of high and noble
+motives to be invested with dignity and interest.
+
+Meanwhile, he did not neglect his studies. The idea of intellectual
+culture was no longer a mere abstraction. Books were not only what they
+always had been--reservoirs of knowledge, alluring to his imagination,
+and fascinating to his mind--but they were now looked upon as levers,
+with which he was to move the world. Knowledge _now_ meant the means
+whereby, in the days to come, he was to acquire the power to make his
+father and mother comfortable for the balance of their lives; and to
+surround his sisters with those luxuries which go far towards making
+existence a thing of grace and refinement. When, therefore, he worked
+during the warm days of summer, aiding his father in the care of the
+farm, the summer evenings found him poring earnestly over his
+books--practical and useful ones now--and the harvest once gathered, he
+was back again in his old place at school, where he studied steadily and
+hard. His teacher, Allen Wight, looked on and was satisfied. And yet
+Willard was a wild boy--as wild as any in the school. His relish for fun
+and frolic was as keen as ever, but it was now subordinated to his
+judgment. His practical jokes were fewer, and the peculiarities of his
+father no longer furnished him with a subject for their perpetration.
+Now and then, however, the old exuberance of mischief _would_ break out,
+and upon one occasion his grandfather became its victim.
+
+As that mosaic styled "character" is nothing more than an aggregate of
+just such trivial things, we trust our readers will pardon us if we
+relate the incident in point.
+
+When Willard was over nine years of age, his father moved from the Old
+Homestead and purchased a place named the Goodrich Farm, where he opened
+a country store. The venture proved to be an unfortunate one, and, after
+a series of pecuniary vicissitudes, he left it, and, at the period to
+which we refer, was the occupant of a farm known in that section as the
+Davis Place.
+
+This farm and the Glazier Homestead occupied positions upon opposite
+sides of the same public road--the former being one mile nearer the town
+of Fullersville.
+
+Meantime, the Homestead was occupied and cultivated by Jabez Glazier,
+the grandfather of Willard, and upon certain occasions the boy was sent
+over to stay for a few days at that place, to help the old gentleman in
+many little ways connected with its cultivation.
+
+At that time and in that locality it was customary during the haying
+season to deal out to the men employed stated rations of whiskey every
+day. A bottle was filled for each one, and, being placed by the
+recipient in a swathe of the newly-cut grass, frequent visits were made
+to the spot and frequent libations indulged in. Ward Glazier and his
+wife being determinedly opposed to the use of ardent spirits under any
+circumstances whatever, the custom was dispensed with at the Davis
+Place; but at the Old Homestead, under the rule of Jabez Glazier, the
+time-honored usage was staunchly maintained. Young Willard had been so
+deeply inoculated with his parents' opinions on this subject, that he
+had delivered an address before the society of "Sons of Temperance" at
+Fullerville even at that early age, and his disgust may be imagined when
+he found himself selected by his grandfather to go to the village tavern
+for the necessary quantity of "Old Rye." He asked that some other
+messenger might be sent, but the old gentleman was inflexible. Nobody
+but Willard would satisfy his whim--perhaps because he felt that, in the
+custody of his grandson, the "fire-water" would not be tampered with on
+its return to the farm. Willard did not openly rebel against his
+grandfather's commands--since it was the fashion in those days for
+children to be obedient--but turned his attention to gaining his object
+by means of a little stratagem. Not far from the house on the road
+leading to the store stood an old pump, concealed from view by an
+intervening building and a rising hill. Here this youthful disciple of
+Father Matthew made it a practice regularly to stop, and pouring out
+half the contents of the jug he carried, refilled it with the crystal
+liquid from the pump.
+
+At first this _improvement_ in their potations seemed hardly to attract
+the attention of the individuals interested; but, as each day the
+proportion of water increased, the dilution at last forced itself upon
+their attention, and every one agreed that the tavern-keeper was
+cheating Jabez in the "Rye" business. The result of it all was the
+withdrawal of Jabez Glazier's custom from the establishment in
+question, and the future purchase of "spiritual" goods by Mr. Jabez
+himself in person.
+
+Thus Willard's object was attained, and the cold-water people were no
+longer vexed by the inconsistent spectacle of a son of temperance
+playing Ganymede to a set of drinking, though by no means drunken,
+hay-makers.
+
+Not often, now, did young Willard figure as chief in any mad scrape or
+wild boyish adventure. Those times were left behind. Once, indeed, his
+uncle Henry, the patron of the great chief "_Kaw-shaw-gan-ce_," swooped
+down upon the household, and, in an enormous four-horse sleigh of his
+own construction, took him, together with a gay and festive party of
+lads and lasses, off to Edwards, a village nine miles away. Here the
+rustic party had a "shake-down," and young Willard got fearfully sick in
+a dense atmosphere of tobacco smoke. The feast over, he was tightly
+packed in the sleigh with the buxom country girls and their muscular
+attendants, while Henry Glazier drove across country through a blinding
+snow-storm and over measureless drifts. The party was stranded at last
+on a rail fence under the snow, and the living freight flung bodily
+forth and buried in the deep drifts. They emerged from their snowy
+baptism with many a laugh and scream and shout, and tramped the
+remainder of the distance home. The horses having made good their
+escape, Willard was carried forward on his uncle Henry's back.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+
+ADVENTURES--EQUINE AND BOVINE.
+
+
+ Ward Glazier moves to the Davis Place.--"Far in the lane a lonely
+ house he found."--Who was Davis?--Description of the place.--A
+ wild spot for a home.--Willard at work.--Adventure with an
+ ox-team.--The road, the bridge and the stream.--"As an ox
+ thirsteth for the water."--Dashed from a precipice!--Willard as a
+ horse-tamer.--"Chestnut Bess," the blooded mare.--The start for
+ home.--"Bess" on the rampage.--A lightning dash.--The stooping
+ arch.--Bruised and unconscious.
+
+It will be remembered that when Ward Glazier left the Homestead, he
+removed to a neighboring farm known as the Goodrich Place,--a fine,
+comfortable, well-stocked and well-tilled farm, presenting an appearance
+of prosperity to the eye of the observer and calculated to make the
+impression that its owner must be well-to-do in the world. As we have
+heretofore hinted, however, Ward Glazier failed to prosper there. Why
+this was the case it is hard to tell. A late writer has suggested that
+"not only the higher intellectual gifts but even the finer moral
+emotions are an incumbrance to the fortune-hunter." That "a gentle
+disposition and extreme frankness and generosity have been the ruin in a
+worldly sense of many a noble spirit;" and he adds that "there is a
+degree of cautiousness and distrust and a certain insensibility and
+sternness that seem essential to a man who has to bustle through the
+world and engineer his own affairs,"--and if he be right, the matter
+may be easily understood.
+
+However that may be, he failed to prosper, and as business misfortunes
+began to fall thick and fast upon his head, he gave up the farm to his
+creditors, together with all his other effects, and took up his abode at
+the Davis Place.
+
+Who the particular Davis was whose name clung to the place we have been
+unable to ascertain, but when Ward Glazier moved there, the house seemed
+fairly to scowl upon the passer-by--so utterly unprepossessing was its
+appearance. A rude, capacious wooden structure, it stood fronting the
+highway, and was a place where the beautiful had no existence. The very
+soil looked black and rough--the vegetation rugged. Every inclosure was
+of stone or knotted timber, and even a dove-cot which in its fresher
+days some hand had placed upon the lawn, was now roofless and shattered,
+and lay prone upon the ground, a shapeless mass of collapsed boards. The
+lawn--if such it could be named--resembled a bleak shore, blackened with
+stranded wrecks of ships whose passengers had long years before gone
+down at sea. The broken windows in the dormitories were festooned with
+cobwebs that had housed long lines of ancestral spiders, and where a
+pane or two of glass remained among the many empty frames, one fancied a
+gibbering spectre might look out from the gloomy depths behind.
+
+The back-ground against which this bleak and sombre place was thrown was
+no less grim and stern. Huge rocks in tiers, like stone coffins, rose in
+fierce ranges one above another up and up--back and farther back until
+they reached a point from whence a miniature forest of dwarf beech and
+maple, that appeared to crown the topmost bastion of them all, nodded in
+the swaying wind like funeral plumes upon a Titan's hearse.
+
+In fact, the only gleam of light upon the place--and it was a crazy,
+fitful gleam at that--came from a rushing stream that took its source
+high up among the hills. This brook first seen off to the extreme left
+of the house, came dashing down the rocks until it reached a level.
+Then, swinging round with sudden swirl it engirdled the place, and after
+many a curious twist and turn got straight again and went onward far off
+among the neighboring fields and lost itself at last in the Oswegatchie.
+The interior of the house was just as wild and dreary as the exterior.
+The rooms, for the most part, were too large for comfort. When one
+spoke, a dozen ghostly echoes answered, and at twilight the smaller
+children huddled around the kitchen fire and seldom went beyond that
+cheerful room until bed time. Often, in the dead of night, the creaking
+of timber and the voices of the wind startled the little ones from
+sleep, and a sense of something unreal and mysterious overshadowed their
+young minds.
+
+It was, take it all in all, a grim, gaunt, strange place in which to fix
+a home. It was there, however, in the midst of such sterile
+surroundings, that the next five years of Willard's life were mainly
+passed. There were no external influences brought to bear upon this
+portion of his existence that were not harsh and wild and stern. His
+father, honest even to the verge of fanaticism, was letting his heart
+corrode to bitterness under the sense of hopeless indebtedness. The
+churlish fields attached to the place offered but a grudging reward for
+the hardest labor. There was no hope of his acquiring a profession or
+even an education beyond the scant opportunity of Allen Wight's school,
+unless he himself could earn the means to pay for it. Still he was
+neither discouraged nor without hope. Instead of sinking under this
+accumulation of difficulties, his moral fibre was rendered more robust,
+and with it his physical strength and usefulness developed daily.
+
+Thus a year sped on, and at the end of that time his father, as one
+means of adding something to his scanty resources, obtained the job of
+hauling a quantity of iron ore from the ore beds near Little York to a
+forge and furnace at Fullerville. Willard with an ox-team and his uncle
+Henry with a span of fine horses, were employed for the most part to do
+the actual hauling.
+
+By this time Willard was quite familiar with the management of horses,
+and he had also learned to drive oxen, so that at the age of thirteen he
+worked with his ox-team as regularly and almost as efficiently as any of
+his grown-up uncles or even his father. The management of an ox-team, by
+the way, is quite different from that of horses, and at times it becomes
+very troublesome business, requiring for its successful accomplishment
+the very nicest admixture of courage, coolness and discretion. Willard,
+however, with the self-reliance that always characterizes a boy of his
+age, never for a moment doubted that he was adequate to the task, and as
+he had been placed in charge of a very fine yoke of oxen, took much
+pride in driving them in the same manner as he would have driven a span
+of horses, seated on the top of his load upon the wagon instead of being
+on foot and close by their heads, as prudence would have taught an
+older driver to do. The truth is, that if there was any human being
+before whom the boy delighted to exhibit himself as doing a manly part
+in his little circle of existence, that being was Henry Glazier.
+
+Consequently, when his uncle's team was on the road, Master Willard took
+a position upon his own load with as important an air as if he were on
+the box of a coach-and-four, and guided his cattle as if they were
+animals of the most docile disposition, to halt at his whisper or
+proceed at his word. As the principal part of the work was performed at
+midsummer under the rays of a scorching sun, the cattle were, of course,
+irritable and restive to a degree that in colder weather would have
+seemed inconsistent with the phlegmatic characteristics of their race.
+
+The road from Little York to Fullerville is a winding, narrow road,
+somewhat hilly in places, and neither very smooth nor level at any
+point. Midway between the two villages a brawling stream crosses the
+road, and making a turn empties itself, at the distance of about thirty
+yards, into the waters of the Oswegatchie. This stream is spanned by a
+rustic bridge at a very considerable elevation above the water. The
+banks are high and abrupt, and, as the traveler approaches them, he
+cannot fail to be attracted by the silvery sparkle of the waters far
+below. The view from the bridge takes in the white farm-houses with
+their emerald setting of rich grain-fields and meadowlands, the distant
+forge with its belching smoke-stacks, the winding Oswegatchie, and the
+distant blue hills. If the month happens to be August, the traveler may
+hear the cheerful hum of busy industry, the swinging cradles of the
+harvesters or the steady roll of the reaper. Upon a day, late in this
+richest of summer months--August--in the year of our Lord 1854, Willard
+and his uncle Henry were slowly wending their way towards
+Fullerville--the former with his ox-team and the latter with a spanking
+span of horses. The beasts of burden by their drooping heads and slow
+pace evinced the fact that the loads of ore they were drawing were
+unusually heavy, and this, combined with the sultry atmosphere, was
+telling upon the strength of even such powerful beasts as they.
+
+Willard, as usual, was seated upon the top of his load, and, as they
+neared the bridge, despite his familiarity with every detail of the
+scene, a sense of its exquisite beauty took possession of him, and, for
+a moment, he forgot that he was driving an ox-team. For a moment he was
+oblivious to the fact that it takes all a driver's care and skill to
+prevent mischief whenever a thirsty ox obtains a glimpse of water upon a
+summer's day. As they neared the bridge, the fevered eyes of the cattle
+caught sight of the limpid stream away down below, and, just as a cry of
+warning from his uncle recalled the boy to a sense of the deadly peril
+of his position, the cattle made an oblique plunge over the edge of the
+bank with two tons of iron-ore in lumps varying from five pounds to
+fifty, pouring a huge and deadly hail over their reckless heads. With
+rare presence of mind for a boy of his age, the instant he heard his
+uncle's warning cry, Willard realized the situation and jumped sideways
+from the wagon. As he did so, his hat fell off and rolled a short
+distance away. At the same moment a lump of ore, weighing not less than
+one-hundred pounds, fell upon it and crushed it so deeply into the
+ground that it was completely hidden from view. Many months afterwards,
+some boys digging for fish-bait found the hat buried there, and returned
+to the village with a tale of some possible and unknown murder,
+committed when or by whom no one could tell.
+
+[Illustration: Tragic Experience With An Ox-team.]
+
+As for the boy himself, he escaped with only a scratch or two and a few
+bruises, but that he escaped with his life or with sound limbs was
+almost a miracle; and, as his big-hearted uncle picked him up, he hugged
+the lad as one snatched from the very jaws of death. Willard was
+somewhat awed by the narrowness of his escape, and it was observed that
+his face wore an expression a shade graver than was its wont for several
+days after the occurrence.
+
+The lesson, however, made no lasting impression. Scarce a week had gone
+by ere his life was once more imperilled, and this time the danger
+resulted from his own reckless over-confidence in himself.
+
+It is a singular fact in the boy's history that every danger to which at
+this period of his life he was exposed, seems to have been twin-brother
+to some other hazard equally great, and which tripped upon its very
+heels.
+
+As already stated, Willard was a good horseman for a boy of his age. He
+possessed considerable nerve, and, having been brought up among horses,
+knew a good deal about their ways. But his real knowledge upon the
+subject was nothing to that which he thought he possessed; and, though a
+stout little fellow, of course he lacked the muscle of steel that is
+required to master an enraged horse. But he had never hesitated to ride
+any steed in all that neighborhood, with the single exception of one of
+a pair of extremely beautiful but vicious mares, which on account of her
+color was named "Chestnut Bess."
+
+This horse was as wild and untamed as the famous steed of Mazeppa, and
+even Henry Glazier, master-horseman though he was, seldom attempted to
+use this one, except in harness with her mate. The knowledge of this
+fact excited an overweening desire in Willard's breast to show them what
+_he_ could do in the way of taming the hitherto untamed creature, and
+never having been unhorsed in his life, he determined, upon the first
+favorable opportunity, to try his powers upon the vicious animal. That
+opportunity was not long in coming. One summer morning it was arranged
+that Willard should go over to his grandfather's and aid in the
+cultivation of a large corn-field on the Homestead Farm. Willard made up
+his mind that, if he went, he would go in style on the back of "Chestnut
+Bess." He wanted to show his Uncle Henry and the others what the "little
+runt" was capable of accomplishing as an equestrian. Accordingly, he
+placed a good strong bridle upon the mare's head, gave an extra pull at
+the saddle-girth to assure himself there was no possibility of _that_
+failing him, and, taking a hoe, which he wished to use in his work on
+the farm, in his right hand, he led the mare quietly down the path, out
+through the gate, and into the road. Gathering the reins in his left
+hand, without giving her time to conjecture his object--for mounting her
+was no easy task--he jumped lightly into the saddle, and screwed his
+knees into her sides with all his might.
+
+Now, this mare was not one of those ordinary quadrupeds possessing a
+single vice, which the rider may learn and master. She was an animal of
+infinite resources. Her modes of attack were innumerable. It is true she
+rather preferred to settle matters upon the very threshold of the
+contest in a short, sharp way, by kicking her man before he could mount.
+But, if baffled in this design, she would vary the proceedings by
+dashing her head down between her knees, sending her heels up in the
+air, and, if possible, plunge the rider over her head to the ground; or,
+she would waltz round on her hind legs in such a way as to render the
+best balanced brain somewhat dizzy and uncertain; in the event of the
+failure of these coquettish pleasantries, she had not a single scruple
+against playing Shylock, and taking her pound of flesh out of his leg
+with her teeth. Thus, you see, it would not do to go to sleep upon her
+back; and Master Willard Glazier no sooner found himself firmly seated
+than he made up his mind that for the time, at least, he had his hands
+full of business. As the mare had been deprived of an opportunity to
+kick him, by the suddenness with which he sprang upon her back, she
+concluded to try her next favorite line of strategy and shake him off.
+So down went her head and up went her heels, and, had he been less on
+the alert, he must have gone to earth; but, with his knees dug into her
+sides as if they were the opposite jaws of a vice, for every jerk of her
+head _down_ he gave one with the reins _up_, and at each jerk the
+hoe-handle gave her a rap over the ears, so that she began to find the
+fun less agreeable than usual. Changing her tactics, with a bound she
+proceeded to execute a fine imitation of the "German," and spin round
+like a Fifth Avenue belle or a humming-top. But the boy's young, clear,
+temperate brain and well-disciplined nerves were proof even against this
+style of attack, and still firm in his seat, he belabored the brute with
+his hoe with such a perfect rain of blows that she gave up her prancing
+and dashed down the road at a break-neck pace. For perhaps five hundred
+yards the road led down hill, and then, crossing a stream, ascended
+again, the ascent being quite steep and by no means smooth.
+
+While upon the descent, it was all Willard could do to hold on, for he
+was encumbered with the hoe, which at every jump of the mare struck the
+top of her head, until she absolutely flew. The few pedestrians upon the
+road that morning stopped in amazement to stare after the mad flight of
+horse and rider.
+
+As soon as the bridge was crossed and they commenced the abrupt rise,
+"Chestnut Bess" began to slacken her pace, but the young gentleman, who
+by this time considered himself her master, would not agree to this. He
+proposed to give her a lesson, so he administered a good thrashing with
+his novel style of whip and compelled her to keep her pace all the way
+to the top of the hill, where horse and rider at length arrived in
+safety. From that point to the Old Homestead the mare was perfectly
+willing to jog along quietly, and when they reached the farm you may be
+sure that the "spirit" of one "mortal" at least was "proud," as he
+related to his wondering kinsman how he had taken the mischief out of
+the chestnut mare.
+
+The boy rose immeasurably in his uncle Henry's estimation by this feat,
+and all were delighted with his pluck, though Jabez Glazier, his
+grandfather, with his greater experience, warned him not to trust the
+beast too far, for, according to his belief, her eye had danger in it
+yet. When the day of work was ended, Willard once more mounted upon
+"Chestnut Bess" and rode towards home. For a short time the mare trotted
+quietly along, and the boy was more than ever convinced that he had
+broken her of her tricks.
+
+This agreeable belief however was of short duration. The thought had
+hardly entered his head when she commenced her antics again. Her heels
+went skyward and her nose went down, and a repetition of the morning's
+performances succeeded.
+
+There was quite as much vigor and pertinacity in her movements as if she
+were just starting out for the day. This time Willard had provided
+himself with a stout beech switch, and used its stinging persuasion with
+good effect. She danced, she pranced, she waltzed, she made sudden
+dashes and full stops. She would have rolled in the gravel if the boy's
+switch had ceased stinging her into motives for action, but she could
+not shake him off. He clung to her back like a little leech, and it
+began to look as if human will-power was going to conquer brute
+stubbornness, when suddenly a new idea seemed to enter the animal's
+head. Without a moment's warning, and utterly scorning the control of
+the bit which she had taken in her teeth, she swung round and at full
+gallop made straight for the Homestead farm from which she had so lately
+come. The farm-yard gate was wide open and she dashed in, making
+directly for the wagon-shed at the extreme end of the place, which was
+now empty. This shed, the top of which was supported by a cross-beam,
+was only just high enough to permit a wagon to be sheltered there, and
+if the horse got in, Willard saw at a glance that she would be obliged
+to lower her head to do so, and that in the course of her entry he must
+inevitably strike the beam and perhaps be instantly killed or swept off
+her back upon a pile of rocks that on either side walled the entrance to
+the shed.
+
+His heart for once failed him, for there seemed no earthly hope of
+escape. There was no time to spring off, even if the speed at which he
+was going would have permitted him to do so, for in a shorter time than
+it has taken to describe the scene, the shed was reached, bang went the
+mare's head against the opposite end, and at the same instant Willard
+felt a dull thud against his person, realized the fact that he was being
+thrown into the air, and then came darkness and unconsciousness. He was
+dashed violently upon the stones, and when picked up his body was found
+to be much lacerated and bruised.
+
+Fortunately, however, no bones were broken, though he was obliged to
+keep his bed for some days afterwards. No doubt while lying there during
+slow convalescence he mused upon the vicissitudes attendant upon the
+career of a horse-tamer. At all events from this time he became much
+steadier and more prudent,--the wild adventures of his earlier boyhood
+having entirely lost their attraction for him.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+
+THE YOUNG TRAPPER OF THE OSWEGATCHIE.
+
+
+ A plan of life.--Determination to procure an education.--A
+ substitute at the plow.--His father acquiesces in his
+ determination to become a trapper.--Life in the wild woods along
+ the Oswegatchie.--The six "dead-falls."--First success.--A
+ fallacious calculation.--The goal attained.--Seventy-five dollars
+ in hard cash!--Four terms of academic life.--The youthful
+ rivals.--Lessons in elocution.--A fight with hair-brushes and
+ chairs!--"The walking ghost of a kitchen fire."--Renewed
+ friendship.--Teaching to obtain means for an education.
+
+At this period of Willard's life, he is described by Mr. Rennehan as
+having acquired an appetite for the acquisition of knowledge which soon
+became the controlling passion of his nature, and, "thoroughly absorbed
+by this idea, he fixed upon the select school of his native town as the
+institution best adapted to initiate him in the course suited to the
+fulfilment of his laudable ambition."
+
+But his determination to procure an education met with obstacles from
+the outset. How to defray the necessary expenses which such a course
+involved was the question which continually presented itself for his
+ingenuity to solve. His father's reverses placed it quite beyond the
+possibilities to hire help upon the farm, and Willard's services had
+therefore come to be looked upon as something of vital importance.
+
+In dragging from the hard soil of the Davis place the living which
+necessity compelled, he performed the work of a man, and the perfect
+trust which his father reposed in him gave his services additional
+value.
+
+This fact increased the difficulty of his position; but though he made
+it a point to husband all his spare time for self-instruction, he was
+far from satisfied with the existing state of affairs, and pondered long
+and earnestly over the best means of securing the advantages of regular
+instruction.
+
+At that time the streams tributary to the St. Lawrence were supplied
+with such fur-bearing animals as the mink, the musk-rat, the otter, and
+the more humble rabbit, the skins of all of which were more or less
+valuable and were sought by professional trappers. These men found the
+business a reasonably lucrative one, and it commended itself especially
+to Willard, as health and strength were the only capital required. The
+grand difficulty was how to supply his place in the work of the farm.
+His father was a man who always listened with patience and sympathy to
+any scheme that promised to benefit his children. His son, therefore,
+had no hesitation in laying the whole matter before him and seeking his
+advice upon the subject. He felt, of course, that any proposal to
+withdraw his personal labor from the common stock of exertion by which
+the cultivation of the farm was rendered a possibility, was a direct
+pecuniary tax upon his father's resources; but he believed he could to a
+great extent neutralize the injury by supplying a substitute.
+
+He also felt assured that although the step he proposed to take might be
+a present loss to the family it would prove an ultimate gain. He was
+thoroughly determined to make _his_ life a success, and he was just as
+thoroughly determined that any success which might crown his efforts
+should be shared by his parents. It is true that the road looked long
+and the path rough, but he had a "heart for any fate," and his courage
+never failed. A substitute at the plow he knew he could obtain for a
+small sum, and the board of such a person would take the place of his
+own at the home table, and he never doubted that he could earn a
+sufficient surplus to pay the wages of such an assistant. At all events
+he made up his mind to try the experiment.
+
+With young Willard, to think was to act, and this project was no sooner
+conceived than he proceeded to put it into execution. He laid his plans
+frankly before his father, who, to his great gratification, assented to
+his proposal. A man was hired for fifteen dollars a month to take
+Willard's place on the farm, and the latter made his first venture as a
+trapper.
+
+His initial experiment was to set six traps of the pattern called a
+"dead-fall" or "figure of four," and this resulted in the capture of two
+minks worth about eight dollars. With what an exultant heart he drew out
+his first mink and realized that by his own unaided exertions he had
+made some money, no boy or man need be told. He at once, however,
+entered into some rather fallacious calculations and built some
+extremely airy castles. It occurred to him that if out of six traps he
+could obtain two skins, out of one hundred he could obtain thirty-three,
+and so on, in proportion.
+
+This, however, proved to be a miscalculation, it not being so much the
+number of traps set, as the quantity of game in a given locality which
+regulates the amount of success for a trapper. Yet his efforts in this
+new business succeeded to a gratifying degree, and the fact of having
+exchanged the dull monotony of farm drudgery for the exhilarating
+excitement of a hunter's life, was in itself a sufficient reward for any
+amount of exertion. Indeed what mode of life could be happier or more
+free, for a healthy, strong-limbed youth of fifteen, than to live as he
+then did, almost entirely in the woods? Then too, his daily route lay in
+the midst of some of the finest scenery to be found anywhere in New
+York, even in that grand old county of St. Lawrence.
+
+To a lover of nature nothing could be more alluring than the locality
+through which Willard, at that period of his life, trapped and hunted.
+To follow the winding waters of the Oswegatchie is to enjoy a perpetual
+feast. That river is one of a great family of rivers, among which may be
+enumerated the Rackett, the Grasse, the Indian, and the Black, all of
+which take their rise far up in the recesses of the great North Woods.
+Though not to any extent navigable, it is yet nearly as broad as the
+lovely and "blue Juniata" of "peaceful Pennsylvania."
+
+At times turbulent and brawling, it is often vexed in its passage to the
+St. Lawrence by rapids and cataracts varying in height and volume, but
+which in their infinite variety give a wild and romantic beauty to this
+poetical stream. At times it glides smoothly along through low meadow
+lands, and again it plunges into some dense thicket or brawls through
+some briery dell where the foliage is so thick that one can only see
+the glint and ripple of its waters at rare intervals, shining between
+the lapping leaves and tangled vines. Then again it sweeps onward
+through cleft rocks and jutting banks until, lost at last in the very
+heart of the primeval forest, its twilight waters reflect the images of
+giant trees which had their beginning on its banks a century ago.
+
+[Illustration: The Young Trapper Of The Oswegatchie.]
+
+Willard's life during that autumn passed in persevering work. Day by day
+he traveled his accustomed routes, while the leaves turned from green to
+red and from red to russet and brown, and at last fell from the naked
+branches of the forest trees with a little farewell rustle, to be
+trodden into the rich soil below.
+
+By the time the first snow came he found himself much more robust
+physically, and with seventy-five dollars clear profit in his pocket. In
+addition to these advantages he also acquired the inestimable habit of
+self-reliance, so that when he entered upon a course of preparation for
+his academic life, it was with full faith in himself. For four terms,
+beginning August thirteenth, 1857, and ending the latter part of June,
+1859, he remained at the excellent institution of learning which he had
+selected, and while there gained considerable credit as a hard student.
+
+During the first of these terms a generous rivalry existed between
+himself and a youth by the name of Albert Burt, as to which should lead
+the class. As it turned out, however, they kept together and were both
+marked "perfect." The academy was under the management of the Rev. E. C.
+Bruce, M. A., Principal; and Andrew Roe, Professor of Mathematics. About
+a month or six weeks after he entered the school, he arranged to take
+lessons in elocution under a Professor Bronson, that gentleman having
+organized a large class at the academy.
+
+In a brief diary kept by him at the time, we find the remark that he was
+"greatly pleased with the Professor's method of teaching that important
+branch of study." Willard had advanced to the higher grade of Algebra
+and Grammar, had added Philosophy to the list of his studies, and having
+cultivated a natural turn for public speaking, was elected on the
+eighteenth of December, 1857, a member of the Oratorical Society--an
+association connected with the institution. His boy experiences were
+very similar to those which happen to all lads in academic life. He had
+his chums, among whom were Brayton Abbott and Ozias Johnson; he had his
+little flirtations with misses of his own age, and he had his fights, as
+all boys have.
+
+Among the latter was one with Johnson, who was his room-mate, and who,
+being four years older than himself, undertook, for fun, to rub his face
+with a newly-purchased hair-brush. This kind of fun did not suit
+Willard, however, and he resented it by giving Johnson a "dig" in the
+ribs. Whereupon a fight ensued in earnest, and as Willard was too young
+and light to keep up the contest at close quarters, he dodged his
+adversary and covered his retreat by dropping chairs in front of
+Johnson's legs, which brought that young gentleman to the floor more
+than once, to his own intense disgust and Willard's great gratification.
+At length Johnson managed to corner his opponent, and then rubbed his
+face so thoroughly with the bristles that his comrades that morning
+thought he had caught the scarlet-fever, or as Dickens says, that he
+was the "walking ghost of a kitchen fire."
+
+As generally happens, however, between two manly fellows, their combat
+inspired a feeling of mutual respect, and from being mere acquaintances
+they grew to be fast friends.
+
+Study and sedentary habits at length so much impaired Willard's health
+that, in the latter part of the month of August, 1858, he was compelled
+to cease his attendance at school and go home. The thirtieth of
+September following, however, found him at the Teachers' Institute of
+St. Lawrence County, with the proceedings of which body he appears to
+have been highly gratified, for in the diary to which we have already
+referred, he speaks of it in these words:--
+
+"I am now attending the Teachers' Institute of this county, which is in
+session at Gouverneur, it having opened upon the twenty-seventh instant.
+The School Commissioners are Mr. C. C. Church and Allen Wight. I am
+highly pleased with the proceedings and the method of conducting the
+exercises of this apparently indispensable part of a Teacher's
+instruction,"--adding that it was his "intention to become a teacher the
+coming winter." Indeed, to be a teacher seems to have been his favorite
+scheme of life, and his highest ambition was ultimately to fill the
+chair of Mathematics in one of the great institutions of learning. That
+most exact of sciences was his favorite branch of study, and the
+intellectual stimulus which it imparts had for him a peculiar
+fascination.
+
+In pursuance of his object, and in order, by teaching during one part of
+the year, to raise means to enable him to attend school during another
+portion, he set about procuring for himself a school. Fortunately for
+the accomplishment of his object, it was suggested to him to apply to
+the School Commissioner of his own Assembly district, and he did so. The
+examination which followed his application, owing to some local rivalry,
+was extremely rigid; but he passed through it with great credit and
+received the appointment he desired, being assigned forthwith to duty in
+the town of Edwards, St. Lawrence County. He commenced teaching in the
+bleak month of November, 1858, and was very earnest in fulfilling the
+duties of his position, taking every opportunity not only of instilling
+knowledge into the minds of his pupils, but also striving to imbue them
+with a love of self-culture. He labored hard in his efforts to earn
+means with which to support himself during the coming summer at the
+Gouverneur Wesleyan Seminary, and discovered while thus working that
+teaching was as much of a discipline for himself as for his pupils.
+
+The time does not seem to have passed unpleasantly to him at this period
+of his career, for in an entry made in his diary on the twenty-eighth of
+November, 1858, he says:
+
+"I am spending the evening with Mr. Hiram Harris and family, having come
+into the district this afternoon. My mission here is to teach school for
+a term of three months in fulfilment of the contract existing between
+the trustees and myself. In compliance with a custom that prevails, I am
+expected to 'board around,' as it is styled, and Mr. Harris, being one
+of the Trustees, has invited me to spend my first week at his house.
+
+"The School Commissioner of this Assembly district is Mr. C. C. Church,
+of Potsdam, from whom I received a certificate based upon the
+recommendation of Commissioner Allen Wight of the first district. The
+School Trustees are E. L. Beardsley, Hiram Harris, and Jeptha Clark. The
+present term will be my first experience in the profession I have
+adopted. I do hope it will prove a useful one, for I am of opinion that
+a teacher's first experience is apt to give color to his whole future
+career." The day after this entry he adds that "only a small attendance
+greeted me upon opening my school," and after consoling himself with the
+reflection that this will leave him plenty of time for study, he adopted
+a single rule--"Do right;" and an additional motto, "A time and place
+for everything and everything in its time and place."
+
+It will thus be seen that he had already acquired a clear idea of the
+importance of order in every pursuit, and knew that method gives to an
+ordinary mortal Briaerean arms with which to accomplish whatever he may
+desire to do. How few attain to this knowledge until it is too late!
+
+As a writer, whose words we think worthy of remembrance, has said:
+
+"This is an era of doing things scientifically. People make scientific
+calculations of the weather, and the average number of murders for the
+next year. They measure the stars and they measure the affections, both
+scientifically. The only thing they fail to do scientifically is, to
+manage themselves. As a rule, they _drift_, and then find fault with
+fate and Providence because they don't drift into the right port. They
+drift _into_ life with a multiplicity of vague dreams, which are
+somehow to be realized; but they have a very dim idea of ways and means.
+They drift _through_ it, carelessly, with an inadequate knowledge of
+their own resources, and a still more inadequate notion of using them to
+the best advantage; they drift _out_ of it with a melancholy sense of
+failure, both absolutely as to themselves and relatively as to the
+world. Of all their splendid possibilities, none are realized. Nothing
+is completed. They start wrong or they make one fatal step, and
+everything goes wrong all the way through. It seems as if most lives
+were only experiments. Now and then one is turned out which fits in its
+niche and is tolerably symmetrical. The rest are all awry, unfinished,
+misplaced, and merely faint suggestions of what might have been. Much of
+this is doubtless beyond mortal control, but a far greater portion is
+due to the lack of a nice direction of forces. The human mechanism is
+complicated, and a very slight flaw sets it all wrong. There may be too
+much steam or too much friction, or too little power or too little
+balance. But clearly the first step is to strengthen the weak points, to
+gauge its capabilities, to set it running smoothly, and to give it a
+definite aim. If existence were simply passive and the mission of man
+was to _be_ instead of to _do_, he might perhaps be left to develop as
+the trees do, according to his own will or fancy or according to certain
+natural laws. But as it is the universal wish wherever one is, to be
+somewhere else, a little higher in the scale, it seems to be a part of
+wisdom, as well as humanity, to fit one for climbing. But many an
+aspirant finds his wings clipped in the beginning of his career, through
+the ignorance or carelessness of his friends, who never took the trouble
+of measuring his capabilities. He is treated as a receptacle into which
+a certain amount of ideas are to be poured, no matter whether they may
+answer to anything within him or not. He is turned out of an educational
+mill with five hundred others, and with plenty of loose knowledge, but
+without the remotest idea of what to do with it, or what nature intended
+him for, and with no especial fitness for any one thing. He can _think_,
+probably, if he has the requisite amount of brains, but how to establish
+a relation between thought and bread and butter is the problem. He has
+the requisite motive power, but it is not attached to anything. _He_
+does not know how to attach it, so he revolves in a circle, or makes a
+series of floundering experiments, that bear meagre fruit, perhaps when
+the better part of his life is gone. He knows _books_, but he does _not_
+know men. He is a master of theories, but cannot apply them. If he has a
+small amount of brains, his case is still more hopeless. To be sure, a
+proper amount of knowledge has been poured in, but it has all slipped
+through. He might have assimilated some other kind of knowledge, but
+that particular kind has left him with mental dyspepsia, and a vague
+feeling of hopelessness which is likely to prove fatal to all useful
+effort. Or perhaps he has talent, but is destitute of the requisite tact
+to make it tell upon the world. His success depends largely on his power
+to move others, but he has no lever and is forced to rely upon main
+strength, which involves a serious expenditure of vitality, with only
+doubtful results. He works all his life against perpetual friction,
+because no one had the foresight or insight to discern that this was the
+flaw in his machinery.
+
+"Another fatal point is in the choice of a vocation. Having drifted
+through an education, he next drifts into his business or profession. He
+rarely stops to take an inventory of his capital, or, at best, he takes
+a very partial one. Chance or circumstance decides him. His grandfather
+sits on the judge's bench. He thinks the judge's bench a desirable
+place, so he takes to the law. He puts on his grandfather's coat without
+the slightest reference to whether it will fit or not. Perhaps he
+intends to grow to _it_, but a willow sapling cannot grow into an oak.
+It may grow into a very respectable willow, but if it aspires to the
+higher dignity, it will most likely get crushed or blown over. It may be
+that he has a grand vision of commercial splendor, and plunges into
+business life with a very good idea of Sophocles and Horace and no idea
+whatever of trade; with a very good talent for theories, but none
+whatever for facts; with some insight into metaphysics, but none at all
+into people. Instead of trying his strength in shallow waters, he starts
+to cross the Atlantic in a very small skiff. By the time he has reached
+mid-ocean he discovers his error, but it is too late to turn back; so he
+is buffeted about by winds and waves until he, too, goes down and counts
+among the failures.
+
+"Another of the few points upon which life hinges is marriage, and
+people drift into that as they do into everything else. It is one of the
+things to be done in order to complete the circle of human experience. A
+man is caught by a pretty face and a winning smile. He takes no thought
+of the new element he is adding to his life, either with reference to
+his outward career or his inward needs. Caprice governs his choice, or
+perhaps a hard form of self-interest. Having committed one or two of
+the grand errors of life, he settles down to its serious business, and
+speedily discovers that he has a dead weight to carry. He has mistaken
+his vocation, whatever it may be.
+
+"He is conscious now that it is too late to change; that he might have
+attained supreme excellence in some other calling. He toils with heavy
+heart and sinking spirit at the plodding pace of dull mediocrity. His
+work is drudgery and wearies him body and soul. Those who once smiled
+upon him pass him by. Men of far inferior capabilities distance him in
+the race. Perhaps too he has made another misstep, and has a wife who
+sympathizes neither with his tastes nor his trials: who has no
+comprehension of him whatever, save that he is a being whose business it
+is to love her and furnish her with spending money. The beauty which
+fascinated him has grown faded and insipid. The pretty coquetries that
+won him pall upon him; he is absolutely alone with the burden of life
+pressing heavily upon him. Is it strange that he is mastered in the
+battle and finally falls beneath the world's pitiless tread? This is a
+sad little picture, but it is an every-day one, and the world goes on
+its way as before.
+
+"What matters it that a lonely, dissipated man has lain down in sorrow
+to rise no more! The world cannot stop to weep over the remains of the
+departed one it has trampled upon. Those whose business it is can take
+them on one side, lay them away under the green sod out of sight, shed a
+tear perhaps, and pass on until their turn comes to lay down wearily, go
+to sleep, and be laid away. The world chides, the world laughs, but it
+takes no cognizance of the grief--
+
+ "'That inward breaks and shows no cause without,
+ _Why_ the man dies.'
+
+"Yet there is but the difference of a point in the game between the
+victim and the hero. The cards are the same, or the victim, perhaps,
+_may_ hold the best trumps, but he plays recklessly, loses his point,
+loses his game, loses all! On such slight things does human destiny
+hinge. The hero has all his resources at command--his game dimly
+outlined. He knows his winning cards, and he plays them skilfully.
+
+"Every point tells. Nothing is left to chance that can be accomplished
+by foresight. He wins the game. He wins the prizes. He has the mastery
+of life. The world takes off its hat to him. Fortune and people smile
+upon him. Not that he is better than others--very likely he is not so
+good. But the world counts results. Becky Sharp is not a model, but
+Becky Sharp is a power. The world does not like her in the abstract, but
+it likes her dinners, it courts her smiles, it fawns upon her, it
+showers its good things upon her, all because _she has mastered it_.
+Becky Sharp is not a model. Her aims are unworthy, and her means
+unscrupulous; but she reads us a lesson in fact, in foresight, in
+energy, in the subtle art of making the most of limited resources. So
+long as life is a game, it is worth studying. The difference between
+playing it well and playing it ill is the difference between light and
+darkness, between joy and desolation, between life and death."
+
+Even at that early and immature time of his life, Willard Glazier had
+thought much upon this subject--examples of the disjointed successes of
+all unplanned and unmethodical careers having been brought too
+frequently into close proximity to his own door, not to have made an
+impression upon his inquiring mind.
+
+Hence, at the very threshold of his life as a teacher, he resolved to
+have plan and purpose clearly defined in everything he did.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+
+THE SOLDIER SCHOOL-MASTER.
+
+
+ From boy to man.--The Lyceum debate.--Willard speaks for the
+ slave.--Entrance to the State Normal School.--Reverses.--Fighting
+ the world again.--Assistance from fair hands.--Willard meets
+ Allen Barringer.--John Brown, and what Willard thought of
+ him.--Principles above bribe.--Examination.--A sleepless
+ night.--Haunted by the "ghost of possible defeat."--"Here is your
+ certificate."--The school at Schodack Centre.--At the "Normal"
+ again.--The Edwards School.--Thirty pupils at two dollars
+ each.--The "soldier school-master."--Teaches at East
+ Schodack.--The runaway ride.--Good-by mittens, robes and
+ whip!--Close of school at East Schodack.
+
+Although a very boy in years, young Glazier felt himself already
+stepping upon the boundary line of manhood and, luckily for his future
+welfare, comprehended the manifold dangers and mentally realized the
+responsibilities which attend that phase of human existence.
+
+Upon the fifth of February, 1857, the dull routine of a teacher's duty
+was varied by a visit made to Edwards by Willard's uncle Joseph, and his
+sisters; and, after closing his school, the former went home with his
+visitors, and thence to a Lyceum which had been established in the
+Herrick School District, where a debate was in progress as to the
+relative importance, in a humanitarian point of view, of the bondage of
+the African race in the Southern States, or the decadence of the
+Indian tribes under the encroachments of the Whites. The "question"
+assumed that the Aborigines were most worthy of sympathy; and young
+Glazier, being invited to participate in the discussion, accepted, and
+spoke upon the negative side of the question.
+
+[Illustration: Gouverneur Wesleyan Seminary.]
+
+He little dreamed upon that winter's night, when, in the small arena of
+a village debating-club, he stood up as the champion of the slave, that
+the day was not far distant when he would ride rowel-deep in carnage
+upon battle-fields which war's sad havoc had made sickening, fighting
+for the same cause in whose behalf he now so eloquently spoke.
+
+No prophetic vision of what fate held in store for him appeared to the
+ardent boy, speaking for those who could not rise from the darkness of
+their bondage to speak for themselves. No glimpse of weary months
+dragged out in Confederate prisons--of hair-breadth escapes from dangers
+dread and manifold--of hiding in newly-dug graves made to assist the
+flight of the living, not to entomb the dead--of lying in jungles and
+cypress-swamps while fierce men and baffled hounds were panting for his
+blood--of vicissitudes and perils more like the wild creations of some
+fevered dream than the plain and unvarnished reality: nothing of all
+this came before him to trouble his young hopes or cloud his bright
+anticipations of the future.
+
+He spoke of freedom, and had never seen a slave. He pictured the cruelty
+of the lash used in a Christian land on Christian woman, be she black or
+white. He spoke of the deeper wrong of tearing the new-born babe from
+its mother's breast to sell it by the pound--of dragging the woman
+herself from the father of her child and compelling her to mate with
+other men--of the fact that such wrongs were not alone the offspring of
+cruel hearts, nor of brutal owners, but arose from the mere operation of
+barbarous laws where masters, if left to themselves, would have been
+most kind. He spoke of such things as these, and yet he never dreamed
+that his words were but the precursors of deeds that would make mere
+words seem spiritless and tame.
+
+Young Glazier spoke well. The little magnates of the place,--the older
+men, after this, talked of him as of one likely to rise, to become a man
+of note, and their manner grew more respectful towards the young
+school-master. His occupations and amusements at this period of his
+existence, though simple in their character, were considerably varied.
+
+Among other entries in his journal about this date, is one that so
+commends itself by its brevity and comprehensiveness that I quote it
+_verbatim_.
+
+"Having," he says, "received an invitation upon the twenty-fourth of
+December, I attended a party at the residence of Jeptha Clark, whose
+excellent wife received me very kindly; upon Christmas day I visited T.
+L. Turnbull's school at Fullerville; upon Monday last called at Mr.
+Austin's school in the Herrick District; Tuesday, dropped down for a
+moment upon the students at Gouverneur; on Wednesday, returned home; and
+on Thursday, for the greater part of the day, assisted uncle Joseph in
+hauling wood from the swamps on the Davis Place."
+
+Thus the time slipped rapidly by and his first term of teaching drew to
+a close. In the spring of 1859 he again became a member of the
+Gouverneur Wesleyan Seminary, and in May of that year, made the
+following characteristic entry in his diary:
+
+"'Order is Heaven's first law.' A time and place for everything, and
+everything in its time and place, was the rule of conduct I adopted some
+time ago. In accordance with this determination I have laid out the
+following routine of occupation for each day. I intend to abide by it
+during the present term. I will retire at ten o'clock P. M., rise each
+morning at five o'clock, walk and exercise until six, then return to my
+room, breakfast and read history until eight, then repeat what the
+English call a 'constitutional,' viz.: another walk until prayers,
+devoting the time intervening between prayers and recitation, to
+Algebra. After recitation, I will study Geometry for three-quarters of
+an hour, Latin for half an hour, and be ready for recitation again at
+two o'clock. This will complete my regular course of study, and, by
+carrying out this routine, I can dine at noon, and also have a
+considerable amount of time for miscellaneous reading and writing, to
+say nothing of my Saturdays, upon which I can review the studies of the
+week."
+
+To this plan young Glazier adhered conscientiously, and hence made rapid
+progress and very soon found himself in a condition to take another
+forward step in the pathway of learning. That step was the entrance to
+the State Normal School at Albany. To go to West Point and receive the
+military training which our government benevolently bestows upon her
+sons at that institution, had been his pet ambition for years--the
+scheme towards which all his energies were bent. But failing in this,
+his next choice was the Normal School. Accordingly, on a certain
+September afternoon in 1859, he found himself in the capital city of the
+Empire State, knocking for admission at the doors of the Normal School.
+He was alone and among strangers in a great city, with a purse
+containing the sum of eight dollars! For a course of seven or eight
+months instruction this was certainly a modest estimate of expenses! In
+fact, young Glazier had based his financial arrangements on a
+miscalculation of the amount furnished by the State. He did not then
+know that the only provision made by the body politic was for mileage,
+tuition and text-books. But on Monday morning, September seventeenth,
+1859, he signed his name to the Normal pledge, and at the conclusion of
+the examination--which continued until September twenty-third--was
+assigned to the Junior Class--there being at that time four classes: the
+Senior and sub-Senior, Junior and sub-Junior.
+
+The next step was to find lodgings at a weekly or monthly price more
+suited to his means than those which he had temporarily taken at the
+Adams House on his arrival there the previous evening. Always frugal in
+regard to his personal expenditures, he knew that, in order to eke out
+the full term with his scanty resources, he must carry his habitual
+thrift to its fullest extent. He therefore scoured the town for
+apartments, aided by references from Professor Cochran, principal of the
+Normal, and finally obtained a room on Lydius street, almost within
+shadow of the Cathedral, and at the certainly reasonable rate of "six
+shillings per week." This room he shared with Alexander S. Hunter, from
+Schoharie County, and a member of the sub-Senior Class. For several
+weeks the young students boarded at this place, buying what food they
+required, which the landlady cooked for them free of charge.
+Seventy-five cents a week paid for their cooking and rent!
+
+But even this small outlay soon exhausted the meagre resources of young
+Glazier and, at the end of the time mentioned, he went over into
+Rensselaer County, to look up a school, in order to replenish his
+well-nigh empty purse, and to enable him to continue in his efforts to
+acquire an education. It was a bright clear morning in November when he
+left his boarding-place on Lydius street in quest of his self-appointed
+work, and, crossing the Hudson on a ferry-boat, walked all the way to
+Nassau by the Bloomingdale Road--a distance of sixteen miles. His object
+was to find Allen Barringer, School Commissioner for Rensselaer County,
+who, as he had been told, lived somewhere near Nassau. On the way to
+that village he passed two or three schools, concerning which he made
+inquiries, with a view to engaging some one of them on his return to
+Albany should he be so successful as to obtain a certificate from Mr.
+Barringer. At about two o'clock in the afternoon of this, to him,
+eventful day, young Glazier had arrived at the residence of Harmon
+Payne, near East Schodack, or "Scott's Corners," as it was sometimes
+called. He had been referred to this gentleman as one likely to assist
+him in his endeavors to obtain a school. He had eaten nothing since
+morning, and, having walked a distance of nearly sixteen miles, as may
+be imagined, was somewhat faint and hungry. But the good wife of Mr.
+Payne showed herself not lacking in the kindly courtesy belonging to a
+gentlewoman, and, with true hospitality, placed before the young Normal
+student a delicious repast of bread and honey.
+
+To this youthful wayfarer, with a purse reduced to a cypher, and
+struggling over the first rough places in the pathway of life, the
+simple meal was like manna in the wilderness. After chatting pleasantly
+with the family for an hour or more, he started again on his journey.
+But this time not alone; for Mr. Payne very kindly sent his niece with
+the boy teacher, in whom he had become so much interested, to show him a
+shorter route "across lots" to East Schodack. This village, two miles
+farther on, by the traveled highway, was only three-quarters of a mile
+distant by a pathway leading across the pasture lands of some adjoining
+farms. In the fading November afternoon the young lady and her _protege_
+walked together to East Schodack--a walk which young Willard never
+forgot, and out of which afterwards grew a fairy fabric of romantic
+regard glittering with all the rainbow hues of boyish sentiment, and
+falling collapsed in the after-crash of life, like many another
+soap-bubble experience of first young days.
+
+But he did not succeed, at that time, in securing the East Schodack
+School, as he had hoped to do. Nothing daunted, however, he trod
+reverses under foot and pushed on towards the residence of the School
+Commissioner whose _ipse dixit_ was to award him success or failure.
+
+Allen Barringer lived one mile from the village of Nassau, in Rensselaer
+County, and it was nearly nightfall when, with an anxious heart and
+weary with the day's journey, he knocked at the door of the comfortable
+country residence which had been pointed out to him as the one
+belonging to the School Commissioner. That gentleman himself came to the
+door in answer to his knock, and upon Willard's inquiry for Mr.
+Barringer replied:
+
+"I am Mr. Barringer, sir; what can I do for you?"
+
+His manner was so pleasant and his face so genial that young Glazier, at
+once reassured, had no difficulty in making known his business.
+
+"I have come out here from Albany," said he, "to see if I could pass
+examination for a certificate, to teach in your district."
+
+"Well, come in, come in," said Mr. Barringer, cordially, "and I will see
+what I can do for you. You are not going back to Albany to-night?" he
+asked.
+
+"No, I shall not be able to do so," replied Willard.
+
+"Have you friends or relatives here with whom you intend to stay?"
+
+"No, sir."
+
+"Then I shall be glad to have you stop with us to-night. I am a young
+man like yourself, living at home here with my parents, as you see; I am
+fond of company, and will be happy to place my room at your disposal.
+And as there will be no hurry about the examination, we will talk more
+about it after supper."
+
+Young Glazier thanked his host for the kind proffer of entertainment,
+and of course acquiesced in the arrangement.
+
+Accordingly, after the physical man had been refreshed at a well-spread
+supper-table, Mr. Barringer conducted his young guest to his own
+apartments, where they drew their easy-chairs before a comfortable fire,
+and entered into conversation.
+
+"I am considerably interested in politics just now," said Mr. Barringer,
+and then he asked abruptly, "what is your opinion of John Brown?"
+
+At this time the first red flash of the war that swiftly followed, had
+glowered athwart the political horizon, in the John Brown raid at
+Harper's Ferry, and against this lurid background the figure of the
+stern old man stood out in strong relief. It was at the period when,
+shut up in prison, he was writing those heroic words to his wife, those
+loving words of farewell to his children; when petitions poured in
+pleading for his life--though they were petitions all in vain--and when,
+naturally, partisan feeling on the subject was at its height. Willard
+felt that in expressing his candid convictions he might be treading on
+dangerous ground, and perhaps endangering his chances for success, yet
+he held principle so high, and honest sentiment so far above bribe, that
+if his certificate had depended on it he would not have hesitated to
+express his admiration for the brave old man who laid down his life for
+the slave, and whose name has since been crowned with the immortelles of
+fame. Therefore Willard replied with a frankness worthy of emulation
+that he looked upon John Brown as a conscientious, earnest, devoted
+man--a man whose face was firmly set in the path of duty though that
+path led to imprisonment and the gallows; a man much in advance of his
+time--one of the pioneers of free thought, suffering for the sacred
+cause, as pioneers in all great movements always suffer. He spoke with a
+modest fearlessness known sometimes to youth and to few men. Mr.
+Barringer replied that, though he held different views, he could not but
+admire Willard's frankness in avowing his own political convictions,
+and that this independence in principle would in nowise detract from his
+previously formed good opinion of him. Afterwards, Mr. Barringer
+examined him in the common English branches of study, besides astronomy,
+philosophy and algebra--studies usually taught in the public schools of
+Rensselaer County. In this way, with much pleasant talk dropped at
+intervals through the official business of examination, interspersed
+with politics and concluded with social chat, an agreeable evening
+passed.
+
+[Illustration: Old State Normal School. Albany, New York.]
+
+Mr. Barringer at last said good-night to the young Normal student, with
+the remark that he would see what could be done for him in the morning.
+
+Not much sleep visited Willard's eyes that night, with the ghost of
+possible defeat haunting his wakeful senses, stretched to their utmost
+tension of anxiety.
+
+Would he, or would he not, receive in the morning the certificate he
+sought? This was the thought tossed continually up on the topmost wave
+of his consciousness all the night long. Morning dawned at last, much to
+his relief. When Mr. Barringer came to his door to announce breakfast,
+he handed Willard the coveted piece of paper.
+
+"Now then," said he, cheerily, "here is your certificate, and as I am
+going to drive over to Albany after breakfast, if you have no particular
+school in view, I shall be glad to have you ride with me as far as
+Schodack Centre, where I have some very good friends, and will introduce
+you to the trustees of the district, Messrs. Brockway, Hover and
+Knickerbocker."
+
+Accordingly they drove over to the residence of Milton Knickerbocker,
+school trustee of District No. 7, of the town of Schodack.
+
+That gentleman thanked the School Commissioner for bringing the young
+teacher over, said that he would be pleased to engage him, and that it
+was only necessary to see another trustee, George Brockway, to make the
+engagement final. Mr. Knickerbocker then accompanied young Glazier to
+the residence of Mr. Brockway, where arrangements were made for him to
+teach the school at Schodack Centre. He then walked back to Albany.
+
+Willard had said nothing to his landlady, on Lydius street, concerning
+his intended absence, fearing he might have to report the failure of his
+project, and on the evening of his return to Albany--having been away
+for thirty-six hours--was surprised to find that the family were just
+about to advertise him in the city papers, thinking some strange fate
+had befallen him,--that he had perhaps committed suicide.
+
+In just one week from the time Glazier engaged his school at Schodack
+Centre, he returned to that place, and taught the young Schodackers
+successfully through the specified term, after which he went to Albany
+and passed the next Normal School term. On the twelfth of July
+following, he left Albany for the home farm, where he worked until the
+first of September. He then went on a prospecting tour out to Edwards,
+near the field of his former efforts, and canvassed for scholars at two
+dollars each, for a term of eight weeks. His object was to teach during
+the fall and winter months and return to Albany in the spring. This
+energetic youth of eighteen succeeded in obtaining about thirty pupils,
+among whom were six teachers--one of them having taught four terms.
+
+Among the incidents of his school experience at this time may be
+mentioned the fact of a series of drill tactics, originated by himself,
+with which he practised his pupils so thoroughly that they were enabled
+to go through all the regular evolutions set down in Hardee. Yet he had
+never seen the drill-book.
+
+It may be regarded as one of those outcroppings of his natural bent
+towards the military art which he displayed from his very infancy; for
+true military genius, like true poetical genius, is born, not made. Of
+course our young tactician soon made himself known, and throughout the
+district he was distinguished by the title of the "Soldier-Schoolmaster."
+
+It was an involuntary tribute yielded by public sentiment to the boy who
+afterwards became the "Soldier-Author."
+
+This boy-teacher, young as he was, marshaled all his pupils into
+disciplined order, like the rank and file of the army, and somehow held
+natural words of command at his disposal whereby he wielded the human
+material given into his charge, as a general might wield the forces
+under his command. The school was his miniature world and he was its
+master--his diminutive kingdom wherein he was king; and within the
+boundary of this chosen realm his sway was absolute.
+
+First the "Soldier-Schoolmaster," drilling his boy-pupils; then the
+Soldier of the Saddle, riding through shot and shell and war's fierce
+din on Virginia's historic fields; and last, but perhaps not least, the
+"Soldier-Author," winning golden opinions from press and people; through
+all these changes of his life, from boy to man, one characteristic shows
+plain and clear--his military bent. It is like the one bright stripe
+through a neutral ground, the one vein of ore deposit through the
+various stratifications of its native rock.
+
+The Edwards Select School was continued until the first of November,
+when Glazier left home once more, this time in company with his sister
+Marjorie, bound for Troy. On arriving at that city he left his sister at
+the house of an old friend, Alexander McCoy, and went down into
+Rensselaer County a second time in search of a school, or rather two
+schools--one for his sister as well as one for himself. He succeeded in
+obtaining both of them on the same day, and went back to Troy that
+night. His own district was East Schodack, near Schodack Centre, where
+he had previously taught, and his sister secured the school two miles
+north of the village of Castleton and six miles distant from Albany.
+
+The little school-house near Castleton, where his sister taught, was
+located in a lovely spot on a height overlooking the Hudson and
+commanding a fine view of the river and the surrounding scenery.
+
+During the school term in their respective districts, it was Willard
+Glazier's habit to visit his sister once a week, on Saturday or Sunday,
+and on several occasions a gentleman living at East Schodack, William
+Westfall by name, who owned a fine horse and sleigh, loaned him the use
+of his conveyance to drive to Castleton and return. The sleigh was
+provided with warm robes of fur and the horse was beyond doubt spirited,
+and a handsome specimen of the genus horse. But as we cannot look for
+absolute perfection in anything pertaining to earth, it may be stated
+that this animal was no exception to the universal rule. He had his
+fault, as young Glazier discovered--a disagreeable habit of running
+away every time he saw a train of cars. Perhaps the horse couldn't help
+it; it was no doubt an inherited disposition, descended to him through
+long lines of fractious ancestors, and therefore it need not be set down
+against him in the catalogue of wilful sins. But whether so or
+otherwise, this little unpleasantness in his disposition was an
+established fact, and unfortunately there were two railroads to cross
+between East Schodack and Castleton. On Glazier's first ride to
+Castleton with the Westfall horse and sleigh, he had just crossed the
+Boston and Albany Railroad when a freight-train rolled heavily by, which
+put the horse under excellent headway, and on reaching the Hudson River
+Railroad--the two tracks running very near each other--a passenger train
+came up behind him. This completed the aggregation of causes, and away
+flew the horse down the road to Castleton at break-neck speed. Fences
+disappeared like gray streaks in the distance; roadside cottages came in
+view and were swiftly left behind in the track of the foam-flecked
+animal. All that Glazier could do was to keep him in the road, until at
+length an old shed by the roadside served his purpose, and running him
+into it, the horse, puffing and snorting, was obliged to stop. On his
+return to East Schodack, Mr. Westfall asked him how he liked the horse.
+He replied that he thought the animal a splendid traveler. He _did_
+think so, beyond question.
+
+The next Sunday young Glazier was driving again to Castleton with the
+same stylish turn-out; this time with his sister Marjorie in the sleigh.
+She had come up to East Schodack the evening before, and he was taking
+her back to her school. The sleighing was excellent, the day fine, and
+all went merry as a marriage bell until they reached the railroad. There
+the inevitable train of cars loomed in view, and the puff, puff of the
+engine, sending out great volumes of steam and its wild screech at the
+crossing, completely upset what few ideas of propriety and steady travel
+this horse may have had in his poor, bewildered head, and, with a leap
+and a jerk, he was once more running away on the Castleton Road as if
+the entire host of the nether regions were let loose after him.
+
+For a little while he made things around them as lively as a pot of
+yeast. Away went whip, robes, mittens and everything else lying loose in
+the bottom of the sleigh at all calculated to yield to the velocity of a
+whirlwind or a runaway. But Glazier proved himself master of the
+situation in this as in many another event of his life, and with one
+hand holding his frightened sister from jumping out of the sleigh, with
+the other he twisted the lines firmly around his wrist and kept the
+horse in the road, until, at the distance of three-quarters of a mile
+beyond Castleton, he brought the infuriated animal to a stand-still by
+running him against the side of a barn. Afterwards he drove leisurely
+back and picked up the robes, and whip and articles spilled during the
+wild runaway ride.
+
+A broken shaft was the only result of this last adventure, which Glazier
+of course, put in repair before his return to East Schodack. Mr.
+Westfall never knew until after the close of the school term that his
+horse had afforded the young teacher an opportunity to tell what he knew
+about runaways.
+
+The school at East Schodack closed with an exhibition exceedingly
+creditable to the efforts of the teacher, at which Mr. Allen Barringer
+was present, and in a speech before the school complimented young
+Glazier in the highest terms. The programme of exercises was an
+excellent one, and was made up of original addresses, declamations,
+recitations and music. After the close of the school, Mr. Barringer
+presented Glazier with a certificate which entitled him to teach for
+three years, and also gave him in addition the following letter of
+recommendation--a tribute of which any young teacher might be justly
+proud, and which he carefully preserved:
+
+ "To Whom it May Concern:
+
+ "This is to certify, that I am well acquainted with Willard
+ Glazier, he having taught school during the winters of 1859 and '60
+ in my Commission District. I consider him one of the most promising
+ young teachers of my acquaintance. The school that has the good
+ fortune to secure his services will find him one of the most
+ capable and efficient teachers of the day.
+
+ "Allen Barringer,
+
+ "School Commissioner, Rensselaer County.
+
+ "Schodack, New York, 1860."
+
+Early in the year 1860 he resumed his studies at the State Normal
+School, and remained at that institution until the guns of Sumter
+sounded their war-cry through the land.
+
+This period was the great turning-point in Willard Glazier's life, and
+hereafter we encounter him in a far different _role_.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+
+INTRODUCTION TO MILITARY LIFE.
+
+
+ The mutterings of war.--Enlistment.--At Camp Howe.--First
+ experience as a soldier.--"One step to the front!"--Beyond
+ Washington.--On guard.--Promotion.--Recruiting service.--The
+ deserted home on Arlington Heights.--"How shall I behave in the
+ coming battle?"--The brave Bayard.--On the march.--The stratagem
+ at Falmouth Heights.--A brilliant charge.--After the battle.
+
+The inevitable results of the discord so long pending between North and
+South accumulated day by day; and when, at length, Abraham Lincoln was
+elected by a large popular majority, that election was, as everybody
+knows, immediately followed by the calling of a Southern States
+Convention, the secession, one after another, of each of those States,
+the capture of Fort Sumter, the killing of Ellsworth, and the defeat of
+the Federal troops at Bull Run. All of these occurrences contributed to
+inflame the passions, intensify the opinions, and arouse the enthusiasm
+of the people of both sections to fever-heat.
+
+It was in the whirl and torrent of this popular storm that Willard
+Glazier was caught up and swept into the ranks of the Union army.
+
+His regiment, the Harris Light Cavalry, was originally intended for the
+regular service--to rank as the Seventh Regular Cavalry. The general
+government, however, concluded to limit the number of their regiments of
+horse to six--the reasons for which are given by Captain Glazier in
+his "Soldiers of the Saddle," as follows:
+
+"Under the military _regime_ of General Scott, the cavalry arm of the
+service had been almost entirely overlooked. His previous campaigns in
+Mexico, which consisted chiefly of the investment of walled towns and of
+assaults on fortresses, had not been favorable to extensive cavalry
+operations, and he was not disposed, at so advanced an age in life,
+materially to change his tactics of war."
+
+[Illustration: A Cavalry Column On The March.]
+
+Hence, this regiment was mustered into service as the "Second Regiment
+of New York Cavalry," and, as Senator Ira Harris had extended to the
+organization the influence of his name and purse, it soon came to be
+called the "Harris Light Cavalry," and retained that title throughout
+the whole of its eventful career. The natural tastes of young Glazier
+led him into this branch of the service in preference to the infantry,
+and we find him writing to his sister Marjorie as follows:
+
+
+ Camp Howe, near Scarsdale, New York,
+ _August 16th, 1861_.
+
+ My Dear Sister: From the post-mark of this letter you will at once
+ conjecture the truth ere I tell it to you, and I can fancy you
+ saying to yourself when you glance at it: "Willard is no longer
+ talking about enlisting but has really entered the army." You are
+ right, I now wear the Union Blue.
+
+ Many of our home friends will doubtless wonder why I have
+ sacrificed my professional prospects at a time when they first
+ began to look cheering, in order to share the hardships and perils
+ of a soldier's life. But I need not explain, to _you_, my reasons
+ for doing so. When our country is threatened with destruction by
+ base and designing men, in order to gratify personal ambition and
+ love of sway, it becomes her sons to go to her rescue and avert the
+ impending ruin. The rebelling South has yet to learn the difference
+ between the _true principles_ of the Constitution and the
+ _delusion_ of "State rights." It is as easy to die a volunteer as a
+ drafted soldier, and in my opinion, is infinitely more honorable.
+ I shall return to my studies as soon as the Rebellion is put down
+ and the authority of our Government fully restored, and not _until_
+ then.
+
+ Let me give you a sketch of our movements thus far. Having reached
+ Troy at 3 o'clock on the afternoon of the day you and I parted, I
+ spent the remainder of the evening until 8 o'clock in the city. At
+ that hour we embarked for New York, and the boys had a very
+ exciting and enthusiastic time on board the steamer Vanderbilt.
+ Wednesday was spent at 648 Broadway, Regimental Headquarters of the
+ "Harris Light Cavalry;" and on that night we came by train to our
+ present camp: or, rather, as near it as we could, for it is two
+ miles from the nearest station. The spot is picturesque enough to
+ be described. An old farm, surrounded by stone fences that look
+ like ramparts, constitutes the camp. The Hudson and Harlem rivers
+ are in full view, and the country around is full of beauty. On the
+ first night we _bivouacked_ upon the bare sod, with no covering for
+ our bodies but the broad canopy of heaven. It was not until a late
+ hour on the following afternoon that our white tents began to dot
+ the ground and gleam through the dark foliage of the trees.
+
+ Crowds of visitors from the neighboring village come out every day
+ to see us. My health was never better, and this sort of life
+ affords me keen enjoyment. The very roughness of it is
+ invigorating. My present writing-desk is the top of the stone wall
+ I have alluded to, so you must criticise neither my penmanship nor
+ my style. I received a letter from father on Tuesday afternoon,
+ and, thank God! I enter the service with his full approbation. The
+ discipline enforced here is strict, our rations are good, fruit is
+ very abundant, and to be had for the asking; so that if you will
+ only write soon and often, there will be little else required to
+ fill the wants of
+
+ Your affectionate brother, Willard.
+
+
+Fortunately for their future comfort, the Harris Light Cavalry, at the
+very outset of its military career, was placed under the charge of a
+rigid and skilful disciplinarian--one Captain A. N. Duffie--who, having
+graduated honorably at the celebrated French military school, St. Cyr,
+possessed all the martial enthusiasm as well as personal peculiarities
+of his excitable countrymen.
+
+The captain either was, or believed himself to be, an eloquent speaker,
+and his efforts at rhetorical display, added to his French pronunciation
+of English words, became a source of great amusement to the men. He was
+wont to harangue them, as if they were about to enter upon a sanguinary
+battle. The old stone walls of the peaceful farm were pictured as
+bristling with the enemy's bayonets, and the boys were called on to
+"charge" at the hidden foe and capture him.
+
+"One morning," says Captain Glazier, "after a week spent in drill, we
+were all surprised by receiving an order to 'fall into line,' and
+discovered that the object of this movement was to listen to a
+Napoleonic harangue from Captain Duffie. So loud had been our protests,
+so manifest our rebellious spirit on the subject of fortifying a
+peaceful farm on the banks of the Hudson, that the captain undoubtedly
+feared he might not be very zealously supported by us in his future
+movements, and, like Napoleon on assuming command of the Army of Italy,
+sought to test the devotion of his men. After amusing us a-while in
+broken English, appealing to our patriotism and honor, he at length
+shouted:
+
+"'Now, as many of you as are ready to follow me to the cannon's mouth,
+take one step to the front!'
+
+"This _ruse_ was perfectly successful, and the whole line took the
+desired step."
+
+The time passed pleasantly enough in this camp of instruction, despite
+the monotony of drill and guard duty, and, by the time the order to
+break camp reached the men, they were well advanced in the duties of the
+soldier.
+
+The regiment left Camp Howe about the end of August, and, passing
+through New York, entered that most beautiful and patriotic of cities,
+Philadelphia, where they were royally entertained by the managers of the
+"Volunteer Refreshment Saloon." They at length reached Washington and
+encamped a half mile beyond the Capitol.
+
+From this point Glazier writes to his mother as follows:
+
+
+ Camp Oregon,
+ Near Washington, D.C.,
+ _August 25th, 1861_.
+
+ Dear Mother: I am at present seated under the branches of a large
+ peach tree that marks the spot where two sentinels of our army,
+ while on duty last night, were shot by the rebels. I was one of the
+ same guard, having been assigned to such duty for the first time
+ since entering the service. Like all other sentinels, I was obliged
+ to walk my lonely beat with drawn sabre.
+
+ It may interest you to know where I performed my first guard duty.
+ It was in front of the residence of a rabid secessionist, who is
+ now an officer in the famous Black-Horse Cavalry. You may remember
+ that this regiment was reported to have been utterly destroyed at
+ Bull Run, and yet I am informed by Washingtonians that it had but
+ two companies in the fight. So much for newspaper gossip.
+
+ During the day I was very kindly treated by the family of this
+ gentleman, but in the evening our camp commander came to me and
+ said: "Take this revolver, and if you value your life, be vigilant.
+ _Remember, you are not at Scarsdale now!_" He, of course, referred
+ to our old camp near Scarsdale, twenty-four miles from New York.
+ Our present one is a little over half a mile from the Capitol, and
+ from my tent I can see the dome of that building, glittering, like
+ a ball of gold, in the sunlight.
+
+ Yesterday I paid a visit to the city. The streets were crowded with
+ infantry, artillery and cavalry soldiers, all actively engaged in
+ preparing for the coming conflict. An engagement seems to be close
+ at hand. Entrenchments are being dug and batteries erected in every
+ direction. The citizens do not apprehend any danger from an attack
+ by the enemy.
+
+ My regiment has been attached to Brigadier-General Baker's
+ Brigade. It will be three weeks to-morrow since I enlisted. I have
+ been in this camp one week, and one week was spent at Camp Howe,
+ Scarsdale, New York.
+
+ We are being rapidly prepared for field service. Our drill is very
+ rigid, yet I submit to the discipline willingly, and I find that
+ hard study is as essential to the composition of a good soldier as
+ to a good teacher. I have purchased a copy of the "Cavalry
+ Tactics," and devote every leisure hour to its mastery. There is
+ but one thing which gives me any serious annoyance now, and that is
+ the question of the ways and means for the education of my brothers
+ and sisters. I think Elvira and Marjorie had better teach this
+ winter, and then, if the war should be concluded before next
+ spring, I will make arrangements for their attendance at school
+ again. With kindest love to all, I am
+
+ Your loving and dutiful son,
+
+ Willard.
+
+
+About two months more were occupied by the Harris Light in camp-duty,
+scouting and foraging, but almost immediately after their arrival in
+Virginia, young Glazier was promoted to the rank of Corporal. Shortly
+after his promotion he was detailed for recruiting service and sent to
+the city of New York for that purpose. The great city was in a turmoil
+of excitement.
+
+The "Tammany" organization carried things with a high hand, and was
+opposed by the equally powerful Union League. Between these two centres
+the current of public opinion ran in strong tides. But, in the midst of
+it all, the young corporal was successful in his recruiting service, and
+on the second day of December rejoined his comrades, who were then at
+Camp Palmer, Arlington Heights.
+
+This spot was one of peculiar beauty. Its associations were hallowed.
+There stood the ancestral home of the Lees, whose deserted rooms seemed
+haunted with memories of a noble race. Its floors had echoed to the
+tread of youth and beauty. Its walls had witnessed gatherings of renown.
+From its portals rode General Lee to take command of the Richmond
+troops--a man who must be revered for his qualities of heart and
+remembered especially by the North as one who, amid all the fury of
+passion which the war engendered, was never betrayed into an intemperate
+expression towards the enemy. _Now_, the halls and porches of the quaint
+old building rang with the tread of armed men. Its rooms were despoiled,
+and that atmosphere of desolation which ever clings about a deserted
+home, enveloped the place. A winding roadway under thick foliaged trees,
+led down the Heights to the "Long Bridge," crossing the Potomac. Near
+the house stood an old-fashioned "well sweep" which carried a
+moss-covered bucket on its trips down the well, to bring up the most
+sparkling of water. Instinctively a feeling of sadness took possession
+of the heart at the mournful contrast between the past and present of
+this beautiful spot.
+
+ "Ah, crueler than fire or flood
+ Come steps of men of alien blood,
+ And silently the treacherous air
+ Closes--and keeps no token, where
+ Its dead are buried."
+
+The day of trial--the baptism of battle--seemed rapidly approaching.
+General McClellan, having drilled and manoeuvred and viewed and reviewed
+the Army of the Potomac, until what had been little better than an armed
+and uniformed mob began to assume the aspect of a body of regulars,
+determined upon an advance movement. Accordingly on the third of March,
+1862, the army marched upon Centreville, captured the "Quaker" guns
+and, much to the disgust of his followers, fell back upon his original
+position, instead of continuing the advance.
+
+As the Harris Light enjoyed throughout this campaign of magnificent
+possibilities, the honor of being "Little Mac's" body guard, they were
+of course during the forward movement in high spirits. They believed it
+to be the initial step to a vigorous campaign in which they might hold
+the post of honor. But when the order to fall back came, their
+disappointment was great indeed. At first they were mystified, but it
+soon leaked out that a council of war had been held and that McClellan's
+plan of the Peninsular Campaign had been adopted.
+
+It had also been determined that a section of the army should be left
+behind, under the command of General Irvin McDowell, to guard the
+approaches to Washington.
+
+The First Pennsylvania Cavalry, under the command of General (then
+Colonel) George Dashiel Bayard, and the Harris Light, remained with the
+latter force. Under such a leader as Bayard, the men could have no fear
+of rusting in inactivity. He was the soul of honor, the bravest of the
+brave. No more gallant spirit ever took up the sword, no kinder heart
+ever tempered valor, no life was more stainless, no death could be more
+sad; for the day that was appointed for his nuptials closed over his
+grave.
+
+Judson Kilpatrick, one of those restless, nervous, energetic and
+self-reliant spirits who believe in themselves thoroughly, and make up
+in activity what they lack in method, was Colonel of the Harris Light,
+and the dawning glory of young Bayard's fame excited a spirit of
+emulation, if not of envy in his heart, which found vent in a very
+creditable desire to equal or excel that leader in the field. The
+brilliant night attack on Falmouth Heights was one of the first results
+of this rivalry, and as it was also the initial battle in Corporal
+Glazier's experience, we give his own vivid description of it as it is
+found in "Three Years in the Federal Cavalry."
+
+"Our instructions," he says, "were conveyed to us in a whisper. A
+beautiful moonlight fell upon the scene, which was as still as death;
+and with proud determination the two young cavalry chieftains moved
+forward to the night's fray. Bayard was to attack on the main road in
+front, but not until Kilpatrick had commenced operations on their right
+flank, by a detour through a narrow and neglected wood-path. As the
+Heights were considered well-nigh impregnable, it was necessary to
+resort to some stratagem, for which Kilpatrick showed a becoming
+aptness.
+
+"Having approached to within hearing distance of the rebel pickets, but
+before we were challenged, Kilpatrick shouted with his clear voice,
+which sounded like a trumpet on the still night air:
+
+"'Bring up your artillery in the centre, and infantry on the left!'
+
+"'Well, but, Colonel,' said an honest though rather obtuse Captain, 'we
+haven't got any inf--'
+
+"'Silence in the ranks!' commanded the leader. 'Artillery in the centre,
+infantry on the left!'
+
+"The pickets caught and spread the alarm and thus greatly facilitated
+our hazardous enterprise.
+
+"'Charge!' was the order which then thrilled the ranks, and echoed
+through the dark, dismal woods; and the column swept up the rugged
+heights in the midst of blazing cannon and rattling musketry.
+
+[Illustration: Night Attack On Falmouth Heights.]
+
+"So steep was the ascent that not a few saddles slipped off the horses,
+precipitating their riders into a creek which flowed lazily at the base
+of a hill; while others fell dead and dying, struck by the missiles of
+destruction which filled the air. But the field was won, and the enemy,
+driven at the point of the sabre, fled unceremoniously down the heights,
+through Falmouth and over the bridge which spanned the Rappahannock,
+burning that beautiful structure behind them, to prevent pursuit."
+
+This engagement, while otherwise of but little importance, was valuable
+because it taught the enemy that the Federals could use the cavalry arm
+of the service as effectively as their infantry.
+
+All accounts agree that Corporal Glazier acquitted himself very
+creditably in his first battle. After the action was over he accompanied
+his comrades to the field and contributed his best aid towards the care
+of the wounded and the unburied dead. Such an experience was full of
+painful contrast to the quiet scenes of home and school life to which he
+had hitherto been accustomed. In his history, as with thousands of other
+brave boys who missed death through many battles, this period was the
+sharp prelude to a long experience of successive conflicts, of weary
+marches seasoned with hunger, of prison starvation and the many
+privations which fall to the lot of the soldier, all glorified when
+given freely in the defence of liberty and country.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+
+FIRST BATTLE OF BRANDY STATION.
+
+
+ The sentinel's lonely round.--General Pope in command of the
+ army.--Is gunboat service effective?--First cavalry battle of
+ Brandy Station.--Under a rain of bullets.--Flipper's
+ orchard.--"Bring up the brigade, boys!"--Capture of Confederate
+ prisoners.--Story of a revolver.--Cedar Mountain.--Burial of the
+ dead rebel.--Retreat from the Rapidan.--The riderless
+ horse.--Death of Captain Walters.
+
+The Harris Light now entered upon exciting times, and Corporal Glazier,
+ever at the post of duty, had little leisure for anything unconnected
+with the exigencies of camp and field. At that period the men of both
+armies were guilty of the barbarous practice of shooting solitary
+sentinels at their posts, and no man went on guard at night without
+feeling that an inglorious death might await him in the darkness, while
+deprived of the power to strike a defensive blow, or to breathe a
+prayer.
+
+On the twenty-second of July, 1862, a new commander was assigned the
+Army of Virginia in the person of General John Pope. General McClellan
+had lost the confidence of the Northern people by his continued
+disasters, and was at length succeeded by General Pope, who was placed
+at the head of the united commands of Fremont, Banks, McDowell (and
+later in August), Burnside and Fitz-John Porter. General Pope commenced
+his duties with a ringing address to the army under his command. Among
+other things, he declared: "That he had heard much of 'lines of
+communication and retreat,' but the only _line_ in his opinion, that a
+general should know anything about, _was the line of the enemy's
+retreat_." The _dash_ of such a theory of war was extremely
+invigorating, and once more the hearts of the Northern people cherished
+and exulted in the hope that they had found the "right man for the right
+place." Popular enthusiasm reacted upon the army; their idol of
+yesterday was dethroned, and they girded their loins for a renewal of
+the struggle, in the full belief that, with Pope to lead them, they
+would write a very different chapter upon the page of History, from that
+which recorded their Peninsular campaign.
+
+Here we desire to correct a statement, then current, regarding the value
+of the gunboat service, viz., that McClellan's army was indebted for its
+safety during the retreat from Malvern Hill to the gunboats stationed in
+James River. That this was not the case is proven by the testimony of L.
+L. Dabney, chief-of-staff to General T. J. Jackson. He says: "It is a
+fact worthy of note, that the fire of the gunboats, so much valued by
+the Federals, and, at one time, so much dreaded by the Confederates, had
+no actual influence whatever in the battle. The noise and fury doubtless
+produced a certain effect upon the emotions of the assailants, but this
+was dependent upon their novelty. The loss effected by them was trivial
+when compared with the ravages of the field artillery; and it was found
+chiefly among their own friends. Far more of their ponderous missiles
+fell within their own lines than within those of the Confederates.
+Indeed, a fire directed at an invisible foe across two or three miles
+of intervening hills and woods can never reach its aim, save by
+accident. Nor is the havoc wrought by the larger projectiles in
+proportion to their magnitude. Where one of them explodes against a
+human body it does, indeed, crush it into a frightful mass, but it is
+not likely to strike more men, in the open order of field operations,
+than a shot of less weight; and the wretch blown to atoms by it is not
+put _hors du combat_ more effectually than he whose brain is penetrated
+by half an ounce of lead or iron. The broadside of a modern gunboat may
+consist of three hundred pounds of iron projected by forty pounds of
+powder, but it is fired from only _two_ guns. The effect upon a line of
+men, therefore, is but one-fifteenth of that which the same metal might
+have had, fired from ten-pounder rifled guns."
+
+The truth of the matter is, that so far as offensive operations in
+conjunction with that army were concerned, the gunboats were more
+ornamental than useful; and it is not just that the modicum of glory
+(mingled with so much of disaster), won fairly upon that occasion by the
+land forces, should be awarded to another branch of the service.
+
+General Pope was not permitted to remain long before an opportunity
+offered for practically testing his war theories. McClellan's troops had
+scarcely recovered breath after their retreat from before Richmond when
+Lee, leaving his entrenchments, boldly threw himself forward and met
+Pope and the Union forces, face to face on the old battle-ground of
+Manassas. The Harris Light, prior to the second battle of Bull Run, had
+been offered, and eagerly accepted, an opportunity to cross swords
+with the "Southern chivalry," and the result now was a desperate
+encounter at Brandy Station. The first action which baptized in blood
+this historic ground took place August twentieth, 1862. About six
+o'clock in the morning a heavy column of Stuart's cavalry was discovered
+approaching from the direction of Culpepper, and Kilpatrick received
+orders to check their advance. The Harris Light, acting as rear guard of
+Bayard's brigade, kept the enemy in check until Bayard could form his
+command at a more favorable point two miles north of the station.
+Corporal Glazier was in the front rank of the first squadron that led
+the charge, and repulsed the enemy. His horse was wounded in the neck,
+and his saddle and canteen perforated with bullets.
+
+[Illustration: Federal Canteens For Confederate Tobacco]
+
+The fight at Flipper's Orchard preceded that at Brandy Station by more
+than a month, having occurred on the Fourth of July. The Troy company of
+the Harris Light had been ordered, about eight o'clock in the morning of
+that day, to reconnoitre the Telegraph Road, south of Fredericksburg.
+Leaving camp, they soon came in sight of a detachment of Bath cavalry on
+patrol duty, escorting the Richmond mail. They learned the strength of
+the enemy from some colored people along the route, and also the
+probability that they would halt at Flipper's Orchard for refreshments.
+This place was on the south bank of the Po River, some twenty miles from
+Fredericksburg, in an angle formed by the roads leading to Bull Church
+and the Rappahannock. After following them for several hours, the
+company halted for consultation, "and," says Glazier, "our lieutenant
+put the question to vote, whether we should go on and capture the foe,
+about one hundred strong, or return to camp. The vote was unanimous for
+battle. I was in charge of the advance guard, having a squad of four
+men, and received orders to strike a gallop. Just as we came within
+sight of the Orchard, we saw the Confederates dismounting and making
+leisurely arrangements for their repast. Dashing spurs into our horses'
+flanks, we wheeled round the corner and along the Bull Church Road,
+sweeping down upon them with tremendous clatter. 'Here they are, boys!'
+I shouted; 'bring up the brigade!' We were about forty in number, but
+surprised them completely, and they fled panic-stricken. Twelve men and
+nine horses were captured. On reaching Dr. Flipper's house, I noticed a
+dismounted Confederate officer who, with others, was running across a
+wheat-field. I started in hot pursuit, jumping my horse over a six-rail
+fence to reach him. He fired upon me with both carbine and revolver, but
+missed his mark, and by this time I stood over him with my
+navy-revolver, demanding his surrender. He gave up his arms and
+equipments, which were speedily transferred to my own person. We made
+quick work of the fight, the whole affair lasting not longer than
+fifteen minutes. The Confederate reserves were only a short distance off
+at Bull Church, and we hurried back with our spoils towards the
+Rappahannock, fearful that we might be overtaken. My prisoner, as I
+afterward learned, was Lieutenant Powell, in command of the patrol. His
+revolver has a story of its own. It was a beautiful silver-mounted
+weapon, and I resolved to keep possession of it as my especial trophy,
+instead of turning it over to the Quartermaster's Department. This was
+not an easy matter, as vigilant eyes were on the look-out for all
+'munitions of war captured from the enemy,' which were consigned to a
+common receptacle. I therefore dug a hole in the ground of our tent and
+buried my treasure, where it remained until we changed our encampment.
+One day, some time after, I carelessly left it lying on a log, a short
+distance from camp, and on returning found it gone. While I stood there
+deploring my ill luck, I heard a succession of clear, snapping shots
+just beyond a rise of ground directly in front of me, and recognized the
+familiar report of my revolver. Going in the direction of the shots, I
+rescued it from the hands of a sergeant by whom it had been temporarily
+confiscated. After this adventure I concluded to incur no further risks
+with the weapon, and so packed it in a cigar-box and sent it to my
+sister Elvira."
+
+The battle of Cedar Mountain, fought on the afternoon of August ninth,
+1862, needs only a passing notice in connection with this record. The
+battalion in which Corporal Glazier served acted as body-guard to
+General McDowell, and arrived on the field just as the wave of battle
+was receding. The following morning, on passing over the slopes of Cedar
+Mountain, where the guns of General Banks had made sad havoc on the
+previous day, a dead Confederate soldier, partially unburied, attracted
+the attention of the troopers. At that period of the war a sentiment of
+extreme bitterness toward the adversary pervaded the ranks on both
+sides, and as the squadron swept by the men showered on the poor dead
+body remarks expressive of their contempt. Corporal Glazier was an
+exception. Moved by an impulse born of our common humanity, he returned
+and buried the cold, stark corpse, covering it with mother Earth; and
+when questioned why he gave such consideration to a miserable dead
+rebel, replied, that he thought any man brave enough to die for a
+principle, should be respected for that bravery, whether his cause were
+right or wrong.
+
+On the eighteenth of the month our cavalry relieved the infantry on the
+line of the Rapidan, and on the nineteenth, in a sharp skirmish between
+Stuart's and Bayard's forces, Captain Charles Walters, of the Harris
+Light Cavalry, was killed. This officer was very popular in the
+regiment, and his death cast a gloom over all. Wrapped in a soldier's
+blanket his body was consigned to a soldier's grave at the solemn hour
+of midnight. And while the sad obsequies were being performed, orders
+came for the retreat to Culpepper.
+
+ "We buried him darkly at dead of night,
+ The sod with our bayonets turning,
+ By the struggling moonbeam's misty light,
+ And our lanterns dimly burning.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ "Slowly and sadly we laid him down,
+ On the field of his fame fresh and gory;
+ We carved not a line, we raised not a stone,
+ But left him alone with his glory."
+
+[Illustration: Burial Of Captain Walters At Midnight,
+During Pope's Retreat.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+
+MANASSAS AND FREDERICKSBURG.
+
+
+ Manassas.--The flying troops.--The unknown hero.--Desperate attempt
+ to stop the retreat.--Recruiting the decimated
+ ranks.--Fredericksburg.--Bravery of Meagher's brigade.--The
+ impregnable heights.--The cost of battles.--Death of
+ Bayard.--Outline of his life.
+
+The plains of Manassas still speak to us. The smoke of battle that once
+hung over them has long since rolled away, but the blood of over forty
+thousand brave men of both North and South who here met, and fighting
+fell to rise no more, consecrates the soil. Between them and us the
+grass has grown green for many and many a summer, but it cannot hide the
+memory of their glorious deeds. From this altar of sacrifice the incense
+yet sweeps heavenward. The waters of Bull Run Creek swirl against their
+banks as of old, and, to the heedless passer-by, utter nothing of the
+despairing time when red carnage held awful sway, and counted its
+victims by the thousand; yet, if one strays thitherward who can listen
+to the mystic language of the waves, they will reword their burden of
+death and of dark disaster which "followed fast and followed faster,"
+and at last overtook the devoted Northern army, and made wild confusion
+and wilder flight.
+
+No general description of the battle need be given here. That portion
+only which concerns the subject of this biography, now promoted to the
+rank of Sergeant, will be set in the framework of these pages.
+Concerning the part which he took in the action, and which occurred
+under his own observation, he says:
+
+"On the eventful thirtieth--it was August, 1862--our artillery occupied
+the crest of a hill a short distance beyond Bull Run Creek, the cavalry
+regiments under Bayard being stationed next, and the infantry drawn up
+in line behind the cavalry.
+
+"A short time before the battle opened, I was sent to a distant part of
+the field to deliver an order. An ominous stillness pervaded the ranks.
+The pickets as I passed them were silent, with faces firmly set towards
+the front, and the shadow of coming battle hovered portentously, like a
+cloud with veiled lightnings, over the Union lines.
+
+"It was the calm which precedes a storm, and the thunderbolts of war
+fell fast and heavy when the storm at length broke over our heads. I had
+just taken my place in the cavalry ranks when a shell from the enemy's
+guns whizzed over our heads with a long and spiteful shriek. One of the
+horses attached to a caisson was in the path of the fiery missile, and
+the next instant the animal's head was severed entirely from his neck.
+The deathly silence was now broken, and more shot and shell followed in
+quick succession, plowing through the startled air and falling with
+destructive force among the Union troops. This iron hail from the guns
+of the enemy was composed in part of old pieces of chain and broken iron
+rails, as well as the shot and shell ordinarily used. Our artillery soon
+replied, but from some unexplained cause the Union troops in this
+portion of our line broke and fled in panic before a shot had been fired
+from the muskets of the enemy. This battle, like the first Bull Run,
+had been well planned, and every effort which good generalship and good
+judgment could dictate in order to insure success, had been made by
+Generals Pope and McDowell.
+
+"At this crisis of affairs, the cavalry under Bayard and Kilpatrick were
+ordered to the rear, to stem, if possible, the tide of retreat, but the
+effort was well nigh fruitless. Regiment after regiment surged by in one
+continuous and almost resistless wave. A cheer was heard to go up from
+the Confederate ranks as Stuart's cavalry charged us, and though we
+returned the charge it did not stop the panic which had taken possession
+of our troops.
+
+"One of its causes was undoubtedly the supposition that the enemy was
+executing a flank movement on our left. In forty-five minutes from the
+beginning of the battle, this part of the army was in full retreat; but
+the determined stand made by Heintzelman, and also one or two heroic
+attempts to stop the backward-surging wave, saved our forces from utter
+rout and possible capture.
+
+"As soon as the Union batteries were taken by the enemy, they were
+turned upon us, in addition to their own guns, and afterwards, on came
+Stuart in a head-long charge with one of those hideous yells peculiar to
+the Southern 'chivalry.' With thousands of others who were rapidly
+retiring, I had recrossed Bull Run Creek when my attention was arrested
+by a mounted officer who sprang out from the mass of flying men, and
+waving his sword above his head, called on every one, irrespective of
+regiment, to rally around him and face the foe. He wore no golden
+leaf--no silver star. He was appealing to officers higher in command
+than himself, who, mixed with the crowd, were hurrying by. His manner,
+tense with excitement, was strung up to the pitch of heroism, and his
+presence was like an inspiration, as he stood outside the mass, a mark
+for the bullets of the enemy.
+
+"I halted, filled with admiration for so noble an example of valor, and
+then rode rapidly towards him. Seeing me, he galloped forward to meet me
+and asked my aid in making a stand against the enemy.
+
+"'Sergeant,' said he, 'you are just in time. As you are mounted, you can
+be of great service in rallying these men for a stand on this ground.'
+
+"'Lieutenant,' I replied, 'they will not listen to the wearer of these
+chevrons.'
+
+"'Tear off your chevrons,' said this unknown hero,--'the infantry will
+not know you from a field officer--and get as many men to turn their
+muskets to the front as you can.'
+
+"Lieutenant,' I responded, 'I will do all I can to help you,' and the
+insignia of non-commissioned rank was immediately stripped from my
+sleeves.
+
+"I put myself under his command and fought with him until he gave the
+order to retire. While he was talking with me he was at the same time
+calling on the men to make a stand, telling them they could easily hold
+the position. He seemed to take in the situation at a glance.
+
+"The enemy having advanced to the first crest of hills, were throwing
+their infantry forward with full force, and with the three thousand or
+more of men who rallied around this heroic officer, a stand was made on
+the rising ground north of Bull Run from which the advance of the enemy
+was opposed. We held this position for half an hour, which gave
+considerable time for reorganization.
+
+"While riding along the line, helping my unknown superior as best I
+could, my horse was shot--the first experience of this kind which had
+befallen me.
+
+"Just as the disaster was occurring which culminated in retreat, General
+McDowell, on his white horse, galloped up to the guns behind which
+Heintzelman was blazing destruction on the Confederates. Alighting from
+his horse he sighted the guns and gave a personal superintendence to
+this part of the action. An artillery captain, standing by his battery
+while his horses were shot down, his pieces in part disabled, and the
+infantry deserting him, shed tears in consequence.
+
+"'You need not feel badly over this affair,' said the general, 'General
+McDowell is responsible for this misfortune. Stand by your guns as long
+as you can. If the general is blamed, _your_ bravery will be praised.'
+
+"Was there a touch of irony in this remark which met in advance the
+grumblings and questionings of the future? Was it the sarcasm of a man
+who, having done his utmost, could not yet prevent disaster, and who
+knew that an unthinking public sometimes measured loyalty by success?
+
+"Later in the day our regiment--the 'Harris Light Cavalry'--lost a
+squadron. Most of them were killed.
+
+"In the deepening twilight we charged the enemy just as they were
+forming for a similar attack on us. They were compelled to halt, and
+Pope was thus enabled to discover their position and arrange for the
+next day's defence.
+
+"On the night of the thirtieth, the enemy occupied the battle-field and
+buried the dead of both armies. And thus it was that Bull Run again ran
+red with patriot blood and witnessed the retreat of the Union
+battalions.
+
+"By what strange fatality General Pope was allowed to struggle on alone
+against an army twice the size of the Federal force, has not been
+satisfactorily explained. One is almost tempted to believe, with
+astrologists, that baleful stars sometimes preside with malign influence
+over the destinies of battles, as they are said to do over individuals
+and nations."
+
+After the battle of Manassas, the Harris Light Cavalry was so reduced in
+numbers that it was ordered into camp at Hall's Hill, near Washington,
+with a view of recruiting its wasted strength and equipment. They
+remained at that point until November, when they were again moved
+forward to form the principal picket line along the front, prior to the
+Federal disaster at Fredericksburg.
+
+Burnside, having strongly secured the mountain passes in the
+neighborhood, in order to conceal from Lee his real object, made a
+_feint_ in the direction of Gordonsville; but the keen eye of the
+Confederate generalissimo penetrated his true design and took measures
+to defeat its accomplishment. Upon the eighth of this month, a lively
+encounter between the Harris Light and a detachment of Confederate
+cavalry resulted in the defeat of the latter, and soon after, the
+regiment joined the main army.
+
+As all know, the battle of Fredericksburg was fought and lost during the
+three days intervening between the thirteenth and sixteenth of December.
+Burnside's gallant army, in the midst of darkness, rain and tempestuous
+wind, came reeling back from a conflict of terrible ferocity and
+fatality. Six times in one day Meagher's gallant Irishmen were literally
+hurled against Marye's Heights, a point of almost impregnable strength,
+and which, even if carried, would still have exposed them to the
+commanding fire of other and stronger Confederate positions.
+
+Twenty times had charge and counter-charge swept the tide of battle to
+and fro--at what terrible cost, the killed and wounded, strewing the
+ground like leaves in the forest, made answer. Twelve thousand men lay
+dead on the field when the battle ended, and one thousand prisoners were
+taken, besides nine thousand stand of arms.
+
+Although this battle seems to have been well planned by General
+Burnside, a want of capacity to meet unforeseen emergencies doubtless
+contributed to his defeat. He committed a fatal error at a critical
+moment, by sending General Franklin an equivocal _recommendation_,
+instead of an _order_ to attack the enemy in force. The enemy, however,
+though having nobly held their ground, could not boast of having
+advanced their lines by so much as a foot. There were, indeed, but few
+even of the Confederate officers, who knew they had been victorious, and
+the amazement of their army was beyond description when the gray dawn of
+the fourteenth of December revealed the deserted camps of the Federals,
+who had withdrawn their entire command during the night to the north
+side of the river.
+
+Had General Franklin brought his men into action, as he should have
+done, at the critical moment when the issue of the fight was trembling
+in the balance, the fortunes of this day would have terminated
+differently. Had the splendid divisions of brave Phil. Kearney or
+"Fighting Joe Hooker" been ordered into the arena, and lent the
+inspiration of their presence to this hour of need, the scales of
+victory would have turned in an opposite direction.
+
+The "might have beens" always grow thickly on the soil of defeat.
+
+Among the lamented dead of this day's havoc, no loss was more keenly
+felt than that of Major-General George Dashiel Bayard. He was standing
+among a group of officers around the trunk of an old tree, near the
+headquarters of Generals Franklin and Smith, when the enemy suddenly
+began to shell a battery near by, and one of the deadly missiles struck
+this gallant leader. He was carried to the field-hospital, mortally
+wounded.
+
+Quietly turning to the surgeon who examined his ghastly wounds, he asked
+"if there was any hope." On being informed that there was none, he
+proceeded with undisturbed composure, and without a murmur of pain, to
+dictate three letters. One of these was to his affianced bride. This
+day, it was said, had been appointed for his wedding. The time-hands
+marked the hour of eight when this letter was finished, and, as he
+uttered its closing words, his spirit fled from the shattered body and
+left it only cold and tenantless clay. He was but twenty-eight years of
+age, of prepossessing appearance and manners, with as brave a soul as
+ever defended the flag of the Union, and a capacity for military
+usefulness equal to any man in the service. Gradually he had arisen
+from one position of honor and responsibility to another, proving
+himself tried and true in each promotion, while his cavalry comrades
+especially were watching the developments of his growing power with
+unabating enthusiasm.
+
+Briefly, the outlines of his history are as follows:
+
+He was born December eighteenth, 1835, at Seneca Falls, New York, from
+whence, in 1842, he removed with his parents to Fairfield, Iowa. From
+this place he went to the Dorris Military Institute at St. Louis,
+Missouri, where he remained eighteen months.
+
+The family then removed to the East, and settled at Morristown, New
+Jersey. From Morristown, he entered West Point Academy. When twenty
+years of age, he graduated with the highest honors, and, strange to say,
+it was through the offices of Jefferson Davis, then Secretary of War,
+that he was at once assigned to a cavalry regiment as second lieutenant.
+His subsequent career, so full of brilliance and the true spirit of
+heroism, is better known to the country.
+
+Watered by the dews of hallowed remembrance, his fame, as a sweet
+flower, still exhales its fragrance, and finds rich soil in the hearts
+of the people.
+
+ "How sleep the brave who sink to rest,
+ By all their country's wishes blest?
+ When Spring, with dewy fingers cold,
+ Returns to deck their hallowed mould,
+ She there shall dress a sweeter sod
+ Than Fancy's feet have ever trod.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ "By fairy hands their knell is rung,
+ By forms unseen their dirge is sung,
+ There Honor comes, a pilgrim gray,
+ To bless the turf that wraps their clay.
+ And Freedom shall awhile repair,
+ To dwell a weeping hermit there."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+
+UNWRITTEN HISTORY.
+
+
+ "What boots a weapon in a withered hand?"--A thunderbolt
+ wasted.--War upon hen-roosts.--A bit of unpublished history.--A
+ fierce fight with Hampton's cavalry.--"In one red burial
+ blent."--From camp to home.--Troubles never come singly.--The
+ combat.--The capture.--A superfluity of Confederate
+ politeness.--Lights and shadows.
+
+While the events we have narrated were occurring, the "Harris Light" was
+not idle. Under the command of their favorite Kilpatrick, they made a
+dashing raid, and completely encircled the rebels under Lee, penetrating
+to within seven miles of Richmond. Such duties as were assigned them
+were effectively performed, and yet, General Hooker's object in
+detaching his cavalry from the main army remained unaccomplished, either
+by reason of General Stoneman's want of comprehension, or want of
+energy. This general, instead of hurling his thirteen thousand troopers
+like a thunderbolt upon the body of the Confederates, divided and
+frittered away the strength under his command by detaching and
+scattering it into mere scouting parties, to "raid on smoke-houses and
+capture hen-roosts." General Hooker was very naturally exasperated by
+this conduct. The detachment from the main army of such a splendid body
+of horse, was a measure he had taken after mature deliberation, and with
+the view of cutting off Lee's communications with Richmond; thus
+precluding the possibility of his being reinforced during the grand
+attack which Hooker contemplated upon that leader at Chancelorsville.
+
+The Federal general attributed the loss of that battle in a great degree
+to Stoneman's failure to carry out the spirit of his orders. In a letter
+to the author, long after that field of carnage had bloomed and
+blossomed with the flowers and fruits of Peace, when the heart-burning
+and fever engendered by the contest had subsided, and it was possible to
+obtain access to men's judgments, General Hooker wrote: "Soon after
+Stonewall Jackson started to turn my right (a project of which I was
+informed by a prisoner), I despatched a courier to my right corps
+commander informing him of the intended movement, and instructing him to
+put himself in readiness to receive the attack. This dispatch was dated
+at nine o'clock A. M., and yet, when 'Stonewall' did attack, the men of
+this corps had their arms stacked some distance from them, and were
+busily engaged in cooking their supper. When the attack came these men
+ran like a flock of sheep. _This_, in a wooded country, where a _corps_
+ought to be able to check the advance of a large army. To make this more
+clear, I must tell you that the corps commander, General Howard,
+received the dispatch while on his bed, and, after reading it, put it in
+his pocket, where it remained until after the battle of Gettysburg,
+without communicating its contents to his division commander, or to any
+one!!! My opinion is that not a gun of ours was fired upon Stonewall
+Jackson's force until he had passed nearly into the centre of my army.
+Judge, if you can, of the consternation throughout that army caused by
+this exhibition of negligence and cowardice. One word more, in regard to
+the cavalry. I had to have, under the seniority rule of the service, a
+wooden man for its commander. If you will turn to the first volume of
+the Report of the Committee on the Conduct of the War, you will find my
+instructions to General Stoneman, and then you will see the mistake that
+I made in informing him of the strength and position of the enemy he
+would be likely to encounter on his raid, as that officer only made use
+of the information to avoid the foe. He traveled at night, made
+extensive detours, and did not interrupt the traffic on the railroads
+between Lee's army and Richmond for a single day. As he was charged to
+make this duty his especial object of accomplishment over all others, he
+had twelve thousand sabres, double the force the enemy could collect
+from all quarters. I had men enough with me to have won Chancelorsville
+without the cavalry and other corps, but of what use could a field of
+battle have been to me when the enemy could fall back a few miles and
+post himself on a field possessing still greater advantages to him?
+General Grant did this, and is entitled to all the merit of his
+soldiership from a grateful country. I believe if he had sacrificed
+every officer and soldier of his command in the attainment of this
+object, the country would have applauded him. When I crossed the
+Rappahannock I aimed to capture General Lee's whole army and thus end
+the war, by manoeuvring, and not by butchery."
+
+While his superior in command did little that was practically useful
+with the cavalry, Kilpatrick covered his little band with glory, and
+gave the people of Richmond, a scare as great as Stuart administered to
+our Quaker friends in Pennsylvania during his famous foray into the
+border counties of the Keystone State.
+
+Their return was almost immediately followed by the second grand cavalry
+battle of Brandy Station, June ninth, 1863, a struggle as hotly
+contested as any that occurred during the war. In this encounter
+Sergeant Willard Glazier took part, leading the first platoon of the
+first battalion that crossed the Rappahannock. Matters were now assuming
+a warlike aspect. The Valley of the Shenandoah groaned beneath the tramp
+of the main army of the Confederacy, under Lee. The Federal general,
+Pleasanton, and the Confederate general, Stuart, were in fierce conflict
+among the Blue Ridge mountains.
+
+[Illustration: Sergeant Glazier At Aldie. "Come On Boys! One
+Charge, And The Day Is Ours."]
+
+At Aldie, on the seventeenth of June, 1863, the "Harris Light" led the
+division under Kilpatrick, Glazier's squadron again being the advance
+guard--his place at the head of the long column which wound down the
+road. As they came upon Aldie, the enemy's advance, under W. H. F. Lee,
+was unexpectedly encountered. But Kilpatrick was equal to the occasion.
+Dashing to the front, his voice rang out, "Form platoons! trot! march!"
+Down through the streets they charged, and along the Middleburg Road,
+leading over the low hill beyond. This position was gained so quickly
+and gallantly that Fitzhugh Lee, taken by surprise, made no opposition
+to the brilliant advance, though immediately afterward he fought for two
+hours to regain the lost position, while the guns of his batteries
+blazed destruction upon the Federal cavalry. The latter, however,
+handsomely repelled the attack.
+
+On the crest of the hill there was a field of haystacks, inclosed in a
+barricade of rails. Behind these the enemy occupied a strong position,
+and their sharp-shooters had annoyed Kilpatrick's lines to such an
+extent as to prevent their advance on the left. It was well known to
+the officers of the "Harris Light" that their regiment had not met
+Kilpatrick's expectations on the field of Brandy Station, and on the
+morning of this battle they had asked their general for "an opportunity
+to retrieve their reputation." This chance came soon enough. Kilpatrick,
+ordering forward a battalion of the "Harris Light," and giving the men a
+few words of encouragement, turned to Major McIrvin and pointing to the
+field of haystacks, said: "Major, there is the opportunity you ask for!
+Go take that position!" Away dashed the "Harris Light," and in a moment
+the enemy was reached and the struggle began. The horses could not leap
+the barricade, the men dismounted, scaled the barriers, and with drawn
+sabres rushed furiously upon the hidden foe, who quickly called for
+quarter. Aldie was by far the most bloody cavalry battle of the war. The
+rebel "chivalry" was beaten; Kilpatrick from this moment took a proud
+stand among the most famous of the Union cavalry generals, and the fame
+of the regiment was greatly enhanced. To quote our young soldier in
+"Battles for the Union:" "Many a brave soul suffered death's sad eclipse
+at Aldie, and many escaped the storm of bullets when to escape was
+miraculous. In looking back upon that desperate day, I have often
+wondered by what strange fatality I passed through its rain of fire
+unhurt; but the field which brought a harvest of death to so many others
+marked an era in my own humble, military history, which I recall with
+pride and pleasure, for from the Battle of Aldie I date my first
+commission. The mantle of rank which fell from one whom death had
+garnered on that ground dropped upon my shoulders, and I was proud and
+grateful to wear it in my country's service. I feel proud also of having
+been a participant in the 'Battle of the Haystacks,' where the glorious
+squadrons of the 'Harris Light' swept into the mad conflict with the
+same invincible bravery that distinguished them on the field of Brandy
+Station. Every soldier of the saddle who there fought under Kilpatrick
+may justly glory in the laurels won at Aldie."
+
+In the same month followed the engagements of Middleburg and Upperville,
+in each of which the "Harris Light" participated with great eclat,
+charging in face of the enemy's guns, forming in platoon under fire, and
+routing him in splendid style. At Upperville, Kilpatrick received orders
+to charge the town. With drawn sabres and shouts which made the
+mountains and plains resound, they rushed upon the foe. The encounter
+was terrific. The enemy's horse were driven through the village of
+Paris, and finally through Ashby's Gap upon their own infantry columns
+in the Shenandoah Valley. At Rector's Cross-Roads, where Kilpatrick
+ordered the "Harris Light" to charge the enemy's battery, as they were
+forming, a fatal bullet pierced Glazier's horse, and it fell dead under
+him. Fortunately he was not dragged down in the fall, and as he struck
+the ground a riderless horse belonging to an Indiana company came up.
+Its owner, a sergeant, had been shot dead, and, rapidly mounting,
+Lieutenant Glazier rode forward with his regiment as they valiantly
+charged the enemy's position.
+
+These actions were succeeded by the battle of Gettysburg (July first,
+second and third), in which the disasters of Chancelorsville and
+Fredericksburg were fully retrieved, and the rebel army, under Lee,
+received a blow so staggering in its effects as to result in a loss of
+prestige, and all hope in the ultimate success of their cause. Prior to
+this battle the Confederates had warred upon the North aggressively;
+thenceforward they were compelled to act upon the defensive. During the
+progress of this great and (so far as the ultimate fate of the
+Confederacy was concerned) decisive battle, the cavalry, including the
+brigade to which our subject was attached, performed brilliant service.
+They held Stuart's force effectually at bay, and while the retreat of
+the rebel army was in progress their services were in constant
+requisition. On the first day of the battle, General John Buford,
+commanding the Third Cavalry Division, was in position on the
+Chambersburg Pike, about two miles west of the village. Early in the
+forenoon the vanguard of the rebel army appeared in front of them, and
+our dauntless troopers charged the enemy vigorously, and drove them back
+upon their reserves.
+
+The second day of the battle was spent by the cavalry in hard, bold and
+bloody work, in collision with their old antagonists, Stuart, Lee and
+Hampton. Charge succeeded charge; the carbine, pistol and sabre were
+used by turns; the artillery thundering long after the infantry around
+Gettysburg had sunk to rest exhausted with the carnage of the weary day.
+Stuart, however, was driven back on his supports, and badly beaten.
+
+Upon the third day the sun rose bright and warm upon the bleached forms
+of the dead strewn over the sanguinary field; upon the wounded, and upon
+long, glistening lines of armed men ready to renew the conflict. Each
+antagonist, rousing every element of power, seemed resolved upon victory
+or death. Finally victory saluted the Union banners, and with great loss
+the rebel army sounded the retreat. "Thus," says Glazier in his "Battles
+for the Union"--"the Battle of Gettysburg ended--the bloody
+turning-point of the rebellion--the bloody baptism of the redeemed
+republic. Nearly twenty thousand men from the Union ranks had been
+killed and wounded, and a larger number of the rebels, making the
+enormous aggregate of at least forty thousand, whose blood was shed to
+fertilize the Tree of Liberty."
+
+During this sanguinary battle; the cavalry were in daily and hourly
+conflict with the enemy's well-trained horse under their respective
+dashing leaders. The sabre was no "useless ornament," but a deadly
+weapon, and "dead cavalrymen" and their dead chargers, were sufficiently
+numerous to have drawn forth an exclamation of approval from even so
+exacting a commander as "Fighting Joe Hooker." Haggerstown, Boonsboro',
+Williamsport and Falling Waters, all attested the great efficiency of
+the cavalry arm, and at the end of the month it was an assured,
+confident and capable body of dragoons, that, according to Captain
+Glazier, "crossed the Rapidan for, as they believed, the purpose of a
+continued advance movement against the enemy."
+
+And here, parenthetically, we may observe, that he, and other recent
+writers (Mr. Lossing being an exception), are scarcely accurate in so
+designating the river crossed by them as the Rapidan. It was the _chief
+tributary of the Rappahannock_, while two sister streams, which together
+form the Pamunkey, are known to local topography as the North and South
+Rapid Anna rivers.
+
+It was a pleasant locality, and the "Harris Light" encamped there for
+several weeks, having no occupation more exciting or belligerent than
+picket duty. Duties of a more stirring character, were, however,
+awaiting them, and as these are intimately associated with the career of
+the subject of this biography, the delineation of whose life is the
+purpose of the writer, we will give them something more than a cursory
+notice.
+
+We will first, however, take the opportunity of introducing a letter
+from our young cavalryman to his parents, illustrative in some measure
+of his intelligence and soldierly qualities, while it is no less so of
+his sense of filial duty:
+
+
+ Headquarters Harris Lgt. Cavalry,
+ Near Hartwood Church, Virginia,
+ _August 22d, 1863_.
+
+ Dear Father and Mother:
+
+ Another birthday has rolled around, and finds me still in the army.
+ Two years have passed since we were lying quietly in camp near
+ Washington. Little did I think at that time that the insurrection,
+ which was then in process of organization, was of such mighty
+ magnitude as to be able to continue in its treacherous designs
+ until now. Newspaper quacks and mercenary correspondents kept facts
+ from the public, and published falsehoods in their stead.
+ Experience has at last taught us the true state of things, and we
+ now feel that the great work of putting down the rebellion is to be
+ accomplished only by energy, perseverance and unity. Our cause
+ never looked more favorable than to-day. It is no longer a rumor
+ that Vicksburg and Port Hudson have fallen, but a stern reality, an
+ actual and glorious victory to our arms, and a sure exposure of the
+ waning strength of the ill-fated Confederacy. Charleston and Mobile
+ must soon follow the example of the West, and then the Army of the
+ Potomac will strike the final blow in Virginia.
+
+ Kilpatrick's cavalry is now watching the movements of the enemy on
+ the Rappahannock--his head-quarters being near Hartwood Church. I
+ have seen nothing that would interest you much, save a few
+ expeditions among the bushwhackers of Stafford County.
+
+ It may not be uninteresting to you to learn that I have just been
+ promoted to a lieutenancy, my commission to date from the
+ seventeenth of June. I have received four successive promotions
+ since my enlistment. Your son can boast that his Colonel says he
+ has earned his commission. Political or moneyed influence has had
+ nothing to do with it. I have been in command of a platoon or
+ company ever since the thirteenth of last April, and have very
+ frequently been in charge of a squadron. I conclude by asking you
+ to remember me kindly to all my friends,
+
+ And believe me, as ever, your dutiful son,
+ Willard.
+
+
+It will be remembered that the greater part of the spring of this year
+(1863), that is, from the time the Federal army moved from its
+winter-quarters in Stafford and King George counties, and all the early
+summer, were passed by the belligerent forces in efforts to compel their
+adversaries to fall back on their respective capitals. The people and
+the press on both sides were clamoring for the accomplishment of
+_something definite_, and when Vicksburg fell, and on the stricken field
+of Gettysburg, victory perched upon the Union banners, our hopes seemed
+on the point of realization, but the fall of the leaf found the hostile
+armies still confronting each other. Lee's force, though fearfully
+shattered, maintained its organization, and to all appearance had lost
+little of its former self-confidence. General Meade, perhaps the most
+scientific strategist of all the generals who had held the chief command
+of the Army of the Potomac, was severely criticised, simply because he
+declined by "raw Haste, half-sister to Delay," to hazard the ultimate
+fruition of his well-laid plans; and Captain Glazier, it must be
+admitted, was one of his adverse critics. We think the censure was
+uncalled for. Wellington had but one Waterloo, and although to him was
+due the victory, it was the fresh army of Blucher that pursued the
+retreating French, and made defeat irretrievable. But whenever Lee, or
+McClellan, Jackson, or Meade obtained a hard-earned victory, the people,
+on either side, were dissatisfied because their triumph was not followed
+up by, at once and forever, annihilating the foe!
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+
+FROM BATTLE-FIELD TO PRISON.
+
+
+ A situation to try the stoutest hearts.--Hail Columbia!--Every man
+ a hero.--Kilpatrick's ingenuity.--A pen-picture from "Soldiers of
+ the Saddle."--Glazier thanked by his general.--Cessation of
+ hostilities.--A black day.--Fitzhugh Lee proposes to crush
+ Kilpatrick.-"Kil's" audacity.--Capture of Lieutenant
+ Glazier.--Petty tyranny.--"Here, Yank, hand me that thar hat, and
+ overcoat, and boots."
+
+At this period of the war, the Cavalry Corps was separated into three
+divisions. Buford with his division fell back by the way of Stevensburg,
+and Gregg by Sulphur Springs; leaving Kilpatrick with the brigades of
+Custer and Davies, which included the "Harris Light," on the main
+thoroughfare along the railroad line. "No sooner," says Glazier, "had
+Kilpatrick moved out of Culpepper, than Hampton's cavalry division made
+a furious attack upon the 'Harris Light,' then acting as rear-guard,
+with the evident design of breaking through upon the main column to
+disperse, or delay it, so as to enable a flanking force to intercept our
+retreat. Gallantly repelling this assault, the command, on the eleventh
+of October, advanced to Brandy Station, where an accumulation of
+formidable difficulties threatened our annihilation." It appears that
+Fitzhugh Lee, with the flower of the Confederate cavalry, held
+possession of the only road over which it was possible for Kilpatrick to
+retire, while Stuart, at the head of another body of cavalry, supported
+by artillery well posted along a line of hills, completely covered the
+Federal left. His right was exposed to a galling fire from
+sharp-shooters hidden behind the forest; "while just behind them was
+Hampton's legion threatening speedy destruction to its surrounded foe."
+Here was a situation to try the stoutest hearts. Nothing daunted,
+however, by this terrific array of an enemy very much his superior in
+numbers, Kilpatrick displayed that decision and daring which ever
+characterized him. "His preparations for a grand charge," for he had
+determined to cut his way out of this _cul-de-sac_, "were soon
+completed. Forming his division into three lines of battle, he assigned
+the right to General Davies, the left to General Custer; and placing
+himself, with General Pleasanton, in the centre, advanced with terrible
+determination to the contest. Approaching to within a few yards of the
+enemy's lines, he ordered the band to strike up a national air, to whose
+stirring strains was added the blast of scores of bugles ringing out the
+'charge.' Brave hearts became braver, and weak ones waxed strong, until
+'pride of country had touched this raging sea of thought, and emotion
+kindled an unconquerable principle that affirmed every man a hero until
+death.'" The troops filled the air with their battle-cry, and hurled
+themselves on their unequal foe. "So swiftly swept forward this tide of
+animated power that the Confederates broke and fled, and Kilpatrick thus
+escaped a disaster which had seemed inevitable."
+
+"No one"--we quote from "Soldiers of the Saddle,"--"who looked upon that
+wonderful panorama, can ever forget it. On the great field were
+riderless horses and dying men; clouds of dirt from solid shot and
+bursting shells, broken caissons, and overturned ambulances; and long
+lines of dragoons dashing into the charge, with their drawn and firmly
+grasped sabres glistening in the light of the declining sun; while far
+beyond the scene of tumult were the dark green forests skirting the
+distant Rappahannock."
+
+[Illustration: Lieutenant Glazier At Brandy Station. "Come
+On, Boys! We Must Break That Line."]
+
+In this action Glazier, who occupied the post of volunteer aide to
+General Davies, had his horse shot under him, received a sabre-stroke on
+the shoulder, two bullets in his hat, and had his scabbard split by a
+shot or shell. His conduct was such as to obtain for him the thanks of
+his general and a promise of early promotion. This was the fourth battle
+of Brandy Station in which the Harris Light Cavalry had been engaged.
+The first occurred on August the twentieth, 1862, the second on June
+ninth, the third on September twelfth, and this last action on October
+eleventh, 1863. They were followed by a number of spirited engagements
+between the Federal cavalry and the cavaliers of the South--the former
+under Generals Buford and Kilpatrick, and the latter under Stuart and
+Wade Hampton. In all of these both sides behaved gallantly, the result
+being the masterly retreat of the Federals across the Rappahannock to
+the old battle-ground of Bull Run, where they made a protracted halt.
+
+From this time until the fifteenth of October, nothing of sufficient
+importance transpired to require mention here. Upon that day an
+indecisive battle was fought at Bristoe Station, which was followed by
+another calm that continued until the nineteenth of October--a black day
+in the calendar of Willard Glazier's life.
+
+Far away among the peaceful hills of his native State there fell upon
+his father's house a sorrow such as its inmates had never known before.
+Not that this family had escaped the ordinary bereavements of human
+life. On the contrary, two little children had been taken from them at
+intervals of time which seemed to them cruelly brief. But the death of
+an infant, while a sad, is a beautiful thing to witness. There is no
+flower that blooms on a baby grave that does not speak to the world-worn
+heart, of _Immortality_. The grief, therefore, is gentle in its touch.
+But with the ebb of a maturer life the sorrow is of a different
+character, and when the physician announced to this worthy couple that
+their daughter, Elvira, would die, they were stunned by the blow, and
+when the event came "they refused" like Rachel "to be comforted." The
+child that is going from us is, for the time, the favorite, and these
+afflicted parents could not realize that she who had grown up among
+them, the ewe lamb of their flock, could be torn from their loving arms,
+and go down, like coarser clay, to the dark grave. She was so good, so
+gentle, so loving to her kindred, that their simple hearts could not
+understand how God could let her die, in the very bloom and beauty of
+her maidenhood. But though crushed, they bowed their heads in
+submission. Their hearts were almost broken, but they rebelled not
+against the Hand that chastened them. Why is it that such examples of
+tender feeling and unquestioning faith are seldom found in cities? Is it
+that "the memories which peaceful country scenes call up, are not of
+this world; nor of _its_ thoughts and hopes?" That "their gentle
+influences teach us how to weave fresh garlands for the graves of those
+we love, purify our thoughts, and beat down old enmities and hatreds?"
+And that "beneath all this there lingers in the least reflective mind,
+a vague and half-formed consciousness of having held such feelings long
+before, which calls up solemn thoughts of distant times to come, and
+bends down pride and worldliness before it?" The physician had said that
+Elvira would not live another day, and the mother sat down to the sad
+task of writing the mournful news to her soldier son. Meanwhile beyond
+the Rappahannock, a scene was on the eve of being enacted, which was
+destined to inflict upon her a pain as poignant as that she was, now
+about to bestow.
+
+The night of October eighteenth was passed by Kilpatrick's command at
+Gainesville, but the first faint streak of dawn saw him and his faithful
+followers in the saddle, booted, spurred, and equipped for some
+enterprise as yet unexplained to them, but evidently, in their leader's
+estimation, one of "pith and moment." At the word of command, the force,
+including the "Harris Light," moved forward at a quick trot, taking the
+road to Warrenton, and anticipating a brush with Stuart's cavalry who,
+during the previous ten hours, had thrown out videttes in their
+immediate front.
+
+The surprise of the Federals was great to find their advance unimpeded,
+and that, instead of offering opposition, the Confederates fell back as
+rapidly as their opponents approached. On they dashed, unopposed and
+unobstructed, until Buckland Mills was reached. At this point they found
+themselves checked, and in a manner that somewhat astounded them. As
+they arrived within a stone's throw of that village, Fitzhugh Lee, with
+his magnificent following, struck their flank. That astute and valiant
+officer, it appears, had cut his way through the Federal infantry at
+Thoroughfare-Gap, and accompanied by a battery of flying artillery,
+swept down upon Kilpatrick, designing to crush him at a blow. General
+Stuart, taking in the situation, and keenly anxious to profit by the
+advantage thus afforded him, instantly turned upon and charged the
+Federals in his front, while, as if to make their utter annihilation a
+certainty, the rebel General Gordon, with a third body of men (his
+proximity at that moment not being suspected), bore down fiercely on
+their left, threatening to cut Kilpatrick's division in two.
+
+Kilpatrick possessed an extraordinary amount of ingenuity in devising
+means of escape from a dangerous position. In the present case his plan
+was formed in an instant, and executed as soon as formed. He immediately
+changed his front, and, without the slightest hesitation, headed a mad
+and desperate charge upon Fitzhugh Lee's advancing column. The merit of
+the movement lay in its audacity; it was the only one that promised the
+remotest chance of escape to the entrapped Federals. Executed with great
+rapidity and desperate decision, the movement resulted in the salvation
+of the greater portion of his command. It so happened, however, that the
+"Harris Light," originally, be it remembered, forming the vanguard of
+Kilpatrick's force, was by this manoeuvre thrown round upon the rear,
+and Stuart, who was now the pursuer instead of the pursued, had a fine
+opportunity of attacking them with his full force, at a great
+disadvantage to the former--an opportunity he was not slow to avail
+himself of.
+
+Kilpatrick's men met the assault manfully, retiring slowly, until at
+length, upon the brow of a small hill, they turned at bay, and for a
+time formed a living rampart between their retreating comrades and the
+enemy. Every attempt to approach and penetrate their line proved instant
+death to their assailants, and General Stuart, seeing no chance of
+otherwise dislodging them, determined to charge in person, and crush
+them with an entire division. Glazier, who had already emptied two
+saddles, sat coolly upon his horse, reloading as this formidable body
+came sweeping down. By this time, experience of the vicissitudes of a
+soldier's career, and possibly the fact that he had hitherto been very
+fortunate in the numerous conflicts in which his regiment had been
+engaged, left him quite composed under fire. Singling out one of
+Stuart's men, he covered that cavalier with his revolver, and probably,
+in another instant, would have ended his career; but, just as his finger
+gave the final pressure upon the trigger, his horse, riddled with
+bullets, fell dead under him, the shot flew wide of its mark, and he
+fell to the ground.
+
+[Illustration: Cavalry-fight At New Baltimore--lieutenant Glazier
+Taken Prisoner.]
+
+His first sensation was of a dense cloud between himself and the sky,
+and next of being crushed by tramping hoofs, whole squadrons of horse
+passing over his body as he lay prone and helpless. A vague, dreamy
+sensation of being a mass of wounds and bruises was succeeded by utter
+darkness and oblivion. How long he continued in this comatose state he
+never knew. Raised from the ground, a terrible sense of acute bodily
+pain gradually crept over him, as he found himself hurried along at a
+rapid pace. Where he was going, who had him in charge, what he had done,
+whether he was in this or some other world, were matters of which he
+had no more conception than the dead charger he had ridden. Pain, pain,
+nothing but intense pain, absorbed the whole of his faculties. Gradually
+his full consciousness returned. He remembered the fierce onset of the
+enemy, his fall from his horse, and at once concluded that he was a
+prisoner in the hands of the enemy! Very soon after, he discovered that,
+in addition to being deprived of his arms, he had been stripped of his
+watch and other valuables.
+
+One of the great annoyances to which a newly captured prisoner was
+subjected, arose from the fact that skulkers and sneaks, in order to
+secure safe positions, coveted and sought the privilege of quartering
+them. In his own words Glazier says:
+
+"The woods in the vicinity were full of skulkers, and, in order to make
+a show of having something to do, they would make their appearance in
+the rear of the fighting column, and devote themselves sedulously to
+guarding the prisoners." He adds, that "privates, corporals and
+sergeants, in turn, had them in charge;" and that "each in succession
+would call them into line, count them in an officious manner, and issue
+orders according to their liking," until some sneak of higher rank came
+along, assumed the superior command, and in a tone of authority, would
+say to the other poltroons: "Gentlemen, your services are much needed at
+the front. Go, and do your duty like soldiers." The result would be an
+exchange of tyrants, but no diminution of the petty tyranny. At dusk the
+prisoners were marched to, and lodged in, the jail at Warrenton.
+
+Like all Federal soldiers who fell into the enemy's hands, Glazier
+complains very bitterly of the small persecutions inflicted by the
+officers and men of the Home Guard, and unfortunately these mongrels--a
+cross between a civilian and a soldier--were their chief custodians
+during that night, and signalized themselves after their fashion. They
+deprived the prisoners of their clothing, and, in truth, everything of
+the slightest value in the eyes of a thief. One of these swashbucklers
+attempted to reduce our young hero's wardrobe to an Arkansas basis,
+namely, a straw-hat and a pair of spurs, with what success the following
+dialogue, taken mainly from "The Capture, Prison-Pen, and Escape," will
+indicate.
+
+"Here, Yank," said the guard, "hand me that thar hat, and over-coat, and
+boots."
+
+"No, sir, I won't; they are my property. You have no right to take them
+from me."
+
+"I have," said the guard. "We have authority from General Stuart to take
+from you prisoners whatever we d----d choose."
+
+"That I doubt," said the captive, "and if you are a gentleman you won't
+be guilty of stripping a defenceless prisoner."
+
+"I'll show you my authority, you d----d blue-belly," said the ruffian,
+drawing his revolver. "Now, take off that coat, or I'll blow your brains
+out."
+
+By this time Glazier's Northern blood was up, and he grew desperate, so
+he angrily answered:
+
+"Blow away then! It is as well to be without brains as without
+clothing."
+
+So the fellow, who was evidently a contemptible blusterer, whom General
+Stuart, had he been aware of his conduct, would have drummed out of the
+army, not willing to risk the consequences of actual violence--sneaked
+away.
+
+While this little incident was occurring at Warrenton jail, a very
+different event was transpiring at his father's house. His sister was
+dying. It was a peaceful, hopeful death--the death of a Christian--of
+one who in her young life had never by word or deed injured man or
+woman. Many weeks elapsed before her imprisoned brother heard of her
+death, and when the intelligence at length reached him, he was
+overwhelmed with grief at her loss.
+
+Upon the morning following the day of his capture, in that dense
+darkness that precedes the dawn, the prisoners started on their tramp
+toward Culpepper, and as the day broke, and the sun mounted above the
+eastern hills, their march, which extended to full thirty miles, became
+a weary and exhausting journey. Themselves on foot, and compelled to
+keep up with the pace of mounted men, it was a tiresome task; but to do
+so under the burning rays of a Southern sun was nearly impossible. To
+make matters worse, in the present case, the Confederates having
+sustained a defeat at Bristoe and Rappahannock Station, the guard was
+not in the most amiable humor; in addition to which they were compelled
+to use haste in order to avoid capture by the victorious Federals.
+Glazier gave no thought to his present discomfort, and to use his own
+words, "felt relieved when he heard of the successes of his comrades."
+Still the annoyance of this compulsory tramp was felt keenly. The
+prisoners "being encumbered with heavy high-heeled cavalry boots," and
+their feet having become tender from contact with the mud and water
+through which they marched, soon became a mass of blisters, and their
+sufferings from this cause alone were intense. Six of the poor fellows
+succumbed, unable to proceed. After a journey attended with much mental
+depression, and bodily agony, the former increased by the barbarous
+contumely flung at them by men who emerged from roadside inns, to stare
+at them as they passed, the prisoners, including the subject of our
+story, entered Richmond, and were at once introduced to the amenities of
+"Libby Prison."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+
+LIBBY PRISON.
+
+
+ "All ye who enter here abandon hope."--Auld lang syne.--Major
+ Turner.--Hope deferred maketh the heart sick.--Stoicism.--Glazier
+ enters the prison-hospital.--A charnel-house.--Rebel
+ surgeons.--Prison correspondence.--Specimen of a regulation
+ letter.--The tailor's joke.--A Roland for an Oliver.--News of
+ death.--Schemes for escape.--The freemasonry of misfortune.--Plot
+ and counter-plot.--The pursuit of pleasure under difficulties.
+
+It does not come within the scope of the present work to enter into a
+detailed description of the sufferings of the Union prisoners in this
+place of durance: those who have a taste for such gloomy themes may
+gratify it by reading the first work by our young soldier-author,
+entitled "The Capture, Prison-Pen and Escape," in which the horrors of
+that house of misery are eloquently described. We may, however, say this
+much, that if the testimony of eye-witnesses is to be credited, it was a
+fearful place, and one over whose portals the words of Dante might have
+been appropriately inscribed, "All ye who enter here abandon hope."
+
+[Illustration: Libby Prison.]
+
+Of some thousand Northern officers confined here, Glazier, of course,
+met several from his own corps, who had been previously captured. He at
+first felt his condition very acutely. His roving life amid the
+magnificent scenery of Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania was now
+exchanged for the gloomy and monotonous routine of a prison; but he
+writes under date of October twenty-eighth, in a more reconciled and
+hopeful strain "I am gradually," he says, "becoming accustomed to this
+dungeon life, and I presume I shall fall into the habit of enjoying
+myself at times. 'How use doth breed a habit in a man.' Indeed he can
+accommodate himself to almost any clime or any circumstance of life, a
+gift of adaptation no other living thing possesses in any such degree."
+Of one man, in the midst of all his philosophy, our hero speaks very
+bitterly. We allude to Major Turner, military warden of the prison. He
+describes him as possessed of a vindictive, depraved, and fiendish
+nature, and moralizes over the man and his career in this wise:
+
+"There is nothing more terrible than a human soul grown powerful in sin,
+and left to the horrible machinations of the evil one, and its own evil
+promptings. Demons developed from germs that might have produced
+seraphs, become rank growths, drinking in the healthful stimulants of
+life and reproducing them in hideous forms of vice and crime.
+
+ "'Souls made of fire, and children of the sun,
+ With whom revenge is virtue.'
+
+"Thus we see a soul coming pure and plastic from its Maker's hand, yet
+afterward standing before the world, stained and hardened."
+
+Slowly and wearily the days and weeks passed on in "Libby," leaving its
+drear monotony unbroken, except when the rumor of a prospect of being
+exchanged came to flush the faces of the captives with a hope destined
+not to be fulfilled while Willard Glazier was in Richmond. The result
+was that he at length abandoned all hope of being exchanged, and for a
+time tried hard to cultivate and "grow into the luxury of indifference."
+His experience told him that "however reprehensible" it might be in
+ordinary life, "stoicism, under the circumstances in which he then found
+himself, was an actual necessity." His mind appears at this time to have
+sustained him under many extreme bodily privations. But despite all his
+philosophy and cultivated resignation of spirit, despite the mental
+resources which he fortunately possessed in no small degree, and which
+enabled him to occupy his time profitably, while others were pacing up
+and down the room like caged beasts, feeding upon their own hearts, his
+bodily health was materially impaired. The first winter month, with its
+frosty atmosphere, and fierce northern blasts, instead of bringing
+invigoration to his wasted frame, left him more debilitated; and upon
+the eighth of December he succumbed to a disease which had been
+encroaching upon him for some time, and requested to be sent to the
+hospital. His sensations were far from pleasant when, for the first time
+in his life, he found himself seriously ill among enemies, and in that
+most dismal of all dismal places, a Prison Infirmary. "Once in the
+hospital," he writes, "I found myself soon subjected to its peculiar
+influences. There was the ominous stillness, broken only by the choking
+cough, or labored groan; the chilling dread, as though one were in the
+immediate presence of death, and under the ban of silence; and the
+anxious yearning--the almost frantic yearning one feels in the
+contemplation of suffering which he is powerless to alleviate. And worse
+than all, at last came the hardened feeling which a familiarity with
+such scenes produces. This is nothing but an immense charnel-house. We
+are constantly in the midst of the dead and dying. Nearly every day some
+of our comrades, and on some days several of them, are borne away
+coffinless and unshrouded to their unmarked graves. Nor flower, nor
+cross, nor hallowed token, gives grace to the dead, or beauty to the
+grave. I am well aware that in time of war, on the field of carnage, in
+camp, where the pestilential fever rages, or in the crowded prisons of
+the enemy, human life is but little valued. Yet there are moments amidst
+all these scenes, when the importance of life and the terrors of death,
+seem to force themselves upon the mind of every man, with a power which
+cannot be resisted."
+
+It is pleasant to find that here, as generally in the world with members
+of the learned professions, the surgeons were humane and kind; and
+remonstrated with the authorities whenever remonstrance on behalf of the
+poor sufferers was needed. Of course they could not "minister to a mind
+diseased, pluck from the memory a rooted sorrow," or,
+
+ "With some sweet oblivious antidote, cleanse
+ The choked bosom of that perilous stuff
+ That weighs upon the heart;"
+
+but gracious words and sympathizing looks, and the consciousness that he
+was once more in the hands of _gentlemen_, were a source of great
+comfort to the patient, after having been brought into daily and hourly
+contact with the familiars of Major Turner. Another gratifying
+circumstance was, that the Federal surgeons held as prisoners were
+permitted to attend upon their sick comrades when they expressed a wish
+to do so, and that, of course, was very frequently. Even an hospital has
+its little events, which although they appear very trifling in the
+retrospect, are of considerable importance at the time of their
+occurrence. Here these little episodes were not infrequent. At one time
+it was the destruction of a box of dainties sent by the Federal Sanitary
+Commission for the prisoners; at another, it was the excitement incident
+to an exchange of the surgeons held in captivity; and again, it was the
+surreptitious acquisition by some of the patients of a daily newspaper,
+and the guarded dissemination of such items as it might contain among
+his fellow-sufferers; but greatest of all in importance was the receipt
+of a letter from HOME. Even when surrounded by all the incidents of home
+life, the postman is ever a welcome visitor; but in the midst of such a
+dreary captivity as these men were undergoing, a letter from _home_ was
+like a message from heaven.
+
+Their correspondence had, however, its sad as well as its cheerful
+aspect. The prisoners were restricted in writing their letters to six
+lines, by an arbitrary order from Major Turner, and much ingenuity was
+exercised in the effort to crowd into these six lines the thousand and
+one messages which many of the writers desired to send to mothers,
+wives, sisters and sweethearts. Here is a genuine specimen of a
+"regulation" letter from a fond husband to the wife of his bosom:
+
+ My Dear Wife: Yours received--no hope of exchange--send
+ corn-starch--want socks--no money--rheumatism in left
+ shoulder--pickles very good--send sausages--God bless you--Kiss the
+ baby--Hail Columbia! Your devoted husband,
+
+ A. D. S.
+
+But the "rule of six" was successfully evaded for a considerable time,
+by the manufacture and use of invisible ink. The trick was however at
+last discovered, and the way in which Glazier tells the story is so
+amusing, that we are tempted to give it in his own words:
+
+"A certain captain writing to a fair and undoubtedly dear friend, could
+not brook the idea of being limited to six lines, when he had so much to
+communicate; so resorting to the use of invisible ink, he comfortably
+filled the sheet with 'soft and winning words,' and then fearing lest
+his _inamorata_ would not discover the secret he added this postscript:
+
+"'P.S.--Now, my dear, read this over, and then bake it in the oven and
+read it again.'
+
+"This was too much. The rebels thinking if the letter would improve by
+baking it might be well to improve it at once, accordingly held it over
+the fire. This brought to light four closely written pages of the
+tenderest and most heart-rending sentiment."
+
+Ever after all letters sent out by the prisoners were carefully
+inspected and subjected to the "ordeal by fire," so that, to use the
+expressive language of an old soldier, "that game was played."
+
+Among Glazier's fellow-prisoners at this time was a certain Major
+Halsted. He was one of those social anomalies that are not infrequently
+met with in this country, a man of obscure origin, a member of a very
+humble calling, prior to entering the army, and yet possessing the
+personal appearance and manners of a man of distinction. He really
+belonged to that terribly maligned craft of whose followers it is
+popularly said, "It takes nine to make a man,"--he was a tailor. Upon
+this fact some of the little wits of the prison, forgetting that one of
+the bravest of Napoleon's generals, and one of the most intrepid of
+America's sons, had each followed the same occupation, were in the habit
+of jokingly asking him to repair their old and dilapidated clothes.
+
+When this jest was first indulged in, those who knew the undaunted
+spirit and somewhat irascible temper of the major, expected to hear him
+blaze out upon the perpetrator of the _mauvaise plaisantrie_, or
+possibly knock him down. To their surprise, however, he did neither. For
+a single moment a gleam of passionate wrath shot up in his eyes, but it
+was instantly suppressed, and he joined in the laugh against himself.
+Seeing, however, that the victim of the joke did not appear at all
+disturbed or hurt, other, better-natured fellows followed in the wake,
+and the jest of asking the major to patch a pair of breeches or mend a
+coat, became somewhat threadbare by repetition.
+
+It happened, however, that one day the rebel surgeon accidentally tore
+his coat across the breast, and turning to Major H. said, he would give
+him a bottle of wine if he would repair it. "Yes, sir," said the major,
+"if you will furnish me with a needle, thread, and a few other
+indispensables, I will take the whole suit and make it look very
+different." He added, "the fact is, I would rather do anything than rust
+in idleness in this d----d prison." Finding that he spoke seriously, and
+as if it were an ordinary business, the Confederate sawbones, who had a
+lively appreciation of Yankee handicraft, accepted the offer, and all
+next day the major was hard at work clipping and scouring and pressing
+the surgeon's uniform, every now and then the owner thereof passing by
+and smiling approval; and it was remarked that his face wore that
+complacent expression common to all good men when they have furnished
+employment for idle hands--and it is not going to cost them anything.
+
+The same evening, however, when the work, so neatly done, was finished,
+the major very quietly slipped it upon his own dignified person, and
+taking with him a fellow-prisoner as "hospital steward," coolly walked
+past the guard, remarking, to the great consternation of that personage,
+"My friend, there are unmistakable indications of _cerebro-spinal
+meningitis_ in your eyes. Come over to the hospital as soon as you are
+relieved, and I will see what can be done for you," walked out into the
+street, and neither he nor the "hospital steward" was heard of again
+until they reached the Federal lines.
+
+The devices resorted to, to effect an escape, were as ingenious as they
+were numerous, and for a short time the most popular and successful
+_ruse_ was for the prisoners to get into the hospital, simulate death,
+and, while left unguarded in the dead-house, to escape. The difference,
+however, between the tally of the deaths and the burials ultimately
+attracted the attention of the authorities, and that was stopped.
+
+It will be remembered that while young Glazier was fighting his last
+fight prior to his capture upon the nineteenth of October, the family at
+home were gathered around his sister's dying bed, when her gentle spirit
+winged its flight to Heaven. From that day until the twenty-ninth of
+November, he had received no news of his family, and consequently, up
+to that time, was ignorant of her decease. It had been his habit during
+the weary hours of his prison life, to overcome the tendency to despair
+from brooding over his misfortunes--which is common to all human beings
+in trouble--to fix his thought upon the loved ones at home. His
+imagination constantly conjured up pictures of his parents, his sisters
+and brothers, and placed them amid the rustic surroundings of his
+boyhood's home. Even while in the hospital, and tossing with fever upon
+his bed, the visions which haunted him were not visions of red-handed
+war, but of quiet country life, where his kindred filled their several
+spheres of duty. He had never thought of them, except collectively.
+Although he had, from time to time, felt apprehensive that "Elvi" was
+somewhat delicate, he never had the slightest fear that her life was
+thereby endangered. Hence, when the sad news arrived, it came as a
+terrible surprise. His sisters had been the objects of his peculiar
+care. The relation he had borne to them, young as he was, was that of a
+father, as well as brother. He never wearied of devising plans for their
+intellectual improvement. He made it his peculiar care that they should
+be thoroughly educated, and that, while intellectually robust, none of
+the soft down and bloom of true womanhood should be brushed away in the
+process. They were his memory's "good angels" even in sleep; for what
+must have been his dreams in the midst of such surroundings, if he had
+not had them to think of!
+
+The shock on thus learning of his sister's death was a very great one to
+young Glazier, and his reflections for a time were bitter. He alludes
+to the subject himself in this way: "In the very midst of death I am
+permitted to drag out a weary life, while dear ones in a land of health,
+freedom and plenty are struck down by the fatal shaft. Her death
+occurred on the nineteenth of October, the very day of my capture. I was
+thrust into prison, and doubly bound to the groveling discomforts of
+earth, while _she_ was released from the prison-house of clay, and
+received, I believe into the joyous, freedom of Heaven. Our lives are
+all in the hands of Him who doeth all things well. He appoints us a
+period of existence, and appoints a moment to depart. All other
+influences are subordinate to His will. 'What can preserve our lives,
+and what destroy!'"
+
+From the moment he realized that he was in the hands of the enemy, after
+the battle of New Baltimore, Glazier had made up his mind to exercise
+sleepless vigilance in seeking for opportunities of escape. He pondered
+over the matter until he became a complete enthusiast in his efforts to
+master the minute details of the construction and topography of the
+place of his confinement, and, by the exercise of that natural
+freemasonry which enables kindred spirits to recognize each other, soon
+effected an understanding upon the subject with certain of the more
+daring of his companions in misfortune. One of these gentlemen was a
+Lieutenant Tresouthick, an officer of the Eighteenth Pennsylvania
+Cavalry. In order to comprehend the plan which they finally determined
+to carry out, it will be necessary to premise that Libby Prison was a
+three-story structure, built over very ample cellarage; that the stories
+were each divided into three compartments, as was the cellar; and that
+these spaces were all of equal size in length and breadth. For the
+purpose of conveying a clear conception of the _locus in quo_ of the
+proposed effort, the reader should also be informed that the hospital
+occupied the first floor; that Lieutenant Tresouthick was one of the
+occupants of the room immediately above it; and that there were sinks
+built against the exterior wall of the same height as each story, and
+running the entire length of the building. The lieutenant's plan was,
+that "he should feign sickness and get into the hospital," says our
+hero, in describing the scheme; "and that I, in the meanwhile, should,
+with a saw-backed knife, cut a board out of the sink large enough to let
+us through." This looked feasible enough, and the two conspirators were
+beginning to felicitate themselves upon their approaching freedom, when
+they discovered that any such opening as they proposed, would let them
+out "directly opposite the guard," so _that_ plan had to be dropped.
+Glazier then proposed a plan of operations, promising better and safer
+results. It was, that Tresouthick should still carry out his original
+idea of a feigned sickness and consequent admission to the hospital;
+that he (Glazier) should procure a piece of rope, eight or ten feet
+long, and then, "some dark, rainy night," the pair should "steal down
+into the basement"--the outer doors of which were "not locked until ten
+o'clock"--and await their opportunity. That, when they once reached the
+exterior of the building, and the sentry's back was turned, they should
+rush past him on either side, and, with the rope, trip him up, in the
+hope of being beyond the reach of his musket before he could fire. This
+was approved by the lieutenant, and they made up their minds to try it.
+Of course, it was necessary that Lieutenant Tresouthick's illness should
+come on very gradually, and progress naturally from bad to worse, until
+he became a fit subject for the hospital, so that some time was occupied
+in preliminary preparations before any steps could be taken for the
+execution of their plan.
+
+Meanwhile, through the kindness of one of the surgeons, young Glazier
+was furnished with some reading matter, a very great luxury to a man in
+his situation and of his tastes. In his more serious hours he re-read
+the Bible, and committed to memory daily a portion of "Saint Matthew's
+Gospel;" and for relaxation read "Napoleon and his Marshals." This with
+an occasional game at chess, checkers, or dominos, games in which the
+invalids were permitted to indulge, made the hours pass much more
+pleasantly than those spent in the convalescent department. It is true
+their chess-board was made with chalk upon the floor, the "men" being
+pieces wrought out of bone saved from their soup, and the "checkers" old
+buttons ripped from their scanty wardrobe. But these rude implements
+afforded as much real sport as if they had been constructed of ivory or
+gold. The scene must at all times have been grimly grotesque in this
+place, for all the trades and professions had their representatives
+there, and the lawyers held mock courts, politicians formed caucuses,
+gamblers started a square game of faro, and even some ministers of the
+gospel gathered together a few of the prisoners each day, who listened
+to words of hope and comfort from their lips.
+
+On the eighth of December Glazier made this note in his diary: "Getting
+into the hospital is no easy matter, but Tresouthick is becoming more
+and more sick, and has good hopes." But
+
+ "The best o' plans o' mice and men
+ Gang aft aglee;"
+
+and all hope of escape for our two worthies was interrupted by the
+inconvenient fact that a couple of their comrades anticipated them in
+point of time, and by so doing aroused the guards to such a state of
+vigilance, that our over-sanguine boys saw there was no chance for them.
+Consequently Lieutenant Tresouthick's illness vanished as it had come,
+and he was soon pronounced convalescent.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+
+PRISON LIFE.
+
+
+ Mournful news.--How a brave man dies.--New Year's Day.--Jolly under
+ unfavorable circumstances.--Major Turner pays his
+ respects.--Punishment for singing "villainous Yankee
+ songs."--Confederate General John Morgan.--Plans for
+ escape.--Digging their way to freedom.--"Post No. 1, All's
+ well."--Yankee ingenuity.--The tunnel ready.--Muscle the trump
+ card.--No respect to rank.--_Sauve qui peut!_--A strategic
+ movement.--"Guards! guards!"--Absentees from
+ muster.--Disappointed hopes.--Savage treatment of prisoners.--Was
+ the prison mined?
+
+The Richmond papers occasionally found their way into the hands of the
+prisoners, and the following mournful item of news is transcribed from
+one of them. The writer of the ensuing letter was a man about thirty
+years of age, who was accused by the rebel authorities of having acted
+as a spy on behalf of the Union government. A gloom hung over the prison
+for some days after the reading of the article:
+
+
+ Castle Thunder, Richmond, Virginia.
+
+ Dear Father:--By permission and through the courtesy of Captain
+ Alexander, I am enabled to write you a few lines. You, who before
+ this have heard from me in regard to my situation here, can, I
+ trust, bear it, when I tell you that my days on earth are soon
+ ended.
+
+ Last Saturday I was court-martialed, and this evening, a short time
+ since, I received notice of my sentence from Captain Alexander,
+ who has since shown me every kindness consistent with his duty.
+
+ Writing to my dear parents, I feel there can be no greater comfort
+ after such tidings, than to tell you that I trust, by the mercy of
+ our Heavenly Father, to die the death of a Christian.
+
+ For more than a year, since the commencement of my confinement, I
+ have been trying to serve him in my own feeble way, and I do not
+ fear to go to Him.
+
+ I would have loved to see you all again; God saw best not; why
+ should we mourn? Comfort your hearts, my dear parents, by thoughts
+ of God's mercy unto your son, and bow with reverence beneath the
+ hand of Him who "doeth all things well."
+
+ * * * I sent a ring to my wife by a clergyman, Monday last; I also
+ sent a telegram to yourself, which will arrive too late, as the
+ time of my execution is set for the day after to-morrow.
+
+ Dear parents: there are but few more moments left me; I will try to
+ think often of you; God bless and comfort you; remember me kindly
+ and respectfully to all my dear friends and relatives. Tell Kitty I
+ hope to meet her again. Take care of Freddy for me; put him often
+ in remembrance of me.
+
+ Dear mother, good-bye. God comfort you, my mother, and bless you
+ with the love of happy children. Farewell, my father; we meet again
+ by God's mercy.
+
+ Spencer Kellogg.
+
+
+The following account of the execution is from a Richmond paper:
+
+"At eleven o'clock yesterday forenoon, a detail of one hundred men from
+the City Battalion, marched from Castle Thunder with Spencer Kellogg,
+the recently condemned spy, in custody.
+
+"The cavalcade reached the scene of execution about half-past twelve
+o'clock, where, as usual, a vast concourse of people, of both sexes and
+all ages, were congregated. After a few moments spent in preliminary
+arrangements, the prisoner was escorted, under guard, to the gallows.
+While seated in the hack awaiting the perfection of the arrangements for
+his execution, he conversed freely with the utmost _nonchalance_ with
+Dr. Burrows, frequently smiling at some remark made either by himself or
+the minister.
+
+"Arriving under the gallows, the charges preferred against the accused
+and the sentence of the court-martial were read. A short but impressive
+prayer was then offered by the minister, at the conclusion of which the
+condemned man, unaccompanied, mounted the scaffold.
+
+"In a few moments Detective Capehart followed, and commenced to adjust
+the rope over the neck of the condemned, in which he assisted, all the
+while talking with the officer. On taking off his hat, to admit the
+noose over his head, he threw it one side, and falling off the scaffold,
+it struck a gentleman beneath, when the prisoner turned quickly, and
+bowing, said: 'Excuse me, sir!'
+
+"A negro next came on the scaffold with a ladder, and proceeded to
+fasten the rope to the upper beam, the prisoner meanwhile regarding him
+with the greatest composure. The rope being fastened, the negro was in
+the act of coming down, when the prisoner, looking up at the rope,
+remarked: 'This will not break my neck! It is not more than a foot fall!
+Doctor, I wish you would come up and arrange this thing!' The rope was
+then rearranged to his satisfaction, and the cloth cap placed over his
+head.
+
+"The condemned man then bowed his head, and engaged a few seconds in
+prayer, at the conclusion of which he raised himself, and standing
+perfectly erect, pronounced in a clear voice: 'All ready!'
+
+"The drop fell, and the condemned man was launched into eternity!"
+
+Kellogg is said by his captors to have died with the conviction that he
+had furnished more valuable information, in the character of a spy, to
+the Federal government than any other ten men in the service. But this
+has been denied by his friends at the North, who assert that he was
+innocent of the charge.
+
+With baseless rumors of a soon-to-be-effected cartel of exchange; the
+drawing of lots for the selection of hostages, upon whom the Confederacy
+proposed to retaliate for the punishment inflicted upon three
+Confederates by the Federal authorities who had sentenced them to
+imprisonment in the Illinois State Prison; listening to yarns spun by
+real or pretended veterans; playing games of chance; holding spirited
+debates; reading letters from home; occasionally poring over the
+newspaper procured by stealth; or meditating plans of escape--the
+balance of the year 1863 wore on to its close, and still Willard Glazier
+was a prisoner of war, with no prospect whatever of a speedy release.
+Then came New-Year's Day, 1864, and some little attempt was made to get
+up a New-Year's dinner--though no extra rations had been issued. They
+did their best, however, like Mark Tapley, to be "jolly under
+unfavorable circumstances."
+
+Nothing occurred out of the usual routine until the twenty-fourth of
+January, when, as the prisoners, including Glazier, were singing "The
+Star-Spangled Banner," "Rally Round the Flag, Boys," etc., the door
+leading into the street was suddenly flung open, and a squad of armed
+men filed in. Turner was at their head, and quickly crossing the room
+and placing himself at the door leading up-stairs, to prevent any of the
+prisoners from making their escape, began: "Now you d----d boisterous
+scoundrels, I'll teach you to begin your d----d howling in this building
+again. I want you to understand that you must not drive people crazy out
+in the streets with your villainous Yankee songs." He then turned to his
+men and ordered them to "Take their stations around the d----d rascals,
+and shoot the first man that dared to stir out of his tracks." Having
+completed which arrangement, he added to his helpless victims: "Now,
+d--n you, stay here until twelve o'clock to-night, and make a bit of
+noise or move from your place, if you dare." And he kept them there
+until the appointed hour, standing and in silence. "The fires went out
+early in the evening, and the cold became intense. Some managed to get
+blankets from their friends," in the apartment above, "but the guards
+soon put a stop to that. One man called down to a friend through a
+knot-hole in the floor, asking him if he wanted a blanket. The guard
+heard him, cocked his gun, and aimed at the hole; but a call from below
+gave the man warning and he fled." And all this for singing a song
+written by a Southerner, in praise of the flag under whose aegis Major
+Turner was nurtured and received his military education! It is quite
+possible that a song identified with the cause of their supposed enemy
+might have produced a commotion among the ignorant rabble in the street,
+and hence it is perhaps unfair to blame the commander of the prison for
+prohibiting the loud singing, which partook somewhat of the nature of
+defiance; but he could certainly have attained his object as effectually
+in a manner becoming an officer and a gentleman. Even the victims of the
+First French Revolution were permitted to express in song through the
+bars of the Temple sentiments of utter scorn for their enemies, and
+when the Jacobins in their turn marched to the guillotine they did so,
+singing the "Marseillaise."
+
+A great sensation was created among the prisoners on the twenty-fifth of
+the month on account of a visit made to "Libby" by the famous raider,
+General John Morgan, whom Glazier describes as a "large, fine-looking
+officer, wearing a full beard and a rebel uniform, trimmed with the
+usual amount of gold braid;" but something far more interesting than the
+visit of any man, however famous, began to absorb the attention of our
+imprisoned hero at this time. He had never ceased to rack his brain with
+schemes looking to his escape. A life of captivity was indescribably
+wearisome to him. He not only taxed his own ingenuity in the effort to
+discover some feasible plan, but eagerly entered into the schemes of
+others. The result, however, so far as he was individually concerned,
+was by no means in accordance with his hopes; but, as he has given the
+details in his "Capture, Prison-Pen, and Escape," we cannot do better
+(even at the risk of quoting from that work more freely than we had
+intended) than to let our readers have it in his own words, thus:
+
+"Early in the winter, Colonel Thomas E. Rose, of the Seventy-seventh
+Pennsylvania Volunteers, conceived a plan of escape, and organized a
+secret company of twenty-seven, who were to dig their way to freedom.
+
+"Colonel Rose was well calculated to superintend this work, for he had
+served in the Mexican War, was taken prisoner by the Mexicans, and after
+a short confinement, escaped by tunneling from the prison a sufficient
+distance to be clear of the guards. He had served his apprenticeship
+and was now prepared to manage and direct. After thorough organization
+of our company, with secrecy well enjoined, we adopted the following
+plan of operations:
+
+"In the basement of the building just below our cook-room, was a small
+unoccupied cellar, which had been closed since our arrival, and was
+never entered. From this room or cellar arose a large chimney, which
+passed through the cook-room, and so to the top of the building. Our
+first work was to make a hole in the chimney from the kitchen, which
+opening we could easily conceal by means of some slop-barrels. These
+barrels we managed ourselves to empty, so that all danger of detection
+from this point was carefully avoided. A short ladder which our
+considerate jailers had brought into the rooms for the purpose of
+raising their flag on the building, was used to make our descent into
+the dark room below. Inquiry was made for the ladder, but as no one
+seemed to know anything about it, it was inferred that it had been
+converted into fuel. At the foot of the ladder another opening was made
+through the chimney wall leading into the underground basement room. By
+removing a few stones from the wall of this place, we were in a
+situation to commence the work of tunneling. The only implements in our
+possession were an old trowel and the half of a canteen. The arduous
+labor was commenced with only the fragment of a canteen, but with this
+the progress was so slow that even the most patient were disheartened.
+Fortunately for us a mason came in to repair the prison walls, and going
+to dinner before he had finished his work, left his trowel, which in his
+absence most mysteriously disappeared. To him it may have been of
+little account, to us it was a godsend. With the aid of this implement
+we were enabled to make more rapid progress, were greatly encouraged,
+and worked night and day with ceaseless energy. Two of our number were
+kept in the tunnel almost constantly. One, by a vigorous use of the
+trowel and canteen, would advance slowly, placing the loosened earth in
+an old blanket, which the other would convey out of the tunnel into a
+corner of the room, from whence it started. Our course was due east,
+under the street, where constantly paced the sentinels, who at every
+hour of the night were wont to cry: 'Post No. 1; all's well!'--'Post No.
+2; all's well!' etc. Little did they dream that Yankee ingenuity and
+perseverance were perforating the solid earth under their feet, and
+opening a path to freedom.
+
+"As we progressed in our work we experienced great difficulty from the
+want of pure air to breathe, and to sustain our candles, which refused
+to burn. Consequently, one of our party was compelled to stand at the
+opening, fanning pure air into the tunnel with his hat. Our atmospheric
+difficulties were the more increased by the small size of the hole,
+which was a little less than two feet in diameter, quite irregular in
+consequence of large stones, and descended in a line below the
+horizontal. This severe labor was carried on without much interruption
+for more than three weeks, when, at last, the plan came near being a
+failure on account of a sad mistake in our measurement. Our intention
+was to reach the yard of an old shed, or warehouse, in which were then
+stored the boxes sent us by the Christian and Sanitary Commissions, and
+by our friends at the North.
+
+"Thinking we had reached the desired point, an opening was made to the
+surface, when it was found we were still in the street, outside the
+fence, and within a few yards of the sentries. Not discovered by this
+mishap, the hole was quickly filled with a pair of old pants and some
+straw, and the work of excavation continued to the spot intended.
+
+"The selection of this point was very fortunate, as the guards used to
+skulk about this building at night for the purpose of plundering the
+boxes, and on the night of the escape, as it happened, they saw every
+man that came out; but, supposing them to be friends, only whispered to
+each other, that 'the boys were going through the _Yankee boxes_ mighty
+fast.'
+
+"These whisperings," adds Captain Glazier, "were distinctly heard by
+some of our men. The tunnel was about sixty-five feet in length, and was
+ready for use February ninth, 1864.
+
+"The company of diggers had arranged that they should make their egress
+first, and inform the others just as they were going out. But each man
+had a particular friend whom he wished to notify, and, as we were seen
+packing our clothing, it soon became suspected among our
+fellow-prisoners that something unusual was in the wind. Curiosity, once
+on the alert, soon discovered the secret, and then all were jubilant
+with the hope of escape, and forthwith commenced packing their poor
+wardrobes. But egress was so slow that it soon became evident to the
+cool calculator that, at best, but a comparatively small proportion of
+our number would be fortunate enough to take their departure from
+'Libby' before daylight would forbid any further efforts in that
+direction.
+
+"In order to get down the chimney, as well as along the tunnel, it was
+necessary to do so _in puris naturalibus_, wrap our clothing in a
+bundle, and push it on before us. As soon as it was seen that only a few
+could possibly get out, many, and in fact most, became selfish, and
+thought only of attaining their own liberty. All rushed for the mouth of
+the tunnel, each man seemingly determined to be first out. By this
+movement, the organization formed by the pioneers or working party was
+broken up, and the workmen, who were to have had the first opportunity
+to escape, were not more favorably situated than those who had never
+borne a hand in the digging. At the entrance to the tunnel were hundreds
+eagerly awaiting their turn.
+
+"Through the intense anxiety and excitement that arose, there was a rush
+and a crowd, each one being eager to improve the opportunity. Muscle was
+the trump card, and won. The weak had to step aside, or rather they were
+pushed aside without apology. No respect was paid to rank or name. A
+long-armed second lieutenant had no scruple in taking hold of a pair of
+shoulders that wore eagles, and pushing them out of the way. It was
+_sauve qui peut_, and no standing aside for betters--no deference to
+age, and gray hairs ceased to be honored. Mere physical force was the
+test of championship. Those poor weak ones who gravitated to the
+outskirts of such an eager crowding mass--just as the light kernels will
+find their way to the top of a shaken measure of wheat--doubtless
+thought, as they felt themselves crowded further and further from the
+door of egress:
+
+ "'Oh, it is excellent
+ To have a giant's strength, but 'tis tyrannous
+ To use it like a giant!'
+
+"I made several attempts," Glazier continues, "to assert what I
+considered my rights, but as I had not, at that time, much muscle to
+back my claims, they were not recognized, and thus I spent the whole
+night in a bootless struggle for freedom.
+
+"In digging the tunnel we had encountered a large root which we could
+not well remove, and the passage at this point was very narrow.
+Lieutenant Wallace F. Randolph, Fifth United States Artillery, a
+corpulent fellow, was caught fast by the root. There was a man before
+him, and another behind, which almost entirely excluded atmospheric
+circulation, and before they could pull him out of his unfortunate
+predicament, Randolph was almost dead. He was, however, successful at
+last. This blockade greatly retarded the line of march, and made the
+crowd within still more desperate.
+
+"Some of the outsiders in the struggle, who despaired of accomplishing
+anything by strength, had recourse to a stratagem. There had been
+considerable noise during the struggle for position, and the guards were
+expected to make their appearance at any moment. The outsiders, taking
+advantage of this apprehension, went to the farther end of the
+cook-room, and, in the darkness, made a racket with pots and kettles,
+which sounded very much like the clashing of fire-arms; while some of
+their number in the crowd sang out: 'Guards! guards!' In an instant
+every man was gone from the tunnel, and a frantic rush took place for
+the single stairway by about five hundred men. Such a struggling and
+pressing I have never elsewhere seen, or participated in. We neither
+walked up, nor ran up, but were literally lifted from our feet, and
+propelled along in a solid mass up the passage, and made our entrance
+through the door at the head of the stairs as though shot from a
+cannon--most of us not stopping until we struck the wall on the opposite
+side of the room. While this was going on, the scamps who had given the
+false alarm were quietly passing out of the tunnel! The _ruse_ was soon
+discovered, however, and, in a few minutes, there was as great a jam at
+the entrance of the tunnel as ever. But, so eager and unthinking were
+we, that within half an hour, the same trick was played on us again by
+others and then followed another stampede up the stairs. It is a wonder
+this affair was not stopped by the guards, but they had no suspicion
+whatever of what was going on. This was probably owing to the fact that
+great noises in the cook-room were common throughout the night as well
+as day. It is however reported that one of the sentinels was heard to
+call out jocosely to a comrade on the next beat, 'Hello, Billy! there
+goes somebody's coffee-pot, sure.'
+
+"This struggle continued until morning, when the opening in the chimney
+was covered, and we went to our several quarters. Here a muster was
+called to discover how many had made their escape, when it was found
+that one hundred and fifteen were missing. Arrangements were at once
+made to account for their absence, and certain men were designated who
+were to cross the room slyly during roll-call, and be counted twice.
+
+"For some reason the authorities were late that morning, and did not
+make their appearance until about ten o'clock. On the roll being called
+the men, according to arrangement, attempted to cross the room, but the
+movement was discovered, and so the count showed one hundred and fifteen
+short. The clerk thought he had made a mistake, and counted again, but
+with the same result. The authorities also thought there must be some
+error in the count, and joked little Ross, the prison clerk, who was
+none of the brightest, because he could not count a thousand Yankees!
+
+"We were now marched from one room to another, and counted one by one,
+but still there were one hundred and fifteen short of the complement.
+We, of course, pretended to be as much surprised as the authorities.
+They next sent for Major Turner, and he counted us two or three times,
+but with an equally unsatisfactory result. He demanded of us where they
+had gone, and how they got out; but not a man knew.
+
+"The escape was at once made public, and the papers were filled with the
+news, and the most strenuous measures at once adopted to ensure the
+recapture of the runaways. The authorities were terribly exasperated,
+and as a first step, arrested the guards and threw them into Castle
+Thunder, concluding as a matter of course, that they had been bribed.
+This set the guards thinking, and one of them remembered he had seen an
+unusual number of men in the lot near the Yankee boxes. Latouche, the
+prison adjutant, hearing of this, just before nightfall discovered the
+locality of the opening. Next, they questioned the prisoners as to
+_where_ in the building it began, but could obtain no satisfaction, and
+not until after a long search, did they discover the opening in the
+chimney."
+
+So the "patient toil and vigil long" of poor Glazier went for nothing.
+The Confederate authorities seem to have treated the matter very
+good-humoredly, frankly expressed their surprise at the ingenuity and
+patience of the subterranean engineers, and manfully set about the task
+of recapturing the fugitives. Forty-eight were brought in during the
+next two days, but at the same time it leaked out among the prisoners
+that the Unionists under General Kilpatrick were within the outer line
+of fortifications, engaging the rebels, as it was conjectured, with the
+view of rescuing the prisoners. The consequence was, there was much
+excitement among the latter, for the boom of cannon sounded distinctly
+in their ears, and that sound was accepted as the music that heralded
+their approaching freedom.
+
+All such hopes, however, were doomed to disappointment. The object of
+the expedition, which was a combined movement from different points by
+General Kilpatrick and Colonel Dahlgren, was defeated in consequence of
+the treachery of a negro guide, employed by the latter officer, and one
+of the effects of this man's treason was the death of that gallant young
+soldier. The only result that followed to the prisoners was that the
+rebels became more exasperated than ever, and unfortunately for their
+reputation, they seem, with regard to the treatment of the few prisoners
+that fell into their hands on this occasion, to have behaved rather like
+savage than civilized people. Not satisfied with the perpetration of
+acts of cruelty upon these particular prisoners, they (according to
+Captain Glazier's information) undermined the prison building, and
+stored beneath the foundation a sufficient quantity of powder to blow it
+into fragments. This proceeding he says they called, with more force
+than elegance, "preparing the Yankees for hell;" and Major Turner
+very grimly informed them that if any further attempt at escape were
+made, or efforts for their rescue, the prison would be blown to atoms!
+It is not surprising that at such a time, and under the circumstances,
+the prisoners looked upon this threat as meant in sober reality; but in
+all probability (or at least let us hope), it was used simply as a means
+of discouraging attempts upon the part of the incarcerated men, to
+regain their liberty by their own efforts or that of their friends.
+
+[Illustration: The Hole In The Floor.]
+
+The raiders captured in the expedition under Kilpatrick and Dahlgren had
+been thrust into a cell directly beneath the room in which Glazier was
+confined. Contrivances were made to open communication with them for the
+purpose, if possible, of alleviating their sufferings, as it was well
+known that food was issued to them in very niggardly quantities, and
+every indignity the rebels could devise inflicted upon them. After much
+effort, by the aid of a knife, a hole was cut in the floor, sufficiently
+large to pass a man's hand, and through this hole Glazier, for several
+weeks, was instrumental in furnishing the captives with a share of his
+own and his companions' rations, which were eagerly grasped and devoured
+by the starving men. No single act of our hero's life afforded him more
+real happiness than the service he was thus enabled to render the brave
+men who had lost their liberty in the noble effort to capture the prison
+and release its inmates.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII.
+
+
+DANVILLE.--MACON.--SAVANNAH.
+
+
+ Belle Boyd, the Confederate spy.--National characteristics.--
+ Colonel Mosby.--Richmond to Danville.--Sleeping spoon-fashion.--
+ Glazier's "corrective point" suffers.--Saltatory entrance to a
+ railroad car.--Colonel Joselyn.--Sympathy of North Carolinians.--
+ Ingenious efforts to escape.--Augusta.--Macon.--Turner again!--
+ "Carelessness" with firearms.--Tunneling.--Religious revival.--
+ Order from Confederate War Department.--Murder!--Fourth of
+ July.--Macon to Savannah.--Camp Davidson.--More tunneling.
+
+The celebrated Confederate spy, Belle Boyd, paid a visit to "Libby" in
+the latter part of March, and her presence created much comment among
+the prisoners. She was not that ideal of grace and gentleness which
+
+ "Untutored youth,
+ Unlearned in the world's false subtleties,"
+
+enthrones within the temple of his heart, but was, notwithstanding, a
+remarkable woman. With much of the enthusiasm that characterized "_La
+Pucelle_," she appears to have combined a considerable allowance of
+shrewdness, or common sense; a mixture of qualities, by the way, of more
+common occurrence than is generally supposed, among the northern and
+southern people of our continent. There is little difference between the
+"peartness" of the one, and the "smartness" of the other; or the "high
+tone" of the South, and the _nonchalance_ of the North. The common
+_national_ characteristic of the people of both sections, however, is
+the power of adapting themselves to every variety of circumstance. No
+matter what the importance, or the insignificance of the occasion, or
+event, upon which they perceive that their opportunity for the
+attainment of a desired object depends, they are ready at the right
+moment to seize and turn it to account; and while, to-day, the banks of
+the Ganges or the Tigris are made to yield up to them the fruits of
+their industry and produce, to-morrow, when a modification of the law of
+demand and supply prevails, we find the same men following the tide of
+fortune through humbler but equally useful channels. We are
+pre-eminently a practical people, and that this characteristic to some
+extent destroys the poetic aspect of American life, cannot be gainsaid.
+The homes of our infancy, the graves of our kindred, the hills upon
+whose summits we first felt the glory of the morning, the altar at which
+we first knelt in prayer, the rustic nook where we listened for the one
+step to which our boyish hearts beat sweetest time; have no power to
+trammel our migratory proclivities, or to check our local inconstancy.
+The sentiments with which such objects are indissolubly connected, are
+but tendrils clinging round the parent nest, and the wings of the
+new-fledged bird, bursting them asunder, it soars out into the world to
+contend and battle with its storms.
+
+One of the least attractive illustrations of this spirit of unrest, is
+where it extends to our women, and Miss Belle Boyd's is in our
+estimation a case in point.
+
+ "Unknown to her the rigid rule,
+ The dull restraint, the chiding frown,
+ The weary torture of the school;
+ The taming of wild nature down.
+ Her only lore, the legends told
+ Around the soldiers' fire; at night
+ Stars rose and set, and seasons rolled;
+ Flowers bloomed, and snowflakes fell,
+ Unquestioned, in her sight!"
+
+Her career was full of adventure and intrepid daring, and she served the
+disloyal cause she espoused faithfully and to the bitter end; and then,
+like other wandering stars of the troubled sky, sank into oblivion. From
+the time of Miss Boyd's visit until the seventh of May, Willard Glazier
+continued to lead the same dull life at Libby Prison. The monotony of
+the hours was unbroken by any circumstance more exciting than a visit
+from the celebrated partisan chief, Mosby, who is described by Glazier
+as a _preux chevalier_, at that time about twenty-eight years of age, in
+figure slight, with straight fair hair and closely shaven face, except
+that "a faded German moustache overshadowed his upper lip." It does not
+appear that he was received as a welcome visitor, although he jocularly
+remarked to some of the prisoners who had been captured by his own
+troopers that he was "glad to see them there."
+
+Time! what wonders dost thou work. But a few years have passed, and
+Mosby, who was erst so malignant a rebel, that even the poor, but loyal,
+prisoners, presented him the cold shoulder, is now a confidential friend
+of the late Commander in chief of the Union Army! Longstreet, the rebel
+General, again swears by the Star-Spangled Banner; and Beauregard, hero
+of Sumter and Bull Run, is now an advocate of perfect equality between
+the black and white races in his Southern State of Louisiana!
+
+The visit of Colonel Mosby was the last memorable incident of our
+hero's sojourn in "Libby." Upon the seventh of May following, the
+prisoners were removed thence to Danville, Virginia. Several, in the
+course of this transit, effected their escape, but the great majority
+were safely conveyed to their new place of imprisonment. The change made
+no improvement in their unhappy condition. True, the rations furnished
+at Danville were of somewhat better quality, and more liberal in
+quantity, but the discipline was equally Draconian, and the penalty of
+its slightest infraction--death! The chief source of misery among the
+captives was want of room, the men being compelled to sleep
+"spoon-fashion," and in detachments, many being compelled to stand up
+awake while their comrades slept as best they could.
+
+This condition of things, however, did not last long. Early upon the
+morning of the twelfth, the prisoners were once more marched out and
+started southward. After a journey of twenty-four hours in cattle cars,
+exposed most of the time to a drenching rain, they were disembarked and
+tramped another twelve miles to Greensboro. Here the mass of weary, wet,
+and hopeless patriots were about to be driven, pell-mell, like a herd of
+cattle, into a train of filthy cars, when young Glazier thought he
+espied a chance of evading his captors. He waited until it appeared to
+him that the guard was sufficiently occupied with other duties to
+overlook his whereabouts, and then slipped behind a log, where in an
+instant he lay upon the ground apparently fast asleep, trusting in the
+confusion attendant upon the departure of the train to escape
+observation. But fortune was against him. The only result was the
+infliction upon that portion of his body which some mothers consider
+the "corrective point" of their children, of sundry unceremonious kicks,
+which, coming from such boots as the "C. S. A." at that time supplied to
+their soldiers, were felt to be more persuasive than agreeable. Of
+course it became necessary to awaken from his profound slumber slowly,
+which made the _kicks_ still more persuasive, and by the time he was
+erect, the cars were filled and the doors all closed. The guards
+therefore insisted upon his effecting an entrance through the small
+window, which he did with certain vigorous assistance from behind, and
+landed upon the head and shoulders of Lieutenant-Colonel Joselyn, of the
+Fifteenth Massachusetts Infantry, who passed him around in such a way
+that the other occupants of the car were moved to sundry objurgations at
+the expense of our young friend more forcible than polite, and partaking
+little of the nature of a hospitable reception! However, this is a world
+of compromises, and Glazier soon found his level among his
+fellow-captives.
+
+Their route took them through a portion of North Carolina, where for the
+first time they met with unmistakable proofs of sympathy. At one city,
+on learning there were "Yankee prisoners" in town, the citizens came out
+in large numbers. Many attempted to converse with them, but were forced
+back at the point of the bayonet. The prisoners then struck up the
+"Star-Spangled Banner," and "Rally Round the Flag," and in each
+interlude could see white handkerchiefs waving in the breeze,
+demonstrations that so exasperated the Virginia guard that they sent a
+detail to drive "the d----d tar-heels" from the field.
+
+The contiguity of friends of course presented a strong temptation to
+some to strike for liberty. Every device promising the least chance
+of escape was therefore resorted to. Among the most ingenious of these
+was one so graphically described by young Glazier that we make no
+apology for again using his language:
+
+[Illustration: Prison Pen, Macon, Georgia. Tunneling--the
+Narrow Path To Freedom.]
+
+"The night being very dark," he writes, "and the soil where we were
+huddled together very sandy and light, many of the prisoners dug holes
+in the ground and there buried themselves, hoping thus to escape the
+observation of the guard when we should be marched from the field to the
+cars. Unfortunately, however, the scheme was exposed by one of the guard
+who accidentally stumbled into one of the holes, in the bottom of which
+he beheld a 'live Yankee.' Struck with amazement, he shouted out: 'Oh,
+my G--, Captain, here is a Yankee buried alive!' Great excitement was
+the natural consequence. A general search ensued, torch-lights were
+used, and the trees and ground thoroughly inspected. This investigation
+brought to light several holes of a similar character, each having
+deposited therein a Federal prisoner. The guards were very angry and
+went about shouting, 'Run them through! Pick up the d----d hounds!' but
+their captain, a good-natured sort of man, stopped all this. 'No,' said
+he, 'the d----d Yankees have a right to escape if they can. Let them
+alone. I'll risk their getting away from me!'"
+
+Some of the burrowers did escape, however, and several others hid
+themselves in the foliage and were left behind.
+
+After this nothing eventful occurred upon the way, and on the fifteenth
+of the same month, the whole party arrived at Augusta, Georgia, and
+found the home guards, to whose custody they were consigned, a bad lot.
+From that city they were soon after removed to Macon. Up to this
+period, amid all the mortifications of their condition, notwithstanding
+their tiresome rides and weary marches; despite the chagrin they
+naturally felt when well-laid plans of escape were frustrated by
+accidents beyond the power of men to foresee, they still had one source
+of consolation--there was at least one drop of balm in Gilead--_for had
+they not gotten rid of--Turner!_
+
+Judge, then, of their mingled horror and despair when they reached the
+front gate of Camp Oglethorpe, their future prison, to find that monster
+before them, lounging gracefully against the gate entrance, and
+evidently delighted with the idea of being in a condition to shock his
+former victims with his presence.
+
+The laugh, however, was not entirely his, for, upon mustering them, he
+discovered that forty-seven had escaped. Smothering his wrath for the
+moment, he welcomed the remainder to their prison-house, with the
+gratifying intelligence that _it had its dead-line_, and all who
+approached it had better be ready to meet the contingencies of a future
+state of rewards and punishments!
+
+After horrifying them with his presence, he shortly took himself off,
+and not long afterward, to their great relief, was ordered back to
+Richmond.
+
+Before the week had expired, Glazier had an opportunity of estimating
+how _careless_(_?_) some of his custodians were in handling their
+firearms, being an eye-witness of an attempt by a sentinel to shoot
+Lieutenant Barker, of the First Rhode Island Cavalry. The bullet, kinder
+than the boy who sped it on its errand (for this guard was not over
+fourteen years of age), passed over the old man's head. As the latter
+noted the direction of the lad's aim, and heard the whistle of the
+bullet above him, he very temperately asked the somewhat unnecessary
+question, "What are you shooting at?" "I am shooting at you, you d----d
+old cuss." "What are you shooting at me for?" mildly inquired the
+lieutenant. "Because you had your hands on the dead-line," answered the
+boy. At this moment the sergeant of the guard came up, and taking the
+precocious ruffian by the collar, shook him with considerable energy,
+and demanded of him very fiercely, "What the devil are you shooting at
+that prisoner for, you little scoundrel?" The boy replied that the
+prisoner had his hands on the dead-line. Whereupon the sergeant shook
+him again, told him he was a liar--that the lieutenant was not within
+twenty feet of the dead-line, and consigned him to the custody of the
+corporal of the guard, who marched the young monster away.
+
+Captain Glazier states that he was within ten feet of the lieutenant
+when the shot was fired, and that the latter _was not within thirty feet
+of the fatal line_. The incident was not very exhilarating upon the
+threshold of his new abode, and the prisoners naturally felt greatly
+exasperated when they heard the particulars.
+
+An order was promulgated next morning by the officer commanding, Captain
+W. K. Tabb, directing that "any of their number not in ranks at
+roll-call should be shot," which was not calculated to make them think
+more kindly of their jailers. The fact is, that the prisoners, in
+pursuance of a settled determination to lose no opportunity of escape
+that seemed at all feasible, had been again making experiments in
+_tunneling_, and this atrocious order was intended as a measure of
+precaution against similar schemes in future.
+
+Thus excluded from the relief afforded by such hopeful occupation, their
+poor captives had to find other employment for their leisure hours, and
+at this time a kind of religious revival took place among them, and if
+human prayer could have effected the destruction of the Confederacy,
+that organization would certainly have crumbled into dust forthwith. The
+enthusiasm was so great that at times the exercises bordered upon
+tumult, and greatly incensed their less fervent guards. At one time a
+huge Western man poured forth such a rhapsody in favor of Grant and
+Sherman, and garnished it with such pungent denunciations of Jefferson
+Davis, and other Confederate magnates, that one of the jailers commented
+thus: "D----d smart praying, but it won't do! It won't do!"
+
+On the morning of the tenth of August, an order from the Confederate War
+Department was read before the entire garrison of Camp Oglethorpe, and
+caused much excitement. This order directed that a detachment of fifty
+prisoners, selected from officers of the highest rank, should be
+forwarded to Charleston, in order that they might be placed under the
+fire of the siege guns with which the beleaguering Union forces were
+attempting the reduction of that city. The order further directed that
+Generals Scammon, Wessels, Seymour, Schuyler and Heckman should be
+included in the number. The mandate was of course at once executed, and
+the departure of the devoted band was the signal for a wild burst of
+indignant reprobation of the Confederate authorities. It happened also,
+at this time, that one of the sentinels shot and mortally wounded a
+prisoner. The victim's name was Otto Grierson, and he had been a general
+favorite. The excuse assigned for the murder was that he was
+endeavoring to escape, but his comrades declared that at the time the
+shot was fired, he was fully sixteen feet from the dead-line, and had
+made no attempt to escape. Young Glazier and others joined in a formal
+report of the facts to the officer in command, but the only result was
+that the murderer received promotion, and was granted a furlough!
+
+If the statements of Captain Glazier regarding this and other
+contemporaneous outrages are to be relied upon (and he is very strongly
+corroborated), the officers commanding this military prison sadly abused
+their trust. Even the highest of those officials indulged in such petty
+exhibitions of puerile spite as to be altogether unworthy of his
+station, or even the name of an American.
+
+On the arrival of the Fourth of July, the prisoners very naturally
+determined, as far as their limited resources would permit, to celebrate
+the occasion. Accordingly, in true American fashion, a meeting was
+called, at which speeches of a patriotic character were made, songs
+sung, and a miniature flag, containing the full number of stars and
+stripes, which one of their number had concealed about his person, was
+produced, and became an object of much interest. Instead of
+magnanimously ignoring all this harmless enthusiasm, the commander of
+the prison marched in a company of guards and violently dispersed the
+meeting!
+
+On the twenty-seventh of July, six hundred prisoners were counted out,
+as they supposed to be added to the others under fire at Charleston, but
+really for removal to Camp Davidson, at Savannah, Georgia.
+
+This change proved for the better. In the first place, in lieu of the
+Sahara of shadeless sand and clay of their former prison grounds, they
+found at "Davidson" a number of fine oaks, beneath the shade of which
+they were permitted to recline in peace. In addition to this, and a
+matter of infinitely greater importance, their guards were officered by
+_gentlemen_. Captain Glazier states that the authorities here issued
+tents, cooking utensils, and decent rations, and adds this tribute to
+their generally manly conduct toward the prisoners: "The troops here
+have seen service, and there is nothing like the battle-field and the
+suffering there experienced to teach soldiers humanity toward each
+other. Whenever attempts are made to escape, they give us to understand
+that they would do the same themselves, under like circumstances, but
+are still compelled to punish such infractions of discipline. They
+politely ask our pardon for inspecting our quarters, and in a manner as
+gentlemanly as possible, remove our blankets from the floor of our tents
+in their search for incipient _tunnels_. All this is very gratifying and
+tends to assuage the bitter hatred which former brutality has
+engendered. These Georgia boys will be long remembered, and may look for
+the utmost kindness and consideration from us if the chances of war ever
+reverse our situations."
+
+This is a record for Georgia nobler far than any she ever gained upon
+the battle-field, albeit her sons were always in the van. All honor to
+them! Such victories are well worth the winning.
+
+But pleasant as their Georgia quarters were by comparison with former
+experiences, the captives were afflicted with the _malade du pays_--the
+home-sickness that tugged at their hearts, and bade them again and
+again risk death for the chance of freedom. Tunnel after tunnel was
+attempted, and one, constructed by a select band (sworn to secrecy), was
+upon the eve of completion, when a straggling cow blundered upon the
+frail covering of turf, and became so securely imbedded in the falling
+earth that she could not extricate herself. Her bellowing attracted the
+attention of the sentinel, the plot was discovered, and, of course,
+frustrated.
+
+Despite such disappointments, however, when the time came, as it soon
+did, for the prisoners to leave Savannah, they did so with sentiments of
+gratitude for the comparatively humane treatment they had received at
+the hands of the Georgians, not unmingled, however, with apprehensions
+concerning their future, for it was openly rumored that they were
+destined to join their former fellow-prisoners now under fire of
+Gilmore's siege guns at Charleston.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX.
+
+
+UNDER FIRE AT CHARLESTON.
+
+
+ Under siege.--Charleston Jail.--The Stars and Stripes.--Federal
+ compliments.--Under the guns.--Roper Hospital.--Yellow
+ Jack.--Sisters of Charity.--Rebel Christianity.--A Byronic
+ stanza.--Charleston to Columbia.--"Camp
+ Sorghum."--Nemesis.--Another dash for liberty.--Murder of
+ Lieutenants Young and Parker.--Studying topography.--A
+ vaticination.--Back to reality.
+
+The next we see of Lieutenant Glazier is in the city of Charleston,
+South Carolina, on the twelfth of September, 1864. Coming Street on the
+morning of that day was crowded with people of every variety of calling,
+from the priest and sister of charity, out on their merciful errands, to
+the riff-raff and _sans-culottes_ out on no errand at all but to help
+the excitement. The city was under siege.
+
+At the end of the street a body of six hundred emaciated,
+broken-spirited, ragged men, escorted by a strong guard, marched along,
+and the busiest of the pedestrians paused to gaze upon them as they
+passed. Coarse and scurrilous was the greeting the captives received
+from the motley and shameless groups. A few of the more respectable
+citizens, however, spoke words of grace to them, and some added hopeful
+predictions of the final triumph of the Union cause. The prisoners were
+hurried forward to the yard of Charleston Jail, where for the first time
+in many weary months they beheld the glorious flag of their country
+floating in the breeze over Morris Island. Weak as they were the
+patriotic sentiment was still strong within and they gave one rousing
+cheer! Some, despite the curses of their guard, dancing like children,
+while others wept tears of joy.
+
+[Illustration: Charleston Jail--charleston, South Carolina.]
+
+The jail, as Captain Glazier describes it, was a large octagonal
+building of four stories, surmounted by a tower. In the rear was a large
+workshop, in appearance like a bastile, where some of the prisoners were
+confined. As a lugubrious accessory to his own quarters, he had a
+remarkably clear view of a gallows, erected directly in front of his
+fragment of a tent. "The ground floor of the jail was occupied by
+ordinary criminal convicts; the second story by Confederate officers and
+soldiers, under punishment for military offences; the third by negro
+prisoners, and the fourth by Federal and Confederate deserters, and it
+is complimentary to the good sense of the rebels that deserters from
+_either_ side were treated by them with equal severity." He gives a sad
+account of the terrible condition of the negro soldiers and their
+officers who were captured at Fort Wagner, and says the hospital at this
+place was "a lazar-house of indescribable misery."
+
+On the twenty-second of September, Glazier makes the following note on
+the progress of the siege:
+
+"Shelling is kept up vigorously. From sixty to a hundred huge, smoking
+two-hundred-pounders convey Federal compliments daily to the doomed
+city."
+
+It appears, however, that, for the most part, the destructive effects of
+this bombardment were confined to what was known as the "burnt
+district," and caused little damage to the inhabited portion of the
+city.
+
+Seven days after the above entry in his journal his heart was gladdened
+by an order for removal, with his fellow-prisoner and messmate,
+Lieutenant Richardson, to Roper Hospital; a place much more tolerable as
+to its situation and appointments, though still within shell-range of
+the bombarding force. Prior to the transfer, a parole was obtained from
+each, by which they pledged themselves, while in their new quarters, to
+make no attempt to escape.
+
+Here our prisoner found opportunity under the usual restrictions for
+writing the following letter home:
+
+ [Only one page allowed.]
+ C. S. Military Prison,
+ Charleston, South Carolina,
+ Roper Hospital, _October 4th, 1864_.
+
+ My Dear Mother:
+
+ For a long time you have doubtless waited with anxiety some
+ intelligence of your absent son, which would tell you of his
+ health, and his prospects of release from the disagreeable
+ restraints of prison life; and I am now delighted to find this
+ opportunity of writing to you. Since my last letter, which was
+ dated at Libby Prison, I have been confined at Danville, Virginia;
+ Macon and Savannah, Georgia; and at this point. My health for the
+ most part has been very poor, which I attribute to the inactivity
+ of prison life. I have also suffered much for want of clothing. I
+ have a pair of shoes on to-day that I bought more than a year ago;
+ have run about barefoot for days and weeks during the past summer;
+ many of my comrades have been compelled to do the same. I do not
+ look for a _general exchange_ before winter, though I hope and pray
+ that it may take place to-morrow. There is now an opportunity for
+ sending boxes to prisoners. I should be glad to receive one from
+ home if convenient. Please give my love to all the family circle.
+ Remember me to my friends, and believe me ever
+
+ Your affectionate son,
+ Willard.
+
+
+The days passed anxiously with Glazier, when the yellow fever began its
+inroads upon the prisoners. He had now, at the same moment, to face
+death at the hands of man, and by the pestilence--a condition of things
+to which the bravest spirit might succumb. One great source of
+consolation was derived from the visits of the Sisters of Charity, who
+were always found where suffering and peril prevailed. Writing of these
+angelic women, Captain Glazier says:--"Confined as we are, so far away
+from every home comfort and influence, and from all that makes life
+worth living, how quickly do we notice the first kind word, the passing
+friendly glance! Can any prisoner confined here ever forget the 'Sisters
+of Charity?' Ask the poor private now suffering in the loathsome
+hospital so near us, while burning with fever, or racked with pain, if
+he can forget the kind look, the gracious word given him by that sister.
+Many are the bunches of grapes--many the sip of their pure juice, that
+the sufferer gets from her hands. They seem, they _are_ 'ministering
+angels;' and while all around us are our avowed enemies, they remain
+true to every instinct of womanhood. They dare lift the finger to help,
+they do relieve many a sufferer. All through the South our sick and
+wounded soldiers have had reason to bless the 'Sisters of Charity.' They
+have ministered to their wants and performed those kind womanly offices
+which are better to the sick than medicine, and are so peculiarly
+soothing to the dying. These noble women have attended their sick-beds
+when other _Christian_ ladies of the South looked on unpityingly, and
+turned away without even tendering the cheap charity of a kind word.
+_They_ have done what others were too scornful and cruel to do--they
+have done what others did not dare do. They were, for some inscrutable
+reason, permitted to bestow their charities wherever charities were
+needed. Their bounties were bestowed indiscriminately on Federal and
+Confederate sufferers, and evidenced a broad philanthropy untainted by
+party-feeling or religious bigotry. Many a poor soldier has followed
+them from ward to ward with tearful eyes.... Were other Christian
+denominations in the South as active in aiding us as the Catholics have
+been, I might have some faith in 'Rebel Christianity.'"
+
+This is no mean tribute to the beneficent influences of the Catholic
+church, albeit the pen of a Protestant records it; but the facts fully
+justify him. Protestant England had _one_--the Church of Rome has her
+_legions_ of Florence Nightingales. They are found in the camp, and the
+hospital, and the prison--wherever human sympathy can palliate human
+suffering; they are to be found where even wives and mothers flee before
+the dreaded pestilence, and these ministers of divine love, like light
+and air, and the dews of Heaven, visit alike the rich and poor, the
+sinner and the saint; the only claim they recognize being the claim of
+suffering and misfortune.
+
+Willard Glazier remained _under the guns_ of his friends until the fifth
+of October, and during his sojourn here had various opportunities of
+forming an acquaintance with vagrant shot and shell that struck or
+exploded near the hospital building, but fortunately did no greater
+damage to its inmates than create "a scare."
+
+What was much more serious was the prevalence of the deadly fever, which
+was of a most malignant type, and carried off, among its many victims,
+the Confederate commander and his adjutant. The prisoners therefore
+were removed--the authorities assigning as their reason for the step,
+the "danger to which they would be exposed on account of the fever;" and
+although, at the time, it appeared an anomaly to the prisoners, "after
+bringing them there to be murdered by their own guns, to remove them for
+the purpose of saving them from death in another shape,"--yet it is
+possible such was the case. At all events they were removed, and their
+"Poet Laureate"--Lieutenant Ogden, of Wisconsin--wrote a farewell poem,
+containing among others, the following "Byronic" stanza:
+
+ "Thy Sanctuaries are forsaken now;
+ Dark mould and moss cling to thy fretted towers;
+ Deep rents and seams, where struggling lichens grow,
+ And no sweet voice of prayer at vestal hours;
+ But voice of screaming shot and bursting shell,
+ Thy deep damnation and thy doom foretell.
+ The 'fire' has left a pile of broken walls,
+ And Night-hags revel in thy ruined halls!"
+
+Who will say that a dread Nemesis has not overtaken the metropolis of
+the Palmetto State? Streets, once the busy scene of commerce and
+industry, now covered with grass, in this city of secession--formerly
+the head and front of treason and rebellion and the defiant advocate of
+human slavery!
+
+Escorted by the Thirty-second Georgia Volunteers, Glazier and his
+fifteen hundred companions were marched through the principal streets of
+the city to the depot, where they took the cars for Columbia, the State
+capital. None will ever forget the parade of ragged and bearded men
+through King Street. But the Georgian guards, while strictly attentive
+to duty, showed the politeness and demeanor of gentlemen. He says of
+them, at this point in the history of his imprisonment, "the Georgia
+troops seem to be by far the most civil and gentlemanly of all the
+Southern army. They were the most respectable in appearance, most
+intelligent and liberal in conversation, and to a greater extent than
+others, recognized the principle that a man is a man under whatever
+circumstances he may be placed, and is entitled to humane treatment.
+They very generally addressed the prisoners as 'gentlemen.'"
+
+The same kind of unventilated and filthy cattle-cars were employed in
+their transportation as had been used in their various previous
+removals. All suffered from want of water, air and space. The arrival of
+the captives at Columbia took place in the midst of a drenching
+rain-storm, and during the entire night, with scarcely any clothing, no
+rations, and no shelter, they were exposed to the merciless elements,
+while not twenty yards off, in front of their camping ground, glared the
+muzzles of a park of loaded artillery. The prisoners, being in a
+starving condition, looked the picture of despair. A discovery however
+was made of some bacon suspended to the rafters of the building that
+enclosed them, in one corner separated by a partition. As the famished
+men looked through the bars of a window and saw this tempting food,
+their eyes watered, and their inventive faculties were aroused. Hooks,
+strings and poles were brought into requisition, and in a short time
+most of the meat, by Yankee talent, was transferred from the rafters of
+the building to the stomachs of the prisoners!
+
+The day following, they were moved to a spot about two miles from the
+town, and bivouacked in an open field, without any shelter whatever.
+Surrounded by the usual cordon of sentries, and menaced with the
+customary "dead-line," they were turned loose to provide for themselves,
+neither axe, spade, nor cooking utensils being supplied them. Two days
+after their arrival some corn-meal and _sorghum_ were issued, the latter
+a substitute for molasses. A great many suffered from diarrhoea and
+dysentery in consequence, and the place from this circumstance acquired
+the sobriquet of "Camp Sorghum."
+
+They had no quarters to protect them from the cold November storms, only
+huts constructed by themselves of brush and pine boughs. The treatment
+at "Camp Sorghum" was so exceptionally brutal, that almost every dark
+night starving men would run the guard and risk their lives to escape
+dying by inches. Sometimes as many as thirty or forty would run in one
+night. Generally some daring fellow would act as _forlorn hope_ and rush
+past the sentries, drawing their fire, at the imminent risk of
+forfeiting his own life, his comrades joining him before the guards
+could reload their rifles. The latter would then fire a volley into the
+camp, killing or wounding some of the prisoners. Lieutenant Young, of
+the Fourth Pennsylvania Cavalry, was thus shot dead whilst sitting at
+his hut, and according to Captain Glazier, "no reason for this atrocity
+was apparent, and none was assigned by the guards." The poor young
+fellow had been a prisoner twenty-two months. About this time the guards
+accidentally killed two of their own men, in their reckless and savage
+shooting, and afterwards observed more care in firing at the prisoners.
+
+Hounds were kept near the prison to track escaped fugitives. Lieutenant
+Parker, while attempting to escape, was so much torn and bitten by these
+dogs that he died the day after his recapture.
+
+Mingled with thoughts of home, and the friends gathered around loved
+firesides, there had by this time arisen in young Glazier's mind a stern
+determination to win his freedom, or, in the effort, forfeit his life.
+
+As the weather grew colder, the possession of wood became a matter of
+necessity, and some of the prisoners were paroled to pass beyond the
+lines, and gather such broken branches and pieces of bark in the
+neighboring woods as they could carry back into camp. Glazier availed
+himself of this privilege, and stored up an abundance of fuel. But a
+more important acquisition than fuel to him was the knowledge he
+obtained of the topography of the surrounding country. One great
+difficulty he foresaw in getting away arose from the sorry condition of
+his shoes, which were nearly soleless. He succeeded, however, in
+obtaining the rim of an old regulation-hat, and out of this fashioned a
+serviceable pair of soles for his worn-out brogans, and thus removed one
+obstacle from his path.
+
+We need feel no surprise that he and many of his companions thought no
+risk too great to run for the chance of effecting their escape. Their
+treatment by this time had become so bad as to be almost unendurable.
+For example, to avoid being frozen to death, they were compelled to run
+around all night, and only when the sun arose in the morning dare they
+venture to recline themselves on the ground to sleep. The truth is, that
+our friend, in common with many of his comrades, had arrived at the
+desperate conclusion that no fate, even death by shooting, or by
+hounds, could be worse than the misery and suffering he was now
+enduring. It was not alone that they were starved and shelterless, sick
+and unattended, nearly naked, with no hope of being clad; it was not
+alone that they were immersed, day and night, in filth and squalor like
+hogs, with no prospect of relief to cheer them; but, in addition to all
+this suffering of their own, they were compelled to witness the
+sufferings of others--to hear their sighs and groans, and look upon
+faces that hard usage and despair had made ghastly and terrible. They
+would greet in the morning a man sick and emaciated perhaps, but still a
+human being, erect and in God's image, who, in the evening of the same
+day, would disappear from among them, making a desperate dash for
+freedom. The following day a broken, nerveless, shivering wretch would
+be dragged into their midst, blood-stained, faint, and with the gashes
+of a blood-hound's teeth covering his face and throat.
+
+Thus it was that existence became unbearable. Their own sufferings were
+hard, but to continue for many long months looking upon the sufferings
+of others added to their misery beyond endurance. Accordingly, when
+Thanksgiving-day arrived, and the excitement created by Sherman's "march
+to the sea" had reached its highest point, Glazier and a
+fellow-prisoner, named Lieutenant Lemon, determined that _they_ would
+wait no longer the slow process of tunneling, but make a bold effort for
+liberty--or die in the attempt.
+
+"It was customary," says the former, "to extend the guard-line in the
+morning for the purpose of allowing prisoners (as previously stated) to
+collect fuel on a piece of timbered land just opposite the camp, and it
+was our intention this morning to take a shovel, when permitted to pass
+to the woods, and make a hole in the ground large enough to receive our
+two 'skeletons,' and then enlist the services of some friend, who would
+cover us up with brush and leaves, so that, when the guard was
+withdrawn, we would be left without the camp." The plan looked feasible,
+and, if successful, it would not be a difficult matter to reach Augusta,
+Georgia, at which point they hoped to find themselves within Sherman's
+lines. The fates, however, decreed otherwise. Their scheme was rendered
+abortive by the simple fact, that upon that particular morning, the line
+was not extended at all. Why it was not, is purely a matter of
+conjecture. Possibly, "the morning being unusually cold and raw," the
+guard did not care to leave their own snug tents along the line of the
+encampment, with no greater inducement than that of increasing the
+comfort of their Yankee prisoners, who, for that day, were left without
+any fires at all; but, be this as it may, the guard-line was not
+extended as was usual, and thus the plot of our young friends was
+frustrated for the time being. They agreed to "watch, pray _and act_" at
+the very first opportunity that presented. It was not long before that
+opportunity came.
+
+Early upon the day following that of their disappointment, the
+conspirators arranged that each should make a reconnaissance of the
+lines, discover the weak points of the enemy, and, that being
+accomplished, rendezvous at a given spot, ready to act upon any likely
+plan that might suggest itself to them. Glazier had become a tolerably
+expert physiognomist, and singled out an unsophisticated-looking
+giant, who was patrolling a certain beat, as the best man among the line
+of sentries on whom to practise an imposition. This individual was
+evidently a good-natured lout, not long in the service, and very much
+resembling our conception of "Jonas Chuzzlewit," in respect to his
+having been "put away and forgotten for half a century." It is only
+necessary to add that his owners "had stuck a musket in his hand, and
+placed him on guard." Yet there was some pluck in him. He was just the
+sort of man who, led by a good officer, would fight like a lion, but
+whose animal instincts had so befogged his intellect that, if left to
+his own resources, he would be as likely to ruin friend as foe.
+
+[Illustration: The Escape From Columbia--crossing The Dead Line.]
+
+When Glazier rejoined his comrade, he described this man, and the
+friends agreed that they would boldly cross the "dead-line" immediately
+in front of him, be ready to answer promptly his challenge, and, by the
+audacity of their movement, attempt to deceive him in regard to their
+real character and purpose. With such a man as they had to deal with,
+this scheme was certain to result in one of two things: he would let
+them pass, or he would kill them both; therefore, courage and
+_sang-froid_ were matters of first necessity.
+
+Accordingly, with the utmost coolness, and laughing and chatting
+together, they sauntered up to and upon the fatal line. The sentinel
+looked at them in amazement. He then brought his piece to bear upon
+Glazier completely covering his person, and, with the usual order to
+"Halt!" added: "Whar in hell are you going, Yanks?" As if his dignity
+was seriously offended by this demand, our hero answered this question
+by asking another: "Do you halt paroled prisoners here?" "His meek 'No,
+sir!'" Glazier relates, "was not yet lost in the distance when I boldly
+crossed the dreaded line, adding: 'Then let my friend in the rear follow
+me;' and so we passed, while the sentinel murmured 'All right!' And
+right it was, for now we were free, breathing the fresh air, untainted
+by the breath of hundreds of famishing, diseased and dying men."
+
+They could not proceed very far without falling in with numbers of the
+paroled prisoners. This they did, but their presence excited no
+suspicion or comment, as they assumed to belong to the party. They
+applied themselves to gathering wood and piling it apparently for
+transportation, and gradually crept on and on until they reached a point
+beyond the vision of the gray-jackets, when off they started at the top
+of their speed; and although before long they were compelled to reduce
+their pace, they put several miles behind them in a space of time that
+at any other period of their lives, or under any other circumstances,
+would have seemed impossible. Pausing to regain breath, they turned, and
+_Columbia_ was no longer within sight. This, in itself, was a relief,
+for the place was associated in their minds with the intense misery they
+had suffered within its boundaries.
+
+Could these men have _foreseen_ the not very distant future, they would
+have known that every sigh and groan that cruelty had wrung from them in
+that place of torture would be avenged; they would have seen loyal
+soldiers swarming in its streets, their old comrades in misery torn from
+the grasp of their merciless jailers, and the soulless "Southern
+Chivalry" thrust into their place; they would have seen red-handed
+vengeance doom that city of blood to destruction, and the glaring
+tongues of fire lap up the costly goods and edifices of its vile and
+relentless citizens; and those who had no mercy for them in their
+wretchedness and famine, now awe-struck on finding that the men they had
+so barbarously trampled upon had now the power and the will to retort
+upon them with interest; they would have seen brothers in arms, who
+until now had been merciful to their enemies when in their power,
+suddenly transformed into ravenous wolves, fierce and terrible in their
+righteous wrath at the treatment their less fortunate brothers had met
+with in this city of blood. The Avenger had come! and not one house but
+would fall a smouldering heap of ruins. They would have foreseen this
+city ablaze with burning homes for its sins against humanity; its men,
+so lately drunk with pride and satiated with cruelty to their
+countrymen; its women divested of all womanly attributes, and invested
+with those of demons, _now_ all cowed and humbled in the dust! They
+would have seen one noted instance of the interference of a just
+Providence that occurred amid all this dreadful saturnalia--a woman,
+pale, but beautiful of feature, delicate of form, madly rushing to and
+fro in front of her blazing house, crying for her child that lay within
+it. They would have seen a poor, emaciated prisoner, roused to exhibit
+strength and courage by the hope of saving life, rush in and drag the
+cradle and its innocent living freight from the very jaws of death,
+while burning rafters crashed and fell upon him; they would have seen
+him place the babe in its mother's arms, and they would have seen that
+mother turn with streaming eyes to thank the saviour of her child, _and
+then start back conscience-smitten, and scream and fall, seeing in her
+child's preserver a man who in the prison had once implored her for a
+piece of bread because he was starving, and she spat upon him because he
+was of Northern race_!! Could they have seen the future of the coming
+months, they would have seen all this and more. But no such prevision
+was vouchsafed them. Their thoughts were now of themselves. They felt
+that the shade of a deadly peril encompassed them. Columbia and its
+prison were hidden from their sight, but still they were so near that at
+any moment the hounds might scent them, and if recaptured, all the
+horrors they had undergone would be light compared with the fate they
+must submit to in the future.
+
+Fortunately for the purpose of our fugitives, the settlements, whether
+towns or villages, in that part of the country, were "few and far
+between." The residences of the planters were also distant from each
+other and few in number, and the ravines and swamps which abound there,
+while in many respects disagreeable and dangerous lurking spots, were
+still the safest refuges for hunted men. The wilder the country, the
+better it promised to Glazier and his comrade fleeing for their lives.
+Their greatest fear was the dreaded blood-hound. Our friends knew they
+could defeat most of the devices of human ingenuity in tracking them,
+but they were apprehensive that the instinct of the brutes, which a
+depraved humanity had enlisted in its service, might render abortive all
+their plans and precautions. They did their best, however, to baffle
+their canine foes, and nightfall found them hurrying forward on the
+Lexington Court-house Road.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XX.
+
+
+THE ESCAPE FROM COLUMBIA.
+
+
+ Mysterious voices.--"I reckon deys Yankees."--"Who comes
+ there?"--The Lady of the Manor.--A weird spectacle.--The struggle
+ through the swamp.--A reflection on Southern swamps in
+ general.-"Tired nature's sweet restorer."
+
+The attention of the fugitives was suddenly arrested by the sound of
+human voices in their immediate rear. It occurred to both at once to
+discover as quickly as possible if the speakers were white or black, and
+they accordingly listened in the hope of learning their color by their
+dialect. This was by no means easy, the vernacular of the poorer class
+of whites in that section of the country very much resembling the
+ordinary dialect of the negroes. The comrades, however, concluded to
+risk a halt until the strangers came up. Glazier then saluted them with
+the remark that it was "a pleasant night," with the view of drawing them
+out before committing himself. "Indeed 'tis!" was the reply. This failed
+to convey the desired information as to the color of the strangers, and
+they thought it wiser to hurry forward than prolong the conversation at
+some risk to their safety. Before they had advanced many steps, however,
+they were agreeably surprised by hearing one of the same party remark to
+another, "I reckon deys Yankees," followed by the response, "Golly, I
+hope to God dey is!" Glazier immediately turned and inquired, "Do you
+know who I am?" "I reckon I dunno yer, massa," was the reply. "Have you
+ever seen a Yankee?" asked Glazier. "Lord bress yer, marser, I've seen a
+right smart heap ov um down at Clumby." "Well," said Glazier, "do we
+look like them?" "How'n de debbil can I tell dat in de dark, marser?"
+answered the now unmistakable negro, "but I spec' yer talk jest like'
+em." "We are Yankees," responded Glazier, "and have just escaped from
+Columbia. My good fellow, can't you do something for us?" "Ob course!"
+said our colored friend, promptly. "I'll do all I can for you, marster.
+I no nigga if I didn't 'sist de Yankees."
+
+[Illustration: The Escape--fed By Negroes In A Swamp.]
+
+The fugitives had heard so much from their fellow-prisoners of the
+sympathy exhibited by the colored people of the South for Federal
+soldiers, that they hesitated not for a moment to place the fullest
+confidence in these humble friends. They thereupon explained their
+precise situation, and told them the story of their recent escape. They
+also learned from the negroes that they were returning to their masters,
+having come from Columbia, where they had been working upon a new prison
+stockade, now abandoned on account of the expected approach of General
+Sherman.
+
+The name of their "Master" was Steadman, and, slave-fashion, one of the
+men was named "Ben Steadman." They were directing their steps to Mr.
+Steadman's plantation on the Augusta Road, and the fugitives therefore
+decided to keep in their company and use them as guides. In the nature
+of things, unless guided by some one accustomed to traveling in a
+country so bare of landmarks, they would lose ground continually, even
+if they ever reached their destination.
+
+One of the negroes with that shrewdness engendered by slavery, in which
+cunning is the only protection against injury; and strength and courage
+count for nothing; suggested that so large a party would attract
+attention, and the safety of the two officers might be endangered. It
+was therefore finally determined that Ben should act as guide, and the
+other darkies take a different route home. Another advantage to be
+derived from dividing the party was that in the event of the fugitives
+being pursued, the double trail would mystify the hounds. Ere long Ben
+reached a bridle-path, which plunged into the wood, and as it offered
+superior advantages on account of its narrowness and privacy, and from
+the fact of its leading to the plantation of a well-known planter and
+therefore less likely to be suspected of being the road taken by escaped
+prisoners, the little party concluded that this was their safest route.
+They therefore hurried forward upon their way, Ben preceding them in the
+double capacity of guide and scout. A few miles from its commencement
+this path led to a blind road, which Ben informed them was seldom
+traveled by any in the night-time but men of his own race, so they
+turned into it, and had become quite joyful and careless, when suddenly
+the challenge, "Who goes there?" rang out in the stillness, and the next
+moment Ben was halted by the sentry of a Confederate picket consisting
+of eight men, who had bivouacked just off the road. Ben boldly advanced,
+and our two friends, it must be admitted, with more discretion than
+valor, started off like lightning, their "guide" meanwhile amusing the
+guard with a description of how "Dem two oder dam niggas got skeered,
+kase dey thought Mars Sentinel must be a dam Yank!"
+
+No harm could come to Ben, as he was in a condition to prove that two
+other negroes had left Columbia with him, and the fugitives therefore
+feeling that _he_ was safe, concealed themselves among the brush and
+awaited events. Ben shortly passed their place of hiding, in custody,
+_en route_ to the Reserve, and our friends were not a little amused,
+despite their danger, to hear Ben's vigorous denunciation of "dem two
+cowardly niggas," who had taken to their heels!
+
+A few moments only elapsed before they were made aware, by certain
+unmistakable tokens, that they were in dangerous proximity to the
+Confederate encampment, and although nearly famished, for they had eaten
+nothing since morning, it was deemed safest to lie _perdu_; so, thanking
+the good Providence which had sped them thus far on their journey, they
+lay down and slept.
+
+The enemy's camp, which upon closer inspection, turned out to be simply
+the resting-place of a local patrol, unconnected with any regular
+command, broke up early in the morning, and Glazier and his companion
+once more had a clear road. Although hungry from long fasting, they ran
+swiftly over the swampy ground, and felt so elated to find themselves
+again in a state of freedom, that they laughed and joked like boys
+released from school, and pushed on until the verge of an extensive
+morass was reached and passed, and they found themselves in a section of
+country well wooded and watered, the alternate hills and vales
+presenting a pleasing variety to the eye.
+
+[Illustration: Pursuit Of Knowledge Under Difficulties.]
+
+There was here also a public road, but it would have been dangerous to
+travel thereon, and they therefore strode on beneath the trees and
+umbrageous undergrowth of the wood. Having had no breakfast,
+"blueberries" were not precisely the diet they would have selected for
+dinner, but as _necessitas non habet leges_, they quietly munched their
+berries, and we may hope felt grateful that matters were no worse. After
+a while they made a sudden detour, crossing the high-road, and by so
+doing, again broke the trail. Next they came to a clearing, but the
+sight of a planter leaning against a fence, soon sent them back to the
+friendly shelter of the wood. Late in the afternoon they came to a large
+plantation on the border of which was a copse, in which they lay down
+and watched for the opportunity of communicating with some of the house
+slaves. At the expiration of about an hour, a lady, probably the
+mistress of the estate, passed within a few yards of them, accompanied
+by a troupe of merry children. They however went on their way, utterly
+unconscious of the close proximity of two terrible Yankees!
+
+Here our fugitives remained quietly concealed until night, and then
+cautiously crept away. They proceeded onward until they found themselves
+near a junction of cross-roads. Arrived at this junction, matters looked
+serious. Unlike mariners, they had no compass; unlike Indians, they were
+inexpert at discerning a trail; and what was more appalling, they
+distinctly saw reared up against the moonlit sky--a gallows! Our two
+friends approached this object very cautiously. It was not an unusual
+thing to hang spies, and not unfrequently those _mistaken_ for spies,
+but to hang them on a regularly constructed gibbet was not usual; and
+therefore while Lemon insisted that the black and skeleton-like object
+that loomed against the horizon was a gallows, he still entertained some
+doubt upon the subject, and determined to satisfy himself by a closer
+inspection.
+
+The weird object before them proved to be an innocent guide-board--the
+article of all others they most needed at that moment. Like the
+celebrated laws of Nero, however, the _directions_ were posted very
+high, but Lemon being tall, our hero mounted on his shoulders and by the
+light of the moon deciphered the inscription. They had now no difficulty
+in choosing their way. On they pushed therefore; and during the black
+darkness of the night, crept through the tangled underwood, and over
+swamps where loathsome, crawling things that shun by day the presence of
+man, now seemed to seek his acquaintance. How mysterious are these dense
+untrodden forests of the South! The very air one breathes is living.
+Throughout the day a million chirping, whirring, twittering sounds,
+salute the ear. The short grass beneath the forest trees moves, writhes,
+and creeps with microscopic life, until the brain grows dizzy at the
+sight. At night it is no less marvellous to hear the myriad denizens of
+the swamps and woods; and terrible when your tread on some soft, velvety
+substance reveals a sleeping snake, who, at the same moment, attacks you
+with his poisonous fang, mayhap, fatally.
+
+It is a singular, but well-accredited fact, that these great Southern
+swamps have been yearly deteriorating, while the surrounding country has
+been growing in civilization. Old writers tell us that the reptile life
+now infesting them in such rank luxuriance had scarcely any existence
+one hundred years ago. Colonel Byrd writes of the "Dismal Swamp:" "Since
+the surveyors have entered the Dismal Swamp they have seen no living
+creature; neither bird, beast, insect nor reptile, came to view. Not
+even a turkey-buzzard will venture to fly over it, no more than the
+Italian vulture will venture to fly over the filthy lake of Avernus; or
+the birds of the Holy Land over the Salt Sea where Sodom and Gomorrah
+once stood." And yet, in the present day, insect and reptile life swarms
+there in every form through all the hours of the day and night!
+
+Our fugitive friends, however, felt little inclination to philosophize
+upon this subject. The hope of coming liberty strengthened their limbs,
+and they bent all their energy to the task of moving forward; walking,
+running, creeping, until the dawn of day approached, when weary and
+footsore they sought some secure spot and lay down and slept--perchance
+to dream of "Home, sweet Home"--perchance of "Camp Sorghum," and its
+"chivalric" guards--perchance of the dreadful blood-hounds whose fatal
+scent might even then be on their trail!
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI.
+
+
+LOYALTY OF THE NEGROES.
+
+
+ Startled by hounds.--An unpleasant predicament.--A Christian
+ gentlewoman.--Appeal to Mrs. Colonel Taylor.--"She did all she
+ could."--A meal fit for the gods.--Aunt Katy.--"Lor' bress ye,
+ marsters!"--Uncle Zeb's prayer.--Hoe-cake and pinders.--Woodcraft
+ _versus_ astronomy.--Canine foes.--Characteristics of the
+ slave.--Meeting escaped prisoners.--Danger.--Retreat and
+ concealment.
+
+It is the morning of November twenty-eighth, 1864. The sun has just
+risen above the eastern hills, and his slanting beams fall upon the
+goodly heritage of Colonel Alexander Taylor, "C. S. A." There are, as
+yet, none of the usual features here of a war-stricken country;
+everything around is rich and substantial. The residence is a stately
+mansion in the Elizabethan style, and the lady who, accompanied by two
+sweet children, walks the broad piazza, is evidently a refined
+gentlewoman. The colonel himself, like a gallant (but mistaken) knight,
+has "gone to the wars."
+
+She marvels what makes "Rupert," a noble hound, that but a moment ago
+stretched himself at full length across the hallway, rise and bound over
+the lawn, barking loudly and fiercely as he runs. She calls him--at
+first gently, and then peremptorily, until the old hound with evident
+reluctance obeys the summons, and crouches at her feet. She then directs
+a negro, whose tokens of age and long service are as pronounced as those
+of his canine rival, to find out what there is in the clump of trees
+beyond the north hedge, to excite "Rupert's" anger. The venerable negro,
+with the deliberateness of his race, proceeds in the direction
+indicated, but is saved the necessity of much exertion, by the startling
+appearance of a young soldier in a motley uniform of gray and blue--his
+coat of one color--his nether garments of another! He advances boldly
+toward the house, and the lady scrutinizes the intruder. The result of
+her examination shows her visitor to be a slight, but sinewy young man,
+with a frank and honest expression, and seemingly not more than eighteen
+years of age. The motley stranger drew near, and bowing gracefully
+saluted her with, "Good-morning, madam."
+
+The lady at once returned the salutation with a genial smile, that sent
+a thrill of pleasure and confidence to his heart. Without further
+ceremony he thereupon frankly and fearlessly informed Mrs. Taylor that
+he and his companion were escaped Union prisoners; that they were in a
+condition of starvation; and appealed respectfully but most urgently to
+her as a woman, for humanity's sake, to assist them in their sore need
+by giving them food. She at first hesitated, startled by such a request
+from such a source. Her husband, she said, was an officer in the
+Confederate service, and if it became known that she had assisted those
+whom his government counted enemies, it would possibly bring reproach
+upon him. Our young hero (for he it was) then addressed her somewhat
+after the fashion of the unfortunate Ulysses in his appeal to the
+goddess Calypso; recounted his misfortunes briefly, touched on the
+terrible fate that awaited him and his companion, should they be
+recaptured, and all doubtless in such moving terms that, like
+Desdemona, the lady must have thought, if she did not exclaim:
+
+ "'Twas pitiful--'twas wondrous pitiful!"
+
+This is evident from the fact that she scarcely awaited the end of his
+story, before assuring him that "she would do all she could," following
+up that assurance in a few moments by offering the manly and polite
+youth before her an abundant supply of fresh and excellent food; which,
+she took the precaution of adding, was for himself and his comrade,
+fearing possibly, from Glazier's famished look, he might consume it all
+himself! She further assured her visitor that she would keep the secret
+of his having been there; while he, in return, protested that should the
+varying fortunes of war give him the opportunity of serving her husband,
+he would do so at the risk of his life. With his haversack amply
+replenished, an appetite like a wolf, faith in the goodness of God
+strengthened, and belief in the perfection of some, at least, of the
+fairest portion of creation greatly confirmed by this interview, he
+rejoined Lieutenant Lemon, and the comrades proceeded forthwith to their
+meal which was enjoyed with a zest known only to the starving. Before
+reclining himself under the glittering stars, Glazier made this entry in
+his diary: "Oh! ye who sleep on beds of down, in your curtained
+chambers, and rise at your leisure to feast upon the good things
+provided ... you never knew the luxury of a night of _rest_, nor the
+sweets of a meal seasoned by hunger, and the grateful remembrance that
+it was provided by woman's kindly heart, which, wherever it may beat,
+sooner or later responds to the tale of misfortune."
+
+After a sleep so profound as to extend several hours beyond the time
+they had agreed upon as best adapted for the resumption of their
+journey, they found themselves much refreshed and strengthened, so much
+so that by sunrise they had reached a small stream known as Black Creek,
+one of the tributaries of the North Edisto River. Here, in crossing a
+bridge, they very opportunely encountered a colored laborer, who was on
+his way to work, and who cheerfully turned aside to guide them to a hut,
+where he assured them they could remain in safety throughout the day.
+The proprietor of this refuge for hunted wayfarers was a certain "Aunt
+Katy"--an aged negress, whose heart and hut, and such fare as her scanty
+larder contained, were always at the disposal of the distressed. Hearing
+that the strangers were Union soldiers who had escaped from Columbia,
+she approached them with the following salutation: "Gor A'mighty bress
+yer, marsters; dis is de yeah ob jubilee, shua, when de Yankees come to
+Aunt Katy's. Come in, marsters, come in!"
+
+Accordingly they entered, and, by some occult process, the fact of their
+presence soon became known to the entire slave population of the
+neighborhood, who came flocking in throughout the day. Such an important
+occasion would have been incomplete without a prayer-meeting, Aunt Katy
+herself being a pillar of the Colored Methodist Church, and it was not
+long before the whole assemblage were on their knees, invoking every
+imaginable blessing upon the cause of the Union and its defenders, and
+every evil upon its opponents. Among other things Captain Glazier
+records, as a feature of this impromptu prayer-meeting, is the petition
+of a venerable prototype of "Uncle Tom," named Zebulon, "who appeared
+to be a ruling spirit in the party." This good man's enthusiasm burst
+forth as follows:
+
+"Oh Lor' Gor A'mighty! We'se you-ah chillen as much as de white folks
+am, and we spec yo to heah us widout delay, Lor'; cause we all is in
+right smart ob a hurry. Dese yere gemmen has runned away from de
+Seceshers, and wants ter git back to de Norf! Dey has no time to wait!
+Ef it's 'cordin' to de des'nation of great heben to help 'em et'll be
+'bout necessary for dat ar help to come right soon.
+
+"De hounds and de rebels is on dar track. Take de smell out ob de dogs'
+noses, O Lor'! and let 'Gypshun darkness come down ober de eyesights ob
+de rebels. Comfoozle 'em, O Lor'! dey is cruel, and makes haste to shed
+blood. Dey has long 'pressed de black man, and groun' him in de dust,
+and now I reck'n dey 'spects dat dey am agwine to serve de Yankees in de
+same way.
+
+"'Sist dese gemmen in time ob trouble, and lift 'em fru all danger on to
+de udder side ob Jordan dry-shod.
+
+"And raise de radiance ob your face on all de Yankees what's shut up in
+de Souf. Send some Moses, O Lor'! to guide 'em frue de Red Sea ob
+'flickshun into de promised land.
+
+"Send Mr. Sherman's company sweepin' down frue dese yere parts to scare
+de rebels till dey flee like de Midians, and slew darselves to sabe dar
+lives.
+
+"Let a little de best of heben's best judgments res' on Massa Lincum,
+and may de year ob Jubilee come sure.
+
+"O Lor'! bless de gin'rals ob de Norf--O Lor'! bless de kunnels--O Lor'!
+bless de brigerdeers--O Lor'! bless de capt'ins--O Lor'! bless de
+Yankees right smart. O Lor'! eberlastin'. Amen."
+
+[Illustration: Uncle Zeb's Prayer.]
+
+This very pertinent supplication and much more in the same vein, was
+listened to with marked approval by the audience--a sonorous and
+prolonged "Amen!" in which our friends heartily participated, greeting
+the conclusion of Uncle Zeb's prayer. Our subject, in describing the
+particulars of his escape, remarks that, notwithstanding the fact that
+the secret of their retreat was known to some thirty or forty of these
+poor slaves, neither he nor his companion entertained the shadow of a
+doubt that the secret would be safe with them; and adds that, in
+addition to their good faith, they possessed a remarkable talent for
+concealment.
+
+The Steadman plantation was only three miles from Aunt Katy's hut, and
+accordingly, Ben being sent for, soon made his appearance, and proffered
+his valuable services as guide. The offer was thankfully accepted; but,
+despite the preference of Glazier and his companion for the swamp as the
+safest place of concealment, Ben prevailed upon them to visit his cabin,
+where they were hospitably entertained by his wife and children. Having
+been duly inspected as curiosities "from de Norf," our friends were
+pleased to hear Ben instruct his little daughter to run up to the house
+of his mistress and "snatch a paper." She soon afterward came running
+back with the Augusta _Constitutionalist_, published that morning.
+
+Having gathered from the newspaper a sufficiently intelligible idea of
+the relative position of Sherman and his opponents, the fugitives bade
+farewell to the family, and proceeded upon their way, crossing the river
+by ten o'clock; and shortly after--Ben having parted from them--in
+consequence of the complicated directions of numerous _blind-roads_,
+they became confused, and, instead of pushing forward beyond the South
+Edisto, as they had planned to do, halted early in the afternoon and
+"pitched their tent" for the remainder of the day and night--said _tent_
+having the sky for its roof as usual.
+
+Their camping-ground upon this occasion was in the heart of a dense pine
+wood, where, notwithstanding the grim and spectral surroundings, they
+slept soundly until after midnight, and then arose refreshed and ready
+for another day's march on the road to freedom. Hoe-cake and pinders
+(_anglice_, peanuts) formed their only repast, which they found
+sufficiently luxurious under the circumstances.
+
+It now became necessary to find their bearings. There was no star
+plainly visible, and they had not yet learned to take the moon as a
+guide. Moreover, the heavenly bodies in Southern latitudes have so
+different an appearance from those seen at the North, that they were
+frequently in doubt as to the points of the compass. "I remember,"
+writes Captain Glazier, "that it caused me great grief to find that the
+North Star was much nearer the horizon, and seemed to have lost that
+prominence which is given to it in higher latitudes, where it is a
+guide, standing far above tree-top and mountain."
+
+What the lofty stars failed to teach, however, they learned from humbler
+signs. Glazier, in his youth, acquired the lesson in woodcraft, that
+moss hangs heaviest upon the northern side of tree trunks; and then the
+streams in this part of the continent, for the most part, flow towards
+the southeast, so that our friends were not altogether without
+indications of their position with regard to the points of the compass.
+
+They were greatly annoyed by a serious obstacle to their safe progress,
+which presented itself in the shape of a vast multitude of dogs, of all
+sizes and every variety of breed. There were dogs of high degree, dogs
+of low degree, and mongrel curs of no degree; and all these animals in
+common were in possession of one ambition, namely, to nose out and hunt
+a Yankee!
+
+Consequently, from the deep-mouthed baying of the blood-hound, or the
+mastiff, to the sniff and snarl of the rat-terrier, their music was not
+agreeable to the fugitives, who had, however, to contend with this
+difficulty, and surmount it.
+
+Confining themselves to the pathless forest, the roads were now
+frequently lost sight of for miles. Occasionally, in the effort to shun
+the high-road, they would come suddenly upon a dwelling, and the
+inevitable lank, yellow dog would pounce out upon them, and add wings to
+their feet.
+
+It was always a pleasant interruption of their lonely tramp to meet any
+negroes. These people, so patient under oppression, so humble under
+correction, were ever faithful and devoted to those whom they believed
+to be the friends of their race. Our hero, of course, had rare
+opportunities of observing the characteristics of this people. Simple,
+harmless and gentle, crimes of violence among them were very rare, and
+the cruelties practised upon them seem rather to have opened their
+hearts to sympathy than to have hardened them into vindictiveness.
+
+With the aid of many of these devoted people, Glazier and his friend
+reached and crossed the North Edisto, the latter a task of some
+magnitude. The river, at the point where they reached it, is not a
+single stream, but a maze of creeks and bayous, all of which it was
+necessary to cross in order to attain the opposite bank of what is known
+as the South Edisto River.
+
+While passing over a bridge that spanned one of the creeks, Glazier
+heard footsteps upon another bridge in their rear; and so trained and
+acute does the ear of man become when disciplined in such a school of
+perilous experiences, that he knew at once they had nothing to fear from
+those who followed; for, instead of the bold, firm tread of the man who
+hunts, it was the uncertain, hesitating, half-halting step of the
+hunted.
+
+"Escaped prisoners," whispered our two friends simultaneously, and
+Glazier, stepping boldly forth, gave the challenge, "Who goes there!"
+
+"With a trembling start," says our fugitive hero, "the foremost man
+replied, 'Friends!'
+
+"'Halt, friends! and advance one,'" commanded Lieutenant Glazier.
+
+Very cautiously, and with the manner of one ready to turn at any moment
+and dash into the recesses of the swamp, one of the strangers came
+forward to within a few feet of his interrogator, and craning his body
+over, peered nervously into his face. Thereupon a mutual recognition as
+Federals was the result, and Lemon discovered that one of the new comers
+had been a fellow-prisoner with himself. This made matters pleasant, and
+although it was mutually agreed that it would be wise to separate, and
+take different routes, both parties unconsciously protracted the meeting
+until they were startled into caution by perceiving almost directly in
+front of them, surrounding a large fire, a Confederate encampment. "It
+proved to be a squad of tax-gatherers, going about the country with
+quartermasters' wagons, collecting supplies."
+
+Further progress was now impossible. The enemy occupied the only
+practicable road in front, and they were flanked on both sides by large
+ponds of water. Our party thereupon stealthily retreated into the woods,
+where they finally concluded to make themselves contented for the
+remainder of the night.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII.
+
+
+PROGRESS OF THE FUGITIVES.
+
+
+ Parting company.--Thirst and no water.--Hoping for the end.--The
+ boy and the chicken.--Conversation of ladies overheard.--The
+ fugitives pursued.--The sleeping village.--Captain Bryant.--The
+ _alba sus._--Justifiable murder, and a delicious meal.--Darkies
+ and their prayers.--Man proposes; God disposes.--An
+ adventure.--_A ruse de guerre._--Across the Savannah.
+
+On emerging from their place of concealment, the following morning, the
+road proved to be once more open. The tax-collectors had departed.
+Warned by the experience of the previous night the newly found friends
+reluctantly parted company, Glazier and Lemon pursuing a separate route
+from the others.
+
+Our friends had suffered much in various ways since they shook the dust
+of Columbia from their feet, but now a dire misfortune overtook them in
+the total absence of water. The waters of the swamps were poisonous, and
+their longing desire and hope was that they might soon come upon a
+spring or stream to slake their burning thirst, which threatened to
+unfit them for the exertion necessary.
+
+The land, in the region of country they had now entered, was waste and
+arid--for the most part sand, a few stunted trees being the sole
+vegetation. These trees had nothing pleasant in their appearance, as
+forest trees usually have. The branches seemed destitute of sap, as the
+leaves were of verdure; they had not reached maturity, and yet
+possessed none of the lithe grace of saplings.
+
+Our fugitives were parched, fevered, and weak before they emerged from
+this inhospitable tract of country, but at length reached a point where
+the vegetation was fresher, and finally, to their great joy, discovered
+a spring. Here, to use Glazier's own words, they realized "the value of
+cold water to a thirsty soul." "The stream ran through a ravine nearly a
+hundred feet in depth, while high up on the banks were groves of pines."
+
+After their passage through the "Desert," they were in excellent
+condition to appreciate the wild and solemn grandeur of the spot they
+had now reached, and for a considerable time they could not make up
+their minds to leave the place. At length, however, they resumed their
+journey. December second found the two friends still far from their
+destination, and by no means out of danger. It was one week only since
+they bade adieu to Columbia, and yet many weeks seemed to them to have
+passed. Still they were making considerable progress, and had by this
+time reached a swamp near Aiken, South Carolina.
+
+Having journeyed all night since quitting the secluded ravine, they were
+ready once more to cast themselves upon the soft moss under a venerable
+tree, near which was a bubbling spring. Here they slept soundly until
+dawn, when a colored boy passing down a road which came within their
+range of vision, attracted attention. The boy was carrying a basket, and
+they were suffering very seriously again from hunger. Lemon followed,
+and called to him: "Hold on, my boy; I want to see you!" The lad
+muttered something, but the only word they could distinguish was
+"chicken!" He then ran off as fast as his legs would carry him. The
+lieutenant, with great emphasis, endeavored to reassure him, but it was
+of no use. He ran as if a legion of evil spirits was at his heels, and
+Lemon returned to his comrade very much disappointed and chagrined. "Now
+they are sure to overtake us," said he, "we shall be prisoners again
+before night!"
+
+"Never fear," was the reply of his cooler companion; "as long as there
+is a swamp in the neighborhood, we'll lead them a lively dance."
+
+So the friends gathered up their belongings, and in a few minutes put a
+considerable distance between themselves and their resting-place of the
+preceding night. Finally they concealed themselves in a swamp about a
+mile distant. A road bordered the margin of their sanctuary so closely,
+that they distinctly overheard a conversation between three ladies who
+passed. The chasing of a negro boy by a Yankee was the topic of their
+discourse.
+
+This information made our friends more cautious, and it is well they
+were so, for, towards evening, several mounted men armed with guns were
+seen by them upon the main road leading to Aiken; their evident purpose
+being to intercept the fugitives, of whose presence in their
+neighborhood the boy had made report.
+
+Forewarned was forearmed, and our hero and his companion determined to
+give the enemy a wide berth. Again, therefore, plunging into the
+recesses of a neighboring swamp, they went quietly to sleep, and slept
+until midnight, when Glazier awoke to see thousands of stars glittering
+through the spectral branches of the pines, and away off toward the
+western horizon, a flood of silvery effulgence from the waning moon.
+
+Entranced by the beauty of the scene, he awoke his comrade, and all
+around being buried in profound silence, they proceeded on their way. It
+was not long before they found themselves upon the outskirts of the
+village of Aiken, and no practicable path upon either side presenting
+itself, but one resource remained, namely, to steal cautiously through,
+although this involved the imminent risk of discovery. On, therefore,
+they walked until they came to the border of the village. They found it
+dumb with sleep. Not a sound disturbed the silence. The very dogs, their
+usually sleepless foes, appeared for once to have become wearied and
+gone to rest.
+
+There is something solemn about a sleeping town. The solitude of the
+swamp and wood is solemn; but the ghostly stillness of a town, where all
+its inhabitants lie buried in sleep, and no sign or sound proclaims the
+presence of life in man or beast, is of so weird a character as to
+produce a sensation of awe, akin to fear. The shadows that enwrapped
+them as they came beneath the buildings, and the fitful gleams of
+moonlight that fell upon them when streets were crossed, seemed not
+lights and shadows at all, but strange, intangible things. And when at
+length they reached the outer limit of the village, and the distant
+woods were seen by the moon's rays, our travellers felt as if they had
+been wandering in a graveyard, where the tombs were houses, and they
+wished they were in the swamp again, where such uncanny fancies never
+troubled them. When the toad and lizard, snakes and other loathsome
+things, crawled around their swampy bed, they cared nothing; but the
+dead silence of a cloudless night, brooding over a swarm of their
+fellow-beings, brought with it a feeling they could not account for or
+understand; and therefore it was with a sense of great relief they found
+themselves at the outer edge of the town.
+
+Their satisfaction, however, was somewhat moderated when, at a sudden
+turn of the road, they abruptly came upon a man and a boy, who were
+picking their way with such velvety tread that the two parties were face
+to face before either was aware of the proximity of the other. The
+strangers appeared to be the more alarmed, for they were just making a
+secret and rapid detour with the view of debouching into a side street,
+when, feeling sure that none but fugitives would be so anxious to escape
+an interview, Glazier hailed them:
+
+"Don't be uneasy, boys! We're friends! We're Yankees!"
+
+His conjecture proved correct. The strangers were Captain Bryant, of the
+Fifth New York Cavalry, and a friend. "They had," says Captain Glazier,
+"a negro guide, who was to secrete them in a hut until the next night,
+when they were to proceed, as we had done, and reach the line of freedom
+by the nearest route."
+
+The interview was brief, the parties differing as to which was the most
+expedient route, and the discussion terminated by each taking the one he
+thought best. Glazier and his comrade made off to a swamp, and upon
+securing a safe resting-place, were overjoyed to find a venerable sow
+and her litter approaching. They greeted the porcine mother, says our
+friend, "otherwise than did wandering Aeneas the _alba sus_ lying under
+the hollow trees of ancient Italy," for, "enticing them with crumbs of
+hoe-cake," they both in unison struck a juvenile porker on the head with
+a heavy stick, and a mammoth knife, the gift of Uncle Zeb, came into
+requisition, and did good service. Over the embers of a fire kindled in
+a hole in the ground, they roasted the little fellow, and made a
+delicious meal.
+
+They had scarcely finished their unexpected feast, when the thud of an
+axe in the distance smote on their ears, and Glazier crept cautiously
+out to reconnoitre. The wood-cutter proved to be a colored lad, and
+having a vivid recollection of their scampering friend of "chicken"
+fame, he hailed him in this wise: "Hello, Sambo!"
+
+This manner of salute left the party addressed, in doubt as to the
+colors under which the young white stranger served. Off went his hat,
+therefore, and he stood grinning and waiting to hear more. Our hero
+walked quickly up to him, and frankly explained the situation,
+concluding, as usual, with a request for information and aid. Both were
+promptly tendered, and shortly after, the fugitives were concealed in a
+corn-fodder house. Here, in the evening, a motley and humorous
+delegation of darkies waited upon them and after ventilating their sage
+opinions upon the conduct of the war, organized a prayer-meeting; and,
+if the fervor of human prayer availeth, they doubtless damaged the cause
+of Secession materially that evening.
+
+The topographical knowledge of these well-meaning friends appears to
+have been at fault for had Glazier followed the route they advised,
+instead of striking the railroad running from Charleston to Augusta, on
+the west side of Aiken, which would have enabled them, by pursuing it to
+the westward, to reach Augusta, they would have struck it on the east
+side, and consequently by mistake have followed it towards Charleston,
+precisely the place to which they did _not_ want to go.
+
+"How far is it, my boy, by this road, to Drainside?" asked a
+mud-splashed traveler of a shrewd lad by the roadside.
+
+"If you keep on the way you are heading, and can manage the Atlantic and
+Pacific on horseback," replied the boy, "it is 23,999 miles. If you turn
+your horse's head and go right back, it is one mile."
+
+Our friends were in a somewhat similar condition. Soon, however, in the
+darkness, they came to a small village, where a freight train was in
+waiting for an early start. They tried to conceal themselves on board
+this train, but very fortunately for their safety they could not find a
+hiding-place in or under the cars, and shortly afterwards discovered
+that Charleston was its destination and not Augusta. Had they boarded
+this train they would certainly have been recaptured in Charleston and
+sent back to imprisonment. "A merciful Providence interposed," Glazier
+writes. "Thus 'man proposes,' often to his own ruin, but 'God disposes,'
+always to His own glory, and the good of his creatures."
+
+A blood-hound was on their track in the course of the night, the deep
+bayings being plainly audible, but his scent being at fault, the trail
+of the fugitives was lost, and he shortly barked himself out of hearing.
+
+When daybreak came and a passenger train filled with rebel soldiers and
+recruits swept past them, setting up a savage yell at sight of the
+pedestrians, it was feared by the latter that the train might be stopped
+with a view to their capture, so they once more concealed themselves in
+the wood.
+
+The sound of heavy cannonading reassured them as to the proximity of
+Federal troops; but, where was Augusta? Accurate information on this
+point was absolutely essential before further progress was made; and
+Lemon was commissioned to obtain it. He was so far successful that he
+learned from some negro wood-choppers--much to the chagrin of both--that
+they had been walking all night in the opposite direction from Augusta,
+that is, on the direct road to Charleston! They also learned, what was
+much more cheering, that they could cross the Savannah River, at a point
+twenty miles below Augusta, at Point Comfort; that Sherman was making
+straight for Savannah, and therefore their chances of ultimately falling
+in with his army were by no means impaired.
+
+No time was lost in moving forward in the direction indicated, and
+during the night our hero met with an adventure which we cannot do
+better than relate in his own words; he says: "We came to a fork in the
+road, and after debating some time as to which course we should pursue,
+I leaped over the fence and made for a negro hut, while several hounds
+from the plantation house followed hard on my track. I managed, by some
+tall running, to come in a few feet ahead, and bolted into the shanty
+without warning or formality, slamming the door behind me to keep out
+the dogs. A great stupid negro was standing before the fire, his hands
+and face buried in fresh pork and hoe-cake, which he was making poor
+work at eating. His broad, fat countenance glistened with an unguent
+distilled partly from within and partly from without. Turning my eyes
+from the negro to the untidy hearth, they were greeted, as were also my
+olfactories, with a skillet of pork frying over the coals.
+
+"Without troubling him to answer any questions, I opened the mouth of my
+haversack and poured into it the dripping contents of the skillet. I
+next observed that the ashes on the hearth had a suspiciously fat
+appearance, and, taking the tongs, began raking among them. My
+suspicions were verified, for two plump-looking hoe-cakes came to light,
+which were also deposited in the haversack.
+
+"Looking around still farther I saw what I had not observed before,
+_Dinah's black head_, as she peered out from among the bed-clothes,
+rolling two of the most astonished white eyes that ever asked the
+question, 'What's you g'wine to do next?' Not seeing any practical way
+in which I could answer her mute question, I said to Sambo, 'Call the
+dogs into the house.' This he did hastily. I then asked, 'Uncle, what
+road must _this rebel_ take for Tinker Creek?' 'De right han' one, out
+dar', I reckon,' he answered. Again bidding him keep the hounds in the
+house till morning, I rushed out to the road and joined my companion. We
+made lively tracks for about three miles, after which we took it more
+leisurely, stopping to rest and refresh ourselves at every stream that
+crossed the road."
+
+The winter was by this time fairly upon them, and sleeping in the open
+air by no means a pleasant experience. They therefore made long marches,
+and by the aid of an occasional friendly push from their negro allies at
+length arrived in the vicinity of Point Comfort. This was on the seventh
+of December, and the twelfth day of their pilgrimage. After being
+somewhat alarmed by the proximity of a pack of dogs, with which some
+boys were hunting, they escaped discovery, and securing another negro
+for a guide, they on the same night found themselves upon the banks of
+the Savannah River.
+
+[Illustration: The Escape--crossing The Savannah At Midnight.]
+
+A colored man's cabin, as usual, sheltered them during the day, and
+their host and his dusky neighbors (many of whom flocked around to see
+the Yankees, as was their custom) proving to be fishermen well
+acquainted with the river, our friends prevailed upon one of their
+number to undertake the task of carrying them across. The first
+difficulty that presented itself was, where to find a boat; but their
+host remembered, he said, a place upon one of the tributaries of the
+Savannah where one lay, not exactly in good sailing trim it is true, for
+the authorities had ordered the destruction of boats along all the
+streams where escaped prisoners were likely to seek a passage, and this
+craft had not escaped their vigilance; but he thought, by the liberal
+use of pitch and cotton, materials easily obtainable in that
+neighborhood, it could be made sufficiently water-tight to answer their
+purpose. Accordingly, accompanied by their friendly Charon, with his
+pitch-pot and cotton, they reached the spot indicated and found the
+boat.
+
+It was in a very dilapidated state, but "all night long the faithful
+fellow worked, caulking and pitching," while the fugitives "lay
+concealed in an old hollow beech log."
+
+It was long after midnight before he had finished his task, and launched
+the boat into the stream. She looked very shaky, but the extemporized
+shipwright reassured them by saying confidently:
+
+"She's ready, massa. I'll soon land you in Georgey."
+
+They were scarcely, however, in the boat before she commenced to leak;
+there was no help for it, so our adventurers betook themselves to
+bailing the water out as fast as it entered, and the zealous negro
+pulled away with all his might. They kept her afloat until within a
+short distance of the wished-for shore, and then, seeing that if they
+did not quit her she would certainly quit them, the two passengers
+leaped out, and managed with some difficulty to ascend the beach.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIII.
+
+
+THE PERILS OF AN ESCAPE.
+
+
+ Alligators.--A detachment of Southern chivalry.--A scare.--Repairs
+ neatly executed.--Misery and despair.--Virtue its own
+ reward.--Hunger and desperation.--Audacity.--A Confederate
+ officer.--"A good Union man."--"Two sights and a jambye."--A
+ narrow escape.
+
+Captain Glazier and his companion were not insensible to the danger they
+incurred of being drawn under the water by an alligator; animals they
+knew to be numerous and voracious in that river, and were therefore not
+slow in quitting its banks. So, bidding a hearty good-bye to their
+humble companion, who was already busy re-caulking his boat for the home
+voyage, they once more plunged into the recesses of the swamps,
+intending to push forward as far as possible before the morning dawned.
+
+They wended their way through a Southern cypress swamp. Some distance
+back from the river they could perceive a large plantation-house, with
+its out-buildings and accessories, protected by groups of oak and beech;
+but they dared not approach it. Under the far-reaching and sheltering
+cypress they pursued their way.
+
+The cypress here attains considerable height, the branches issuing from
+a trunk formed like a cone; but occasionally they are to be seen of very
+stunted growth. Around the full-sized tree are frequently to be found a
+whole family of dwarfs, nature having arrested their growth when from
+one to ten feet high. These would present an unsightly look, were it not
+for the mantle of Spanish moss that envelops, and gives them a graceful
+and picturesque appearance.
+
+Large alligators lay along the bayous, and on every prostrate log,
+watching the movements of Glazier and his companion. "They were," he
+says, "apparently pleased at our misfortunes, and sent towards us
+loving, hungry glances." As soon as approached, these "wardens of the
+marshes" would hobble to the edge of a bayou, and allow themselves to
+fall in; their eyes remaining above water blinking at the invaders, as
+if inviting them to follow. They were probably, as Glazier observes, "a
+detachment of Southern chivalry doing duty on their own grounds."
+
+Finally, emerging from the swamp they entered a corn-field, and
+discovered a delicious spring; and not far off, a friendly negro. They
+arranged to meet him here at eight o'clock, at which hour he returned
+and piloted them to some of his friends a short distance off. They were
+several times upon the point of being discovered--once by a planter, and
+again by a number of white children, who, attended by their nurse, and a
+pack of curs, approached within a few feet of their hiding-place. Our
+friends gradually edged themselves towards a thicket, which was distant
+about four miles from Briar Creek, the latter being eighteen miles from
+Millen--the junction of the Augusta branch and the main line of the
+Central Railway of Georgia.
+
+At this thicket, feeling very weary, our fugitives threw themselves on
+the ground, and were soon asleep. Nothing occurred to disturb their
+slumber; but, on awaking, their consternation was great to find
+themselves guarded by sentinels! Four large hounds stood looking down
+at them with an air of responsibility for their safe-keeping; snuffing
+occasionally at their persons to discover, probably, if they had the
+scent of game. This indicated an alarming condition of things. And the
+fear fell upon them that the owner of the hounds had discovered them
+while they slept, and they were again prisoners. But their alarm soon
+subsided. No human being appeared; and the dogs seemed to consider their
+responsibility at an end, now that the slumberers were awake; and
+walking around them in the most natural manner, with much show of
+dignity, trooped away without even a parting salute, but greatly to the
+relief of our alarmed friends. They were soon after confronted by
+another source of affright. This was the approach of a large cavalry
+patrol, which came so near their place of concealment, that they were
+compelled to forego a fire, cold as it was, and eat their sweet potatoes
+raw--the only rations left them. They however escaped observation.
+
+They knew nothing of the whereabouts of General Sherman; but certain
+unmistakable indications satisfied them that they were now approaching
+the scene of military operations. Bridges destroyed, while others were
+under the guard of bodies of soldiers; large herds of stock driven by
+the planters themselves to the recesses of the swamps and forests for
+protection; the hurrying across country of men on horseback and afoot,
+and the general appearance of excitement and unrest that prevailed
+around them, convinced Glazier and his companion that the formidable
+Sherman was not very distant.
+
+It was hard to be deprived of the comfort of a fire at such an inclement
+season, for the weather had become intensely cold, and rain fell
+incessantly. A merciful Providence, however, directed their steps
+towards a spot where an aged negro was cutting wood and warming himself
+at a fire by turns, and they were thus enabled to thaw their frozen
+garments and gather some warmth in their numbed limbs. With the aid of
+the old negro, they improvised a rude tent by means of their blankets,
+and on leaving for his supper, he promised to return in the evening with
+some hoe-cakes. This promise he faithfully fulfilled, and remained to
+cobble Glazier's shoes into a condition of comparative comfort. During
+the day the shoes had threatened to part company with their owner and
+leave him barefoot.
+
+The aforesaid shoes having been subjected to the process of repair, our
+hero at first demurred to their liberal dimensions, but learned, partly
+from the cobbler and partly from experience, that as the _'possum skin_
+(which formed the uppers) began to dry, it acquired the hardness and
+durability of _horn_; and hence, extra space became necessary. The shoes
+lasted him till the end of his adventures, and are still preserved as a
+memento of auld lang syne.
+
+The following day was passed in the swamp, a wretched, dispiriting,
+drizzling rain, falling from morn till night, bringing the temperature
+down to zero. They recommenced their journey at dark despite the
+weather; preferring to push ahead rather than seek shelter again, with
+their friends, and so delay their progress. Thus they tramped wearily
+along, until the small town of Alexander was reached, and by this time
+their condition had become so desperate, that they knocked at the first
+cabin they came to. A white woman, in reply to their inquiry, as to
+which was the road to Millen, said "she did not know." And now, for the
+first time since their escape from Columbia, a feeling of despair took
+possession of them. They were cold, hungry, worn out, nearly naked, and
+shelterless, and such was their misery and despair, that had they not
+suddenly stumbled upon a large frame building used by negro laborers on
+the railroad, they would have been recaptured from utter powerlessness
+to seek concealment, or have fallen by the wayside and died.
+
+Here, however, they met with a generous reception, and obtained the
+information they sought. After exchanging some kind words with these
+humble people, who heartily sympathized with them, Glazier and his
+comrade proceeded on their way.
+
+Everything went well until they unexpectedly came to the banks of a
+considerable stream, and, after a careful search, failed to discover any
+practicable means of crossing it, except by fording. The fact of its
+being fordable gave rise to an incident with a _moral_, and as the
+gallant captain relates the story we will quote his own words:
+
+"Sitting," he writes, "on a log, and ruminating over our chances, a very
+selfish piece of strategy suggested itself. Accordingly, I said to
+Lemon, 'There is no use of both getting wet; we can carry each other
+over these streams. If you will carry me over this, I will carry you
+over the next,' I said, 'these streams,' although only one was before
+us, and the most prominent thought in my mind was that, in all
+probability, there would be no other.
+
+"Lemon somehow failed to see the point, and consented. Accordingly,
+taking off our shoes, I mounted on the lieutenant's shoulders, as
+school-boys sometimes carry each other, and he staggered through the
+stream with me, doing no worse than wetting my feet. This worked well.
+I congratulated myself, and gave a generous sympathy to Lemon in his
+shiverings. The chances were ten to one, I thought, that the carrying
+business was at an end, when suddenly another stream, wider than the
+first, rose up in the darkness before us. There was no use in wincing,
+and I stripped for the task. The lieutenant ascended to the position he
+had fairly earned. I plunged into the water. The middle of the stream
+was reached in safety, when, through no fault of mine, either the water
+became too deep, or my back became too weak for the burden, and the
+consequence was, the worthy gentleman was nearly as well soaked as
+myself when we reached the opposite shore. Selfishness, as well as
+virtue, sometimes brings its own reward."
+
+They crossed three other streams during the night, but, by mutual
+consent, the carrying contract was canceled, and each did his own
+wading. "Thus," adds the captain, "another grand scheme for human
+elevation fell to the ground!"
+
+Weary and wet to the skin, they persevered in their onward course, until
+they reached another cypress swamp, and discovered a road through it,
+which had evidently been the scene of a recently fought battle. Fences
+and buildings were razed to the ground, while fragments of military
+equipments were scattered about profusely--broken muskets, spent
+cartridges, and dead cattle; all told the story of a late conflict.
+
+Our fugitives had no means of learning at the time any particulars of
+the supposed fight, but were afterward informed that less than a week
+previous to their being on the spot, General Kilpatrick's cavalry and
+the Seventeenth Army Corps had swept like an avalanche along that road.
+
+The temperature by this time had somewhat moderated, and Glazier and his
+companion, thinking it unlikely the road would be much used for a time,
+concluded that they might with safety lie down and obtain some necessary
+rest and sleep. In their exhausted condition, they slept through the day
+and the greater part of the following night, arousing themselves with
+difficulty for the work still before them.
+
+Judging from the fact that many of the dead horses seen on the road bore
+the brand of the "United States," and from other indications, they
+arrived at the conclusion that the Union forces were not very distant,
+and that they themselves were now possibly in the wake of Sherman's
+army. This being the case, the hope revived in their breasts of soon
+joining their friends--unless they had the misfortune to be picked up by
+the enemy's scouts. Hence, having lost so much of the night, they
+decided to travel this time by day, and at once put their determination
+into practice. Glazier and his friend soon discovered, however, that
+they were not expedited in their journey to any great extent--the
+streams being greatly swollen by the recent rains, formed a serious
+obstacle to their further progress.
+
+They also felt that traveling by daylight was attended with much hazard
+to their safety. One advantage of journeying through a part of the
+country lately traversed by an invading army, was found in the fact of
+there being much smouldering fire along their line of march, and thus
+our friends ran no risk of attracting attention by approaching these
+fires at their several halting-places. This circumstance afforded one
+element of comfort--_warmth_. But another, still more important, was
+lacking, namely--_food_.
+
+They had traveled the entire day without meeting a single negro, and
+hence, their commissariat was _non est_, and gaunt hunger created in
+them a sense of desperation. In this state they reached, after sunset, a
+plantation, where no house appeared but a number of humble shanties;
+and, weary, starving and desperate, they boldly advanced to the door of
+the best-looking cabin, and knocked for admission.
+
+"Who's thar?" was answered in a tone, common to the poor whites and
+blacks of that section, that afforded no indication of the color of the
+speaker. That, however, was the first thing to determine before
+proceeding further. So our hero replied, interrogatively: "Are you black
+or white in there?" "Thar aint no niggahs heah," was the response, and
+the indignant tone of its delivery placed it beyond doubt that they had
+fallen upon a family of "poor whites." Glazier thereupon changed his
+voice to that of the "high-toned" rebel, and asked why he kept an
+officer of the Confederate army waiting for admittance. The man
+reluctantly opened the door, and the _soi-disant_ Confederate demanded
+in an imperious tone, "How long is it since our army passed here?"
+
+"What army?" was the cautious query, before an answer was vouchsafed.
+
+"Why the rebel army, of course!"
+
+The man hereupon stated that Wheeler's cavalry had passed by a week
+before, following Sherman's rear guard.
+
+"How far is it to General Wheeler's headquarters?" asked Lieutenant
+Glazier.
+
+"I dun'no!" growled the other; "but I guess it's a right smart
+distance."
+
+To other questions, as to the possibility of obtaining one or more
+horses and mules, and even a suggestion that something to eat would not
+be unwelcome, the fellow protested that the ---- Yankees had stripped
+the country of everything, and left them neither horses, mules, nor
+anything to eat. Through the intervention of his wife, however, Glazier
+finally obtained some bread and sweet potatoes; and, delivering a
+lecture to him upon the gross ingratitude of treating in such a
+niggardly manner a soldier who had left a home of opulence and comfort,
+to battle for _his_ rights and liberties, with much more of a similar
+audacious character, he left the house.
+
+Time, however, was too precious to be wasted, and, at the conclusion of
+the meal, they hurriedly resumed their march.
+
+A solitary planter passed them, returning their carefully-worded
+salutation, and, evidently mistaking them for Confederates, volunteered
+the information that "our cavalry"--meaning Wheeler's, had passed that
+point last Tuesday. He was barely out of view, when they overtook a
+couple of negroes going to their work; and of them Glazier inquired the
+distance to the nearest plantation, receiving for answer, "Jess a mile,
+massa." "Are there any white folks there?" asked our hero. "Narry one,
+massa," was the reply; adding, "Dat ar planter is what dey call a
+Beeswaxer"--meaning a Bushwacker, "and Massa Sherman took dem all orf."
+Not wishing to commit themselves by imprudently revealing their true
+character, Glazier asked them indifferently, if they had seen any of
+Wheeler's cavalry lately. To which one of them responded, "Dar's right
+smart of dem down at Mars' Brown's, free mile from de swamp, and dey's
+hazin' de country all 'round."
+
+This intelligence was not encouraging, but our friends thought it the
+wiser course to proceed at once to the plantation the negro had
+described. They soon reached the place, and, finding that the dwelling
+of the owner was closed, they, without delay, advanced to the nearest of
+the smaller tenements, such as were usually occupied by slaves.
+
+Glazier did not pause to knock at the door, but boldly raised the latch
+and entered. He expected to see the usual negro auntie with her brood of
+pickaninnies, or to meet the friendly glance of one of the males, and
+therefore walked in very confidently, and with a pleasant smile. This,
+however, soon changed to a look of amazement, when he found himself face
+to face with a Confederate officer in full uniform. Quick as lightning,
+our hero determined upon his course.
+
+"Ah, sir!" he exclaimed, with all the coolness he could assume, "I
+perceive we are in the same service. I can only hope you have not been
+so unfortunate as myself."
+
+"How unfortunate may you have been, sir?" the _vis a vis_ inquired.
+
+"Why, at the late cavalry fight at Waynesboro', I lost my horse, having
+him shot under me. I have not had the good fortune to obtain another,
+and the consequence is, that I have been compelled to walk the whole
+distance to this point."
+
+"I reckon, then, stranger, our cases are not altogether dissimilar," the
+Confederate rejoined; "I had my horse killed there, too, but luckily got
+a mule."
+
+[Illustration: A Mutual Surprise.]
+
+In anticipation of an inquiry which, if addressed to himself, might lead
+to unpleasant complications, Glazier now asked: "What command he was
+attached to?" "Forty-third Alabama Mounted Infantry," said the other;
+and then put a similar question. "Third South Carolina Cavalry," said
+Glazier, feeling that he would be more at home as a trooper than an
+infantry soldier. To carry out his assumed character, he added some
+remarks regarding Sherman's barbarities, and was just congratulating
+himself upon the gullibility of the Confederate, when his apprehensions
+were revived by a remark, that it was "strange a rebel officer should be
+dressed in a Federal uniform."
+
+"Not at all, sir," was the quick response, "a poor fellow must wear what
+he can get in times like these. I have not had a full equipment since I
+entered the service, and hang me, if I ever expect to get one. In the
+fight at Waynesboro' we captured a few Yanks, and I just stripped one
+fellow after he died, and took his clothes."
+
+This explanation appeared to satisfy the rebel officer, as he remarked,
+"that was a good idea, and I wish I had been as sensible myself." After
+inquiry about the probability of obtaining some "grub" from the auntie,
+whose hut he supposed the place to be, and receiving a discouraging
+reply, Glazier was advised to call upon a Mr. Brown. The property of
+this _loyal_ gentleman had been protected from seizure by General
+Sherman, on account of his having claimed to be a "good Union man," and
+by General Wheeler, because he was a "good rebel," and his larder was
+described to be, in consequence, well stocked. Our hero prepared to
+depart, first earnestly inquiring the road to Mr. Brown's residence.
+
+"About two sights and a jambye," said the Alabamian, which interpreted,
+meant, twice as far as they could see, and the width of a swamp.
+
+Having obtained all the information he desired, without the remotest
+intention of availing himself of the "good Union man's" hospitality,
+Glazier said "good-day," and rejoined his friend. They made the best of
+their way along a path, until a turn carried them out of the rebel
+officer's sight, then wheeled suddenly round, and ran rapidly for a
+considerable distance in the opposite direction to Mr. Brown's.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIV.
+
+
+RECAPTURED BY A CONFEDERATE OUTPOST.
+
+
+ Fugitive slaves.--A rebel planter.--The Big Ebenezer.--A sound of
+ oars.--A _ruse de guerre_.--Burial of a dead soldier.--A free
+ ride.--Groping in the dark.--"Who goes there!"--Recaptured.--_Nil
+ desperandum._--James Brooks.--Contraband of war.--Confederate
+ murders.--In the saddle again.--A dash for freedom.--Again
+ captured.--Tried as a spy.
+
+Our hero had been somewhat impressed with the subdued tone and manner of
+the Confederate officer with whom he had lately parted. To some extent
+he manifested a discouraged and cowed bearing, and this, taken with some
+other circumstances in their recent experience, led our friends to hope
+that the end was not very remote.
+
+After bidding adieu to the Confederate, they walked about two miles
+before discovering a place of concealment in another swamp. Here they
+unexpectedly came upon a party of negroes sleeping around a large fire.
+They proved to be fugitive slaves, who had abandoned their homes in
+Burke County, Georgia, to follow in the rear of Sherman's army. They had
+formed part of a body of several hundred persons of all ages and both
+sexes, who had escaped and sought refuge upon an island in Big Ebenezer
+Creek, and had been inhumanly shelled out by the Confederates. Thence
+they had scattered over the country in small bands, and the present
+detached party were working their way back to their masters. Captain
+Glazier despatched one of them with a haversack in search of some food
+among the resident colored people, and the result was so far
+satisfactory that our friends were put in possession of a good supply of
+sweet potatoes.
+
+After another march, and while still in the swamp, they heard
+wood-choppers, and Lemon started to reconnoitre. Guided by the sound of
+the axe, he approached a small clearing, and seeing a negro, as he had
+expected, wielding the axe, walked forward to him, but was suddenly
+startled by observing a burly white man sitting on a log, smoking and
+looking on. They eyed each other for a moment in silence, when presently
+the planter demanded in a blustering voice, "What are you doing here, in
+a blue uniform?" Lemon was not slow to answer in a corresponding tone,
+"I am serving my country, as every loyal man should do: what have _you_
+to say about it?"
+
+"I believe you're a d----d Yankee," said the planter. "You're welcome to
+your opinion, old Blowhard," responded Lemon. "This is a free country; I
+_am_ a Yankee--all but the d----d--and now what do you propose to do about
+it?" (All this in an assumed tone of bluster, as the best adapted to the
+situation.) "We'll see! we'll see!" rejoined the planter, and at once
+started in a direct line for his house. Lemon lost no time, but returned
+as quickly as possible to his comrade, and without any deliberation they
+evacuated the enemy's country with as much expedition as their tired
+legs were capable of exerting. Their ears were soon saluted with the
+music of a pack of hounds let loose on their track by the burly rebel,
+and the affair would have had a disastrous ending if they had not
+opportunely encountered a considerable stream, and by wading through it
+for nearly a mile, succeeded in cutting off the scent of the hounds.
+
+The planter had raised a hue and cry for miles around, and our hunted
+friends, from their covert, saw mounted men patrolling the corduroy road
+through the swamp, seemingly under the belief that the "Yankees" would
+be driven to use this highway eventually, and thus fall an easy prey
+into their hands. The man-hunters, however, found themselves at fault,
+for our hero had learned, in the hard school of experience, to
+anticipate all such contingencies. He and Lemon therefore secreted
+themselves until late in the night, determined to rob them of their
+game.
+
+It was approaching midnight, December fifteenth, when the fugitives
+crept cautiously to the margin of the swamp. A large fire denoted the
+position of the planter's picket. They ventured out through the mud and
+water with the purpose of flanking the enemy on their left--a hazardous
+proceeding, and attended with much suffering from the intense coldness
+of the water. In two hours, however, they had reached a point on the
+opposite side of the encampment, and fearing discovery and pursuit, soon
+placed two or three miles between themselves and the foe. Sometimes they
+were made cognizant of the nearness of the parties in search of them, by
+overhearing their conversation, which treated mainly of Sherman's march
+to the sea, how it would affect the Confederacy, and similar interesting
+topics.
+
+Our friends passed the last picket at the edge of the swamp, but deeming
+it unwise to relax in speed or vigilance, pushed forward to the banks of
+the Big Ebenezer, which advanced them three miles further.
+
+Here, upon the charred abutment of a burned bridge, Glazier and his
+friend paused, and with the dark river in their front, debated how they
+were to reach the other side. The dawn was just breaking, and through
+the rising mist they could discern the opposite shore, but no
+practicable mode of reaching it. They must not, however, remain here
+after daybreak, and therefore sought and found a place of concealment,
+again in the hateful swamp, but not far from the river's bank. They were
+soon enjoying the rest and sleep of the weary.
+
+Lemon was startled from his slumber by a sound resembling that of oars.
+He awoke Glazier, and both listened intently, at a loss to understand
+the meaning of such a sound in such a place. In a few minutes the noise
+ceased, and looking cautiously from their hiding-place, they observed
+two men pass near them, having the appearance of messengers or couriers,
+with despatches, which they could plainly see in their hands. It at once
+occurred to our hero and his companion that the boat in which these men
+had rowed themselves up the river, could be made available for crossing
+to its opposite bank. They found it moored to a tree, and at once
+embarked and crossed the stream. To prevent pursuit they cast the boat
+adrift, and as speedily as possible left "Big Ebenezer" behind them.
+
+At a short distance from the river side Lemon stumbled over the dead
+body of a soldier, which, upon examination, proved to be that of a
+Federal. Our friends having no means of placing the body underground,
+concluded to bury it in the river, and thus prevent to some extent its
+desecration by dogs or other carrion-seeking animals that might find it
+exposed. This was the best they could do under the circumstances, and
+thus the poor body found a sailor's, if not a soldier's grave.
+
+They had advanced not many paces again when they discovered two horses
+tied to a tree, possibly the property of the two couriers whose boat
+they had previously utilized. These they looked upon as fair spoil in an
+enemy's country, and with little compunction and less ceremony mounted
+and started on their way. A few miles brought them to the verge of the
+wood, and the day was now breaking. They therefore reluctantly
+dismounted, turned their steeds adrift for fear of detection, and
+trudged forward on foot once more.
+
+Soon they had reason to congratulate themselves on their prudence in
+dismounting. Another quarter of a mile brought within view a Confederate
+picket, but they were not themselves observed. They accordingly sought a
+hiding-place among the thick undergrowth, and were soon asleep,
+remaining so until midnight. They then turned the flank of the picket
+and proceeded on their journey.
+
+Long immunity from the peril of recapture had now inspired Glazier and
+his friend with hope and full confidence in successfully attaining the
+end of their struggles. The swamp, the river, the alligator, the
+man-hunter, and worse than all, the blood-hound, had been met and
+successfully overcome or evaded; and after three long weeks of travel
+from the execrable and inhuman people, who had held them as prisoners of
+war, and treated them worse than dogs, they now found themselves within
+twenty miles of Savannah.
+
+Resting himself upon a fallen tree, clad in rags, hungry and reduced
+almost to the proportions of a skeleton by long fasting, Glazier with
+his companion were able to congratulate themselves upon their wonderful
+preservation thus far. All seemed to foreshadow their final triumph, and
+their spirits were cheered, notwithstanding that food had not passed
+their lips for the past thirty-six hours, with the exception of a few
+grains of corn picked up by the way. Probably within the brief space of
+twenty-four hours they would be again free and under the protection of
+the glorious flag, in whose defence they had fought and suffered so
+much.
+
+Flushed with their past success and elated with hope for the future they
+recommenced their march. They had no exact information as to the
+position of the Federal army, and were in fact groping their way in the
+dark--figuratively as well as literally--every sense on the alert to
+avoid the enemy's picket lines.
+
+On reaching Little Ebenezer Creek about midnight they were chagrined to
+find the bridge destroyed, but after reconnoitring for a time, were
+satisfied that the coast was clear on the opposite side. Finding some
+broken planks they constructed a raft and paddled themselves across the
+stream.
+
+They were now on the Savannah River Road, over which Kilpatrick's
+cavalry and the Fourteenth Army Corps had passed but a week before. Old
+camping-grounds were numerous along their way, and each was examined
+closely for any bread or other eatables they thought might have been
+left by the army.
+
+[Illustration: Recaptured By A Confederate Outpost.]
+
+They were closely engaged in this search, when "Who comes there?" was
+gruffly shouted by a voice near them.
+
+"Friends," promptly answered Glazier.
+
+"Advance one!" commanded the picket.
+
+"I advanced promptly," writes Captain Glazier, in the history of his
+capture and imprisonment, "and arriving near my captors found them to be
+mounted infantry. They were sitting upon their horses in the shade of
+some cypress-trees. One asked, 'Who are you?' to which I replied, 'A
+scout to General Hardie, and must not be detained, as I have important
+information for the general.'
+
+"The picket replied, 'I'm instructed to take every person to the officer
+of the picket that approaches this post after dark.'
+
+"'I can't help it, sir. It is not customary to arrest scouts, and I must
+pass on.'
+
+"'You cannot; I must obey orders. I do not doubt the truth of your
+assertion; but until you have seen the lieutenant, you will not be
+allowed to pass this post.'
+
+"Finding that I had met a good soldier I saw that it was useless to
+trifle with him, and tried to console myself with the thought that I
+should be able to dupe the officer; and as we were hurried on towards
+the reserve of the picket my mind was occupied in arranging a plan for
+our defence, as spies to the great rebel chief. Arrived at the reserve
+we found nearly all asleep, including the lieutenant, in close proximity
+to a large rail-fire.
+
+"A little rough shaking soon roused him up, and, rubbing his eyes, he
+asked, 'What's wanted?'
+
+"I quickly answered, 'I'm surprised, sir, that scouts to our generals
+should be arrested by your picket.'
+
+"He said, 'My instructions are positive, and no man can pass this post
+without examination.'
+
+"'Very well, then,' I said, 'be good enough to examine us at once.'
+
+"'Have you passes?'
+
+"'No, sir; not at present. We had papers when we left the general's
+headquarters; but having been scouting in Northern Georgia, for the past
+two weeks, our papers are worn out and lost.'
+
+"'You have some papers about you, I suppose?'
+
+"Thinking that by answering in the affirmative, and producing quickly an
+old package of letters which had been received while in Libby Prison,
+that none of them would be examined, I hastily drew them from the
+side-pocket of my jacket and held them before me, saying, 'I hope here
+are enough, sir.'
+
+"The lieutenant's curiosity led him to take one which had been received
+from Colonel Clarence Buel, of Troy, New York. He held it near the fire,
+and noticing the date, turned his eyes towards me and again to the
+letter; the second glance seemed to satisfy him that I was not a rebel,
+and he remarked very indignantly, 'Then you are scouting for General
+Hardie, are you? I believe you are a d----d Yankee spy! and if you were
+to get your deserts I should hang you to the first tree I come to,' Said
+I, 'Lieutenant, do not be too hasty. I can convince you that I have been a
+prisoner of war, and if you are a true soldier I shall be treated as
+such.'
+
+"Becoming a little more mild he gave us to understand that we should
+start at ten o'clock the next morning for Springfield, the headquarters
+of General Wheeler.
+
+"After detailing a special guard for the prisoners, and instructing them
+to be on the alert, the lieutenant laid himself down by the fire,
+leaving us to reflect upon the hardness of fate, and the uncertainties
+attending an effort to escape the clutches of a vigilant enemy."
+
+Glazier did not despair, but at the first opportunity communicated to
+Lemon his determination to reach the Federal lines at all risks; he
+would never return to South Carolina a prisoner; the horrors of
+prison-life and the privations and sufferings they had already endured,
+should never be repeated in his case, but rather--welcome death! Their
+enemies--albeit fellow-countrymen and _Americans_--were inhuman and
+barbarous, and before putting himself in their hands again, he would
+submit to be hung by bushwhackers, or torn to pieces by blood-hounds.
+Their case was now desperate, and for his part he would take the first
+chance that offered of getting away. Our hero thought he could count on
+Lemon's concurrence and co-operation. The men of the picket told him
+they had been arrested at the outpost; and it was now clear that if the
+fugitives had been so fortunate as to pass this picket, they could have
+reached the Federal lines in less than an hour. Only a step intervened
+between captivity and freedom--the thought was very disheartening.
+
+An instance of exceptional kindness on the part of a Confederate must
+not be omitted here. James Brooks, one of the picket, came to the
+prisoners and invited them to partake of some hoe-cake and bacon. He
+said he had been out foraging, and would share his plunder with them.
+Having been without food for forty-eight hours, save a few ears of
+corn, they eagerly embraced the generous offer. The hoe-cake was
+produced and partaken of ravenously and thankfully. The other men of the
+picket were disgusted at the liberality of their comrade, calling him a
+"blue belly," and a fool to give good bread to a couple of d----d Yanks.
+Like a true man, however, he made no reply to their brutal taunts, and
+gave the captives a most excellent breakfast.
+
+Having finished their welcome meal, they asked permission to bathe
+themselves, under guard, in a little stream not many rods from the
+reserve, which request was granted. Here the prisoners in their
+desperation offered the guard one hundred dollars in Confederate scrip,
+which had been given them by their negro friends, to assist them in
+making their escape. The guards seemed to distrust each other, and
+declined the proposal. They, however, said they would be right glad to
+have the money, but feared to take it, as they were held responsible for
+the safe return of the prisoners. The offer of the bribe was reported to
+the lieutenant, who at once ordered the delinquents to be searched, and
+all the scrip found upon them was confiscated, as contraband of war, and
+appropriated to rebel uses, leaving our two unfortunate friends
+penniless. They were further threatened with condign punishment for
+offering to bribe the guard. One said "Shoot them;" another, "Let 'em
+stretch hemp;" several recommended that they be taken to the swamp and
+"sent after Sherman's raiders,"--referring, probably, to the manner in
+which they had disposed of some of the Federal sick, who had been left
+in the rear of the army. Of this incident Glazier writes: "I had been
+told by the negroes that fifteen of our sick, who fell into the
+hands of the rebels but a few days before our recapture, were taken to a
+swamp, where their throats were cut, and their bodies thrown into a
+slough hole. I cannot vouch for the truth of this statement, but it came
+to me from many whose veracity I have no reason to question."
+
+Let us in the name of humanity doubt it!
+
+[Illustration: The Escape And Pursuit.]
+
+At ten o'clock A. M. a mounted guard, consisting of a corporal and two
+men, were detailed to march the prisoners to the headquarters of General
+Wheeler. They had not proceeded far when Glazier assumed to be footsore,
+and pleaded his utter inability to walk any further. Believing this, one
+of the guards dismounted and helped him into the saddle. Our hero was no
+sooner mounted than he decided that, come what would, he would make his
+escape. In a few moments the guard who was on foot espied a black
+squirrel darting across the road, and oblivious of his responsibility,
+gave chase to it, Glazier looking on and biding his time. The squirrel
+soon ran up a tree, and leaped from bough to bough with its usual
+agility. Suddenly it halted on a prominent branch, seeming to bid
+defiance to its pursuer. The carbine was instantly raised, and
+discharged. Without waiting to note the result, Glazier, feeling that
+_now_ was his opportunity, dashed off at a gallop, urging his horse to
+the top of his speed. Before the squirrel-hunter could reload, he was
+many yards away. The corporal in charge fired his revolver, and at each
+discharge of the weapon, shouted to the fugitive to halt! but Glazier
+gave no heed to the summons, and might have succeeded in reaching the
+swamps and defied recapture, if he had not unfortunately galloped into a
+rebel camp! Baffled, he turned his horse, and endeavored to cross an
+open field, but the corporal continued to shout, "Halt that d----d
+Yankee!" when a body of Texan Rangers from General Iverson's cavalry
+division, some mounted and some dismounted, gave chase, hooting and
+yelping, and finally overtook and compelled him to surrender.
+
+The guard whose horse Lieutenant Glazier had ridden came up and vented
+his rage at the escapade in no measured language. The Texans, however,
+enjoyed the fun of the thing, and laughed at, and ridiculed him. Said
+one, "You are a d----d smart soldier to let a blue-belly get away from
+you--and on your own horse too!" Another joined in with, "Say, Corporal,
+which of them nags can run fastest?" Nothing of course was said about
+the _squirrel_!
+
+On Lemon and his guard coming up they resumed their march to
+headquarters--Glazier's lameness exciting no further sympathy, nor the
+offer of another mount.
+
+The escort with their charge reached General Wheeler's headquarters in
+the afternoon, and the report handed in stated that, "the two prisoners
+had been captured while attempting to pass the out-post, under the
+pretence of being scouts to General Hardie."
+
+Wheeler ordered them at once into his presence and questioned them
+closely.
+
+Captain Glazier thus graphically relates the interview:
+
+"'Then you are scouting for Confederate generals?' said Wheeler.
+
+"I replied, 'We would have rejoiced if we could have convinced your
+out-post that we were.'
+
+"'None of your impudence, sir! Remember that you are a prisoner.'
+
+"'Very true; but when you ask questions, you must expect answers.'
+
+"'What are you doing with that gray jacket?'
+
+"'I wear it, sir, to protect myself from the sun and storm.'
+
+"'Where did you get it?'
+
+"'One of the guards at Columbia was kind enough to give it to me, when
+he saw that I was suffering for the want of clothing to cover my
+nakedness.'
+
+"'He could not have been a true rebel, to assist a Yankee in making his
+escape.'
+
+"'He knew nothing of my intention to escape; and I believe he was at
+least a kind-hearted man.'
+
+"'Why don't you wear the Federal uniform? Are the Yankees ashamed of
+it?'
+
+"'By no means, sir! What few garments were spared me at the time of my
+capture were worn out during a long imprisonment, and the clothing which
+was sent on to Richmond by our Government during the winter of 1863 for
+distribution among the prisoners, was, for the most part, appropriated
+by your authorities.'
+
+"'Like most of your contemptible Yankee crew, I believe you to be a
+lying scoundrel, and you shall answer to the charge of spy.'
+
+"'Very well, sir, I am compelled to await your pleasure; but you have
+heard nothing but the truth.'
+
+"'Guard! take the prisoners to the jail, place them in a cell, and keep
+them in close confinement until further orders.'"
+
+The above colloquy between Wheeler and his prisoners reflects small
+credit upon him as a leader of "Southern Chivalry."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXV.
+
+
+FINAL ESCAPE FROM CAPTIVITY.
+
+
+ In jail.--White trash.--Yankees.--Off to Waynesboro.--No rations.
+ Calling the roll.--Sylvania.--Plan for escape.--Lieutenant John
+ W. Wright.--A desperate project.--Escaped!--Giving chase.--The
+ pursuers baffled.--Old Richard.--"Pooty hard case, massa."--Rebel
+ deserters.--The sound of cannon.--Personating a rebel
+ officer.--Mrs. Keyton.--Renewed hope.--A Confederate
+ outpost.--Bloodhounds.--Uncle Philip.--March Dasher.--Suspicion
+ disarmed.--"Now I'ze ready, gemmen."--Stars and
+ stripes.--Glorious freedom.--Home!
+
+In obedience to orders, Glazier and his comrade were at once marched off
+to the county jail at Springfield, Georgia, then in the hands of the
+military authorities. They were the only military prisoners confined
+there, and were allowed the privilege of leaving their cell and going
+into the yard for fresh air. They were not a little amused by the crowds
+of wondering citizens who visited the jail to view the "two live Yanks."
+
+These worthy citizens were greatly exercised that the prisoners should
+be permitted to leave their cells, and called on the jailer to remove
+them from the yard or they would take the keys into their own hands; but
+the officer in command told them that he was personally responsible for
+their safe-custody, and refused to remove them. These white Georgians
+were a very primitive class of people. Utterly illiterate and
+uninformed, their mode of speech was as bad as that of the most ignorant
+slaves on the plantations. The term "white trash," whatever its origin,
+was a most appropriate designation. No care had been taken to educate
+them--no school-houses built; education being confined to the few whose
+wealth enabled them to send their children to Northern schools, or to
+engage a private tutor. Discovering that the prisoners were harmless,
+many of these people asked them questions of a curious and comical
+nature. They thought Yankees were imps of darkness, possessed of horns
+and hoof, and, seeing that the prisoners were formed not unlike
+themselves, were with difficulty persuaded that they were "Yankees."
+Their idea of the causes and character of the war was ludicrous in the
+extreme, and will hardly bear description--the negroes themselves being
+far better informed upon this, as they were upon most other subjects.
+
+A very brief examination before a hastily convened board of officers
+resulted in a finding that the captives were "escaped prisoners of war,"
+and not "spies." They were accordingly asked, where they were captured,
+where imprisoned, when they escaped, etc.; and then a strong guard from
+the Second Georgia Cavalry was detailed to convey them, with fifteen
+other prisoners from the Fourteenth Army Corps, to Waynesboro.
+
+From the other prisoners Glazier gleaned much useful information
+concerning the situation of the Union lines, and also learned where the
+rebel troops were stationed in Sherman's rear. Should he attempt another
+escape, this knowledge would be valuable. The rebel escort cared very
+little for the wants of their prisoners, and issued no rations whatever
+to them--they themselves being entirely dependent on foraging for their
+own supplies. As the unfortunate prisoners could not forage for
+themselves they had to go without, a condition of things that spoke
+little for the soldierly feeling of the guard. All attempts to elude the
+vigilance of the latter during the day had failed, and as darkness drew
+on, Glazier and his friend felt in very low spirits. They came to a halt
+a few minutes before dark, and were quartered in an old building for the
+night.
+
+In passing through a large swamp, just before halting, the water was so
+deep that each man had to wade through as he best could. The guard
+exerted themselves to their utmost to keep them together, but in spite
+of their efforts to do so, one of the prisoners fell out, and his
+absence was overlooked by the sergeant, although noticed by his
+fellow-prisoners, who succeeded in convincing the sergeant that all were
+present. The mode was this: Glazier found out the absent man's name, and
+then volunteered to call the roll from a list in the sergeant's
+possession. It being dark, a piece of pitch-pine was lighted, and the
+list handed to Glazier, who proceeded to call the names. All answered,
+except the absentee, when, according to previous arrangement, each
+affirmed that no such man had been among them. The sergeant sapiently
+concluded that the name had found its way upon the roster by some error,
+and nothing further was said about it. Had this little ruse not been
+resorted to, great efforts would have been made to recover the fugitive.
+Picked men would have been detailed, hounds called out from the nearest
+plantation, and a very short time would have convinced the unfortunate
+victim how little hope there was for him who sought to shun the horrors
+of prison-life by an escape.
+
+[Illustration: The Escape From Sylvania, Georgia--running The Guard.]
+
+We do not propose entering into any detail of this march into captivity,
+more especially as our hero has himself fully and graphically described
+it in his "Capture, Prison-Pen and Escape," compiled from a diary kept
+during the whole period of his adventurous career, and published in
+1865. We will merely state here that on Monday, December nineteenth,
+1864, after a dreary march of twenty-five miles, the captives found
+themselves encamped for the night at the little village of Sylvania,
+Georgia; half-way between the point of their departure and that of their
+destination, Waynesboro.
+
+Glazier's mind, during the whole of the day, had been preoccupied with
+but one subject--_how to escape!_--this problem excluding every other
+thought or consideration of himself or his surroundings.
+
+Early in the evening the prisoners were stationed on the porch of a
+large unoccupied building, and here it was determined they should pass
+the night. The villagers of Sylvania knew little of the sad realities of
+war, having hitherto happily escaped the visits of the armed hosts. They
+surrounded the men of the escort, and plied them with many curious
+questions, which were good-naturedly answered with as much, or as little
+exaggeration as good soldiers usually indulge in when confronted with
+greenhorns. Their attention, thus agreeably occupied by the
+simple-minded villagers, was in some degree removed from their charge,
+and this little circumstance seemed propitious to Glazier, who was
+watching intently his opportunity.
+
+The sergeant had notified the prisoners that his foragers had returned
+with a quantity of sweet potatoes and some corn-bread; that the former
+would be issued to the "Yanks," and the latter to the guard. Orders
+also were given to place all the food at one end of the porch, where a
+fire had been kindled of rail fence; and the potatoes were to be served
+to the prisoners from that point.
+
+Glazier, under the pretence of desiring to use the fire for the purpose
+of roasting the potatoes, obtained leave for all to remain outside on
+the porch until after supper. This concession reluctantly granted, hope
+sprang in his breast that the opportunity he so ardently sought was now
+at hand. Quickly he determined upon his plan of operation, and seeing
+Lieutenant John W. Wright, of the Tenth Iowa Volunteers, near him,
+whispered in his ear an outline of his desperate project, and invited
+the latter to join in putting it into execution. To this proposition,
+without a moment's consideration, Wright consented.
+
+The two candidates for freedom then sauntered towards the end of the
+porch, conversing loudly and cheerfully upon general topics, and thus
+excited no suspicion of their intentions. The hungry prisoners gathered
+around the ration-board, when Glazier covertly signaled his companion,
+and each suddenly clutched a good handful of the corn-bread. Under cover
+of the increasing darkness, and screened from observation by the men who
+stood between them and the guard, they quietly but rapidly, in a
+stooping position, stole away, making for the edge of a neighboring
+wood. Not a word was spoken, and in less time than it takes to record
+it, they were concealed among the foliage and undergrowth; and,
+befriended by the darkness, were completely masked from the observation
+of the enemy.
+
+Fortunately their flight was unobserved until after the distribution of
+the rations, when the guard missed their corn-bread. This seemed to be
+felt more than the loss of their prisoners, the sergeant exclaiming, in
+euphemistic southern (according to Glazier), "By dog on't! the d----d
+Yankee officers have done gone and took all our corn-bread. I'll have
+them, if it costs me a horse!"
+
+Calling out a corporal and four men, he quickly ordered them to go to
+the nearest plantation for hounds, and to "bring back the two Yanks dead
+or alive," adding that he "guessed they had taken the Springfield road,"
+which was the nearest route to the Federal lines.
+
+It happened, however, that the peremptory orders of the sergeant were
+overheard by Glazier and Wright, who were hidden not many yards away in
+the wood. Instead, therefore, of proceeding on the direct road by way of
+Springfield, they retraced their steps in the dark, and by this means
+baffled their pursuers. Having reached the Middle Ground Road, over
+which they had lately passed, they bounded over it to avoid leaving
+their foot-prints, and thus broke the trail. They were now in a large
+and densely-wooded swamp, and, effectually concealed by the umbrageous
+covering, sat down to a council of war.
+
+We may here state that Lieutenant Lemon, the late faithful companion of
+our hero, had been prevented from participating in the plan of escape,
+and was eventually taken back to be re-tortured in his old quarters at
+Columbia. Wright was also an escaped prisoner from Columbia, whom
+Glazier had often met during his imprisonment there. He escaped from
+"Camp Sorghum" a few days after Lemon and Glazier, but unfortunately was
+recaptured just when he felt that he was about to bid adieu to his
+captivity.
+
+Lieutenant Wright possessed one advantage for the dangerous and
+desperate enterprise they had now re-entered upon--he knew the country.
+By his advice, therefore, it was agreed to remain quietly concealed in
+the swamp until night, when he would lead the way to the hut of a negro
+who had befriended him during his previous attempt to escape.
+
+About midnight he piloted Glazier to the hut of "Old Richard," a worthy
+and kind-hearted negro, who had supplied him with hoe-cake and bacon
+just before his recapture. Richard was in ecstasies on beholding his
+friend, Massa Wright, again, whom he knew to have been retaken, and with
+due formality, our hero was introduced. On being asked for some bacon
+and sweet potatoes to put with their corn-bread, he replied: "Pooty hard
+case, massa; but dis yer darkey'll do de best he can. Can't get nuffin'
+on this plantation, but reckon I can buy some 'tatoes down at Massa
+Smith's, three miles from yer, and will go down thar after I finish my
+task to-morrer. As to meat," he said, "you know, massa, dat in the Souf
+de slave takes what de white folks frows away, and I reckon you all
+couldn't eat a tainted ham dat ole massa gib me t'other day; but if you
+can, God knows dis chile gibs it to you wid all his heart." Having
+become, from long fasting, almost entirely indifferent to the sense of
+taste, our friends gave Old Richard to understand that the ham would be
+welcome.
+
+The important question of rations having been thus satisfactorily
+arranged, Richard was asked to guide the fugitives to some place of
+hiding, where no rebel could find them. Accordingly, they were conducted
+to a swamp, and soon discovered a secure place of concealment for the
+day. "The whippoorwill and turtle-dove," Captain Glazier writes,
+"enlivened the hours with their inspiring notes, and as night began to
+approach, the gloomy owl, from the tree-tops, uttered his solemn warning
+cry. The pine and cypress, swayed by the breeze, moaned a perpetual
+chorus, and under their teaching we learned, during the long, dreary
+hours, how much we were indebted to these dismal wilds, that concealed
+both friend and foe.
+
+"Here the rebel deserter concealed himself from his pursuers. Here the
+loyalist found a hiding-place from the rebel conscripting officer. Here
+the trembling negro had his first taste of freedom. Here the escaped
+Union prisoner was enabled to baffle blood-hounds and human-hounds, and
+make his way to the Federal lines."
+
+The day wore away at length, and as darkness was approaching, Old
+Richard, true to his promise, was on hand with the supplies. He gave the
+fugitives all he had been able to purchase with his small means, and
+they, after asking God to bless him for his kindness, departed. Our
+friends trudged away, rejoicing, notwithstanding their fatigue, and the
+bodily weakness of Glazier. For the latter had by this time been reduced
+in weight to not more than ninety pounds, his usual weight having been
+about one hundred and forty-five. He was still, however, filled with
+indomitable "pluck," and a determination to conquer the situation, with
+all its dread horrors, and return to his colors. Wright, on the other
+hand, had a splendid physique, and cared little for hardships that would
+have intimidated, or perhaps killed, an ordinary man. On several
+occasions he picked Glazier up and generously bore him upon his broad
+shoulders over the worst parts of the swamp, the latter being too weak
+to make his way alone without falling into the slough-holes.
+
+They were startled, in the course of this night, on seeing two men, who,
+by their conversation, which was overheard, proved to be rebel deserters
+from Wheeler's command. Our friends deemed it the wisest plan to secrete
+themselves behind a log until the men had passed.
+
+At break of day they again concealed themselves, and rested between the
+roots of an ancient cypress. Their ears were now greeted with the
+distant boom of heavy cannon, which came from the direction of Savannah.
+This helped in directing their course for the following night, and also
+announced to them in plain language that they were not very far from the
+friends they longed to meet.
+
+Refreshed and hopeful they started as the shades of evening fell,
+determined, if possible, to accomplish a good march before daylight.
+
+They had not, however, proceeded far, when a large plantation became
+visible, the white mansion gleaming through the trees. Wright
+recognizing the place, suggested that Glazier might procure a good
+supper, and something for the haversack, if he would boldly call and
+personate a rebel officer, trusting to his face and ready wit to carry
+him through. He had heard from some negroes that the only occupant was a
+Mrs. Keyton and some young children, the wife and family of the planter,
+who was an officer in the rebel army; and further that there were no
+hounds about the place.
+
+Glazier, with characteristic promptness, acquiesced; and the following
+is a description of the interview, extracted from the diary, which amid
+all his wanderings and trials he never failed to keep regularly written
+up:
+
+"After hearing Wright's description, and having agreed upon signals of
+danger, should any occur, I started on my foraging expedition, with a
+good degree of assurance.
+
+"Stepping up to the door of the mansion, I rapped, and the lady soon
+made her appearance. She seemed both refined and intelligent. I asked,
+'Can you give this rebel a supper?' She replied, 'You shall have the
+best the house affords,' and invited me to step in and take a seat by
+the fire. I did so, saying, as I took my seat, 'Madam, I am shocked at
+the dastardly conduct of General Sherman in his march through Georgia.
+It has been characterized by nothing but what should excite revenge, and
+move to action, every man possessing a true Southern spirit. Our aged
+citizens, who have banded together for mutual protection, have been
+treated as bushwackers--have been driven from their homes, and their
+property confiscated. Our hounds, always true to the interests of the
+South, have been shot down by the road-side for no other reason than
+that they were used in tracking escaped prisoners--'
+
+"Interrupting me here, the lady remarked, much to my surprise, that she
+could not see that the Yankees were much worse than the Confederates,
+after all. She added: "'When the Yankee army passed through this State,
+they took from the rich the supplies necessary for their sustenance; and
+when our cavalry followed they took nearly all that was left, seeming to
+care but little for our wants, and often depriving defenceless women
+and children of their last morsel of bread.'
+
+"'I regret, madam, that the conduct of our troops has been such as to
+give you reason for complaint.'
+
+"'I, too, regret that our men have not proved themselves worthy of a
+cause which they appear so willing to defend.'
+
+"'Remember,' I continued, 'that our commissary department has been
+completely wrecked, and that we are entirely dependent upon the people
+for the subsistence of a large army.'
+
+"By the sad expression of her countenance, which accompanied and
+followed this remark, I saw clearly that she felt we had reached a
+crisis in the war, when Providence was turning the tables, and she
+accordingly interrogated:
+
+"'And what do you think of present prospects?'
+
+"I quickly responded, 'Our future looks dark--our cause appears almost
+hopeless, but the sacrifices of our gallant dead remain unavenged.
+Therefore, we must fight while there is a man left, and die in the last
+ditch.'
+
+"'If there be no longer any hope of success, sir, I should say that it
+would be better to lay down our arms at once, and go back under the old
+flag.'
+
+"'Madam, we must fight, we _must fight_!'
+
+"'But it is wickedness and worse than madness to continue this awful
+massacre of human beings, without some prospect of ultimate success.'
+
+"'Very true; but we have lost all in this struggle, and must sell our
+lives as dearly as possible.'
+
+"By this time the good lady seemed to have waxed enthusiastic, and
+warm as the fire over which the servant was preparing my supper, and she
+answered:
+
+"'My husband is a captain in the Twenty-fifth Georgia Infantry. He is
+the father of these children, and is very dear to both them and me. Long
+have I prayed that he might be spared to return to his family, but fear
+that we shall never be permitted to see him again. When he entered the
+army, I admired his patriotism, and was glad to see him go in defence of
+what I supposed to be the true interests of the southern people; but _we
+have been deceived from the beginning by our military and political
+leaders_. It is time to open our eyes, and see what obstinacy has
+brought us. We are conquered. Let us return to the rule of the Federal
+government, ere we are ruined.'
+
+"Madam, your sympathies appear to be largely with the Yankees.'
+
+"'It is not strange, sir; I was born and educated in New England;--and
+your speech would indicate that you too are not a native of the South.'
+
+"'You are right; I am a New Yorker by birth, but have been for a
+considerable time in South Carolina.'
+
+"After partaking of the frugal meal set before me, which consisted of
+corn-bread and sweet potatoes, I thanked the lady for her kindness, and
+told her that I regretted very deeply that I was not in a situation to
+remunerate her for so much trouble. Noticing my blue pants as I arose
+from the table, she remarked:
+
+"'It is impossible for me to know our men from the Yankees by the
+uniform; but a few days since, two soldiers asked me to get them some
+supper, claiming to be scouts to General Wheeler; they told many very
+plausible stories, and the next day, to my astonishment, I was charged
+with harboring Yankee spies.'
+
+"'I do not wonder that you find it difficult to distinguish the Yankee
+from the Confederate soldier, for in these trying times a poor rebel is
+compelled to wear anything he can get. The dead are always stripped, and
+at this season of the year, we find the Federal uniform far more
+comfortable than our own.'
+
+"'It must be an awful extremity that could tempt men to strip the dying
+and the dead!'
+
+"'We have become so much accustomed to such practices, that we are
+unmoved by scenes which might appall and sicken those who have never
+served in our ranks.'
+
+"'I sincerely hope that these murderous practices will soon be at an
+end.'
+
+"Feeling that I had been absent from my comrade long enough, and that it
+was time to make my departure, I arose, saying,
+
+"'I must go, madam; may I know to whom I am so much indebted for my
+supper and kind entertainment this evening?'
+
+"'Mrs. James Keyton. And what may I call your name?'
+
+"'Willard Glazier, Fifty-third Alabama Mounted Infantry.'
+
+"'Should you chance to meet the Twenty-fifth Georgia, please inquire for
+Captain Keyton, and say to him that his wife and children are well, and
+send their love.'
+
+"'He shall certainly have your message if it is my good fortune to meet
+him. Good-night.'"
+
+Leaving Mrs. Keyton with her fears for the rebel cause in general, and
+her husband in particular, Glazier hurried out to find his friend Wright
+pacing up and down the road in a bad humor at having been kept so long
+waiting; but setting their faces in the direction of Springfield, they
+at once started on their march. They soon found themselves approaching
+the rebel forces in General Sherman's rear, and determined at all risks
+to obtain information of the two armies. They were at General Iverson's
+headquarters, and at one time were within fifteen paces of the house he
+occupied.
+
+Cautiously concealing themselves behind trees they reached a spot within
+earshot of the provost-guard, and overheard their conversation. The
+prospects of the war were freely discussed, and the fall of Savannah.
+The conclusion forced on the minds of our friends was that the
+Confederate cause was losing ground, and its armies would soon be
+compelled to surrender to the Union force.
+
+Glazier and his comrade left the spot inspired with renewed courage.
+
+Six miles on their road to Springfield found daylight approaching, and
+the fugitives hurriedly secreted themselves among some tall swamp grass.
+They were suddenly aroused by the baying of a blood-hound, and
+immediately sprang to their feet.
+
+"We are followed!" exclaimed Wright.
+
+"What do you propose to do?" quickly asked Glazier.
+
+"I am undecided," was the unsatisfactory reply.
+
+"It is my opinion," said Glazier, promptly, "that if we are not off at
+once we shall be prisoners."
+
+"Well, off it is!" spoke Wright; and both struck off in a southeasterly
+direction in double quick time. Fences and ditches were leaped, and
+streams forded, the hounds approaching so nearly that their baying could
+be distinctly heard by the fugitives; but fortunately, or
+providentially, they came to a large creek, and jumping in, waded along
+its course for a distance of some sixty rods, then emerging, pursued
+their journey in the direction they had intended. About one o'clock they
+concluded they had out-generaled the bushwhackers and their hounds.
+Elated by success they became less cautious and did not halt. About two
+o'clock Glazier was startled by seeing his companion drop suddenly and
+silently behind a tree. Glazier followed, watching the movements of
+Wright, and presently saw that they were within a few rods of a
+Confederate picket. Before they had time to move a cavalry patrol came
+up to the post with instructions, and, as soon as he had passed, our
+friends crawled upon their hands and knees into the friendly swamp, and
+thus screened themselves from their enemy.
+
+The _hounds_, however, were a source of greater danger to the fugitives
+than the rebel pickets; the training and scent of the former having been
+so perfected and developed by long and cruel use in the recapture of
+fugitive slaves, that, to evade them, was almost an impossibility. Hence
+the sense of caution was strained to the utmost both by night and day on
+the part of our friends.
+
+The use of blood-hounds in warfare is considered _barbarous_ in every
+country pretending to civilization, even if they are employed against a
+foreign foe. How much more so, in a war waged between fellow-citizens of
+one blood, one history, one language, and in numerous instances, bearing
+domestic or family relations to each other; and this, in support of a
+cause, the righteousness of which was doubted by many who found
+themselves unwillingly compelled to give in their adherence at the
+dictation of a few ambitious men. For this sin a righteous God has
+judged them! A cause thus supported deserved defeat in the estimation of
+just men of every nation, apart from all political considerations.
+
+Captain Glazier and his friend congratulated themselves on having so far
+eluded, by every expedient known to them, the sanguinary fangs of these
+barbarous instruments of warfare; and after nightfall continued their
+route, passing the picket in the darkness.
+
+Soon after they encountered a colored friend, known among his people as
+"Uncle Philip." This good darkey informed them that the Federal forces
+had possession of Cherokee Hill, on the Savannah River Road, only eight
+miles distant--news which afforded them inexpressible joy! Uncle Philip
+was asked if he would guide them to the lines; and replied: "I'ze neber
+ben down dar, massa, sense Massa Sherman's company went to Savannah; but
+I reckon you-uns can git Massa Jones, a free cullered man, to take you
+ober. He's a mighty bright pusson, and understands de swamps jest like a
+book."
+
+On reaching Jones' hut his wife informed them that her husband was out
+scouting, but was expected back about eleven o'clock. She urged our
+friends to enter and await his return, as he was always glad to do all
+in his power for the Yankees. Fearing the rebel scouts might discover
+them, they, at first, hesitated, but consented on Mrs. Jones promising
+to be on the alert. She accordingly volunteered her two boys, one of
+eight years and the other six, for out-post duty, charging them strictly
+to notify her immediately if they saw any one approaching, so that she
+might conceal the fugitives. Auntie then promptly placed before them a
+bountiful supply of hoe-cake and parched corn, the best her humble cot
+afforded, and most welcome to the famished men.
+
+Jones returned at the appointed hour, but informed his guests that,
+while very willing to guide them, he was not sufficiently acquainted
+with the safest route to do so; and referred them to a friend of his,
+who would accompany them, and whom he could strongly recommend as a
+competent and safe guide. On visiting this man he also pleaded ignorance
+of any _safe_ route; but mentioned the name of still another "friend of
+the Yankees," who, he said, had come up from the Union lines that
+morning and would willingly return with them. This friendly negro also
+was found. He was a genuine negro, as black as ebony and very devout in
+his mode of speech. His name was "March Dasher." "I'll do it, massa, if
+God be my helper!" he answered to their eager inquiry.
+
+Glazier and his comrade were impatient to start at once, but upon this
+point Dasher was inexorable. "Dis chile knows whar de pickets is in de
+day-time," he emphatically declared, "but knows nuffin 'bout 'em arter
+dark;" and absolutely declined to take the risk of falling within the
+Confederate lines--an act of prudence and firmness for which he was to
+be much commended.
+
+A fear of treachery was aroused when Dasher tried to induce them to
+remain in his hut till morning, but this was immediately and entirely
+removed when he and his household at a signal, fell on their knees, and
+joined in simple but fervent prayer to the Almighty, as a friend of the
+friendless--beseeching Him to protect and prosper them in their
+efforts to flee from their enemies; and much more of a nature to disarm
+any suspicion of their fidelity and good-will to the Union cause.
+
+Our friends, however, declined to remain in the hut, fearing a surprise
+from the outpost; and at the conclusion of the prayer, betook themselves
+to a pine thicket with the joint resolution of giving their dark friend
+no peace until he started with them to the Federal lines.
+
+About one o'clock in the morning, Wright, impatient of delay, proceeded
+to the hut, and arousing Dasher, told him that day had just begun to
+break. He came to the door, and pointing to the stars in the unclouded
+sky, remarked, with a good-tempered smile, "I reck'n it's good many
+hours yet till break ob day, massa. Yer can't fool March on de time; his
+clock neber breaks down. It's jest right ebery time." Wright returned to
+his lair in the thicket, remarking irritably, as he threw himself down,
+"Glazier, you might as well undertake to move a mountain, as to get the
+start of that colored individual!"
+
+At the first peep of dawn, punctual to his promise, Dasher thrust his
+black, good-humored face into the thicket, and announced:
+
+"Now I'ze ready, gemmen, to take you right plum into Mr. Sherman's
+company by 'sun-up;'" and as Sol began to gild the tree-tops and the
+distant eastern hills, the trio came within sight of the Federal camp,
+and witnessed the "Stars and Stripes," floating triumphantly in the
+breeze!
+
+What pen can describe their emotions, when--after more than fourteen
+long months' suffering from imprisonment, starvation, nakedness, bodily
+and mental prostration, and every inhumanity short of being murdered,
+like many of their imprisoned comrades, in cold blood--they again hailed
+_friends_ and found _freedom_ at last within their grasp! Words would
+fail to tell their joy. Let us leave it to the reader to imagine.
+
+On first approaching the camp they were supposed, by their motley
+attire, to be deserters from the enemy; and, as true soldiers and
+deserters never fraternize, no signal of welcome was offered by the
+"boys in blue." The suspicions of the latter, however, were allayed on
+seeing Glazier and his companion wave their caps: then they were
+beckoned to come forward. And when it was discovered that they were
+_escaped prisoners_, an enthusiastic grip was given to each by every
+soldier present, accompanied by cordial congratulations on their
+successful escape from the barbarous enemy who had had them in custody.
+
+"Each man," writes Glazier, "took us by the hand, congratulating us on
+our eventful and successful escape, while we cheered the boys for the
+glorious work they had accomplished for the Union. Haversacks were
+opened and placed at our disposal. There was a great demand for
+hard-tack and coffee; but the beauty of it all was, Major Turner was not
+there, to say what he often repeated, 'Reduce their rations; I'll teach
+the d----d scoundrels not to attempt to escape!'
+
+"I cannot forget," he adds, "the sea of emotion that well-nigh
+overwhelmed me, as soon as I could realize the fact that I was no longer
+a prisoner, and especially when I beheld the starry banner floating
+triumphantly over the invincibles who had followed their great General
+down to the sea."
+
+Our hero and his friend became objects of much curiosity, while their
+eventful escape was the subject of general conversation and comment by
+the brave boys who pressed around them, and who proved to be a
+detachment of the One Hundred and First Illinois Volunteers, Twentieth
+Army Corps. Their most intimate friends would have failed to recognize
+them. Glazier was clad in an old gray jacket and blue pants, with a
+venerable and dilapidated hat which had seen a prodigious amount of
+service of a nondescript kind; while a tattered gray blanket that had
+done duty for many a month as a bed by day and a cloak by night, and was
+now in the last stage of dissolution from age and general infirmity,
+completed his unmilitary and unpretentious toilet. Having at first no
+one to identify them, Glazier and his companion were as strangers among
+friends, and necessarily without official recognition. At length,
+however, after much searching, they found Lieutenant Wright's old
+company, and thus the refugees became officially identified and
+recognized as Federal officers.
+
+In company with Lieutenant E. H. Fales, who had been his fellow-prisoner
+at Charleston, and effected his escape, Glazier proceeded on horseback
+to the headquarters of General Kilpatrick. The General, cordially
+welcoming and congratulating Glazier on his happy escape, at once
+furnished him with the documents necessary to secure his transportation
+to the North. His term of service having expired, he was anxious to
+revisit his family, who thought him dead, and bidding an affectionate
+adieu to his friend Wright, he and Lieutenant Fales embarked on a
+steamship on December twenty-ninth for home. After experiencing the
+effects of a severe storm at sea, the vessel arrived at the wharf of
+the metropolitan city, and our hero adds: "I awoke to the glorious
+realization that I was again breathing the air of my native State. There
+was exhilaration and rapture in the thought, which I could not repress,
+and that moment is fixed as a golden era in my memory. I hope never to
+become so hardened that that patriotic and Christian exultation will be
+an unpleasant recollection."
+
+There have probably been few hearts that beat higher with martial ardor,
+than that of Willard Glazier; but at that moment the thought of
+"Battle's red carnival" was merged in the gentler recollection of
+kindred and friends, rest and home.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVI.
+
+
+GLAZIER RE-ENTERS THE SERVICE.
+
+
+ Glazier's determination to re-enter the army.--Letter to Colonel
+ Harhaus.--Testimonial from Colonel Clarence Buel.--Letter from
+ Hon. Martin I. Townsend to governor of New York.--Letter from
+ General Davies.--Letter from General Kilpatrick.--Application for
+ new commission successful.--Home.--The mother fails to recognize
+ her son.--Supposed to be dead.--Recognized by his sister
+ Marjorie.--Filial and fraternal love,--Reports himself to his
+ commanding officer for duty.--Close of the war and of Glazier's
+ military career.--Seeks a new object in life.--An idea occurs to
+ him.--Becomes an author, and finds a publisher.
+
+Home, with its rest, its peaceful enjoyments and endearments, was no
+abiding place for our young soldier while his bleeding country still
+battled for the right, and called upon her sons for self-denying service
+in her cause. He had registered a vow to remain in the army until
+relieved by death, or the termination of the war. His heart and soul
+were in the Union cause, and finding that at the expiration of his term
+of service he had been mustered out, he had determined before proceeding
+to his home to apply for another commission, and, if possible, resume
+his place at the front.
+
+The following letter, which we think stamps his earnest loyalty to the
+cause he had espoused, and for which he had already suffered so much,
+was addressed to his friend and patron:
+
+
+ Astor House, New York,
+ _January 10th, 1865_.
+
+ Colonel Otto Harhaus,
+ Late of the Harris Light Cavalry:
+
+ Dear Colonel: Having reached our lines, an escaped prisoner, on the
+ twenty-third of last month, I at once took steps to ascertain my
+ position in the old regiment, and regret to say, was informed at
+ the war department that as my term of service had expired during my
+ imprisonment; and, as I had not remustered previous to capture, I
+ was now regarded supernumerary. I wish to remain in the service
+ until the close of the war, and so expressed myself before I fell
+ into the hands of the enemy. Fourteen months in rebel prisons has
+ not increased my respect for "Southern chivalry"--in short I have
+ some old scores to settle.
+
+ I write, Colonel, to ascertain if you will be kind enough to advise
+ me what steps I had better take to secure a new commission in the
+ Cavalry Corps, and to ask if you will favor me with a letter of
+ recommendation to Governor Fenton. It was suggested to me at
+ Washington that I should place my case before him, and, if I
+ conclude to do so, a note from you will be of great value.
+
+ I learn through Captain Downing that I was commissioned a first
+ lieutenant upon your recommendation soon after my capture. If so, I
+ avail myself of this opportunity to acknowledge my deep sense of
+ the favor, and to thank you very cordially for remembering me at a
+ time when I was entirely dependent upon your impartial decisions
+ for advancement in your command.
+
+ I made my escape from the rebel prison at Columbia, South Carolina,
+ November twenty-sixth, 1864, was recaptured December fifteenth by a
+ Confederate outpost near Springfield, Georgia; escaped a second
+ time the following day and was retaken by a detachment of Texan
+ cavalry under General Wheeler; was tried as a spy at Springfield;
+ escaped a third time from Sylvania on the nineteenth of December,
+ and reached the Federal lines near Savannah, four days later, and
+ twenty-eight days after my escape from Columbia. I was at General
+ Kilpatrick's headquarters on the Ogeechee, December twenty-sixth.
+ The general was in the most exuberant spirits, and entertained me
+ with stories of the Great March from Atlanta to the sea. He desired
+ to be remembered to all the officers and men of his old cavalry
+ division in Virginia.
+
+ I expect to be mustered out of service to-day, and if so, shall
+ start this evening for my home in Northern New York, which I have
+ not visited since entering the army three years ago.
+
+ Soliciting a response at your earliest convenience,
+
+ I have the honor to remain, Colonel,
+
+ Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
+ Willard Glazier.
+
+
+Impatient of delay in the gratification of his ardent and patriotic
+desire to rejoin the army, Glazier also addressed an earnest letter to
+Hon. M. I. Townsend, of his native State, accompanying it with the
+following glowing testimonial from his late superior officer and
+companion in arms, Colonel Clarence Buel:
+
+
+ Saratoga Springs, New York,
+ _February 14th, 1865._
+
+ Hon. Martin I. Townsend:
+
+ Dear Sir: It is with great pleasure that I introduce to your
+ acquaintance my friend Lieutenant Willard Glazier. He entered the
+ service as a private in my company in the "Harris Light Cavalry,"
+ and was promoted for services in the field to his present rank. I
+ considered him one of the very best and most promising young
+ officers whom I knew, and his career has only strengthened my
+ opinion of his merits. After a period of long and gallant service
+ in the field he had the misfortune to be taken prisoner in a
+ desperate cavalry fight, and has but recently returned home after
+ escaping from a terrible confinement of more than a year in the
+ prison pens at Richmond, Danville, Macon, Savannah, Charleston, and
+ Columbia. I wish you would take time to hear the modest recital
+ which he makes of his experience in Southern prisons, and of his
+ escape; and I feel sure you will agree with me, that he is worthy
+ of any interest you may take in him.
+
+ He is desirous of re-entering the service as soon as he can procure
+ a commission in any way equal to his deserts; and I told him that I
+ knew of no one who could give him more valuable aid than yourself
+ in his patriotic purpose. I do most cordially commend him to your
+ consideration, and shall esteem anything you may do for him as a
+ great personal favor. With very sincere regards,
+
+ I am, your obedient friend and servant,
+ Clarence Buel.
+
+
+Hon. Martin I. Townsend, on receipt of Colonel Buel's flattering
+introduction, at once interested himself in Glazier's behalf; and after
+fully investigating his military record handed him the following to the
+Governor of New York State:
+
+
+ Troy, New York,
+ _February 15th, 1865._
+
+ His Excellency R. E. Fenton, Governor of New York:
+
+ Dear Sir: Willard Glazier, late of the "Harris Light Cavalry," who
+ served with honor as a lieutenant in that regiment, is a most
+ excellent young patriot, and has many well-wishers in our city. He
+ desires to enter the service again. I take the liberty to solicit
+ for him a commission. No appointment would be more popular here,
+ and I undertake to say, without hesitation, that I know of no more
+ deserving young officer. His heart was always warm in the service,
+ and he now has fifteen months of most barbarous cruelty, practised
+ on him while a prisoner, to avenge.
+
+ Very respectfully yours,
+ Martin I. Townsend.
+
+
+His former commanders, Generals H. E. Davies and Judson Kilpatrick, also
+bore their willing testimony to the qualifications and merits of our
+young subaltern in the following handsome manner:
+
+
+ Headquarters, First Brigade, Cavalry Division,
+ Near Culpepper, Va.,
+
+ _February 16th, 1865._
+
+ To His Excellency Hon. R. E. Fenton:
+
+ Lieutenant Willard Glazier, formerly of the Second New York
+ Cavalry, served in the regiment under my immediate command, for
+ more than two years, until his capture by the enemy.
+
+ He joined the regiment as an enlisted man, and served in that
+ capacity with courage and ability, and for good conduct was
+ recommended for and received a commission as second lieutenant. As
+ an officer he did his duty well, and on several occasions behaved
+ with great gallantry, and with good judgment. Owing to a long
+ imprisonment, I learn he has been rendered supernumerary in his
+ regiment, and mustered out of service. I can recommend him highly
+ as an officer, and as well worthy to receive a commission.
+
+ Very respectfully,
+ H. E. Davies, Jr.,
+ Brigadier-General U. S. Volunteers.
+
+
+ Headquarters Cavalry Command, M. D. M.,
+ Near Savannah, Georgia, _December 27th, 1864_.
+
+ Lieutenant Willard Glazier, Harris Light Cavalry:
+
+ Lieutenant: I take great pleasure in expressing to you my high
+ appreciation of your many soldierly qualities. I well remember the
+ fact that you were once a private in the old regiment I had the
+ honor to command; and that by attention to duty and good conduct
+ _alone_, you received promotion. You have my best wishes for your
+ future advancement, and may command my influence at all times.
+
+ Very respectfully and truly yours,
+ Judson Kilpatrick,
+ Brigadier-General, U. S. Volunteers.
+
+
+His application was crowned with success, and upon the twenty-fifth of
+February, 1865, he received his commission as First Lieutenant in the
+Twenty-sixth Regiment, New York Cavalry.
+
+Not until this important matter was satisfactorily arranged would our
+young lieutenant turn his face towards home. He had been absent about
+three years, and a report had reached his family that he had died in
+prison at Columbia.
+
+With his commission in his pocket, he now allowed thoughts of home to
+occupy his mind, and proceeded thither without the loss of a moment. On
+reaching the homestead which had been the scene of his birth, and of the
+adventures of his boyhood, he knocked and entered, and his mother met
+him at the threshold. Three years between the ages of sixteen and
+nineteen, especially after vicissitudes and sufferings such as he had
+endured, effect changes in the features and height and general
+appearance, much more pronounced than a similar interval would produce
+at a later or an earlier period of life. The mother did not recognize
+her son; and seeing this, he did not announce himself, but inquired if
+any news had recently been received of her son Willard, who, he said,
+was in the same regiment as himself. She answered that her son was
+_dead_--she had seen his name in the death-record of the prison of
+Columbia, and asked earnestly concerning him. By this time his sister
+Marjorie, with three years added to her stature, but still in her teens,
+entered the room, and, looking fixedly at the stranger's solemn
+countenance, exclaimed, with a thrilling outcry: "Why, that's Will!" The
+spell was broken, and mother and son, sister and brother, amid smiles
+and sobs, embraced, and the young soldier, "who was dead and is alive,"
+was welcomed to the fond hearts of those who had grieved over his loss.
+
+Filial and fraternal love was a trait in Glazier's character which
+claims a few words. A dutiful son and an affectionate brother, he had
+never neglected an opportunity of assisting and furthering the interests
+of his family. Before entering the army he had contributed of his scant
+earnings as a teacher towards the education of his three sisters, and
+during his service in the war had, from time to time, as he received his
+pay, made remittances home for the same unselfish purpose. On being
+mustered out of the army, the government had paid him the sum of $500,
+and this sum he now generously handed over to his parents to be also
+expended in perfecting the education of his sisters.
+
+Lieutenant Glazier now hastened to report himself to the commanding
+officer of his regiment, and displayed all his wonted energy and
+devotion to the cause of the Union. He served faithfully and honorably
+until the mighty hosts of the Federal army melted back into quiet
+citizenship, with nothing to distinguish them from other citizens but
+their scars and the proud consciousness of having SERVED AND SAVED
+THEIR COUNTRY.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+This brief history of the military career of a remarkable man would not
+be complete without some account of his life subsequent to the
+dissolution of the great army of volunteers. Willard Glazier's conduct
+as a soldier formed an earnest of his future good citizenship--his
+devotion to duty at the front, a foreshadow of his enterprise and
+success in the business of life.
+
+Having been honorably mustered out, he lost no time in looking about for
+an occupation. Joining the volunteer army when a mere youth, his
+opportunities of learning a profession had been very limited, and he
+consequently now found himself without any permanent means of support.
+His education had been necessarily interrupted by the breaking out of
+the war, and his chief anxiety, now that the struggle was over, was to
+enter college and complete his studies.
+
+This desire was very intense in our young citizen-soldier, and absorbed
+all his thoughts; but where to find the means for its accomplishment he
+was at a loss to discover. In ponderings upon this subject from day to
+day, an idea suddenly occurred to him, which formed an epoch in his
+life, and the development of which has proved it to have been the basis
+of a successful and useful career. The _idea_ that has borne fruit was
+this: During the period of his service in the war he had kept a diary.
+Herein he had recorded his experiences from day to day, adding such
+brief comments as the events called for, and time and opportunity
+permitted. This diary he always kept upon his person, and while on a
+long and hurried march, or in a battle with the enemy, his _vade mecum_
+would be, of necessity, occasionally neglected, no sooner did the
+opportunity offer than his mind wandered back over the few days'
+interval since the previous entry, and each event of interest was duly
+chronicled. Again during the period of his confinement in Southern
+prisons, sick, and subjected to most inhuman treatment and privation,
+and while escaping from his brutal captors, concealed in the swamps
+during the day, tired, hungry, and cold, his diary was never forgotten,
+albeit, the entries were frequently made under the greatest
+difficulties, such as to most men would have proved insurmountable.
+
+This journal was now in his possession. He had stirred the souls of
+relatives and friends by reading from it accounts of bloody scenes
+through which he had passed; of cruelties practised upon him and his
+brother-patriots in Southern bastiles; of his various attempts to
+escape, and pursuit by blood-hounds and their barbarous masters. The
+story of his war experiences entranced hundreds of eager listeners
+around his home, and the idea that now occurred to him, while anxiously
+pondering the ways and means of paying his college fees, was, that his
+story might possibly, by the aid of his diary, be arranged in the form
+of a book, and if he were fortunate enough to find a sale for it, the
+profits would probably furnish the very thing he stood so much in need
+of.
+
+Prompt in everything, the thought no sooner occurred to the young
+candidate for college honors than he proceeded to reduce it to action.
+He forthwith commenced arranging the facts and dates from the diary;
+constructed sentences in plain Saxon English; the work grew upon him;
+he "fought his battles o'er again;" was again captured, imprisoned and
+escaped; the work continued to grow, and at the end of six weeks' hard
+application, always keeping his _object_ in view, Willard Glazier, the
+young cavalryman, found himself an author--_i. e._, in manuscript.
+
+Not a little surprised and gratified to discover that he possessed the
+gift of putting his thoughts in a readable form, he now felt hopeful
+that the day was not distant when the desire of his soul to enter
+college would be realized.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVII.
+
+
+CAREER AS AN AUTHOR.
+
+
+ Glazier in search of a publisher for "Capture, Prison-Pen and
+ Escape."--Spends his last dollar.--Lieutenant Richardson a friend
+ in need.--Joel Munsell, of Albany, consents to publish.--The
+ author solicits subscriptions for his work before
+ publication.--Succeeds.--Captain Hampton.--R. H.
+ Ferguson.--Captain F. C. Lord.--Publication and sale of first
+ edition.--Great success.--Pays his publisher in full.--Still
+ greater successes.--Finally attains an enormous sale.--Style of
+ the work.--Extracts.--Opinions of the press.
+
+Still very young, and knowing nothing of the trade of the Publisher,
+Glazier found his way to the Empire City, and, manuscript in hand,
+presented himself before some of her leading publishers--among them, the
+Harpers, Appletons, Carleton, Sheldon and others.
+
+To these gentlemen he showed his manuscript, and received courteous
+recognition from each; but the terms they offered were not of a
+character to tempt him. They would publish his book and pay him a small
+royalty on their sales. His faith in his manuscript led him to expect
+more substantial results. The subject of the work was one of absorbing
+interest at the time, and if he had handled it properly, he knew the
+book must meet with a commensurate sale. He therefore determined, if
+possible, to find a publisher willing to make it to his order, and leave
+him to manipulate the sale himself. He was already in possession of
+many unsolicited orders for it, and although knowing nothing of the
+subscription-book business, determined that, when printed, his book
+should be brought out by subscription.
+
+Meanwhile, he was, unfortunately, like many incipient authors, without
+capital, and could not therefore remain longer in New York for lack of
+means, having literally nothing left wherewith to defray even his board
+or procure a lodging. He was, consequently, compelled to leave if he
+could obtain the means of doing so. He had arrived in New York with
+sanguine expectations of readily meeting with a publisher, but
+discovered, from bitter experience, as many others have done, that
+authors and publishers not unfrequently view their interests from
+divergent points. Courteous but cool, they offered the unknown author
+little encouragement, who, but for this, would have made the metropolis
+the starting-point in his successful literary career.
+
+At this juncture he called on Lieutenant Arthur Richardson, an old
+comrade of the "Harris Light," who had also been his fellow-prisoner,
+and was then residing in New York. To him he confided his difficulty in
+finding a publisher for his book, and his extremely straitened
+circumstances, at the same time stating his strong wish to return, if
+possible, to Albany, where he was known. Without ceremony and without
+conditions Richardson generously handed him twenty dollars, and, with
+this godsend in hand, Glazier at once returned to Albany.
+
+Arrived in the capital of his native State, he lost no time in calling
+on the bookmen of that city, and among them, fortunately, on Mr. Joel
+Munsell, of 82 State street. This gentleman, well known for his
+learning and probity throughout the State, and far beyond its limits,
+combined the profession of an author with the more lucrative one of
+publisher and bookseller, and was pre-eminently in good standing as a
+worthy citizen and man of business.
+
+Glazier introduced himself, and once more produced his fateful
+manuscript for inspection. Mr. Munsell glanced at it through his
+glasses, and candidly admitted the subject to be one of great interest,
+adding that he also thought the manuscript was carefully written, and
+spoke in general complimentary terms of the author and his production.
+
+Glazier, elated with this praise, at once asked to have the work
+stereotyped and made into a book of some four hundred pages, with ten
+illustrations. Mr. Munsell would be only too ready to fill the order,
+but politely suggested, as a preliminary condition, an advance of two
+hundred dollars! Our author modestly confessed, without hesitation, that
+he was not worth two hundred cents; had no means of obtaining such a
+sum, and could therefore advance nothing. The worthy old gentleman was
+startled, and answered that such was the custom of the trade. He then
+inquired if Glazier had any friends who would endorse a note for the
+amount at thirty days. The reply was that he had none; that he would
+exert himself to obtain a small sum from army friends, and if he
+succeeded, would hand it over to him; that his only capital at present
+was his conduct and character as a soldier, for testimony to which he
+would refer to his late commanding officer, "and," he added, "faith in
+the success of my book." He further offered to solicit subscriptions for
+the book himself before publication, and report the result to the
+publisher.
+
+[Illustration: Interview With Joel Munsell.]
+
+Mr. Munsell, pleased with his appearance and ingenuousness, hinted at
+the purchase of the manuscript, but the proposal being respectfully
+declined, inquired, if the writer undertook to sell the book himself,
+would he "stick to it." "Yes!" was the emphatic answer, "until
+everything is fully paid for."
+
+The reply of Munsell was equally prompt and decisive: "I have never in
+all the years I have been in business published a work under such
+circumstances, _but I will get that book out for you_." Glazier thanked
+the worthy man, and expressed a hope that he would never have occasion
+to regret his generous deed; he would place the manuscript in his hands
+forthwith.
+
+He then set out to solicit subscriptions for his work, and without
+prospectus, circular, or any of the usual paraphernalia of a
+solicitor--with nothing but his own unsupported representations of the
+quality of his projected book, succeeded in obtaining a very
+considerable number of orders. These he hastened to hand over to Joel
+Munsell, who was now confirmed in his good opinion of the writer, and
+the promising character of the venture.
+
+Thus our young soldier-author was fortunate enough to find a publisher
+and a friend in need. A contract was drawn up, and feeling that his
+prospects were now somewhat assured, he ventured to write to his
+comrade, and late fellow-prisoner, Captain Hampton, of Rochester, New
+York, for the loan of fifty dollars. This sum was promptly sent him, and
+he at once handed it over to his publisher. Mr. R. H. Ferguson, late of
+the "Harris Light," also generously came forward to the assistance of
+his former comrade and tent-mate, and advanced him one hundred dollars
+to help on the work.
+
+It may be stated here, that the friendship of Ferguson and Glazier dated
+from before the war, while the latter, a mere youth, was teaching school
+near Troy, in Rensselaer County, New York: that together, on the summons
+to arms, they enlisted in the Harris Light Cavalry; together went to the
+seat of war; that both fell into the hands of the rebels and had
+experience of Southern prisons; and that both effected their escape
+after the endurance of much suffering. Finally, their friendship and
+common career resulted in a business connection which was attended with
+considerable success, Mr. Ferguson having become the publisher of some
+of Captain Glazier's subsequent writings. Captain Frederick C. Lord, of
+Naugatuck, Connecticut, also contributed to Glazier's need, and enabled
+him by the opportune loan of twenty-five dollars to defray his board
+bill while waiting anxiously upon Munsell in the reading of proofs, and
+soliciting subscriptions in advance.
+
+To return to the first work of our young author, now in the hands of
+Joel Munsell, of Albany, which was entitled "The Capture, Prison-Pen and
+Escape;" the first edition consisted of five hundred copies, which
+Glazier by his energy disposed of in a few days, handing over the
+proceeds to the publisher. At the end of six months he had called for
+several editions of his book, and sold them all through the
+instrumentality of solicitors selected by himself, some of them maimed
+soldiers of the war, paid Mr. Munsell in full, and had himself three
+thousand dollars in hand. Success is the mother of success.
+
+Having prospered thus far beyond his expectations, he was anxious to add
+to his store. Visions of large sales over other territory than his
+native State of New York presented themselves to his eager mind; the
+book was purchased by the public as soon as it was published; reviewers
+spoke in enthusiastic praise of its merits. It was not a pretentious
+work--the author was simply a young man and a patriot. But passages of
+great beauty and of painful interest pervaded it, alternated with vivid
+descriptions of battles in which the writer had himself shared. A
+veteran author need not have been ashamed of many of its glowing pages.
+Lofty patriotism, heroic fortitude, and moral purity, characterized it
+throughout.
+
+The account given of the sufferings of our soldiers while in the
+prison-pens of the South, and of his own and his comrades' while
+effecting their escape to the Federal lines, are so vividly portrayed,
+that our feelings are intensely enlisted in their behalf, and our minds
+wander to their dreary abodes--in thought sharing their sufferings and
+their sorrows.
+
+Encouraged by his success in this new vocation our young author
+resolved, for the present at least, to postpone going to college, and
+devote himself to the sale of his book, by the simple agency before
+mentioned. This resolution cannot be considered surprising when we
+reflect upon the great amount of prosperity he had met with, and the
+prospect before him of attaining still greater advantage from a business
+upon which he had, by the merest accident, ventured. The college scheme
+was at length finally abandoned as the business continued to increase.
+"The Capture, Prison-Pen and Escape" ultimately reached the enormous
+sale of over four hundred thousand copies; larger by many thousands than
+that most extensively circulated and deservedly popular book, "Uncle
+Tom's Cabin," had ever attained to, inclusive of its sale in Europe.
+
+The first book written and published by Willard Glazier is of a
+character to surprise us, when we consider the antecedents of the writer
+up to the date of its publication, December, 1865. Enlisting in the
+ranks of a cavalry regiment at the age of eighteen, during the exciting
+period of the civil war; a participant in many of its sanguinary
+battles; captured by the enemy and imprisoned under circumstances of the
+greatest trial and discouragement, his position and surroundings were
+not a very promising school for the training of an author. The book he
+produced is, in our judgment, not unworthy of comparison with the
+immortal work of Defoe, with this qualification in our author's favor
+that "Robinson Crusoe" is a fiction, while Glazier's is a true story of
+real adventure undergone by the writer and his comrades of the Union
+army.
+
+His style in narrating his adventures is admirably adapted to the
+subject; while the simple, unpretentious manner in which he describes
+the terrible scenes he witnessed, and passed through, enlists the
+reader's interest in the work, and sympathy for the modest writer
+himself. By the publication of this book, Glazier stamped his name upon
+his country's roll of honor, and at the same time laid the foundation of
+his fortune.
+
+As a specimen of his easy flowing style we give part of the opening
+chapter of "Capture, Prison-Pen and Escape:"
+
+"The first battle of Bull Run was fought July twenty-first, 1861, and
+the shock of arms was felt throughout the land, carrying triumph to the
+South, and to the North dismay. Our proud and confident advance into
+'Dixie' was not only checked, but turned into a disastrous rout. The
+patriotic but unwarlike enthusiasm of the country, which had hoped to
+crush the rebellion with seventy-five thousand men, was temporarily
+stifled. But the chilling was only like that of the first stealthy drops
+of the thunder-gust upon a raging fire, which breaks out anew and with
+increased vigor when the tempest fans it with its fury, and now burns in
+spite of a deluge of rain. The chill had passed and the fever was
+raging. From the great centres of national life went forth warm currents
+of renovating public opinion, which reached the farthest hamlet on our
+frontiers. Every true man was grasping the stirring questions of the
+day, and was discussing them with his family at his own fireside, and
+the rebellion was just as surely doomed as when Grant received the
+surrender of Lee's army. In a deeper and broader sense than before, the
+country was rising to meet the emergency, and northern patriotism, now
+thoroughly aroused, was sweeping everything before it. Everywhere
+resounded the cry, 'To arms!' and thousands upon thousands were
+responding to the President's call.
+
+"It was under these circumstances that I enlisted, as a private soldier,
+at Troy, New York, on the sixth day of August, in a company raised by
+Captain Clarence Buel, for the Second Regiment of New York Cavalry. It
+is needless to make elaborate mention of the motives which induced me to
+enter the service, or the emotions which then filled my breast; they can
+be readily conjectured by every loyal heart."
+
+The Press, throughout the North (and West, as far as its circulation had
+reached), spoke very highly of the production and of its author, all
+bearing the same testimony to its excellence and truthfulness. The
+Albany _Evening Post_ says:
+
+ "'The Capture, Prison-Pen and Escape' is the title of an intensely
+ interesting work, giving a complete history of prison-life in the
+ South. The book is at once accurate, graphic and admirably written.
+ It is full of adventure, and quite as readable as a romance. A
+ person who reads this volume will have a better idea of what it
+ cost in the way of blood, suffering and courage, to preserve the
+ Republic, than he can now possibly entertain."
+
+The Cleveland _Daily Leader_ writes:
+
+ "We have had the pleasure of reading this book. It describes, in
+ the most graphic and interesting style, the prison-life of Union
+ soldiers in the South, their plans of escape, and their various
+ trials and hardships there. The history contained in the book is
+ very valuable. The Press, all over the land, speaks very highly of
+ it, and we can do naught but add our commendations to the rest."
+
+The New York _Reformer_ exclaims:
+
+ "From the title-page to its close, the volume is full of fresh
+ incidents, attracting the reader on, from page to page, with
+ unbroken, though at times with melancholy, at others indignant, and
+ at others wrathful, interest."
+
+[Illustration: Calvary.--foraging Party Returning To Camp.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVIII.
+
+
+"THREE YEARS IN THE FEDERAL CAVALRY."
+
+
+ Another work by Captain Glazier.--"Three Years in the Federal
+ Cavalry."--Daring deeds of the Light Dragoons.--Extracts from the
+ work.--Night attack on Falmouth Heights.--Kilpatrick's
+ stratagem.--Flight of the enemy.--Capture of Falmouth.--Burial of
+ Lieutenant Decker.--Incidents at "Brandy Station."--"Harris
+ Light" and "Tenth New York."--"Men of Maine, you must save the
+ day!"--Position won.--Some Press reviews of the work.
+
+Through earnest and continued application our soldier-author had, in the
+meantime, produced another book of equal merit with his first. This he
+named, "Three Years in the Federal Cavalry." It is a work of thrilling
+interest, and contains much of history relating to the Civil War, and
+more especially to the cavalry service. It was the opinion of Captain
+Glazier that the Union cavalry had never been properly appreciated, and
+for this reason he took up his pen in its defense. He narrates the
+daring deeds of our Light Dragoons, their brilliant achievements during
+the first three eventful years of the war; and his own personal
+experiences are pictured with a vividness of color and an enthusiasm of
+manner which carry the reader straight to the field of action.
+
+We quote the following brief but graphic description of the opening of
+the great Rebellion, as a specimen of the style of this second product
+of his intellect:
+
+"The eleventh of April, 1861, revealed the real intention of the
+Southern people in their unprovoked assault upon Fort Sumpter. The
+thunder of rebel cannon shook the air not only around Charleston, but
+sent its thrilling vibrations to the remotest sections of the country,
+and was the precursor of a storm whose wrath no one anticipated. This
+shock of arms was like a fire-alarm in our great cities, and the North
+arose in its might with a grand unanimity which the South did not
+expect. The spirit and principle of rebellion were so uncaused and
+unprovoked, that scarcely could any one be found at home or abroad to
+justify them.
+
+"President Lincoln thereupon issued a call for seventy-five thousand men
+to uphold and vindicate the authority of the government, and to prove,
+if possible, that secession was not only a heresy in doctrine, but an
+impracticability in the American Republic. The response to this call was
+much more general than the most sanguine had any reason to look for. The
+enthusiasm of the people was quite unbounded. Individuals encouraged
+individuals; families aroused families; communities vied with
+communities, and States strove with States. Who could be the first and
+do the most, was the noble contention which everywhere prevailed. All
+political party lines seemed to be obliterated. Under this renovating
+and inspiring spirit the work of raising the nucleus of the grandest
+army that ever swept a continent went bravely on. Regiments were rapidly
+organized, and as rapidly as possible sent forward to the seat of
+government; and so vast was the number that presented themselves for
+their country's defence, that the original call was soon more than
+filled, and the authorities found themselves unable to accept many
+organizations which were eager to press into the fray.
+
+"Meanwhile the great leaders of the rebellion were marshalling the
+hordes of treason, and assembling them on the plains of Manassas, with
+the undoubted intention of moving upon the national capital. This point
+determined the principal theatre of the opening contest, and around it
+on every side, and particularly southward, was to be the aceldama of
+America, the dreadful 'field of blood.'
+
+"The first great impulse of the authorities was in the direction of
+self-defence, and Washington was fortified and garrisoned. This done, it
+was believed that the accumulating forces of the Union, which had become
+thoroughly equipped and somewhat disciplined, ought to advance into the
+revolted Territory, scatter the defiant hosts of the enemy, and put a
+speedy end to the slave-holders' rebellion."
+
+Again we quote a description of an incident of the cavalry fight at
+Brandy Station:
+
+"At a critical moment, when the formidable and ever increasing hosts of
+the enemy were driving our forces from a desirable position we sought to
+gain, and when it seemed as though disaster to our arms would be fatal,
+Kilpatrick's battle-flag was seen advancing, followed by the tried
+squadrons of the 'Harris Light,' the 'Tenth New York,' and the 'First
+Maine.' In echelons of squadrons his brigade was quickly formed, and he
+advanced, like a storm-cloud, upon the rebel cavalry, which filled the
+field before him. The 'Tenth New York' received the first shock of the
+rebel charge, but was hurled back, though not in confusion. The 'Harris
+Light' met with no better success, and, notwithstanding their prestige
+and power, they were repulsed under the very eye of their chief, whose
+excitement at the scene was well-nigh uncontrollable. His flashing eye
+now turned to the 'First Maine,' a regiment composed mostly of heavy,
+sturdy men, who had not been engaged as yet during the day; and, riding
+to the head of the column, he shouted, 'Men of Maine, you must save the
+day! Follow me!' With one simultaneous war-cry these giants of the North
+moved forward in one solid mass upon the flank of the rebel columns. The
+shock was overwhelming, and the opposing lines crumbled like a 'bowing
+wall' before this wild rush of prancing horses, gleaming sabres, and
+rattling balls.
+
+"On rode Kilpatrick, with the 'men of Maine,' and, on meeting the two
+regiments of his brigade, which had been repulsed, and were returning
+from the front, the General's voice rang out like trumpet notes, above
+the din of battle, 'Back, the "Harris Light!" Back, the "Tenth New
+York!" Reform your squadrons and charge!' With magical alacrity the
+order was obeyed, and the two regiments, which had been so humbled by
+their first reverse, now rushed into the fight with a spirit and success
+which redeemed them from censure, and accounted them worthy of their
+gallant leader. The commanding position was won; a battery, lost in a
+previous charge, was re-captured, and an effectual blow was given to the
+enemy, which greatly facilitated the movements which followed."
+
+From numerous press notices, eulogistic of this work, which appeared
+shortly after its publication, we select the following from the Chicago
+_Times_:
+
+ "For the thousands of warriors who entered upon life too late to
+ participate in the war of the rebellion; for the thousands who
+ entered upon life too soon to be permitted a sight of its glorious
+ and hideous scenes; for the thousands who snuffed the smoke of
+ battle from afar; no better book could have been produced than this
+ 'Three Years in the Federal Cavalry.' ... It tells them in
+ thrilling and glowing language of the most exciting phases of the
+ contests.... It is a book that will thrill the heart of every old
+ soldier who reads its historic pages.... The author carries his
+ readers into every scene which he depicts. Throughout the book one
+ is impressed with the idea that he saw all that he describes....
+ The triumphs, the despondencies, the sufferings, the joys of the
+ troops, are feelingly and vigorously painted.... His book is a
+ noble tribute to the gallant horsemen, who have too often been
+ overlooked."
+
+The Syracuse _Herald_ remarks:
+
+ "Among the newest, and we may truly say the best of the books on
+ the civil war, is a work by the widely-known author, Captain
+ Willard Glazier, entitled 'Three Years in the Federal Cavalry.'...
+ Its pages teem with word-painting of hair-breadth escapes, of
+ marches, of countermarches, bivouacs and battles without number.
+ Stirring memories of Brandy Station, Chantilly, Antietam,
+ Fredericksburg, Yorktown, Falmouth and Gettysburg, are roused by
+ the masterly _raconteur_, until in October, 1864, just beyond New
+ Baltimore, the gallant captain was captured, and for a year
+ languished in 'durance vile.' The interest in the narrative never
+ flags, but rather increases with each succeeding page. For those
+ who love to fight their battles o'er again, or those who love to
+ read of war's alarms, this volume will prove most welcome."
+
+The New York _Tribune_ is
+
+ "Sure that 'Three Years in the Federal Cavalry' will meet with the
+ same generous reception from the reading public that has been given
+ to the former works of this talented young author. The fact that
+ Captain Glazier was an eye-witness and participant in the thrilling
+ scenes of which he writes, lends additional interest to the work."
+
+The New York _Star_ says:
+
+ "'Three Years in the Federal Cavalry' brings to light many daring
+ deeds upon the part of the Union heroes, that have never yet been
+ recorded, and gives an insight into the conduct of the war which
+ historians, who write but do not fight, could not possibly give. It
+ is full of incident, and one of the most interesting books upon the
+ war that we have read."
+
+From the New York _Globe_ we cull the following:
+
+ "To a returned soldier nothing is more welcome than conversation
+ touching his experience 'in the field' with his companions, and
+ next to this a good book written by one who has known 'how it is
+ himself,' and who recounts vividly the scenes of strife through
+ which he has passed. Such a work is 'Three Years in the Federal
+ Cavalry.' Captain Glazier's experiences are portrayed in a manner
+ at once interesting to the veteran, and instructive and
+ entertaining to those who have but snuffed the battle from afar. An
+ old soldier will never drop this book for an instant, if he once
+ begins it, until every word has been read. There is an air of truth
+ pervading every page which chains the veteran to it until he is
+ stared in the face with 'Finis.' The details and influences of
+ camp-life, the preparations for active duty, the weary marches to
+ the battle-field, the bivouac at night, the fierce hand-to-hand
+ strife, the hospital, the dying volunteer, the dead one--buried in
+ his blanket by the pale light of the moon, far, far away from those
+ he loves--the defeat and victory--every scene, in fact, familiar to
+ the eye and ear of the 'boy in blue,' is here most truthfully and
+ clearly photographed, and the soldier is once more transported back
+ to the days of the rebellion. Captain Glazier's style is easy and
+ explicit. He makes no endeavor to be poetic or eloquent, but tells
+ his story in a straightforward manner, occasionally, however,
+ approaching eloquence in spite of himself. We cheerfully and
+ earnestly commend 'Three Years in the Federal Cavalry' to the
+ public as a most readable, entertaining and instructive volume."
+
+[Illustration: A Cavalry Bivouac]
+
+Among the manifold testimonials we have seen to the merits of this work,
+the following from the poetic pen of Mrs. Maud Louise Brainerd, of
+Elmira, New York, is at once beautiful and eloquent of praise, and
+must not therefore be omitted from the chaplet we are weaving for the
+brow of the 'soldier-author:'
+
+ "Have you heard of our Union Cavalry,
+ As Glazier tells the story?
+ Of the dashing boys of the 'Cavalry Corps,'
+ And their daring deeds of glory?
+
+ "This modest volume holds it all,
+ Their brave exploits revealing,
+ Told as a comrade tells the tale,
+ With all a comrade's feeling.
+
+ "The Union camp-fires blaze anew,
+ Upon these faithful pages,
+ Anew we tremble while we read
+ How hot the warfare rages.
+
+ "We hear again the shock of arms,
+ The cannon's direful thunder,
+ And feel once more the wild suspense
+ That then our hearts throbbed under.
+
+ "The deeds of heroes live again
+ Amid the battle crashes,
+ As, Phoenix-like, the dead take form
+ And rise from out their ashes.
+
+ "Where darkest hangs the cloud and smoke,
+ Where weaker men might falter,
+ The brave Phil Kearney lays his life
+ Upon his country's altar.
+
+ "Kilpatrick's legions thunder by,
+ With furious clang and clatter,
+ Rushing where duty sternly leads,
+ To life or death--no matter!
+
+ "Oh, hero-warriors, patriots true!
+ Within your graves now lying,
+ How bright on History's page to-day
+ Shines out your fame undying!
+
+ "The pomp and panoply of war
+ Have vanished; all the glitter
+ Of charging columns, marching hosts
+ And battles long and bitter,
+
+ "Recede with the receding years,
+ Wrapped in old Time's dim shadow;
+ Where once the soil drank patriot gore,
+ Green, now, grow field and meadow.
+
+ "But here the written record stands
+ Of all that time of glory,
+ And bright through every age shall live
+ These names in song and story.
+
+ "Willard Glazier wrote his name
+ First in war's deeds, then slipping
+ His fingers off the sword, he found
+ The mightier pen more fitting.
+
+ "Read but the book--'twill summon back
+ The spirits now immortal,
+ Who bravely died for fatherland
+ And passed the heavenly portal!"
+
+Such was the demand for the work that one hundred and seventy-five
+thousand copies of it were sold, and we may safely predicate that in the
+homes of thousands of veterans scattered all over the land, the book has
+been a source of profound interest in the help it has afforded them in
+recounting to family and friends the thrilling events of their war
+experience.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIX.
+
+
+"BATTLES FOR THE UNION."
+
+
+ "Battles for the Union."--Extracts.--Bull Run.--Brandy
+ Station.--Manassas.--Gettysburg.--Pittsburg Landing.--Surrender
+ of General Lee.--Opinions of the press.--Philadelphia "North
+ American."--Pittsburg "Commercial."--Chicago
+ "Inter-Ocean."--Scranton "Republican."--Wilkes-Barre "Record of
+ the Times."--Reading "Eagle."--Albany "Evening Journal."
+
+"Battles for the Union,"--published by Dustin Gilman and Company,
+Hartford, Connecticut--was the next work that emanated from our soldier
+author's prolific pen. The most stubbornly contested battles of the
+great Rebellion herein find forcible and picturesque description. "I
+have endeavored," Glazier writes in his preface to this interesting
+work, "in 'Battles for the Union' to present, in the most concise and
+simple form, the great contests in the war for the preservation of the
+Republic of the United States;" and as evidence of the manner in which
+this task was undertaken, we shall again present to the reader some
+passages from the work itself.
+
+As an illustration of descriptive clearness and force, combined with
+conciseness and simplicity of narrative, we present the opening of the
+chapter on Bull Run:
+
+"The field of Bull Run and the plains of Manassas will never lose their
+interest for the imaginative young or the patriotic old; for on this
+field and over these plains are scattered the bones of more than forty
+thousand brave men of both North and South, who have met in mortal
+combat and laid down their lives in defence of their principles.
+
+"On the twenty-first of July, 1861, was fought the battle of Bull Run,
+the first of a long series of engagements on these historic plains. The
+battles of Bristoe, Groveton, Manassas, Centreville, and Chantilly
+succeeded in 1862, and in the summer and autumn of 1863 followed the
+cavalry actions at Aldie, Middleburg, Upperville, and New Baltimore.
+
+"No battle-ground on the continent of America can present to the
+generations yet to come such a gigantic Roll of Honor. Here also was
+displayed the best military talent, the keenest strategy, and the
+highest engineering skill of our civil war. Here were assembled the
+great representative leaders of slavery and freedom. Here Scott,
+McDowell, Pope, and Meade on the Federal side, and Beauregard, Johnson,
+and Lee on the Confederate side, have in turn held the reins of battle
+and shared both victory and defeat.
+
+"The action which resulted in the fall of Fort Sumter developed
+extraordinary talent in the rebel General P. G. T. Beauregard, and
+brought him conspicuously before the Confederate government. Called for
+by the unanimous voice of the Southern people, he was now ordered to
+take command of the main portion of the Confederate army in northern
+Virginia. He selected Manassas Junction as his base of operations, and
+established his outposts near Fairfax Court-House, seventeen miles from
+Washington.
+
+"General Beauregard's forces, on the line of Bull Run, numbered on the
+sixteenth of July nearly forty thousand men, and sixty-four pieces of
+artillery, together with a considerable body of cavalry. The threatening
+attitude of this force, almost within sight of the National capital, led
+General Scott to concentrate the Union forces in that quarter with a
+view to meeting the Confederates in battle, and, if possible, giving a
+death-blow to the rebellion.
+
+"Ludicrous, indeed, in the light of subsequent events, was the general
+conviction of the hostile sections, that a single decisive engagement
+would terminate the war. Little did the Unionists then know of the
+ambitious designs of the pro-slavery leaders, and still less did the
+uneducated, misguided masses of the South know of the patriotism,
+resources, and invincible determination of the North. On both sides
+there was great popular anxiety for a general battle to determine the
+question of relative manhood: and especially on the side of the South,
+from an impression that one distinct and large combat resulting in its
+favor, and showing conspicuously its superior valor, would alarm the
+North sufficiently to lead it to abandon the war. The New York
+_Tribune_, which was supposed at that time to be a faithful
+representative of the sentiment and temper of the North, said, on the
+nineteenth of July, 1861: 'We have been most anxious that this struggle
+should be submitted at the earliest moment to the ordeal of a fair,
+decisive battle. Give the Unionists a fair field, equal weapons and
+equal numbers, and we ask no more. Should the rebel forces at all
+justify the vaunts of their journalistic trumpeters, we shall candidly
+admit the fact. If they can beat double the number of Unionists, they
+can end the struggle on their own terms.
+
+"A field for the grand combat was soon found, but its results were
+destined to disappoint both the victors and the vanquished. The South
+had looked forward to this field for an acknowledgment of its
+independence; the North for a downfall of the rebellion."
+
+The chapter on "Brandy Station" affords several illustrations of our
+author's glowing descriptive power, thus:
+
+"The words Brandy Station will ever excite a multitude of thrilling
+memories in the minds of all cavalrymen who saw service in Virginia, for
+this was the grand cavalry battle-ground of the war.
+
+"On these historic plains our Bayard, Stoneman, and Pleasanton have
+successively led their gallant troopers against the commands of Stuart,
+Lee, and Hampton. The twentieth of August, 1862, the ninth of June,
+twelfth of September, and eleventh of October, 1863, are days which
+cannot soon be forgotten by the 'Boys in Blue' who crossed sabres with
+the Confederates at Brandy Station.
+
+"Converging and diverging roads at this point quite naturally brought
+the cavalry of the contending armies together whenever we advanced to,
+or retired from, the Rapidan. Being both the advance and rear-guard of
+the opposing forces, our horsemen always found themselves face to face
+with the foe on this field; in fact, most of our cavalrymen were so
+confident of a fight here, that as soon as we discovered that we were
+approaching the station we prepared for action by tightening our
+saddle-girths and inspecting our arms.
+
+"Upon the withdrawal of the Army of the Potomac from the Peninsula,
+General Lee, contemplating the invasion of Maryland and Pennsylvania,
+started his army northward with the view, no doubt, of driving Pope
+from northern Virginia, and carrying the Confederate standard into the
+loyal States. The battle of Cedar Mountain temporarily checked his
+forward movement and compelled him to retire to the south bank of the
+Rapidan. The reappearance of rebel skirmishers at the various fords of
+the river on the morning of August the eighteenth, 1862, was an evidence
+to our pickets that the enemy was about to resume hostilities.
+
+"General Pope at once ordered his artillery and infantry to retire
+beyond the Rappahannock, while General Bayard, commanding the cavalry,
+was charged with covering the rear of the retiring army. We disputed the
+advance of the rebels so stubbornly that they found no opportunity to
+interfere with the retreat of the main column. The morning of the
+twentieth found the 'Harris Light,' Tenth New York, First Pennsylvania,
+First Maine, First Rhode Island, and First New Jersey Cavalry,
+bivouacked at Brandy Station.
+
+"The engagement opened at six o'clock by an attack of Stuart's cavalry
+upon the 'Harris Light' acting as rear-guard of Bayard's brigade.
+
+"This preliminary onset was speedily repulsed by the 'Harris Light,'
+which regiment kept the enemy in check until General Bayard had gained
+sufficient time to enable him to form his command at a more favorable
+point, two miles north of the station, on the direct road to the
+Rappahannock. Here the 'Harris Light' led by Colonel Kilpatrick and
+Major Davies, again charged the advanced regiments of the Confederate
+column, thus opening the series of memorable conflicts at Brandy
+Station, and adding fresh laurels to its already famous record. A deep
+cut in a hill, through which the Orange and Alexandria Railroad passes,
+checked our pursuit, else we should have captured many prisoners. The
+First New Jersey and First Pennsylvania coming to our relief enabled us
+to reform our broken squadrons, and, as Pope had instructed General
+Bayard not to bring on a general engagement, the cavalry now crossed the
+Rappahannock and awaited the orders of the general-in-chief."
+
+The following description of "Manassas or Second Bull Run" shows great
+mastery of his subject, and the possession of a facile and impartial
+pen:
+
+"On the twenty-ninth of August, 1862, the storm of battle again broke
+over the plains of Manassas, and surged furiously along the borders of
+Bull Run creek and down the Warrenton pike. The figure of General Franz
+Sigel stands out in bold relief against the background of battle, the
+first actor appearing on the scene in this drama of war and death.
+
+"The time is daybreak, and the rosy light of early dawn, so peaceful and
+so pure, flushes the sky in painful contrast to the scenes of strife and
+bloodshed below.
+
+"At noon on the day previous, General Pope had ordered Reno, Kearney and
+Hooker to follow Jackson, who, through the miscarriage of well-laid
+plans, had been allowed to escape in the direction of Centreville.
+McDowell's command, then on the way to Manassas, was ordered to march to
+Centreville, while Porter was directed to come forward to Manassas
+Junction. The orders were promptly executed by the various commands,
+excepting that of Fitz-John Porter, who unaccountably on loyal
+principles, remained inactive during the ensuing contest. Kearney drove
+the enemy out of Centreville, and in their retreat along the Warrenton
+Road they encountered the division of King, McDowell's advance, marching
+eastward to intercept them.
+
+"A sharp fight took place, terminating to the advantage of neither, and
+at night the contestants bivouacked near the battle-field.
+
+"On the night of the twenty-eighth, Pope's forces were so disposed that
+twenty-five thousand men under McDowell, Sigel and Reynolds, were ready
+to attack Jackson from the south and west, and the corps of Reno,
+Heintzelman, and Porter, consisting of an equal number of troops, were
+to complete the attack from the east. Lee was pushing forward his forces
+to support Jackson at Thoroughfare Gap, and it was necessary for the
+Union army to use all possible celerity of movement, in order to make
+the attack before the main movement of the Confederate army under Lee
+could come up. But this combination failed like many another, and during
+the night King's division fell back towards Manassas Junction, at which
+place Porter's Corps had recently arrived, and the road to Gainsville
+and Thoroughfare Gap was thus left open to Jackson. A new arrangement of
+troops became therefore necessary."...
+
+There are several fine passages in the description of the battle of
+Gettysburg which show graphic power, and penetration into the motives of
+the leaders. The story of this sanguinary struggle for victory is well
+told throughout. We extract the following:
+
+"Night came on to close the dreadful day. Thus far the battle had been
+mostly to the advantage of the rebels. They held the ground where
+Reynolds had fallen, also Seminary Ridge, and the elevation whence the
+Eleventh Corps had been driven. They also occupied the ridge on which
+Sickles had commenced to fight. Sickles himself was _hors du combat_
+with a shattered leg, which had to be amputated, and not far from twenty
+thousand of our men had been killed, wounded, and captured. The rebels
+had also lost heavily in killed and wounded, but having gained several
+important positions, were deluded with the idea that they had gained a
+victory.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+"During these days of deadly strife and of unprecedented slaughter, our
+cavalry was by no means idle. On the morning of the first, Kilpatrick
+advanced his victorious squadrons to the vicinity of Abbottstown, where
+they struck a force of rebel cavalry, which they scattered, capturing
+several prisoners, and then rested. To the ears of the alert cavalry
+chieftain came the sound of battle at Gettysburg, accompanied with the
+intelligence, from prisoners mostly, that Stuart's main force was bent
+on doing mischief on the right of our infantry lines, which were not far
+from the night's bivouac.
+
+"He appeared instinctively to know where he was most needed; so, in the
+absence of orders, early the next morning he advanced on Hunterstown. At
+this point were the extreme wings of the infantry lines, and as
+Kilpatrick expected, he encountered the rebel cavalry, commanded by his
+old antagonists, Stuart, Lee and Hampton. The early part of the day was
+spent mostly in reconnoitring, but all the latter part of the day was
+occupied in hard, bold, and bloody work. Charges and counter-charges
+were made; the carbine, pistol and sabre were used by turns, and the
+artillery thundered long after the infantry around Gettysburg had sunk
+to rest, well-nigh exhausted with the bloody carnage of the weary day.
+But Stuart, who had hoped to break in upon our flank and rear, and to
+pounce upon our trains, was not only foiled in his endeavor by the
+gallant Kilpatrick, but also driven back upon his infantry supports and
+badly beaten.
+
+"In the night, Kilpatrick, after leaving a sufficient force to prevent
+Stuart from doing any special damage on our right, swung around with the
+remainder of his division to the left of our line, near Round Top, and
+was there prepared for any work which might be assigned him.
+
+"Friday, July third, the sun rose bright and warm upon the blackened
+forms of the dead which were strewn over the bloody earth; upon the
+wounded, who had not been cared for, and upon long glistening lines of
+armed men, ready to renew the conflict. Each antagonist, rousing every
+slumbering element of power, seemed to be resolved upon victory or
+death.
+
+"The fight commenced early, by an attack of General Slocum's men, who,
+determined to regain the rifle-pits they had lost the evening before,
+descended like an avalanche upon the foe. The attack met with a prompt
+response from General Ewell. But after several hours of desperate
+fighting, victory perched upon the Union banners, and with great loss
+and slaughter, the rebels were driven out of the breast-works, and fell
+back upon their main lines near Benner's Hill.
+
+"This successful move upon the part of our Boys in Blue was followed by
+an ominous lull or quiet, which continued about three hours. Meanwhile
+the silence was fitfully broken by an occasional spit of fire, while
+every preparation was being made for a last, supreme effort, which it
+was expected would decide the mighty contest. The scales were being
+poised for the last time, and upon the one side or the other was soon to
+be recorded a glorious victory or a disastrous defeat. Hearts either
+trembled, or waxed strong in the awful presence of this responsibility.
+
+"At length one o'clock arrived, a signal-gun was fired, and then at
+least one hundred and twenty-five guns from Hill and Longstreet
+concentrated and crossed their fires upon Cemetery Hill, the centre and
+key of our position. Just behind this crest, though much exposed, were
+General Meade's headquarters. For nearly two hours this hill was plowed
+and torn by solid shot and bursting shell, while about one hundred guns
+on our side, mainly from this crest and Round Top, made sharp response.
+The earth and the air shook for miles around with the terrific
+concussion, which came no longer in volleys, but in a continual roar. So
+long and fearful a cannonade was never before witnessed on this
+continent. As the range was short and the aim accurate, the destruction
+was terrible.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+"Gradually the fire on our side began to slacken, and General Meade,
+learning that our guns were becoming hot, gave orders to cease firing
+and to let the guns cool, though the rebel balls were making fearful
+havoc among our gunners, while our infantry sought poor shelter behind
+every projection, anxiously awaiting the expected charge. At length the
+enemy, supposing that our guns were silenced, deemed that the moment for
+an irresistible attack had come. Accordingly, as a lion emerges from
+his lair, he sallied forth, when strong lines of infantry, nearly three
+miles in length, with double lines of skirmishers in front, and heavy
+reserves in rear, advanced with desperation to the final effort. They
+moved with steady, measured tread over the plain below, and began the
+ascent of the hills occupied by our forces, concentrating somewhat upon
+General Hancock, though stretching across our entire front.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+"General Picket's division was nearly annihilated. One of his officers
+recounted that, as they were charging over the grassy plain, he threw
+himself down before a murderous discharge of grape and canister, which
+mowed the grass and men all around him as though a scythe had been swung
+just above his prostrate form.
+
+"During the terrific cannonade and subsequent charges, our ammunition
+and other trains had been parked in rear of Round Top, which gave them
+splendid shelter. Partly to possess this train, but mainly to secure
+this commanding position, General Longstreet sent two strong divisions
+of infantry, with heavy artillery, to turn our flank, and drive us from
+this ground. Kilpatrick, with his division, which had been strengthened
+by Merritt's regulars, was watching this point and waiting for an
+opportunity to strike the foe. It came at last. Emerging from the woods
+in front of him came a strong battle-line, followed by others.
+
+[Illustration: Battle Of Gettysburg.]
+
+"To the young Farnsworth was committed the task of meeting infantry with
+cavalry in an open field. Placing the Fifth New York in support of
+Elder's battery, which was exposed to a galling fire, but made reply
+with characteristic rapidity, precision and slaughter, Farnsworth
+quickly ordered the First Virginia, the First Vermont, and Eighteenth
+Pennsylvania in line of battle, and galloped away and charged upon the
+flank of the advancing columns. The attack was sharp, brief and
+successful, though attended with great slaughter. But the rebels were
+driven upon their main lines, and the flank movement was prevented. Thus
+the cavalry added another dearly earned laurel to its chaplet of
+honor--_dearly earned_, because many of their bravest champions fell
+upon that bloody field.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+"Thus ended the battle of Gettysburg--the bloody turning-point of the
+rebellion--the bloody baptism of the redeemed republic. Nearly twenty
+thousand men from the Union ranks had been killed and wounded, and a
+larger number of the rebels, making the enormous aggregate of at least
+forty thousand, whose blood was shed to fertilize the Tree of Liberty."
+
+The following peroration to the glowing account of the battle of
+Pittsburg Landing, we quote as an illustration of the vein of poetry
+that pervades his writings:
+
+"Thus another field of renown was added to the list, so rapidly
+increased during these years; where valor won deathless laurels, and
+principle was reckoned weighter than life.
+
+"Peacefully the Tennessee flows between its banks onward to the ocean,
+nor tells aught of the bloody struggle on its shore. Quietly the golden
+grain ripens in the sun, and the red furrow of war is supplanted by the
+plowshares of peace. To the child born within the shadow of this
+battle-field, who listens wonderingly to a recital of the deeds of this
+day, the heroes of Shiloh will, mayhap, appear like the dim phantoms of
+a dream, shadowy and unreal, but the results they helped to bring about
+are the tissue of a people's life; the dust he treads is the sacred soil
+from which sprang the flowers of freedom, and the institutions for which
+these men died, make his roof safe over his head."
+
+We conclude our extracts from the volume with a part of the chapter on
+"The Surrender." The story is told without flourish of trumpets, and in
+a manner to give no offense to the vanquished, while its strict and
+impartial adherence to truth must recommend it to all readers:
+
+"The last act in the great drama of the war took place without dramatic
+accessory. There was no startling tableau, with the chief actors grouped
+in effective attitudes, surrounded by their attendants. No spreading
+tree lent its romance to the occasion, as some artists have fondly
+supposed.
+
+"A plain farm-house between the lines was selected by General Lee for
+the surrender, and the ceremony of that act was short and simple. The
+noble victor did not complete the humiliation of the brave vanquished by
+any triumphal display or blare of trumpets. In his magnanimity he even
+omitted the customary usage of allowing the victorious troops to pass
+through the enemy's lines and witness their surrender. The two great
+commanders met with courteous salutation, General Lee being attended by
+only one of his aides. General Grant sat down at a table in the barely
+furnished room and wrote in lead-pencil the terms of capitulation, to
+which Lee dictated an agreement in writing. His secretary, Colonel
+Marshall, and Colonel Badeau, the secretary of General Grant, made
+copies of the agreement from the same bottle of ink.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+"The final situation of the Confederate army before its surrender was
+indeed desperate--its environments hopeless. Hemmed in at Appomattox
+Court House, on a strip of land between the Appomattox and James rivers,
+the Union army nearly surrounded it on all sides. Sheridan was in front,
+Meade in the rear, and Ord south of the Court House. Lee had no
+alternative other than the wholesale slaughter of his reduced army, or
+its surrender to Federal authority. He wisely chose the latter.
+
+"The decisive battle of Five Forks had put his army to rout, and sent it
+in rapid retreat towards the junction of the Southside and Danville
+railroads at Burkesville. The Union troops pressed forward in pursuit,
+and it became a vital question which would reach the junction first.
+Between Petersburg, their point of starting, and their destination, at
+Burkesville, the distance was fifty-three miles. The roads were bad, and
+the troops tired with two days' fighting; but they pushed on with
+determination in this race which was destined to decide the fate of two
+armies.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+"It was Palm Sunday, April the ninth, 1865, when the capitulation was
+signed, in the plain frame dwelling near Appomattox Court House.
+
+"One is often struck with the curious coincidences--the apparent
+sympathy between nature and important human events. The dying hours of
+Cromwell and Napoleon were marked by violent storms. Omens in earth and
+sky were the precursors of the death of Julius Caesar and King Duncan. A
+great comet heralded the opening of the war, and Palm Sunday--the day
+which commemorates the victorious entry of Christ into Jerusalem,
+ushered in the welcome reign of peace. The time was auspicious; the
+elements were rocked to sleep in a kind of Sunday repose. The two
+armies, so long in deadly hostility, were now facing each other with
+guns strangely hushed. An expectant silence pervaded the air. Every
+heart was anxiously awaiting the result of the conference in the
+historic farm-house.
+
+"When at last the news of the surrender flashed along the lines,
+deafening cheers rose and fell for more than half an hour, over the
+victorious Union army. Other than this, there was no undue triumphal
+display of the victors over the conquered foe.... The shout of joy which
+was sent up that day from Appomattox Court House echoed through the
+entire North. Cannons boomed forth their iron paeans of victory; the glad
+clash of bells was heard ringing 'peace and freedom in,' and bonfires
+flamed high their attestation of the unbounded delight everywhere
+exhibited. The day of jubilee seemed to have come, and rejoicing was the
+order of the hour. The storm of war which had rocked the country for
+four long years, was now rolling away, and the sunlight of peace fell
+athwart the national horizon. The country for which Washington fought
+and Warren fell was once more safe from treason's hands, and liberty was
+again the heritage of the people."
+
+The Northern and Western press, as heretofore, again bore its flattering
+testimony to our author's diligence, truthfulness and loyalty to his
+colors; and to the surprising facility with which a soldier could
+sheathe his sword and wield a pen, charming alike the veteran by his
+details of valor, and the mother, wife and sister by his stories of
+pathos from the battle-field.
+
+The following is from the Philadelphia _North American_:
+
+ "'Battles for the Union.'--Thoroughly representative of the courage
+ and ability shown on either side in the great struggle that lasted
+ from the close of 1860 to April, 1865. It is not the purpose of the
+ author to present a standard and critical work like the works of
+ Jomini, Napier and Allison; nor to include a discussion of
+ political questions. His aim is rather to furnish a vivid and
+ correct account of the principal battles in such simple and
+ intelligible terms that every reader may gain a precise idea of
+ each. His style is rather graphic and vigorous than ornate. He
+ introduces effective details and personal episodes. His facts are
+ gleaned from a variety of sources as well as from personal
+ knowledge; and though proud of his own cause and of his companions,
+ he does not belittle their renown by decrying the valor or the
+ intelligence of his opponents. The conflicts themselves will never
+ be forgotten. It is desirable that they shall be kept vivid and
+ clear in the minds of the rising generation, to cultivate a correct
+ idea of the necessity of personal valor and of military preparation
+ and capacity, as well as impress a serious idea of the momentous
+ importance of political issues. Captain Glazier's volume is
+ excellently fitted to instruct and interest everywhere."
+
+The Pittsburg _Commercial_ says:
+
+ "Commencing with the siege and final surrender of Fort Sumter, the
+ author traces the progress of the Union armies through all the
+ chief battles of the war, giving vivid and glowing descriptions of
+ the struggles at Big Bethel, Bull Run, Wilson's Creek, Ball's
+ Bluff, Mill Spring, Pea Ridge, the fight between the 'Merrimac' and
+ 'Monitor,' Newbern, Falmouth Heights, Pittsburg Landing,
+ Williamsburg, Seven Pines, Fair Oaks, Malvern Hill, Cedar Mountain,
+ Brandy Station, Manassas or Second Bull Run, Chantilly, Antietam,
+ Corinth, Fredericksburg, Stone River, Chancellorsville, Aldie,
+ Upperville, Gettysburg, Vicksburg, Port Hudson, Falling Waters,
+ Chickamauga, Bristoe, New Baltimore, Fort Fisher, Olustee, Fort
+ Pillow, Cold Harbor, Fort Wagner, Cedar Creek, Waynesboro,
+ Bentonville, Five Forks, and down to the surrender of Lee. Captain
+ Glazier has evidently had access to the official records of the
+ war, and his narrative of the great events are therefore accurate.
+ The book is one the reading of which will make the blood tingle in
+ the veins of every soldier who took part in the late war, while it
+ will deeply interest every lover of his country. As a book for
+ boys, it has few, if any, superiors."
+
+The Chicago _Inter-Ocean_ writes:
+
+ "'Battles for the Union' is such a history as every soldier and
+ every man who has a pride in his country, should wish to possess.
+ Captain Glazier was no carpet knight. He shared the glories of the
+ Harris Light Cavalry in camp and field, earning his promotion from
+ the non-commissioned ranks to the command for which he was so
+ admirably fitted. There is the scent of powder in what he writes,
+ the vivid reality of sight and understanding. We are particularly
+ charmed with his style, which is plain, blunt, direct, and free
+ from strain or affectation. He describes the fights as they were
+ fought; individual deeds of bravery as they were performed; the
+ march and its trials; the defeat and its causes; the victory and
+ its effects. With the ardor of a young patriot, and the generous
+ admiration of a good soldier, he feels as great a pride in the
+ successes of a rival corps as in his own. Nor is this an unworthy
+ feature of his work, because the army was full of little, and
+ sometimes not particularly friendly, rivalries. Willard Glazier's
+ chapters, in which every battle may be regarded as a separate
+ picture, read like a grand panoramic view of gallant deeds and
+ warlike pageantries. If the author occasionally covers up a clear
+ defeat, excusing it with graceful art; if he feels disposed to
+ over-estimate a slight advantage, and to claim a victory where the
+ battle was evidently drawn, he errs upon the side of love for the
+ Boys in Blue, and pride in the flag under which he fought. The work
+ is divided into forty-four chapters, each containing a different
+ battle. We confidently recommend these graphic and life-like
+ pictures to the notice of our readers. They are thrilling as the
+ sound of the trumpet, and soul-inspiring as the songs of Ossian. We
+ call the reader's attention to the description of the combat
+ between the 'Merrimac' and 'Monitor' in chapter eight. It is
+ something which will fill with pride the sailor's heart."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXX.
+
+
+"HEROES OF THREE WARS."
+
+
+ Literary zeal.--"Heroes of Three Wars"--Extract from preface.--Sale
+ of the work.--Extracts: Washington.--Winfield Scott.--Zachary
+ Taylor.--Grant.--Sheridan.--Kilpatrick.--Press reviews, a few out
+ of many: Boston "Transcript."--Chicago "Inter-Ocean."--Baltimore
+ "Sun."--Philadelphia "Times."--Cincinnati "Enquirer."--Worcester
+ "Spy."--Pittsburg "Gazette."
+
+By this time our soldier-author found himself not only famous, but,
+through the enormous sale of his books, in comparatively affluent
+circumstances. His literary zeal, however, was not yet spent, and work
+succeeded work with a rapidity almost without parallel, while the extent
+of their sale exceeded anything hitherto known in the literary world.
+
+"Heroes of Three Wars," issued by Hubbard Brothers, Philadelphia, the
+latest production of his pen which he has as yet published, comprises
+original and life-like sketches of the brave soldiers of the
+Revolutionary, Mexican and Civil Wars; and the stories are told in a way
+that is not easily forgotten. In the wide field presented by these three
+important epochs in the history of our country, Glazier has labored to
+inculcate in the minds of young Americans the virtues of gallantry, true
+worth, and patriotism; and his work is valuable as presenting to the
+student in a small compass, so much of interest in biography and
+history.
+
+In the preface to the work he observes: "Washington, Scott and Grant are
+names that will live forever in our history; not because they were the
+subjects of a blind adulation, but because their worth was properly
+estimated, and their deeds truthfully recorded. The time for deifying
+men has long since passed; we prefer to see them as they are--though
+great, still human, and surrounded with human infirmities; worthy of
+immortal renown, not because they are unlike us, but because they excel
+us and have performed a work which entitles them to the lasting
+gratitude of their countrymen. Another object of this book is to group
+around these three generals, those officers and men who climbed to
+immortality by their side, shared their fortunes, helped to win their
+victories, and remained with them to the end." Again: "Biographies
+possess but little value unless they give living portraits, so that each
+man stands out clear and distinct in his true character and
+proportions."
+
+Several thousand copies of this valuable work have already been called
+for by the public, and it bids fair to equal its predecessors in amount
+of circulation. As a specimen of its style, we present to the reader the
+following extract from the biographical sketch of Washington:--"There is
+a singular unanimity of opinion in ascribing to George Washington an
+exceptional character. It was certainly one of peculiar symmetry, in
+which a happy combination of qualities, moral, social and intellectual,
+were guided to appropriate action by a remarkable power of clear
+judgment. It was just the combination calculated to lead a spirited and
+brave people through such a trying crisis as the American Revolution.
+His star was not dark and bright by turns--did not reveal itself in
+uncertain and fitful glimmerings--but shone with a full and steady
+luminosity across the troubled night of a nation's beginning. Under
+these broad and beneficent rays the Ship of State was guided, through a
+sea of chaos, to safe anchorage. The voyage across those seven eventful
+years was one that tried men's souls. Often, appalling dangers
+threatened. Wreck on the rocks of Disunion, engulfment in the mountain
+waves of opposition, starvation and doubt and mutiny on shipboard--these
+were a few of the perils which beset their course. But a royal-souled
+Commander stood at the helm, and discerned, afar-off, the green shores
+of liberty. On this land the sunshine fell with fruitful power. The air
+was sweet with the songs of birds. Contentment, peace, prosperity,
+reigned. Great possibilities were shadowed forth within its boundaries,
+and a young nation, growing rapidly towards a splendid era of
+enlightenment, was foreseen as a product of the near future. It took a
+man with deep faith in the ultimate rule of right and in humanity, to
+occupy that position; a man with large heart, with unselfish aims, with
+prophetic instincts, with clear and equalized brain. George Washington
+possessed all these qualities--and more!"
+
+The following is from the admirably graphic sketch of the sturdy
+soldier, Winfield Scott: "On the twenty-fifth of the same month (July,
+1814), a little below that sublime spot where the wide waste of waters
+which rush over the Falls of Niagara roar and thunder into the gulf
+below, and where Lundy's Lane meets the rapid river at right angles, was
+enacted the scene of conflict which took its name from the locality, and
+is variously called the battle of 'Lundy's Lane,' or 'Niagara.' The
+action began forty minutes before sunset, and it is recorded that the
+head of the American column, as it advanced, was encircled by a
+rainbow--one which is often seen there, formed from the rising spray.
+The happy omen faithfully prefigured the result; for when, under the
+cloudy sky of midnight the battle at length terminated, the Americans
+were in possession of the field, and also the enemy's cannon, which had
+rained such deadly death into their ranks. In this action General Scott
+had two horses killed under him, and about eleven o'clock at night he
+was disabled by a musket-ball wound through the left shoulder. He had
+previously been wounded, and at this juncture was borne from the fray.
+He had piloted Miller's regiment through the darkness to the height on
+Lundy's Lane, where the enemy's batteries were posted, and upon which
+the grand charge was made that decided the battle. Throughout the action
+he was the leading spirit of the occasion, giving personal direction to
+the movements of his men, and lending the inspiration of his presence to
+all parts of the field."
+
+Of Zachary Taylor, our author writes, in his masterly way: "The blaze of
+glory which is concentrated upon the name and life of Zachary Taylor,
+reveals a hero as true in metal, as sterling in virtue, as intrepid in
+action, and tender of heart, as ever lifted sword in the cause of honor
+or country. On him has fallen that most sacred mantle of renown, woven
+from the fabric of a people's confidence, and lovingly bestowed--not as
+upon a being of superior race to be worshipped, but because he was a
+leader from among themselves--truly of the people. He was honored with
+their fullest trust in his integrity, and with their largest faith in
+his uprightness as a man. As Daniel Webster truly said, the best days
+of the Roman republic afforded no brighter example of a man, who,
+receiving the plaudits of a grateful nation, and clothed in the highest
+authority of state, reached that pinnacle by more honest means; who
+could not be accused of the smallest intrigue or of pursuing any devious
+ways to political advancement in order to gratify personal ambition. All
+the circumstances of his rise and popularity, from the beginning of his
+career, when, amid blood and smoke, he made the heroic defence of Fort
+Harrison, to the wonderful battles of Palo Alto, Resaca, and Buena
+Vista, and at last the attainment of the Presidential chair--all repel
+the slightest suspicion of sinister motive, or a wish for individual
+aggrandizement. The unwavering rule of his life--his guide in every
+action--was the simple watchword, 'duty.'
+
+"As to his qualities of leadership, they shone out in high relief, from
+first to last. In the war of 1812, he was only a captain, yet at Fort
+Harrison he inspired the scanty garrison with a belief in his power, and
+they gave him their devoted support. In the Florida campaign he
+commanded only a brigade, yet he seemed to infuse into every soldier the
+most courageous bravery. In the beginning of the war with Mexico, he
+marched into action at the head of a single division, and when this
+force afterwards swelled into an army, it did not prove too much for the
+resources of its commanding general. The frowning heights and barricaded
+streets of Monterey, bristling with ten thousand Mexicans, did not daunt
+him. What though he had only six thousand men with which to hold them in
+siege? The assault was fearlessly made, the streets were stormed, the
+heights were carried, the city was won--and kept!
+
+"The brilliant victory of Buena Vista, where five thousand Americans
+hurled back and repulsed a tumultuous Mexican horde of twenty thousand,
+only reiterates the same marvelous story of superior leadership."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+"Fresh from these splendid achievements, he received the nomination for
+President over the names of Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and General
+Scott. It was a spontaneous expression of the people's confidence,
+unheralded and unsought. And when he was triumphantly elected over the
+Democratic and Free-soil candidates--General Cass, Martin Van Buren, and
+Charles Francis Adams--he accepted the high office in a spirit of
+humility and simple compliance with duty."
+
+In the sketch of General U. S. Grant's life, our author has written with
+a masterly hand the outlines of the grand career of his favorite
+general, the salient points of which are given with a soldierly energy
+and dash befitting the theme. Thus the chapter commences:
+
+"The occasion often creates the man, but the man who _masters_ the
+occasion is born, not made. Many are pushed to the surface, momentarily,
+by the pressure of events, and then subside into common levels; but he
+is the true commander during a crisis, who can wield the waves of
+difficulty to advantage, and be a sure pilot amid the on-rush of events
+when they thicken and deepen into a prolonged struggle.
+
+"When, during the late war, our country needed a leader to face and
+quell the threatened danger of disunion, and conduct her armies to
+successful issues; and when Government entrusted those momentous issues
+to Ulysses S. Grant, 'the man and the moment had met,'--the occasion had
+found its master.
+
+"Napoleon said that the most desirable quality of a good general was
+that his judgment should be in equilibrium with his courage. To no
+commander of modern times could this rule apply with more force than to
+Grant. A man of no outward clamor of character, no hint of bluster or
+dash, quiet-voiced, self-controlled, but not self-asserting, he yet
+displayed vast power as an organizer, as a tactician, and in masterly
+combinations of large forces so as to produce the most telling effects.
+It has been truly said of him that no general ever stamped his own
+peculiar character upon an army more emphatically than did Grant upon
+the Army of the Tennessee. It was the only large organization which, as
+a whole, never suffered a defeat during the war. It was noted for its
+marvelous persistence--its determined fighting qualities--and had the
+reputation of being sure to win any battle that lasted over a day, no
+matter what the odds against it. It was at Grant's recommendation that a
+united command was concentrated in the Mississippi Valley--which
+concentration has since been acknowledged to have been the basis of all
+our subsequent victories.
+
+"Generosity, mildness and kind-heartedness, shone as conspicuously in
+Grant's character as his firmness and great generalship. Simplicity of
+manner and kindness of heart are always characteristic of the true hero.
+
+ 'The bravest are the tenderest,
+ The loving are the daring.'
+
+"The rapid and bold descent upon Fort Donelson, the unconquerable
+determination exhibited at Shiloh, the brilliant capture of Vicksburg,
+and the high military science displayed at Chattanooga Valley, Look-out
+Mountain, and Missionary Ridge--these have never been surpassed in
+military history, in splendor of execution, or judiciousness of
+combination."...
+
+For brevity and comprehensiveness we commend the following unique
+paragraph on the genealogy of his subject:
+
+"The great-grandfather of Ulysses was Captain Noah Grant, who was killed
+at the battle of White Plains, during the French and Indian wars, in
+1776. His grandfather, Noah Grant, Jr., fought at Lexington as
+lieutenant of militia, and afterwards, during the Revolution. His
+father, Jesse, emigrated from Pennsylvania to Ohio, and was married at
+Point Pleasant, Ohio, June, 1821, to Hannah Simpson, whose father was
+also from the Keystone State. Ulysses was born the following year, April
+twenty-seventh, 1822."
+
+We quote again from the sketch of Grant:
+
+"On the sixth of February the brilliant reduction of Fort Henry, on the
+Tennessee, was accomplished by Foote, and Fort Donelson, twelve miles
+distant, was next in line. Grant and Foote were co-operating by land and
+water; but Foote did not meet here with the same success that attended
+him at Fort Henry. It was the fifteenth of February, and Grant had spent
+two or three days in making an investment of the high and wooded bluff
+from which frowned the guns of Donelson. Before daybreak, on the
+fifteenth, he had gone on board the flag-ship of Foote, in consultation
+as to the time and manner of attack, when the enemy swept from their
+works and fell upon the Union lines with tremendous force. The fighting
+became furious at once, and for some time the battle-line swayed to and
+fro, between victory and defeat. It was desperate work; brigades and
+regiments were repulsed and by turns advanced--the brave commands
+disputing every inch of the rocky and difficult battle-field. When Grant
+reached the scene it was 'to find his right thrown back, ammunition
+exhausted, and the ranks in confusion.' With quick inspiration he took
+in the situation at a glance, comprehended that the enemy had exhausted
+his greatest strength, and ordered an immediate attack by the left on
+the Confederate works in front. General Smith was in command of this
+portion of the army, and had not actively participated in the conflict.
+He therefore brought fresh troops to the assault. McClernand was also
+ordered to reform his shattered ranks and advance. The combined forces
+charged with splendid valor up the rocky steeps, in the blaze of a
+withering fire poured down upon them from the fort. They did not falter
+for a single instant, but reaching the summit, swept over and into the
+Confederate works with ringing cheers. On the next morning a white flag
+was seen flying from the fort, and under its protection, proposals for
+an armistice were sent in. Grant replied that unconditional surrender,
+and that immediately, must be made, or he would move on their works at
+once. Thereupon, Buckner, who was in command, surrendered the fort with
+its thirteen thousand men. This splendid victory blazoned the name of
+Grant all over the country, and he immediately became the people's
+hero."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+"His next achievement, the capture of Vicksburg, was wonderful indeed.
+Its natural strength of position on a high bluff, one hundred feet
+above the water level, added to the formidable array of defences which
+bristled defiance to all foes, made Vicksburg a very citadel of power,
+and the fifty thousand men stationed there under Pemberton and Price did
+not lessen the difficulties to be overcome. A fort, mounting eight guns,
+sentineled the approach to the city from beneath, while the heights
+above were guarded by a three-banked battery. Eight miles of batteries
+lined the shore above and below Vicksburg. Grant made several fruitless
+attempts to get to the rear of the city by digging canals across the
+strip of land on which it stood, and making an inland route; but each
+one, after herculean labor, had been abandoned. He now decided on the
+bold enterprise of running the gauntlet of these batteries with his
+transports. This desperate feat was successfully accomplished; but
+before he could land his troops at Grand Gulf, which he had selected as
+his starting-point, it was necessary to run its batteries as he had
+those of Vicksburg, land his troops farther down the river, and capture
+the place by hard fighting. He waited for nothing. Hurrying forward the
+moment he touched land, his object was to take Grand Gulf before the
+enemy could reinforce it.... After conquering Grand Gulf, where he
+expected Banks to join him, he was confronted with the refusal of that
+general to co-operate with him. In this dilemma nothing but a
+master-stroke of genius could wring success from the materials of
+defeat. He saw what was before him, and with true inspiration became the
+master of circumstances. At the head of his brave command he pushed
+inland, aiming to crush the enemy 'in detail before he could concentrate
+his forces.' By a rapid series of brilliant marches, battles and
+victories, Grant had, at last, on the nineteenth of May, succeeded in
+completely investing Vicksburg. The whole plan from its outset was
+brilliant to an extraordinary degree, and the tireless persistence and
+energy shown in its accomplishment, stamped this man as a very Gibraltar
+of military genius.
+
+"An assault on the enemy's works at first, had proven a failure, and now
+the wonderful siege began. For forty-six days the digging and mining
+went patiently forward, while screaming shells and booming shot produced
+a reign of terror in the city, until at last, Pemberton could hold out
+no longer and surrendered his starving garrison to the superior prowess
+and strategy of Grant. It was the morning of the fourth of July when our
+troops took possession of Vicksburg, and ran up the stars and stripes
+from the top of the court-house. The soldiers, standing beneath it, sang
+'Rally round the Flag,' and Grant became more than ever the popular
+hero. On the thirteenth of July, Lincoln wrote him a letter of 'grateful
+acknowledgment for the almost inestimable service' he had rendered the
+country. In September he was placed in command of the 'Departments of
+the Ohio, of the Cumberland, and of the Tennessee, constituting the
+Military Division of the Mississippi.'
+
+ * * * * *
+
+"Grant assumed the duties of his high office [the lieutenant-generalship
+of the army] without flourish of any sort, and proceeded to inaugurate
+the successive steps of his last great campaign. The military resources
+which centered in his hand were stupendous, but had they fallen under
+the control of a man less great than he, their very immensity would
+have rendered them powerless. The splendid army of the Potomac was on
+the move by May third, and the last march to Richmond had begun. Then
+came the three-days' battle of the Wilderness, on the south bank of the
+Rapidan, bloody and terrible and strange, during which some of our
+troops were fighting continuously for forty-eight hours; and following
+close after came also Spottsylvania, which was the result of an endeavor
+to cut off Lee's retreat. This, too, was a desperate conflict, where
+precious blood flowed in rivers. Then followed the race between the two
+opposing armies, for the North Anna. After crossing this river, and
+finding the Confederates occupying a fortified position on the South
+Anna, Grant 'swung his army around to the Pamunky, and pitched his
+head-quarters at Hanover Court House,' These masterly flank movements,
+in which he manoeuvred his vast army with such ease, exhibited his
+marvelous genius in stronger light than ever before. From the Pamunky he
+advanced to the Chickahominy, and, after the battle of Cold Harbor, made
+a rapid but quiet change of front on the night of the twelfth of June,
+and two days afterwards crossed the James and advanced against
+Petersburg and Richmond. The attack, at first a success, failed through
+a blunder, not Grant's; and then began the long siege which ended at
+last in the evacuation of Petersburg and Richmond. Nowhere was the joy
+more heartfelt over these results than among the released captives of
+Libby Prison.
+
+"Lee made a desperate endeavor to escape the 'manifest destiny' that
+pursued him, and led his army a 'race for life.' But Grant, close on his
+track, environed him on all sides, and the surrender at Appomattox
+became inevitable. When, at the final scene, Lee presented his sword to
+Grant, the great general handed it back to him, saying, 'it could not be
+worn by a braver man.'"
+
+ * * * * *
+
+We present the reader with the following extracts from the sketch of
+General Sheridan. It will be observed that the author is extremely happy
+in the selection of his subjects, his aim evidently being to include
+those only whose reputation for heroism is unquestioned and national.
+
+"Sheridan is probably the most intense type of 'soldiership' brought to
+light by the last war. Nor can any other war furnish an individual
+example that will surpass him in fiery concentration. In battle he is
+the very soul of vehement action--the incarnate wrath of the storm. No
+historian can ever portray the man so truly as did the remarkable
+victory of Cedar Creek--a result solely of his extraordinary power. The
+marvelous will-force with which he could hurl himself in the front of
+battle, and infuse his own spirit of unconquerable daring into the
+ranks, is phenomenal, to say the least."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+"When Grant became Lieutenant-General, Sheridan was given the command of
+the cavalry of the army of the Potomac, and all his subsequent movements
+evinced wonderful daring, skill and energy. No trust committed to his
+charge was ever misplaced, no matter what its magnitude or importance.
+
+"When the Confederate Generals Ewell and Early were sent into the
+Shenandoah Valley, and went so far north as to threaten Washington,
+Grant consolidated the four military divisions of the Susquehanna,
+Washington, Monongahela and West Virginia, into the 'army of the
+Shenandoah,' and placed Sheridan in command. He defeated Early at
+Opequan, September nineteenth--for which he was made brigadier-general
+of the United States army; defeated him again at Fisher's Hill on the
+twenty-second, and on October the nineteenth occurred the battle of
+Cedar Creek.
+
+"The position of Sheridan's army at this time was along the crest of
+three hills, 'each one a little back of the other,' The army of West
+Virginia, under Crook, held the first hill; the second was occupied by
+the Nineteenth Corps, under Emory, and the Sixth Corps, with Torbet's
+cavalry covering its right flank, held the third elevation. Early,
+marching his army in five columns, crossed the mountains and forded the
+north branch of the Shenandoah River, at midnight, on the eighteenth. He
+knew that Sheridan had gone up to Washington, and wanted to take
+advantage of his absence to surprise the unsuspecting camp. The march
+was conducted so noiselessly that, though he skirted the borders of our
+position for miles, nothing came to the ears of our pickets, save in a
+few instances where a heavy muffled tramp was heard, but disregarded as
+of no consequence.
+
+"The gray gloom of early morning hovered over the camp, when a
+reconnoitring force from Crook's army was preparing to go out. Suddenly,
+a wild yell burst through the fog which hid from view the Confederate
+army. A withering musketry fire and the clash of arms quickly followed.
+Before our surprised and panic-stricken troops could be formed in
+battle-array, the enemy were upon them, and after a short and sharp
+encounter, the army of Western Virginia was thrown into utter rout--a
+mass of fugitives flying before the pursuing foe back towards the second
+hill where the Nineteenth Corps was encamped.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+"The Nineteenth Corps attempted to arrest the Confederate advance, but
+the enemy getting in our rear and enfilading us with our captured
+batteries, the troops broke ranks and fell back in confusion towards the
+encampment of the Sixth Corps, on the third hill in the rear.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+"Sheridan, meantime, was at Winchester, where he had arrived the night
+before, intending to go on to Cedar Creek the next morning. As he sipped
+his coffee at breakfast he did not for an instant dream of the terrible
+rout and disaster hovering at that moment over his army. When he rode
+out of Winchester the vibrations of the ground under the heavy
+discharges of artillery in the distance gave the first intimations of
+danger. But he was not yet alarmed, knowing the security of his
+position. As he went onward, however, the thunder of the cannon
+deepened, and then the terrible truth flashed upon him. He dashed spurs
+into his horse and was soon tearing madly along the road, far ahead of
+his escort.
+
+"For five anxious hours the desperate struggle had gone on, when
+Sheridan arrived on the field, encountering first the stream of
+fugitives surging northward. They turned about as they saw their
+invincible leader flying towards the front, and even the wounded along
+the roadside cheered him as he passed. Swinging his cap over his head,
+he shouted: 'Face the other way, boys!--face the other way! We are going
+back to our camps! We are going to lick them out of their boots!'
+
+"It was about ten o'clock when, with his horse covered with foam, he
+galloped up to the front. Immediately, under his quick commands, the
+broken ranks were reformed, and when the Confederates made their next
+grand charge across the fields the terrific repulse that met and hurled
+them back showed the turn of the tide, and compelled them to relinquish
+the offensive. For two hours Sheridan rode back and forth along the
+line, seeming to be everywhere at once, infusing into the men his own
+daring courage and enthusiasm. Shouts and cheers followed him; and
+though the tired soldiers had been fighting for five long hours and had
+eaten nothing since the night before, his presence was both food and
+inspiration, and everything seemed to be forgotten in an all-controlling
+impulse to follow their glorious leader to victory.
+
+"Early retired his troops a short distance after their repulse, and
+began throwing up breastworks. But the intrepid Sheridan had no notion
+of allowing him to retain that position. He meant to regain Cedar Creek
+and rout the enemy. At half-past three a bold charge was made. An awful
+musketry and artillery fire was poured into the advancing Union columns,
+and, at first, the lines broke and fell back; but Sheridan rose at once
+to the needs of the crisis, and with superhuman efforts restored order
+and resumed the advance. Then came 'the long-drawn yell of our charge,'
+and 'everything on the first line, the stone walls, the tangled wood,
+the advanced crest, and half-finished breastworks, had been carried.'
+
+"The panic-stricken enemy was sent flying in utter rout through
+Middletown, through Strasburg, through Fisher's Hill, and to Woodstock,
+sixteen miles beyond. Early was thus effectually driven out of the
+Shenandoah Valley, and permanently crippled.
+
+"This wonderful victory, due to Sheridan's personal presence alone, put
+a crown on his head which few warriors could pluck from the heights of
+Fame."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+"On March the fourth, 1869, he received the promotion of
+lieutenant-general, and was appointed to the command of the Division of
+the Missouri, of the Platte, and of Texas, with head-quarters at
+Chicago."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+The name of Kilpatrick kindles enthusiasm in the breast of every
+cavalryman of the late war, and our author, having served under him, has
+sketched his life, _con amore_, in vivid and thrilling language, and
+with a keen appreciation of his great merits as a cavalry leader. The
+following extract will confirm our view:
+
+"Like the French Murat, Kilpatrick seems to have been born to become a
+very demi-god of cavalry. Daringly heroic on the field, he displayed a
+supreme genius for war, especially for that department of the service
+whose alarum cry is, 'To horse!' and whose sweeping squadrons, with wild
+clatter of hoofs, seem to the fervid imagination to be making a race for
+glory, even though it be through the gates of death.
+
+"It is quite in keeping with everything about Kilpatrick that he should
+choose the cavalry as a vehicle for his high ambition and noble
+patriotism. Such energies as his could scarcely be content with less
+dash or less brilliance of action. The beginning of his war career was
+one of romance, and his previous life indicated an unusual range of
+abilities. He first figures as the boy-orator, speaking in favor of a
+Congressional candidate, with all the fresh warmth and enthusiasm of his
+young nature. Then we see him as cadet at West Point, from which he
+graduates fifteenth in his class and is given the honor of
+valedictorian. The day of graduation is hastened a few months by the
+startling guns of Sumter, which proclaim treason rampant, and fire all
+loyal breasts with a desire to rush to the rescue of their country's
+beloved flag. The impatience and enthusiasm of Kilpatrick could not be
+restrained, and through his influence a petition was signed by
+thirty-seven of his class to be allowed to graduate at once and go to
+the front. The request was granted, and that day was one of especial
+significance at West Point. It was also one of equal significance in his
+life; for the little chapel, where had rung out the words of his
+farewell address, also witnessed the sacred ceremony of his marriage
+with the lady of his love, and on that evening the young soldier and his
+bride took the train for Washington and the front. We know little of the
+bride except that she was enshrined in her husband's heart, and that her
+name--'Alice'--was inscribed on the silken banner under which he fought,
+and so gloriously led his troopers to victory and renown. No one can
+tell how much that name may have had to do with his future marvelous
+success. To natures like his, the magic of a name thus loved, fluttering
+aloft in the smoke of battle, becomes talismanic, and inspires almost
+superhuman heroism."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+"When McDowell marched to Falmouth, he was once more at the front, and,
+in conjunction with Colonel Bayard and the First Pennsylvania Cavalry,
+made a brilliant night-attack on Falmouth Heights, routing Lee's cavalry
+and capturing the place. For this dashing achievement Kilpatrick
+received the thanks of the commanding general. Afterwards, under Pope's
+command, he made his first famous raid in breaking up 'Stonewall'
+Jackson's line of communication with Richmond from Gordonsville in the
+Shenandoah Valley, over the Virginia Central Railway. At Beaver Dam,
+Frederick's Hall, and Hanover Junction, he burned the stations,
+destroyed the tracks, and daringly attacked the enemy wherever he could
+find him. These events took place during July and August, 1862, and the
+boldness of the operations, in the very heart of the enemy's country,
+filled the North with Kilpatrick's fame....
+
+"When Hooker was placed at the head of the Army of the Potomac, the
+cavalry was reorganized under Stoneman as chief, and that general, in
+the following campaign, assigned to Kilpatrick the work of destroying
+the railroad and bridges over the Chickahominy. Four hundred and fifty
+men were given him for the work; but with this small force he brought to
+the difficult mission his usual skill, and, avoiding large forces of the
+enemy, raided to within two miles of Richmond, where he captured
+'Lieutenant Brown, aide-de-camp to General Winder, and eleven men within
+the fortifications.' He says: 'I then passed down to the left to the
+Meadow Bridge on the Chickahominy, which I burned, ran a train of cars
+into the river, retired to Hanover-town on the Peninsula, crossed just
+in time to check the advance of a pursuing cavalry force, burned a train
+of thirty wagons loaded with bacon, captured thirteen prisoners, and
+encamped for the night five miles from the river,' This was the manner
+of his conquering quest, until on the seventh he again struck the Union
+lines at Gloucester Point, having made a march of about 'two hundred
+miles in less than five days, and captured and paroled over eight
+hundred prisoners.' In the accomplishment of this splendid feat he lost
+only one officer and thirty-seven men.
+
+"At Chancellorsville, when Lee came into Maryland and massed his cavalry
+at Beverly Ford, Pleasonton was sent forward on a reconnaissance, and
+met the enemy in battle at Brandy Station. This is renowned as the
+greatest cavalry battle of the war. General Gregg arrived upon the field
+at half-past ten in the morning, and though his noble squadrons fought
+well and bravely, these columns were rolled back, and for a moment, all
+seemed lost, and overwhelmed by the superior numbers of the foe. But at
+this crisis, Kilpatrick, posted on a slight rise of ground, unrolled his
+battle-flag to the breeze, and his bugles sounded the charge. He had
+under his command, the Harris Light, Tenth New York, and First Maine.
+The formation for an onset was quickly made, and the disciplined
+squadrons of these three regiments were hurled upon the enemy. But the
+Tenth New York recoiled before the murderous fire of the enemy's
+carbines. So did the Harris Light. Kilpatrick was maddened at the sight.
+He rushed to the head of the First Maine regiment, shouting, 'Men of
+Maine, you must save the day!' Under the impulse of this enthusiasm,
+they became altogether resistless, and in conjunction with the reformed
+squadrons of the two other regiments, swept the enemy before them, and
+plucked victory, with glorious valor, from the very jaws of defeat. On
+the next day Kilpatrick was made brigadier-general."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+Having presented extracts from "Heroes of Three Wars," and ventured to
+express, incidentally and briefly our own humble opinion of the merits
+of this work, we will now, in confirmation of our judgment, give some
+reviews of the Press--a few out of many. Throughout the North the work
+was hailed with not a little enthusiasm, by soldiers and civilians
+alike--as a work of decided literary merit, and one written in a fair,
+truthful, and loyal spirit, replete with much valuable historical
+information of a character not otherwise easily attainable, and
+calculated to accomplish much good among the rising generation.
+
+The Boston _Transcript_ says:
+
+ "The bivouac, the march, the hand-to-hand conflict with bristling
+ steel, the head-long charge, the ignominious retreat, and the
+ battle-field after the bloody assault, with its dead and wounded
+ heroes, are all excellently portrayed, and with an ease and vigor
+ of style that lend a peculiar charm to the book, and rivet the
+ attention of the reader from cover to cover. It is really
+ refreshing to meet with such a work as this in these degenerate
+ days of namby-pamby novels, so enervating to mind and morals.
+ Captain Glazier's work elevates the ideas, and infuses a spirit of
+ commendable patriotism into the young mind, by showing the youth of
+ the country how nobly men could die for the principles they
+ cherished and the land they loved."
+
+The Chicago _Inter-Ocean_ writes as follows:
+
+ "It is correct in facts, graphic in its delineations, and in all
+ its makeup is a most admirable volume. It will do the young men,
+ and even those older, good to glance at these pages and read anew
+ the perils and hardships and sacrifices which have been made by the
+ loyal men who met and overthrew in battle the nation's enemies.
+ The book is of absorbing interest as a record of brave deeds by as
+ brave and heroic men as ever answered a bugle's call. The author
+ writes no fancy sketch. He has the smoke and scars of battle in
+ every sentence. He answered roll-call and mingled amid the exciting
+ events he relates. No writer, even the most praised correspondents
+ of the foreign journals, have given more vivid descriptions
+ soul-stirring in their simple truthfulness, than Captain Glazier in
+ his 'Heroes of Three Wars.'"
+
+The Baltimore _Sun_ writes:
+
+ "'Heroes of Three Wars' is written by the masterly hand of one who
+ has evidently enjoyed a personal acquaintance with many of the
+ subjects introduced, and is not only thoroughly imbued with the
+ spirit of his work, but as thoroughly inspires his readers. Captain
+ Glazier has familiarized himself with all of the details of
+ interest in the lives of a grand galaxy of heroes, and has put on
+ paper, in a condensed and graphic form, a clear picture of what he
+ has treasured up in his own mind. We know of no book that contains
+ so faithful a presentation of our brave defenders in so condensed
+ and satisfactory a form."
+
+The Philadelphia _Times_ observes:
+
+ "The soldier-author does his work in an artless, patriotic,
+ beautiful style, and gives to his readers a real and not an
+ imaginary idea of army life in all its lights and shades. Captain
+ Glazier has laid his countrymen under lasting obligations to him,
+ especially in this new book, 'Heroes of Three Wars.'"
+
+The Cincinnati _Enquirer_ remarks:
+
+ "Captain Glazier rises above the conventional war-writers' idioms,
+ and gives his work a place in literature and history. Here is found
+ the stern actuality of war's fearful tug; here the beautiful pathos
+ of pure manly sentiment flowing from the heart of many a brave soul
+ on the battle's eve; here the scenes of sad and solemn burial where
+ warriors weep. The din of battle on one page, and the jest at the
+ peril past on the next--the life-test and the comedy of camp--these
+ alternatingly checker the work over, and give the reader a truer
+ insight into the perils and privations of our brave defenders than
+ any book we have read."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXI.
+
+
+OCEAN TO OCEAN ON HORSEBACK.
+
+
+ From Boston to San Francisco.--An unparalleled ride.--Object of the
+ journey.--Novel lecture tour.--Captain Frank M. Clark.--"Echoes
+ from the Revolution."--Lecture at Tremont Temple.--Captain
+ Theodore L. Kelly.--A success.--Proceeds of lecture.--Edward F.
+ Rollins.--Extracts from first lecture.--Press notices.
+
+The story of the career of Willard Glazier will not be complete without
+some description of his novel and adventurous feat of riding on
+horseback across the continent of North America--literally from ocean to
+ocean, or from Boston to San Francisco. This unparalleled ride was
+satisfactorily accomplished by him in 1876--the Centennial year. It was
+a long and trying journey, extending over a period of two hundred days,
+and a distance of four thousand one hundred and thirty-three miles, but
+at the same time a journey of great interest. His object was to study,
+at comparative leisure, the line of country through which he would pass,
+and to note the habits and condition of the people he came in contact
+with. The knowledge thus laboriously acquired he purposed placing before
+the public in book form.
+
+While thus in the commendable pursuit of knowledge, he also contemplated
+making some practical return for the many kindnesses and courtesies he
+had received at the hands of soldiers since the disbandment of the
+volunteer army, and the wide circulation of the first product of his
+pen, _The Capture, Prison-Pen and Escape_; and it had occurred to him
+that to accomplish this he might turn his journey to beneficial account
+by lecturing at the various towns he visited, and handing over the
+proceeds to the Widows' and Orphans' fund of the "Grand Army of the
+Republic," of which patriotic society he was a member; or to some other
+benevolent military organization.
+
+The thought no sooner entered his mind than, with his usual promptitude,
+the resolution was formed, and, with the following letter of
+introduction from Captain Frank M. Clark, of New York, he at once
+proceeded to Boston:
+
+
+ 4 Irving Place,
+ New York, _April 20, 1876._
+
+ To Comrades of the G. A. R.:
+
+ I have been intimately acquainted with Captain Willard Glazier, a
+ comrade in good standing of Post No. 29, Department of New York,
+ "Grand Army of the Republic," for the past eight years, and know
+ him to be worthy the confidence of every loyal man. He is an
+ intelligent and courteous gentleman, an author of good repute, a
+ soldier whose record is without a stain, and a true comrade of the
+ "Grand Army." I bespeak for him the earnest and cordial support of
+ all comrades of the Order.
+
+ Yours very truly in F., C. and L.,
+ Frank M. Clark,
+ Late A. A. G. Department of New York, G. A. R.
+
+
+[Illustration: Captain Glazier At Tremont Temple, Boston.]
+
+On the evening of the eighth of May, 1876, Captain Glazier lectured as
+arranged at Tremont Temple, Boston. His subject, appropriate to the
+Centennial year, was entitled "Echoes from the Revolution." This was the
+first occasion of any importance on which he had ever appeared on the
+rostrum. It may here be mentioned that his friends strongly recommended
+him to deliver the first lecture before a smaller and less critical
+audience than he would be likely to confront in Boston, and thus
+prepare himself for a later appearance in the literary capital; but our
+soldier reasoned that as lecturing was a new experience to him, his
+military education dictated that, if he could carry the strongest works
+the weaker along the line would fall, as a matter of course, and so
+resolved to deliver his first lecture in Tremont Temple. The lecture, as
+we have said, had been prepared with a view to its delivery at various
+towns and cities on the route he contemplated traveling. He was
+introduced to his Boston audience by Captain Theodore L. Kelly,
+Commander of Post 15, Grand Army of the Republic, and was honored by the
+presence on the platform of representatives from nearly all the Posts of
+Boston. Captain Kelly introduced his comrade in the following
+complimentary manner:
+
+"Ladies and Gentlemen: It gives me pleasure to have the honor of
+introducing to you one who, by his services in the field and by the
+works of his pen, is entitled to your consideration, and the confidence
+of the comrades of the 'Grand Army of the Republic.' I desire to say
+that he comes well accredited, furnished with the proper vouchers and
+documents, and highly endorsed and recommended by the officers of the
+Department of the State of New York. Though young in years, his life has
+been one of varied and exciting experience. Born in the wilds of St.
+Lawrence County, New York, his education was drawn from the great book
+of nature; and from his surroundings he early imbibed a love of liberty.
+His early associations naturally invested him with a love of adventure
+and excitement, and when the call of war was heard he at once responded,
+and enlisted in the Harris Light Cavalry, with which corps he passed
+through many exciting scenes of march and fray. His experience amid the
+various vicissitudes of the war, in camp and field and prison, have been
+vividly portrayed by his pen in his various publications. Still inspired
+by this love of adventure, he proposes to undertake the novelty of a
+journey across the continent in the saddle. His objects are manifold.
+While visiting scenes and becoming more familiar with his own country,
+he will collect facts and information for a new book, and at his various
+stopping-places he will lecture under the auspices and for the benefit
+of the 'Grand Army of the Republic,' to whose fraternal regard he is
+most warmly commended. Allow me then, ladies and gentlemen, without
+further ceremony, to present to you the soldier-author, and our comrade,
+Willard Glazier."
+
+The lecture proved a success both financially and in the marked pleasure
+with which it was received by a very select audience. In fulfillment of
+his generous purpose in the application of the proceeds, Glazier on the
+succeeding morning addressed a letter to the Assistant Adjutant-General,
+Department of Massachusetts, Grand Army of the Republic, in the
+following words:
+
+
+ Revere House,
+ Boston, _May 9th, 1876_.
+
+ Captain Charles W. Thompson,
+ A. A. G. Department of Massachusetts, G. A. R.
+
+ Comrade: I take pleasure in handing you the net proceeds of my
+ lecture delivered at Tremont Temple last night, which I desire to
+ be divided equally between Posts 7 and 15, G. A. R., of Boston, for
+ the benefit of our disabled comrades, and the needy and destitute
+ wards of the "Grand Army." Gratefully acknowledging many favors and
+ courtesies extended to me in your patriotic city,
+
+ I am yours in F., C. and L.,
+ Willard Glazier.
+
+
+To this the following response was received:
+
+
+ Headquarters, Encampment John A. Andrew,
+ Post 15, Dept. of Mass., G. A. R.,
+ Boston, _May 12th, 1876._
+
+ Captain Willard Glazier:
+
+ Comrade: In obedience to a vote of this Post, I am pleased to
+ transmit to you a vote of thanks for the money generously donated
+ by you, through our Commander, as our quota of the proceeds of your
+ lecture in this city; and also the best wishes of the comrades of
+ this Post for you personally, and for the success of your lecture
+ tour from sea to sea. Yours in F., C. and L.,
+
+ Edward F. Rollins,
+ Adjutant of Post.
+
+
+We have said the lecture was a success, and as an evidence of the
+appreciation by the audience of its subject, and the manner of its
+delivery, together with the friendly feeling manifested towards the
+lecturer, we adduce the following:
+
+
+ Department of Mass.,
+ "Grand Army of the Republic."
+ Boston, _June 16th, 1876._
+
+ To _Captain Willard Glazier:_
+ Dear Sir and Comrade:
+
+ The undersigned comrades of "John A. Andrew" Encampment, Post 15,
+ Department of Massachusetts, G. A. R., desire to testify to the
+ pleasure afforded them by your lecture delivered at Tremont Temple
+ on May 8th; also, to return their thanks for the liberal donation
+ presented to this Post; and at the same time to express the hope
+ that you may be successful in your object and journey.
+
+ [Signed.]
+
+ Theodore L. Kelly, _Commander_. Thomas Langham.
+ Edward F. Rollins, _Adjutant_. J. Henry Brown.
+ W. Brooks Frothingham. George W. Powers, _Chaplain_.
+ James T. Price. Robert W. Storer, _Q. M. S._
+ Frank Bowman. Oliver Downing.
+ Theodore L. Baker. James Mclean.
+ William S. Wallingford.
+
+
+Before proceeding with our account of the journey, let us dwell for a
+moment upon the features of the lecture prepared by Willard Glazier for
+delivery at Boston. As might have been expected, it was a
+military-historical lecture, adapted to the understanding and taste of a
+mixed and educated audience, and was written in the same earnest,
+original, patriotic and rousing style that characterizes his writings
+throughout. Some parts of this lecture, in our opinion, are worthy of
+comparison with the oratorical deliverances of eminent and practised
+lecturers, and that the reader may judge for himself if the "Echoes of
+the Revolution" lose aught of their sonorousness at this distant date,
+when the reverberation reaches them through a lecture, we here present
+an abstract of the opening:
+
+
+INTRODUCTORY.
+
+"The year 1876 re-echoes the scenes and events of a hundred years ago.
+In imagination we make a pilgrimage back to the Revolution. We visit the
+fields whereon our ancestors fought for liberty and a Republic. We
+follow patriots from Lexington to Yorktown. I see them walking through a
+baptism of blood and of fire; their only purpose liberty; their only
+incentive duty; their only pride their country; and their only ambition
+victory. I see them with Warren and Prescott at Bunker Hill; I see them
+with Washington at Valley Forge, hatless, without shoes, half-clad, and
+often without food; encamped in fields of snow; patiently enduring the
+rigors of a northern winter. I see them pushing their way through the
+ice of the Delaware. I see them at Saratoga, at Bennington, at
+Princeton, and at Monmouth. I follow Marion and his daring troopers
+through the swamps of Georgia and the Carolinas. And, finally, we come
+to that immortal day at Yorktown, when Cornwallis surrendered his sword
+and command to George Washington.
+
+"All the world is familiar with the causes which led to the struggle for
+independence in America. We all know the spirit which animated the
+people of the Colonies, from the seizure of Sir Edmond Andross in 1688
+to the destruction of the tea in Boston harbor in 1774. No American is
+ignorant of the efforts of John Hancock, Samuel Adams, Joseph Warren,
+Patrick Henry, Alexander Hamilton, Paul Revere, and others, at clubs, in
+newspapers, in pulpits, in the streets, and in coffee-houses, to guide
+and prepare the people for the approaching crisis. All the facts from
+the beginning to the close of that memorable conflict are given in
+school-books, as well as in more pretentious history. But the immediate
+cause of the march of the English troops from Boston to Concord seems to
+be necessary to a comprehensive view of the subject.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+"On the nineteenth of April, 1775, a handful of the yeomanry of
+Massachusetts, obeying a common impulse, came hurriedly together,
+confronted a force of English regulars outnumbering them ten to one,
+received their fire, were repulsed, and left eighteen of their number
+dead and wounded on the green in front of Lexington. On the same day, at
+Concord, less than four hundred undisciplined militia met a regiment of
+the enemy, fired upon them, put them to flight, and compelled them to
+retire to their intrenchments at Boston. It was the first step in that
+war which gave us a Republic, and may be classed in history as one of
+the decisive conflicts of modern times.
+
+"Lexington and Concord were not the great battles of the Revolution;
+they were, in fact, only skirmishes as compared with the more sanguinary
+actions; but I dwell upon them as the opening scenes, the
+starting-points, where the first shots were fired in an eight years' war
+against British rule and British oppression in America....
+
+
+JOHN STARK.
+
+"Despair was turned into joy by the telling victories of the Americans
+at Trenton and Princeton, and the country began to see that her precious
+blood had not been spilled in vain. Just at this juncture of affairs,
+when it was necessary to follow up the tide of victory with vigorous
+work, the term of enlistment of most of the men expired, and the
+personal popularity and influence of the leaders was thus put to the
+test. Would the men go, or could they be induced to stay through another
+term of enlistment before seeking the respite they desired at their
+homes? At this critical period, John Stark made an earnest appeal to his
+regiment, and every man without exception re-enlisted for six weeks
+under the banner of their beloved leader. Then Stark went to New
+Hampshire for recruits, and hundreds flocked around his standard.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+"Soon after the surrender of Cornwallis, General Stark returned once
+more to his home and farm. He had served his country long and
+faithfully, and retired from his protracted period of active service
+beloved by the people and full of honors. He lived to be ninety-four
+years old, and consequently witnessed the war of 1812.
+
+"He sleeps on the banks of the Merrimac, nor heeds the noisy rush of the
+river as it speeds on its mission to the sea. No clash of musketry, no
+roar of cannon will ever waken him more from his last deep repose. Men
+call it death, but if it be death, it is that of the body only, for his
+_memory_ still lives and speaks to us across the years. It bids us be
+noble and unselfish, and high of purpose, and grand of aim. Will the
+oncoming generations who con the story of the life of John Stark listen
+to the preaching of such an example in vain?
+
+
+PERORATION.
+
+"The surrender of Cornwallis may be considered the closing scene in the
+war of the Revolution. The grim spectre of British rule over the
+American Colonies vanished like the smoke of battle, while hirelings
+were trembling and the patriot was prince. That was indeed a day of
+triumph--a day of rejoicing. It was to the patriots the crown of all
+their efforts. A long, loud, thrilling shout of joy arose from the
+victorious band of Washington, and as the tidings of actual surrender
+were borne throughout the country, the people everywhere broke forth in
+wild huzzahs that echoed and re-echoed along the plains and among the
+hills, from the lakes to the gulf, and from the Atlantic to the
+mountains. There was joy because there was to be no more needless
+sacrifice of life; because the soldier could now exchange the camp for
+his home; the implements of war for the implements of industry; the
+carnage of battle for the amenities of peace.
+
+"The work for which they buckled on the armor was accomplished. They did
+not rush to arms for the love of glory, nor to ward off an imaginary
+foe. They came at their country's call, and having achieved her
+independence, they were now ready for the pursuits of peace. They even
+longed for the coveted seclusion of their homes, and the sweet security
+of their firesides. I see them now marshaled for the last time to
+receive an honorable discharge from a long campaign, the ensigns of
+victory everywhere above them, the air vocal with the benedictions of a
+grateful people. But on that great day of final discharge, at the last
+roll-call, the heroes were not all there to answer to their names; there
+were vacant places in the ranks. In the marching and counter-marching,
+in the assault and in the defence; in the swamp and in the prison, mid
+the fever and the pestilence, the patriots faltered not, but fell as
+falls the hero, nobly daring, bravely dying, and though dead they are
+not forgotten: their works do follow, and will forever live, after
+them....
+
+"Justice to our heroic ancestors does not forbid reference to the
+equally gallant 'Boys in Blue,' who by their invincible valor on the
+battle-fields of the Rebellion preserved the unity of the Republic.
+
+"The fight is done, and away in the far horizon the glorious days are
+waxing dim. Even now, it is the bearded men who speak of Gettysburg; and
+children clasp the knees that marched to Corinth and Chickamauga. Year
+after year our soldiers meet to talk of glory; and year by year their
+ranks grow thinner, older, grayer; and, by and by, the last survivors of
+the war for the Union will sleep with their brothers who fell at Bunker
+Hill."
+
+The press of Boston were highly commendatory in their notices of the
+lecture and its delivery, as will be seen by the following extract from
+the _Globe_:
+
+ "A very fair audience, considering the unfair condition of the
+ elements, was gathered in Tremont Temple last night, to hear
+ Captain Glazier's lecture upon 'Echoes from the Revolution.' The
+ frequent applause of the audience evinced not only a sympathy with
+ the subject, but an evident liking of the manner in which it was
+ delivered. The lecture itself was a retrospective view of the
+ leading incidents of the Revolution. It would have been unfair to
+ expect to hear anything very new upon a subject with which the
+ veriest school-boy is familiar; but Captain Glazier wove the events
+ together in a manner which freed the lecture from that most
+ unpardonable of all faults, which can be committed upon the
+ platform--dulness. He passed over, in his consideration of the
+ Revolution, the old scenes up to the time when Cornwallis
+ surrendered up his sword and command to George Washington. 'The
+ year 1876,' said Captain Glazier, 're-echoes the scenes and events
+ of a hundred years ago. In imagination we make a pilgrimage back to
+ the Revolution. We visit the fields whereon our ancestors fought
+ for liberty and a republic. We follow patriots from Lexington to
+ Yorktown. I see them pushing their way through the ice of the
+ Delaware--I see them at Saratoga, at Bennington, at Princeton, and
+ at Monmouth. I follow Marion and his daring troopers through the
+ swamps of Georgia and the Carolinas;' and in following them up, the
+ lecturer interspersed his exciting narrative with sundry droll
+ episodes. Treating of the battles of Trenton and Princeton, he
+ expatiated upon the devoted heroism of John Stark, and briefly
+ traced his career until, at Bennington, Burgoyne's victor announced
+ to his comrades, 'We must conquer to-day, my boys, or to-night
+ Molly Stark's a widow.' One battle after another was handled by the
+ lecturer in a pleasing manner, showing that he was thoroughly
+ familiar with the subject he had chosen for his theme. After
+ speaking in a most zealous manner of the troops on land, Captain
+ Glazier remarked: 'Our victories on the ocean during the war of the
+ Revolution were not less decisive and glorious than those achieved
+ on land. John Paul Jones and the gallant tars who, under his
+ leadership, braved the dangers of the deep, and wrested from proud
+ Britain, once queen of the sea, that illustrious motto which may be
+ seen high on our banner beside the stars and stripes.'
+
+ "Captain Glazier made special mention of the naval engagement
+ between the Bon Homme Richard and the British man-of-war Serapis,
+ which took place in September, 1789. He described in glowing words
+ the fierce nature of that memorable contest, until the captain of
+ the Serapis, with his own hand, struck the flag of England to the
+ free stars and stripes of young America. Captain Glazier has
+ elements in him which, carefully matured and nurtured, will make
+ him successful on the platform, as he has already proved himself in
+ the fields of literature. He has a strong and melodious voice, a
+ gentlemanly address, and unassuming confidence. He was presented to
+ the audience by Commandant Kelly, of Post 15, 'Grand Army of the
+ Republic,' in a brief but eloquent speech. Captain Glazier will
+ start on his long ride to San Francisco, from the Revere House,
+ this morning, at 9.30, and will be accompanied to Bunker Hill and
+ thence to Brighton, by several distinguished members of the 'Grand
+ Army,' and other gentlemen, who wish the captain success on his
+ long journey."
+
+The Boston _Post_ said:
+
+ "The lecturer spoke with a soldier's enthusiasm of those stirring
+ times. In a very eloquent manner he traced the movements of the
+ Revolutionary heroes from that day in April, 1775, when the
+ undisciplined militia at Concord put the red-coats to flight and
+ forced them to retire to their entrenchments at Boston, onward
+ through the various battles to the surrender of Cornwallis. The
+ different acts passed in rapid succession before the audience, and
+ were enlivened with interesting details. In touching upon the
+ different battles, the lecturer descanted upon the more eminent
+ individuals whom the fate of war and opportunity brought to the
+ front, and enshrined forever in the gallery of patriots. Bunker
+ Hill came in for especial notice, where 'many brave and noble men
+ gave up their lives.'...
+
+ "Captain Glazier was frequently and loudly applauded during the
+ delivery of his lecture. His voice is rich and powerful, his
+ intonation accurate, and his general manner could not help
+ imparting interest to the stirring deeds which he so graphically
+ delineated."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXII.
+
+
+FROM BOSTON TO CHICAGO.
+
+
+ In the saddle.--Bunker Hill.--Arrives in
+ Albany.--Reminiscences.--The Soldiers' Home.--Contributions for
+ erecting Soldiers' Home.--Reception at
+ Rochester.--Buffalo.--Dunkirk.--Swanville.--Cleveland.--Massacre
+ of General Custer.--Monroe.--Lectures for Custer
+ Monument.--Father of General Custer.--Detroit.--Kalamazoo.--An
+ adventure.--Gives "Paul Revere" a
+ rest.--Decatur.--Niles.--Michigan City.--Chicago.
+
+From a journal kept by Captain Glazier during his horseback ride from
+ocean to ocean, we shall gather most of the incidents of his journey--a
+journey, so far as we are aware, without any precedent, and having for
+its sole object the acquirement of knowledge. His intention was to
+lecture in the leading cities and villages through which he passed, in
+the interest of the relief fund of the "Grand Army of the Republic," to
+which order he was greatly attached.
+
+The Boston _Globe_ of May ninth, 1876, contained the following brief
+notice:
+
+ "Boston to San Francisco.--Captain Willard Glazier started from the
+ Revere House this morning at eleven o'clock, on horseback, for San
+ Francisco. Quite a gathering of his friends and comrades of the
+ 'Grand Army' were present to wish him God-speed. He was escorted by
+ Colonel John F. Finley and E. A. Williston, who were mounted; and
+ Adjutant-General Charles W. Thompson, Department of Massachusetts,
+ 'G. A. R.;' Commander Theo. L. Kelly, of Post 15; Adjutant Grafton
+ Fenno, of Post 7, and many others in carriages, who will accompany
+ him to Bunker Hill and thence to Brighton."
+
+[Illustration: Ocean To Ocean On Horseback--riding Out Of Boston.]
+
+The Captain's horse, which he had named "Paul Revere," was a noble
+creature, black as jet, of good pedigree, and possessing, in no slight
+measure, the sterling qualities of endurance, pace, and fidelity, albeit
+occasionally somewhat restive and wilful.
+
+On leaving the "Revere," the party referred to in the above notice
+proceeded to Bunker Hill, gazed reverentially at the monument
+commemorating the famous battle, and then headed for Brighton. The short
+journey had been rendered comfortless by a continuous downfall of rain,
+and when the friends halted at the Cattle-Fair Hotel for dinner, they
+were all more or less drenched to the skin.
+
+Much cordial interest was manifested in the work the captain had
+undertaken and the motives that actuated him; and at length, taking
+leave of his friendly escort, he pushed forward through Worcester,
+Springfield, Pittsfield, Nassau, and on to Albany, covering a distance
+of two hundred miles. At Beckett he found "Paul's" back becoming sore,
+and as a good rider is always humane to his horse, he removed the
+saddle, washed the abrasion with cold water, and before resuming his
+journey put a blanket under the saddle-cloth, which kindly care afforded
+"Paul" considerable relief. At Pittsfield, Glazier delivered his fourth
+lecture in the Academy of Music, being introduced to his audience by
+Captain Brewster, Commander of the Pittsfield Post, "Grand Army of the
+Republic."
+
+His journey from Pittsfield was by the Boston and Albany Turnpike, over
+the Pittsfield Mountain, passing the residence of Honorable Samuel J.
+Tilden, then Governor of New York, and a candidate for the Presidency.
+Starting from Nassau at eleven o'clock, he reached the old Barringer
+Homestead soon after. It was with this family that he had spent his
+first night in Rensselaer County, sixteen years before, when looking for
+a school to teach, and he could not resist the temptation to stop a few
+minutes at Brockway's, where he had boarded the first week after
+entering the school at Schodack Centre as a teacher. At the hotel he
+found Mrs. Lewis, the landlady, awaiting his approach, as she had been
+told he would pass that way. He also halted for a moment at his old
+school-house, where he found Miss Libby Brockway, one of the youngest of
+his old scholars, teaching the school. "Thoughts of Rip Van Winkle," he
+says, "flitted across my imagination as I contrasted the past with the
+present."
+
+On the eighteenth of May Captain Glazier reached the fine old city of
+Albany, capital of his native State, and in the evening of the same day
+delivered his fifth lecture at Tweddle Hall.
+
+Thrilling memories awaited him in Albany. Here, in 1859, he entered the
+State Normal School. It was here his patriotism was aroused by
+intelligence of the firing upon Fort Sumter, and he at once formed the
+resolution to enter the army in defence of the Union; and it was in
+Albany that the first edition of his first book saw the light through
+the press of Joel Munsell, in the autumn of 1865. Here, it may be said,
+his career in life commenced, when, leaving his country home in Northern
+New York, he entered the Normal School.
+
+The erection of a Soldiers' Home having been recently projected, Glazier
+called on the adjutant-general at the State House, in relation to his
+lecturing in the interest of the fund for that purpose. Colonel Taylor,
+assistant adjutant-general, whom he had known for some years, presented
+him to General Townsend, and he was recommended to see and consult with
+Captain John Palmer, Past Grand Commander of the State, G. A. R.
+
+Nothing can better prove the disinterested motives and objects of
+Willard Glazier in undertaking his long and tedious journey on
+horseback, than the numerous voluntary offerings he made to certain
+military organizations whose claims so forcibly presented themselves to
+him. This was simply characteristic of him. He has never valued money
+but for the practical uses to which it may be applied in the
+amelioration of the condition of others. Simple in his habits, and
+unostentatious in his mode of life--indulging in no luxuries--he has
+managed by sheer hard work to accumulate a fair fortune, which is of
+value to him only so far as he can do good with it--first to those
+having the strongest domestic claims upon him, and secondly, to his
+comrades of the camp and the battle-field.
+
+The following letters will explain themselves:
+
+
+ Delavan House,
+ Albany, _May 28th, 1876_.
+
+ Captain John Palmer, Past Grand Commander,
+ Department of New York, G. A. R.
+
+ Dear Sir and Comrade: I feel great pleasure in handing you
+ herewith, forty dollars, which I wish to be applied to the fund for
+ the erection of a Soldiers' Home, as lately proposed by our
+ comrades at Brooklyn. Should it be your pleasure to endorse my
+ lecture tour across the State, I feel confident that I could raise
+ from five hundred to a thousand dollars for this most worthy
+ object. Pledging my best efforts in the work, which I hope I need
+ scarcely add, enlists my warmest sympathies, I have the honor to
+ remain,
+
+ Yours in F., C. and L.,
+ Willard Glazier.
+
+
+Captain Palmer, in acknowledging the donation, wrote as follows:
+
+
+ Headquarters Department of New York,
+ "Grand Army of the Republic,"
+ Albany, _May 31st, 1876_.
+
+ Captain Willard Glazier:
+
+ Comrade: Your gift of forty dollars to the fund for the erection of
+ the "Soldiers' Home" is duly received, and the same has been
+ forwarded to Captain E. O. Parkinson, Chairman Soldiers' Home
+ Committee, Brooklyn, New York, for which accept my thanks.
+
+ Very truly yours, in F., C. and L.,
+ John Palmer,
+ Department Commander.
+
+
+On the twenty-second of May, "'Paul' being in good condition and the
+best of spirits," our soldier-author started for Schenectady, paying his
+respects to Captain Palmer on his way up Washington Avenue. Schenectady
+was reached at four o'clock P. M. through frequent showers of rain.
+Putting up at Gwinn's Hotel he delivered his lecture at Union Hall at
+the usual hour in the evening, to a fair audience, notwithstanding the
+rain.
+
+The Schenectady _Union_ had heralded his approach by the following
+notice:
+
+ "Captain Glazier.--This noted soldier, author, rider, and raider,
+ who raided during the war with General Kilpatrick, will advance
+ upon this place next Monday, and in the evening lecture upon
+ 'Echoes from the Revolution.' Captain Glazier is a member of the
+ 'Grand Army' in good standing, and will be assisted here by the
+ members of Post 14, with whom he will divide the profits of the
+ lecture. The Captain was an inmate of Libby Prison at one time
+ during the war, and finally made his escape to the Union lines. The
+ book entitled 'Capture, Prison-Pen and Escape,' and several other
+ war books, were produced by him."
+
+Reaching Fonda, May twenty-sixth, we find the following entry in his
+Journal: "Scenery charming. I saw nothing in Massachusetts equal to the
+Valley of the Mohawk, and am surprised that novelist and poet have not
+found more material here for legendary romance."
+
+Passing through St. Johnsville, Little Falls, Utica, and Rome--where he
+met a large number of his "Grand Army" comrades, and was introduced to
+Hon. H. J. Coggeshall, Colonel G. A. Cantine, Hon. W. T. Bliss, and many
+others--he arrived in Syracuse June second, registered at the Vanderbilt
+House, and lectured at Shakespere Hall in the evening. Rochester was
+reached on the eighth, where the tenth lecture was delivered to an
+appreciative audience in Corinthian Hall--the introduction being made by
+Colonel Reynolds. The Rochester _Democrat_ noticed the lecture in the
+following paragraph:
+
+ "A very large audience assembled at Corinthian Hall last evening to
+ listen to Captain Willard Glazier's lecture on 'Echoes from the
+ Revolution.' The lecture was a very interesting one, and the
+ audience were agreeably entertained. Captain Glazier proposes to go
+ to Batavia, and from thence to Buffalo. He is meeting with deserved
+ success in his journey on horseback from ocean to ocean, which
+ increases as he becomes better known."
+
+It may here be remarked that during Captain Glazier's stay in Rochester,
+an exception was made to the usually courteous reception given him by
+the local press. One of the papers threw doubts on the genuineness of
+his credentials and the rectitude of his motives. This, however, had
+little effect on him. He was conscious of his own integrity of purpose,
+and of being guided by a desire to do good while seeking knowledge and
+recreation in his own way, and the only notice we find of the
+circumstance in his Journal is in a few words under date of June
+eleventh: "Was pleased with an article in the _Express_, contradicting
+falsehoods in the _Union_."
+
+The following is the article referred to:
+
+ "On Friday our evening contemporary took occasion to treat Captain
+ Willard Glazier, who lectured in Corinthian Hall the night previous,
+ with a degree of contempt and misrepresentation suggestive of
+ Confederate sympathies on the part of the writer. As to the methods
+ of Captain Glazier's business we have nothing to do. As a man and a
+ soldier, he is above reproach. We have examined the original
+ documentary testimonials to his military character, and no man could
+ be better endorsed. That he has devoted himself since the war to
+ illustrate the war of the rebellion in books and upon the rostrum is
+ to his credit, and certainly to the benefit of the people whose
+ patriotism he keeps alive by his appeals with pen and tongue. Doubt
+ was cast upon his services on account of his youth. But the fact
+ stands that Willard Glazier was a captain of cavalry at the age of
+ eighteen, certainly a higher record than that of a stay-at-home
+ Copperhead. He performed his duty, was honorably discharged, and is
+ a member in good standing of that noble organization of veterans,
+ the 'Grand Army of the Republic.' We trust that when Captain Glazier
+ comes again to Rochester, he will have better treatment and a still
+ better audience. His trip across the continent will result in the
+ public's having a record of observations which cannot fail to be
+ valuable and entertaining."
+
+Batavia, Croft's Station, Crittenden and Lancaster were passed through,
+the usual courtesies tendered and accepted, lectures delivered with
+unvarying success, and the city of Buffalo reached on the morning of the
+nineteenth of June.
+
+With a soldier's instinct, Glazier halted here at the parade-ground, and
+witnessed the drill of the militia. He then located himself at No. 34
+Oak Street, where he was visited by many comrades of the "Grand Army"
+and other prominent citizens of Buffalo. Arrangements having been made,
+he lectured to a full house at St. James Hall, being introduced to the
+audience by Major John M. Farquhar. The following endorsement had
+appeared in the Buffalo _Express_ the day preceding his arrival in the
+city, signed by prominent members of the "Grand Army of the Republic:"
+
+
+ Buffalo, New York,
+ _June 18th, 1876._
+
+ Captain Willard Glazier served his country with great credit in the
+ Harris Light Cavalry. He was a brave soldier and has a splendid
+ army record. His numerous works upon army life, recording his
+ personal experiences on the battle-field, in camp and in prison,
+ are exceedingly interesting and of a highly patriotic character;
+ they are universally commended by the press and by men of army
+ experience.
+
+ He is highly endorsed as a member in good standing of the "Grand
+ Army of the Republic," and as a lecturer.
+
+ The object of his lectures being to add to the fund for a Soldiers'
+ Home in this State, we most cheerfully commend him to the people of
+ this city, and earnestly hope he will receive a liberal patronage,
+ and have a full house at St. James Hall on Monday evening, the
+ nineteenth of June.
+
+ [Signed]
+
+ George N. Brown, William F. Rogers,
+ George W. Flynn, G. L. Remington,
+ John B. Weber, John M. Farquhar,
+ James N. Mcarthur, Charles B. Dunning,
+ G. A. Scroggs, Alfred Lytle,
+ P. J. Ripont, John A. Franke,
+ Richard Flash.
+
+
+The lecture was a success, and the usual offering of the proceeds made
+to the fund of the Soldiers' Home.
+
+"Paul" was ordered at eight o'clock the following morning, and, again in
+the saddle, Glazier proceeded at a walk to North Evans, distant from
+Buffalo fifteen miles. His road laid along the banks of Lake Erie, a
+circumstance which he notes in his diary as one of the events of his
+journey, the beauty of the scenery, and fresh, cool air from the lake
+being exceedingly pleasant and grateful on a hot day in June. He rode
+"Paul" down to the beach and into the water up to his girths.
+
+June twenty-fourth, we find the following entry:
+
+"My journey from North Evans to Angola has been unusually pleasant. I
+could see the lake, and feel its cool refreshing influence nearly the
+whole distance."
+
+Angola is situated on the Lake Shore Railroad, about three-quarters of a
+mile from Lake Erie. Here Mr. J. S. Parker, formerly of Malone, New
+York, called upon him on business connected with the lecture, and in the
+course of conversation, Captain Glazier discovered that his visitor knew
+many of his old neighbors and acquaintances in Northern New York. The
+events of his early years along the banks of the Oswegatchie were
+discussed with much interest, and it doubtless formed a pleasing episode
+of his journey. The lecture was delivered with satisfactory results, at
+the regular hour, in a building that had once been a church, but was now
+used as the Town Hall, and the introduction made by Leroy S. Oatman.
+
+Dunkirk was reached June twenty-fifth, by way of the Buffalo Road. The
+beautiful lake, which had been very near the road from Buffalo to
+Angola, was now seldom seen, but the haying season had commenced, and
+the captain's love of nature was now gratified by the lively spectacle
+of the mowers and hay-makers--men, women and children at work in the
+fields as he rode past. Putting up at the Eastern Hotel, he was ready
+to deliver his lecture in the evening, and at Columbus Hall was
+introduced to a respectable audience by the Rev. J. A. Kummer, pastor of
+the Methodist church of Dunkirk. The following day being Sunday, he
+attended divine service at the Rev. Mr. Kummer's church.
+
+Before leaving Dunkirk the following testimonial was handed him:
+
+
+ Dunkirk, New York,
+ _June 25th, 1876._
+
+ Captain Glazier:
+
+ We desire to express to you our warm appreciation of your highly
+ instructive and most entertaining lecture delivered here this
+ evening. We trust success beyond your most sanguine expectations
+ will attend you in your journey; and we cheerfully recommend you
+ and your lecture to any and all whom our endorsement might
+ influence.
+
+ [Signed]
+
+ J. M. McWharf, M. D.,
+ J. A. Kummer, _Pastor_,
+ P. B. Morrell
+
+
+Dunkirk, with its pleasant associations, was left June twenty-seventh,
+and, continuing along the Buffalo Road, our cavalier stopped for dinner
+at Silver Creek. Here he found the farmers of Chautauqua County largely
+engaged in the cultivation of fruit and grain. The flourishing vineyards
+near Fredonia had also arrested his attention, giving promise of the
+extensive cultivation of the grape which has since marked this locality.
+At Westfield he lectured in the Metropolitan Hall, being introduced by
+George Wilson, Esq., and on the following day passed through a fine
+fruit and grain region, stopping at a village named State Line for
+dinner. Here he had some trouble in finding the landlord of the
+caravansary, who, combining the business of "mine host" with that of a
+farmer, was at the time some distance away, industriously employed at
+hoeing corn.
+
+At five o'clock P. M., Captain Glazier reached the flourishing little
+town of North East, where he found a large crowd of people in front of
+the Haynes House awaiting his arrival. He was taken by surprise when
+told that he had been announced to deliver a lecture there that evening.
+The band of the place escorted him to the "Hall," and, taking position
+in front of the audience, played "Hail Columbia" before, and "The Sword
+of Bunker Hill" after the lecture. This was a voluntary and quite an
+unexpected compliment to Captain Glazier, who was sensibly affected by
+it. The "Hall" was so crowded that many were compelled to stand
+throughout the lecture, and if applause is any evidence of the
+satisfaction of the applauders, he might fairly consider his effort to
+entertain the "North Easters" a decided success. Captain Bronson Orton
+introduced him to this audience, a gentleman who, although now in the
+peaceful practice of the law, had been with Sherman's army in its
+memorable march through Georgia.
+
+Arrived at Erie, Pennsylvania, June twenty-ninth, Captain Glazier was
+cordially welcomed by Colonel F. H. Ellsworth, proprietor of the Reed
+House, who showed him many attentions while his guest. The lecture was
+delivered to a full house at the Academy of Music, the introduction
+being made by Hon. C. B. Carter.
+
+At Swanville he became the guest of John Jacob Swan, an old and worthy
+resident, after whom the village had been named. Everything was done for
+his comfort by the Swan family, of which we find some pleasant
+reminiscences noted in the Journal. Mr. Swan's son, Andrew, was a
+lieutenant-colonel of cavalry during the civil war, and the patriarch
+himself had participated in the war of 1812. "Mr. Swan was one of the
+first settlers in Erie County," Captain Glazier notes, "and although
+more than fifty years have passed, this old veteran still remembers
+distinctly, and describes minutely, the scenes and events of his former
+life. He saw the first steamer launched on Lake Erie, and says it was
+regarded by the Indians as an evil omen: they styled it 'the devil's
+canoe,' were greatly frightened, and ran from the lake.... Took a stroll
+with Mr. Swan over his farm. He found great pleasure in showing me the
+wonderful changes which a half century has wrought upon his estate."
+
+Taking leave of this amiable family, he left for Girard, and found P. J.
+Farrington, his advance agent, awaiting him at the Central House. At the
+lecture in the evening he was introduced by Jacob Bender, Esq., a brass
+band adding to the entertainment, and afterwards serenading him at his
+hotel. The Girard _Cosmopolite_ came out on the next morning with the
+following notice of the lecture:
+
+ "Captain Willard Glazier, the soldier-author and lecturer, now on a
+ journey on horseback from Boston to San Francisco, reached this
+ place on Saturday evening, and delivered his lecture, 'Echoes from
+ the Revolution,' to a highly respectable audience, at Philharmonic
+ Hall. He speaks with a soldier's enthusiasm of those stirring times
+ when our forefathers 'walked through a baptism of blood and of
+ fire, their only purpose liberty; their only incentive duty; their
+ only pride their country; and their only ambition victory.' He
+ traces, in a very eloquent manner, the movements of the
+ Revolutionary heroes from that day in April, 1775, when the
+ undisciplined militia at Concord put the red-coats to flight and
+ forced them to retire to their intrenchments at Boston, onward to
+ the surrender of Cornwallis to Washington.... We are credibly
+ informed that one of the chief objects of Captain Glazier's journey
+ is to make observations and collect material for another book,
+ which will no doubt be a very interesting one to read, and will add
+ still greater honors to one who, though still a young man, has
+ already acquired an enviable reputation as an author. After a very
+ cordial shake of the hand from some comrades and citizens, the
+ captain left the Central Hotel on his fine black horse, 'Paul
+ Revere,' which has brought him safely thus far from Boston since
+ the ninth of May, and which he proposes to ride to the Golden Gate
+ by the first of December next."
+
+July third found Captain Glazier at Ashtabula, Ohio. The people
+everywhere, during his ride from Girard, were engaged in preparations
+for the celebration on the following day of the glorious Centennial
+Fourth. It was his intention to have lectured at Ashtabula, but he was
+counselled not to do so, as almost every man and woman in the place was
+upon some committee preparing for the next day's festivities, and he
+would consequently get but a scant audience. He therefore concluded not
+to deliver his lecture here, but to push forward on his journey.
+
+Under date July fourth, he writes:
+
+ "Mounted 'Paul' at nine o'clock this morning in front of the Fisk
+ House, Ashtabula. Thousands upon thousands of country people were
+ pouring into the town as I rode out. The booming of cannon, blowing
+ of engine whistles, ringing of bells, and the discharge of
+ fire-arms of every variety and calibre, welcomed the dawn of the
+ One Hundredth anniversary of American Independence."
+
+Willard Glazier suffered no occasion to pass that presented a chance of
+picking up useful information on topics connected with the localities he
+rode through--their population, industries, features of the country,
+prominent men, etc., his capacity for absorbing such knowledge being
+large, and the intention of utilizing it in the interest of the public
+having been his chief motive in undertaking the adventurous journey. The
+large amount of information thus collected has been reduced to system,
+and will, we trust, be shortly in the hands of the publisher.
+
+Cleveland--the "Forest City"--was his next destination, and on July
+sixth he registered at the Forest City House, and delivered his lecture
+in the evening at Garrett's Hall. He was introduced by Major E. M.
+Hessler, of the "Grand Army of the Republic," who, in the name of many
+citizens and in testimony of their respect for the soldier, author, and
+lecturer, proposed a banquet on the following day. This, however, was
+modestly and respectfully declined. The result of the lecture is shown
+in the following letter:
+
+
+ National Soldiers' Home,
+ Dayton, Ohio, _July 27th, 1876_.
+
+ Captain Willard Glazier:
+
+ My dear Comrade: We have received through Major E. M. Hessler your
+ generous donation to aid in erecting the Soldiers' Monument at the
+ "Home." You have the hearty thanks of three thousand disabled
+ veterans now on our rolls; and a cordial invitation to visit us
+ whenever it is your pleasure to do so. Again we thank you. Please
+ find receipt from our treasurer,
+
+ Very respectfully,
+ William Earnshaw,
+ President, Historical and Monumental Society.
+
+
+While in Cleveland the terrible news of the massacre of General Custer
+by the Indians reached Captain Glazier, who, as a cavalry officer, had
+seen service with him in the late war, and felt for him that respect and
+love which only a true soldier knows for a brave leader. The stunning
+intelligence left a deep impression, and in due time he showed his
+respect for the dead general by substantial aid rendered in the erection
+of a monument to his memory.
+
+The following letter was received before leaving the Forest City:
+
+
+ Headquarters, Post No. 1,
+ "Grand Army of the Republic," Department of Ohio,
+ Cleveland, O., _July 12th, 1876._
+
+ Comrade: Through your unsolicited generosity I have the pleasure to
+ acknowledge the receipt of the net proceeds of your lecture on
+ "Echoes from the Revolution," delivered in our city July sixth,
+ 1876, and by your direction have forwarded the amount to Chaplain
+ William Earnshaw, President of the "Soldiers' Home Monumental
+ Fund," at Dayton, to assist in erecting a monument to the memory of
+ the veterans, who by the fortunes of war await the long roll at the
+ National Military Home: and may your reward be no less than the
+ love and gratitude of our unfortunate comrades.
+
+ By order of
+ General James Barnett, Commanding.
+ E. M. Hessler, Q. M.
+
+
+Leaving Cleveland and the many friends who had flocked around him in
+that hospitable city, offering encouragement in his undertaking, Glazier
+proceeded on his route, accompanied a short distance on horseback by an
+old scholar named Alexander Wilsey, whose affection for his teacher had
+not diminished by years of separation. Keeping along the lake-shore all
+day, and not a little tormented by the shoals of mosquitoes as the
+evening advanced, he rode into Sandusky City, July thirteenth, and
+delivered his lecture the same evening to a fair audience. He was
+introduced in a humorous and effective speech by Captain Culver, Judge
+of the Probate Court.
+
+Fremont, the pleasant home of President Hayes, was visited, and then on
+through Elmore to the flourishing city of Toledo, where he registered
+at the Boody House, July seventeenth. Introduced by Dr. J. T. Woods, G.
+A. R., he lectured at Lyceum Hall, to an interested audience, who
+frequently signified their approval by applause.
+
+Passing through Erie, Michigan, Captain Glazier reached Monroe, July
+twenty-fourth, the committee of the Custer Monument Association
+receiving him at the City Hall. Arrangements were made for the delivery
+of a lecture in the interest of the fund for the erection of the
+monument. This was of course most congenial to Glazier's feelings,
+Custer being his _beau ideal_ of a soldier, and he therefore at once
+placed himself in the hands of the committee, offering them the entire
+proceeds of the lecture. The Monroe _Monitor_, of July twenty-sixth,
+noticed the proposal thus:
+
+ "The lecture announced to be given for the benefit of the Custer
+ Monument Fund, on Monday evening at the City Hall, was postponed
+ for various reasons until Thursday evening at the same place. On
+ Monday evening several members of the association met Captain
+ Glazier, and were most favorably impressed with him. They are
+ convinced that he is thoroughly in earnest, and his proposition is
+ a most liberal one. He offers to give the entire proceeds of his
+ lectures to the association; and not only in this city but
+ throughout the State, he generously offers to do the same thing.
+ This is certainly deserving of the warm recognition of our own
+ people at least, and we hope on Thursday evening to see the City
+ Hall filled. Captain Glazier comes with the strongest endorsements
+ from well-known gentlemen in the East, both as to his character as
+ a gentleman and a soldier, and his ability as a speaker and writer.
+ The captain served under the late General Custer in the cavalry,
+ and has something to say regarding his personal knowledge of the
+ dead hero...."
+
+The lecture was duly delivered, and the following certificate placed in
+his hands:
+
+
+ Headquarters,
+ Custer National Monument Association,
+ Monroe, Mich., _July 28th, 1876_.
+
+ This is to certify that the proceeds of the lecture by Captain
+ Willard Glazier in this city on Thursday evening, July 27th, 1876,
+ have been paid into the treasury of this association; for which the
+ members hereby tender him their sincere thanks.
+
+ T. E. Wing,
+ Treasurer.
+
+
+The following also is evidence of the benevolent aims of Captain Glazier
+during his journey in the saddle:
+
+
+ Headquarters,
+ Custer National Monument Association,
+ Monroe, Mich., _July 28th, 1876_.
+ _To Auxiliary Societies and Associations of the
+ Custer Monument Association:_
+
+ Captain Willard Glazier having kindly and generously volunteered to
+ devote the proceeds of his lectures through Michigan to the fund
+ being raised by this Association for the erection of a monument to
+ the memory of the late General George A. Custer, he has made
+ arrangements to remit to our treasurer here the money derived from
+ such lectures, and we bespeak for him your earnest endeavors in aid
+ of our common, glorious cause. Respectfully,
+
+ J. M. Bulkley,
+ Secretary.
+
+
+Before leaving Monroe, Glazier called upon Mr. E. J. Custer, the father
+of the deceased general, whom he represents as nearly crushed by the
+melancholy news of his son's tragic death. The worthy old gentleman was
+very courteous, and showed him some photographs and an oil-portrait of
+the late general, together with some relics from the Indian country
+which the general had sent him at different times. Mr. Custer seemed
+greatly interested in the journey on horseback, and asked the captain
+many questions concerning his plans for crossing the plains. Finally, he
+accompanied Captain Glazier as far as Strong's Hotel, and witnessed his
+start from Monroe. During his stay in Monroe our soldier-author was
+introduced to several prominent gentlemen of the place, and plans were
+discussed for availing themselves of his proffered services in behalf of
+the monument. The lecture was a financial success, and the whole of the
+proceeds were turned over to the Treasurer, Judge T. E. Wing. "I gave
+them all, although they generously offered to divide with me," is the
+simple entry in his journal under date July twenty-eighth.
+
+Passing through Rockwood, Trenton, Wyandotte, and Ecorse, all in the
+State of Michigan, he reached Detroit on the thirty-first of July, and
+was met by General William A. Throop at the Russell House, as one of a
+committee appointed to confer with him on the subject of his lecture. At
+the usual hour the lecture was delivered to a full house at Saint
+Andrew's Hall, General L. S. Trowbridge introducing the lecturer to the
+audience in very complimentary terms.
+
+The next morning the proceeds were turned over to the monument fund as
+indicated in the following letter to the treasurer, and its
+acknowledgment by the local committee.
+
+
+ Detroit, Michigan,
+ _August 1st, 1876_.
+
+ T. E. Wing, Esq., Treasurer, Custer National Monument Association:
+
+ Dear Sir: I send you through General L. S. Trowbridge of this city
+ the net proceeds of my lecture delivered at St. Andrew's Hall last
+ night, the same to be applied to the fund of the Custer National
+ Monument Association, for the erection of a monument to the memory
+ of the late General Custer at Monroe. I hope and expect to be able
+ to send you much larger contributions as soon as the lecture season
+ is fairly open. My horse is still in excellent condition, and I
+ anticipate a delightful and successful ride across the Peninsular
+ State. Promising to write you again from Ypsilanti, I am
+
+ Ever truly yours,
+ Willard Glazier.
+
+
+ Detroit, Michigan,
+ _August 1st, 1876._
+
+ Received of Captain Willard Glazier, forty dollars, for the benefit
+ of the Custer Monument Association, as the proceeds of his lecture
+ at Detroit on the evening of July 31st, 1876, in aid of such
+ association.
+
+ [Signed] L. S. Trowbridge,
+ William A. Throop,
+ Committee.
+
+
+While in Detroit, Captain Glazier visited all the public buildings and
+places of note, enjoying the courtesies and hospitality of many of its
+leading citizens; and, encouraged by the success he had met with so far
+in contributing to the Custer Monument Fund, he determined to devote the
+net proceeds of all his lectures delivered between Detroit and Chicago
+to the same object.
+
+Leaving Detroit and passing through Inkster, he reached Ypsilanti
+through torrents of rain, and the same evening--August fifth--received
+calls at the Hawkins House from a large number of patriotic gentlemen
+interested in the Custer monument. The lecture was duly delivered in
+Union Hall and the proceeds handed over to the fund.
+
+Arrived at Jackson, "a most enterprising little city," as Captain
+Glazier notes, August ninth, and delivered his lecture in the evening at
+Bronson Hall, to a very full house. The Jackson _Citizen_ said on the
+following morning:
+
+ "Captain Willard Glazier lectured last evening in the interest of
+ the Custer Monument Fund. His lecture was a good historical review
+ delivered with graceful rhetoric and at times real eloquence. The
+ captain is still in the city giving his horse--a noble Kentucky
+ Black Hawk, whom he has ridden all the way from Boston, and whom he
+ expects to carry him to San Francisco--a rest. He starts to-morrow
+ morning for Battle-Creek, where he lectures on Saturday evening."
+
+Through Parma, Albion, and on to Battle-Creek, which was reached August
+twelfth. Lieutenant Eugene T. Freeman here took the role of host and
+welcomed Captain Glazier to the city, introducing him to many admirers
+and friends of the late General Custer. Arrangements were completed for
+the lecture, which took place at the usual hour in Stuart's Hall before
+a numerous and attentive audience--the introduction being made by
+Lieutenant Freeman, and the proceeds applied to the monument fund. The
+following day being Sunday the lieutenant's invitation was accepted to
+accompany him to church, where an introduction to the pastor, Rev. Mr.
+Palmer, and others, took place. In the afternoon Captain Glazier was
+agreeably surprised by an invitation from Lieutenant Freeman to ride
+with him in his carriage to the delightful summer resort of that
+region--Goguac Lake; and in many other ways Lieutenant Freeman
+manifested a very friendly and cordial feeling for him.
+
+Contrary to Captain Glazier's intention on setting out from Boston he
+yielded to invitations to lecture at Albion and Marshall, and, in the
+interest of the Custer Monument, also determined to visit South Bend,
+Indiana; and Grand Rapids, Michigan; which cities were not included in
+the route he had originally marked out for himself.
+
+At Kalamazoo he delivered his lecture to a crowded house, being
+introduced by Major Judson, late of General Custer's staff. Nearing
+Comstock, Captain Glazier met with a serious adventure. His horse "Paul"
+becoming frightened by the approach of a train on the Michigan Central
+Railway, dashed over the embankment into the Kalamazoo River--a fall of
+nearly forty feet, and the captain came very near losing his life. No
+bones were broken, however, the result being happily confined to a
+considerable ducking and a no less considerable scare; "Paul" having
+fared as ill as his master.
+
+The following letters and press notices will show the nature of the
+reception our soldier-author met with in Kalamazoo, Grand Rapids and
+South Bend, respectively:
+
+
+ Kalamazoo, Michigan,
+ _August 18th, 1876_.
+
+ J. M. Bulkley, Esq.,
+ Secretary C. N. M. Association,
+ Monroe, Michigan.
+
+ Dear Sir:--I have the pleasure of transmitting to Judge Wing,
+ through Major R. F. Judson, the net proceeds of my lecture
+ delivered in this place on the evening of the sixteenth instant. I
+ desire to accompany my gift with an acknowledgment of many
+ courtesies extended by the press and band of this patriotic
+ village. I resume my journey this afternoon and shall speak at
+ Niles, South Bend, and Laporte before the close of the present
+ week. Hoping that your brightest anticipations for the "Monument"
+ may be most fully realized, I remain,
+
+ Always sincerely yours,
+
+ Willard Glazier.
+
+
+ Kalamazoo, Michigan,
+ _August 19th, 1876_.
+
+ Received of Captain Willard Glazier the net proceeds of his lecture
+ at this place, which sum is to be applied to the fund for the
+ erection of a monument to the memory of the late General Custer, at
+ Monroe City, Michigan.
+
+ We take great pleasure in speaking of Captain Glazier in the
+ highest terms, not only on account of the self-devotion he has
+ manifested in a noble cause, but of his indomitable perseverance
+ and energy. We trust he will, wherever he goes, receive the
+ unanimous support of the citizens whom he addresses.
+
+ F. W. Curtenius,
+ Late Colonel U. S. Volunteers.
+
+ I take great pleasure in fully endorsing the above and recommending
+ to public confidence and support, Captain Willard Glazier, in his
+ efforts in behalf of the Custer Monument Association.
+
+ R. F. Judson,
+ Late aide to General Custer.
+
+
+From the South Bend _Herald_:
+
+ "As heretofore announced in these columns, Captain Glazier
+ delivered his lecture 'Echoes from the Revolution' at the Academy
+ of Music last evening. Promptly at eight o'clock, the lecturer,
+ with Mr. J. F. Creed, appeared on the platform. Mr. Creed, in
+ introducing the lecturer, stated the object of the lecture to be in
+ aid of the Custer Monument Association of Monroe, Michigan. He also
+ read several letters introducing Captain Glazier to the public,
+ from well-known citizens of Michigan, and acknowledging receipts of
+ the proceeds of the lectures delivered in Detroit and Kalamazoo.
+ The theme of the lecture afforded a fine field for the display of
+ Captain Glazier's talents as a speaker. Possessing a fine
+ imagination, good descriptive powers, and the real qualities of an
+ orator, he could not fail to please the really intelligent audience
+ which greeted him last evening. Probably one hour and a half were
+ consumed in its delivery, but the interest and attention of the
+ audience did not flag nor tire, and when the speaker took leave of
+ his audience, he was greeted with several rounds of applause."
+
+About this time his Boston friends were notified of his progress toward
+the setting sun in the following paragraph of the Boston _Inquirer_:
+
+ "Captain Willard Glazier, who undertook in May last to ride from
+ this city to the Golden Gate on horseback, has reached Michigan,
+ and has discoursed to large audiences at the various points along
+ his route. The profits of his lecture at Cleveland, Ohio, were
+ donated to the fund at Dayton, to assist in erecting a monument to
+ the memory of the veterans who by the fortunes of war are destined
+ to await the long roll-call at the National Military Home."
+
+To return to his present point of departure, South Bend, Captain Glazier
+having found his horse "Paul" suffering from the accident previously
+recorded, and also from sore-back, had left him with a veterinary
+surgeon at Michigan City for treatment, and sped on his way by rail to
+Grand Rapids. Here he lectured with favorable results, having been
+introduced by General Innes.
+
+Said the Grand Rapids _Eagle_:
+
+ "A very large audience gathered at Luce's Hall last night to hear
+ Captain Willard Glazier. The speaker was earnest and impassioned,
+ his lecture was delivered with a force and eloquence that pleased
+ his hearers, and all who were in the hall went away glad that they
+ had been there, and ready to add to the praises that have been
+ bestowed on Captain Glazier as a soldier, author, and orator."
+
+Decatur, Dowagiac, Paw-Paw, Niles, and Buchanan, were all reached by
+railway, for the purpose of giving "Paul" a rest and an opportunity of
+recovering from his sore back. At Decatur, Glazier met an old comrade of
+the "Harris Light," named George L. Darby, with whom a pleasant exchange
+of reminiscences took place, and a cordial intercourse was renewed.
+"Thirteen years," says Captain Glazier in his Journal, "have slipped
+away, since the day of our capture at New Baltimore, which led him to
+Belle Isle, and me to Libby Prison.... Darby called this afternoon with
+fishing tackle, and proposed that we should go out to 'Lake of the
+Woods,' a small lake not far from the village, and try our luck with
+hook and line. We went, and a delightful boat-ride followed, but in the
+matter of the fish which we tried to lure with tempting pieces of fresh
+meat, they are still enjoying their native freedom." We suspect the
+friends were too intent on fighting their battles o'er again to give due
+attention to their occupation.
+
+The lecture here was delivered September fourth to a crowded house, over
+two hundred persons being compelled to stand for want of room to seat
+them. Captain Glazier was accompanied to the platform by several leading
+citizens, among whom were Hon. Ransom Nutting, Rev. Mr. Hoyt, Professor
+S. G. Burked and Albert W. Rogers, Esq., Mr. Nutting presenting him to
+the audience. The following will show the opinion entertained of the
+lecturer:
+
+
+ Decatur, Michigan,
+ _September 4th, 1876._
+
+ Captain Willard Glazier,
+
+ My Dear Sir:--We take this means of expressing to you our
+ appreciation of the highly instructive and very entertaining
+ lecture delivered by you at Union Hall this evening.
+
+ Truly we admire your plan, and your generosity in giving the entire
+ proceeds to the Custer Monument Fund. Our endorsement is the
+ expression of our village people generally. You have made many
+ friends here.
+
+ May success attend you throughout your journey.
+
+ Very respectfully,
+ S. Gordon Burked,
+ Ransom Nutting,
+ Albert W. Rogers.
+
+
+Having lectured successfully at the several intermediate towns before
+mentioned, Captain Glazier with "Paul" now directed his course to
+Rolling Prairie, Indiana (a place romantic only in name), and thence to
+Michigan City. From the latter point he journeyed by railway to Chicago,
+arrangements having been made for the delivery of his lecture in that
+city for the benefit of the monument fund. A very full house greeted him
+at Farwell Hall. Major E. S. Weedon in introducing the lecturer alluded
+in an eloquent and touching manner to the record of the gallant Custer.
+The lecture throughout its delivery was much applauded by the audience,
+who appeared greatly interested; and the proceeds reached a handsome
+sum.
+
+The following entry occurs in the Journal under date, Chicago, September
+12th, 1876:
+
+"I shall now push on to Omaha and Cheyenne as rapidly as possible, in
+the hope of passing Sherman at the summit of the mountains before the
+snow is too deep to interrupt my progress. There are nine steps in my
+journey from Boston to San Francisco, namely, Albany, Buffalo, Toledo,
+Chicago, Omaha, Cheyenne, Salt Lake City, Sacramento, and San Francisco.
+I have now taken four of these nine steps, and shall undertake to pass
+the five remaining points by the first of December."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXIII.
+
+
+FROM CHICAGO TO OMAHA.
+
+
+ Returns to Michigan City.--Joliet.--Thomas Babcock.--Herbert
+ Glazier.--Ottawa.--La Salle.--Colonel Stevens.--Press
+ Notice.--Taken for a highwayman.--Milan.--Davenport.--Press
+ Notice.--Iowa City.--Des Moines.--Press Notice.--Attacked by
+ prairie wolves.--Council Bluffs.--Omaha.
+
+Captain Glazier having succeeded so far in his novel and adventurous
+undertaking, felt little concern as to his ability to accomplish the
+entire journey from ocean to ocean. He had ridden but one horse--his
+faithful "Paul," thus far, and having returned to Michigan City, found
+him quite recovered and ready to pursue the journey. On the sixteenth of
+September he took his departure from the latter city, and after riding a
+distance of twenty-eight miles, rested for the night at Hobart, Indiana.
+
+On the seventeenth he crossed the boundary between Indiana and Illinois.
+On Grand Prairie, after dark, his ears were made familiar with the
+peculiar howl of the prairie wolf, numbers of which followed in his
+track for a distance of two or three miles. Not having seen any of these
+animals before, he supposed them at first to be dogs, until advised by
+"Paul's" manner and movements that they were animals less friendly to
+his equine companion.
+
+At four o'clock in the afternoon, Glazier rode into Joliet, and met Mr.
+Thomas Babcock, his advance agent, on Jefferson Street. Preparations had
+been made here for the delivery of the lecture, and several prominent
+citizens called upon him, having heard of his projected visit to the
+place. His brother Herbert, who was also acting in the capacity of
+advance agent, had departed to Ottawa to prepare for a lecture there on
+the twentieth. While at Joliet, Captain Glazier stopped at the Robertson
+House, the proprietor of which, Mr. Conklin, sent word through the
+agent, that the captain was to consider himself his guest.
+
+At the suggestion of Mr. Conklin, Captain Glazier on leaving Joliet,
+rode his horse along the tow-path of the Michigan Canal, and borrowing a
+hook and line from a gentleman who was fishing, caught twenty-three
+perch in less than half an hour, the canal seeming literally alive with
+this fish.
+
+Leaving Morris, in Grundy County, Illinois, his journey lay along the
+north bank of the Illinois River, and after encountering a very severe
+rain storm, he reached Ottawa, September twentieth, stopping at the
+Clifton House. From the proprietors of this hotel he received many
+courtesies. The lecture, as arranged, was delivered in the evening with
+the usual satisfactory results.
+
+On leaving Ottawa, the captain followed the telegraph poles along the
+Illinois River, passing a large number of very fine corn-fields, and
+overtaking an emigrant train on its journey from Ohio to Western
+Nebraska. La Salle was reached at six o'clock on the evening of the
+twenty-first. Here he enjoyed the society and hospitality of Colonel R.
+C. Stevens, and was introduced to a number of other prominent gentlemen,
+who were attracted to him by their interest in the projected monument to
+General Custer. The lecture was delivered at Opera Hall, Colonel Stevens
+making the introduction. The following letter may be presented here to
+show the estimation in which Captain Glazier continued to be held as he
+progressed in his journey westward:
+
+
+ La Salle, Illinois,
+ _September 25th, 1876_.
+
+ To Captain Willard Glazier: I take pleasure in expressing to you on
+ behalf of many of our citizens, the gratification afforded our
+ people who listened to your instructive and entertaining lecture
+ given at Opera Hall on Saturday evening. While in conversation with
+ several of our prominent citizens--among them, W. A. Work,
+ superintendent of our public schools; A. J. O'Connor, clerk of the
+ City Court; W. T. Mason, Esq., and others; all of whom were present
+ and heard your lecture--I was requested to write you and tender
+ their hearty thanks for the entertainment, and their good wishes
+ for your success in your ride across the continent. Should you ever
+ again visit our city, you can rest assured you will be most
+ cordially received.
+
+ Very truly yours,
+ R. C. Stevens,
+ Late Colonel U. S. Volunteers.
+
+
+The La Salle _County Press_ noticed the lecturer in the following terms:
+
+ "We have not often met with a more agreeable and pleasant gentleman
+ than Captain Willard Glazier, who entertained a very respectable
+ number of our citizens at Opera Hall on Saturday evening by
+ delivering a lecture on 'Echoes from the Revolution.' The captain
+ has a fine voice and his manner of delivery is decidedly
+ interesting, while his language is eloquent and fascinating. His
+ description of the battles of the Revolution, and the heroes who
+ took part in them, from the engagement on the little green at
+ Lexington down to the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown, was
+ grand indeed, and was received with frequent and enthusiastic
+ applause. In conclusion he referred in an eloquent and touching
+ manner to the 'Boys in Blue' who took part in the late war for the
+ Union, and all retired from the hall feeling that the evening had
+ been spent in an agreeable and profitable manner.
+
+ "Captain Glazier served under Generals Kilpatrick and Custer during
+ the late war, since which time he has devoted much labor to
+ writing, and is now making the attempt to cross the continent from
+ Boston to San Francisco on horseback, for the purpose of collecting
+ material for another work. He left Boston in the early part of May,
+ and will endeavor to reach the Sacramento Valley before the fall of
+ the deep snow. His horse, 'Paul Revere,' is a magnificent animal,
+ black as a raven, with the exception of four white feet. He was
+ bred in Kentucky, of Black Hawk stock, has turned a mile in 2.33,
+ but owing to his inclination to run away on certain occasions, was
+ not considered a safe horse for the track. The captain, however,
+ has broke him to the saddle, and also convinced him that running
+ away is foolish business; consequently he and the captain have
+ become fast friends, and with 'Paul' for his only companion, the
+ gallant cavalryman proposes to cross the continent. Success attend
+ him!"
+
+Having heard at La Salle that he would find no difficulty in securing a
+night's lodging at a village named Hollowayville, Captain Glazier pushed
+on for that point, but on applying at the only place of accommodation
+for travellers, was looked upon suspiciously by the German host and his
+_frau_, who politely intimated their belief that he was either a
+highwayman or a horse-thief! These latter gentry had for some time
+infested that section of Illinois, and Glazier inferred from the manner
+of the people that they more than half suspected him to be one of the
+James or Younger brothers, whose exploits they had probably read of.
+
+Turning his back on the "Grand Pacific Hotel," he at length succeeded by
+dint of much perseverance, in lodging himself and "Paul" at a farm-house
+for the night, but not before he had fully satisfied the worthy farmer
+and his wife that he had no evil designs in desiring to spend the night
+with them.
+
+On the following day, September twenty-fifth, the captain rode through a
+rich farming country, replete with "corn-fields, fine stock and oceans
+of fruit."
+
+Passed through Wyanet, Annawan, and across the prairie--smiling
+corn-fields and ripe orchards occasionally relieving the seemingly
+interminable ocean of grass--and arrived at Milan, Illinois, on the
+evening of the twenty-seventh, remaining for the night.
+
+Here he met a Mr. Pullman, an old and intelligent miner who had recently
+arrived from the Pacific coast, from whom he obtained valuable
+information concerning the country between Omaha and Sacramento. He also
+found a number of congenial spirits at Milan, chiefly New Yorkers, who
+had spent some years in the Far West, and their conversation partook of
+a practical nature bearing on his journey.
+
+Leaving Milan on the following day, he crossed the Government Bridge,
+which unites Rock Island with the fine city of Davenport, Iowa, and
+registered at the Burtis House--the rider and his horse continuing in
+the best of health.
+
+The lecture at Davenport was delivered at the usual hour at Moore's Hall
+to a very large and applauding audience, General Sanders presenting him.
+The brass band of the place volunteered their services, and appeared in
+full uniform. The Davenport _Gazette_ of October fourth said:
+
+ "The lecture of Captain Willard Glazier at Moore's Hall last
+ evening was attended by a large and appreciative audience. The
+ captain was introduced by our worthy fellow-citizen, General
+ Sanders, who spoke of the lecturer's career as a soldier and an
+ author, and said he was _en route_ for the Pacific coast on
+ horseback, and lecturing for the benefit of the Custer Monument
+ Fund...."
+
+The following notice is taken from the _Democrat_ of the same city:
+
+ "We had the pleasure of meeting Captain Glazier this morning, who
+ arrived here on horseback from La Salle on Saturday evening. He is
+ making the journey from Boston to San Francisco on horseback, and
+ alone, for the purpose of seeing the country, studying the people,
+ and gathering materials for a new work he is engaged upon. Captain
+ Glazier is well known to fame as a writer, having published several
+ valuable works, among them a war-record entitled, 'Capture,
+ Prison-Pen and Escape.'
+
+ "At the breaking out of the war, Willard Glazier, then a mere
+ youth, entered the Harris Light Cavalry, under Colonel Judson
+ Kilpatrick, and remained in the service until the close of the
+ rebellion, his career being marked by many adventures and
+ hair-breadth escapes. His feat of riding on horseback across the
+ continent, unattended, to gather materials for a book, is certainly
+ without a precedent, and shows a brave and intrepid spirit. His
+ horse 'Paul' was an object of great curiosity and interest."
+
+Leaving Davenport, our traveller passed through Moscow and reached Iowa
+City October fifth. The weather was now becoming very cold, and he found
+it necessary to dismount occasionally and walk some warmth into his
+limbs.
+
+Registering at the St. James Hotel, Iowa City, Captain Glazier lectured
+in the evening to a very full house, a profusion of cheers greeting him
+on his arrival upon the platform, whither he was escorted by George B.
+Edmunds, Esq.
+
+Continuing his journey through Tiffin and Brooklyn to Kellogg, all in
+the State of Iowa, he witnessed, he says, some of the finest landscapes
+and grandest farms he had yet encountered during his journey. He rode
+into Colfax, October twelfth, and Des Moines on the following day.
+
+[Illustration: A Night Among Wolves.]
+
+"I have not seen a brighter or more stirring city in my line of march
+than Des Moines," writes Captain Glazier in his Journal. He wandered
+over the city in company with two or three of the leading citizens,
+admiring its numerous fine buildings and the evidences of its rapid
+progress; and the next day the Des Moines _Leader_ came out with the
+following notice of his visit:
+
+ "Captain Willard Glazier, the horseback traveler across the
+ continent, took in the Exposition on Saturday evening with intense
+ gratification. He says he has seen no place, on his route from
+ Boston, more promising than Des Moines. Among the calls he received
+ at the Jones House was one from Captain Conrad, a prominent
+ attorney from Missouri, and now settled in his profession in this
+ city, who was a fellow-captive with Captain Glazier in Libby Prison
+ during the rebellion. He continued his journey westward yesterday,
+ with the best wishes of the friends he has made during his short
+ stay here."
+
+Captain Glazier speaks very highly of the extremely courteous treatment
+he received while at Des Moines.
+
+Adel, and Dale City, and Minden were passed, and arriving at Neola, we
+find the following entry in the journal: "Weather most disagreeable. A
+drizzling rain made my ride to this place decidedly gloomy. My journey
+to-day, as usual, since entering Iowa, has been over the boundless,
+never-ending prairie. I have never in my life beheld a grander sight
+than this afternoon, when I reached the summit of an immense tableland
+between Avoca and Minden."
+
+Wishing to reach Anita before halting for the night, he ventured to
+continue on the road after dark, although for some time before sunset he
+had been unable to see a farm-house or even a tree as far as the eye
+could reach. Giving "Paul" the rein, he followed a blind road, after
+crossing a sluice-way, which ultimately led them to a haystack on the
+prairie, where the captain decided to spend the night. A pack of prairie
+wolves, or coyotes, soon came upon the scene, several of which he shot,
+but he was shortly after reinforced by a friendly dog, who came to his
+rescue and kept the coyotes at bay for the remainder of the night. In
+the morning at daybreak he was glad enough to say adieu to the haystack
+where he had passed one of the most unpleasant nights of his journey.
+
+It may here be mentioned that the _coyote_ partakes of the natures of
+the dog and the wolf, and is less dangerous to encounter in the summer
+than in the winter, which is a characteristic of its wolfish nature. In
+the winter, when food is scarce, these animals will attack man, but if a
+bold resistance is offered, they speedily decamp.
+
+Hastening forward on his journey through various small and more or less
+enterprising cities of the prairie, our traveler reached Council Bluffs
+at eight o'clock in the evening of October twentieth. This promising
+city is located three miles east from the Missouri River, and contains
+an enterprising population of some 20,000; its history dating from 1804.
+The locality is surrounded by high bluffs, and hence the name given to
+the city.
+
+Striking the Missouri opposite Omaha, our horseman found he would be
+compelled to ride up the bank of the river and cross by ferry to the
+northern section of the city. On reaching the boat, "Paul" declined to
+embark, but with some encouragement and assistance he was at length made
+to understand that when rivers cannot be bridged or forded, they can
+sometimes be ferried, and so yielded to necessity.
+
+Omaha is almost equidistant between the Atlantic and Pacific, and has
+sprung up, flourished and waxed great in the twinkling of an eye. It is
+now the grand gateway through which the western tide of travel and
+emigration is passing. The first house was erected here in 1853, and the
+population now numbers in the neighborhood of 30,000. Omaha can boast
+of as fine business blocks, hotels, school-buildings and churches as can
+be found in many older and more pretentious cities in the East. There
+are also numerous elegant private residences, with grounds beautifully
+ornamented with trees and shrubbery, which sufficiently attest the solid
+prosperity of Omaha's business men.
+
+A story is told of the postmaster of Omaha which illustrates the changes
+made during the past few years. Mr. Jones, one of the first pioneers,
+was appointed to the office of postmaster in the autumn of 1854. At that
+time there was no office, while letters were rarities. The few letters
+that did come were kept by the postmaster in the crown of his hat till
+he met their owners. Only a few years have elapsed since this primitive
+state of things, and the post-office of Omaha has expanded from a hat
+into a handsome stone building, worth $350,000, in which some twenty
+clerks find full employment.
+
+Hearing of the impossibility of riding his valuable horse across the
+Alkali Plains, he resolved to leave him at Omaha until his return from
+San Francisco, and to continue his journey on a mustang. In these plains
+the soil for two or three feet seems saturated with soda, and so poisons
+the water that if drunk by man or beast, after a fall of rain, is sure
+to be fatal. "Paul" was therefore turned over by his master to the care
+of G. W. Homan, proprietor of the Omaha Livery Stable; and a good
+serviceable mustang purchased of a Pawnee Indian, to replace him.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXIV.
+
+
+CAPTURED BY INDIANS.
+
+
+ Captain Glazier as a horseman.--Cheyenne.--Two herders.--Captured
+ by Indians.--Torture and death of a herder.--Escape.--Ogden.--
+ Letter to Major Hessler.--Kelton.--Terrace.--Wells.--Halleck.--
+ Elko.--Palisade.--Argenta.--Battle Mountain.--Golconda.--
+ Humboldt.--"The majesty of the law."--Lovelock's.--White
+ Plains.--Desert.--Wadsworth.--Truckee.--Summit.--Sacramento.--
+ Brighton.--Stockton.--SAN FRANCISCO.
+
+Having made several friends in Omaha, and obtained all the information
+within his reach concerning the remaining half of the journey, Captain
+Glazier mounted his mustang and proceeded on his route across the State
+of Nebraska. Over the great plains that lie between the Missouri River
+and the mountains, his nerve as a horseman was most thoroughly tested,
+and not less so, the mettle of his mustang, which carried him a distance
+of five hundred and twenty-two miles in six days. The approach of winter
+suggested the importance of reaching his destination at the earliest
+possible date; therefore on riding into Cheyenne October twenty-eighth,
+he lost no time in arranging to continue his journey.
+
+The weather now became intensely cold, as he neared the highest point in
+his line of march. Since leaving Omaha, the ascent had been gradual but
+continuous, and the point now reached was eight thousand feet above the
+sea-level.
+
+Cheyenne, the "Magic City of the Plains," about five hundred and twenty
+miles west of Omaha, stands at an elevation of six thousand feet above
+the level of the sea, and is perhaps the most progressive city west of
+Chicago. It is the capital of Wyoming Territory, the county-seat of
+Laramie County, and is the largest town between Omaha and Salt Lake
+City. The gold discoveries in the Black Hills of Dakota added greatly to
+its prosperity. In proportion to its population, Cheyenne has more
+elegant and substantial business houses than most any other western
+city. This is a wonderful change from a place known the world over by
+its fearful sobriquet of "Hell on Wheels." Churches have risen where
+gamblers once reigned, and many other edifices for religious and
+educational purposes have been erected. Cheyenne is the trading-post for
+the thousands of ranchemen and stock-raisers of the plains at the base
+of the Black Hills, and like all other frontier cities, has a history.
+It was once a very fast town, and it is not very slow now.
+
+On leaving Cheyenne he was accompanied by two herders, who were on their
+way to Salt Lake City with a few mustangs and ponies. It was the custom
+of Captain Glazier to have company in his rides through this wild region
+whenever he could do so, and having made the acquaintance of these men
+in the city, it was arranged that they should journey together as far as
+their respective routes led them. The men were of the usual stamp of
+herders, rough in exterior and plain of speech, but apparently worthy of
+trust. The captain was not wanting in discernment, and his cordial
+manner won their confidence.
+
+Sherman having afforded them a night's shelter and refreshment, their
+course lay in the direction of the Skull Rocks, a huge mass of granite
+on the Great Laramie Plains, and so called from the resemblance of the
+rocks to human skulls.
+
+The Skull Rocks being in front of them at no great distance, the
+conversation of the party turned upon their peculiar configuration, and
+opinions were advanced by each of a more or less intelligent character;
+the herders insisting on the probability of their having plenty of gold
+in them. Suddenly, over a slight elevation in the land, appeared a body
+of Indians, in number about thirteen or fourteen. Glazier and his
+companions were not at first surprised, as Indians are often found on
+these plains--some friendly and some hostile--but mostly those of the
+friendly tribes. The Indians now advancing upon them were clearly not on
+a friendly errand, and were pronounced by the herders to be a detachment
+of the Arrapahoes. They were decked in their war-paint, and on seeing
+the white men immediately raised their war-shout, which, as travellers
+on the plains are aware, always indicates an intention to attack.
+
+The herders, knowing that they were in the presence of an enemy who
+would speedily relieve them of their merchandise, made conciliatory
+signs, by raising their hands, a signal which is equivalent to a flag of
+truce, and is so understood on the plains. The signal of truce was,
+however, ignored by the red-skins, who continued to advance at a rapid
+pace, gradually forming a circle around Glazier and his companions. This
+is the usual Indian form of attack. The circle is kept constantly in
+rapid motion, the Indians concentrating their fire upon a stationary
+object in the centre of the circle, while they render themselves a
+constantly shifting target, and are thus comparatively safe from the
+fire of the centre.
+
+[Illustration: Captain Glazier Captured By Indians Near Skull
+Rocks, Wyoming Territory.]
+
+Riding around, and firing at intervals of a minute or two at Glazier and
+his companions, the latter did their best to defend themselves, and
+fired in return upon their cowardly assailants, who showed no desire for
+a parley. The firing from the centre was made over the backs of the
+ponies and mustangs, who in such emergencies are made to do duty as a
+breastwork. The circle of red-skins gradually lessened in diameter, as
+the firing on both sides continued, when a shot from the carbine of the
+Mexican herder killed one of the Indians.
+
+The circle continued to grow less, until the Indians in a mass rushed on
+the three whites, disarmed them, secured them to each other with thongs
+at the wrists, and appropriated as their own the mustangs and ponies,
+which had been their primary object.
+
+Before yielding, Captain Glazier and his little squad had nearly
+exhausted their ammunition, and felt that further resistance was not
+only useless, but would certainly cost them their lives. Without loss of
+time, the prisoners were compelled to mount, and the entire party--less
+one Indian killed--started off in a northerly direction.
+
+Ignorant of their destination, the herders expressed their belief that
+they would in a few days find themselves in the presence of Sitting
+Bull, when their fate would be decided. They continued to ride at a full
+trot till about ten o'clock, when the whole party dismounted and camped
+for the night. A fire was speedily built, and some antelope beef
+partially roasted for their supper, of which the prisoners also
+partook.
+
+The supper over, an animated conversation ensued among the Indians,
+while sundry furtive glances were cast in the direction of the Mexican
+who had killed one of their party during the attack in the morning. For
+a time they shouted and violently gesticulated, while one of them was
+observed driving a thick pole into the ground, at about fifty yards from
+the fire, around which the party and the prisoners squatted. Presently,
+at a sign from one of the Indians, supposed to be a chief named
+"Dull-Knife," four of the red-skins seized the Mexican and forced him
+towards the stake, where they stripped him to the skin, and then bound
+him to it with thick cords. The whole party then, without further
+ceremony, proceeded to torture the wretched man to death, as a
+punishment for his presumption in killing one of their party while
+defending himself from their murderous attack near the Skull Rocks. They
+heated their arrow-shafts in the fire, and held them in contact with his
+naked flesh, while others, at a distance of a few feet from their
+victim, cast at him their sharp-pointed knives, which, penetrating the
+body, remained embedded in the flesh, until he nearly died from the
+agony. One of the party now advanced with a revolver, and shot him in
+the head, thus ending his sufferings.
+
+While the torture was proceeding, Captain Glazier and the remaining
+herder lay on the ground bound together by thick cords, and could offer
+no assistance to their tortured companion. The Mexican being dead, one
+of the party removed his scalp and fastened it to his waist, after which
+all sat down around the fire and seemed in high glee for the remainder
+of the evening, for the most part shouting and speech-making.
+
+Willard Glazier had never before witnessed a case of torture by the
+Indians. It is true it was of a different character from that he and
+many of his old comrades had endured in Southern prisons; but in one
+respect was more merciful, as the sufferings of their victim were soon
+ended, while his own and his comrades extended over many months; in the
+one case the body was burnt and lacerated--in the other it was starved
+and emaciated.
+
+The horses of the party having been tethered by long ropes to stakes, to
+enable them to graze during the night, a guard of two Indians was placed
+in charge of the prisoners, who, still bound together at the wrists,
+were made to lie down side by side, with an Indian on either hand. The
+remainder of the red-skins then disposed themselves around the fire for
+sleep.
+
+Glazier and his companion slept but little, but pretended to do so. They
+were continually on the alert, and the guard, believing their prisoners
+to be asleep, dozed, and at length reclined their bodies in a restless
+sleep. About two o'clock in the morning, the two Indians were relieved
+by two others, and all remained quiet in the camp. At the first streak
+of dawn, the whole body leaped to their feet and were ready to resume
+their march northward. Glazier and the herder were assigned each a
+mustang, which they quietly mounted under the close scrutiny of their
+guards, and the entire party started off at a brisk trot.
+
+No attempt at escape having yet been made by the captives, the
+surveillance became somewhat relaxed throughout the day, and the
+attention of the party was given to their own proper business of
+foraging. Wherever an opportunity offered, a momentary halt was called,
+and one of the party creeping cautiously up to a stray pony, would take
+possession by the simple process of mounting and riding him away. If
+more than one animal was to be appropriated, an equal number of Indians
+were detailed for the "duty," and each leaping on the mustang or pony he
+had selected, would ride off as only these freebooters of the plains can
+ride, with little prospect of being overtaken by the owners. Thus the
+day passed; as a rule, half the number of the Indians remaining as a
+guard to the prisoners, while the others foraged for food, and anything
+that could be conveniently carried off. They were now skirting the Black
+Hills, and Glazier had discovered by this time that they were making
+their way to their general rendezvous, about one hundred miles from
+Deadwood.
+
+As the second night overtook the captives, the process of the previous
+night was repeated: they built their fire, cooked and ate their antelope
+steaks, and then prostrated themselves around the fire for the night.
+The captives were again bound together at the wrists, and lay between
+their two guards. Our friend was, however, on the alert and wide awake,
+though pretending to be asleep. Quietly he passed the fingers of one
+hand over the cords that bound his other to his companion, and concluded
+that with patience and vigilance the knot could be unfastened. While the
+guards dozed and slept as on the preceding night, the eyes of the
+prisoners stealthily sought the ponies and the arms.
+
+The latter were always placed at the head of each sleeper, to be ready
+for immediate use in case of a surprise. Captain Glazier and his
+companion were fully convinced that any attempt to escape, if detected,
+would be followed by immediate torture and death; but were,
+nevertheless, resolved to make the effort. It was also known that if
+they quietly accompanied the Indians to their rendezvous or
+headquarters, they would be retained as hostages, probably for a long
+period, and be subject at any time to be tortured should a fit of
+vengeance seize their captors. They would not, however, make an attempt
+to escape unless there appeared a moral certainty of its successful
+accomplishment.
+
+The third day arrived, and at dawn, after partaking of the usual
+breakfast of raw antelope or other game, they started again on their
+march. They rode all day, with the usual stoppages for forage, and about
+eight o'clock in the evening camped, supped, and lay down for the night,
+as before, after assigning the usual night-guards to the prisoners, who
+were again bound together.
+
+Glazier, with the experience he had obtained in the South, and his
+companion, with his intimate knowledge of the plains, kept themselves
+constantly on the alert, prepared to take advantage of any opportunity
+that offered to escape from their captors. They had each fixed his eye
+on a pony in the herd. These animals were turned out to graze with their
+saddles on, in order that they might be ready for instant use, if
+required, in the night. The prisoners began snoring loudly under
+pretence of being asleep, and at the same time the guards dozed and
+slept at intervals, but were restless until about midnight, when they
+both succumbed and were fast asleep.
+
+Glazier now worked at the cord on his wrist, and found he could unfasten
+it. While so doing, one of the Indians moved in his sleep, and
+immediately all was still as death with the captives. At length the
+time had arrived, the complicated knot was loosened, and the noose
+slipped over his hand, which at once gave him and his partner liberty of
+action. They knew where the arms lay, and each in the twinkling of an
+eye secured a large navy revolver without disturbing the Indians. They
+then simultaneously struck the two sleeping guards a powerful blow on
+the head with the butt of their revolvers. The Indian struck by the
+herder was nearly killed by the heavy blow, while Glazier's man was only
+stunned. They then made for the ponies, leaped into the saddles, and
+before any of the other Indians had shaken off their heavy slumber, had
+struck out with all their might in the direction from which they had
+come, and in the opposite one, therefore, to that in which the Indian
+party were proceeding.
+
+In a moment, however, the pursuit commenced in earnest; vociferations
+implying vengeance of the direst character if they did not halt, were
+flung through the darkness, which only had the effect of spurring the
+fugitives to still greater speed. Glazier turned in his saddle and sent
+a bullet among his pursuers in reply to their peremptory invitation to
+him to halt. Another and another followed, and one Indian was
+dismounted, but the darkness prevented his seeing if his other shots had
+told. The Indians meanwhile, who had plenty of ammunition, were not slow
+in returning the fire, but luckily without any worse result than to
+increase the pace of the flying ponies.
+
+[Illustration: Escape From The Arrapahoes.]
+
+Away they tore at the top of their speed, and soon entered a canyon in
+the mountain side. Only two or three of the Indians could now be seen in
+pursuit, and the herder, saying it would be better for both if they
+took different directions, at once struck off through a ravine to the
+right, and left Glazier alone. One Indian was observed to follow, but
+Glazier sent a bullet into the enemy's horse, and thus put a stop to
+further pursuit. The Indian now leveled his carbine at Glazier and
+dismounted him; and the latter's ammunition being exhausted, he ran off
+towards a gulch, and leaping in, remained hidden until daylight. Finding
+the coast clear in the morning, he emerged and at once set out walking
+in a southwesterly direction, which eventually brought him to a
+cattle-ranche, the owner of which supplied him with refreshment and a
+fresh mustang. Again turning his face to the west he pursued his way,
+covering the ground between himself and the Golden Gate at the rate of
+sixty miles per day.
+
+Ogden, in the northern extremity of Utah, about forty miles from Salt
+Lake City, and five hundred and eleven from Cheyenne, was reached
+November thirteenth, after hard riding and sundry stoppages at ranches
+in quest of hospitality and information. No event occurred more exciting
+than the shooting of a buffalo that crossed his path--this being the
+third, beside sundry antelopes and several prairie wolves that had
+fallen to his revolver, in the course of his journey since leaving
+Omaha. On riding into Ogden, Captain Glazier was surprised to find it so
+important a city. It forms the western terminus of the Union Pacific,
+and the eastern terminus of the Central Pacific, railroads, and is the
+second city in size and population in the Territory of Utah. Besides the
+churches, a Mormon tabernacle was noticed, the population being largely
+of the polygamic persuasion and yielding their allegiance to the prophet
+of Salt Lake City.
+
+One peculiarity of the towns in these western territories is the running
+streams of water on each side of nearly every street, which are fed by
+some mountain stream and from which water is taken to irrigate the
+gardens and orchards adjoining the dwellings. Ogden has a bright future
+before it. It is not only the terminus of the two great
+trans-continental lines before mentioned, but is also the starting-point
+of the Utah Central and Utah Northern railroads. Vast quantities of iron
+ore can be obtained within five miles of the city, and in Ogden canyon
+discoveries of silver have been made. Fruit-growing is very common in
+the vicinity, and a large quantity of the best varieties grown in the
+Territory are produced around Ogden. Utah apples, peaches and pears are
+finer in size, color and flavor than any grown in the Eastern or Middle
+States.
+
+November eighteenth, Captain Glazier heard from his advance agent, Mr.
+Walter Montgomery, then in Sacramento, who was in ignorance of the
+captain's adventure among the Indians after leaving Cheyenne, except
+that certain startling rumors had reached him of the captain having been
+killed by the Sioux. Mr. Montgomery had accordingly written to various
+points for information of the missing horseman; and to allay the fears
+of his numerous well-wishers, who were in doubt as to his safety,
+Captain Glazier, after leaving Ogden, wrote the following summary of his
+adventure, addressed to his friend, Major E. M. Hessler, of Cleveland,
+Ohio:
+
+
+ Wild Cat Ranche,
+ In Ogden Canyon, Utah,
+ _November 18th, 1876_.
+
+ Major E. M. Hessler,
+ Cleveland, Ohio.
+
+ Dear Sir and Comrade: I learn through my advance agent Mr.
+ Montgomery, that a letter, manifesting some anxiety for my
+ welfare, was recently addressed to you. I hasten to say that I am
+ again in the saddle, and although for three days the guest of the
+ Arrapahoes, I am still in the best of spirits, and with even more
+ hair than when I left Cleveland. I should be pleased to give you a
+ detailed account of my adventures among the red-skins, but have
+ only time to tell you that I started from Cheyenne, October
+ twenty-eighth, accompanying two herders who were on their way to
+ Salt Lake City with a small drove of mustangs and Indian ponies. We
+ were attacked on the thirty-first of the same month by a straggling
+ band of Arrapahoes, near Skull Rocks, on the Laramie Plains. One
+ Indian was killed, and my companions and myself were made prisoners
+ after using up nearly all our ammunition in the effort to repulse
+ our assailants. The herder whose fire killed the Indian was
+ afterwards tied to a stake and most cruelly tortured to death.
+ Bound to my remaining companion with thongs, we were on the
+ following morning placed upon ponies and marched rapidly to the
+ northward.
+
+ Breaking away from our captors on the night of November second by
+ disabling two of our guards, we were followed some miles, firing
+ and receiving the fire of the Indians as we galloped off on two of
+ their ponies which we had appropriated. After being dismounted by a
+ shot, and dismounting the Indian who had killed my horse, I finally
+ eluded my pursuers by leaping into a gulch in the mountains, where
+ I remained until daylight, when, finding no Indians in sight, I
+ pursued my way on foot in a southwesterly direction, which brought
+ me to a cattle-ranche late in the afternoon. Here I secured a fresh
+ mustang, and once more turned my face toward the setting sun.
+
+ My money and personal effects were of course promptly taken
+ possession of by the Arrapahoes. I am now moving westward at an
+ average of over sixty miles per day, confidently expecting to reach
+ San Francisco by the twenty-fourth instant. In our encounter on the
+ Laramie Plains, five members of the "Lo!" family were sent to their
+ Happy Hunting Ground, and in the matter of scalps you may score at
+ least two for your humble servant.
+
+ With kind regards to friends in Cleveland, I close this letter to
+ mount my horse,
+
+ And remain, ever truly yours,
+ Willard Glazier.
+
+
+Captain Glazier's main object now was to push on to Sacramento as fast
+as his mustang would carry him. Kelton (Utah), at the northwest corner
+of Salt Lake, was accordingly reached soon after leaving Ogden, where he
+halted a few hours. This station is seven hundred and ninety miles from
+San Francisco. Stock is extensively grazed in its vicinity, feeding on
+sage brush in the winter and such grass as they can get; but excellent
+grazing is found in the summer. The cattle are shipped to markets on the
+Pacific coast in large numbers. Terrace (Utah) was the next
+resting-place, seven hundred and fifty-seven miles from San Francisco,
+in the midst of a desert with all its dreary loneliness. Continuing his
+pace at an average of eight miles per hour--the temperature being very
+low at an elevation of nearly five thousand feet--Captain Glazier
+observed a few only of the salient features of the wild country he now
+passed through, his position on horseback being less favorable for
+topographical study than that of the tourist comfortably seated in a
+palace-car.
+
+Wells (Nevada) was duly reached by the lonely rider, who found on
+inquiry that he was now only six hundred and sixty-one miles from his
+destination. This place stands at an elevation of five thousand six
+hundred and twenty-nine feet. Humboldt Wells, as they are designated,
+give celebrity to the place, which was a great watering-station in the
+days of the old emigrant travel. The emigrants always rejoiced when they
+had passed the perils of the Great American Desert and arrived at these
+springs, where there was always plenty of pure water and an abundance of
+grass for the weary animals. Hence it was a favorite camping-ground
+before the existence of the Pacific Railroad. The wells are very deep. A
+Government exploring party, under command of Lieutenant Cuppinger,
+visited the spot in 1870, and took soundings to a depth of seventeen
+hundred feet without finding bottom.
+
+Halleck (Nevada) was the next resting station, at an elevation of five
+thousand two hundred and thirty feet. It is named from Camp Halleck,
+about thirteen miles from the station, where two or three companies of
+United States troops are usually kept. The land around is mostly
+occupied as stock-ranges.
+
+Elko (Nevada), twenty-four miles nearer his destination, supplied his
+wants in the way of rest and food for the night. This is the county-seat
+of Elko County, the northeastern county of the State. The town has a
+population of 1500, and is destined to become an important city. The
+money paid for freights consigned to this place and the mining districts
+which are tributary to it, averages $1,000,000 per year. There are
+numerous retail stores, and a few wholesale establishments, with a bank,
+brewery, hotels, and three large freight depots for the accommodation of
+the railroad business. Indians, mostly the Shoshones, of both sexes, are
+frequently noticed about the town.
+
+The valley of the Humboldt continued to widen after leaving Elko--the
+pastures and meadow lands, with occasional houses, were soon passed, and
+the rider pushed on to Palisade (Nevada), his next halting-place, thirty
+miles from Elko, and five hundred and seventy-six from San Francisco.
+For the last two hundred miles the road had been a gradual descent, and
+the change of temperature was very sensible. Palisade is a growing
+little place, with a population of about four hundred souls. The town is
+located about half way down a canyon, and the rocky, perpendicular walls
+give it a picturesque appearance.
+
+Forty-one miles farther west Captain Glazier stopped again for
+refreshment and rest at Argenta (Nevada), in the midst of alkali flats.
+The road continued for a few miles along the base of the Reese River
+Mountain, when suddenly a broad valley opened out--the valley of the
+Reese River. Turning to the right he found himself at Battle Mountain
+(Nevada), at the junction of the Reese River and Humboldt Valleys. The
+town of Battle Mountain has several extensive stores, a public hall, an
+excellent school-house and a first-class hotel, with a large and rapidly
+increasing trade. Battle Mountain, about three miles south of the town,
+is reputed to have been the scene of a sanguinary conflict between a
+party of emigrants and a band of red-skins, who were defeated.
+
+Golconda (Nevada) was reached, and is four hundred and seventy-eight
+miles from San Francisco. It is a small place, with three or four
+stores, a hotel, and several houses. Gold Run mining district, a little
+distance to the south, is tributary to the place. Having rested for the
+night, Glazier mounted at sunrise and directed his course to Winnemucca
+(Nevada), the county-seat of Humboldt county, with a population of
+fifteen hundred, among whom are some Indians and not a few Chinamen. The
+town has an elegant brick court-house, together with several stores,
+hotels, shops, and a school-house. _Winnemucca_ was the name of a chief
+of the Piute Indians, who was favorable to the whites at the time of the
+laying out of the city.
+
+Humboldt (Nevada) was reached in due time--an oasis in the desert. Here
+he was reminded that he was still in a land of cultivation and
+civilization. The first growing trees since leaving Ogden were seen
+here, with plenty of green grass and flowing fountains of pure water.
+Humboldt House offered its hospitality to our traveler, and the place
+and its surroundings reminded him of his home in the east. It was a
+great relief from the wearisome, dreary views which had everywhere met
+his gaze over the largest part of his journey since leaving Omaha.
+Humboldt is the business centre of several valuable mining districts,
+and has a bright prospect in the future.
+
+The following incident is said to have occurred in one of the Nevada
+mining towns not many miles from Humboldt:
+
+About the year 1852 or '53, on a still, hot summer afternoon, a certain
+man who shall be nameless, having tracked his two donkeys and one horse
+a half mile and discovering that a man's track with spur marks followed
+them, came back to town and told "the boys," who loitered about a
+popular saloon, that in his opinion some Mexican had stolen the animals.
+Such news as this demanded, naturally, drinks all around.
+
+"Do you know, gentlemen," said one who assumed leadership, "that just
+naturally to shoot these greasers ain't the best way? Give 'em a fair
+jury trial, and rope 'em up with all the majesty of the law. That's the
+cure."
+
+Such words of moderation were well received, and they drank again to
+"Here's hoping we may ketch that greaser!"
+
+As they loafed back to the veranda, a Mexican walked over the hill-brow,
+jingling his spurs pleasantly in accord with a whistled waltz.
+
+The advocate for the law said, in an undertone, "That's the cuss!"
+
+A rush, a struggle, and the Mexican, bound hand and foot, lay on his
+back in the bar-room. The miners turned out to a man.
+
+Happily, such cries as "_String him up!_" "_Burn the dog-goned
+lubricator!_" and other equally pleasant phrases fell unheeded upon his
+Spanish ear. A jury was quickly gathered in the street, and despite
+refusals to serve, the crowd hurried them in behind the bar.
+
+A brief statement of the case was made by the advocate _pro tem._, and
+they showed the jury into a commodious poker-room, where were seats
+grouped about neat green tables. The noise outside in the bar-room
+by-and-by died away into complete silence, but from afar down the canyon
+came confused sounds as of disorderly cheering. They came nearer, and
+again the light-hearted noise of human laughter mingled with clinking
+glasses around the bar.
+
+A low knock at the jury door, the lock burst in, and a dozen smiling
+fellows asked the verdict. The foreman promptly answered, "_Not
+guilty._"
+
+With volleys of oaths, and ominous laying of hands on pistol hilts, the
+"boys" slammed the door with--"_You'll have to do better than that!_"
+
+In half an hour the advocate gently opened the door again.
+
+"Your _opinion_, gentlemen?"
+
+"Guilty!"
+
+"Correct! you can come out. _We hung him an hour ago!_"
+
+The jury took their drinks, and when, after a few minutes, the pleasant
+village returned to its former tranquility, it was "_allowed_" at more
+than one saloon that "Mexicans'll know enough to let white men's stock
+alone after this." One and another exchanged the belief that this sort
+of thing was more sensible than "nipping 'em on sight."
+
+When, before sunset, the bar-keeper concluded to sweep some dust out of
+his poker-room back-door, he felt a momentary surprise at finding the
+missing horse dozing under the shadow of an oak, and the two lost
+donkeys serenely masticating playing-cards, of which many bushels lay in
+a dirty pile. He was then reminded that the animals had been there all
+day!
+
+Lovelocks (Nevada) is three hundred and eighty-nine miles from San
+Francisco, and its elevation above the sea-level three thousand nine
+hundred and seventy-seven feet. It is simply a station, with a few
+buildings connected with the Central Pacific Railroad; but is a fine
+grazing region, and large herds of cattle are fattened here upon the
+rich native grasses. There is quite a settlement of farmers near
+Lovelocks. Before the railroad came the pasture lands were renowned
+among the emigrants, who recruited their stock after the wearisome
+journey across the plains.
+
+Leaving Lovelocks, Captain Glazier soon found himself again on the
+barren desert. A side track of the railroad, named White Plains, gave
+him rest for the night. The spot is surrounded by a white alkali desert,
+covered in places with salt and alkali deposits. Hot Springs is another
+station in the midst of the desert, and is so named from the hot springs
+whose rising steam can be seen about half a mile from the station.
+
+Hastening forward he reached Desert (Nevada), which he found to be three
+hundred and thirty-five miles from San Francisco, and that the place is
+rightly named. The winds that sweep the barren plains here, heap the
+sand around the scattered sage brush till they resemble huge potato
+hills--a most dreary place.
+
+The captain found it quite a relief on reaching Wadsworth (Nevada), a
+town of about five hundred souls, and three hundred and twenty-eight
+miles from the end of his journey. It has several large stores,
+Chinamen's houses, and hotels, in one of the latter of which he found
+refreshment and a bed. His route had been for several days across
+dreary, monotonous plains, with nothing but black desolation around him.
+Another world now opened to his view--a world of beauty, grandeur and
+sublimity. Reluctantly leaving this agreeable place, he crossed the
+Truckee River, and gazed with delightful sensations upon the trees, the
+green meadows, comfortable farm-houses and well-tilled fields of the
+ranches, as he rode forward.
+
+He had now crossed the boundary line that divides Nevada from
+California, and Truckee was the first place he halted at. This is a
+flourishing little city of fifteen hundred inhabitants, one-third of
+whom are Chinese, and is two hundred and fifty-nine miles from San
+Francisco. A large number of good stores were seen here, and a
+considerable trade is carried on.
+
+He next reached Summit (California). From this point the road descends
+rapidly to the Valley of the Sacramento.
+
+Several intermediate places having been stopped at, in which our
+traveler obtained accommodation for a night, we hasten on with him to
+Sacramento, where, on November twenty-first, he found himself again
+surrounded with all the appliances of civilization. Sacramento has a
+population of twenty-five thousand. The broad streets are shaded by
+heavy foliage. It is a city of beautiful homes. Lovely cottages are
+surrounded by flowers, fruits and vines; while some of the most elegant
+mansions in the State are in the midst of grassy lawns, or gardens
+filled with the rarest flowers. Here is the State capitol, a building
+that cost nearly $2,500,000 for its erection. Sacramento is an important
+railroad centre, second only to San Francisco.
+
+[Illustration: Captain Glazier Riding Into The Pacific--near
+The Cliff House, San Francisco.]
+
+Brighton was one hundred and thirty-four miles from the termination of
+his ride. At the farm-houses along the road numerous wind-mills were
+seen. These are used to fill reservoirs for household wants, and are
+common in all the valleys and plains of California.
+
+A halt was made at Stockton, twenty-one miles from destination. This
+city has a population of about fifteen thousand, and is only
+twenty-three feet above the level of the sea. It was named to
+commemorate Commodore Stockton's part in the conquest of California.
+
+Using all despatch, Captain Glazier pushed on to San Francisco, and
+entered the city November twenty-fourth, registering at the Palace
+Hotel. He immediately after rode, in company with Mr. Walter Montgomery,
+and a friend, to the Cliff House, reaching it by the toll-road. This
+beautiful seaside resort is built on a prominence overlooking the ocean.
+Captain Glazier walked his horse into the waters of the Pacific, and
+then felt that he had accomplished his task. He had ridden in the saddle
+from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean--from Boston to San Francisco--a
+distance of four thousand one hundred and thirty-three miles, in just
+two hundred days.
+
+He was now no longer the slave of duty, and would rest for a few days
+and see the beautiful city before he returned to the east. He wandered
+about, mostly on foot, visited and inspected the numerous public
+buildings, the City Park, Woodward's Gardens, etc., and became convinced
+from personal observation of the greatness and magnificence of this city
+on the Pacific, with its three hundred thousand inhabitants, covering a
+territory of forty-two square miles, and the growth of less than thirty
+years. On its eastern front San Francisco extends along the bay, whose
+name it bears, bounded on the north by the Golden Gate, and on the west
+washed by the Pacific Ocean along a beach five or six miles in extent.
+It is not, however, a part of our plan to describe this wonderful city,
+which has been done most effectively by others.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXV.
+
+
+RETURN FROM CALIFORNIA.
+
+
+ Returns to the East by the "Iron Horse."--Boston _Transcript_ on
+ the journey on horseback.--Resumes literary work.--"Peculiarities
+ of American Cities."--Preface to book.--A domestic incident.--A
+ worthy son.--Claims of parents.--Purchases the old Homestead, and
+ presents it to his father and mother.--Letter to his parents.
+
+We now accompany our subject on his return journey to the east. His
+family and friends had naturally felt great concern for him during his
+long and perilous ride, and he was anxious therefore to allay their
+fears for his safety by presenting himself before them. He accordingly
+purchased a ticket and left San Francisco by rail on the twenty-eighth
+of November, and after a journey more rapid and comfortable than the one
+he had made on horseback, arrived in New York city on December sixth.
+
+Several of the eastern papers, on hearing of the captain's safe return,
+furnished their readers with interesting, and, more or less, correct
+accounts of the journey. We can find room only for that of the Boston
+_Transcript_:
+
+ "It will be remembered that on the ninth of May, 1876, Captain
+ Willard Glazier, the author of 'Battles for the Union,' and other
+ works of a military character, rode out of Boston with the
+ intention of crossing the continent on horseback. His object in
+ undertaking this long and tedious journey was to study at
+ comparative leisure the line of country which he traversed, and the
+ habits and condition of the people he came in contact with, the
+ industrious and peaceful white, and the 'noble' and belligerent
+ red. According to the captain's note-book, he had a closer
+ opportunity of studying the characteristics of the _terror_ than
+ the toiler of the plains.
+
+ "Accompanied by certain members of the 'Grand Army of the
+ Republic,' on the morning of May ninth, as far as Brighton, he
+ there took leave of them, and with one companion, rode as far as
+ Albany, the captain lecturing by the way wherever inducement
+ offered, and handing over the profits to the benefit of the Widows'
+ and Orphans' Fund of the G. A. R. Many of these lectures were well
+ attended, and the receipts large, as letters of thanks from the
+ various 'Posts' testify.
+
+ "From Albany Captain Glazier pursued his journey alone, and rode
+ the same horse through the States of New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio,
+ Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, and Nebraska, as far as Omaha.
+ Thence he proceeded on whatever quadruped of the equine species he
+ could obtain, which was capable of shaking the dust from its feet
+ nimbly. That he was fortunate in this respect is proven by the fact
+ that he rode from Omaha to San Francisco, a distance of nineteen
+ hundred and eighty-eight miles in thirty days, making an average of
+ about sixty-seven miles per diem. The distance from Omaha to
+ Cheyenne, five hundred and twenty-two miles, he accomplished in six
+ days; the greatest distance accomplished in one day of fourteen
+ hours was one hundred and sixty-six miles, three mustangs being
+ called into requisition for the purpose. The entire time occupied
+ by the journey was two hundred days, the captain reaching the
+ Golden Gate on the twenty-fourth day of November. The actual number
+ of days in the saddle was one hundred and forty-four, which gives
+ an average of twenty-eight miles and seven-tenths per day.
+
+ "During this strange journey of more than four thousand miles,
+ Captain Glazier delivered one hundred and four lectures for the
+ object before mentioned, and also for the benefit of the Custer
+ Monument Fund, and visited six hundred and forty-eight cities,
+ villages and stations. He tested the merits of three hundred and
+ thirty-three hotels, farm-houses and ranches, and made special
+ visits to over one hundred public institutions and places of
+ resort. He killed three buffaloes, eight antelopes, and twenty-two
+ prairie wolves, thus enjoying to the full all the pleasurable
+ excitement of hunting on the plains.
+
+ "But on the thirty-first of October, while in the company of two
+ herders, the tables were turned, and a band of hostile Arrapahoes
+ suddenly disturbed the harmony of the occasion. After a lively
+ encounter, in which one of the Indians was despatched to the Happy
+ Hunting Grounds, Glazier and his companions were taken prisoners,
+ and one of the herders was gradually tortured to death. All that
+ now seemed to be required of the two survivors was patience--if
+ they desired to share a similar fate. But in the early morning of
+ the second of November, while their captors were asleep, they
+ contrived not only to escape, but to secure the arms which had been
+ taken from them; and, mounted on two mustangs belonging to the
+ Indians, soon placed a considerable distance between themselves and
+ their too confident guards. In the chase which ensued, Captain
+ Glazier was separated from his fellow-fugitive, and made good his
+ own escape by dismounting two of his pursuers, and eventually,
+ after a long, hard gallop, dismounting himself and hiding in a
+ gulch. What the fate of the herder was he had no means of
+ discovering.
+
+ "Though a man of usually robust constitution, Captain Glazier felt
+ the transitions of climate acutely, but he experiences no ill
+ effects from the long journey now that it is over. The 'iron horse'
+ brought him back to the East of this continent in a few days, and
+ there are probably few men in the States who have formed a higher
+ opinion of the blessings of steam, than Captain Willard Glazier."
+
+Returned to Washington our soldier-author applied himself again to
+literature, his ever active brain having been sufficiently recruited by
+the comparative relaxation it had enjoyed during the long ride. One of
+the fruits of his pen at this time was a volume entitled "Peculiarities
+of American Cities," a subject upon which his flowing pen expatiates
+with great freedom and a nice discrimination. That the reader may
+perceive the bent of Glazier's mind at this period of his history, we
+here present the brief and succinct preface to that work:
+
+"It has occurred to the author very often," he writes, "that a volume
+presenting the peculiar features, favorite resorts, and distinguishing
+characteristics of the leading cities of America, would prove of
+interest to thousands who could, at best, see them only in imagination;
+and to others who, having visited them, would like to compare notes with
+one who has made their peculiarities a study for many years.
+
+"A residence in more than a hundred cities, including nearly all that
+are introduced in this work, leads me to feel that I shall succeed in my
+purpose of giving to the public a book, without the necessity of
+marching in slow, and solemn procession before my readers, a monumental
+array of time-honored statistics; on the contrary it will be my aim in
+the following pages to talk of cities as I have seen and found them in
+my walks from day to day, with but slight reference to their origin and
+history."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+We will bring this chapter to a close by recording one incident in the
+life of its hero, which, humble and common-place as it may be deemed by
+some, is one which, in the judgment of a majority of our readers we
+venture to think, reflects glory upon Willard Glazier as a son, and the
+nation may well feel proud that can rear many such sons.
+
+A subject of great domestic interest which had occupied his thoughts for
+a considerable period, but to which he had, in his busy life, been
+unable hitherto to give the necessary time and attention, at this time
+again forcibly presented itself to his mind. Glazier's sense of a son's
+duty to his parents was not of the ordinary type. He was profoundly
+conscious of the moral obligation that devolved upon him, to render the
+declining years of his parents as free from discomfort and anxiety as it
+was within his power to do. They had nursed and trained him in infancy
+and boyhood; had set before him daily the example of an upright life,
+and had instilled in him a love of truth, honesty and every manly
+virtue. Their claim upon him, now that he had met with a measure of
+success in life, was not to be ignored, and to a good father and a good
+mother he would, so far as he was able, endeavor to prove himself a good
+son.
+
+The Old Homestead near the banks of the Oswegatchie, in St. Lawrence
+County, New York, where his parents still resided; where all their
+children had been born, and where many happy years had been passed, was
+not the property of the Glazier family, and there was a possibility that
+the "dear old folks" might in time have to remove from it. The thought
+of such a contingency was painful to Willard Glazier. It was the spot of
+all others around which his affections clung, and he resolved to make a
+strenuous endeavor to possess himself of it, so that his father and
+mother might pass their remaining days under its shelter.
+
+He accordingly opened negotiations with the owners of the property for
+the purchase of the Homestead, and was soon rejoiced to find himself the
+sole proprietor of a place endeared to him by so many associations.
+
+The following letter to his parents will form a fitting conclusion to
+this chapter:
+
+
+ 102 Waverley Place,
+ New York, _May 1st, 1878_.
+
+ My Dear Father and Mother:
+
+ I am just in receipt of the papers which place me in possession of
+ the _Old Homestead_. This, I am sure, will be very pleasing news to
+ you, since it is my intention to make it the home of your declining
+ years: poor old grandmother, too, shall find it a welcome refuge
+ while she lives. I have never felt that I could see the home of my
+ birth pass to other hands; my heart still clings to it, and its
+ hallowed associations, with all the tenacity of former days. The
+ first of May will, in future, have special charms for me, for from
+ this day, 1878, dates my claim to that spot of earth which to me is
+ dearer than all others.
+
+ Imagination often takes me back to the Old House on the Hill, where
+ your children spent many of the happiest hours of their childhood
+ and youth. In fancy I again visit the scenes of my boyhood--again
+ chase the butterfly, and pick the dandelion with Elvira and
+ Marjorie in the shade of the wide-spreading elms.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ I have been working for you, dear parents, in the face of great
+ obstacles since the close of the war. If you think I have neglected
+ you--have not been home in ten long years, then I reply, I did not
+ wish to see you again until I could place you beyond the reach of
+ want. _One of the objects of my life is to-day accomplished:_ and
+ now, with love to all, and the fervent hope that prosperity and
+ happiness may wait upon you for many, many years to come,
+
+ I remain, always,
+ Your most affectionate son,
+ Willard.
+
+
+[Illustration: Headwaters Of The Mississippi.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXVI.
+
+
+THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER.
+
+
+ An interval of literary work.--Conception of another
+ expedition.--Reflections upon the Old Explorers.--Indian
+ rumors.--Determined to find the true source of the Great
+ River.--Starting on the eventful journey.--Joined by his brother
+ George and Barrett Channing Paine.--Collecting materials for the
+ expedition.--Brainerd the first point of departure.--Through the
+ Chippewa Country.--Seventy miles of government road.--Curiosity
+ its own reward.--Arrival at Leech Lake.
+
+An interval of three years, from 1878 to 1881, now elapsed in the career
+of Captain Glazier; years of retirement from public attention, but by no
+means of inactivity on his part. During this period he was engaged
+mainly in literary work, and in preparation for a forthcoming expedition
+which his ever restless brain had evolved, and which, if successful,
+would furnish a valuable contribution to the geography of North America.
+
+The design of the expedition was no less than the discovery of the true
+source of the "Father of Waters," the mighty Mississippi; and a voyage
+thence, in a canoe, to its mouth in the Gulf of Mexico. It was a novel
+and daring project.
+
+The idea of such an undertaking had occurred to him while on his
+horseback journey across the continent; of which a brief outline has
+been given the reader in previous chapters. He had come to a point in
+his onward progress which is noted for its beauty, being one of the most
+picturesque spots on the Mississippi, the bridge spanning the river
+between Iowa and Illinois, where the rock-divided stream flows grandly
+by under the shadow of towering bluffs. His own words best describe the
+impression which the scene made upon him, and the consequent birth in
+his brain of the most notable achievement of his life:--
+
+"While crossing the continent on horseback from ocean to ocean, in 1876,
+I came to a bridge which spans the Mississippi between Rock Island,
+Illinois, and Davenport, Iowa. As I saw the flood of this mighty stream
+rolling beneath me, I turned in imagination to its discovery in 1541. I
+saw the renowned De Soto upon its banks and buried in its depths: I
+accompanied Marquette from the mouth of the Wisconsin to the mouth of
+the Arkansas: I followed Father Hennepin northward to St. Anthony's
+Falls: and I saw the daring La Salle plant the banner of France on the
+shores of the Gulf of Mexico.
+
+"Musing thus upon the exploits of the heroic old explorers who led the
+way to this grand and peerless river of North America, I felt that it
+was a subject of much regret that although its mouth was discovered by
+the Chevalier La Salle nearly two hundred years ago, there was still
+much uncertainty as to its true source. Within the last century several
+distinguished explorers have attempted to find the primal reservoir of
+the Great River. Beltrami, Nicollett, and Schoolcraft have each in turn
+claimed the goal of their explorations. Numerous lakes, ponds, and
+rivers have from time to time enjoyed the honor of standing at the head
+of the 'Father of Waters.' Schoolcraft, finally, in 1832, decided upon
+a lake, which he named Itasca, as the fountain-head, and succeeded in
+securing for it the recognition of geographers and map-makers.
+
+"Notwithstanding the fact, however, that the claim for geographical
+honors was very generally accorded to Schoolcraft's lake, as being the
+source of the Mississippi, I had frequently been told that many Indians
+denied that their ideal river began its course in Lake Itasca, and
+asserted that there were other lakes and rivers above and beyond that
+lake, unknown to the white man, and that in them was to be found the
+original starting forth of the mysterious stream. These reflections led
+me to conclude that there was yet a rich field for exploration in the
+wilds of Minnesota."
+
+Thus it was that Captain Glazier determined upon a search for this great
+unknown of waters. The time, however, was not yet ripe for the
+fulfilment of his purpose. There was promised work to be done, duties to
+the public waiting to be fulfilled, various literary responsibilities
+accumulated from the past which must be met, the projected undertaking
+itself to be specially prepared for;--all this to be done before he
+could finally turn his face towards his new purpose.
+
+The intervening period was therefore occupied in carefully revising his
+literary productions. Several of his books, written hastily at the close
+of the war, had been published in rapid succession in a somewhat
+incomplete form, and the constantly increasing demand for their
+subsequent editions brought a public pressure to bear upon him for their
+needed revision which could not well be resisted.
+
+He had also other forthcoming works on his hands, which he was anxious
+should be put into form before he again launched himself upon the sea
+of uncertain ventures. In order to collect additional material for his
+book upon the "Peculiarities of American Cities" it was necessary that
+he should make an extensive traveling tour; consequently, a considerable
+portion of this time was spent in visiting the leading cities of the
+United States and Canada. Adding to all this the necessary preparatory
+labor attending his contemplated voyage in search of the true source of
+the Mississippi, and it will be seen that the years elapsing between his
+journey from ocean to ocean and his latest expedition were actively and
+well employed.
+
+At length, however, all his tasks were accomplished, and the month of
+May, 1881, found him stopping for a few days at Cleveland, Ohio, in his
+journey westward from New York. Leaving Cleveland on the first day of
+June, he proceeded to Chicago, and without further tarrying went from
+that city directly to St. Paul, Minnesota, intending to make this the
+first point for gathering his forces and collecting the material needed
+for his coming exploration. Here he was joined by his brother George and
+Barrett Channing Paine, of Indianapolis, Indiana. The month of June was
+spent at St. Paul in collecting tents, blankets, guns, ammunition,
+fishing tackle and all the various paraphernalia necessary for a six
+weeks' sojourn in the northern wilderness.
+
+Finally, all arrangements being completed, the party left St. Paul on
+the morning of July the fourth, to go to Brainerd, about a hundred miles
+above St. Paul, which was to be the point of immediate departure for
+Leech Lake and thence to Lake Itasca. Brief stoppages were made at
+Minneapolis, Monticello, St. Cloud and Little Falls on their way up the
+river, until Brainerd was reached July the seventh.
+
+Brainerd is an enterprising little village at the point where the
+Northern Pacific Railroad crosses the Mississippi, near the boundary of
+the Chippewa Indian Reservation, and is the nearest point, of any
+consequence, to Lake Itasca. Here Captain Glazier stopped for some days
+that he might further inform himself upon the topography of the country,
+in order to decide on the most feasible route to his destination, and
+also to provide such supplies of food as were necessary. After
+consulting maps it was concluded that although Schoolcraft and others
+had found Itasca by going up the river through Lakes Winnibegoshish,
+Cass and Bemidji, the most direct course would be by way of Leech Lake
+and the Kabekanka River. It was therefore decided to take wagon
+conveyance to Leech Lake over what is known in Northern Minnesota as the
+Government Road. This road stretches for seventy miles through trackless
+pine forests and almost impenetrable underbrush, the only habitations to
+be seen along its line being the half-way houses erected for the
+accommodation of teamsters, who are engaged in hauling government
+supplies, and the occasional wigwams of wandering Indians. It was opened
+in 1856, by James Macaboy, for the convenience of Indian agents and the
+fur trade.
+
+At length, at eight o'clock on the bright, summer morning of Tuesday,
+July the twelfth, Captain Glazier and his companions, fully equipped,
+and with a driver celebrated for his knowledge of frontier life, began
+their long and toilsome wagon journey. A ride of between three and four
+hours brought them to Gull Lake, where a halt was proposed and made for
+rest and refreshment.
+
+This lake was for many years the home and headquarters of the noted
+Chippewa chief, Hole-in-the-day, and has been the scene of many
+sanguinary struggles between his braves and those of the equally noted
+Sioux chief, Little Crow. The ruins of a block-house, remains of
+wigwams, and a few scattered graves are all that is now left to tell the
+story of its aboriginal conflicts. A family of four persons living in a
+log-house form the white population of the place. Reuben Gray, the
+genial patriarch who presides over this solitary household in the
+wilderness, delights in the title of landlord, and his hotel (by
+courtesy) has become somewhat famous as one of the pioneer half-way
+houses between Brainerd and Leech Lake.
+
+After resting for a while and doing ample justice to the appetizing
+dinner which was set before them, our travelers resumed their journey.
+Pine River was their evening destination, and at five o'clock they
+reached the ranche of George Barclay, the only white habitation to be
+found between their last resting-place and Leech Lake. Here they were
+most agreeably surprised to find very good accommodation for both man
+and beast.
+
+An excellent breakfast the next morning, with the fair prospect of
+reaching by evening the first terminal point of their journey, put the
+travelers in exuberant spirits for the day, and nothing but jolting over
+one of the roughest roads ever encountered by them could have lessened
+their enjoyment of the occasion. A short stop was made for luncheon at
+Fourteen Mile Lake, and this being their first meal in the open air they
+were enabled, together with the experience thus far gained in their
+journeying, to gauge more accurately their supply of rations. It was
+readily discovered that they would need at least a third more
+provisions for their expedition than would be required for the ordinary
+occupations of in-door life; and it was at once decided to provide an
+additional supply of bacon and dried meats before leaving Leech Lake.
+
+After luncheon the Captain's brother and Mr. Paine took a bath in the
+lake, while he himself found amusement in duck-shooting and in chatting
+with some straggling Chippewas, who were about launching their canoes
+for a six weeks' hunting and fishing excursion. It happened that Captain
+Glazier had never before seen birch bark canoes, and they were therefore
+regarded by him with considerable interest, their use in the future
+being indispensable to the success of his undertaking. Now the Captain
+possesses, in common with most men of adventurous spirit, a
+characteristic desire to get at the bottom facts of everything, and this
+curiosity here caused him a laughable mishap; for, the better to examine
+it, he stepped into one of the canoes, when, from want of experience in
+balancing himself in so light a vessel, he was precipitated into the
+lake, much to his own discomfort but greatly to the amusement of the
+spectators.
+
+Firmly resolved upon more caution in the future, the Captain and his
+companions pursued their journey towards Leech Lake, which was reached
+at four o'clock in the afternoon.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXVII.
+
+
+HOME OF THE CHIPPEWAS.
+
+
+ An embryonic red man.--A primitive hotel.--An unkempt inhabitant of
+ the forest.--Leech Lake.--Major Ruffe's arrival.--White
+ Cloud.--Paul Beaulieu and his theory about the source of the
+ Mississippi.--Che-no-wa-ge-sic.--Studying Indian manners and
+ customs.--Dining with Indian royalty.--Chippewa hospitality.--How
+ the wife of an Indian Chief entertains.--Souvenir of Flat
+ Mouth.--Return of Che-no-wa-ge-sic.--A council held.--An Indian
+ speech.--"No White Man has yet seen the head of the Father of
+ Waters."--Voyage of exploration.--Launching the canoes.
+
+Upon the arrival of the travelers at Leech Lake their first glimpse of
+the embryonic red man was a little fellow of about six years, who ran
+out of a wigwam, brandishing a bow in one hand, and carrying arrows in
+the other. He was very far from being warlike, however, for with the
+first glance at his white brothers he suddenly disappeared in the
+bushes. A little further on they came to a log-cabin, over the door of
+which was nailed a primitive pine board, bearing the inscription--"Hotel."
+
+Here they were received by a rough-looking man with long hair and
+unkempt beard, wearing, besides one other garment, a pair of pants made
+from a red blanket. The surroundings were certainly not inviting, and a
+closer inspection of the squalid accommodation did not lead them to form
+any more favorable opinion. However, travelers cannot always be
+choosers, and they really fared much better than they had expected,
+dining very agreeably on fresh fish and vegetables; breakfast the next
+morning being selected from the same simple bill of fare, varied only by
+the addition of "flap-jacks." In default of habitable beds their
+hammocks were swung from the rafters of the loft.
+
+Leech Lake is one of the most irregularly shaped bodies of water that
+can be imagined. It has no well-defined form, being neither oval nor
+circular, but rather a combination of curves and varied outlines made by
+peninsulas and bays, of which only a map could convey any accurate idea.
+Ten islands are found upon its surface, and seven rivers and creeks
+enter it from various directions. It extends not less than twenty miles
+from North to South, and a still greater distance from East to West,
+with a coast line of over four hundred miles. It was for many years the
+seat of the Chippewa Indian Agency, but is now consolidated with the
+White Earth and Red Lake agencies. Major C. A. Ruffe is at present agent
+of the three departments, with headquarters at White Earth. The village
+consists of some half dozen government buildings, as many log-cabins,
+and about twenty or thirty wigwams scattered here and there along the
+shore of one of the arms of the lake.
+
+The day after the arrival of Captain Glazier's party, the agency was
+thrown into a state of excitement by the announcement that Major Ruffe
+was on his way to Lake Winnibegoshish by way of Leech Lake. The Major
+came the next day, accompanied by Captain Taylor of St. Cloud, one of
+the pioneer surveyors of Minnesota; Paul Beaulieu, the veteran
+government interpreter, and White Cloud, the present chief of the
+Mississippi Indians, who succeeded Hole-in-the-day, the latter having
+been killed some time before by one of the Leech Lake band.
+
+Paul Beaulieu, the half-breed interpreter to Major Ruffe, possesses a
+fund of information concerning the Upper Mississippi which cannot be
+ignored by those who are in pursuit of its mysterious source, and
+Captain Glazier considered himself most fortunate in meeting him before
+his departure for Lake Itasca. Beaulieu deserves more than a passing
+mention, as he is a man of wide experience, and is well known throughout
+Minnesota, and, in some circles, throughout the country. He was born at
+Mackinaw, while General Sibley was stationed there in the interest of
+the American Fur Company, of which John Jacob Astor was then the head.
+His father was a Frenchman and his mother an Indian. He received an
+English education, partly in the government school of Mackinaw, and
+partly at Montreal. On leaving school he was employed by the Fur
+Company, and sent all over the United States from the St. Lawrence to
+Lower California. He crossed the continent with the Stevens party on the
+first Northern Pacific survey, and rendered such valuable services that
+he was presented with a testimonial in recognition of his efficiency.
+
+Beaulieu had a theory of his own regarding the source of the
+Mississippi, based upon the stories of the Chippewas and other Indians
+of his acquaintance. In conversation with Captain Glazier upon the
+subject he said that to the west of Lake Itasca there was another lake,
+the outlet of which united with the stream from the former, and which
+contributed a much larger volume of water at its junction with the
+Mississippi than the outlet of Lake Itasca. He therefore assumed that
+this nameless and almost unknown lake was the true source of the
+Mississippi.
+
+In corroboration of the Beaulieu theory Major Ruffe said that he had
+heard the same opinion expressed by a number of old and reliable Indian
+voyagers. It will thus be seen that there was a great diversity of
+sentiment among the most trustworthy authorities as to the actual source
+of the Great River.
+
+Captain Glazier was greatly exercised on finding that his arrival at
+Leech Lake was at a season when the local band of Indians, the
+Pillagers, as they are called, were away upon their annual hunting and
+fishing excursion. Their absence from the agency was a serious obstacle
+in the way of immediate further progress, for the reason that, being
+compelled to take the final step in their expedition to the source of
+the Mississippi from this point, it was important that they should
+complete their equipment by securing an interpreter, reliable guides and
+birch bark canoes.
+
+"Find Rev. Edwin Benedict as soon as you reach Leech Lake" was the last
+injunction Captain Glazier received on leaving Brainerd. Mr. Benedict is
+Post Missionary, and one of the five representatives of the Episcopal
+Church on the Chippewa Reservation, holding his commission from Bishop
+Whipple of Minnesota. With this genial gentleman, Captain Glazier spent
+the greater part of his time while waiting at the Agency, when not
+engaged in preparations for the voyage. The courtesy of a semi-civilized
+bed, and the convenience of a table, with pens, ink and paper, were
+luxuries to be appreciated and not readily forgotten.
+
+Conversations with Mr. Benedict and with Flat Mouth, chief of the
+Chippewas, developed the unexpected fact that there was but one Indian
+in the Chippewa country who had actually traversed the region which the
+Captain and his party were about to explore, and that he was then
+visiting some friends near Lake Winnibegoshish, and was not expected to
+return until the following Saturday, some three days off.
+
+Satisfied that Che-no-wa-ge-sic, the Chippewa brave referred to, would
+prove indispensable to the success of his expedition, Captain Glazier
+decided to await his return to the Agency. While thus detained the
+Captain and his friends found themselves indebted to Major Ruffe for his
+untiring efforts to relieve the monotony of their sojourn, and to render
+their condition as agreeable as possible while within his sovereign
+borders.
+
+As an important part of Captain Glazier's purpose in his Mississippi
+expedition was to study the manners and customs of the people in the
+several portions of the country along its banks, he took advantage of
+his present detention to inquire into the habits and traits of the
+Indians with whom he now came in daily contact. Some extracts from his
+private diary, graphically portraying the characteristics which
+impressed him, are here especially interesting, as evidence of a certain
+power of philosophic reflection and inductive reasoning unusual in the
+mind of one so given to the excitement of an active, enterprising life
+as was Captain Glazier, who as soldier, author, and explorer certainly
+allowed himself little rest for the quiet abstractions of the student.
+
+"Through conversations with Major Ruffe I learned much of the pioneer
+history of the post, and the attempts to civilize the Pillagers, as the
+Leech Lake Indians are named. This band appears to have separated from
+the other Chippewas at an early day, and to have taken upon themselves
+the duty of defending this portion of the Chippewa frontier. They
+'passed armed before their brethren' in their march westward. Their
+geographical position was one which required them to assume great
+responsibilities, and in the defence of their chosen frontier they have
+distinguished themselves as brave and active warriors. Many acts of
+intrepidity are related of them which would be recorded with admiration
+had white men been the actors. Perfectly versed in the arts of the
+forest they have gained many victories over that powerful assemblage of
+tribes known as the Sioux. With fewer numbers the Chippewas have never
+hesitated to fall upon their enemies, and have defeated and routed them
+with a valor and resolution which in any period of written warfare would
+have been stamped as heroic.
+
+"It is not easy on the part of the government to repress the feelings of
+hostility which have so long existed between the respective tribes, and
+to convince them that they have lived into an age when milder maxims
+furnish the basis of wise action....
+
+"The domestic manners and habits of a people whose position is so
+adverse to improvement could hardly be expected to present anything
+strikingly different from other erratic bands of the Northwest. There is
+indeed a remarkable conformity in the external habits of all our
+Northern Indians. The necessity of changing their camps often to procure
+game or fish, the want of domestic animals, the general dependence on
+wild rice, and the custom of journeying in canoes has produced a general
+uniformity of life, and it is emphatically a life of want and
+vicissitude. There is a perpetual change between action and inanity in
+the mind which is a striking peculiarity of the savage state, and there
+is such a general want of forecast that most of their misfortunes and
+hardships, in war and peace, come unexpectedly."...
+
+Our explorers were agreeably surprised one day during their stay at
+Leech Lake by an invitation from Flat Mouth, the present ruler of the
+Pillagers, to take dinner with him. Captain Glazier accepted the
+invitation with pleasure, for it so happened that although he had for
+many years been much among the natives of the forest he had never before
+had an opportunity to dine with Indian royalty.
+
+Flat Mouth is a descendant of Aish-ki-bug-e-koszh, the most famous of
+all the Chippewa chiefs. He is stalwart in appearance and endowed with
+marked talents, and well deserves the title of "chief." At the appointed
+time for the dinner, Captain Glazier, accompanied by his brother and Mr.
+Paine, went to his residence. They found him living in a comfortable
+log-house of two rooms, well floored and roofed, with two small glass
+windows. A plain board table stood in the centre of the front room, upon
+which the dinner was served. Pine board benches were placed upon each
+side of the table and at the ends, and they followed the example of the
+host in sitting down. Five other persons were admitted to the meal, the
+wife of Flat Mouth, White Cloud, chief of the Mississippis, and three
+Chippewa sub-chiefs. The wife of Flat Mouth sat near him and poured out
+the tea, but ate or drank nothing herself. Tea-cups, spoons, plates,
+knives and forks, all of plain manufacture, were carefully arranged, the
+number corresponding with the guests. A fine mess of bass and white fish
+cut up and very palatably broiled filled a dish in the centre of the
+table, from which the host helped his guests. Birch bark salt cellars
+containing pepper and salt mixed allowed each one to season his fish
+with both or neither. A dish of blue berries picked on the shore of the
+lake completed the repast.
+
+While they were eating, the room became filled with Indians, apparently
+the relatives and friends of Flat Mouth, and after the dinner was over,
+speech-making being in order, White Cloud arose, and, assuming an
+oratorical attitude, addressed Captain Glazier:
+
+He expressed regret that white men had so long been in ignorance of the
+source of the Mississippi, and said that although he had not himself
+seen the head of the Great River, there were many braves of his tribe
+who were familiar with its location. He hoped that his white brother had
+come thoroughly prepared to explore the country beyond Lake Itasca, and
+that he would not return to his friends until he had found the true
+source of the "Father of Waters." Continuing he said: "I am told that
+Che-no-wa-ge-sic, the Chippewa warrior, will accompany you. He is a
+great hunter and a faithful guide. He can supply you with game and
+paddle your canoe. The Chippewas are your friends, and will give you
+shelter in their wigwams."
+
+After he had finished, Flat Mouth presented Captain Glazier with a
+beautifully beaded pipe and tobacco pouch, the work of his favorite
+squaw, and expressed an earnest hope for the complete success of the
+expedition. Although Captain Glazier needed nothing to keep the memory
+of this novel dinner fresh in his mind, he will always treasure this
+souvenir of Flat Mouth among the many pleasant mementos of his visit to
+Leech Lake.
+
+Here again, in referring to this dinner and those whom he met there,
+Captain Glazier's diary furnishes one of his vivid pen-pictures in an
+admirably conceived criticism upon the mental attributes and general
+character of the distinguished Indian chief, White Cloud, the orator of
+the feast.
+
+"I was much gratified on this occasion by the presence of White Cloud,
+whom I had been told was the most respectable man in the Chippewa
+country; and if the term were applied to his intellectual qualities and
+the power of drawing just conclusions from known premises, and the
+effects which these have had on his standing and influence with his own
+tribe, it is not misapplied. Shrewdness and quickness of perception most
+of the chiefs possess, but there is more of the character of common
+sense and practical reflection in White Cloud's remarks than I have
+observed in most of the chiefs I have hitherto met. In his early life he
+was both a warrior and a counselor, and these distinctions he held, not
+from any hereditary right, but from the force of his own character. I
+found him quite ready to converse upon those topics which were of most
+interest to him, and the sentiments he expressed were such as would
+occur to a mind which had possessed itself of facts and was capable of
+reasoning from them. His manners were grave and dignified, and his
+oratory such as to render him popular wherever heard."
+
+Upon the return of Chenowagesic and other Indians, a council was held
+and Captain Glazier stated his object to them. They were asked to
+provide maps of the country and to furnish an interpreter, guides and
+canoes. Of course, it was impossible to conclude any such important
+negotiations as attended an expedition involving the veritable source of
+the noble red man's mystical stream without the characteristic Indian
+speech. Accordingly, Chenowagesic arose, and with much dignity,
+extending his arm towards Captain Glazier, said:
+
+"My brother, the country you are going to visit is my hunting ground. I
+have hunted there many years and planted corn on the shores of Lake
+Itasca. My father, now an old man, remembers the first white chief who
+came to look for the source of the Great River. But, my brother, no
+white man has yet seen the head of the 'Father of Waters.' I will myself
+furnish the maps you have requested, and will guide you onward. There
+are many lakes and rivers in the way, but the waters are favorable. I
+shall talk with my friends about the canoes, and see who will step
+forward to supply them. My own canoe shall be one of the number."
+
+But a few hours were required to complete the maps, and on the following
+morning, three Chippewas, including Chenowagesic, brought each a canoe
+and laid it down on the shore of the lake.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXVIII.
+
+
+EXPLORATION AND DISCOVERY.
+
+
+ Launching the canoes.--Flat Mouth and White Cloud again.--An
+ inspiring scene.--Farewell to Leech Lake.--Up the Kabekanka
+ River.--Dinner at Lake Benedict.--Difficult navigation.--A
+ peaceful haven.--Supper and contentment.--Lake Garfield.--
+ Preparations for first portage.--Utter exhaustion.--Encampment
+ for the night.--The cavalry column.--Lake George and Lake
+ Paine.--The Naiwa River.--Six miles from Itasca.--Camping on
+ the Minnesota watershed.--A startling discovery.--Rations
+ giving out.--Ammunition gone.--Arrival at Lake Itasca.
+
+The following day, July seventeenth, was Sunday, and Captain Glazier,
+being a guest of Rev. Edwin Benedict, felt some delicacy in commencing
+his journey on the Sabbath. Mr. Benedict, however, greatly to his
+relief, not only decided that there could be nothing objectionable in
+his doing so, but also offered to launch his canoe and bid him
+God-speed. In fact, Mr. Benedict had done all in his power to alleviate
+the discomfort of his stay, by placing at his service the only
+"civilized" bed the village possessed, but now Bishop Whipple was hourly
+expected to arrive in the course of his regular visitations to the
+missionary posts he had established, and the Captain was not inclined to
+monopolize a luxury which doubtless the Bishop would appreciate as much
+as himself. Accordingly, early in the morning, which proved to be clear
+and beautiful, the explorers met on the shore of the lake, preparatory
+to their embarkation. A large number of Indians had assembled to see
+them off. Flat Mouth was there, watching his white brothers with
+interest as they stepped cautiously into the canoes, for Captain Glazier
+had not forgotten his first experience with one of these light vessels.
+White Cloud, also, was there, chief of the Mississippis, thinking,
+mayhap, somewhat sadly of the time when the great "Father of Waters" was
+known only to the Red Man who hunted on its banks, or glided swiftly
+down its stream, in happy ignorance of the days when city after city
+should line its shores, and steamboats force their devious way through
+its waters. There, too, were the friends and relatives of Chenowagesic
+and the other guides, watching with characteristic gravity the final
+preparations. Rev. Mr. Benedict, the only white man on the beach other
+than the explorers, stood ready to launch the canoe.
+
+[Illustration: Captain Glazier Embarking For The Headwaters
+Of The Mississippi.]
+
+It was a scene well worthy the painter's most cunning skill--the
+beautiful lake, the wigwams dotting its shores here and there, the dark
+green of the forest in the background, the Indians with their bright red
+blankets adding bits of vivid coloring to the scene, and, at the water's
+edge, Captain Glazier, upright and soldierly in bearing, ready to step
+into his canoe and start forth in search of the mysterious springs which
+had hitherto baffled the investigations of all previous explorers.
+
+Finally, all was ready, the baggage being evenly distributed in the
+three canoes with an Indian in each to guide and paddle it. Standing in
+the foremost canoe Captain Glazier signified his readiness to start,
+when Mr. Benedict pushed the light bark into the water, and waved his
+hat in token of farewell. A general waving of hats followed, and soon
+our explorers found themselves gliding swiftly over the bosom of the
+lake, and almost out of sight of the friends who still watched them from
+the shore.
+
+After an hour's paddling they reached the other side of the arm of the
+lake on which the Agency is situated, and prepared for a short portage
+across a point of land which brought them to a larger arm, where the
+wind and the waves had a sweep of fifteen or twenty miles. Coasting
+along the shore for some distance they finally paddled across the lake
+to the mouth of the Kabekanka River. A brisk wind was blowing from the
+north, and the waves ran so high as to cause some anxiety in the minds
+of those who were not accustomed to the motion of a canoe; for, now they
+rose lightly to the top of the wave and anon sank with a swash into the
+trough, splashing and dashing the water over their bows. Gradually,
+however, as they became more used to their frail barks, their anxiety
+lessened, and they began to enjoy the beautiful prospect before them,
+and to inhale with delight the invigorating breeze.
+
+After two or three hours steady work they reached the inlet into which
+this branch of the Kabekanka empties. So choked up is this inlet with
+reeds and rushes that it required some skill to force an entrance for
+the canoes. Finally they succeeded, and paddling up the river they came,
+at about eleven o'clock, to a little lake caused by the widening of the
+stream, which Captain Glazier named Lake Benedict, in honor of Rev.
+Edwin Benedict, who had treated him so courteously during his stay at
+Leech Lake. Reaching the upper end of this lake they disembarked and
+prepared to enjoy their noon-day meal.
+
+A brief rest, in order the better to digest their hearty dinner,
+refreshed the travelers so much that they soon re-embarked and pursued
+their voyage. Leaving the lake they entered another branch of the
+Kabekanka, and found that at its mouth the stream ran between low
+shores, and that its bed was so overgrown with wild rice as to make it
+almost impossible for a canoe to work its way through. Further up the
+river narrowed and ran more swiftly, the wild rice giving place to snags
+and driftwood, which made navigation even more toilsome. Almost worn
+out, our weary voyagers began to despair of finding navigable waters,
+when to their great joy they espied at a little distance what seemed
+like a pond filled with rushes. Struggling onward once more they soon
+reached the spot, and found what they supposed to be a pond was the
+outlet of a beautiful lake about seven miles long and three broad, into
+whose quiet waters they glided with glad hearts and a shout of delight.
+
+It was now late in the afternoon, and time to look about for a
+camping-ground, on which to spend the night. Paddling slowly up the
+lake, trolling for fish as they went, they soon found a spot which
+answered their purpose admirably. It was a bluff near the lake, wooded
+with Norway pines, and sloping rather abruptly towards the water. By
+this time they had caught half a dozen fine pickerel, and, disembarking,
+soon had their fire built, tents pitched and hammocks swung. The guides
+prepared supper of broiled fish, accompanied by such canned dainties as
+had been brought with them and their keen appetites caused by the fresh
+breeze and toilsome paddling prepared them to enjoy with zest their
+first supper in the open air.
+
+Supper being over they whiled away the time very pleasantly by
+commenting upon the experiences of the day, and discussing the object of
+their undertaking, and so free were they from all discomfort, even from
+that caused by those torments, the mosquitoes, they felt ready to
+declare the hardships of their journey had been much magnified. In this
+peaceful and contented frame of mind they retired to their tents and
+slept soundly until next morning.
+
+Rising at break of day they were soon on the water making their way to
+the head of the lake, where they breakfasted, and upon learning that no
+name had ever been given to this beautiful body of water, Captain
+Glazier designated it Lake Garfield, in honor of our murdered President.
+
+[Illustration: Camp Among The Pines.]
+
+After breakfast they were informed by the guides that they had now come
+to the end of uninterrupted water communication, and must prepare for a
+portage of two and a half miles. Little did any of the white members of
+the party guess what this meant, and so with light hearts they packed
+their traps into convenient bundles and prepared to take up the line of
+march. The Indians, in the meanwhile, had made for themselves packs
+weighing about a hundred pounds. These packs they wrapped in blankets
+and secured with a strap which passed over their foreheads, the packs
+resting on their shoulders. Each then placed a canoe, bottom upwards, on
+top of his pack, holding it there by means of a cross bar.
+
+All were now ready, and the order, "March," was given. Off started the
+Indians in single file with as much apparent ease as if they were
+taking a pleasure walk along a well-beaten path instead of plunging,
+heavily laden, into the recesses of a trackless forest. Captain Glazier,
+his brother and Mr. Paine followed their lead, guided only by the white
+bottoms of the canoes gleaming through the dense foliage. It was almost
+impossible to keep up with the Indians, whose steady trot at times
+increased to a run, and in their efforts to do so they barked their
+shins, scratched their hands and faces, tore their clothes, and were
+almost devoured by the mosquitoes. On they went, however, determined not
+to be beaten by the red man, who showed no sign of fatigue or stopping.
+Finally, in spite of their determination to the contrary, they felt
+absolutely compelled to cry "halt," when lo! the Indians halted, removed
+their packs, and, smiling back at them, no doubt in appreciation of
+their discomfort, calmly began to pick the blue berries which grew in
+abundance all along the route. With a sigh of relief, the rest of the
+party threw themselves full length upon the ground, utterly and
+completely exhausted, and fairly groaned aloud when they saw the Indians
+were about to resume their packs. There was no help for it, however, so
+starting up they prepared to follow, but at a somewhat slower pace. For
+several hours they continued their fatiguing journey, until, at eleven
+o'clock, reaching a high, clear piece of ground, they decided to rest
+and have dinner.
+
+After dinner they found they were far too weary to proceed, so the
+Indians, who were apparently as fresh as when they first started, made
+two trips to the next lake, carrying everything. On their last trip they
+were accompanied by their exhausted white brethren, who succeeded at
+last in summoning up sufficient resolution to carry themselves.
+
+Embarking once more in their canoes they pulled through three small
+lakes connected by creeks, finally camping for the night on the shore of
+a fourth lake. The next morning they were up bright and early and ready
+to resume their voyage, which for this day was through a chain of lakes
+sometimes connected by small creeks, but more frequently requiring them
+to make a portage from one to the other. Gabekanazeba, meaning
+"portage," is the Indian name applied to these lakes and the stream
+which connects some of them; but Captain Glazier, assuming the right
+tacitly yielded to all explorers, called them in order after the brave
+cavalry commanders of the Rebellion. Bayard, Stoneman, Pleasanton,
+Custer, Kilpatrick, Gregg, Buford and Davies, form the column, with
+Sheridan, as the name of the largest and finest, at its head.
+
+Finally, they reached a lake of considerable size whose Indian name,
+translated, means Blue Snake. This they crossed at a point where its
+width is about five miles, catching a number of fine bass as they went,
+and camped for the night on a strip of land between it and a second lake
+about half its size. These two bodies of water were respectively
+denominated by Captain Glazier Lake George and Lake Paine, after his
+brother George and Mr. Barrett Channing Paine, who accompanied him
+throughout his entire voyage, sharing his dangers and rejoicing in his
+ultimate success.
+
+Upon resuming their journey next morning, July twentieth, the canoes
+were paddled across a corner of Lake Paine, and, after a portage of half
+a mile, they entered a small river, called by the Indians Naiwa. This
+river they descended for about five miles, and after making another
+short portage, reached a little stream, upon the shore of which they
+rested for dinner. Resuming their voyage they arrived at a beautiful
+lake late in the afternoon, upon which Captain Glazier bestowed the name
+of Elvira, in memory of his eldest sister.
+
+Here the Indians informed them that they were only six miles from
+Itasca, but the joy with which they received the good news was somewhat
+checked when they heard that the whole distance, with the exception of
+one small lake, must be made by portage. However, they had a night's
+rest before them, so taking the canoes out of the water, they were
+carried to the top of the nearest ridge of land, where the tents were
+pitched for the night.
+
+Their camp was now situated on one of a series of diluvial ridges which
+forms the highest ground between the Allegheny and Rocky Mountains. It
+is, in fact, the watershed separating the Mississippi, Red River of the
+North and St. Lawrence River systems, all these great streams having
+their origin in springs or lakes found within this section of Minnesota.
+
+While camping here a discovery was made which caused the party much
+uneasiness. This was the startling fact that their supply of canned
+meats and other rations was fast giving out! To appreciate their
+situation under these circumstances we must remember that they were far
+from any trading post, and in a country where they could not hope to
+find even an Indian at that season of the year, the many lakes and
+marshy ground making hunting impracticable. To add to their dismay, it
+was also discovered that during one of the exhausting portages the
+trolling hooks had been lost in passing through a bog, while their
+ammunition was reduced to sixty-five rounds. Too late did the Captain
+regret the permission given to his brother and Mr. Paine, both of whom
+were but amateur sportsmen, to fire at any game they might see. They had
+blazed away recklessly during the entire voyage, so far succeeding in
+killing but one duck. Evidently _they_ could not be depended upon to
+replenish the depleted larder. Something had to be done, and after
+resolutions of strict economy were proposed and unanimously adopted, it
+was decided that hereafter the Captain should occupy the bow of the
+first canoe, and, with gun cocked, be ready to fire at any game which a
+sudden turn in the river might discover. How the explorers wished they
+could subsist on the blue berries which were fully as abundant as the
+mosquitoes along the entire route! But it required incessant eating of
+these to satisfy the appetite, and even then, hunger, in a short time,
+asserted its former sway.
+
+The morning following this discovery was so foggy that it was impossible
+to make a start before seven o'clock. The day was warm, and the journey
+unusually fatiguing, consisting mainly of a portage twice the length of
+the first one they had encountered. It was, therefore, with unfeigned
+delight that, late in the afternoon of the twenty-first of July, they
+discovered the placid waters of Itasca just ahead of them. Launching
+their canoes, they soon reached Schoolcraft Island, after a pull of
+about two miles, and prepared to make this point their headquarters.
+
+[Illustration: Making A Portage.]
+
+Lake Itasca was discovered by Henry Rowe Schoolcraft in 1832, and was
+located by him as the source of the Mississippi. It is a beautiful body
+of water, with an extreme length of about five miles, and an average
+breadth of a mile and a half. It has three arms of nearly equal size,
+and the island, named after the discoverer of the lake, is situated near
+the point where they come together. This island proved to be about three
+acres in extent, and is so covered with underbrush that our gallant
+little party had much difficulty in clearing a sufficient space for
+their camp. Only one or two trees of any size were found, and on the
+largest of these, a pine, Mr. Paine carved their names and the date of
+their arrival.
+
+By this time Captain Glazier had become more than ever convinced,
+through conversations with Chenowagesic, that he was right in his
+preconceived opinion that Itasca was not the source of the Mississippi.
+He was also satisfied that Chenowagesic was pre-eminently fitted to aid
+him in discovering the fountain head, owing to the fact that he was
+thoroughly at home in that region, having hunted and trapped there for
+many years. So intense had become the Captain's desire not to return
+until he had thoroughly explored Itasca and the surrounding country,
+that it was with an anxious heart he now put the question to his
+companions: would they be willing, on such a limited supply of rations
+as they had remaining, to assist him in his explorations, or would they
+vote for an immediate descent of the river? To his great relief he found
+he had so completely inoculated them, or at least his brother and Mr.
+Paine, with his own ambition that with one voice they decided in favor
+of a thorough exploration. The Indians were soon persuaded to give
+their consent, and so, before retiring for the night, the entire party
+expressed their determination to stand by the Captain until he was
+satisfied that every effort had been made to discover the remotest
+springs in which the Great River really had its origin.
+
+[Illustration: Map Of Lake Glazier]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXIX.
+
+
+DISCOVERY OF THE SOURCE OF THE MISSISSIPPI.
+
+
+ Short rations.--Empty haversacks and depleted
+ cartridge-boxes.--Statement of Chenowagesic.--Captain Glazier's
+ diary.--Vivid description.--Coasting Itasca.--Chenowagesic
+ puzzled.--The barrier overcome.--Victory! the Infant
+ Mississippi.--Enthusiastic desire to see the source.--The goal
+ reached.--A beautiful lake.--The fountain head.--An American the
+ first white man to stand by its side.--Schoolcraft.--How he came
+ to miss the lake.--Appropriate ceremonies.--Captain Glazier's
+ speech.--Naming the lake.--Chenowagesic.--Military
+ honors.--"Three cheers for the explorer."
+
+Captain Glazier had instructed his Indian guides to wake him early the
+following morning, July twenty-second; but when he himself awoke at six
+o'clock he found the remainder of the party still sound asleep, the
+toilsome portages of the preceding day having completely exhausted them.
+Rousing his companions, preparations were begun for breakfast, which
+consisted of a small piece of bacon and one "flap-jack" each. But the
+determination of the previous night had so inspirited all that the small
+dimensions of the breakfast were scarcely noticed, and the conversation
+turned upon the absorbing topic--would they discover a source of the
+Mississippi other than Lake Itasca?
+
+Chenowagesic again repeated his statement that there was another lake to
+the south, which he called Pokegama, meaning, "a lake on the side of or
+beyond another lake." This lake, he said, was smaller than Itasca, but
+contributed to the latter through its largest inflowing stream. Captain
+Glazier, therefore, instructed him to guide them to this lake and allow
+them to make their own observations regarding it. Accordingly, breakfast
+being over, the canoes were launched and the coasting of Itasca begun.
+
+Captain Glazier's own account of the events succeeding this breakfast on
+Schoolcraft Island is so clear, and his description brings so vivid a
+picture before the eye of the reader, that it is only necessary to quote
+the following passages from his diary for the reader to understand the
+importance of the discovery which he made:
+
+"Notwithstanding the fact that we were now confronted with empty
+haversacks and depleted cartridge boxes my companions were still eager
+to follow my lead in the work of exploration beyond Itasca, which from
+the beginning had been the controlling incentive of our expedition, the
+grand objective towards which we bent all our energies. To stand at the
+_source_; to look upon the remotest rills and springs which contribute
+to the birth of the Great River of North America, to write 'Finis' in
+the volume opened by the renowned De Soto more than three hundred years
+ago, and in which Marquette, La Salle, Hennepin, La Hontan, Carver,
+Pike, Beltrami, Schoolcraft and Nicollet have successively inscribed
+their names, were quite enough to revive the drooping spirits of the
+most depressed.
+
+"During our encampment on the island Chenowagesic again reminded me that
+he had planted corn there many years before, and that his wigwam once
+stood near the spot where we had pitched our tents. He also repeated
+what he had told me before launching the canoes at Leech Lake that the
+region about Lake Itasca was his hunting-ground, and that he was
+thoroughly acquainted with all the rivers, lakes and ponds within a
+hundred miles. He further said that Paul Beaulieu was in error
+concerning the source of the Great River, and led me to conclude that
+the primal reservoir was above and beyond Itasca, and that this lake was
+simply an expansion of the Mississippi, as are Bemidji, Cass,
+Winnibegoshish and several others.
+
+"Fully convinced that the statements of Chenowagesic were entirely
+trustworthy, and knowing from past experience that he was perfectly
+reliable as a guide, we put our canoes into the water at eight o'clock,
+and at once began the work of coasting Itasca for its feeders. We found
+the outlets of six small streams, two having well-defined mouths, and
+four filtering into the lake through bogs. The upper end of the
+southwestern arm is heavily margined with rushes and swamp grass, and it
+was not without considerable difficulty that we forced our way through
+this natural barrier into the larger of the two open streams which flow
+into this end of the lake.
+
+"Although perfectly familiar with the topography of the country, and
+entirely confident that he could lead us to the beautiful lake which he
+had so often described, Chenowagesic was for some moments greatly
+disturbed by the network of rushes in which we found ourselves
+temporarily entangled. Leaping from his canoe he pushed the rushes right
+and left with his paddle, and soon, to our great delight, threw up his
+hands and gave a characteristic Chippewa yell, thereby signifying that
+he had found the object of his search. Returning, he seized the bow of
+my canoe, and pulled it after him through the rushes out into the clear,
+glistening waters of the infant Mississippi, which, at the point of
+entering Itasca, is seven feet wide, and from twelve to fifteen inches
+deep.
+
+"Lusty work with our paddles for half an hour brought us to a blockade
+of fallen timber. Determined to float in my canoe upon the surface of
+the lake towards which we were paddling, I directed the guides to remove
+the obstructions, and continue to urge the canoes rapidly forward,
+although opposed by a strong and constantly increasing current.
+Sometimes we found it necessary to lift the canoes over logs, and
+occasionally to remove diminutive sand-bars from the bed of the stream
+with our paddles. As we neared the head of this primal section of the
+mighty river, we could readily touch both shores with our hands at the
+same time, while the average depth of water in the channel did not
+exceed ten inches.
+
+"Every paddle-stroke seemed to increase the ardor with which we were
+carried forward. The desire to see the actual source of a river so
+celebrated as the Mississippi, whose mouth had been reached nearly two
+centuries before, was doubtless the impelling motive. In their eagerness
+to obtain a first view of the beautiful lake toward which we were
+paddling, and greatly annoyed by the slow progress made in the canoes,
+my brother and Paine stepped ashore and proposed a race to the crest of
+the hill which Chenowagesic told them overhung the lake. To this
+proposition of my companions I made objection and insisted that all
+should see the goal of our expedition from the canoes. What had long
+been sought at last appeared suddenly. On pulling and pushing our way
+through a network of rushes similar to the one encountered on leaving
+Itasca, the cheering sight of a transparent body of water burst upon our
+view. It was a beautiful lake--the source of the 'Father of Waters.'
+
+[Illustration: Lake Glazier--source Of The Mississippi.
+Discovered By Captain Glazier, July 22, 1881.]
+
+"A few moments later and our little flotilla of three canoes was put in
+motion, headed for a small promontory which we discerned at the opposite
+end of the lake. We paddled slowly across one of the purest and most
+tranquil sheets of water we had encountered in our voyage. Not a breath
+of air was stirring. We halted frequently to scan its shores, and to run
+our eyes along the verdure-covered hills which enclose its basin. These
+elevations are at a distance of from three to four miles, and are
+covered chiefly with white pines, intermingled with the cedar, spruce
+and tamarack. The beach is fringed with a mixed foliage of the evergreen
+species. At one point we observed pond lilies, and at another a small
+quantity of wild rice.
+
+"As we neared the promontory towards which we were paddling, a deer was
+seen standing on the shore, and an eagle swept majestically over our
+heads with food for her young, which we soon discovered were securely
+lodged in the top of a tall pine. The water-fowl noticed upon the lake
+were apparently little disturbed by our presence, and seldom left the
+surface of the water.
+
+"This lake is about a mile and a half in its greatest diameter, and
+would be nearly an oval in form, but for a single promontory which
+extends its shores into the lake so as to give it in outline the
+appearance of a heart. Its feeders are three boggy streams, two of which
+enter on the right and left of the headland, and have their origin in
+springs at the foot of sand-hills, from five to six miles distant. The
+third is but little more than a mile in length, has no clearly defined
+course, and is the outlet of a small lake situated in a marsh to the
+south-westward. These three creeks were named in the order of their
+discovery: Eagle, Excelsior and Deer. The small lake, which is the
+source of Eagle Creek, I called Alice, after my daughter.
+
+"Having satisfied myself as to its remotest feeders, I called my
+companions into line at the foot of the promontory which overlooks the
+lake, and talked for a few moments of the Mississippi and its explorers,
+telling them I was confident that we were looking upon the True Source
+of the Great River; that we had completed a work begun by De Soto in
+1541, and had corrected a geographical error of half a century's
+standing. Concluding my remarks, I requested a volley from their
+fire-arms for each member of the party, in commemoration of our
+discovery. When the firing ceased, Paine gave me a surprise by stepping
+to the front and proposing 'that the newly discovered lake be named
+"Glazier" in honor of the leader of the expedition.' The proposition was
+seconded by Moses Legard, the interpreter, and carried by acclamation,
+notwithstanding my protest that it should retain its Indian name,
+Pokegama.
+
+"Much to the surprise of every one, as we were about closing our
+ceremonies, Chenowagesic assumed an oratorical attitude, and addressed
+me as follows in a few words of true Indian eloquence: 'My brother, I
+have come with you through many lakes and rivers to the head of the
+Father of Waters. The shores of this lake are my hunting-ground. Here I
+have had my wigwam and planted corn for many years. When I again roam
+through these forests, and look on this lake, source of the Great River,
+I will look on you.'
+
+"The latitude of this lake is not far from 47 deg.. Its height above the sea
+is an object of geographical interest which, in the absence of actual
+survey, it may subserve the purposes of useful inquiry to estimate. From
+notes taken during the ascent it cannot be less than seven feet above
+Lake Itasca. Adding the estimate of 1,575 feet submitted by Schoolcraft
+in 1832, as the elevation of that lake, the Mississippi may be said to
+originate in an altitude of 1,582 feet above the Atlantic Ocean. Taking
+former estimates as the basis and computing reasonably through the
+western fork, its length may be placed at 3,184 miles. Assuming that the
+barometrical height of its source is 1,582 feet, it has a mean descent
+of over six inches per mile.
+
+"At Lake Bemidji the Mississippi reaches its highest northing, which is
+in the neighborhood of 47 deg. 30'. The origin of the river in an untraveled
+and secluded region between Leech Lake and the Red River of the North,
+not less than a degree of latitude south of Turtle Lake, which was for a
+long time supposed to be the source, removes both forks of the stream
+outside the usual track of the fur-traders, and presents a good reason,
+perhaps, why its fountain-head has remained so long enveloped in
+uncertainty."
+
+The information imparted in the foregoing extract brings the whole gist
+of the important discovery within the compass of a few paragraphs, and
+it will be readily seen from this clear description of the new-found
+lake that the source of the Mississippi is at last correctly located.
+Many others have attempted to find it: Schoolcraft was sent out by the
+Government especially for its discovery, but it remained for Captain
+Glazier to successfully accomplish an undertaking which had hitherto
+baffled the most determined explorers. This, too, he did entirely at his
+own expense, and with no other motive than such as an ardent search
+after truth inspires in ambitious minds. He had long doubted that Itasca
+was the source of our greatest river. He knew no other way of satisfying
+his doubt than by going himself to the remotest headwaters of the mighty
+stream. He therefore went there, for with him to think is to determine,
+to determine is to act. Friends tried to persuade him he was engaging in
+a useless and extravagant expedition, and those to whom he applied for
+information respecting the country through which he must pass warned him
+that he would have to undergo many hardships; but to all this advice he
+turned a deaf ear. His active, energetic, and enterprising temperament
+was proof against all fear of discomfort, and his desire to know the
+truth overruled every other feeling. And, when at last he stood by the
+beautiful lake, the goal of his search, all the trials and annoyances of
+his arduous journey sank into insignificance--lost in the depths of his
+content.
+
+His companions gazed with delight upon the peaceful scene which lay
+before them; and, as they noted the peculiar outline of the lake, what
+wonder that the thought came--this was indeed the heart of the
+Mississippi, pulsating with life for the great stream flowing onward and
+ever onward, enriching and ennobling the land, until at last it loses
+itself, by reason of its own vastness, in the waters of the Ocean.
+
+They rejoiced, too, that the first white man to stand at the
+fountain-head of America's greatest river was an American--an American
+who had fought bravely and suffered many privations for his country. And
+as they watched the eagle, whirling in his flight over their heads, they
+felt glad that he had chosen this spot for his home, in which to rear
+his young in the same proud, free spirit which made him so fit an emblem
+for their glorious land.
+
+Much astonishment was expressed by those of the party who were aware of
+Schoolcraft's expedition in 1832, that he should have missed finding
+this lake so closely connected with Itasca, and various were the
+surmises as to the cause of this remarkable oversight. One plausible
+suggestion was, that the rushes and reeds had so obstructed the entrance
+of the stream into Itasca, that not having a previous knowledge of its
+whereabouts, there was nothing surprising in its being overlooked. By
+far the most probable theory, however, was advanced by Captain Glazier,
+who stated, quoting Schoolcraft himself as authority, that when he
+reached Itasca he was too much hurried to make a thorough exploration.
+He had made an engagement to meet some Indians in council at the mouth
+of the Crow-Wing River, fully seven days' journey from this point, and
+he had not more than the seven days to accomplish it. Accordingly, as
+his mind had been prepared by his guides all along to accept Itasca as
+the true source, he only stopped long enough to see and hurriedly coast
+the lake, and then returned to the Indian council on Crow-Wing River.
+This is Schoolcraft's own statement, and there can be no doubt that it
+is the true reason for his failure to locate the source correctly. He
+never saw the beautiful lake to the south of Itasca, fed by the springs
+and streams of the marshes which give birth to the Infant Mississippi.
+
+Therefore, he could not know that Itasca was but an expansion of the
+stream, like other lakes in its onward course, a sudden growth, as it
+were, which gave promise of the vast proportions the mighty giant would
+hereafter assume. There would be something almost sad in his coming so
+near and yet missing the mark at which he had aimed, if it were not that
+he lived and _died_ in the belief that he was right in his assertion
+that the great Father of Waters rose in the lake which he, oddly enough,
+named Itasca. Oddly, because Itasca is a name given by the Indians to
+the mysteries of their religion and necromantic arts, and Schoolcraft,
+by his decided statements in regard to the lake, succeeded in enveloping
+in mystery the true source for another fifty years. Why it should _ever_
+have been a mystery is a question often raised; but there can be no
+doubt that it is owing to the fact that no fur traders and but few
+Indians ever penetrate the boggy, swampy, lake-covered regions of
+Northern Minnesota.
+
+Our explorers, having finished their survey of the lake, now disembarked
+and prepared to hold suitable and becoming ceremonies to celebrate their
+momentous discovery. First they drank of the clear, cool water to the
+health of Captain Glazier, who had led them on to making this grand
+achievement. The Captain then thanked them in a few eloquent and
+appropriate remarks for their good wishes and also for their faith in
+him, and the determination they had shown to stand by him until he had
+reached the goal he sought. He spoke, too, of the magnitude and
+importance of their discovery, of the knowledge it would add to the
+geographical lore of the country, and of the strangeness of the fact
+that the source of their mightiest river had so long been a disputed
+question. The cause of this he attributed to the peculiarities of the
+region in which it rose, the many lakes and swamps making much traveling
+impracticable; and recalling the hardships which they themselves had
+encountered, expressed his belief that it was not to be wondered at that
+earlier explorers had been deterred from making the venture at a time
+when civilization was even further remote than it was at present. He
+then recounted some of the exploits of the heroic old explorers, and,
+reminding his companions that three hundred years had passed away since
+white men first beheld the mighty stream by whose cradle they were now
+standing, he congratulated them on completing the work begun by De Soto,
+Marquette, La Salle, Hennepin and Joliet.
+
+When he had finished Captain Glazier, true to his soldierly instincts,
+proposed firing six volleys over the lake, one in honor of each member
+of the party. This was accordingly done, and Mr. Paine closed the
+ceremonies by leading off with three hearty American cheers for "the
+discoverer and the discovery." The Indians chimed in with a Chippewa
+yell, and then, while the air was still reverberating with the sound of
+their voices, they all paused to take in once more the scene of their
+explorations.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XL.
+
+
+DOWN THE GREAT RIVER.
+
+
+ Voyage from Source to Sea.--Three thousand miles in an open
+ canoe.--"Pioneers of the Mississippi."--A thrilling lecture.--The
+ long voyage begun.--Mosquitoes.--Hunger and exhaustion.--The
+ Captain kills an otter.--Lakes Bemidji and Winnibegoshish.--An
+ Indian missionary.--Wind-bound.--Chenowagesic bids farewell to
+ the Captain.--Pokegama Falls.--Grand Rapids.--Meeting the first
+ steamboat.--Aitkin.--Great enthusiasm.--The new canoes.--Leaving
+ Aitkin.--Arrival at Little Falls.--Escorted in triumph to the
+ town.--"Captain Glazier! A speech! A speech!"--Lake Pepin.--An
+ appalling storm.--St. Louis.--Southern hospitality.--New
+ Orleans.--Arrival at the Gulf of Mexico.--End of voyage.
+
+Having decided to his entire satisfaction that the newly located lake
+was the true source of the Great River, Captain Glazier was ready to
+begin his descent of the stream, for, as yet, but a small portion of his
+great undertaking had been accomplished. True, he had done what had
+never been done before--he had penetrated into the innermost recesses of
+the mystery which had so long enshrouded the head-waters of the
+Mississippi, and traversed a part of the country where white man had
+never trod before; he had added greatly to the geographical knowledge of
+his country's mightiest river, and satisfied the spirit of investigation
+which had impelled him to begin this novel adventure; but the by no
+means least interesting, and at the same time, practical part of his
+voyage still lay before him. De Soto, Marquette, La Salle, Hennepin,
+Joliet and Schoolcraft, all had navigated but portions of the great
+flood of water to which they owe their renown; _he_ would descend its
+entire course from its source in the wilds of Minnesota to its outlet in
+the Gulf of Mexico. He would become familiar with the most striking
+features of the country on either side, and study through personal
+intercourse the varying phases of American character and life, as he
+passed from the fur-bearing, lumber-dealing States of the North, by the
+vast wheat fields of the West, and finally reach the cotton and sugar
+plantations of the South. No one had ever attempted this before, and it
+is probable no one will ever attempt it again, for the perils of a
+voyage of three thousand miles in an open canoe are not purely
+imaginary. And yet this was the only way in which he could
+satisfactorily and practically accomplish his object of making careful
+and minute observations along the route. Then, too, being himself so
+much interested in all that concerned the great "Father of Waters," he
+wished to awaken in others a like interest, and to effect this prepared
+a lecture on the "Pioneers of the Mississippi," which he intended to
+deliver at every town of importance on both banks as he floated down the
+stream. "Pay tribute to those to whom tribute is due" is his motto, and
+so the tragic fate of De Soto, the sad but poetic death of Marquette,
+and the triumphant banner of La Salle, called forth from his ready pen a
+lecture replete with historical interest.
+
+Standing, then, by the source of the mighty river, around which so many
+beautiful Indian legends cluster, and about which the white man has ever
+been curious, the Captain felt a natural throb of pride that so much of
+his great undertaking had been successfully achieved, and a hope that
+the future held further good in store for him.
+
+Giving the order for embarkation the canoes were soon gliding across the
+water bound for Lake Itasca. Entering this lake, a short stop was made
+at Schoolcraft's Island in order to obtain the remainder of their
+luggage; after which they re-embarked, at three o'clock in the
+afternoon, and continued the descent of the river.
+
+From Lake Itasca the Mississippi flows almost directly north, then takes
+a turn to the east, and finally sweeps with ever increasing volume south
+to the Gulf of Mexico. At first it quietly pursues its course between
+rich meadows, and promises easy and safe navigation, so that our little
+band of explorers after leaving Itasca expected to have a quiet and
+uneventful voyage until they reached the inhabited part of the country.
+Such was not the case, however, for they soon found their progress very
+much impeded by drift-wood, snags, rapids, and boulders of every size
+and description. They overcame these obstacles in various ways, all
+requiring much exertion and endurance, and many a time their patience
+was nearly exhausted. Sometimes they forced the canoes under the logs
+which lay across the stream, and again cut a passage-way through them.
+Now they removed the drift from their path and now were obliged to lift
+the canoes over it. A little further on a huge boulder would confront
+them, making it necessary to disembark and carry the boats around.
+Presently a dangerous rapid would be met, and in shooting it some member
+of the party would be precipitated into, the water, or perhaps a hole
+stove in one of the canoes. At last they were obliged to make a
+portage of about half a mile, and upon launching again, soon discovered
+that the principal obstructions had been overcome. This was a great
+relief to them, for the intolerable annoyance of swarms of mosquitoes
+which came in clouds about them, biting even through their clothing, was
+quite enough to bear patiently without having the hardships consequent
+upon such rugged voyaging to endure.
+
+[Illustration: Captain Glazier Running Rapids On The Upper Mississippi.]
+
+Laborious, however, as they found this unusually rough canoeing, and
+troublesome as were the mosquitoes, both trials sank into insignificance
+when compared with their ever present danger of starvation. It will be
+remembered how bravely all had decided, when they first made the
+startling discovery that their supplies were at a low ebb, to pursue
+their investigations even at the risk of running completely out of
+rations. The strictest economy had been observed ever since, but despite
+all their care they now found that unless they could reach a
+trading-post within a couple of days they would be compelled to subsist
+on such game and fish as they could capture; rather a precarious means
+of existence to say the least, especially as they had but a very few
+rounds of ammunition left. It was unanimously voted that Captain
+Glazier, who was by far the best marksman of the party, should occupy
+the bow of the first canoe, and gun in hand be ready to fire at any game
+which he had a reasonable chance of hitting. One day while he was thus
+keeping a sharp lookout for anything which gave promise of a meal,
+Chenowagesic pointed excitedly to a small, black spot just showing above
+the water, and told the Captain it was an otter. The Captain fired, and
+to the gratification of all, the animal turned over on its back dead.
+That day they were unable to bag anything else, and when they encamped
+for the night the Indians prepared the otter for supper. At first the
+white members of the party refused to share the meal, but hunger was too
+much for them, and so, conquering their prejudices, they satisfied their
+appetites with the meat, which probably resembles cat meat more nearly
+than any other kind. The next day the Indians managed to kill several
+ducks by driving them under the water and then spearing them with their
+paddles; and the Captain's brother, having improvised a very ingenious
+trolling hook, succeeded in catching two fish. The main part of their
+diet, however, for four long days, consisted simply of blue berries, and
+Captain Glazier became so weak from hunger and exhaustion that he was
+barely able to sit upright. At last they met an Indian, a few miles from
+Lake Bemidji, who supplied them with dried fish and other provisions,
+and that night they encamped on the shores of the lake.
+
+The next day they pursued their voyage under more favorable
+circumstances, the larder being tolerably well supplied, the river free
+from obstructions, and flowing between beautiful groves and rich
+meadows. Late in the afternoon they reached Cass Lake, where they
+pitched their tents for the night, and the following day found them at
+Lake Winnibegoshish, the largest expansion of the Mississippi.
+
+Their arrival at this lake was at a time when a strong south wind blew
+the waters into white-capped waves, which ran very high, and the canoes
+were nearly swamped before they could be forced into the little bay upon
+the shores of which the Indian village stands. This village consists of
+about a dozen wigwams and log-houses, and presents nothing more inviting
+than a fine view of this beautiful lake. An Indian missionary named
+Kit-chi-no-din is stationed here, and treated the party with marked
+courtesy and hospitality, although he could speak but very little
+English. During the two days in which they were wind-bound and obliged
+to remain inactive, the Captain took several meals with him, and once
+attended service in the little log-church of which he had been installed
+rector by Bishop Whipple.
+
+During their enforced stay at Lake Winnibegoshish, Chenowagesic bade
+farewell to Captain Glazier and returned to his home at Leech Lake.
+Every effort was made by the Captain, who had found him invaluable as a
+guide, to persuade him to continue the voyage with them; but his mind
+was so filled with the legends he had heard of the Lower Mississippi
+that no inducement could prevail with him. The Indians of these northern
+regions very commonly believe that the eddies and whirlpools found in
+the river further down its course are mysterious monsters, and that the
+surrounding country is full of strange animals and fearful sights.
+
+On the third day of their stay at the village, the wind moderated
+somewhat and they made an attempt to coast along part of the lake,
+hoping to reach the outlet in that way. But after struggling with the
+waves all the morning they came to a small inlet, and were forced by the
+again increasing wind to seek shelter in it.
+
+The next morning another start was made, and, after some very rough
+paddling, the party at length arrived at the outlet of the lake, and
+from thence pursued the even tenor of their way without any further
+interruption until they reached Pokegama Falls, two miles and a half
+above Grand Rapids. Here they found a number of white men, the first
+they had seen since leaving Leech Lake, encamped and engaged in building
+a small steamboat to run up to Lake Winnibegoshish. After a portage
+around the Falls they entered Grand Rapids, where they were rejoiced to
+find a post-office, a hotel called the Potter House, and a few other
+evidences of civilization, such as a comfortable bed, the first they had
+slept in for many days.
+
+After leaving Grand Rapids nothing of any importance occurred until
+Aitkin was reached, four days later, unless we except meeting the first
+steamboat they had seen on the river. This was quite an exciting event,
+for the passengers on the boat knowing from the papers that Captain
+Glazier's party were on their way to Aitkin, recognized them, and
+testified their pleasure in the meeting by cheering, waving their
+handkerchiefs and hats, and calling after the explorers kind wishes for
+their safety and success.
+
+At Aitkin, the most northern town on the Mississippi, a brief rest was
+taken before the Captain embarked on the second stage of his seaward
+voyage. He had now entered the bounds of civilization, and from this
+point the principal incidents of his expedition were such as would
+naturally occur in a country where the people delight to honor
+enterprise, courage and ambition. All along the route great enthusiasm
+was evinced. When it was announced through the medium of the press at
+what time he would reach a given point, the inhabitants flocked to the
+landing-place to do him honor; and many, more impatient than the rest,
+would put out in canoes and skiffs to meet him on the way. Upon
+disembarking he would be escorted to his hotel, usually preceded by a
+band playing "Hail to the Chief" or other appropriate airs, and wherever
+he delivered his lecture large audiences greeted him, curious to see and
+hear the man who had at last discovered the source of the Mississippi,
+and who had come so far on its mighty waters in a frail canoe.
+Everywhere he charmed all who met him by the courtesy of his manners,
+the eloquence and interest of his conversation, and the modesty with
+which he spoke of his important undertaking. Some, indeed, were
+disappointed by his lecture, having hoped to hear an account of his
+discoveries. But while Captain Glazier might with perfect propriety have
+spoken of his own exploits after recounting in glowing terms those of
+the old explorers, he is too modest and reserved to say aught which
+might in the least seem to detract from the achievements of his heroic
+predecessors. Therefore, as his subject was the "Pioneers of the
+Mississippi," he spoke only of their exploits, giving them in eloquent
+words their just tribute of praise, and leaving it to others to say that
+what _they_ had only begun _he_ had triumphantly finished.
+
+Upon leaving Aitkin on the fifteenth of August the birch bark canoes,
+with the exception of the one used by the Captain himself, were
+abandoned, their places being taken by a Rushton canoe, named "Alice,"
+after his daughter, and a Racine canoe of the Rob Roy pattern. Their
+departure from this thriving little city was the signal for an
+enthusiastic demonstration on the part of its inhabitants, who
+congregated on the shore to see them off. Captain Glazier acknowledged
+the compliment in a short speech, and then, stepping into his canoe, the
+little flotilla paddled away amidst the cheers of the multitude.
+
+From this point the descent of the river was comparatively easy. Except
+when rainy weather or violent winds prevailed, the voyagers found much
+to enjoy in the novel life they were leading, the varying scenery they
+met, and the altogether different phase which the Mississippi, the great
+waterway of internal commerce in North America, presented to them.
+
+At Brainerd the Captain delivered his lecture for the first time, to a
+crowded and appreciative audience. From Brainerd the party dropped down
+the river to the antiquated town of Crow-Wing, opposite the mouth of the
+Crow-Wing River. Remaining here over night they re-embarked next
+morning, and gliding down the stream arrived at about three o'clock in
+the afternoon at a point just above Little Falls. Here they were met by
+a number of row-boats and escorted to the town. As the little fleet
+approached the land the shores were seen to be crowded with people, and
+the band struck up, merrily "A Life on the Ocean Wave," "See the
+Conquering Hero comes," and other complimentary airs. As soon as a
+landing was effected, cries of "Captain Glazier! Captain Glazier! a
+speech! a speech!" went up, and in response to the demand the Captain
+made a few remarks. First, thanking them for the kind interest
+manifested in his voyage, he continued: "I find a great deal of
+speculation as I go down the river in regard to the objects of this
+expedition, and it may be well to state what they really are. My desire
+is to study thoroughly the people, industries, and general features of
+the grandest valley in the world--a valley which extends from the great
+watershed almost on the northern boundary of the United States to the
+Gulf of Mexico, a distance of three thousand miles, and where the
+occupations of the people change from the lumbering and fur-hunting of
+the north to the cotton and sugar-raising of the south. To do this
+carefully and at leisure I take a method of traveling by which I can
+devote as much time as is necessary to every section of the river, and
+by which I can observe from a standpoint not reached by the ordinary
+traveler. This, ladies and gentlemen, is why you see me to-day
+descending the Mississippi in a canoe."
+
+The Captain was then escorted to his hotel by the band, and in the
+evening delivered his lecture at Vasaly Hall, continuing his voyage the
+following day. Between this point and Minneapolis numerous and dangerous
+rapids were met, all of which were passed in safety, and the Falls of
+St. Anthony were reached without accident. Below these Falls the scenery
+was very beautiful, although the immense number of rain storms
+interfered sadly with the pleasure of sight-seeing.
+
+When the party arrived at Lake Pepin, a beautiful body of water, thirty
+miles in length and three in breadth, and surrounded by majestic bluffs,
+they found navigation almost impossible. The winds sweeping down between
+the bluffs caused the waves to rise so high that even the river steamers
+had been compelled to tie up and wait for the storm to subside. The
+Captain, however, had an engagement to lecture at Lake City, half way
+down the lake, and as he had never yet failed to appear at the appointed
+time he now insisted upon attempting to reach his destination. The
+river men in vain endeavored to dissuade him from his purpose. It took
+all day to make a pull of sixteen miles, and many a time it seemed as if
+the frail canoes would certainly be swamped; but nevertheless they
+arrived at Lake City in time for the lecture. And it may be mentioned
+here that in this voyage, as in his journey from Ocean to Ocean, he
+seldom failed to keep an engagement to lecture. No matter what the
+stress of weather or unforeseen accident which would have delayed most
+men, he surmounted every obstacle and invariably appeared on the
+platform at the appointed hour.
+
+Bad weather, violent squalls, and dangerous rapids were of frequent
+occurrence, but nothing succeeded in crippling the energy which Captain
+Glazier had all along exhibited. His mind was bent upon reaching the
+Gulf in his canoe, and he pursued his course unmindful of the dangers
+which he almost daily encountered. At La Crosse the expedition was
+reduced in number to the Captain and Mr. Paine, who, for the remainder
+of the voyage, used the "Alice."
+
+St. Louis was reached on the eighth of October, and the voyagers were
+heartily welcomed by the various boat-clubs of the city and by many
+influential citizens. On October the tenth, they re-embarked and
+continued their voyage towards the Gulf.
+
+From here Cairo, Memphis, Vicksburg, Natchez, and Baton Rouge were the
+chief halting-places, although many a time night overtook them before
+they could reach a town or city, and then they would be entertained at
+some plantation near the shore with true southern hospitality.
+Everywhere they were received with the utmost cordiality. The various
+cities along the banks of the river seemed to vie with each other in
+doing honor to Captain Glazier; the press spoke in the highest terms of
+his expedition and of his great success, and every opportunity was
+afforded him to make the most minute observations respecting the
+customs, manner of life, business enterprise, and political condition of
+the people of the different States. These observations he proposed to
+embody in a work to be entitled "Down the Great River"--a work which, in
+the light of the Captain's well-known facility as a writer, cannot fail
+to be both interesting and instructive.
+
+New Orleans was reached at last, but as the Captain intended to return
+there after visiting Port Eads, no stop was made, and the "Alice"
+paddled past the Crescent City, arriving at the Jetties on the fifteenth
+of November, one hundred and seventeen days after beginning the descent
+of the river from its new found source, Lake Glazier.
+
+Many citizens of Port Eads had assembled in small boats at the entrance
+to the Gulf to see the "Alice" and her gallant crew in the act of
+completing their long voyage. Cheer upon cheer rent the air as the
+beautiful little canoe, bearing aloft at the bow a pennant with the
+inscription "Alice," and at the stern the glorious "Stars and Stripes,"
+paddled from the mouth of the river out into the wide expanse of the
+Gulf. Guns were discharged, flags enthusiastically waved, and every
+possible demonstration made which could give expression to the
+excitement of the occasion.
+
+Reaching the beacon, the Captain and Mr. Paine disembarked, and,
+clambering up on the wall, gazed out on the salt waters of the Gulf,
+hardly able to realize that this was actually the goal towards which
+they had been slowly paddling for almost four months.
+
+Thus ended the longest canoe voyage on record. De Soto, Marquette, La
+Salle, Hennepin, Joliet, and Schoolcraft, had all navigated sections of
+the Mississippi, but Captain Glazier was the first to traverse its
+entire course, from the remotest headwaters to the outlet, a distance of
+three thousand one hundred and eighty-four miles. This, too, he had done
+in a frail canoe, amidst heavy rains and violent winds, in heat and
+cold, in sunshine and in storm, steadily pursuing his course,
+unfaltering in his purpose, deterred by no danger, determined only on
+success. In the wilds of Minnesota he stood by the beautiful little lake
+whose placid bosom first nourishes the infant stream. Paddling onward
+with the current, ever increasing in strength and volume, he passed from
+the dense forests of the North where nature holds undisputed sway, into
+the realms of a civilization growing daily greater and greater. Finally
+he reached the broad Gulf, in which the "Father of Waters," now strong
+in the strength of maturity, and vast in his proportions, pours his
+mighty flood. Every variety of climate, soil and production came under
+his observation, and all the striking peculiarities of the Northern,
+Western and Southern character. No other man had ever accomplished this,
+and therefore it is not difficult to imagine that Captain Glazier's
+emotions, when he first saw the salt spray of the Gulf dash high over
+the seaward wall of the Jetties, were of an elevated order, and lifted
+him for the time above the plane of every-day life. His long voyage was
+completed, the objective at which he had aimed was reached, and his
+plans had all been attended with success. Of little consequence now
+were the dangers he had encountered, the annoyances which had beset him,
+the difficulties he had surmounted. He was proud of the fact that he was
+the first to stand at the fountain-head of his country's grandest river,
+and was the first to traverse its entire course despite the turbulent
+waters and dangerous whirlpools which threatened often to engulf him,
+and now at its outlet could write "finis" to the great work of his life.
+Few men in the world can say as much--for the energy, perseverance,
+unfaltering will and indomitable courage which characterize Willard
+Glazier are of rare occurrence, and entitle him to a prominent position
+in the ranks of America's distinguished sons.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XLI.
+
+
+RECEPTION BY THE NEW ORLEANS ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
+
+
+ Captain Glazier returns to New Orleans.--A general ovation.--
+ Flattering opinions of the press.--Introduction to the Mayor.--
+ Freedom of the City tendered.--Special meeting of the New Orleans
+ Academy of Sciences.--Presentation of the "Alice" to the
+ Academy.--Captain Glazier's address.--The President's Response.--
+ Resolutions of thanks and appreciation passed.--Visit to the
+ Arsenal of the Washington Artillery.--Welcome by the Old Guard of
+ the Louisiana Tigers.--Pleasant memories of the "Crescent City."
+
+After standing for some time looking out upon the vast expanse of water
+which lay before him, Captain Glazier hailed a passing boat and, towing
+the "Alice" after them, he and Mr. Paine were rowed back to Port Eads.
+Here they were very hospitably entertained until the arrival of the
+homeward-bound steamship "Margaret," which they boarded and on which
+they returned to New Orleans. There they met with the most cordial
+reception; people everywhere were curious to see Captain Glazier, and
+anxious to show their appreciation of his enterprising spirit and the
+success which had attended his last remarkable exploit. The press, not
+only of New Orleans, but all through the Mississippi Valley, gave
+glowing accounts of his voyage and of the reception tendered him at its
+conclusion. The Mayor offered him the freedom of the city, and the New
+Orleans Academy of Sciences gave him a public reception, at which
+resolutions were passed recognizing the important results of his
+expedition, and thanking him for the beautiful canoe "Alice," which he
+had presented to that learned body.
+
+The following account of this reception is taken from the "_St. Louis
+Republican_" of November twenty-eighth, and is presented to the reader
+because, being the testimony of an eye-witness, it cannot fail to give a
+clear idea of the manner in which the scientists of the city, and the
+people generally, appreciated Captain Glazier and the work which he had
+accomplished.
+
+
+ [Correspondence of the _Republican_.]
+
+ "New Orleans, _November 23, 1881_.
+
+"The termination of the noted and unprecedented exploring expedition and
+canoe trip of the Soldier-Author, Captain Willard Glazier, extending
+from his new-found true source of the mighty Mississippi River to the
+Gulf of Mexico, culminated, after one hundred and seventeen days'
+voyage, in a very general and complimentary recognition and ovation on
+the part of the officials and distinguished citizens of New Orleans. In
+company with Dr. J. S. Copes, President of the Academy of Sciences, the
+successful explorer was presented to his honor, Mayor Shakespear, and
+was by him warmly welcomed, and the freedom of the city generously
+tendered him. In appreciative recognition of the hospitality extended
+him the distinguished soldier, author, and explorer, felt it a pleasing
+as well as an appropriate opportunity to present his beautiful canoe,
+which had safely carried him through his long and perilous voyage, to
+the New Orleans Academy of Sciences. The occasion of the presentation
+and acceptance was one of high order and much manifest interest. In
+presenting the canoe Captain Glazier tendered the following letter:
+
+
+ "St. Charles Hotel,
+ New Orleans, _November 21, 1881_.
+ Joseph S. Copes, M. D.
+ President New Orleans Academy of Sciences:
+
+ Dear Sir:--I have just concluded upon the border of the State of
+ Louisiana, a voyage of observation and exploration; and as you have
+ expressed considerable interest in the results of my expedition,
+ and manifested a desire to possess the canoe in which the
+ explorations were made, I find pleasure in presenting it to your
+ honorable society as a souvenir of my voyage and discoveries.
+
+ During this canoe journey of over three thousand miles, beginning
+ at the headwaters of the Mississippi and extending to the Gulf of
+ Mexico, I had the satisfaction of locating the source of the Great
+ River which we have traversed, and feel a pride in having corrected
+ a geographical error of half a century's standing.
+
+ I will not now enter into a detailed account of my explorations on
+ the Upper Mississippi, but shall take the earliest opportunity of
+ transmitting to your secretary a complete history of the voyage,
+ which will be issued in book form as soon as the matter can be
+ prepared for publication.
+
+ Very respectfully yours,
+ Willard Glazier.
+
+
+"A special meeting of the Academy of Sciences was held at No. 46
+Carondelet street, Dr. J. S. Copes, president, in the chair, for the
+purpose of receiving from Captain Willard Glazier the handsome cedar
+canoe 'Alice,' with which he navigated the Mississippi River from Aitkin
+to the Gulf.
+
+"By invitation Captain Glazier gave an account of his explorations on
+the Upper Mississippi and especially of that section of country beyond
+Lake Itasca, which body of water has hitherto been considered the
+fountain-head of the Great River.
+
+"Dr. Copes in the name of the Academy thanked Captain Glazier for his
+valuable gift, which would be highly prized, and then congratulated the
+explorer upon his contribution to American geographical knowledge,
+comparing him with De Soto, Marquette, La Salle, Hennepin, and Joliet,
+whose highest fame was connected with discoveries relating to the
+Mississippi.
+
+"In the course of his remarks the learned doctor said that De Soto
+penetrated the continent of North America in pursuit of gold and
+accidentally discovered the Mississippi. Marquette, the zealous
+missionary, traversed the river from the mouth of the Wisconsin to the
+mouth of the Arkansas. La Salle pursued his explorations from the mouth
+of the Illinois to the Gulf, his sole aim seeming to be the conquest of
+North America in the name of the King of France. Hennepin explored but a
+small section of the stream, extending from the mouth of the Wisconsin
+to St. Anthony's Falls, while Captain Glazier has made the important
+discovery of its primal reservoir and traversed its entire length from
+source to sea.
+
+"The members of the Academy listened with great interest to Captain
+Glazier's graphic account of his discovery, and also to the intellectual
+and historical address of Dr. Copes.
+
+"Dr. J. R. Walker then offered the following resolutions:
+
+ _Resolved:_--That the thanks of this Academy are due and are hereby
+ tendered to Captain Willard Glazier for the donation of his
+ beautiful canoe "Alice," and for the brief narrative of his
+ explorations at the source of the Mississippi River, and of his
+ voyage thence to the Gulf of Mexico.
+
+ _Resolved:_--That this Academy not only gratefully accepts this
+ handsome gift, but promises to preserve and cherish it as a
+ souvenir of Captain Glazier's high qualities as an explorer and
+ contributor to the increase of American geographical knowledge.
+
+"Mr. H. Dudley Coleman moved as an amendment thereto that a copy of the
+resolutions be appropriately written and framed, and presented to
+Captain Glazier, and that a committee of three be appointed to prepare
+the same in accordance therewith.
+
+"The resolutions as amended were unanimously adopted, when Dr. Copes
+appointed as the committee, Messrs. Coleman, Walker, and Blanchard.
+
+"The suggestion made by Mr. Coleman that the canoe remain at the arsenal
+of the Battalion Washington Artillery until such time as the Academy
+prepare a suitable place for it was acceded to.
+
+"At the conclusion of the meeting Mr. Coleman escorted Captain Glazier
+to the Washington Artillery Arsenal, and introduced him to Colonel J. B.
+Richardson, commanding the battalion, who accepted for the command the
+care of the canoe, and extended to Captain Glazier the hospitalities of
+the battalion during his stay in the city. Colonel Richardson and Mr.
+Coleman then took him around the arsenal and showed him its attractive
+features."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+It will be readily seen from this letter that the members of the New
+Orleans Academy of Sciences were much impressed with the importance of
+the discovery Captain Glazier had made. The resolutions which they
+passed were afterwards handsomely framed and sent to him at St. Louis.
+
+Among the many courtesies which were tendered the Captain during his
+stay in New Orleans, he perhaps felt most deeply the royal welcome which
+was given him by the Old Guard of the Louisiana Tigers. In his own words
+"they could not do too much" for him, and when we remember that only
+twenty years have passed away since these brave men and the gallant
+Union soldier fought on opposite sides on the battlefields of Virginia,
+it cannot be wondered at that he was much impressed with the cordiality
+of his reception by his former foes.
+
+At the headquarters of the Washington Artillery, too, he found many who
+as Confederate officers and soldiers had formerly been his opponents in
+the war, but nothing could exceed the heartiness of their welcome and
+the good-fellowship which they displayed. They showed him their old
+battle-flags still religiously kept, but a moment afterwards pointed to
+the Stars and Stripes which occupied a prominent position in the room.
+Altogether Captain Glazier found it difficult to realize that there had
+ever been other than the most cordial feeling between the North and
+South, and this as much as anything else tended to make his stay in New
+Orleans a pleasure which he will long remember.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XLII.
+
+
+BEFORE THE MISSOURI HISTORICAL SOCIETY.
+
+
+ Return to St. Louis.--Lecture at Mercantile Library
+ Hall.--Brilliant audience.--The Missouri Historical Society
+ present.--Eloquent introduction by Judge Todd.--"Pioneers of the
+ Mississippi."--Presentation of the "Itasca" to the Historical
+ Society.--Remarks of Captain Silas Bent on accepting the
+ canoe.--Congratulations of the audience.--Closing scene.
+
+On leaving New Orleans Captain Glazier returned to St. Louis, having an
+engagement there to deliver his lecture on the "Pioneers of the
+Mississippi." He had been unable to remain long enough for this purpose
+during his previous visit to the city on his way down the river, as
+winter was rapidly approaching and it was expedient to reach the Gulf as
+soon as possible. Therefore, as many were anxious to hear a lecture
+which had been so highly spoken of by the press of other cities, he had
+been induced to return with this object in view.
+
+He was also desirous of presenting one of his canoes, the "Itasca," to
+the Missouri Historical Society in recognition of the unbounded
+hospitality he had enjoyed at the hands of the citizens of St. Louis,
+and it was decided that the donation of the canoe, a beautiful specimen
+of the Rob Roy pattern, should take place on the night of the lecture.
+
+Accordingly, on the evening of January fourteenth, a large audience
+consisting of members of the Historical Society, Academy of Sciences,
+clergy, officers and teachers of the public schools, and the various
+boat clubs of the city, assembled at Mercantile Library Hall to listen
+to his thrilling lecture on the pioneer explorers of the Mississippi,
+and to witness the formalities of the presentation.
+
+At eight o'clock, Captain Glazier, accompanied by Judge Albert Todd, an
+eminent lawyer, and vice-president of the Historical Society, made his
+appearance on the platform, and, after the storm of applause which
+greeted their entry had subsided, Judge Todd stepped to the front and
+introduced the lecturer in the following terms:--
+
+ Mark Twain wrote that in his oriental travels he visited the grave
+ of our common ancestor, Adam, and as a filial mourner he copiously
+ wept over it. To me, the grave of our common ancestress, Eve, would
+ be more worthy of my filial affection; but instead of weeping over
+ it, I should proudly rejoice by reason of her irrepressible desire
+ for knowledge. She boldly gratified this desire, and thereby lifted
+ Adam up from the indolent, browsing life that he seemed disposed
+ and content to pass in the "Garden," and gave birth to that spirit
+ of inquiry and investigation which is developing and elevating
+ their posterity to "man's pride of place"--"a little lower than the
+ angels," by keeping them ever discontented with the status quo, and
+ constantly pressing on to the "mark of their high calling" beneath
+ the blazing legend "Excelsior." It is the ceaseless unrest of the
+ spirit, one of the greatest evidences of the soul's immortality,
+ that is continually contracting the boundaries of the unknown in
+ geography and astronomy, in physics and metaphysics, in all their
+ varied departments. Of those pre-eminently illustrating it in
+ geography were Jason and his Argonauts; Columbus, De Gama and
+ Magellan; De Soto, Marquette and La Salle; Cabot and Cook; Speke,
+ Baker, Livingstone and Franklin; and our own Ledyard, Lewis,
+ Clarke, Kane, Hall and Stanley. And this evening will appear
+ before you another of these irrepressible _discontents_ who would
+ know what is still hidden at any risk or privation.
+
+ Impelled by this spirit of enterprise in search of Truth, Captain
+ Willard Glazier has discovered, at last, the true source of our
+ grand and peerless river, the "Father of Waters," down which he has
+ floated and paddled in frail canoes, a distance of more than three
+ thousand miles, to its mouth in the Gulf of Mexico. One of these
+ canoes is now placed here in your view, and will be presented
+ to-night by its navigator to our Historical Society.
+
+ Nearly two hundred years ago La Salle discovered the mouth of the
+ Mississippi, yet only now in this year of grace, 1881, was
+ ascertained its true fountain source.
+
+ This, the latest achievement of Captain Glazier, is only in the
+ natural course of his antecedents. Born as late as 1841, he has
+ already gone through the experiences of the Adamic labors of a
+ tiller of the soil, the hard toils of the student and of the
+ successful teacher; of the dashing and brilliant cavalry officer in
+ the Union army through the whole period of our late war, from its
+ disastrous beginning to its successful ending; of the sufferings of
+ capture and imprisonment in the notorious "Libby" and other
+ prisons, and of a daring and perilous escape from their cruel
+ walls; of an adventurous tourist on horseback through the most
+ civilized and savage portions of our continent, beginning with the
+ feet of his horse in the waters of the Atlantic, and ending with
+ their splash in the waters of the Pacific. He delivered lectures
+ along his route wherever a civilized audience could be collected,
+ and suffered capture by the Indians, with all its sensational
+ romance and hideous prospects.
+
+ From the material of these antecedents he has written and published
+ several books of singular interest and national value.
+
+ From this brief sketch we would naturally expect to see a stalwart
+ man, massive and powerful in form and muscle. Our conception of men
+ of big deeds is that they also are big. But David was a stripling
+ when he slew Goliath of Gath. Napoleon was characterized by the
+ society ladies of the period of his early career as "Puss in
+ Boots." Our own Fremont and Eads would seem at sight capable of
+ only the ordinarily exposed duties of life. Of like physique is the
+ subject of this introduction.
+
+ Ladies and gentlemen, it is now my pleasant privilege to introduce
+ to your acquaintance Captain Willard Glazier as the lecturer for
+ the evening.
+
+At the close of Judge Todd's introduction, Captain Glazier began his
+instructive historic lecture on the "Pioneers of the Mississippi,"
+holding the attention of all present by the interest of his subject and
+the eloquence of his delivery. Beginning with De Soto, the discoverer of
+the Great River, he gave an account of his early life and adventures, of
+his ambition to found an empire like that of Cortez, and of his arrival
+at the mighty stream in whose waters he soon found his final
+resting-place.
+
+Marquette, the self-sacrificing missionary, was brought vividly before
+the mind's eye of the hearer as the Captain described in glowing terms
+the zeal with which he preached the Gospel to the poor benighted
+Indians, and drew a picture with all its poetical surroundings of his
+death and burial in the wilderness.
+
+La Salle came next, pushing onward down the river until he planted his
+triumphant banner on the shores of the Gulf of Mexico, and took
+possession of the surrounding country in the name of the King of France.
+Hennepin and Joliet then claimed the attention of the eloquent speaker,
+and their exploits were clearly and forcibly recounted in graphic
+language. Other explorers were mentioned, but these formed the
+ground-work of the lecture--a lecture replete with historical interest,
+and crowded with such a vivid portrayal of incidents that from beginning
+to end one can see as in a panorama the Great River and all the mighty
+men whose fame is indissolubly connected with the history of its
+waters.
+
+At the conclusion of the lecture the following letter to the President
+of the Historical Society was read:
+
+
+ 1310 Olive Street,
+ St. Louis, _January 14, 1882_.
+
+ Edwin Harrison, Esq.,
+ President Missouri Historical Society:
+
+ Dear Sir:--In my recent canoe voyage down the Mississippi, it was
+ my good fortune to receive many courtesies at the hands of the
+ press, boat clubs, and other citizens of St. Louis. This, coupled
+ with the fact that you have expressed considerable interest in the
+ result of my explorations, inclines me to present to you the
+ "Itasca," one of the canoes used in the expedition, for the Museum
+ of your Society, as a memento of my voyage and discoveries.
+
+ During this tour of observation and exploration, extending from the
+ headwaters of the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico, I had
+ the satisfaction of locating the true source of the mighty stream
+ down which we paddled our canoes to the sea.
+
+ I am not now in a position to give you a detailed account of my
+ explorations on the Great River, but shall avail myself of the
+ earliest opportunity to transmit to your Secretary a complete
+ history of the voyage, which will be issued in book form as soon as
+ the matter can be put in proper shape for publication.
+
+ Very truly yours,
+ Willard Glazier.
+
+
+In response to this letter Captain Silas Bent, late of the United States
+Navy, accepted for the Society the canoe in these words:
+
+ Captain Glazier:--It becomes my pleasant duty to accept for the
+ Missouri Historical Society this beautiful canoe, which has itself
+ become historic by reason of the service it has rendered you. It
+ shall be deposited with other treasured relics in our museum.
+
+ I have also to express to you the high appreciation in which the
+ Society holds the valuable contributions to geographical knowledge
+ resulting from your explorations among the headwaters of the
+ Mississippi River, and your discovery of the remotest lake that
+ contributes to the perennial birth of this hydra-headed "Father of
+ Waters," whose Genesis near the Arctic regions gives it a length of
+ more than three thousand miles to the tropical gulf, to which it
+ bears upon its ample bosom in safety the freightage of an empire.
+
+ I desire, too, to thank you for the interesting lecture just given
+ us upon the achievements of the heroic old explorers, who have in
+ centuries past preceded you in investigations of the
+ characteristics of this river. But whilst past investigations have
+ made us familiar with the general character of the stream, and the
+ peculiarities of its many mouths, yet we know very little of its
+ source; and should be gratified I am sure if you could give us this
+ evening a brief account of the circumstances attending your
+ explorations in that direction, and of the difficulties you had to
+ encounter in the accomplishment of your object.
+
+In compliance with Captain Bent's request that he would give some
+account of the events connected with his discovery of the source of the
+Mississippi, Captain Glazier, greatly to the satisfaction of his large
+and appreciative audience, now briefly narrated the leading incidents in
+his voyage of exploration.
+
+When he had concluded his personal narrative many came forward to
+congratulate him upon his discovery, and to express their appreciation
+of the great work he had accomplished. All inspected the "Itasca," which
+occupied a prominent position on the platform, with the curiosity human
+nature invariably feels concerning any object closely connected with the
+fame of a distinguished man or daring exploit. The beautiful canoe was
+afterwards placed on exhibition at the rooms of the Historical Society.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XLIII.
+
+
+GREETINGS OF THE VOYAGE.
+
+
+ An interesting souvenir.--Greeting at Lake Glazier.--Petition to
+ Geographical Societies.--Voice from Aitkin, Gate City of the
+ Upper Mississippi.--Tributes from Brainerd.--An old friend at La
+ Crosse.--Welcome at Davenport.--Greetings at St. Louis.--Senator
+ Lamar.--Royal welcome at Bayou Tunica.--Sentiment of Port Eads.--
+ Congratulations of the officers of the "Margaret."--Greetings from
+ New Orleans.--"Fame's triple wreath."--Closing remarks.
+
+Such an expedition as Captain Glazier has recently concluded inevitably
+gives birth to many souvenirs and trophies of the undertaking which are
+always interesting, not only to their immediate recipient but also to
+the public generally; for a man of his calibre is in one sense public
+property, and as such everything associated with any important
+enterprise of his, is loudly demanded by men of all classes without
+regard to what would be considered its privacy under other
+circumstances. It was the author's good fortune to see such a souvenir
+of the voyage--an album in which are inscribed the autographs of eminent
+men from various points along the entire route traversed, the first
+being dated at the source of the Mississippi, and the last on the shores
+of the Gulf of Mexico; and the thought occurred to him that this memento
+of the latest exploit in Captain Glazier's exciting life could not fail
+to be an object of some interest to the reader who had thus far followed
+the soldier, author, and explorer in his eventful and successful
+career. He therefore obtained permission to make a few extracts from the
+large number before him, and these Greetings of the Voyage are now
+presented to the public as a fitting conclusion to the story of the
+Captain's journey from source to sea.
+
+The first in order is naturally that of Barrett Channing Paine, his
+constant companion during the entire voyage. Standing by the
+discoverer's side at the fountain-head of the Great River, he wrote:
+
+
+ Lake Glazier, Minnesota,
+ _July 22, 1881_.
+
+ My Dear Captain:--From this beautiful lake where the mighty
+ Mississippi rises, my best wishes follow you down the course of the
+ "Father of Waters" till it mingles its flood with the sea.
+
+ Very truly yours,
+
+ Barrett Channing Paine.
+
+
+We next quote a petition of Captain Glazier's companions to the
+Geographical Societies of the country, although it is not found in the
+album. It was published in the Missouri "_Republican_" and various other
+newspapers, but being dated Schoolcraft Island, the first stopping place
+after leaving the source of the river, it seems quite naturally to
+follow the greeting of Mr. Paine:
+
+
+ Schoolcraft Island,
+ Lake Itasca, _July 22, 1881_.
+
+ To Geographical and Historical Societies:--We the undersigned,
+ companions of Captain Willard Glazier, in his voyage of exploration
+ to the headwaters of the Mississippi, are fully convinced that the
+ lake located by him is beyond question the source of the "Father of
+ Waters."
+
+ The privilege of bestowing a name upon the new discovery having
+ been delegated to us, we hereby name it LAKE GLAZIER in honor of
+ the leader of the expedition, whose energy, perseverance and pluck
+ carried us through many difficulties and brought us at last to the
+ shores of this beautiful lake--the True Source of the Great River.
+
+ We respectfully petition all Geographical Societies to give it that
+ recognition which has heretofore been accorded to Lake Itasca, and
+ to which it is justly entitled as the primal reservoir of the
+ grandest river on this continent.
+
+ Barrett Channing Paine, }
+ Indianapolis, Indiana. } _White_
+ George Herbert Glazier, } _Companions._
+ Chicago, Illinois. }
+
+ Moses Lagard, } _Interpreter_
+ Chenowagesic, } _and_
+ Sebatise Lagard, } _Indian_
+ Leech Lake, Minnesota, } _Guides._
+
+
+The inhabitants of Aitkin, the first town of importance on the Upper
+Mississippi, took great interest in the expedition, and did all they
+could to show their appreciation of the intrepid explorers. The
+following is from the pen of Warren Potter, one of the pioneer citizens
+of the place:
+
+
+ Aitkin, Minnesota,
+ _August 15, 1881_.
+
+ Captain Willard Glazier:--As you float in your birch canoe upon the
+ bosom of the "Father of Waters" toward the sea, remember Aitkin,
+ the Gate City of the Upper Mississippi.
+
+ Yours very truly,
+
+ Warren Potter.
+
+
+Brainerd, situated at the point where the Northern Pacific Railroad
+crosses the Mississippi, is a thriving town, and has the honor of
+possessing the first newspaper encountered in the descent of the river.
+This paper, the Brainerd "_Tribune_," exhibited much cordial interest in
+Captain Glazier and his successful explorations, and from time to time
+published accounts of the voyage. The autographs of its editor, Arthur
+E. Chase, is found in the album, as is that of Hon. Chauncey B. Sleeper,
+district attorney for the county, who introduced him to the first
+audience before which he delivered his lecture on the "Pioneers of the
+Mississippi:"
+
+
+ Brainerd, Minnesota,
+ _August 19, 1881_.
+
+ Dear Captain:--That your voyage down the Great "Father of Waters"
+ may be fraught with experiences both pleasant to yourself and
+ beneficial to the public; and that your undertaking may prove a
+ worthy epoch in American history, is the wish of
+
+ Your sincere friend,
+
+ Arthur E. Chase.
+
+
+ Brainerd,
+ _August 19, 1881_.
+
+ To Captain Willard Glazier:--My cordial good wishes go with you on
+ your long and interesting journey. May it result in benefit to
+ yourself and your fellow-man.
+
+ Chauncey B. Sleeper,
+ District Attorney.
+
+
+At St. Cloud, Judge L. A. Evans introduced Captain Glazier to his
+audience on the evening of his lecture in that city, and wrote as
+follows in the album:
+
+
+ St. Cloud, Minnesota,
+ _August 23, 1881_.
+
+ To Captain Glazier:--May your life voyage and your contemplated
+ voyage to the mouth of our Great River prove pleasant and
+ profitable.
+
+ L. A. Evans.
+
+
+Hon. Samuel E. Adams, whose patriotic greeting we quote next, is the
+editor of the Monticello "_Times_," and was one of the early pioneers of
+Wright County, Minnesota.
+
+
+ Monticello,
+ _August 24, 1881_.
+
+ Love of one's country is always commendable, and may your labors in
+ its defence in the past, and its development in the future, be
+ crowned with imperishable renown.
+
+ Very truly yours,
+
+ Samuel E. Adams.
+
+
+At Hastings, Captain Glazier was cordially and hospitably entertained by
+the proprietor and editor of the Hastings "_Gazette_," and other
+prominent citizens. On parting Mr. Todd writes the following in the
+album:
+
+
+ Hastings, Minnesota,
+ _September 5, 1881_.
+
+ With the cordial good wishes of the "_Gazette_" for a prosperous
+ voyage to the Gulf.
+
+ Fraternally,
+
+ Irving Todd.
+
+
+The friendly writer of the following is loyal to his State while
+greeting the man who evokes the sentiment:
+
+
+ Davenport, Iowa,
+ _September 25, 1881_.
+
+ Dear Captain:--As you plough the "Father of Waters" in your frail
+ bark, think of "Iowa the Beautiful."
+
+ Charles G. Plummer.
+
+
+At Davenport, Iowa, Captain Glazier had the pleasure of again meeting
+Colonel P. A. J. Russell, city editor of the "_Democrat_." This
+gentleman had been the first to greet him on his arrival in that city
+during his journey across the continent in 1876, and it was with much
+cordiality that he now shook hands with the Captain and congratulated
+him upon the success of his latest expedition. But we will let him
+express his sentiments in his own language:
+
+
+ Davenport, on the Mississippi,
+ _September 25, 1881_.
+ To Captain Glazier:
+
+ Safety and success--thus far
+ Adown this mighty stream;
+ May Heaven guard your progress still
+ And grant fulfilment of your dream.
+
+ Very truly yours, P. A. J. Russell.
+
+
+The first man to welcome Captain Glazier at La Crosse was Pearce Giles,
+an old acquaintance whom he had known for many years in the East. Mr.
+Giles tenders his congratulations in these words:
+
+
+ La Crosse, Wisconsin,
+ _September 10, 1881_.
+
+ My Dear Captain:--I congratulate you on your important discovery of
+ the True Source of the Mississippi--a discovery which must
+ associate your name forever with the "Father of Waters." The
+ intelligence, earnestness, pluck and persistence you have displayed
+ in this, as in numerous other ways, are such as to give you a place
+ among the great Americans who have not lived in vain for their
+ country.
+
+ Always sincerely yours,
+
+ Pearce Giles.
+
+
+The visit to Trempealeau, on the left bank of the river, introduced the
+canoeists to some extremely agreeable people, whose hearty and
+disinterested welcome will be long remembered by Captain Glazier. The
+sentiment of one of them is thus kindly expressed:
+
+
+ Trempealeau, Wisconsin,
+ September 11, 1881.
+
+ Captain Glazier:--My best wishes follow you down the "Father of
+ Waters" and through Life's Voyage.
+
+ Very sincerely yours,
+
+ M. H. Melchior.
+
+
+While at Bellevue, Captain Glazier was entertained most agreeably by
+Hon. W. O. Evans, editor of the Bellevue "_Republican_" who welcomed him
+on his arrival, and launched his canoe when he resumed his voyage. He
+seemed greatly interested in the Captain's explorations, and expressed
+his interest in this manner:
+
+
+ Bellevue, Iowa,
+ September 18, 1881.
+
+ Dear Captain:--That health, wealth, success and perpetual youth may
+ attend you in all your grand schemes and enterprises through the
+ Voyage of Life is the wish of your new-made friend,
+
+ W. O. Evans.
+
+
+At Hannibal, Captain Glazier landed and remained three days, during
+which interval he met one or two valued friends. Before launching his
+canoe this entry found a place in the album:
+
+
+ Hannibal, Missouri,
+ _October 3, 1881_.
+
+ Dear Captain:--May the Mississippi--that Grand Old Patriarch of
+ Rivers--carry you safely to the Gulf!
+
+ A. M. Paget.
+
+
+The "_Post-Dispatch_" one of the leading newspapers of St. Louis, was
+foremost in publishing accounts of the explorer's voyage from the time
+he left the headwaters of the Mississippi until he reached the Gulf, and
+hence the autograph of its editor, Colonel John A. Cockerill, now editor
+of the New York "_World_," is of special interest:
+
+
+ St. Louis, Missouri,
+ _October 8, 1881_.
+
+ The "_Post-Dispatch_," sailing on prosperous sea, sends greeting
+ and good wishes to Captain Glazier and all daring navigators.
+
+ John A. Cockerill.
+
+
+Thomas E. Garrett, of the staff of the "_Republican_," inscribed the
+following poetic tribute:
+
+
+ Missouri Republican Office,
+ St. Louis, _October 14, 1881_.
+
+ On land and water--staunch and true,
+ You steer and paddle your own canoe,
+ Strong arm, brave heart, will pull you through.
+
+ Very truly yours,
+
+ Thomas E. Garrett.
+
+
+The editor of the Helena "_Yeoman_" writes:
+
+
+ Helena, Arkansas,
+ _October 22, 1881_.
+
+ Captain Glazier:--May your present voyage down the great
+ Mississippi redound to your credit, and add to the honors you have
+ already won.
+
+ W. L. Morris,
+ "_Yeoman_" Office.
+
+
+Prof. J. J. Flahift, Superintendent of Public Instruction at Helena,
+greets the navigator in these terms:
+
+
+ Helena, Arkansas,
+ _October_ 26, 1881.
+
+ "Nothing great is lightly won,
+ Nothing won is lost;
+ Every good deed nobly done,
+ Will repay the cost;
+ Leave to Heaven in humble trust
+ All you will to do,"
+ But, to reach the Gulf, you must
+ Paddle your own canoe.
+
+ J. J. Flahift.
+
+
+At Natchez, Captain Glazier had the pleasure of hearing Senator Lamar
+deliver a political speech, and was afterwards introduced to him at the
+Foster House, where both were registered. The Senator seemed much
+interested in the Captain's explorations, and so signifies over his
+autograph:
+
+
+ Natchez, Mississippi,
+ _November_ 3, 1881.
+
+ Glad to have met you, Captain Glazier, and I leave with you my best
+ wishes for the success of your undertaking.
+
+ L. Q. C. Lamar.
+
+
+Bayou Tunica will always be held in pleasant remembrance by Captain
+Glazier, for he was there most hospitably received and entertained by
+John J. Winn, a prosperous merchant and planter. Mr. Winn insisted upon
+his remaining with him for two days during the progress of a violent
+storm which rendered the river unnavigable, and every effort was made to
+make the time pass agreeably. His greeting to the explorer is short but
+to the point:
+
+
+ Bayou Tunica, Louisiana,
+ _November 5, 1881_.
+
+ Captain Glazier:--May your voyage to the Gulf be a pleasant one.
+
+ John J. Winn.
+
+
+Captain Glazier's first acquaintance with a sugar plantation was made on
+reaching the estates of Messrs. V. U. Lefebre and son, who are
+extensively engaged in the production of this staple of commerce. This
+firm is counted among the wealthiest sugar planters of Plaquemine
+Parish, owning and controlling three large plantations. The Captain made
+the most of his opportunity to learn something of the art of sugar
+manufacture. The cane-field and sugar-mill and every detail were
+explained by his polite host, from the cutting of the canes to the
+refining process. The Captain and his companion were hospitably
+entertained an entire day, and on parting the senior Mr. Lefebre greeted
+him in French, the tongue of his mother country:
+
+
+ Eliza Plantation, Louisiana,
+ _November_ 9, 1881.
+
+ Cher Capitaine:--J'espere que votre voyage au Golfe sera agreable
+ que vous garderes un bon souvenir de la Louisiane.
+
+ Votre sincere,
+
+ V. U. Lefebre.
+
+
+The inhabitants of Port Eads, the terminal point of the voyage,
+displayed, if possible, a more lively interest in the expedition than
+those of any other town along the river, for here it was that the goal
+was reached and the Captain's long and hazardous undertaking placed
+beyond the risk of failure. Some description has already been given of
+the triumphant manner in which the arrival of the "Alice" at the Gulf
+was proclaimed by the people, and the following lines of F. C.
+Welschaus, one of the citizens, expresses, in all probability, the
+general sentiment of Port Eads:
+
+
+ Port Eads, Louisiana,
+ _November_ 15, 1881.
+
+ To THE DISCOVERER OF THE MISSISSIPPI'S SOURCE:--May all your
+ undertakings prove as successful as this one.
+
+ F. C. Welschaus.
+
+
+This kindly wish of Mr. Welschaus in reality concludes the greetings of
+the voyage proper, but when Captain Glazier returned to New Orleans from
+Port Eads, and afterwards to St. Louis, others were added to the number,
+some of which are of so much interest that the author takes pleasure in
+quoting them.
+
+The first in point of time was written by the officers of the steamship
+_Margaret_, on board of which Captain Glazier steamed back to New
+Orleans. This vessel was engaged in the fruit trade between the Crescent
+City and ports in Central America. His reception and entertainment by
+the officers was characteristic of sailors in general, cordial and
+hospitable in the extreme. They expressed great wonder that a mere
+landsman could make such an extended voyage in so small a boat, and many
+questions were asked and answered upon this subject. Their farewell
+greeting is thus entered in the album:
+
+
+ On Board Steamship "_Margaret_," _November_ 16, 1881.
+
+ To Captain Willard Glazier:--We congratulate you upon the
+ successful completion of your great undertaking, and ask you to
+ accept the following as our sincere wish and fervent prayer:
+
+ "May your bark of mortality
+ Glide down the stream of Time,
+ And land at last at that glorious haven
+ Where nothing reigns supreme
+ But joy, health, prosperity and happiness."
+
+ John Otteson, _Commander_.
+ Richard Hunter, _Chief Officer_.
+ Albert J. Schlesinger, _Purser_.
+
+
+While in New Orleans, Captain Glazier had an opportunity to listen to a
+sermon by Rev. B. M. Palmer, a prominent clergyman of that city. The
+Captain afterwards had the pleasure of meeting Dr. Palmer, who inscribed
+this beautiful wish in the album:
+
+
+ New Orleans, Louisiana,
+ _November_ 22, 1881.
+
+ Captain Glazier:--May your exploration of the Mississippi from its
+ source to its mouth be typical of your Voyage of Life, as it rolls
+ with its swelling flood into the bosom of God.
+
+ Yours in the Faith of the Gospel,
+
+ B. M. Palmer,
+ Pastor First Presbyterian Church.
+
+
+The greetings from New Orleans would be incomplete without some
+reference to H. Dudley Coleman, a member of the New Orleans Academy of
+Sciences, and also of the Washington Artillery, of that city, who
+extended many courtesies to Captain Glazier. Mr. Coleman was a cavalry
+officer in the Confederate Army, and his command had been frequently
+opposed to that of the Union soldier on the battle-fields of Virginia.
+His Southern gallantry, however, prompted a cordial greeting, and the
+true gentleman appeared in the numerous attentions he showered on his
+former adversary in arms. Captain Glazier was greatly impressed by this
+display of good feeling, and the evident desire manifested on the part
+of many Southern gentlemen who received him to bury the animosities of
+the late war and promote a state of harmony and cordial friendship. The
+blue and the grey are no longer estranged, or such a hearty reception
+could not have been accorded to Captain Glazier, whose name and
+reputation were well known to many in the Crescent City as of a prolific
+writer on military subjects from a Union standpoint. Mr. Coleman's
+apparently sincere expressions of a deep friendly interest in the
+Captain's exploits on the Mississippi impressed him very sensibly. Want
+of space must be our excuse for not including his long and very cordial
+greeting in the album.
+
+Albert G. Blanchard, also a member of the New Orleans Academy of
+Sciences, and formerly a brigadier-general, C. S. A., shows his
+appreciation of the explorations which Captain Glazier had successfully
+completed in these terms:
+
+
+ I congratulate you on your successful exploration of the headwaters
+ of the Mississippi River. Your name will always be honored with
+ that of Robert Cavalier de la Salle, the discoverer of the outlet
+ of this river as you are of its source.
+
+ Very respectfully your obedient servant,
+ Albert G. Blanchard,
+ Deputy City Surveyor.
+ New Orleans,
+ _November_ 22, 1881.
+
+
+We next quote from the pen of Dr. J. S. Copes, the learned President of
+the New Orleans Academy of Sciences. Dr. Copes manifested an intense
+interest in the results of Captain Glazier's expedition, and endeavored
+by every method within his power to show the high estimation in which he
+held the intrepid explorer:
+
+
+ Captain Glazier:--I congratulate you upon the successful completion
+ of your search for the primal reservoir of the Mississippi River.
+ It would be well for the country to erect before the view of its
+ youths and young men two monuments, three thousand miles
+ asunder--the one at the source, the other at the mouth of the great
+ river of North America--upon which should be chiseled "Enterprise,
+ Courage, Faith, Fortitude, Patriotism, Philanthropy," leaving to
+ posterity the selection of an illustrative name to be engraven on
+ each one when events shall have pointed conclusively to the
+ benefactors most worthy of this honor.
+
+ With great respect,
+ Yours very truly,
+ J. S. Copes,
+ President New Orleans Academy of Sciences.
+ New Orleans,
+ _November_ 19, 1881.
+
+
+We will conclude this pleasing souvenir of the voyage by quoting the
+sentiment of Judge Albert Todd, who, it will be remembered, introduced
+Captain Glazier to his audience at St. Louis upon the occasion of his
+lecture on the "Pioneers of the Mississippi," and the presentation of
+the "Itasca" to the Missouri Historical Society. Judge Todd is one of
+the oldest and most reputed citizens of St. Louis, and showed an
+especial appreciation of the Captain's endeavors to increase the
+geographical lore of the Mississippi River:
+
+
+ To Captain Willard Glazier--Greeting:
+
+ With triple wreaths doth Fame thine head now crown;
+ The patriot-Soldier's, in fierce battles won;
+ The "Pen's," than the "Sword's," mankind's greater boon,
+ The bold Explorer's finding where was born
+ The rivers' King, till now, like Nile's, unknown.
+ * * * * *
+ May years of high emprise increase thy fame,
+ And with thy death arise a deathless name.
+
+ Albert Todd,
+ Vice-President Missouri Historical Society.
+ St. Louis, _January_ 14, 1882.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+The career of Captain Glazier up to the present time affords much food
+for thought and speculation. His life is pre-eminently a life of
+success, and is a brilliant example of what can be accomplished by the
+aid of an indomitable will and untiring energy. Although his early
+advantages of education and position were of a most ordinary
+description, nothing he has ever attempted failed, and none of his
+successes have been mediocre. As a soldier he rose from a private to the
+rank of captain, and was known as one of the bravest officers on the
+field--one of the best disciplinarians in camp; as an author his works
+are found in nearly every home in the land, and are read with interest
+by people of all ages, classes, and conditions of life; as a lecturer,
+the press has ever spoken of him in the kindliest and most favorable
+terms; as an equestrian traveler he accomplished a feat never before
+attempted, and probably knows more about the wide stretch of country
+through which he passed than any other man living; as a navigator and
+explorer he not only discovered what had baffled the most determined of
+all previous explorers, the source of the Mississippi River, but also
+"paddled his own canoe" down the entire course from its fountain-head to
+the Gulf of Mexico. He has then unquestionably succeeded in all that he
+has undertaken; and, as all men aim at success, the query naturally
+arises, why is it that Willard Glazier occupies so high a position in
+each of his many fields of labor? The answer in all probability lies in
+the fact that while _many_ men have ambition, _few_ have the untiring
+industry, the calm perseverance, the determined will, and unfaltering
+faith in themselves to grasp and hold the objects of that ambition.
+Captain Glazier has never known what failure means, and recalling the
+events of his life as portrayed in this narrative, now drawing to a
+close, we can understand why this is true. Unceasing labor seems to have
+been his motto. As soon as he had pursued one path of industry or
+research until it could lead him no further, he sought out and traversed
+another with unexampled patience and unflagging zeal. What wonder in the
+light of such energy that unqualified success has crowned his
+well-directed efforts!
+
+His career affords an example which all men would do well to reflect
+upon and imitate. May the Youth of America, by the contemplation of a
+life still comparatively young and yet so fraught with mighty deeds, be
+especially inspired with the ambition to follow in his footsteps, and a
+will to "carve with many a sharp incision," from the shapeless block
+which lies before each, the rounded outlines of a strong and noble
+character.
+
+
+
+
+"SWORD AND PEN" COMMENDATIONS.
+
+
+EXTRACTS FROM NOTICES OF THE PRESS.
+
+
+ _Syracuse Times._
+
+"Sword and Pen; or, Ventures and Adventures of Willard Glazier," is
+written in a very entertaining style. It gives interesting sketches of
+Captain Glazier from boyhood down, and many amusing incidents are
+related, in which is embraced a period covering the lively war times.
+Near the end of the work is given a minute description of Captain
+Glazier's discovery of the source of the Mississippi River, in 1881; in
+which, of course, Lake Itasca loses its claim. The captain, after many
+adventures, reached the true head of the Great River, which lies many
+miles back and beyond Lake Itasca, and from thence he made a voyage down
+the "Father of Waters" in a birch canoe, to the Gulf of Mexico. The book
+is written by John Algernon Owens, contains 516 pages printed in
+attractive style, adorned with numerous fine wood cuts, and is generally
+attractive; in fact, people who have read "Battles for the Union" and
+"Heroes of Three Wars" with so much interest will be equally interested
+in the adventurous life of the soldier-author.
+
+
+ _Chicago Tribune._
+
+"Sword and Pen" comprises incidents and reminiscences in the life of
+Captain Willard Glazier, and in addition to his army experience gives
+details of a novel and adventurous feat accomplished in 1876. In that
+year he rode on horseback across the Continent from Boston to San
+Francisco. Over 200 days were occupied in making the trip, and the
+distance traveled was more than 4,000 miles. His object in undertaking
+this journey was to study at comparative leisure the section of country
+through which he would pass, and note the habits of the people he came
+in contact with. During this trip he was captured by the Indians after a
+severe fight, and one of the herders comprising the party was burned at
+the stake. In 1881, Captain Glazier started on an expedition to discover
+the source of the Mississippi River. In this he was successful, and
+immediately thereafter commenced the descent of the river, passing its
+entire length from the source to the Gulf of Mexico, in a small open
+canoe. The new book entitled "Sword and Pen" gives a minute and graphic
+description of the overland ride and the trip down the Mississippi, as
+well as the early army experience of the well-known soldier and author.
+
+
+ _Hamilton_ (_Ont._) _Times._
+
+"Sword and Pen" is a work replete with stirring pen-pictures of events
+in the history of the United States during a critical period of its
+history. Its description of the principal incidents in the late war, and
+the suffering of the author and others in that detestable "Black Hole of
+Calcutta"--the Libby Prison--are most graphic. Willard Glazier's life
+was not confined to warfare, though he saw service in nearly all the
+great battles between the North and South. A few years ago he rode on
+horseback from ocean to ocean, and his observations on that
+extraordinary trip are also included in this handsome and interesting
+volume. He discovered the true source of the Mississippi in northern
+Minnesota, and afterwards performed the journey of 3,000 miles to the
+sea board in an open canoe, and a very interesting account of these
+journeyings is given in the concluding chapters of the work which is
+throughout beautifully illustrated.
+
+
+ _Troy Daily Times._
+
+The Works of Captain Willard Glazier, the soldier-author, are so well
+known and popular that a life of the writer cannot fail to be
+interesting to a large portion of the public. A very complete and
+excellent account of Glazier and his achievements has been prepared by
+John Algernon Owens, and published by P. W. Ziegler & Co., Philadelphia.
+The book bears the title of "Sword and Pen," and recounts the ventures
+and adventures of the subject of it in war and literature, comprising
+incidents and reminiscences of his childhood, his checkered life as a
+student and teacher, and his remarkable career as a soldier and author;
+embracing also the story of his unprecedented journey from ocean to
+ocean on horseback, and an account of his discovery of the source of the
+Mississippi river, and his canoe voyage from thence to the Gulf of
+Mexico. The story is told in the simple, direct way that appeals at once
+to one's favorable attention. It is an exciting, in some portions a
+thrilling narrative, recounting some of the most dramatic and tragic
+scenes of the war, in which Glazier, as a youthful cavalry officer, bore
+a brave and manly part, being then but nineteen years old. The lad
+abandoned his studies and his school teaching and went from Troy to
+become a member of the Harris light cavalry, with which he served during
+many a bloody fray. He was captured by the rebels and shared the hard
+fate that fell to many a poor Union soldier in the prison pens of the
+South, and the recital of this part of his experience will recall the
+angry blood to the face of every old soldier who reads it, and arouse
+the sentient sympathies of every patriot who peruses the volume. The
+book contains an appreciative yet discriminating criticism of Glazier's
+literary achievements, and is in every sense worthy of the hero with
+whom it deals. It is profusely illustrated with battle and other scenes,
+and is accompanied by a map giving an accurate presentation of the route
+pursued by Captain Glazier in his trip to the source of the Mississippi.
+Altogether this is a book well worth reading.
+
+
+ _Scranton Republican._
+
+"Sword and Pen" by John Algernon Owens, a story of endurance, patient
+toil, danger and daring, very entertaining, as well as instructive. In
+Mr. Owens Captain Glazier has found a biographer who has done him
+justice, and who has made a book that will be widely read.
+
+
+ _Oswego Times and Express._
+
+We have before us a new book, entitled "Sword and Pen; or, Ventures and
+Adventures in War and Literature." It is a biography of the
+soldier-author, Willard Glazier, a type of the adventurous American of
+which we may justly be proud. It takes up the boyish life of Willard
+Glazier, takes him from the school-room as a pupil to the school-room as
+a teacher, until the war of the Rebellion called him to the army. It
+details his adventures as a member of the Ira Harris Cavalry until his
+capture by the rebels, and the life he led in the prisons of the South;
+and is detailed in a graphic manner. When the war was over the same
+spirit of adventure which sent him to the front in the army drove him
+into other adventures. The horseback ride from ocean to ocean is
+described in an interesting style, followed by the search for the true
+source of the Mississippi River and its successful termination, together
+with an account of his canoe voyage to the Gulf of Mexico. The book is
+full of action, and is interesting as giving a correct history of the
+life of this remarkable man. It is profusely illustrated, and is
+accompanied by a map of the section covered by the source of the
+Mississippi.
+
+
+ _Boston Transcript._
+
+The biography of Willard Glazier, under the title of "Sword and Pen,"
+has achieved a large sale in the Eastern, Western and Middle States.
+The subject of the biography, who is still living, was a bright,
+wide-awake lad, whose childhood was not more eventful than that of
+hundreds of other boys of like condition. He was ambitious, energetic,
+and wholly free from any bad habit which would operate as a drawback
+upon his advancement in life. His parents were not able to do more for
+him in the way of an education than to send him to a common district
+school, but he thirsted for an education, and his mind was continually
+busy devising ways and means to secure it. The much-needed money to pay
+his expenses at the Albany Normal School was at last gained by trapping
+minks, whose skins were worth from two to four dollars. From the Normal
+he went to teach school, and was engaged in this profession when the
+civil war broke out. He was then nineteen years old. The first shot
+fired at Sumter changed his whole life plans, and the summer of 1861
+found him in the field as sergeant in the Second New York Cavalry. He
+participated in a good many exciting contests, and was finally wounded
+and captured at Brandy Station, in October, 1863. The story of his life
+in prison is vividly told. He made his escape after fourteen months'
+imprisonment, and made his way through the enemy's lines into Sherman's
+army. After the war he wrote a volume made up of his war experiences,
+entitled "Capture, Prison Pen, and Escape," over 400,000 copies of which
+have been sold. In 1876, Captain Glazier started from the Revere House,
+in this city, to cross the Continent on horseback, a feat which he
+successfully performed, reaching San Francisco in two hundred days from
+the time of starting--a distance of 4,133 miles. In 1881, he made a
+canoe voyage down the Mississippi of 3,000 miles. Captain Glazier is the
+author of several books, and has won considerable reputation as a
+lecturer. The book before us will be read with deep interest, not only
+for what it is worth historically, but as showing what can be
+accomplished by pluck and brains without the backing of money.
+
+
+ _Buffalo News._
+
+The readers of Captain Willard Glazier's works will be pleased with the
+biography of this remarkable man, published by P. W. Ziegler & Co., of
+Philadelphia. Captain Glazier's life is full of exciting interest, and
+the well-written biography holds the reader's attention to the last. The
+account of the discovery of the true source of the Mississippi is
+especially interesting from the fact that it gives the best account of
+that memorable event that has ever been published.
+
+
+ _Albany Sunday Press._
+
+"Sword and Pen." This work is the biography of a man already well-known
+by the American public as a soldier and an author. The subject is an
+especially interesting one to the people of this section, as Captain
+Glazier was born in St. Lawrence county of this State, and spent some
+years of his life in this city. His works have been read with interest
+by thousands, and now those who have enjoyed them will have the
+opportunity to learn something of the author who has for so long
+delighted them. This biography gives a very full and interesting account
+of the principal events in Captain Glazier's life, among which we notice
+especially his remarkable journey from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean
+on horseback, his discovery of the true source of the Mississippi River,
+and his canoe voyage thence to the Gulf of Mexico. All these episodes
+are profusely and elegantly illustrated.
+
+
+ _Newark Register._
+
+"Sword and Pen" is the suggestive title of a very readable and
+interesting biography of Captain Willard Glazier, the soldier-author, by
+John Algernon Owens. "Biography," the author tells us in his preface,
+"to be interesting, must be a transcript of an eventful as well as a
+remarkable career; and to be instructive, its subject should be
+exemplary in his aims and in his mode of attaining them." The subject of
+this biography certainly fulfills these requirements, and a much bolder
+and less graceful narrative of his adventures and exploits would,
+without doubt, be interesting and instructive. Mr. Owens has, however,
+heightened the interest, and pointed the moral of his subject's
+remarkable career by his clear and correct style, and lively and
+picturesque narrative. Captain Glazier was born in northern New York,
+near the St. Lawrence, in 1841. His boyhood was passed in the country,
+and filled with all a rustic lad's delights and exploits as well as
+disadvantages and privations. Fighting hard for an education, he became
+a teacher, continuing in this peaceful vocation until the outbreak of
+the rebellion summoned him to his country's defence. Passing through a
+succession of the most remarkable adventures and escapes in the war, and
+rising from the ranks to a captain's post, Captain Glazier has, since
+the war, become widely known as the soldier-author, and the triumphs of
+his pen have been fully as great as, if not greater than, those of his
+sword. The work is well printed and handsomely bound, and will prove
+very popular.
+
+
+ _Boston Globe._
+
+The adventures of Willard Glazier admirably narrated by John Algernon
+Owens, under the title of "Sword and Pen," is a fascinating biography in
+which the author has woven many pleasing incidents, sometimes quite out
+of the line of his story, yet always to the point and always
+entertaining. The war adventures of Glazier, who is called the
+"Soldier-author," have already been largely read and appreciated,
+particularly by old soldiers. Willard Glazier has enjoyed quite a
+literary renown, the sale of his first book, "Capture, Prison-Pen, and
+Escape," having been over 400,000 volumes. Mr. Owens has now given us
+Captain Glazier's life in a neatly bound volume, from the press of P. W.
+Ziegler & Co. of Philadelphia. The hero of this story had an eventful
+career which made it interesting. Born of parents of small means, but of
+the old Puritan stock, and excellent character, and bred and nurtured in
+the midst of the wildest and grandest scenery in the rugged county of
+St. Lawrence, with no opportunities for culture, except such as he made
+for himself, he rose by his ambition, and was the builder of his own
+fortune. There is a strong lesson pointed out by the graphic history of
+his career. It teaches to the young uncompromising duty in every
+relation of life--self-denial and pluck.
+
+
+ _Newark Daily Journal._
+
+"Sword and Pen; or, the Ventures and Adventures of Willard Glazier."
+Willard Glazier is an author who has risen into popularity almost
+unprecedented in this country. It is said that his first book, "Capture,
+Prison-Pen, and Escape," written from facts noted in his diary after a
+wonderful career on the battle-field, and in prisons of the South,
+reached the enormous sale of 400,000 volumes. "Sword and Pen" is the
+story of Captain Glazier's life. Born in obscurity, and toiling for an
+education with great perseverance and against obstacles that seemed
+almost unsurmountable, he became a teacher of the first rank when only
+eighteen years of age. Enlisting in the Second New York Cavalry, at the
+very beginning of the war, he served gallantly under General Kilpatrick
+in all the battles of Virginia up to October 19, when he was taken
+prisoner at New Baltimore, after having two horses shot under him. He
+participated in digging the tunnel out of Libby Prison, through which
+one hundred and fifteen Union prisoners escaped. Glazier, however, was
+left behind. From Richmond he was sent to Danville and other prisons,
+frequently attempting to escape. He was sent to Charleston jail, where,
+with other prisoners, he was placed under fire of the Union guns on
+Morris Island. Next he was sent to Columbia, and then comes a thrilling
+recital of escapes and recaptures; wading through swamps and across
+rivers at night, and lying hidden in thickets or negro huts by day;
+tracked by blood-hounds, frequently shot at; enduring the pangs of
+starvation, thirst, cold and rain, the hero finally reached Sherman's
+lines after encountering a hundred deadly perils. The brave boy was a
+prisoner when the term of his enlistment expired, but he immediately
+applied for and obtained a new commission, and after a brief visit to
+his parents, he re-entered the army and served until the end of the war.
+The story is thrillingly told, yet between the many tragic events
+depicted, there occur frequent humorous episodes, especially those
+delineating negro character. Young Glazier's brilliant career as the
+writer of "Soldiers of the Saddle," "Capture, Prison-Pen, and Escape,"
+"Battles for the Union," "Heroes of Three Wars," "Peculiarities of
+American Cities," etc., is fully given, with copious extracts from each
+work, together with highly favorable notices from the _Boston Post_,
+_New York Tribune_, _Chicago Inter-Ocean_ and other leading newspapers.
+The last part of the book is devoted to a voluminous and somewhat
+roseate description of Captain Glazier's highly successful lecture tour
+on horseback from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean; his discovery of
+the source of the Mississippi River, and his canoe voyage from thence to
+the Gulf of Mexico. Captain Glazier is unquestionably a hero, possessing
+genius of a high order, and as he is now only forty-two years of age, it
+would seem that there are still brilliant achievements before him.
+Whatever may be said of the literary merits of his biography, the
+history is of absorbing interest. It is such that takes hold of the
+popular heart, and the hundreds of thousands of Grand Army men who read
+it will seem to "fight their battles o'er again."
+
+
+ _New York Herald._
+
+"Sword and Pen; or, Ventures and Adventures of Willard Glazier," by John
+Algernon Owens, is a well-written book and altogether readable. It
+describes the humble origin of one who afterwards became one of the most
+dashing officers in the Federal cavalry service during the war for the
+Union. It tells of the vicissitudes of a life restless but resolute, and
+which bears the stamp of heroism and success. There are stories of
+school-days full of the activity and frivolity of youth, of failure and
+fortune, and a graphic sketch of the turning point in Glazier's career,
+which came with the rebellion. From the day he entered the ranks of the
+Harris Light Cavalry his course was steadily onward and upward, rising
+from corporal to be the captain of brave men nerved to the utmost
+endurance and inured to the dangers and hardships of war. The ensuing
+pages ring with the enthusiasm of martial achievements, of peril by day
+and night, of capture, of the dungeon, and the thrilling escape. The
+book closes with a vivid account of his famous ride on horseback from
+ocean to ocean, from Boston to San Francisco. This unparalleled ride was
+accomplished by Captain Glazier in 1876, the Centennial year, and serves
+as a fitting conclusion to a career marked by indomitable industry, true
+courage and unquestioned success, showing that
+
+ "Honor and shame from no condition rise;
+ Act well your part, there all the honor lies."
+
+The book is profusely illustrated and will be an interesting addition to
+either a public or private library.
+
+
+ _Hartford Courant._
+
+"Sword and Pen; or, Ventures and Adventures of Willard Glazier," the
+soldier-author, by John Algernon Owens. Captain Glazier has had a very
+lively career both during the war and since, in explorations on the
+upper Mississippi. He is the author of a long list of war books himself,
+which have been much commended by the press, for their thrilling
+narrative style, patriotic enthusiasm, and dash. He is evidently of the
+stuff of which American heroes are made. The book claims for him high
+rank as an explorer and discoverer in being the first to definitely
+locate the True Source of the Mississippi. It is a readable story of an
+adventurous life, and being fully illustrated, commends itself to all
+classes of readers.
+
+
+ _Cincinnati Commercial Gazette._
+
+John Algernon Owens has compiled incidents and reminiscences in the life
+of Willard Glazier, the soldier-author, and the work should occupy a
+position on the shelf of every library. The writings of Captain Glazier
+are too well known to need any words of commendation from us, his
+"Capture, Prison-Pen, and Escape," issued soon after the close of the
+war, having been among the most extensively read annals of the war. The
+"Sword and Pen" gives a sketch of the early life and adventures of the
+soldier-author, his school-boy days, and the incidents of that halcyon
+period of youth, all of which reads like a romance. His academic life is
+then detailed, after which the stern realities of life are encountered.
+His military life follows, and his capture by the Confederate troops.
+Then follows a recital of the dreary and monotonous routine of prison
+life, together with a vivid account of the scenes enumerated, the
+escape, and the final entry into the Federal lines. His life after
+re-entering the cavalry is given, and finally his career as an author
+and travels across the Continent. The work is written in an attractive
+style with a recital of much that has never been told before, while the
+old is so garnished that it cannot fail to interest all classes of
+readers.
+
+
+ _Wilmington Morning News._
+
+"Sword and Pen" is the life of Willard Glazier, who was born in St.
+Lawrence county, New York, in 1841, of parents of narrow means, who was
+a bright, mischievous boy, who educated himself by his own efforts, and
+became a country school-teacher; who enlisted in the Harris Light
+Cavalry (a New York regiment), at the beginning of the war; who was
+promoted from the ranks on account of soldierly qualities and personal
+bravery, to the office of first lieutenant; who was captured by the
+rebels and imprisoned in Libby Prison and other rebel pens; who finally
+escaped and made his way on foot under great privations to General
+Sherman's lines during that commander's "march to the sea;" who had made
+full notes of his varied army experience, and from these had written
+several very popular books about military life at that time, and who,
+hence, is designated, "The Soldier-Author," and appears to be enjoying
+all the quiet rewards of a patient, industrious, and resolute effort to
+improve himself and his fortunes in every legitimate and proper way. As
+an account of a boy of the people it is clear and instructive; as a
+picture of patriotic and courageous military service at a time of public
+peril, it is graphic and often thrilling; as a picture of a determined
+and honorable effort by a young man of generous instincts, to make his
+own way in the world, it is wholesome and useful. Its style will
+probably make its obvious lessons the more impressive to the mass of
+readers; and its general circulation among the young men of this
+country, nine-tenths of whom must make their own fortunes if they are to
+have any, will be a public benefit. It teaches honesty, self-help and
+patriotism; and we cannot have too many teachers at work upon these
+things.
+
+
+ _New York Tribune._
+
+The history of a famous man can never fail to interest the reading
+public, especially when it records such adventures and dangers as those
+through which the hero of the "Sword and Pen" passed. Willard Glazier's
+connection with the great civil war is a fact rendering unusually
+fascinating his biography, as perhaps no other fact could have done.
+The battles in which he fought are those around which centre the deepest
+interest, and the vivid descriptions of his life in Libby Prison, his
+unsuccessful attempt at escape therefrom, and his later imprisonment at
+Camp Oglethorpe, are replete with interest to both old and young. The
+book is written in a bright, attractive style, and is well illustrated
+with many cuts of true war life and its thrilling incidents. For the
+old, and especially the young, it is a book calculated to work much
+good, teaching lessons of patriotism, self-reliance, and perseverance.
+His life was one of unusual events, and his indomitable ambition to
+advance was not the least of his many excellent qualities. Like many
+other well-known men, he began life in humble circumstances, and only to
+his own efforts was due the great success he achieved. The author, John
+Algernon Owens, brings out vividly the strong points of his hero's
+character, and throws around the whole narrative a halo of bright fancy,
+which renders the book as attractive as the most highly wrought romance.
+
+
+ _Baltimore American._
+
+"Sword and Pen." Willard Glazier has made himself prominent both in war
+and literature. He cast his lot with the Federal cause, and served for a
+time as a private soldier in the Second Regiment, New York Cavalry. A
+little later he won laurels at the battles of Cedar Mountain, Manassas,
+Fredericksburg, Gettysburg, Brandy Station, and other historic spots,
+and rose rapidly in rank, until at the sharp skirmish near Buckland
+Mills he led his comrades as their captain, and was himself captured.
+All these features in the career of the soldier-author are portrayed in
+the most interesting style, and are followed by a graphic description of
+life in Libby Prison. Mr. Owens winds together the thread of detail in
+the ventures and adventures of his hero, so that the book reads more
+like a romance than a veritable history. The book is divided into three
+parts, which are so closely interwoven that the whole forms one
+continuous story of a very adventurous life. The hero escapes from
+Libby, but is recaptured and confined at Camp Oglethorpe, in Georgia. He
+also escapes from this prison, and with the assistance of negroes,
+finally reaches the Federal lines. In 1876, he crossed the Continent on
+horseback, and was captured by hostile Indians. He escapes and
+subsequently planned the way for an expedition to the source of the
+Mississippi River.
+
+
+ _Philadelphia Ledger._
+
+"Sword and Pen" by John Algernon Owens. Captain Glazier, the
+soldier-author, is the writer of several popular works about the
+war--"Soldiers of the Saddle," "Battles for the Union," etc. Though
+still a young man he has had a most eventful life, serving throughout
+the war, and passing through many adventures of which he has since made
+good use in his life as an author. He has also accomplished the
+remarkable feat of riding from Boston to San Francisco on horseback.
+This memoir tells the story of his life in attractive narrative form,
+and is full of interesting tales of the war.
+
+
+ _Philadelphia Evening Star._
+
+Captain Willard Glazier, who is well known as the author of several
+popular works about the late war, some of which have had an
+extraordinary sale, has himself been made the subject of a book by Mr.
+John Algernon Owens. Captain Glazier has had an eventful life; has been
+a teacher, a soldier, an author, explorer and a horseback tourist; and
+there is much in his career inculcating the value of self-reliance and
+other sterling qualities. He has found an appreciative biographer in Mr.
+Owens, whose work will more especially interest soldiers and those fond
+of reading of adventure.
+
+
+ _Philadelphia Evening Bulletin._
+
+"Sword and Pen" is a book describing the ventures and adventures of
+Captain Willard Glazier, who was one of the many gallant heroes of the
+civil war, and who wrote some clever books about it after he had laid
+aside the sword for the pen. The author of the present work is John
+Algernon Owens, and the account he gives of Glazier's youth and young
+manhood, his experiences in battle, in prison, after peace came, in
+domestic life and in literature, is full of interest, entertainment and
+instruction. We heartily commend it to our readers.
+
+
+ _Philadelphia Inquirer._
+
+Of course all Americans remember Captain Willard Glazier, the well-known
+soldier-author, who has made himself prominent in war and in literature.
+The present volume is a more than usually interesting one, and is most
+carefully and effectively gotten up. It relates graphically the ventures
+and adventures of Glazier from his youth to the present time; and many
+of the adventures through which he passed are so thrilling as to seem
+almost impossible, yet facts prove them true. Glazier's youth is
+minutely detailed; we are treated to a series of adventures by the
+youngster, which induce us to believe that his bump of reverence for his
+teachers and elders was represented by a cavity. But passing through the
+incidents that precede the age of manhood, he turned up in the Second
+Regiment, New York Cavalry. From that time until the close of the war,
+Glazier's career was a stirring one. From the early fight at Flipper's
+Orchard, he successively took part in the battles of Cedar Mountain,
+Manassas, Fredericksburg, Brandy Station, Gettysburg and other
+engagements. At the cavalry engagement of New Baltimore he was taken
+prisoner, and soon thereafter made the acquaintance of the inside of
+Libby Prison. We get many glimpses of life in that well-known
+Prison-Pen, and are treated to numerous pathetic and humorous incidents
+that fell under Glazier's notice. All have read of what was endured by
+such of the Union soldiers who passed that ordeal, and the reader can,
+therefore, imagine what fell to the lot of this dashing cavalryman. The
+great tunnel attempt at escape is graphically told. Glazier also got a
+taste of prison fare at Camp Oglethorpe in Georgia. But he made his
+escape, and fed and sheltered by negroes, at last, after a second
+capture, reached the Federal lines. Soon after the war he wrote a book,
+called "Capture, Prison-Pen and Escape;" later he wrote another volume,
+called "Three Years in the Federal Cavalry." After this came "Battles
+for the Union," speedily to be followed by "Heroes of Three Wars." After
+this he rode across the Continent on horseback, and then took the
+lecture field, and indeed he has proved himself a thorough American in
+being able to do anything and everything equally well. Being possessed
+of an energy and audacity that were perfectly marvelous, he rushed in,
+as Shakespeare observes, "where angels feared to tread." It is a miracle
+that he ever lived to relate them, for Libby Prison experience alone was
+sufficient to destroy the constitution of the majority of the prisoners.
+"Sword and Pen" will have a large sale.
+
+
+
+
+ APPENDIX
+
+ BY THE
+
+ PUBLISHERS OF
+
+ "DOWN THE GREAT RIVER."
+
+
+
+
+ADDENDUM.
+
+
+The following Appendix to "Down the Great River," by Captain Willard
+Glazier, is here reproduced in verification of his claim to the
+discovery of the TRUE SOURCE of the Mississippi.
+
+ P. W. Ziegler & Co., Publishers.
+ 720 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, May 10, 1889.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+The publishers of Captain Willard Glazier's Works, having recently had
+their attention drawn to sundry articles in the public prints calling in
+question his claim to have located the source of the Mississippi,
+conclude to invite the consideration of the reader to a few of the many
+press notices, letters of endorsement and other papers placed at their
+disposal by friends of the explorer, bearing directly upon the subject
+of the primal reservoir or true source of the Great River. In view of
+the apparent incredulity of some critics, it is thought expedient to lay
+this matter before the public in connection with Captain Glazier's
+latest work, "Down the Great River," which gives a detailed account of
+his discovery, in order that a sound and enlightened conclusion may be
+arrived at upon the merits of the claim presented.
+
+
+
+
+I. LETTERS FROM BARRETT CHANNING PAINE.
+
+
+We commence with the press correspondence of Mr. Barrett Channing Paine,
+who, at the period of the Glazier expedition, was a reporter on the
+staff of the Saint Paul _Pioneer Press_, and subsequently Managing
+Editor of the Saint Paul _Globe_. This gentleman accompanied Captain
+Glazier to the source of the Mississippi, and thence down the river in a
+canoe to the Gulf of Mexico. During the entire voyage Mr. Paine was in
+constant correspondence with the _Pioneer Press_ and leading papers of
+various cities on the banks of the Mississippi, to which he furnished
+detailed accounts of the discovery and incidents of the journey. We
+present only a few of these letters, selected from a large number, for
+the perusal of the reader. The writer was certainly in a position to
+know the truth of the matters upon which he so intelligently reports.
+
+_Letter to the Brainerd (Minnesota) Tribune from Channing Paine:_
+
+
+ "Schoolcraft Island,
+ "_Lake Itasca, Minnesota,_
+ "July 22, 1881.
+
+ "_To the Editor of the Tribune:_
+
+ "Captain Glazier's party arrived at this much-talked-of lake last
+ evening, reaching the south-eastern arm by a three mile portage,
+ and then paddling down to the Island, where we encamped. We left
+ Leech Lake on the sixteenth, after cordial farewells with the
+ gentlemen then at the Agency, especially Mr. Nichols and Rev. Edwin
+ Benedict, to whose kindness we were greatly indebted. Launching our
+ little fleet of canoes, three in number, on the billowy surface of
+ the lake, we started for our first objective, Lake Itasca. After
+ leaving Leech Lake our way lay up a river called by the Indians
+ Gabakauazeba. The river broadens out a short distance from the
+ lake, but narrows again and becomes tortuous and full of snags.
+ Passing safely through all these, we reached, late in the
+ afternoon, a fine lake nearly ten miles long, upon the shore of
+ which we encamped. Next morning we paddled to the upper end of the
+ lake, and were there introduced to our first real portage. Two
+ miles and a half over a very rough country--the hardest work we
+ ever undertook--brought us to another but smaller lake, and then,
+ for five days, lakes and portages followed each other in rapid
+ succession, until at length the waters of Itasca burst upon our
+ view. The talk of our guides, coupled with what we had heard at
+ Leech Lake, had led Captain Glazier to the conclusion that,
+ whatever the source of the Mississippi might be, there was
+ reasonable ground for the belief that Lake Itasca was not. Chief
+ among the theories advanced by the Indian guides, one of whom,
+ Chenowagesic, had hunted and trapped for years at the headwaters of
+ this river, was that there existed a lake of good dimensions and
+ wooded shores _above_ Itasca, which poured its waters into the
+ so-called source, and which was itself really the source of the
+ Great River. They also stated (correctly, as we afterwards learned)
+ that the stream which flowed from the lake spoken of by Paul
+ Beaulieu as perhaps the source, contributed much less water to the
+ main stream at its confluence with it than did the stream from
+ Itasca. Resolved to explore the lake _above_ Itasca, the captain
+ started with two canoes, next morning, from Schoolcraft Island, and
+ pushed up to the head of the lake. Chenowagesic piloted us through
+ the rushes with which this end of Itasca is filled, and presently
+ we found ourselves in a small but rapid stream, up which we went,
+ and after following its windings, paddled again through some
+ rushes, and then shot out upon the smooth surface of a beautiful
+ lake. This lake is about two miles long by a mile and a half broad,
+ and its shape is that of a heart. The shores are beautifully
+ wooded, and its waters are deep and clear. On its one promontory
+ our party landed. After exploring its shores, and first slaking our
+ thirst at a spring of ice-cold water which bubbled up near by, we
+ were marshalled in line, and Captain Glazier made a few remarks
+ pertinent to the discovery of the _true source_ of the Father of
+ Waters. After this six volleys were fired in honor of the occasion,
+ and then the question of a name for the new lake arose. This being
+ left for the party to decide, I addressed my companions, and after
+ alluding to the time, money and energy expended by the leader of
+ the expedition, proposed that it be named LAKE GLAZIER in his
+ honor. This proposition was received with applause and carried by
+ acclamation, and it was further decided that the name and date
+ should be blazed on a pine tree which stood conspicuously on the
+ point. After this we re-embarked in our canoes and returned to the
+ Island."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+In the following letter Channing Paine gives a further account of the
+discovery of the head of the Great River:
+
+
+ "Douglas House,
+ "_Aitkin, Minnesota_,
+ "August 11, 1881.
+
+ "_To the Editor--Saint Louis Globe-Democrat:_
+
+ "Lake Itasca, for many years, has been regarded, both by
+ geographical societies and map-makers, as well as by the public
+ generally, as the source of the grandest of rivers--the mighty
+ Mississippi. But geographical knowledge, like all other knowledge,
+ is of little consequence if it is not progressive, and in its
+ history we have seen the firmly-rooted beliefs of centuries torn up
+ and tossed aside by the explorations and reasoning of intrepid
+ travellers, who, respecting truth and facts more than mere theory,
+ have accepted nothing without proof, merely because others have so
+ accepted it. This is the ground occupied by Captain Willard Glazier
+ in his explorations in search of the source of the Mississippi.
+
+ "Starting for the headwaters of this great river in July last, he
+ learned that the dense forests which surround the source of the
+ Father of Waters were rarely penetrated by white men, or even by
+ Indians, at any time except in winter, when lakes and rivers were
+ frozen up, and the whole surface of the country covered with a
+ mantle of snow.
+
+ "He also heard through the interpreter and Indian guides who
+ accompanied him that the aboriginal inhabitants of these primeval
+ forests did not regard Itasca as the source; but, while rejecting
+ it, differed among themselves as to what lake really was the
+ fountain-head. Some claimed that the stream from Itasca was not
+ itself the main stream, but flowed into the river proper some three
+ miles below the lake. The stream to which it was tributary, though
+ narrower, was, they claimed, deeper and swifter, bringing to the
+ united streams more water than the one from Lake Itasca.
+
+ "Others considered the Itascan stream as the main one, but spoke of
+ another lake, broad and beautiful, which lay above Itasca and
+ poured its clear waters into the accepted source through a small
+ stream which entered the southern arm of Lake Itasca. Captain
+ Glazier determined to thoroughly examine all this region, and to
+ settle definitely and forever the true source of the Mississippi.
+
+ "Acting in accordance with this resolution, he pushed on toward
+ Itasca, intending to make it a starting-point for further
+ exploration. Reaching this objective point after innumerable
+ hardships, he camped on Schoolcraft Island, and after a day of rest
+ directed operations toward the lakes and streams of the surrounding
+ country.
+
+ "Thoroughly surveying the stream that the Indians claimed to be the
+ main one, he found it much inferior in volume to that from Itasca.
+ This point settled, he closely examined the shores of Lake Itasca
+ for tributary streams, finding but three of any importance. Of
+ these three the one by far the largest came in at the extreme head
+ of the lake, at a point where it is nearly filled with bulrushes.
+
+ "Taking two canoes, Captain Glazier ascended this stream, which,
+ though shallow, is rapid, yet so narrow in places that to jump
+ across it would be an easy task. Following its windings, he entered
+ what appeared to be a lake filled with rushes. Pushing through
+ this barrier, however, the canoes soon glided out upon the still
+ surface of a beautiful lake, clear as crystal, with pebbly bottom,
+ and its shores covered with a thick growth of pine. This lake is
+ formed in the shape of a heart, having but one marked promontory.
+ Its greatest length is about two miles and its width a mile and a
+ half.
+
+ "Captain Glazier found that this fine lake was fed by three
+ rivulets, which rose in swamps a few miles from the lake, and
+ thoroughly convinced that this body of water was the true source of
+ the Mississippi, he proclaimed it as such. Without waiting for
+ discussion, the members of the party decided unanimously to call it
+ Lake Glazier in his honor. Modestly expressing his thanks for this
+ mark of their appreciation, Captain Glazier said that, though he
+ firmly believed this lake to be the source of the river, he should
+ relax none of his vigilance on the trip through the unknown part of
+ the stream, but would carefully examine all water flowing into the
+ Mississippi, in order to be positive as to the main stream."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+On reaching Hastings, Captain Glazier and his fellow-voyagers were
+hospitably entertained by some of the leading citizens and Mr. Paine
+addressed the following letter to the Editor of the _Hastings Gazette_:
+
+
+ "Foster House,
+ "_Hastings, Minnesota_,
+ "September 5, 1881.
+
+ "_To the Editor of the Gazette:_
+
+ "For many years the source of the Mississippi was as much a mystery
+ as is at present that of the Nile. But when in 1832 Schoolcraft
+ made his official exploration of the headwaters of this great
+ water-course, and after a long and arduous journey up the stream
+ reached a lake which he named Itasca, and pronounced it the head of
+ the river, the matter was considered settled, and speculation was
+ no longer rife in regard to this point. Now, however, it has been
+ proved by Captain Willard Glazier beyond doubt that the lake which
+ has so long enjoyed the honor of being the source of our greatest
+ river had an honor it did not merit.
+
+ "Going thither with the object of visiting the head of the river,
+ Captain Glazier was led to suspect by the talk of his guides, one
+ of whom, Chenowagesic, had hunted and trapped for years in the
+ region around the source, that Lake Itasca had really no greater
+ claim to be considered the head of the river than Cass Lake, or
+ Bemidji or Winnibegoshish, all larger and finer lakes than Itasca.
+ Above and beyond Itasca lay another lake. This, with its feeding
+ springs, was the source of the mighty river, and this lake, if it
+ existed, Captain Glazier resolved to visit and explore. After a
+ long and severe journey he reached it, being the first white
+ traveller to float upon its surface; and after thoroughly examining
+ its feeders and the narrow stream through which it flowed into
+ Itasca, he felt that he had found the _true source_ of the
+ Mississippi. Nevertheless, he continued his explorations along the
+ river below Itasca after passing through that lake, and satisfied
+ himself thoroughly that the new lake was at the head of the main
+ stream. In speaking of the source of the Mississippi, therefore, we
+ should henceforth call it LAKE GLAZIER instead of Lake Itasca."
+
+
+The following description of Lake Glazier from the pen of Channing Paine
+appeared in the _Dubuque Herald_ of September sixth, 1881:
+
+
+ LAKE GLAZIER.
+
+ "The new-found source of the Mississippi is a sparkling little gem
+ of a lake, situated above and beyond Lake Itasca. It nestles among
+ the pines of an unfrequented and wild region of Northern Minnesota,
+ many miles from the nearest white settlement, and just on the
+ dividing ridge which forms the great watershed of North America.
+ Within a few miles of it can be found lakes and streams, whose
+ waters are tributary to the Red River of the North and the
+ Yellowstone, thus reaching the sea thousands of miles from the
+ mouth of the mighty Mississippi, which flows in a limpid brook from
+ LAKE GLAZIER. This lake, discovered to be the source of one of the
+ greatest rivers of the world, by Captain Willard Glazier, on the
+ Twenty-second of July, 1881, is about two miles in greatest
+ diameter, and would be nearly round in shape but for a single
+ promontory, whose rocky shores give it in outline the form of a
+ heart. The waters of the lake are exceedingly clear and pure,
+ coming from springs, some being at the bottom, but the three most
+ prominent rise a few miles back, in low, wet land enclosed by
+ sand-hills, and flow into the lake in little rills. On the very
+ point of the promontory is a spring whose waters are as cold as
+ ice, and at which the Glazier party slaked their thirst while
+ exploring the shores of the new lake. So lonely is the region
+ around the lake that for fourteen days not even a red-skin was
+ seen, and wearied by the hardships of this rough country, yet with
+ a feeling of having added something to geographical knowledge, the
+ Captain and his party were glad to return to civilization."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+The Saint Louis _Post-Dispatch_ published the following, with several
+other communications, from Mr. Paine:
+
+
+ "1310 Olive Street,
+
+ "_Saint Louis, Missouri,_
+
+ "October 10, 1881.
+
+ "_To the Editor--Post-Dispatch:_
+
+ "Lake Itasca has been considered to be the source of the
+ Mississippi for so many years that any man who disputes its title
+ to that honor is looked upon as a radical and one bent upon
+ upsetting all our preconceived geographical ideas. Still it is a
+ fact that Lake Itasca is _not_ the source, and has no greater claim
+ to being called so than has Cass Lake or Lake Bemidji or Lake
+ Pepin. This fact was discovered beyond all doubt by Captain Willard
+ Glazier, who equipped an expedition last July and started for the
+ headwaters of the Mississippi. Reaching Lake Itasca after a journey
+ of great hardship, he camped on Schoolcraft Island, and, using this
+ as a base of operations, he thoroughly explored the lakes and
+ rivers which contribute their waters to the infant Mississippi. The
+ various theories and stories heard from his Indian guides were
+ considered as clues and faithfully followed up until their truth or
+ falsity was ascertained. Success at length crowned his efforts, for
+ a beautiful lake was found above Itasca, and in the direct line of
+ the course of the river below Itasca, which lake proved to be the
+ farthest water--the extreme head of the Mississippi. The lake,
+ which the members of the expedition voted to call LAKE GLAZIER, in
+ honor of their leader, is about two miles in diameter, with clear
+ and beautiful water, fed by springs, and altogether one of the
+ prettiest lakes of its size in Minnesota. The stream which flows
+ from it into Itasca is quite rapid, though so narrow that in some
+ places one can easily jump across it."
+
+
+The following account of an interview with Mr. Paine is extracted from
+the New Orleans _Democrat_ of November twentieth, 1881:
+
+
+ "There arrived at the Jetties on the fifteenth a tiny cedar canoe,
+ bearing aloft at the bows a pennant with the inscription _Alice_,
+ and at the stern a United States flag. Its officers and crew
+ consisted of Captain Willard Glazier, a distinguished writer, and a
+ reportorial companion, Mr. Barrett Channing Paine, of the Saint
+ Paul _Pioneer Press_, who had come all the way down the
+ Mississippi, from its source, in this frail bark. Great, indeed,
+ was the joy of the voyagers as they glided down to the mouth of the
+ river, and saw the salt spray of the Gulf dash high over the
+ seaward wall of the Jetties. After clambering up by the beacon, and
+ standing gazing at the broad expanse of water, toward which they
+ had been paddling for the last four months, until they were
+ drenched by an unusually heavy wave, the two men again descended
+ slowly, scarcely conscious that their long voyage was finished.
+ Hailing a passing boat, they boarded her, and the light canoe was
+ made fast behind and towed back to Port Eads, where the travellers
+ were most hospitably entertained until the arrival of an inward
+ bound steamship to bring them to New Orleans.
+
+ "As this is by far the longest canoe voyage ever made, and extended
+ the whole length of the Great River, some account of the
+ expedition, its aims and incidents, cannot fail to be of interest.
+
+ "A representative of the _Democrat_ had the pleasure of meeting
+ Barrett Channing Paine, who accompanied Captain Glazier, and from
+ him learned the following particulars of the voyage:
+
+ "Captain Willard Glazier is a serious, soldierly-looking man, and a
+ military author of repute. Among his best known works are 'Soldiers
+ of the Saddle,' 'Capture, Prison-Pen and Escape,' 'Battles for the
+ Union,' 'Heroes of Three Wars,' and 'Peculiarities of American
+ Cities.' The Captain does not look like a man of thoughtless,
+ adventurous disposition, and it seems strange at first that he
+ should have made the voyage in the manner he did; but it looks
+ sensible enough when his reasons are taken into consideration. The
+ Captain made the trip avowedly for the purpose of study and
+ observation, as he did his horseback ride across the continent,
+ from Boston to San Francisco, in 1876. He wished to thoroughly
+ understand the people of the great valley, their social conditions,
+ industries and modes of life. He also expected to obtain much
+ enjoyment from the changing scenery and climate. Had he travelled
+ by steamboat or railway, he would have been whisked through the
+ country in a week or so, and would have had absolutely no
+ opportunity for obtaining an inside view of the condition of
+ affairs. In addition to seeing the country, the Captain designed
+ delivering a lecture prepared specially for the purpose on the
+ 'Pioneers of the Mississippi,' in all the important towns on his
+ route. The lecture treated chiefly of the early explorers--De Soto,
+ Marquette, La Salle, and Hennepin.
+
+ "Actuated by these motives, he procured a fine cedar canoe of the
+ Rushton model, which he shipped to Aitkin, the most northerly point
+ on the river reached by rail. He then went forward, himself, to
+ Saint Paul, accompanied by his brother, where he was joined by his
+ present companion, and there made final preparations for the long
+ voyage.
+
+ "At Brainerd the party left the line of the Northern Pacific
+ Railroad, and proceeded by wagon over a road, which was hardly more
+ than a trail, to Leech Lake, where the Government has an Indian
+ Agency. The country traversed was exceedingly wild, being almost
+ without inhabitants, and covered with a growth of jack-pines. It
+ being the blueberry season, quite a number of Indians were seen
+ picking that fruit, which grows there in abundance. As a rule the
+ braves lay in the shade, smoking or sleeping, while the squaws and
+ children did the picking. At night they found a stopping-place at
+ Pine River, and the following afternoon arrived at the Agency,
+ where there are two trading-posts and a number of white men.
+
+ "Here three birch-bark canoes were purchased, and the services of
+ an equal number of Indian guides procured, one of whom also acted
+ in the capacity of interpreter. All of these were required to reach
+ the source of the river, which was a matter of great difficulty and
+ some danger. Lake Itasca, which was then supposed by most people to
+ be the source of the Mississippi, lay five days' journey away,
+ through an almost impassable wilderness. Indeed, it was well-nigh
+ impossible to find even an Indian who had visited it. But at last
+ one was found in the person of Chenowagesic, a Chippewa brave, who
+ consented to pilot the party to that lake.
+
+ "On July seventeenth everything was in readiness, the three birch
+ canoes were launched on Leech Lake, and the voyage had fairly
+ commenced. After crossing Leech Lake the voyagers pushed up the
+ Gabecanazeba River, which was filled with rushes and wild rice.
+ Laboriously paddling through these, they reached another lake, and
+ encamped for the night. Next morning this lake was crossed, and the
+ first real hardship of the expedition confronted them in the shape
+ of a portage. The provisions and luggage were taken out of the
+ canoes and transported on the backs of the Indians across the
+ country, a distance of three miles, through underbrush so thick
+ that they could not see ten feet in advance. Five days were spent
+ in this manner--first paddling across a little lake, and then
+ making a long portage, until at last Lake Itasca was reached, and
+ the party encamped on Schoolcraft Island. By this time the Captain
+ felt convinced from the talk of the guides, particularly of
+ Chenowagesic, the chief guide, whose words were translated to him,
+ that Itasca was not the source of the Great River.
+
+ "Determined to ascertain the truth, he proceeded at once to make a
+ thorough exploration of the headwaters of the river, guided in a
+ great measure by Chenowagesic, who had hunted and trapped for years
+ in this region. Various streams joining the infant Mississippi were
+ examined, and found to contain less water than that stream, thus
+ establishing the fact that Itasca is on the main stream. Then a
+ thorough exploration of the shores of the lake itself was made.
+ Several creeks were found to enter it, the chief of which came in
+ at the southern end of the south-western arm of the lake. Itasca,
+ at this point, is filled with bulrushes, through which, with great
+ difficulty, the explorers forced their way, but were rewarded by
+ finding themselves in a clear, swift-running stream, having an
+ average depth of about ten or twelve inches, and a width of about
+ five feet. Up this tortuous stream the canoes were pushed and
+ dragged, and finally the voyagers shot out upon the surface of a
+ beautiful heart-shaped lake, which proved, upon careful
+ exploration, to be the true source of the Father of Waters. After
+ examining the shores, the party landed on a rocky point, and
+ Captain Glazier made a short speech, expressing his confident
+ belief that they had found the true source of the Great River, and
+ added something to the geographical knowledge of the country. He
+ was followed by Mr. Paine, who, after a few introductory remarks,
+ moved that the new lake be called LAKE GLAZIER, in honor of the man
+ by whom it had been discovered. This motion was adopted by the
+ Captain's companions, and after drinking from a spring of ice-cold
+ water which bubbled up at their feet, the party re-embarked. LAKE
+ GLAZIER is about two miles in greatest diameter, with clear, deep
+ waters and wooded shores, being altogether a prettier lake than
+ Itasca and both wider and deeper, to whose honors, as source of the
+ mighty Mississippi, it succeeds.
+
+ "_Reporter._--Then which way did you proceed?"
+
+ "_Mr. Paine._--From LAKE GLAZIER the descent of the river began.
+ Below Itasca it runs in a northerly direction for a hundred miles
+ or more, and then swings round to the eastward, finally bending
+ toward the south, which general direction it afterwards maintains.
+ For the first few miles it runs between rich meadows, and the
+ canoeists expected from this that the voyage would be easy and
+ agreeable. Such was not our fortune, however, for we soon found the
+ river to be obstructed by snags, drift-wood and boulders of all
+ sizes. Huge trees had in many places fallen completely across the
+ river. These obstacles were surmounted in different ways. Sometimes
+ the canoes could be pressed down and made to go under the logs;
+ again, they would have to be carried around; sometimes the drift
+ would be removed, and sometimes the canoes would be lifted over. At
+ last they had to be carried across a portage for half a mile, then
+ launched again, until at length the obstructions were passed.
+ Meanwhile, and all through the journey, the mosquitoes hovered
+ around us in clouds, making life a burden, and causing all the
+ members of the expedition to forget their early Christian training.
+
+ "Leaving the obstructions behind, we sped smoothly between the
+ waving meadows once more lining the river. But a new hardship now
+ threatened us--our rations gave out entirely, and most of the
+ ammunition having become wet, starvation stared us in the face. To
+ buy anything in that wild country was, of course, impossible. This
+ danger was barely averted by the marksmanship of our leader, and
+ the dexterity of the Indian guides, who would occasionally kill a
+ duck with their paddles. We got down at last to 'hard pan,' and had
+ gone without any breakfast or supper the day we reached Lake
+ Bemidji. Here we were lucky enough to meet an Indian, who had a
+ little flour and pork, and having replenished our larder, we
+ crossed the lake and continued our course down the river.
+
+ "A new danger now beset us in the shape of rapids which would occur
+ every few miles, rendering canoe navigation extremely hazardous.
+ Several times holes were stove in the thin birchen canoes, and a
+ number of times we were precipitated into the water, but no one was
+ dangerously hurt, and the guides were very deft in repairing the
+ canoes.
+
+ "A half-day's journey from Lake Bemidji is Cass Lake, a fine sheet
+ of water, twenty miles in length by ten wide. The next day,
+ Winnibegoshish, the largest lake of the Mississippi, was reached.
+ It is twenty miles in diameter, and greeted us with a heavy sea,
+ which nearly swamped us as we paddled across the corner to a few
+ scattered wigwams which form the little Indian village on its
+ banks. Two days we were wind-bound, getting away on the morning of
+ the third. That night our camp was invaded by a number of hostile
+ Indians, but, owing to our vigilance, bloodshed was avoided.
+
+ "In three days more Pokegama Falls were reached, and we saw the
+ first white man since leaving Leech Lake. Making a portage around
+ the falls, we shot Grand Rapids a few miles below, and slept that
+ night beneath the shelter of a roof. Nothing worthy of mention
+ occurred between this point and Aitkin, which we reached in four
+ days, and at last found ourselves within the bounds of
+ civilization, and bade farewell to our Indian guides. Captain
+ Glazier tried to induce these dusky sons of the forest to accompany
+ him to the Gulf, but the stories they had heard of the alligators
+ and snakes of the Sunny South terrified them, and they refused. A
+ short rest was taken at Aitkin, and then we re-embarked in the
+ pretty modern canoes which awaited us there. The descent of the
+ river in these canoes was easy and pleasant. At all the principal
+ towns the Captain delivered his lecture, 'Pioneers of the
+ Mississippi,' which was listened to with great interest.
+
+ "Between Aitkin and Saint Paul numerous and dangerous rapids were
+ met, all of which were shot in safety; and the Falls of Saint
+ Anthony reached without accident. Below Saint Anthony Falls the
+ scenery is very beautiful, high bluffs arising with more or less
+ abruptness from the water's edge.
+
+ "Among other points of especial interest along the Upper
+ Mississippi, Lake Pepin occupies the most prominent position after
+ Saint Anthony Falls. Environed by majestic bluffs and with a length
+ of thirty miles it forms a very beautiful sheet of water. But
+ though beautiful it is treacherous, and the winds sweeping down
+ between the high bluffs frequently make navigation on its waters
+ perilous. In the morning when we reached its upper end we found to
+ our dismay that the elements had possession, and the waves ran so
+ high that a number of river steamers had been compelled to tie up
+ and wait for the storm to subside. Captain Glazier, however, having
+ a lecture appointment at Lake City, half way down the lake,
+ determined to keep his appointment despite the weather, and
+ ventured forth regardless of the warning of the river men. It took
+ us all day to paddle a distance of sixteen miles, and many times it
+ seemed that our frail boats would be engulfed by the waves which
+ dashed over them; but the danger was passed in safety.
+
+ "From this point things went smoothly until the canoe fleet was
+ just below Winona, when a sudden and violent squall struck the
+ boats and came near sending us to the bottom. Fortunately, this too
+ was weathered, and then the only drawbacks encountered were the
+ continuous and strong headwinds and the seas consequent upon them,
+ which tried our nerves so frequently that they came at length to be
+ naturally expected. While on the Keokuk Rapids the wind blew so
+ strongly that it actually carried the boats up stream, and it was
+ only by the hardest paddling that any downward progress could be
+ made.
+
+ "At La Crosse the expedition was reduced in number to the Captain
+ and myself, who proceeded to the Gulf in the _Alice_. Some days
+ were spent in all the principal towns. On October eighth Saint
+ Louis was reached, and we were welcomed by the various boat-clubs
+ of the city and congratulated on having completed the first great
+ section of the navigable river. On October tenth we re-embarked and
+ pushed on towards the mouth of the river. Everywhere we were
+ received with the greatest cordiality. Cairo, Memphis, Vicksburg,
+ Natchez and Baton Rouge were the chief halting places, but
+ frequently night overtook us near some plantation house, and then
+ we were the guests of the planters, and were entertained with true
+ Southern hospitality.
+
+ "Special occasion was taken by Captain Glazier to investigate the
+ cotton and sugar crops, the relations of the white and colored
+ races, and the future possibilities of the South; and with very
+ gratifying results. At last New Orleans was reached.
+
+ "As it was so near his journey's end, and as it was his intention
+ to return as soon as he had passed through the Jetties, the Captain
+ determined to pass the city on his downward trip without halting.
+ This was accordingly done, and three days' paddling brought us to
+ Captain Eads' great work. Remaining there a day we returned to the
+ city.
+
+ "Thus far Mr. Paine; and thus ended the longest canoe voyage ever
+ made, and one which perhaps entailed more hardships on those who
+ made it than any other on record. Starting from the cold springs at
+ its source Captain Glazier followed the windings of the greatest
+ river on our continent from the pine forests and the wheat lands of
+ the extreme Northern States, through all the varying phases of
+ climate and industries, to the cotton and sugar-cane section of the
+ South; past the orange and banana groves, and on to the broad Gulf.
+ Such a journey is full of interesting and strange experiences,
+ pleasures and hardships intermingled, and has, Captain Glazier
+ thinks, fully repaid the cost in time, money and labor of the
+ undertaking.
+
+ "The canoe in which this long voyage was made has been presented by
+ the Captain to the New Orleans Academy of Sciences.
+
+ "It may be well to mention that no one else has ever traversed
+ either in canoe, steamboat or otherwise more than two-thirds of the
+ course of the Mississippi; and when it is taken into consideration
+ that the distance is considerably over three thousand miles, and
+ that the upper portion is filled with rapids, logs and other
+ obstructions, it is not to be wondered at."
+
+
+
+
+II. RECEPTION AT NEW ORLEANS AND SAINT LOUIS.
+
+
+On his return to New Orleans from the Gulf, with the purpose of viewing
+the great maritime city of the South, Captain Glazier was met by Dr. J.
+S. Copes, President of the New Orleans Academy of Sciences. This
+gentleman introduced him to Mayor Shakespear, and arrangements were at
+once made for a public reception by the Academy. The following
+interesting account of the ceremony is taken from the New Orleans
+_Picayune_ of November twenty-first, 1881, and shows the estimate placed
+on the Captain's exploratory labors by many of the most prominent
+residents of the Crescent City:
+
+
+ "The termination of the exploring expedition and canoe trip of
+ Captain Willard Glazier, extending from his new-found source of the
+ Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico, culminated, after a voyage of
+ one hundred and seventeen days, in a very general and complimentary
+ recognition and ovation on the part of the officials and citizens
+ of New Orleans. In company with Dr. J. S. Copes, President of the
+ Academy of Sciences, Captain Glazier was presented to His Honor,
+ Mayor Shakespear was warmly welcomed, and the freedom of the city
+ tendered him.
+
+ "In appreciation of the generous hospitality extended to him, the
+ Captain expressed a wish to present his beautiful canoe, which had
+ safely carried him through his long voyage, to the Academy of
+ Sciences, and the following letter accompanied the presentation:
+
+ "'Saint Charles Hotel,
+ "'_New Orleans, Louisiana_,
+ "'November 21, 1881.
+
+ "'_Joseph S. Copes, M. D._,
+ "'_President--New Orleans Academy of Sciences:_
+
+ "'Dear Sir:--I have just concluded upon the border of the State of
+ Louisiana a voyage of observation, exploration, and discovery; and,
+ as you have expressed considerable interest in the results, and
+ manifested a desire to possess the canoe in which the voyage was
+ made, I find pleasure in presenting it to your honorable society as
+ a souvenir of my expedition.
+
+ "'During this canoe journey of over three thousand miles, beginning
+ at the headwaters of the Mississippi and extending to the Gulf of
+ Mexico, I had the satisfaction of locating the source of the Great
+ River which we have traversed, and feel a pride in having corrected
+ a geographical error of half a century's standing.
+
+ "'I will not now enter into a detailed account of my explorations
+ on the upper Mississippi, but shall take the earliest opportunity
+ of transmitting to your Secretary a complete narrative of the
+ voyage, which will be issued in book form as soon as the matter
+ can be prepared for publication.
+
+ "'Very respectfully yours,
+ "'Willard Glazier.'
+
+ "A special meeting of the Academy of Sciences was held--Dr. J. S.
+ Copes, President, in the chair--for the purpose of receiving from
+ Captain Glazier the handsome cedar canoe _Alice_, with which he had
+ navigated the Mississippi from Aitkin to the Gulf.
+
+ "By invitation, Captain Glazier gave an account of his explorations
+ on the Upper Mississippi, and especially of that section of country
+ beyond Lake Itasca, a body of water which has hitherto been
+ considered the fountain-head of the Great River.
+
+ "Dr. Copes, in the name of the Academy, thanked Captain Glazier for
+ his valuable gift, which would be highly prized, and then
+ congratulated him upon his contribution to American geographical
+ knowledge. In the course of his remarks, the learned doctor said
+ that De Soto penetrated the continent of North America in pursuit
+ of gold, and accidentally discovered the Mississippi. Marquette,
+ the zealous missionary, traversed the river from the mouth of the
+ Wisconsin to the mouth of the Arkansas. La Salle pursued his
+ explorations from the mouth of the Illinois to the Gulf, his sole
+ aim seeming to be the conquest of North America in the name of the
+ King of France. Hennepin explored but a small section of the
+ stream, extending from the mouth of the Wisconsin to Saint Anthony
+ Falls; while Willard Glazier had made the discovery of its primal
+ reservoir, and traversed its entire length from source to sea.
+
+ "The members of the Academy listened with great interest to Captain
+ Glazier's account of his explorations and discovery, and also to
+ the historical address of the President.
+
+ "Dr. J. R. Walker then offered the following resolutions:
+
+ "'_Resolved_, That the thanks of this Academy are due, and are
+ hereby tendered, to Captain Willard Glazier for the donation of his
+ beautiful canoe, _Alice_, and for the brief narrative of his
+ explorations at the source of the Mississippi River, and of his
+ voyage thence to the Gulf of Mexico.
+
+ "'_Resolved_, That this Academy not only gratefully accepts this
+ handsome gift, but promises to preserve and cherish it as a
+ souvenir of Captain Glazier's high qualities as an explorer and
+ contributor to the increase of American geographical knowledge.'
+
+ "Mr. H. Dudley Coleman then moved that a copy of the resolutions be
+ appropriately written and framed, and presented to Captain Glazier;
+ and that a committee of three be appointed to prepare the same.
+
+ "The resolutions were unanimously adopted, when Dr. Copes appointed
+ as the committee Messrs. Coleman, Walker, and Blanchard.
+
+ "At the conclusion of the meeting, Mr. Coleman escorted Captain
+ Glazier to the Washington Artillery Arsenal, and introduced him to
+ Colonel J. B. Richardson, commanding the battalion, who extended to
+ Captain Glazier the hospitalities of the battalion during his stay
+ in the city."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+
+BEFORE THE MISSOURI HISTORICAL SOCIETY.
+
+Captain Glazier returned to Saint Louis from New Orleans, having engaged
+to deliver a lecture in that city on the "Pioneers of the Mississippi."
+On his voyage down the river and visit to the city, he was unable to
+remain long enough to fulfil the engagement, as winter was rapidly
+approaching, and it was expedient to reach the Gulf as soon as possible.
+Moreover, he wished to present one of his canoes--the _Itasca_--to the
+Missouri Historical Society, in return for the hospitality he had
+received during his previous brief visit; and it was arranged that the
+presentation should take place on the night of the lecture. Accordingly,
+on the evening of January fourteenth, 1882, an audience consisting of
+members of the Historical Society, the Academy of Sciences, clergy,
+officers and teachers of the public schools, and the several boat clubs
+of the city, assembled at Mercantile Library Hall, to listen to his
+lecture on the pioneer explorers of the Great River, and to witness the
+presentation of the _Itasca_.
+
+At eight o'clock, Captain Glazier, accompanied by Judge Albert Todd,
+Vice-President of the Historical Society, appeared on the platform, and
+the Judge introduced the lecturer in the following terms, as reported in
+the local press:
+
+
+ "Mark Twain wrote that in his Oriental travels he visited the grave
+ of our common ancestor, Adam, and, as a filial mourner, he
+ copiously wept over it. To me the grave of our common ancestress,
+ Eve, would be more worthy of my filial affection, but, instead of
+ weeping over it, I should proudly rejoice by reason of her
+ irrepressible desire for knowledge. She boldly gratified this
+ desire, and thereby lifted Adam up from the indolent, browsing life
+ that he seemed disposed and content to pass in the 'Garden,' and
+ gave birth to that spirit of inquiry and investigation which is
+ developing and elevating their posterity to 'man's pride of
+ place'--'a little lower than the angels'--by keeping them ever
+ discontented with the _status quo_, and constantly pressing on to
+ the 'mark of their high calling' beneath the blazing legend
+ 'Excelsior.' It is this ceaseless unrest of the spirit, one of the
+ greatest evidences of the soul's immortality, that is continually
+ contracting the boundaries of the unknown in geography and
+ astronomy, in physics and metaphysics, in all their varied
+ departments. Of those pre-eminently illustrating it in geography
+ were Jason and his Argonauts; Columbus, De Gama, and Magellan; De
+ Soto, Marquette, and La Salle; Cabot and Cook; Speke, Baker,
+ Livingstone, and Franklin; and our own Ledyard, Lewis, Clarke,
+ Kane, Hall, and Stanley. And this evening will appear before you
+ another of these irrepressible discontents who would know what is
+ still hidden, at any risk or privation.
+
+ "Impelled by this spirit of enterprise, in search of truth, Captain
+ Willard Glazier has discovered, at last, the true source of our
+ grand and peerless river, the 'Father of Waters,' down which he has
+ floated and paddled in frail canoes, a distance of more than three
+ thousand miles, to its mouth in the Gulf of Mexico. One of these
+ canoes is now placed here in your view, and will be presented
+ to-night by its navigator to our Historical Society. Nearly two
+ hundred years ago La Salle discovered the mouth of the Mississippi,
+ yet only now in this year of grace, 1881, was ascertained its true
+ fountain source.
+
+ "This, the latest achievement of Captain Glazier, is only in the
+ natural course of his antecedents. Born as late as 1841, he has
+ already gone through the experiences of the Adamic labors of a
+ tiller of the soil, the hard toils of the student and of the
+ successful teacher; of the dashing and brilliant cavalry officer in
+ the Union army through the whole period of our late war, from its
+ disastrous beginning to its successful ending; of the sufferings of
+ capture and imprisonment in the notorious 'Libby,' and other
+ prisons, and of a daring and perilous escape from their cruel
+ walls; of an adventurous tourist on horseback through the most
+ civilized and savage portions of our continent, beginning with the
+ feet of his horse in the waters of the Atlantic, and ending with
+ their splash in the waters of the Pacific. He delivered lectures
+ along his route wherever a civilized audience could be collected,
+ and suffered capture by the Indians, with all its sensational
+ romance and hideous prospects.
+
+ "From the material of these antecedents he has written and
+ published several books of singular interest and national value.
+
+ "From this brief sketch we would naturally expect to see a stalwart
+ man, massive and powerful in form and muscle. Our conceptions of
+ men of big deeds is that they are also big. But David was a
+ stripling when he slew Goliath of Gath. Napoleon was characterized
+ by the society ladies of the period of his early career as 'Puss in
+ Boots,' Our own Fremont and Eads would seem at sight capable of
+ only the ordinarily exposed duties of life. Of like physique is the
+ subject of this introduction.
+
+ "Ladies and gentlemen, it is now my pleasant privilege to introduce
+ to your acquaintance Captain Willard Glazier as the lecturer for
+ the evening."
+
+
+Captain Glazier then delivered his interesting historical lecture on the
+"Pioneers of the Mississippi." The adventures and discoveries of De
+Soto, Marquette, La Salle, Hennepin, Joliet, and others, including the
+more recent explorers, Pike, Beltrami, Schoolcraft, and Nicollet, were
+intelligently discussed, and the attention of all present absorbed by
+the interest of the subject. He spoke of the ambition of De Soto to
+found an empire like that of Cortez in Mexico; of his arrival on the
+banks of the Great River, and finally of his death and burial in its
+depths. Concerning Father Marquette, the lecturer dwelt upon the zeal
+with which he preached the Gospel to the benighted Indians, and his
+premature death and burial in the wilderness. La Salle was then
+presented as an intrepid pioneer, pushing down the mighty river to plant
+his banner on the shores of the Gulf of Mexico, and taking possession of
+the country through which he had passed in the name of the King of
+France. The exploits of Hennepin, Joliet, and others were then
+recounted, and the lecturer gave evidence of great familiarity with the
+lives of these heroic pioneer explorers of the Mississippi. The
+following letter was then read:
+
+
+ "1310 Olive Street,
+
+ "_Saint Louis, Missouri_,
+
+ "January 14, 1882.
+
+ "_Edwin Harrison, Esq.,_
+
+ "_President Missouri Historical Society_:
+
+ "Dear Sir:--In my recent canoe voyage down the Mississippi it was
+ my good fortune to receive many courtesies at the hands of the
+ press, boat clubs, and citizens of Saint Louis. This, coupled with
+ the fact that you have expressed considerable interest in the
+ result of my explorations, inclines me to present to you the
+ _Itasca_, one of the canoes used in the expedition, for the museum
+ of your Society, as a memento of my voyage and discovery.
+
+ "During this tour of observation, extending from the headwaters of
+ the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico, I had the satisfaction
+ of locating the true source of the mighty stream down which we
+ paddled our canoes to the sea.
+
+ "I am not now able to give you a detailed account of my voyage, but
+ shall avail myself of the earliest opportunity to transmit to your
+ Secretary a complete history of it, which will be issued in book
+ form as soon as the material can be put in proper shape for
+ publication.
+
+ "Very truly yours,
+
+ Willard Glazier."
+
+
+Captain Silas Bent, late of the U. S. N., accepted the canoe for the
+society, in the following words:
+
+
+ "Captain Glazier:
+
+ "It becomes my pleasant duty to accept, for the Missouri Historical
+ Society, this beautiful canoe, which has itself become historic by
+ reason of the service it has rendered you. It shall be deposited
+ with other treasured relics in our museum.
+
+ "I have also to express to you the high appreciation in which the
+ Society holds the valuable contribution to geographical knowledge
+ resulting from your explorations among the headwaters of the
+ Mississippi River, and your discovery of the remotest lake that
+ contributes to the perennial birth of this hydra-headed 'Father of
+ Waters,' whose genesis near the Arctic regions gives it a length of
+ more than three thousand miles to the tropical gulf, to which it
+ bears upon its ample bosom in safety the freightage of an empire.
+
+ "I desire, too, to thank you for the interesting lecture just given
+ us upon the achievements of the heroic old explorers, who have, in
+ centuries past, preceded you in investigations of the
+ characteristics of this river. But whilst past investigations have
+ made us familiar with the general character of the stream, and the
+ peculiarities of its many mouths, yet we know very little of its
+ source; and should be gratified, I am sure, if you could give us,
+ this evening, a brief account of the circumstances attending your
+ explorations in that direction, and of the difficulties you had to
+ encounter in the accomplishment of your object."
+
+
+In compliance with Captain Bent's request that he would give some
+account of the events connected with the expedition to the source of the
+Mississippi, Captain Glazier then briefly narrated the leading incidents
+of his voyage and explorations. At the conclusion, several gentlemen
+came forward to congratulate him upon the practical results of his
+undertaking and expressed their appreciation of the work he had
+accomplished. The _Itasca_, which occupied a prominent position on the
+platform, was duly inspected, and afterwards removed to the rooms of the
+Historical Society.
+
+
+
+
+III. LETTERS PERTINENT TO THE SUBJECT.
+
+
+A letter from Captain Glazier which appeared in the Saint Paul _Pioneer
+Press_ in December, 1886, and was copied into several Eastern papers, is
+here introduced as an epitomized narrative of the discovery. The journey
+to the headwaters of the Mississippi, the launch of the canoes on Lake
+Itasca, the search for its feeders and the finding of one larger than
+the others which the Indian guides said flowed from another lake to the
+south of it; the passage of the canoes up this feeder and the entrance
+of the explorers upon a beautiful lake which they ascertained by
+sounding and measurement to be wider and deeper than Itasca, and _the
+veritable source of the Great River_; all this is succinctly told in the
+following letter of the leader of the expedition, and we respectfully
+commend its perusal to the reader:
+
+
+ "_To the Editor--Pioneer Press, Saint Paul, Minnesota_:
+
+ "I solicit the favor of replying through your columns to articles
+ in one or two New York dailies calling in question my claim to have
+ definitely located, in 1881, the true source of the Mississippi
+ River.
+
+ "When my attention was first drawn to the articles of those who
+ seem so much exercised by my expedition to the headwaters of the
+ Mississippi, I had no intention of replying, but have finally
+ yielded to the reasoning of friends who feel that longer silence
+ might possibly be construed to my disadvantage.
+
+ "I am well aware that I assume grave responsibility in locating the
+ source of the greatest river of North America and correcting a
+ geographical error of half a century's standing, especially since I
+ follow in the footsteps of such eminent explorers as Pike,
+ Beltrami, Schoolcraft and Nicollet; and in view of the fact that I
+ have presumed to pass the limit of their explorations.
+
+ "For many years prior to 1881, I had been of the opinion that Lake
+ Itasca occupied an erroneous position in our geography. In fact I
+ had become satisfied through conversations with straggling
+ Chippewas in the Northwest, that the red man's ideal river did not
+ rise in the lake described by his white brother, but that there
+ were other lakes and streams beyond that lake and that some day the
+ truth of their statements would be verified.
+
+ "Thoroughly convinced that there was yet a field for exploration in
+ the wilds of Northern Minnesota I resolved, in 1876, to attempt a
+ settlement of the vexed question concerning the source of the
+ Mississippi at an early day. Finding the opportunity I sought in
+ 1881 I proceeded to Saint Paul in June of that year accompanied by
+ Pearce Giles, of Camden, New Jersey. Here I was joined by my
+ brother George, of Chicago, and Barrett Channing Paine, then an
+ attache of the _Pioneer Press_.
+
+ "Having completed arrangements we moved from Saint Paul on the
+ morning of July Fourth with Brainerd as our immediate objective.
+ Short stops were made at Minneapolis, Monticello, Saint Cloud and
+ Little Falls on our way up the river. Brainerd was reached July
+ seventh. This enterprising town is situated near the boundary of
+ the Chippewa Indian Reservation and is the nearest place of
+ consequence to Lake Itasca. Here I again halted to further inform
+ myself concerning the topography of the country; to decide upon the
+ most practicable route to our destination, and to provide such
+ extra supplies of rations and clothing as might be considered
+ adequate to the requirements of our undertaking.
+
+ "After consulting our maps I concluded that while Schoolcraft and
+ Nicollet had found Itasca by going up the river through Lakes
+ Winnibegoshish, Cass and Bemidji, a more direct course would be by
+ way of Leech Lake and the Kabekanka River.
+
+ "A careful study of the route to Leech Lake, with a few valuable
+ suggestions from Warren Leland, of Brainerd, one of its oldest
+ pioneers, led us to seek conveyance to the former place over what
+ is known in Northern Minnesota as the Government Road. This road
+ stretches for seventy-five miles, through immense pine forests, and
+ the only habitations to be seen from it are the 'half-way houses'
+ erected for the accommodation of teamsters who are engaged in
+ hauling government supplies; and the occasional wigwams of
+ wandering Indians.
+
+ "While at the Leech Lake Agency it was our good fortune to meet the
+ post-missionary, Rev. Edwin Benedict; Major A. C. Ruffe, the Indian
+ Agent; Paul Beaulieu, the veteran Government Interpreter;
+ White-Cloud, chief of the Mississippi Indians; Flat-Mouth, head
+ chief of the Chippewas, and others well known at the Agency.
+ Through conversations with these parties I learned that pioneers of
+ that region were of the opinion that the lake located by
+ Schoolcraft was the source of the Mississippi, but that the Indians
+ invariably claimed that the Great River had its origin above and
+ beyond Itasca, in a beautiful lake known to them as Pokegama,
+ signifying the 'place where the waters gather.'
+
+ "Beaulieu, who is perhaps the best authority in Minnesota, having
+ lived for more than sixty years within its borders, said that
+ Chenowagesic, who afterwards became my chief guide, was the most
+ intelligent Chippewa of his acquaintance, had made his home for
+ many years in the vicinity of the headwaters of the Mississippi,
+ and that he had always asserted, when maps were shown him, that a
+ lake above Itasca would in time change a feature of those maps and
+ confirm his statement that Lake Itasca could not longer maintain
+ its claim to being the fountain-head of the Great River.
+
+ "Three days were spent at Leech Lake, during which time we secured
+ an interpreter, Indian guides and birch bark canoes. Everything
+ being in order we launched our canoes on the morning of July
+ seventeenth. Wishing, as previously explained, to approach Itasca
+ by a different route from that adopted by Schoolcraft and Nicollet
+ who went up the Mississippi from Lake Winnibegoshish, I crossed
+ Leech Lake and ascended the Kabekanka River, thence proceeding in a
+ direct westerly course through twenty-one lakes, alternated by as
+ many portages, reaching Itasca between two and three o'clock on
+ the afternoon of the twenty-first. The region traversed, we were
+ told by the guides, had never before been trodden by white men; and
+ considering the nature of the country it is not to be wondered at,
+ as swamps, floating bogs, and dense undergrowth were encountered
+ throughout the entire journey.
+
+ "The work of coasting Itasca for its feeders was begun at an early
+ hour on the morning of the twenty-second. We found the outlets of
+ six small streams, two having well-defined mouths, and four
+ filtering into the lake through bogs. The upper or southern end of
+ the south-western arm of Lake Itasca is heavily margined with reeds
+ and rushes, and it was not without considerable difficulty that we
+ forced our way through this barrier into the larger of the two open
+ streams which enter at this point. This stream, at its mouth, is
+ seven feet wide and about three feet deep.
+
+ "Slow and sinuous progress of between two and three hundred yards
+ brought us to a blockade of logs and shallow water. Determined to
+ float in my canoe upon the surface of the lake towards which we
+ were paddling, I directed the guides to remove the obstructions,
+ and continued to urge the canoes rapidly forward, although opposed
+ by a strong and constantly increasing current. On pulling and
+ pushing our way through a network of rushes, similar to that
+ encountered on leaving Lake Itasca, the cheering sight of a
+ tranquil and limpid sheet of water burst upon our view.
+
+ "This lake, the Chippewa name of which is _Pokegama_, is about a
+ mile and a half in its greatest diameter, covers an area of two
+ hundred and fifty acres, and would be nearly an oval in form but
+ for a single promontory, which extends its shores into the lake, so
+ as to give it in outline the appearance of a heart. Its feeders are
+ three small creeks, two of which enter on the right and left of the
+ headland, and have their origin in springs at the foot of sand
+ hills from two to three miles distant. The third stream is but
+ little more than a rivulet of a mile in length, has no clearly
+ defined course, and is the outlet of a small pond or lakelet to the
+ south-westward.
+
+ "The latitude of the lake in question is about 47 deg.; its height
+ above the Atlantic Ocean 1,582 feet, and its distance from the Gulf
+ of Mexico 3,184 miles.
+
+ "The statement that the lake now very generally accepted by
+ geographers, and educational publishers as the True Source of the
+ Mississippi was so regarded prior to the organization of my
+ expedition cannot be substantiated; for, on the contrary, both
+ press and people throughout Minnesota were ignorant of its
+ existence, so far as we were able to ascertain by diligent inquiry
+ from Saint Paul to Brainerd; and, in fact, I may add that the
+ missionary, Indian agent, and post-trader at Leech Lake knew no
+ other source of the Mississippi than Lake Itasca, except what they
+ had been told by my chief guide, Chenowagesic, and a few other
+ Chippewas in that vicinity. Barrett Channing Paine, fully confirms
+ this statement in his letters to the Brainerd, Minneapolis, and
+ Saint Paul papers of that period. These letters prove most
+ conclusively that the people of Northern Minnesota had no knowledge
+ whatever of the lake beyond Itasca until its existence was
+ announced by me through the medium of the press in 1881.
+
+ "If the assumption by some writers that the lake to the south of
+ Itasca had been seen before my visit to that region in 1881 is well
+ grounded, I need only say in reply that it had not been assigned
+ any geographical importance prior to my visit; in other words, it
+ had not been recognized by any one as the true source of the
+ Mississippi.
+
+ "When William Morrison, the fur-trader, pitched his tent on
+ Schoolcraft Island in 1804, he evidently did not know that the
+ outlet of the lake on which he looked was a part of the mighty
+ river. Schoolcraft followed, at the head of an expedition
+ twenty-eight years later, and claimed the lake as the source of the
+ Mississippi. It is very generally admitted that Morrison had seen
+ Itasca before Schoolcraft, but no one questioned that the latter
+ was entitled to the credit of discovery, since he was the first to
+ establish the fact that the Mississippi was its outlet. My claim to
+ have definitely located the _true source_ in the lake beyond Itasca
+ stands on precisely the same ground.
+
+ "I do not desire to pass a reasonable limit in an effort to insure
+ justice, but having consumed considerable time and money in
+ locating lakes and streams in Northern Minnesota, and having
+ established that the lake to the south of Itasca is the primal
+ reservoir of the Mississippi, I do not feel disposed to allow
+ myself to be thrust aside by those who know comparatively little or
+ nothing of that region.
+
+ "Assuming that the statements of my party are incontrovertible
+ concerning the lake which we claim as the True Source of the Great
+ River, it follows naturally:
+
+ "I. That Lake Itasca cannot longer be recognized as the
+ fountain-head of the Mississippi, for the reason that it is the
+ custom, agreeably to the definition of geographers, to fix upon the
+ remotest water, and a lake if possible, as the source of a river.
+
+ "II. That the lake to the south of Itasca, and connected therewith
+ by a perennial stream, is the primal reservoir or True Source of
+ the Mississippi; that it was not so considered prior to the visit
+ of my expedition in 1881; and that my party was the first to locate
+ its feeders correctly, and discover its true relation to the Great
+ River.
+
+ "III. That Schoolcraft could not have seen the lake located by me,
+ else he would have assigned it its true character in the narrative
+ of his expedition.
+
+ "IV. That Nicollet, who followed Schoolcraft, could not have been
+ aware of its existence, as he gives it no place upon his maps, or
+ description in the accounts of his explorations.
+
+ "V. That the lake known as Pokegama by the Chippewas was not
+ christened 'Glazier' by me, or through my instrumentality, but was
+ so named by my companions, in opposition to my wish that it should
+ retain its Indian appellation.
+
+ "Finally, whatever the verdict may be upon the merits of my claim
+ to have been the first to locate the _source_ of the Mississippi
+ River and publish it to the world, if any person had seen this lake
+ prior to 1881 it was certainly not known to the white residents of
+ Northern Minnesota, or to the Indian tribes in the vicinity of its
+ headwaters. Lake Itasca was still recognized as the fountain-head,
+ was so placed upon maps, and taught as such in all the schools of
+ the country.
+
+ "I simply claim to have established the fact that there is a
+ beautiful lake above and beyond Itasca--wider and deeper than that
+ lake--with woodland shores--with three constantly flowing streams
+ for its feeders--and in every way worthy of the position it
+ occupies as the primal reservoir or TRUE SOURCE of the Father of
+ Waters.
+
+ "Willard Glazier.
+ Syracuse, New York, December, 1886."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+A letter from Pearce Giles, of Camden, New Jersey, who was identified
+with the GLAZIER expedition from its inception to its close:
+
+
+ "_To the Editor--Boston Herald_:
+
+ "In 1832 Henry Rowe Schoolcraft led an expedition through the wilds
+ of Northern Minnesota and discovered what he believed to be the
+ source of the Mississippi. Being at a loss for an appropriate name
+ to bestow upon the lake which constituted this supposed source, so
+ the story goes, he asked a companion what were the Latin words
+ signifying 'true head,' and received in reply '_veritas caput_.'
+ This was rather a ponderous name to give a comparatively small body
+ of water, even though the Father of Waters here took his first
+ start in the world. The explorer, therefore, conceived the idea of
+ uniting the last two syllables of the first word with the first
+ syllable of the second, thus, by a novel mode of orthography,
+ forming a name which might easily pass for one of Indian
+ origin--_Itasca_. A person versed in orthographical science would
+ probably perceive at once that the name did not belong to the same
+ family of harsh Indian appellations which have affixed themselves
+ permanently to many towns and rivers in Wisconsin and Minnesota,
+ but was more allied to the softer language of southern Indian
+ nations. But it has now been discovered that Lake Itasca is not
+ _veritas caput_; and LAKE GLAZIER, discovered in July, 1881, by
+ Captain Willard Glazier, must be regarded by all future generations
+ as the true head of the Mississippi.
+
+ "The Mississippi, on its first stages, flows in a northerly
+ direction, the whole system of small lakes which contribute to it
+ being surrounded on the north and west by an amphitheatre of hills.
+ LAKE GLAZIER lies above and beyond Lake Itasca, and its waters have
+ an elevation of probably seven feet above that lake, being
+ connected therewith by a small, swift stream. Lake Itasca is
+ composed of three arms, extending in the form of a trefoil, having
+ a length of five miles and an average width of about one mile. The
+ upper, or southern end of its middle arm apparently terminates in a
+ swamp, which might easily have deceived any one not familiar with
+ the country. But Chenowagesic, Captain Glazier's Indian guide, who
+ had for years used the region of these lakes for his
+ hunting-ground, readily made his way through the reeds and rushes
+ at the mouth of the connecting stream. LAKE GLAZIER at its outlet
+ presents another barricade of reeds, through which the party made
+ their way in their canoes.
+
+ "LAKE GLAZIER is about two miles in length by a mile and a half in
+ breadth. Its shores, instead of being low and marshy, as are those
+ of many of the neighboring lakes, present finely wooded slopes and
+ surround the lake in what would have been the shape of a perfect
+ oval, had not a bold, rocky promontory indented its southern end,
+ and given to it the outline of a heart. On the point of this
+ promontory is a spring from which flows ice-cold water. The waters
+ of the lake are exceedingly clear and pure, proceeding from
+ springs, some of them in the bottom of the lake itself, and the
+ others at a greater or less distance from its shores.
+
+ "LAKE GLAZIER has three small feeders, one of them named Eagle
+ Creek, entering it near its outlet, and taking its rise a mile or
+ so farther south, in a small pond or lakelet, upon which Captain
+ Glazier bestowed the name of 'Alice,' after his daughter. Eagle
+ Creek runs nearly parallel with the western shore of the lake, a
+ little distance from it. Two streams, two or three miles in length,
+ flow northward into LAKE GLAZIER at its southern extremity on
+ either side of the indenting promontory. Excelsior Creek, so named
+ because it represents the very highest water of the Mississippi, is
+ the longer of these. Deer Creek, to the eastward, and rising a
+ little nearer the lake, has been so named for the reason that
+ numbers of deer were seen in its vicinity.
+
+ "LAKE GLAZIER is thus supplied by three feeders, Eagle, Excelsior
+ and Deer Creeks, now named in the order of their importance, and as
+ uniting these waters in one common reservoir, this lake is
+ undoubtedly entitled to be regarded as the _veritas caput_--the
+ true head of the Mississippi.
+
+ "Pearce Giles.
+
+ "Boston, August 6, 1886."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+We insert here an interesting letter from Paul Beaulieu, Interpreter to
+the United States Indian Agency, White Earth, Minnesota. Mr. Beaulieu is
+a very intelligent half-breed, about sixty years of age, and has lived
+nearly all his life in the neighborhood of the headwaters of the
+Mississippi. His testimony, therefore, upon a subject with which he must
+necessarily be familiar, will have due weight with the inquiring reader:
+
+
+ "U. S. Indian Service,
+
+ "_White Earth Agency, Minnesota_,
+
+ "May 25, 1884.
+
+ "_Dear Sir_:--I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your
+ letter of the sixteenth instant. In reply, I would respectfully
+ state that according to the ideas of the people of this section of
+ country, for a score of years past, in alluding to Lake Itasca,
+ which is known only as Elk Lake by the original inhabitants of this
+ country, was never by them considered as the head or source of the
+ Father of Running Waters, or May-see-see-be, as it is by them
+ named. I have received a map showing the route of exploration of
+ Captain Willard Glazier in 1881, and being well acquainted with his
+ chief guide, Chenowagesic, who has made the section of country
+ explored by Captain Glazier his home for many years in the past,
+ and who has proved the truth of his often repeated assertion, when
+ maps were shown him, that a smaller lake above Lake Itasca would in
+ time change a feature of those maps, and proclaim to the world that
+ Lake Itasca cannot longer maintain its claim as being the fountain
+ head of Ke-chee-see-be, or Great River, which is called
+ May-see-see-be, by the Chippewas. The map as delineated by Captain
+ Glazier's guide, Chenowagesic, and published by the Glazier party,
+ is correct; and it is plain to us who know the lay of this whole
+ country (I mean by _us_, the Chippewa tribe in particular, also the
+ recent explorers for pine) that LAKE GLAZIER is located at the
+ right place, and is the last lake on the longest stream of the
+ several rivers at the head of the great Mississippi.
+
+ "With respect, yours truly,
+
+ "Paul Beaulieu,
+
+ "_U. S. Indian Interpreter_."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+An eastern correspondent addressed the following communication to the
+Saint Paul _Dispatch_, in which he claims that the discovery of the
+true source of the Mississippi should be credited to Captain Glazier:
+
+
+ "_To the Editor--Saint Paul Dispatch_:
+
+ "Having been a resident of Minnesota in 1855, I wish to say a word
+ about Captain Glazier and his discovery. Minnesota, at the time of
+ my residence there, was thinly settled. Minneapolis and Saint
+ Anthony were both straggling villages. Saint Paul could boast of
+ something like 10,000 population. The nearest railroad point to the
+ latter city was one hundred and thirty miles distant. In winter
+ Burbank's Northwestern Express carried the mails and the very few
+ passengers that could muster courage to make the toilsome journey;
+ and well do I remember my trip over this route. I know that, at
+ that time, there was a question with the Sioux, Chippewas and many
+ pioneers as to Lake Itasca being the source of the Great River.
+ There was a settled opinion that something would be found beyond
+ that would eventually prove to be the source of that stream. I
+ believe Captain Glazier to have been actuated by a desire to
+ establish the truth of this problem. Interested parties may seek to
+ withhold from him his rightful due as a discoverer, but
+ notwithstanding these attempts, in some schools in this region,
+ LAKE GLAZIER is taught as the true source of the Mississippi. To
+ attempt to discredit one who took front rank for the preservation
+ of the Union, and who suffered in many rebel prisons, is altogether
+ unworthy of the parties who are making themselves conspicuous in
+ the matter.
+
+ "J. C. Crane.
+
+ "West Millbury, Massachusetts, January, 1887."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+Letter from Mr. John Lovell, geographer and historian, and one of the
+leading educational publishers of the Dominion of Canada:
+
+
+ "Captain Willard Glazier:
+
+ "_Dear Sir_:--I owe you an apology for not having earlier
+ acknowledged your courtesy in sending me a copy of your remarkably
+ interesting work 'Down the Great River.' Owing to illness and a
+ variety of calls on my time, I had not an opportunity ere this of
+ finishing the reading of it. I have no hesitation in saying that it
+ is most interesting and instructive, especially where you so ably
+ summarize the results of former expeditions, and where you describe
+ in animated language the aim, course, and outcome of your own
+ explorations. You have had an experience which has fallen to the
+ lot of few travellers, and, in certifying the source of the Father
+ of Waters, have rendered a great service to the cause of
+ geographical discovery. The account of your voyage from the newly
+ discovered Source to the Gulf of Mexico gave me much pleasure and
+ information. The patience and endurance of the brave fellows who
+ were with you, considering the distance, in canoes, is worthy of
+ praise. Your own able management of the expedition is worthy of all
+ commendation and of substantial and immediate thanks from the good
+ men of your own wonderful country.
+
+ "Again I sincerely thank you for your handsome and most acceptable
+ present.
+
+ "With sincere respect, I remain, dear sir,
+
+ "Yours faithfully,
+
+ "John Lovell.
+
+ "Montreal, October 17, 1887."
+
+
+The following letter will speak for itself. Mr. Gus. H. Beaulieu, of
+White Earth, Minnesota, Deputy United States Marshal for the district,
+is an educated half-breed, and cousin of Paul Beaulieu. His home is on
+the Chippewa Indian Reservation, within sixty miles of the source of the
+Mississippi. In this letter he presents the Indian theory as to the
+comparative volume of water in the two lakes--GLAZIER and Itasca:
+
+
+ "Captain Willard Glazier:
+
+ "_Dear Sir_:--I have been somewhat interested in your discussion
+ regarding the source of the Mississippi. Even had you never
+ proclaimed to the world your discoveries, from information received
+ by me from Indians and old mixed-blood Indian voyageurs, there
+ would have always been a doubt existing with me as to whether
+ Itasca was the head of the Mississippi.
+
+ "Henry Beaulieu, a brother of Paul Beaulieu, always maintained that
+ LAKE GLAZIER was the true source of the Mississippi. I remember
+ that, after his return from Itasca with Mr. Chambers of the New
+ York _Herald_, I think in 1872, he said that Winnibegoshish or Cass
+ Lake might as well be called the source of the Mississippi as
+ Itasca. Other mixed-blood have repeatedly stated the same thing. I
+ mention this to show you what the general opinion is among Indians
+ and those of mixed blood.
+
+ "Chenowagesic's theory concerning the head of the Mississippi is
+ this: That while Itasca presents a larger surface than LAKE
+ GLAZIER, it does not contain as much water as the latter. He
+ arrives at this conclusion from the fact that Itasca freezes over
+ two or three weeks before LAKE GLAZIER. This, he says, is a sure
+ sign that the latter lake is the deeper of the two, and contains
+ more water. His arguments in favor of LAKE GLAZIER are rather
+ novel, and, as a matter of course, are taken from an Indian's
+ standpoint.
+
+ "Yours truly,
+
+ "Gus. H. Beaulieu.
+
+ "White Earth, Minnesota, December 17, 1887."
+
+
+
+
+IV. PUBLIC OPINION IN MINNESOTA.
+
+
+The evidence here presented in support of LAKE GLAZIER, is, in our
+judgment, most conclusive; we may add, overwhelming. Many of the most
+prominent citizens of the State in which the Great River takes its rise
+volunteer their endorsement of a claim, of the merits of which, they
+must necessarily be better informed than persons living at a remote
+distance from the head of the river. State authorities, including the
+Governor and his staff; senators and representatives, many of whom have
+resided from twenty to forty years in Minnesota; pioneers, clergymen,
+and school-teachers, with many of the leading citizens; editors,
+school-superintendents, professional men, and others, strongly affirm
+that Lake Itasca is not the source of the Mississippi, but that the lake
+to the south of it, definitely located by Captain Glazier, is the primal
+reservoir or _true source_ of the Father of Waters. These witnesses,
+moreover, unequivocally assert that the credit of the discovery should
+be awarded to the man who made it, notwithstanding the groundless
+opposition of a few cavillers who have never themselves visited within
+many hundred miles a region they affect to be so marvelously familiar
+with.
+
+
+ _From His Excellency, A. R. McGill, Governor of Minnesota_:
+
+ "Captain Glazier's claim to be the discoverer of the true source of
+ the Mississippi seems reasonable, to say the least. I have been a
+ resident of Minnesota twenty-six years, and never until Captain
+ Glazier's expedition, heard the claim of Itasca being the source of
+ the Great River seriously questioned."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From Hon. Horace Austin, Ex-Governor_:
+
+ "I think that it would be a very proper thing to do under the
+ circumstances that Captain Glazier's services should be recognized
+ by the passage of a bill by the Legislature giving his name to the
+ lake which is the real source of the Mississippi."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From Hon. W. H. Gale, Ex-Lieutenant-Governor, Winona_:
+
+ "I have been a resident of Minnesota for more than twenty-eight
+ years, and I believe it was the generally accepted opinion of the
+ people of this State that Lake Itasca was the source of the
+ Mississippi River, until after the expedition of Captain Willard
+ Glazier, and his publication to the world that another lake south
+ of Lake Itasca was the true source, to which lake has been given
+ the name of LAKE GLAZIER. This is now generally recognized as the
+ _true source_ and head of the Mississippi, and Captain Glazier as
+ the man who first made known that fact to the world."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From F. W. Seeley, Adjutant-General_.
+
+ "I desire to say, in justice to Captain Glazier, that, having been
+ a resident of Minnesota for twenty-five years, and quite familiar
+ with the geography of the State, it is my belief that he was the
+ first to discover the true source of the Mississippi River and
+ publish it to the world."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From Moses E. Clapp, Attorney-General:_
+
+ "From such information as I have on the subject, I am convinced
+ that the actual source of the Mississippi had not been recognized
+ prior to the published accounts of the explorations of Captain
+ Willard Glazier."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From H. W. Childs, Assistant Attorney-General:_
+
+ "There is, in my opinion, no reason or ground for disputing Captain
+ Glazier's claim to have located the body of water now undoubtedly
+ regarded as the source of the Mississippi River, and appropriately
+ named LAKE GLAZIER."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From J. K. Moore, Private Secretary to Governor McGill:_
+
+ "From the evidence, it seems clear to me that the actual source of
+ the Mississippi River had never been recognized until Captain
+ Glazier made its discovery in 1881."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From Gus. H. Beaulieu, Deputy U. S. Marshal,
+ District of Minnesota:_
+
+ "Having been born and raised in the State of Minnesota, and a
+ resident of White Earth Indian Reservation, and being familiar with
+ the Indian traditions, I certify that Itasca Lake had never been
+ considered the source of the Mississippi by the best informed
+ Chippewa Indians. Although I had never seen any published maps to
+ the contrary, prior to the expedition of Captain Glazier in 1881,
+ from the best information I have among the Indians, I now regard
+ LAKE GLAZIER as the true source of the Mississippi River. I regard
+ his chief guide, Chenowagesic, as the best authority among the
+ Indians regarding the section of country about the headwaters of
+ the Mississippi, and consider him thoroughly reliable."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From Ed. W. S. Tingle, St. Paul Globe:_
+
+ "After a study of the literature of the subject, I am convinced
+ that the lake to which the name of GLAZIER was given by the Glazier
+ exploring expedition is undoubtedly the true source of the
+ Mississippi, and that Captain Glazier was the first to call general
+ public attention to the fact."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From Rev. W. T. Chase, Pastor First Baptist Church, Minneapolis:_
+
+ "There seems no reasonable doubt that the actual source of the
+ Mississippi had never been recognized until Captain Willard Glazier
+ made its discovery in 1881. Captain Glazier merits the gratitude of
+ every citizen of the United States who is interested in knowing all
+ that is knowable about the great Father of Waters."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From Ex-Mayor Pillsbury, Minneapolis:_
+
+ "From the best information I have been able to obtain, I am
+ satisfied that Captain Willard Glazier was the first person that
+ discovered the true source of the Mississippi."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From Rev. J. L. Pitner, Pastor Methodist Episcopal Church, Minneapolis:_
+
+ "From the evidence I have examined, I am convinced that the real
+ source of the Mississippi was not known prior to 1881. I am quite
+ sure the claims of LAKE GLAZIER are not ill-founded, and that in
+ its deep, cool bosom the Great River takes its rise."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From John E. Bradley, Superintendent Public Schools, Minneapolis:_
+
+ "From such examination as I have been able to give to the problem
+ of the _true source_ of the Mississippi, it seems to be
+ satisfactorily established that LAKE GLAZIER is to be so regarded."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From Hon. Samuel E. Adams,
+ Member of the Minnesota Historical Society, Monticello:_
+
+ "I have no doubt of the correctness of Captain Glazier's statement
+ that he discovered the new source of the Mississippi now bearing
+ his name."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From John H. Elliott, Secretary Y. M. C. A., Minneapolis:_
+
+ "I have no hesitation in stating that I believe LAKE GLAZIER to be
+ the real source of the Mississippi River, and that Captain
+ Glazier's claims are entitled to respectful and grateful
+ recognition."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From J. S. McLain, Evening Journal, Minneapolis:_
+
+ "I have no reason to question the claim of Captain Glazier to have
+ been the first to correctly map the section of country about the
+ source of the Mississippi, or that the body of water which bears
+ his name is the true source of the Great River."
+
+ _From Albert Shaw, Minneapolis Tribune:_
+
+ "Unquestionably Captain Glazier may claim the credit of having
+ called public attention to the fact that there is a lake beyond
+ Lake Itasca which is more strictly to be considered as the source
+ of the Mississippi. That the lake will always be called LAKE
+ GLAZIER, and that it will henceforth be spoken of everywhere as the
+ source of the Great River, I have no doubt; nor do I doubt the
+ propriety of the name."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From Judge John P. Rea, Commander-in-Chief G.A.R., Minneapolis:_
+
+ "I have resided in Minnesota eleven years, and always supposed that
+ Lake Itasca was the source of the Mississippi. I never heard the
+ fact questioned until within the past four or five years. From all
+ the evidence I have upon the subject, I am satisfied that LAKE
+ GLAZIER is the true source."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From G. M. Wing, Secretary
+ North-West Indian Commission, Minneapolis:_
+
+ "Concerning the real source of the Mississippi, I would say that
+ the lake which Captain Willard Glazier has located, and which he
+ claims to be the source, is no doubt more properly the true source
+ of this Great River than Lake Itasca. There is no doubt whatever in
+ my mind but that Captain Glazier was the first person to discover
+ that fact, and make the same known to the world; and that fact
+ alone, though it might have been visited before, should entitle him
+ to the honor of naming the same. I have been over the route
+ traversed by Captain Glazier and party, and find that the map which
+ he has published is a correct delineation of that section."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From Hon. J. G. Lawrence, Ex-Senator, Wabasha:_
+
+ "I believe Captain Glazier is certainly entitled to the credit of
+ having discovered the true source of the Mississippi in a lake
+ above Lake Itasca, and now named LAKE GLAZIER."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From Judge L. A. Evans, Ex-Mayor, Saint Cloud_
+
+ "First Mayor of Saint Cloud, and have served six terms as such.
+ Have resided in Saint Cloud for thirty years. I believe that LAKE
+ GLAZIER is the true source of the Mississippi River, and this is
+ the opinion of the majority of the people residing in this part of
+ the State."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+_From Will E. Haskell, President and Managing Editor, Minneapolis Tribune:_
+
+ "There can be no longer any doubt, when the question is carefully
+ considered, that the credit of discovering the true source of the
+ Mississippi belongs to Captain Willard Glazier. Captain Glazier's
+ discovery has now become an accepted geographical fact, and future
+ generations of school-boys will speak knowingly of LAKE GLAZIER, as
+ we did in our youth of Itasca."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From J. O. Simmons, Little Falls._
+
+ "Have been a resident of Little Falls for the past twenty-nine
+ years; County Attorney and justice of the peace for several years;
+ would state that I am personally acquainted with the half-breed
+ Indian interpreter, Paul Beaulieu. Have known him since June, 1857,
+ and know him to be a person of intelligence, great experience, and
+ personal knowledge of the northern portion of Minnesota, which up
+ to very recently has been a vast wilderness occupied only by the
+ Chippewas. Have often conversed with him relative to the country
+ north of us, and speaking of the Mississippi, have heard him say
+ that Lake Itasca was not the fountain head; that there was a stream
+ emptying its waters into Itasca from a lake a short distance above
+ the latter, and which, in his opinion, was the true source. Since
+ Captain Glazier's exploration, I accept the lake bearing his name
+ as the true source of the Mississippi."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From Rev. Andrew D. Stowe, Rector, Trinity Church, Anoka:_
+
+ "This is to certify that from the testimony of Indians and
+ Half-breeds living at White Earth Agency, Minnesota, during my
+ residence there of two years, I am persuaded that LAKE GLAZIER,
+ instead of Itasca, is the real source of the Mississippi."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From D. Sinclair, Winona:_
+
+ "In the autumn of 1862 I spent several weeks in that portion of
+ Northern Minnesota, extending from Crow Wing to Leech Lake, and the
+ country about Red Lake, in company with Paul Beaulieu, the
+ well-known Indian guide and interpreter. During a conversation as
+ to the source of the Mississippi, Beaulieu informed me that Lake
+ Itasca was not the real source of that river, but that a smaller
+ lake, located a short distance south of Itasca, was entitled to
+ that distinction. After investigating the matter recently, I have
+ no doubt of the genuineness of Captain Glazier's claim to be the
+ person who first publicly established the fact that the lake which
+ now bears his name is the true source of the Mississippi River."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From William A. Spencer, Clerk
+ United States District Court, Saint Paul:_
+
+ "I have resided in Minnesota upwards of thirty years, and until
+ recently have always thought that Lake Itasca was the source of the
+ Mississippi; but after an examination of the claim of Captain
+ Glazier to be the discoverer of the true source, I am satisfied his
+ claim is well founded."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From O. C. Chase, Chairman County Commissioners, Otter-Tail County:_
+
+ "From information received, I am fully satisfied that Captain
+ Glazier was the first person to publicly announce the true source
+ of the Mississippi."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From John J. Ankeny, Postmaster, Minneapolis:_
+
+ "From the best information I can obtain, I am persuaded that the
+ source of the Mississippi had not been recognized prior to the
+ published accounts of exploration by Captain Willard Glazier in
+ 1881. I think, therefore, he is entitled to the credit of the
+ discovery."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From P. P. Swenson, Sheriff, Hennepin County:_
+
+ "After a residence of thirty-two years in the State of Minnesota,
+ until recently I have always supposed that Lake Itasca was the
+ source of the Mississippi River. I am now well informed of its true
+ source being LAKE GLAZIER, having personally traversed that section
+ of the State."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From Freeman E. Kreck, Postmaster, Aitkin:_
+
+ "I have been a resident of Aitkin County since 1881; have been
+ County Auditor for past two years, and for a time proprietor and
+ editor of the _Aitkin Age_. Since Captain Glazier's explorations I
+ do not hesitate to say that I believe LAKE GLAZIER to be the true
+ primal reservoir of the Mississippi, and I think I voice the
+ sentiment of the majority of the residents of this section."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From A. Y. Merrill, County Attorney, Aitkin:_
+
+ "I believe that the lake claimed to have been located by Captain
+ Glazier is the real source of the Mississippi River."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From J. W. Wakefield, Aitkin:_
+
+ "Resident of Minnesota for thirty years. Personally acquainted with
+ Chenowagesic. Indian trader more than fifteen years. Thoroughly
+ familiar with the Chippewa language. I recognize LAKE GLAZIER as
+ the true source of the Mississippi River."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From Lyman P. White, Ex-Mayor, Brainerd:_
+
+ "I have been a resident of Brainerd since 1870. Built the first
+ house in Brainerd. Have had charge of the town site for the Lake
+ Superior and Puget Sound Company for sixteen years. I met Captain
+ Glazier on his Mississippi trip, and fully endorse his claim to
+ have discovered the true source of the Mississippi."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From W. W. Hartley, Brainerd:_
+
+ "Have been a resident of Brainerd for the past fifteen years.
+ Editor and publisher of the _Tribune_ from 1875 to 1881, and
+ postmaster from 1879 to 1886. Met Captain Glazier and his party
+ here in 1881, both _en route_ to the source of the Mississippi
+ River, and on their return voyage by canoes to its mouth. Have no
+ recollection of ever having heard any other than Lake Itasca
+ claimed to be the source of the Mississippi prior to the Captain's
+ expedition. LAKE GLAZIER has since been accepted and is believed to
+ be its source."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From J. H. Koop, Postmaster, Brainerd:_
+
+ "Have been a resident of this State for sixteen years. Met Captain
+ Glazier at the time he made his expedition of discovery to the
+ source of the Mississippi, and I recognize the lake bearing his
+ name as its true source."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From N. H. Ingersoll, Editor, Brainerd Dispatch:_
+
+ "I fully endorse the statement that Captain Glazier was the first
+ to proclaim to the world the _true source_ of the Mississippi."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From Rev. Fletcher J. Hawley, D. D., Rector of
+ St. Paul's Episcopal Church, Brainerd:_
+
+ "I have been a resident of Brainerd since 1880, and have not heard
+ any one question the truth of Captain Glazier's claim to have
+ discovered the true source of the Mississippi to be in LAKE
+ GLAZIER."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From John F. Peterson, Register of Deeds, Minneapolis:_
+
+ "I have resided in Minnesota for the past eighteen years, and fully
+ believe that LAKE GLAZIER is the true source of the Mississippi."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From C. P. De Laithe, Superintendent of Schools, Aitkin County:_
+
+ "I recognize LAKE GLAZIER as the source of the Mississippi River.
+ Have resided in Aitkin for several years."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From J. H. Hallett, Brainerd:_
+
+ "I recognize the lake discovered by Captain Glazier as the real
+ source of the Mississippi. Have been an Indian trader for the past
+ fifteen years."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From Hon. N. Richardson, Little Falls,
+ Judge of Probate of Morrison County:_
+
+ "I have resided on the banks of the Mississippi for thirty-one
+ years. Met Captain Glazier at Little Falls with his exploring
+ party, that visited the headwaters of this river in the summer of
+ 1881. From information derived from sources that I consider
+ reliable, I regard LAKE GLAZIER as the true source of the Great
+ River. Have been a member of the Minnesota Legislature for three
+ terms."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From O. L. Clyde, First Lieutenant, National Guard, Little Falls:_
+
+ "I have been a resident of Northern Minnesota for twenty years, and
+ always supposed that Lake Itasca was the source of the Mississippi.
+ I never heard any thing to the contrary until the year 1881, when
+ Captain Glazier explored the Upper Mississippi, and made his report
+ of the same. I now recognize LAKE GLAZIER as the true source of the
+ Great River."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From Moses La Fond, Little Falls:_
+
+ "LAKE GLAZIER is now considered the true source of the Mississippi.
+ I am one of the old pioneers of this State, having resided in the
+ northern section for over thirty-two years, and was a member of the
+ Legislature in 1874."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From R. Cronk, of the Government Survey, Sauk Rapids:_
+
+ "This is to certify that I was compass-man on the survey of
+ township 143 north, range 36 west of the 5th principal meridian,
+ which embraces Itasca Lake, (the Indian name of which I understood
+ to be _Omushkos_ or Elk Lake,) and hereby affirm that LAKE GLAZIER
+ is the only well-defined body of water emptying into Lake Itasca,
+ and in my opinion is the true source of the Mississippi."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From Hon. T. G. Healey, Ex-State Senator, Monticello:_
+
+ "Have resided in Monticello since 1856. I regard LAKE GLAZIER as
+ the true source of the Mississippi River, and it is now so regarded
+ by the people living in this section of Minnesota."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From William Tubbs, Postmaster and Ex-County Auditor, Monticello:_
+
+ "Have resided in Minnesota twenty-nine years. LAKE GLAZIER is
+ regarded by the people generally of this section as the true source
+ of the Mississippi."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From W. J. Brown, Principal of the High School, Monticello:_
+
+ "I consider LAKE GLAZIER to be the true source of the Mississippi,
+ and know of no other. I teach the same in the public schools of
+ this place, as also do my assistants."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From Commander A. H. Fitch, J. S. Cady Post, G. A. R.,
+ Department Minnesota; Anoka:_
+
+ "I am fully convinced that the body of water, known as LAKE GLAZIER
+ since 1881, is the true source of the Mississippi, and not Lake
+ Itasca."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From J. M. Tucker, M. D., Hastings:_
+
+ "I believe Captain Glazier's claim to being the discoverer of the
+ real source of the Mississippi is _just_, and have never heard it
+ questioned. It must stand as one of the facts of history."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From Daniel O'Brien, Police Justice, Hastings:_
+
+ "I am satisfied that the lake to the south of Itasca, located by
+ Glazier, in 1881, is the true source of the Mississippi, and that
+ Captain Glazier is entitled to whatever credit there is in the
+ discovery."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From J. R. Lambert, Ex-Mayor, Hastings:_
+
+ "It has been a generally accepted fact that Lake Itasca was the
+ source of the Mississippi River, and like many others who have
+ preceded me in giving testimonials in favor of Captain Willard
+ Glazier's claim as the discoverer of a body of water now known
+ quite generally as LAKE GLAZIER, and so represented in many of our
+ standard geographical works, I cheerfully admit that Captain
+ Glazier is entitled to credit as the discoverer."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From S. Westerson, Chairman, Board of County Commissioners, Hastings:_
+
+ "It seems to be clearly proven that there is a lake--now called
+ LAKE GLAZIER--which is the true source of the Mississippi,
+ discovered by Captain Willard Glazier in the year 1881, and that
+ said Captain Glazier was the first man to make it public. The
+ honor, therefore, in my estimation, is due to him."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From B. B. Herbert, Editor, The Republican, Red Wing:_
+
+ "After a careful examination of the claim made for and against the
+ reputed discovery of the head of the Mississippi, by Captain
+ Willard Glazier, I am convinced that he was the first to question
+ the received statement that Lake Itasca was its source; and first
+ to connect the lake, which some respectable geographers have
+ called by his name, with the Mississippi as its source. Having
+ lived in Minnesota, on the banks of the Mississippi, for nearly
+ thirty years, had any other person claimed to have discovered any
+ other source than Lake Itasca, I should have been informed
+ thereof."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From W. W. DeKay, Red Wing:_
+
+ "From such information as I have upon the subject, I regard the
+ lake located by Captain Glazier, to the south of Itasca, as the
+ true source of the Mississippi. I have resided in Minnesota for
+ thirty-three years."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From William Moore, Superintendent of Schools, Lake City:_
+
+ "Knowing the facts in regard to Captain Glazier's discovery of the
+ true source of the Mississippi, as brought out by public
+ discussion, I am convinced that he is justly entitled to be
+ considered the discoverer of the source of the Mississippi River."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From George C. Stout, Mayor, Lake City:_
+
+ "I have no doubt that Captain Glazier is fully entitled to the
+ honor of first discovery of the true source of the Mississippi
+ River."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From D. O. Irwin, Postmaster, Lake City:_
+
+ "I am convinced that the actual source of the Mississippi had not
+ been recognized before the published account of explorations by
+ Captain Glazier; and I regard LAKE GLAZIER as the true source of
+ the Great River."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From H. L. Smith, Editor and Proprietor of the Graphic, Lake City:_
+
+ "I am fully convinced that LAKE GLAZIER is the real source of the
+ Father of Waters. Have resided in Minnesota seventeen years."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From F. J. Collins, Mayor of Wabasha:_
+
+ "I have no doubt that Captain Glazier is fully entitled to the
+ credit of having discovered the true source of the Mississippi
+ River. I have resided in Minnesota thirty-one years."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From Hon. James G. Lawrence, Ex-State Senator, Wabasha:_
+
+ "I believe Captain Glazier is certainly entitled to the credit of
+ discovering the true source of the Mississippi, in a lake above
+ Lake Itasca, now named after him, LAKE GLAZIER."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From D. L. Dawley, Principal of Schools, Wabasha:_
+
+ "I believe Captain Glazier to be the real discoverer of the true
+ source of the Mississippi River."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From S. B. Sheardown, M. D., Winona:_
+
+ "I believe that Captain Glazier is entitled to the credit of
+ discovering the real source of the Mississippi River. I have been a
+ resident of Minnesota over thirty-one years."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From Judge A. F. Storey, St. Vincent:_
+
+ "I have no hesitancy in saying that there can be no question, but,
+ that LAKE GLAZIER is the true and primal source of the Mississippi
+ River."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From James A. Thompson, Postmaster, Leech Lake (the nearest
+ post-office to the source of the Mississippi):_
+
+ "I am of opinion that LAKE GLAZIER is the source of the
+ Mississippi. I have talked on this subject with some of the Indians
+ who accompanied Captain Glazier on his exploring expedition in
+ 1881, and they all say it is the last lake; that they went all the
+ way in their canoes, and could go no further. It is the general
+ belief here that LAKE GLAZIER is the true source."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From Paul Beaulieu, United States Interpreter, White Earth Indian
+ Agency:_
+
+ "I would respectfully state that according to the ideas of the
+ people of this section of country, for scores of years past, in
+ alluding to Lake Itasca, _which is known only as Elk Lake by the
+ original inhabitants of this part of the country_, was never by
+ them considered as the head or source of the Father of Running
+ Waters, or May-see-see-be, as it is by them named. I received a map
+ showing the route of exploration of Captain Willard Glazier, 1881,
+ and being well acquainted with his chief guide, Chenowagesic, who
+ has made the section of country explored by Captain Glazier his
+ home for many years in the past, and who has proved the truth of
+ his often repeated assertion, when maps were shown him, that a
+ smaller lake above Lake Itasca would in time change the feature of
+ those maps, and proclaim to the world that Lake Itasca cannot any
+ longer maintain its claim as being the fountain head of
+ Ke-chee-see-be, or Great River, which is called May-see-see-be, by
+ the Chippewas. The map as delineated by Captain Glazier's guide,
+ Chenowagesic, and published by the Glazier party, is correct; and
+ it is plain to us who know the lay of this whole country (I mean,
+ by _us_, the Chippewa tribe in particular, also the recent
+ explorers for pine) that LAKE GLAZIER is located at the right
+ place, and is the last lake on the longest stream of the several
+ rivers at the head of the great Mississippi."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+
+
+
+V. RECOGNITION.
+
+
+The discovery and final location of the source of the Great River of the
+North American Continent by Captain Glazier has received general
+recognition in this country and in Europe, and our aim to place before
+the reader of this volume, material to assist him in forming his
+judgment on the validity of the author's claim, would not be attained if
+we omitted to include in these _addenda_ the following evidence, the
+nature and weight of which we think should carry conviction to the mind
+of every impartial critic.
+
+A report of the discovery was duly sent to Hon. Charles P. Daly,
+President of the American Geographical Society, New York, and by him
+forwarded to the Editor of the _New York Herald_, and published by that
+paper, accompanied by a map of the region explored, showing the true
+source of the Mississippi.
+
+A report was also sent to the Royal Geographical Society, London,
+England, and the following courteous reply received:
+
+
+ "Royal Geographical Society,
+
+ "_London_, January 12, 1885.
+
+ "Captain Willard Glazier, New York, U. S. A.
+
+ "_Dear Sir:_--We owe you an apology for delaying so long
+ communicating with you on the subject of your interesting letter
+ and its accompanying map; a delay caused by the long summer
+ vacation of our council, which commenced a little before the
+ arrival of your letter.
+
+ "I am happy to be able to send you a copy of the January number of
+ the Proceedings of our Society, containing your letter and map, and
+ trust you will find no error has crept in.
+
+ "Your discovery was considered a distinct addition to our knowledge
+ of the geography of the Mississippi basin, and well worthy of
+ publication by the Society, and I am directed to thank you for
+ having communicated this brief account of it to us.
+
+ "Your obedient servant,
+
+ "H. W. Bates,
+
+ "_Assistant Secretary and Editor_."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+George W. Melville, the famed Arctic Explorer, writes:
+
+
+ "_Philadelphia, Pennsylvania_
+
+ "February 5, 1885.
+
+ "Captain Willard Glazier:
+
+ "Dear Sir:--Your very interesting paper and map of the discovery
+ of the source of the Mississippi came to hand this morning. Having
+ but a single number of your paper I can form but an inadequate idea
+ of your labor and patience, except by a look at your map, which is
+ a very good one, and shows an immense amount of labor; in fact I am
+ astonished at the amount of work done in so short a space of time
+ as is shown on your track chart.
+
+ "I am gratified at being made the recipient of your favor; and with
+ sentiments of the highest esteem and regard for a worthy brother in
+ the world of science,
+
+ "I am, dear sir, very respectfully,
+
+ "George W. Melville,
+
+ "_Chief Engineer, U. S. Navy_."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _Geographers and Educational Publishers._
+
+Many of the geographers and educational publishers of the country have
+not only made the necessary changes in their maps of Minnesota, but have
+expressed their recognition and acceptance of the GLAZIER discovery in
+letters addressed to friends of the Captain and others interested in
+arriving at the truth of this important question. Among these may be
+mentioned:
+
+Rand, McNally & Company, George F. Cram, and George H. Benedict &
+Company, Chicago; Matthews, Northrup & Company, Buffalo; A. S. Barnes &
+Company, New York and Chicago; University Publishing Company, New York;
+Charles Lubrecht, New York; M. Dripps, New York; W. & A. K. Johnston,
+Geographers to the Queen, Edinburgh, Scotland; MacMillan & Company,
+London and New York; Nelson & Sons, New York and Edinburgh, Scotland;
+Gaylord Watson, P. O'Shea and George H. Adams & Company, New York; W. M.
+Bradley & Brother, Philadelphia; School Supply Company, John A. Boyle,
+Boston; J. K. Gill & Company, Portland, Oregon; John Lovell & Son,
+Montreal, Canada; Map and School Supply Company, Toronto, Canada; F. A.
+Brockhaus, Leipsic; A. Hartleben, Wein, Austria; and many others.
+
+The following extracts are from BARNES' COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY by the
+eminent geographer, Professor James Monteith:
+
+
+ _Page 4. "Record of Recent Discoveries and Events._
+
+ "The source of the Mississippi River is LAKE GLAZIER, a small lake
+ from which water flows into Lake Itasca, which until recently was
+ thought to be its source."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _Page 73. "North Central States (Western Section)._
+
+ "Recent surveys have shown that LAKE GLAZIER is about seven feet
+ higher than Lake Itasca, into which the former discharges its
+ water; and it is now recognized as the source of the Mississippi
+ River."
+
+ _"Maury's Manual of Geography, University Publishing Company, New York:_
+
+ "Page 56. Minnesota is crossed by the ridge or 'Height of Land'
+ which separates the Valley of the Mississippi from the northern
+ slope of the Great Central Plain. On this elevation, 1,600 feet
+ above the sea, both the Mississippi and the Red River of the North
+ take their rise, the one flowing south and the other north. The
+ crest of the 'Height of Land' is crowned with lakes of clear water.
+ LAKE GLAZIER, one of these, is the source of the Mississippi...."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From Herr F. A. Brockhaus, Geographer and Publisher of Leipsic, Germany:_
+
+ "I shall not fail to recognize and call public attention to your
+ important discovery of the True Head of your Great River."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From Professor J. W. Redway, of Philadelphia, a well-known
+ geographer and scientist:_
+
+ "_Philadelphia_, September 9, 1887.
+
+ "Captain Willard Glazier:
+
+ "_My Dear Sir:_-- ... You will have the satisfaction of knowing
+ that by your exertions and enterprise an error of more than fifty
+ years standing has been made apparent. The world owes you a debt
+ for determining an important question in geography.
+
+ "Sincerely yours,
+
+ "J. W. Redway."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From the Messrs. Harper & Brothers, New York:_
+
+ "Recent exploration and survey establish the fact that Lake Glazier
+ has the best claim to the distinction of standing at the head of
+ the Father of Waters. School Geographies generally are being
+ corrected to show it."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From Rand, McNally & Company, Map-makers and Publishers, Chicago:_
+
+ "As to the source of the Mississippi, we gave it considerable
+ attention in preparing our new map of Minnesota, and finally fixed
+ it as LAKE GLAZIER. This, we consider, has the best claim."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From George F. Cram, Map and Atlas Publisher, Chicago:_
+
+ "I mail you to-day a copy of the corrected map of Minnesota,
+ showing LAKE GLAZIER as the source of the Mississippi."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From Matthews, Northrup & Company, Art Printers, Buffalo, New York:_
+
+ "We regard LAKE GLAZIER as the true source of the Mississippi, and
+ are so showing it on all maps, etc., issued by us."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From Messrs. Cowperthwait & Company, Philadelphia._
+
+ "We have added LAKE GLAZIER to our School Maps as the source of the
+ Mississippi."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From E. A. Lawrence, University Publishing Company, New York:_
+
+ "We think LAKE GLAZIER is important enough to outrank Itasca as the
+ source of the Mississippi."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From W. M. Bradley & Brother, Philadelphia:_
+
+ "LAKE GLAZIER appears on our large Atlas of the World, and on
+ Mitchell's Atlas, as the true source of the Mississippi."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From John Lovell & Son, Educational Publishers, Montreal:_
+
+ "The collection of testimonials from leading citizens of Minnesota,
+ and others, tells convincingly in Captain Glazier's favor."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From MacMillan & Company, London and New York:_
+
+ "Pray accept our very cordial thanks for your courtesy in sending
+ us the map of the true source of the Mississippi. We are forwarding
+ it on to our London house, who will gladly avail themselves of the
+ information it conveys."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From Gaylord Watson, Map and Chart Publisher, New York:_
+
+ "I shall show LAKE GLAZIER as the source of the Mississippi on my
+ maps."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+_From P. O'Shea, Catholic Publisher, New York:_
+
+ "I have come to the conclusion that LAKE GLAZIER is the true source
+ of the Mississippi, and intend to give it as the source in the new
+ editions of my geographies."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From Geo. H. Adams & Son, Map Publishers, New York:_
+
+ "We recognize LAKE GLAZIER as the True Source of the Mississippi
+ River, and believe that Captain Glazier's claim to its discovery is
+ now admitted by all the leading Map Publishers of the country."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From the Map and School Supply Company, Toronto:_
+
+ "We consider LAKE GLAZIER the source of the Mississippi River, and
+ are having it appear on all our latest maps as such."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From Captain A. N. Husted, Professor of Mathematics,
+ State Normal School, Albany, New York:_
+
+ "Captain Willard Glazier:
+
+ "_My Dear Sir:_--I have been much interested in your trip to the
+ beginning of the Father of Waters, and feel that you have
+ contributed a valuable item to the great volume of geographical
+ knowledge."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From Colonel George Soule, President of Soule, College, New Orleans:_
+
+ "I recognize the correctness of Captain Glazier's claim, and shall
+ teach that the source of the Mississippi is LAKE GLAZIER."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From Rev. L. Abernethy, A. M., D. D., President of
+ Rutherford College, North Carolina:_
+
+ "I am satisfied that LAKE GLAZIER is the true source of the
+ Mississippi and that Captain Glazier is entitled to the honor of
+ its discovery."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From J. L. Smith, Map Publisher, Philadelphia:_
+
+ "Having given considerable attention to the merits of the claim
+ presented by Captain Willard Glazier to have definitely located the
+ source of the Mississippi, I am of the opinion that the lake to the
+ south of Itasca should be recognized as the primal reservoir or
+ true fountain-head of that river, and that Captain Glazier is
+ entitled to the credit of having been the first to discover this
+ fact and call public attention to it."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From G. H. Laughlin, A. M., Ph. D., President of Hiram College, Ohio:_
+
+ "Captain Glazier has rendered an invaluable service to the science
+ of geography. I am glad that the school geographies are being
+ corrected so as to indicate LAKE GLAZIER as the source of the
+ Father of Waters."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From the firm of W. & A. K. Johnston, of Edinburgh, Scotland,
+ Geographers and Engravers to the Queen:_
+
+ "You have the satisfaction of having done a great work in settling
+ the vexed question of the source of your mighty river. For this,
+ all interested in geography are indebted to you."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From Charles Lubrecht, Map Publisher, New York:_
+
+ "I shall show LAKE GLAZIER as the source of the Mississippi River
+ in all future editions of my Maps."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From M. Dripps, Map Publisher, New York:_
+
+ "I will avail myself of Captain Glazier's discovery by showing the
+ True Source of the Mississippi on future editions of my maps of the
+ United States."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From George H. Benedict & Co., Map, Wood and Photo-Engravers, Chicago:_
+
+ "LAKE GLAZIER is now acknowledged to be the True Source of the
+ Mississippi, and in the course of time will appear as such on all
+ maps."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From John S. Kendall, President of the National School
+ Furnishing Company of Chicago:_
+
+ "_Chicago_, October 6, 1887.
+
+ "Captain Willard Glazier:
+
+ "_Dear Sir:_--Your book 'Down the Great River' has been received
+ and read with interest. I am glad to see the entire narrative in
+ book form. There is no doubt about your expedition having added
+ largely to our rather limited stock of information regarding the
+ country around the headwaters of the Great River. I deem it a
+ graceful and fitting compliment to give your name to the lake south
+ of Itasca.
+
+ "Thanking you for the book, which I have placed in my library.
+
+ "Yours very respectfully,
+
+ "John S. Kendall."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From Frederick Warne & Company, Publishers, London:_
+
+ "Pray accept our very cordial thanks. The alteration in the source
+ of your great river has been noted, and we shall gladly avail
+ ourselves of the information to make the correction in our
+ atlases."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From Thos. Nelson & Sons, Edinburgh and New York:_
+
+ "The correction as to the True Source of the Mississippi will be
+ made as opportunity occurs, when issuing new editions of our
+ publications."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From Herr A. Hartleben, one of the leading Publishers of Germany:_
+
+ "I congratulate Captain Glazier on his important discovery of the
+ source of the Mississippi River, and shall have great pleasure in
+ bringing the subject to the notice of our Geographical Society."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From Appleton's Annual Encyclopedia--1885:_
+
+ "Lake Itasca, which has been distinguished as the head of the
+ Mississippi for fifty years, must, it seems, yield that distinction
+ to a smaller lake about a mile and a half in length by a mile in
+ width, lying further south, discovered by Captain Willard Glazier
+ in, 1881, and named for him 'Lake Glazier.'"
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _From American Supplement to the Encyclopedia Britannica:_
+
+ "The Mississippi has its source in LAKE GLAZIER, south of Lake
+ Itasca, Minnesota, 47 deg. 34' N. lat, 95 deg. 2' W. long. The greatest
+ width of this lake is a mile and a half, and it is deeper than
+ Itasca, with which it is connected by a shallow stream about six
+ feet wide."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+
+
+
+VI. NOTICES OF THE PRESS.
+
+
+The Press, as the most important indication and expression of public
+opinion, has been almost unanimous, since 1881, in sustaining Captain
+Glazier's claim, more especially the Press of Minnesota; while the
+majority of the leading papers of the East have pronounced strongly in
+his favor. We can insert here only a few notices, taken chiefly from the
+journals of the Northwest.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _Saint Paul Dispatch._
+
+ "Captain Glazier has just published the record of his experiences
+ in his undertaking to establish that the true source of the
+ Mississippi is not that which geographers have heretofore accepted
+ as such, to wit: Lake Itasca. It is indisputable that Captain
+ Glazier did proceed to a higher point than any reached by previous
+ explorers, and that the body of water located by him and now known
+ as LAKE GLAZIER, is a direct feeder of the generally accredited
+ head of the Mississippi. The _Dispatch_ has always claimed for the
+ writer of this book the honor of being the discoverer of the true
+ source of our Great River. There certainly is a great deal in his
+ work to substantiate his claim, and to sustain the attitude taken
+ by the _Dispatch_.
+
+ "...Captain Glazier set out to test the correctness of the
+ generally accepted theories of scholars as to the place of the rise
+ of this Great River; he made the test and found, as we believe,
+ that those theories were not correct. He has given to the world the
+ record of that work, and has done much to perpetuate his own name
+ thereby."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _Minneapolis Spectator._
+
+ "'Down the Great River,' by Captain Willard Glazier, gives an
+ account of the discovery of the lake now generally asserted to be
+ the source of the Mississippi; also a description of a canoe voyage
+ during the summer of 1881, from the source to the mouth of the
+ Father of Waters. A journey of over three thousand miles by canoe,
+ and on a single stream, is in itself an arduous and remarkable
+ undertaking, and one seldom, if ever, paralleled. Captain Glazier
+ presents not only reasonable evidence to support his claim as the
+ discoverer of the true source of the Great River, but gives an
+ entertaining and instructive narrative of his researches and
+ adventures, thus affording a graphic history and description of the
+ Mississippi."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _Brainerd Dispatch._
+
+ "'Down the Great River,' by Captain Willard Glazier, is an account
+ of the author's voyage in 1881, from the source to the mouth of the
+ Mississippi River in a canoe. It is a very interesting and
+ instructive narrative from beginning to end; the descriptions of
+ the scenery through which the river passes being unusually fine. In
+ this volume the Captain presents his claim of having discovered
+ beyond Lake Itasca another lake which is connected with Itasca by a
+ well-defined stream, and consequently is the true source of the
+ Mississippi."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _Northwestern Presbyterian, Minneapolis._
+
+ "All who live in the valley of America's greatest river will be
+ especially interested in knowing something of its source, its
+ course, and the cities that line its banks. Since De Soto first
+ discovered the Father of Waters in 1541, many eminent explorers
+ have been associated with its history. Marquette, Joliet, La Salle,
+ Hennepin, La Hontan, Charlevoix, Carver, Pike, Cass, and Beltrami
+ preceded Schoolcraft. The last named discovered a lake which he
+ supposed to be the source, but the Indians and the missionaries
+ said there was a lake beyond. A learned few believed them. It
+ remained for some explorer to make further investigation and
+ publish the truth more widely to the world. This was done by
+ Captain Glazier in 1881, who visited the lake, explored its shores
+ and found it to be wider and deeper than Itasca."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _Winona Republican._
+
+ "Captain Glazier, who has won fame as the discoverer of the true
+ source of the Mississippi, has recently published a good-sized
+ volume entitled 'Down the Great River.' ... Very few persons
+ realize that a man who passes from the source of the Mississippi to
+ its mouth experiences a greater variety in scene, in populations,
+ and in climate, than would an explorer going from the source to the
+ mouth of any other river in the world.... The narrative of Captain
+ Glazier is interesting, because it gives a panoramic view of the
+ Mississippi from its source to its mouth, describing the appearance
+ of the river wherever tributaries enter, and noting the character
+ of the Indians, fur-traders, pioneers, frontiersmen, and the
+ agricultural and commercial communities along its course. There is,
+ too, a spice of personal adventure in such a journey, because for
+ the greater part of the trip the Captain was accompanied by only
+ one other person, and the novelty of riding in a canoe over every
+ mile of one of the greatest rivers in the world, in itself gives a
+ peculiar character to the record of the journey. The story is
+ simply the narrative of life in a canoe floating down the
+ Mississippi, supplemented by such historical recollections and
+ reminiscences as have seemed appropriate to one who is an
+ enthusiast in the history of exploration...."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _Minneapolis Star-News._
+
+ "On the 22d day of July, 1881, the traveler and author, Captain
+ Willard Glazier, discovered a silvery lake nestled among the
+ pineries of Northern Minnesota and situate about a mile and a half
+ to the south of Lake Itasca. He also discovered that a swift
+ current flowed continuously from his new-found wonder to what was
+ supposed to be the source of the Father of Waters. The lake is
+ known to the Indians as _Pokegama_, and when it was reached by the
+ Glazier party they were much surprised by Chenowagesic, an Indian
+ chief, who had accompanied them as guide, addressing Captain
+ Glazier as follows:
+
+ "'My brother, I have come with you through many lakes and rivers to
+ the head of the Father of Waters. The shores of this lake are my
+ hunting ground. Here I have had my wigwam and planted corn for many
+ years. When I again roam through these forests, and look on this
+ lake, source of the Great River, I will look on you.'
+
+ "Captain Glazier was induced to explore the true source of the
+ Mississippi by Indian traditions which he had picked up while
+ traveling across the continent and which denied Schoolcraft's
+ theory of Itasca.... Fortified with the idea that Schoolcraft was
+ in error he set out to discover the true source of the Father of
+ Waters, and how he succeeded forms the subject of the first five
+ chapters of his very interesting book. The remainder of the book,
+ an interesting and instructive volume of nearly five hundred pages,
+ is devoted to a trip 'down the Great River' to the Gulf of Mexico.
+ To Captain Glazier is due all the honor and glory of discovering to
+ modern geographers the true source of our great river."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _Detroit Commercial Advertiser._
+
+ "'Down the Great River' is Captain Willard Glazier's interesting
+ record of his expedition in 1881 in search of the source of the
+ Mississippi River. It is a very exciting narrative from beginning
+ to end, is profusely illustrated and will be especially interesting
+ to students of geography, as well as to all interested in matters
+ of exploration and discovery. Captain Glazier undoubtedly
+ accomplished a great work. The source of the Mississippi had ever
+ been an unsettled question, unsatisfactory attempts at discovery
+ having been made and various ill-founded claims put forward; but
+ the subject for the last half century has been constantly agitated.
+ It remained for Captain Glazier to finish the work begun by De Soto
+ in 1541, and positively locate the true fountain-head.... That the
+ lake from which the Great River starts, known by the Indians as
+ Lake Pokegama, should be re-named LAKE GLAZIER, seems an
+ appropriate honor for the resolute explorer...."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _La Crosse Republican and Leader._
+
+ "'Down the Great River' is the title of a book just issued which
+ possesses many claims to popular favor. No one on the North
+ American continent will be at a loss to identify the river by its
+ title; the Amazon undoubtedly discharges a larger volume of water
+ into the sea, and the Volga is claimed to be longer. No river in
+ the Old or New World is surrounded by so many associations, or is
+ so identified with the memories of discoverers and adventurers,
+ warrior-priests and saintly soldiers, peaceful pioneers and
+ devastating armies, as the Mississippi.... For half a century Lake
+ Itasca has been accepted as the fountain-head of the Great River,
+ but Captain Glazier having had reasons for doubting the correctness
+ of that theory, undertook, in 1881, to verify or disprove it, and
+ the book treats of his adventures on that mission and his
+ subsequent voyage by canoe down its entire length from its source
+ to its mouth, a distance of three thousand one hundred and
+ eighty-four miles.... The voyage, embracing as it does over
+ seventeen degrees of latitude, furnishes material for the
+ description of strongly contrasted scenery and greatly diversified
+ industries, and in depicting these the Captain has the pen of a
+ ready writer, simple and concise...."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _Michigan Christian Advocate._
+
+ "'Down the Great River' is a book of great current interest. It is
+ packed full of things people ought to know. Not only is there a
+ full and well-written account of the finding of the true source of
+ the Mississippi, but a wonderful amount of fact and incident picked
+ up along its shores from its headwaters clear down to New Orleans
+ and the Gulf of Mexico."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _Detroit Tribune._
+
+ "This interesting work gives an account of the discovery of the
+ true source of the Mississippi River, by the author. From the first
+ page to the last the book teems with information and topographical
+ and geographical data to be found nowhere else. Captain Glazier
+ carries his readers along with him from the source of the mighty
+ river down through a stretch of over three thousand miles clear
+ into the salt waters of the Gulf of Mexico. The author made the
+ trip in an open canoe, and as he proceeds downwards discourses
+ pleasantly upon the features of the landscape, the characteristics
+ of the people and the important towns upon the banks of the Great
+ River."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _Grand Rapids (Michigan) Leader._
+
+ "Lake Itasca has been the accredited head of the Mississippi for
+ fifty years, and the author's desire to pursue further
+ investigations into the great north country was due to conflicting
+ reports published by other navigators and explorers of discoveries
+ made in that region. He decided to investigate the matter
+ personally. The author describes in an entertaining manner the
+ incidents of each day as the journey proceeded towards Lake Itasca.
+ Here a careful survey of the lake was made for feeders, several of
+ which were found, and up the largest of which the party forced
+ their way through a strong barrier of rushes. After a short passage
+ a body of water was found Which the Indians called Lake _Pokegama_,
+ but which the Captain's companions named GLAZIER in honor of the
+ head of the expedition. They then floated down the river in their
+ canoes to the Gulf, and the events of each day form very
+ interesting and often thrilling chapters as they are described by
+ the author."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _New Bedford Standard._
+
+ "In 1881 Captain Glazier made a canoe voyage of over three thousand
+ miles from the headwaters of the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico,
+ and this book gives an interesting account of the voyage, together
+ with a description of the cities and villages along the river
+ banks, not omitting important historical events or quaint bits of
+ legendary lore. While the book is of special value to the young
+ student of geography and history, it is none the less valuable to
+ all who are interested in geographical science, particularly in the
+ question of the source of the Mississippi River...."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _Madisonensis, Madison University, New York._
+
+ "Captain Glazier has commanded the attention of educated men
+ generally by asserting and satisfactorily proving that he has at
+ last discovered what De Soto, Marquette, La Salle, Schoolcraft, and
+ other explorers, were unable to find--the true source of the
+ Mississippi. The journey of exploration is here minutely described,
+ and the account is enlivened with bright narratives of personal
+ experiences. The author is an able writer, and a keen critical
+ observer, and the information collected, pertaining to the people
+ and country along the course of the Great River, from its
+ headwaters to the Gulf of Mexico, is of value to every student of
+ our country's history. The book is more than a mere description of
+ an expedition--it is an epitomized collection of historical,
+ geographical and commercial matters interesting to all."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _Hamilton, New York, Republican._
+
+ ... "The important fact brought out is, that Lake Itasca,
+ discovered by Schoolcraft in 1832, and by him located as the
+ fountain-head of the river, has no just claim to that title.
+ Glazier's expedition has brought public notice to another lake at a
+ remoter distance from the mouth than Itasca, which is united to the
+ latter by a constantly flowing stream.... It now seems that the
+ prominence Itasca has had so long must hereafter be given to LAKE
+ GLAZIER."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _Davenport Tribune._
+
+ "This work embraces an account of the discovery by the author of
+ the true source of the Mississippi. It is an interesting tale of
+ how Captain Glazier and his party pursued a voyage in canoes up the
+ stream which flowed into Itasca, and finally located the real
+ source of the river in a new lake, which was named by his
+ companions LAKE GLAZIER. The work is a valuable one and highly
+ instructive, and should be read by all residents of the Mississippi
+ Valley."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _Daily Eagle, Grand Rapids, Michigan._
+
+ ... "It seems most surprising that it should have been reserved for
+ so recent a date as 1881 to discover the true source of the
+ greatest river of our continent, especially within the borders of a
+ territory that has been a State for nearly forty years. But such is
+ the fact, and to Captain Glazier belongs the honor of the discovery
+ among white men."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _Telegram-Herald, Grand Rapids, Michigan._
+
+ ... "Captain Glazier, in his search for the true source of the
+ Mississippi, has corrected a geographical error of half a century,
+ and located the fountain-head in a lake above and beyond Lake
+ Itasca. He discovered this lake on the twenty-second day of July,
+ 1881, Chenowagesic, a Chippewa brave, being his guide. The lake,
+ out of which flows the infant Mississippi, is about two miles in
+ its greatest diameter. Its Indian name is _Pokegama_, but Glazier's
+ companions insisted on naming it after their leader."...
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _Akron Daily Beacon._
+
+ ... "Until Captain Glazier traced back from Lake Itasca the
+ perennial stream that supplied it from a more distant lake, called
+ by the Indians _Pokegama_, and beyond which there is no further
+ supply to the Father of Waters, Itasca was considered its
+ source.... July twelfth, 1881, Glazier left Brainerd, Minnesota, on
+ his mission, reaching Leech Lake July seventeenth. Thence the
+ expedition proceeded westward by little lakes and streams and
+ portages, until on the twenty-first they camped on Schoolcraft
+ Island, in Lake Itasca, and then paddling through this lake away,
+ as supposed, from the Mississippi, and by Eagle Creek, the next day
+ they found what is now, and will hereafter be known as, LAKE
+ GLAZIER, the ultimate source of the mighty Mississippi."...
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _Youngstown (Ohio) Telegram._
+
+ "A pamphlet, entitled the 'True Source of the Mississippi,' by
+ Pearce Giles, has reached us. It proves very clearly that not Lake
+ Itasca but LAKE GLAZIER, a lake just to the south of it, is the
+ true source of the mighty central river. The best part of the
+ discovery seems to be that Captain Glazier so explored the country
+ about this lake that there is no possibility of another discovery
+ of a connecting lake beyond it. One likes to have such matters
+ settled definitely."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _National Republican, Washington, D. C._
+
+ ... "The birthplace of the Father of Waters is not Lake Itasca, as
+ generally received, but LAKE GLAZIER, in its vicinity, which, by a
+ small stream, flows into Itasca. LAKE GLAZIER, so named from its
+ discoverer, Captain Willard Glazier, has three feeders, Eagle,
+ Excelsior, and Deer creeks. This latest geographical claim is
+ supported by ample testimony from highest and widespread
+ authorities. The story of adventures during the exploration which
+ had so important a result, is extremely interesting."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _Dubuque Trade Journal._
+
+ "On July twenty-second, 1881, Captain Willard Glazier dispelled the
+ geographical error of half a century which has placed Lake Itasca
+ on the maps as the source of the Mississippi. Strange as it may
+ seem, there is scarcely a wilder region on this continent than
+ exists in Northern Minnesota, and it has so remained in spite of
+ the explorations of Beltrami, Schoolcraft, and Nicollet, who,
+ perhaps, ought to have been a little more exhaustive in their
+ efforts when on the same depended the designation of the actual
+ source of a great river. Nevertheless, at the date above mentioned,
+ Captain Glazier, at the head of a small but indomitable band,
+ emerged from Lake Itasca, and the birch-bark canoes of the party
+ were urged against a strong current and a bulwark of rushes,
+ through a stream seven feet wide and three deep, until the clear
+ waters of another lake came in view. The greatest diameter of this
+ new body of water is about two miles, its feeders are traceable to
+ springs only, and hence it is unquestionably the primal source
+ whence the Father of Waters starts on his long journey of 3,184
+ miles to the Gulf of Mexico."...
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _Burlington Hawkeye._
+
+ "In the summer of 1881, Captain Willard Glazier, well known as a
+ popular writer, made a remarkable canoe voyage from the source of
+ the Mississippi down its entire length to the Gulf of Mexico. Prior
+ to starting on this unprecedented voyage, he organized and led an
+ expedition to the headwaters of the river in Northern Minnesota,
+ with a view of setting at rest the vexed question as to the true
+ source of the mighty river. Captain Glazier and his party left
+ Saint Paul, duly equipped with canoes and commissariat, July
+ Fourth, 1881, and arrived at Lake Itasca July twenty-first. Thence,
+ by the aid of his Indian guides, he penetrated to another lake
+ beyond Itasca, and connected therewith by a stream which is a
+ continuation of the Mississippi, and at that point is simply a
+ narrow creek. The lake thus entered by Captain Glazier he claims to
+ be the true source of the Father of Waters. LAKE GLAZIER now
+ appears on the maps as the source of the Great River."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _Saint Paul Times._
+
+ ... "Captain Glazier's claims are supported emphatically by the
+ overwhelming testimony of thousands of the most distinguished and
+ competent authorities in the Northwest. Glazier undoubtedly
+ expended much time and treasure in investigating not only the
+ source of the Mississippi, but the geography and history of the
+ entire river, from its source to the Gulf.... The leading map
+ publishers have endorsed his claims, and do so in a way that leaves
+ no doubt that they place implicit confidence in him as a careful
+ and trustworthy geographer and historian. Rand, McNally & Co., and
+ George F. Cram, of Chicago; Matthews, Northrup & Co., of Buffalo;
+ A. S. Barnes & Co., of New York; University Publishing Company, of
+ New York; W. & A. K. Johnston, of Edinburgh, Scotland; MacMillan &
+ Co., London and New York; W. M. Bradley & Brother, Philadelphia,
+ and many others of the leading publishing houses, who have a heavy
+ personal interest in investigating the accuracy of everything they
+ publish, acknowledge Captain Glazier's claims by accepting his
+ views, and reproducing them in their books and maps. The press,
+ bar, pulpit, and legislature of the State of Minnesota give
+ unqualified assent through many of their leading members, to the
+ position of Captain Glazier."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _Chicago Times._
+
+ "The most interesting portion of Captain Glazier's 'Down the Great
+ River' is the beginning, where the author gives the details of an
+ expedition made in 1881 by himself with five companions, when he
+ claims, with good grounds, to have fixed the actual, true source of
+ the Great River. His attention was called in 1876 to the fact that,
+ though everybody knows the mouth of the stream, there was then much
+ uncertainty about the source. In 1881 he found time to organize the
+ expedition named, and crossing the country to Itasca, embarked and
+ pushed through that lake up a stream flowing into it, and came upon
+ another considerable body of water fed by three streams originating
+ in springs at the foot of a curved range of hills some miles
+ further on. This lake he fixed upon as the true source, and since
+ his published accounts many geographers and map-workers have
+ modified their works according to his discoveries. He does not
+ claim to be the actual discoverer of the lake, as such, but only to
+ have been the first to discover and establish the fact that it is
+ the highest link in a chain in which Itasca is another; or, in
+ other words, the true source of the river. The Indian name of the
+ lake is _Pokegama_, and this, the author says, he would have
+ retained, but was overruled by the other five, who insisted on
+ calling it LAKE GLAZIER. For the particulars of the interesting
+ story the reader must be referred to the volume itself. Captain
+ Glazier is an old traveler and a practised writer. The manner of
+ his journey down the Mississippi enabled him to see well all there
+ was to see, and he enables his readers to see also."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _Chicago Inter-Ocean._
+
+ "Readers of 'Soldiers of the Saddle,' 'Capture, Prison-Pen and
+ Escape,' and other writings of Captain Glazier will require no
+ urging to read the entertaining volume 'Down the Great River.' It
+ is an account of the discovery of the true source of the
+ Mississippi River, with pictorial and descriptive views of cities,
+ towns and scenery gathered from a canoe voyage from its head waters
+ to the Gulf. For fifty years American youth have been taught that
+ 'the Mississippi rises in Lake Itasca,' until Captain Glazier, in
+ this memorable journey of one hundred and seventeen days in his
+ canoe, demonstrated the error and mapped the facts so accurately as
+ to settle the question for all time. Leading geographers and
+ educational publishers have already made changes in their maps and
+ given due credit to Captain Glazier and his new lake. To say the
+ Mississippi rises in LAKE GLAZIER is only doing simple justice to
+ the intrepid explorer and hero of many battles. The book is
+ charmingly written, mainly in the form of a diary, and contains
+ facts of great value, so interwoven with incidents and fine
+ descriptions and novel adventures as to be as interesting as the
+ best romance. One could scarcely find better history or finer
+ descriptions or be more fully impressed with the breadth and length
+ and grandeur of American possessions than by journeying with
+ Captain Glazier in his canoe down the grand river of the continent.
+ The volume is handsomely printed and bound and well illustrated."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _Chicago Evening Journal._
+
+ "However the knowledge may affect the world at large that the
+ source of the mighty Mississippi is other than generations of
+ geography students have been taught that it was, there is little
+ doubt left in the reader's mind, after perusing Captain Willard
+ Glazier's 'Down the Great River,' that we have all been in the
+ wrong about it, and that this most peerless river was born, not in
+ Itasca's sparkling springs, but in another wider and deeper lake
+ that lies still further south and bears the name of its discoverer,
+ the author of this interesting volume of exploration and adventure.
+ There is something charming in the simple thought of an expedition
+ such as the one undertaken by Captain Glazier. Imagine long, silent
+ days of absolutely unbroken communion with Nature! Slipping along
+ in a frail canoe, without the sound of an uncongenial human speech,
+ of clanging bells or grating wheels, through circling hours of
+ unbroken calm, with only the swish of bending reeds and lapping
+ waters to break the hush and remind one of a sentient world.
+ Perhaps the author and his Indian guides occasionally exchanged a
+ word, or the two white companions and himself indulged in a laugh
+ that started the rattling echoes of the hills, but there was no
+ chatter, no twaddle, no dissensions. The narrative reads like a
+ story. Reading it, one longs to start for LAKE GLAZIER to-morrow,
+ and thence descending, halt not in his long course until his
+ faithful canoe slips out into the waters of the Southern Gulf,
+ three thousand miles away. A man with a soul in him would rather
+ take such a trip with all its hardships and its perils than go on a
+ hundred cut-and-dried trips to Europe. The book is handsomely bound
+ and well illustrated."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _Chicago Herald._
+
+ "For half a century or more it has been understood that Lake Itasca
+ was the source of the Mississippi River, but Captain Willard
+ Glazier has exploded this theory by a canoe voyage undertaken in
+ 1881. The results of his investigations were given to geographers
+ at the time and accepted as satisfactory and complete. Maps were at
+ once changed by the map publishers, and LAKE GLAZIER, a tributary
+ of Lake Itasca, was set down as the true source of the 'Father of
+ Waters.' The story of Captain Glazier's adventures is told by him
+ in a book entitled 'Down the Great River,' which is entertaining as
+ well as being of importance as a contribution to the geography and
+ history of this country. Together with two companions and several
+ guides, Glazier first discovered that the lake now bearing his name
+ was the true source of the Great River, and then journeyed by canoe
+ from that point to the mouth of the Mississippi, a distance of
+ 3,184 miles. This trip occupied one hundred and seventeen days and
+ was attended with various haps and mishaps and numerous adventures
+ of an exciting character. It is not easy from a mere book
+ description to realize the extent and importance of such a trip as
+ that made by Captain Glazier. More than a hundred days of roughing
+ it along one of the greatest waterways in the world could not fail
+ to be productive of much that would interest even a casual reader,
+ and as Captain Glazier is an experienced traveller and a skilled
+ writer, he has made the most of his opportunities."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _Springfield (Ohio) Times._
+
+ "The latest book from the pen of Willard Glazier, the well-known
+ soldier-author, is entitled 'Down the Great River.' It is a work of
+ great geographical and historical value, and settles beyond
+ peradventure the disputed question of the true source of the
+ Mississippi. Aside from its scientific value, the work is a
+ charmingly entertaining narrative of the thrilling adventures and
+ amusing incidents of a canoe trip over the whole length of the
+ Mississippi from its source in the cold regions of the North to
+ where it rolls into the ocean over the burning sands of the Gulf
+ coast. It is highly instructive and interesting in its graphic
+ descriptions and character sketches, depicting the varied human
+ nature, local customs, and folk-lore that find habitation along the
+ banks of the Great River. The book is well worth the perusal of
+ every one, and an American library without it would be incomplete."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _Ohio State Journal._
+
+ "It seems strange that for nearly fifty years up to 1881, no new
+ thing had been discovered concerning the great Mississippi, whose
+ source in the vast wilderness of the Northwest was supposed to be
+ in Lake Itasca. In that year, however, Captain Willard Glazier, an
+ adventurous spirit, determined to finally solve the mystery of the
+ source of the 'Father of Waters,' and also to navigate its entire
+ length from source to sea. Accordingly he traced with infinite
+ hardship the narrowing stream above Itasca until its true source
+ was finally reached in what is now known as LAKE GLAZIER. Then,
+ turning about, he floated down the constantly growing stream until
+ its mighty volume was emptied into the Gulf of Mexico. Of this
+ great trip, replete with adventure and abounding in incident, he
+ has given a most graphic and interesting account under the title of
+ 'Down the Great River.'"
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _The Wheeling Intelligencer._
+
+ "Captain Glazier's name is familiar to the reading public of
+ America through his earlier works, 'Soldiers of the Saddle,'
+ 'Capture, Prison-Pen and Escape,' 'Battles for the Union,' 'Heroes
+ of Three Wars,' 'Peculiarities of American Cities,' and 'Ocean to
+ Ocean on Horseback.' His latest book, 'Down the Great River,' is
+ his most important essay in the field of literature, and is in
+ several respects unique. It is a very interesting account of a
+ remarkable canoe voyage from the head waters of the Mississippi to
+ the Gulf; but its importance comes from the fact that, until this
+ voyage was made, the source of the Mississippi was universally
+ placed in Lake Itasca, whereas Glazier and his party demonstrated
+ that a higher basin, now put down in all the new maps and
+ geographies as LAKE GLAZIER, is really the primary reservoir of the
+ Mississippi. It seems almost incredible, but is nevertheless true,
+ that for over forty years previous to 1881, when Captain Glazier
+ made his discovery, it was accepted as settled that Lake Itasca was
+ the remotest body of water from the mouth of the Mississippi. The
+ falsity of this theory, however, has been established and an
+ important discovery given to the geographical world. No discovery
+ rivaling this in interest and importance has been made on the
+ American continent for half a century."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _Philadelphia Public Ledger._
+
+ "By the discoveries of Captain Willard Glazier, made in 1881, Lake
+ Itasca is dislodged from its former eminence as the source of the
+ Mississippi, the real head-waters of that mighty stream being
+ traced to LAKE GLAZIER, a distance of 3,184 miles from the Gulf of
+ Mexico."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _Brooklyn Eagle._
+
+ "Captain Glazier's very clear map of the Great River shows the True
+ Source to be south of Lake Itasca, accepted by Schoolcraft in 1832
+ as the head-waters in disregard of the stream entering its
+ southwestern arm.... To Captain Glazier belongs the identification
+ of the fountain-head of the Mississippi."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _Philadelphia Times._
+
+ "Captain Willard Glazier has lately discovered the True Source of
+ the Mississippi, which is not in Lake Itasca, but in another lake
+ to the south of it, and succeeds in proving his discovery to the
+ satisfaction of the most competent judges, to wit, the geographers
+ and educational publishers of the country. These accept the new
+ source by placing it on their maps and calling it after its
+ discoverer, 'Lake Glazier.'"
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _New York Observer._
+
+ "To Captain Glazier is undoubtedly due the honor of tracing the
+ Father of Waters, the great American river, up to its real source
+ in the network of lakes that occupies the central and northern
+ portion of the State of Minnesota."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _Minneapolis Journal._
+
+ "...That what is now known as LAKE GLAZIER is the True Source of
+ the Mississippi River; and that to Captain Glazier is due the
+ credit of first placing the fact before the public by accurate
+ chart and maps, is unquestionably true."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _Philadelphia North American._
+
+ "The True Source of the Mississippi is settled beyond controversy.
+ Glazier's name will hereafter be classed with those of De Soto, La
+ Salle, and Hennepin, whose names are forever associated with the
+ Great River which divides the United States."
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ _Philadelphia Inquirer._
+
+ "Several years ago Captain Glazier, while meditating upon the
+ exploits of De Soto, Marquette, Father Hennepin and La Salle, the
+ heroic old explorers, who led the way to the Great River of North
+ America, regretted that, although its mouth was discovered by the
+ Chevalier La Salle nearly two hundred years ago, there was still
+ much uncertainty as to its True Source.... The discovery and final
+ location of the source of the Mississippi has now received general
+ recognition in this country and Europe, and there certainly seems
+ to be no doubt of the validity of Captain Glazier's claim. His
+ account of the discovery is very entertaining reading."
+
+
+
+
+CONCLUSION.
+
+
+The reader who is interested in the question discussed in this Appendix
+has, we venture to assert, found ample evidence to justify the author of
+"Down the Great River" in his claim to have been the first to locate the
+veritable source of the Mississippi. The testimony is of such a
+character that it is impossible for an impartial critic to arrive at any
+other verdict than that the fountain-head of the Father of Waters is
+_not_ in Lake Itasca, but in the lake to the south of it, now known as
+LAKE GLAZIER. The declarations of the Indians and pioneers in the
+vicinity of the source of this river are altogether corroborative of
+Captain Glazier and his companions; the press of Minnesota speaks with
+but one voice, while geographers and educational publishers are almost
+unanimous in their recognition of the facts developed by his expedition.
+
+ HUBBARD BROTHERS,
+ _Publishers of "Down The Great River_."
+ 723 Chestnut Street,
+ Philadelphia, April 30, 1888.
+
+
+
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