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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The City of the Sun + +Author: Tommaso Campanella + +Release Date: January 4, 2009 [EBook #2816] +Last Updated: January 26, 2013 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CITY OF THE SUN *** + + +Produced by An Anonymous Volunteer, and David Widger + + + + + + + + +</pre> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <h1> + THE CITY OF THE SUN + </h1> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <h2> + By Tommaso Campanells + </h2> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <h2> + A Poetical Dialogue between a Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitallers and + a Genoese Sea-Captain, his guest. + </h2> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <p> + G.M. Prithee, now, tell me what happened to you during that voyage? + </p> + <p> + Capt. I have already told you how I wandered over the whole earth. In the + course of my journeying I came to Taprobane, and was compelled to go + ashore at a place, where through fear of the inhabitants I remained in a + wood. When I stepped out of this I found myself on a large plain + immediately under the equator. + </p> + <p> + G.M. And what befell you here? + </p> + <p> + Capt. I came upon a large crowd of men and armed women, many of whom did + not understand our language, and they conducted me forthwith to the City + of the Sun. + </p> + <p> + G.M. Tell me after what plan this city is built and how it is governed. + </p> + <p> + Capt. The greater part of the city is built upon a high hill, which rises + from an extensive plain, but several of its circles extend for some + distance beyond the base of the hill, which is of such a size that the + diameter of the city is upward of two miles, so that its circumference + becomes about seven. On account of the humped shape of the mountain, + however, the diameter of the city is really more than if it were built on + a plain. + </p> + <p> + It is divided into seven rings or huge circles named from the seven + planets, and the way from one to the other of these is by four streets and + through four gates, that look toward the four points of the compass. + Furthermore, it is so built that if the first circle were stormed, it + would of necessity entail a double amount of energy to storm the second; + still more to storm the third; and in each succeeding case the strength + and energy would have to be doubled; so that he who wishes to capture that + city must, as it were, storm it seven times. For my own part, however, I + think that not even the first wall could be occupied, so thick are the + earthworks and so well fortified is it with breastworks, towers, guns, and + ditches. + </p> + <p> + When I had been taken through the northern gate (which is shut with an + iron door so wrought that it can be raised and let down, and locked in + easily and strongly, its projections running into the grooves of the thick + posts by a marvellous device), I saw a level space seventy paces (1) wide + between the first and second walls. From hence can be seen large palaces, + all joined to the wall of the second circuit in such a manner as to appear + all one palace. Arches run on a level with the middle height of the + palaces, and are continued round the whole ring. There are galleries for + promenading upon these arches, which are supported from beneath by thick + and well-shaped columns, enclosing arcades like peristyles, or cloisters + of an abbey. + </p> + <p> + But the palaces have no entrances from below, except on the inner or + concave partition, from which one enters directly to the lower parts of + the building. The higher parts, however, are reached by flights of marble + steps, which lead to galleries for promenading on the inside similar to + those on the outside. From these one enters the higher rooms, which are + very beautiful, and have windows on the concave and convex partitions. + These rooms are divided from one another by richly decorated walls. The + convex or outer wall of the ring is about eight spans thick; the concave, + three; the intermediate walls are one, or perhaps one and a half. Leaving + this circle one gets to the second plain, which is nearly three paces + narrower than the first. Then the first wall of the second ring is seen + adorned above and below with similar galleries for walking, and there is + on the inside of it another interior wall enclosing palaces. It has also + similar peristyles supported by columns in the lower part, but above are + excellent pictures, round the ways into the upper houses. And so on + afterward through similar spaces and double walls, enclosing palaces, and + adorned with galleries for walking, extending along their outer side, and + supported by columns, till the last circuit is reached, the way being + still over a level plain. + </p> + <p> + But when the two gates, that is to say, those of the outmost and the + inmost walls, have been passed, one mounts by means of steps so formed + that an ascent is scarcely discernible, since it proceeds in a slanting + direction, and the steps succeed one another at almost imperceptible + heights. On the top of the hill is a rather spacious plain, and in the + midst of this there rises a temple built with wondrous art. + </p> + <p> + G.M. Tell on, I pray you! Tell on! I am dying to hear more. + </p> + <p> + Capt. The temple is built in the form of a circle; it is not girt with + walls, but stands upon thick columns, beautifully grouped. A very large + dome, built with great care in the centre or pole, contains another small + vault as it were rising out of it, and in this is a spiracle, which is + right over the altar. There is but one altar in the middle of the temple, + and this is hedged round by columns. The temple itself is on a space of + more than 350 paces. Without it, arches measuring about eight paces extend + from the heads of the columns outward, whence other columns rise about + three paces from the thick, strong, and erect wall. Between these and the + former columns there are galleries for walking, with beautiful pavements, + and in the recess of the wall, which is adorned with numerous large doors, + there are immovable seats, placed as it were between the inside columns, + supporting the temple. Portable chairs are not wanting, many and well + adorned. Nothing is seen over the altar but a large globe, upon which the + heavenly bodies are painted, and another globe upon which there is a + representation of the earth. Furthermore, in the vault of the dome there + can be discerned representations of all the stars of heaven from the first + to the sixth magnitude, with their proper names and power to influence + terrestrial things marked in three little verses for each. There are the + poles and greater and lesser circles according to the right latitude of + the place, but these are not perfect because there is no wall below. They + seem, too, to be made in their relation to the globes on the altar. The + pavement of the temple is bright with precious stones. Its seven golden + lamps hang always burning, and these bear the names of the seven planets. + </p> + <p> + At the top of the building several small and beautiful cells surround the + small dome, and behind the level space above the bands or arches of the + exterior and interior columns there are many cells, both small and large, + where the priests and religious officers dwell to the number of + forty-nine. + </p> + <p> + A revolving flag projects from the smaller dome, and this shows in what + quarter the wind is. The flag is marked with figures up to thirty-six, and + the priests know what sort of year the different kinds of winds bring and + what will be the changes of weather on land and sea. Furthermore, under + the flag a book is always kept written with letters of gold. + </p> + <p> + G.M. I pray you, worthy hero, explain to me their whole system of + government; for I am anxious to hear it. + </p> + <p> + Capt. The great ruler among them is a priest whom they call by the name + Hoh, though we should call him Metaphysic. He is head over all, in + temporal and spiritual matters, and all business and lawsuits are settled + by him, as the supreme authority. Three princes of equal power—viz., + Pon, Sin, and Mor—assist him, and these in our tongue we should call + Power, Wisdom, and Love. To Power belongs the care of all matters relating + to war and peace. He attends to the military arts, and, next to Hoh, he is + ruler in every affair of a warlike nature. He governs the military + magistrates and the soldiers, and has the management of the munitions, the + fortifications, the storming of places, the implements of war, the + armories, the smiths and workmen connected with matters of this sort. + </p> + <p> + But Wisdom is the ruler of the liberal arts, of mechanics, of all sciences + with their magistrates and doctors, and of the discipline of the schools. + As many doctors as there are, are under his control. There is one doctor + who is called Astrologus; a second, Cosmographus; a third, Arithmeticus; a + fourth, Geometra; a fifth, Historiographus; a sixth, Poeta; a seventh, + Logicus; an eighth, Rhetor; a ninth, Grammaticus; a tenth, Medicus; an + eleventh, Physiologus; a twelfth, Politicus; a thirteenth, Moralis. They + have but one book, which they call Wisdom, and in it all the sciences are + written with conciseness and marvellous fluency of expression. This they + read to the people after the custom of the Pythagoreans. It is Wisdom who + causes the exterior and interior, the higher and lower walls of the city + to be adorned with the finest pictures, and to have all the sciences + painted upon them in an admirable manner. On the walls of the temple and + on the dome, which is let down when the priest gives an address, lest the + sounds of his voice, being scattered, should fly away from his audience, + there are pictures of stars in their different magnitudes, with the powers + and motions of each, expressed separately in three little verses. + </p> + <p> + On the interior wall of the first circuit all the mathematical figures are + conspicuously painted—figures more in number than Archimedes or + Euclid discovered, marked symmetrically, and with the explanation of them + neatly written and contained each in a little verse. There are definitions + and propositions, etc. On the exterior convex wall is first an immense + drawing of the whole earth, given at one view. Following upon this, there + are tablets setting forth for every separate country the customs both + public and private, the laws, the origins and the power of the + inhabitants; and the alphabets the different people use can be seen above + that of the City of the Sun. + </p> + <p> + On the inside of the second circuit, that is to say of the second ring of + buildings, paintings of all kinds of precious and common stones, of + minerals and metals, are seen; and a little piece of the metal itself is + also there with an apposite explanation in two small verses for each metal + or stone. On the outside are marked all the seas, rivers, lakes, and + streams which are on the face of the earth; as are also the wines and the + oils and the different liquids, with the sources from which the last are + extracted, their qualities and strength. There are also vessels built into + the wall above the arches, and these are full of liquids from one to 300 + years old, which cure all diseases. Hail and snow, storms and thunder, and + whatever else takes place in the air, are represented with suitable + figures and little verses. The inhabitants even have the art of + representing in stone all the phenomena of the air, such as the wind, + rain, thunder, the rainbow, etc. + </p> + <p> + On the interior of the third circuit all the different families of trees + and herbs are depicted, and there is a live specimen of each plant in + earthenware vessels placed upon the outer partition of the arches. With + the specimens there are explanations as to where they were first found, + what are their powers and natures, and resemblances to celestial things + and to metals, to parts of the human body and to things in the sea, and + also as to their uses in medicine, etc. On the exterior wall are all the + races of fish found in rivers, lakes, and seas, and their habits and + values, and ways of breeding, training, and living, the purposes for which + they exist in the world, and their uses to man. Further, their + resemblances to celestial and terrestrial things, produced both by nature + and art, are so given that I was astonished when I saw a fish which was + like a bishop, one like a chain, another like a garment, a fourth like a + nail, a fifth like a star, and others like images of those things existing + among us, the relation in each case being completely manifest. There are + sea-urchins to be seen, and the purple shell-fish and mussels; and + whatever the watery world possesses worthy of being known is there fully + shown in marvellous characters of painting and drawing. + </p> + <p> + On the fourth interior wall all the different kinds of birds are painted, + with their natures, sizes, customs, colors, manner of living, etc.; and + the only real phoenix is possessed by the inhabitants of this city. On the + exterior are shown all the races of creeping animals, serpents, dragons, + and worms; the insects, the flies, gnats, beetles, etc., in their + different states, strength, venoms, and uses, and a great deal more than + you or I can think of. + </p> + <p> + On the fifth interior they have all the larger animals of the earth, as + many in number as would astonish you. We indeed know not the thousandth + part of them, for on the exterior wall also a great many of immense size + are also portrayed. To be sure, of horses alone, how great a number of + breeds there is and how beautiful are the forms there cleverly displayed! + </p> + <p> + On the sixth interior are painted all the mechanical arts, with the + several instruments for each and their manner of use among different + nations. Alongside, the dignity of such is placed, and their several + inventors are named. But on the exterior all the inventors in science, in + warfare, and in law are represented. There I saw Moses, Osiris, Jupiter, + Mercury, Lycurgus, Pompilius, Pythagoras, Zamolxis, Solon, Charondas, + Phoroneus, with very many others. They even have Mahomet, whom + nevertheless they hate as a false and sordid legislator. In the most + dignified position I saw a representation of Jesus Christ and of the + twelve Apostles, whom they consider very worthy and hold to be great. Of + the representations of men, I perceived Caesar, Alexander, Pyrrhus, and + Hannibal in the highest place; and other very renowned heroes in peace and + war, especially Roman heroes, were painted in lower positions, under the + galleries. And when I asked with astonishment whence they had obtained our + history, they told me that among them there was a knowledge of all + languages, and that by perseverance they continually send explorers and + ambassadors over the whole earth, who learn thoroughly the customs, + forces, rule and histories of the nations, bad and good alike. These they + apply all to their own republic, and with this they are well pleased. I + learned that cannon and typography were invented by the Chinese before we + knew of them. There are magistrates who announce the meaning of the + pictures, and boys are accustomed to learn all the sciences, without toil + and as if for pleasure; but in the way of history only until they are ten + years old. + </p> + <p> + Love is foremost in attending to the charge of the race. He sees that men + and women are so joined together, that they bring forth the best + offspring. Indeed, they laugh at us who exhibit a studious care for our + breed of horses and dogs, but neglect the breeding of human beings. Thus + the education of the children is under his rule. So also is the medicine + that is sold, the sowing and collecting of fruits of the earth and of + trees, agriculture, pasturage, the preparations for the months, the + cooking arrangements, and whatever has any reference to food, clothing, + and the intercourse of the sexes. Love himself is ruler, but there are + many male and female magistrates dedicated to these arts. + </p> + <p> + Metaphysic, then, with these three rulers, manages all the above-named + matters, and even by himself alone nothing is done; all business is + discharged by the four together, but in whatever Metaphysic inclines to + the rest are sure to agree. + </p> + <p> + G.M. Tell me, please, of the magistrates, their services and duties, of + the education and mode of living, whether the government is a monarchy, a + republic, or an aristocracy. + </p> + <p> + Capt. This race of men came there from India, flying from the sword of the + Magi, a race of plunderers and tyrants who laid waste their country, and + they determined to lead a philosophic life in fellowship with one another. + Although the community of wives is not instituted among the other + inhabitants of their province, among them it is in use after this manner: + All things are common with them, and their dispensation is by the + authority of the magistrates. Arts and honors and pleasures are common, + and are held in such a manner that no one can appropriate anything to + himself. + </p> + <p> + They say that all private property is acquired and improved for the reason + that each one of us by himself has his own home and wife and children. + From this, self-love springs. For when we raise a son to riches and + dignities, and leave an heir to much wealth, we become either ready to + grasp at the property of the State, if in any case fear should be removed + from the power which belongs to riches and rank; or avaricious, crafty, + and hypocritical, if anyone is of slender purse, little strength, and mean + ancestry. But when we have taken away self-love, there remains only love + for the State. + </p> + <p> + G.M. Under such circumstances no one will be willing to labor, while he + expects others to work, on the fruit of whose labors he can live, as + Aristotle argues against Plato. + </p> + <p> + Capt. I do not know how to deal with that argument, but I declare to you + that they burn with so great a love for their fatherland, as I could + scarcely have believed possible; and indeed with much more than the + histories tell us belonged to the Romans, who fell willingly for their + country, inasmuch as they have to a greater extent surrendered their + private property. I think truly that the friars and monks and clergy of + our country, if they were not weakened by love for their kindred and + friends or by the ambition to rise to higher dignities, would be less fond + of property, and more imbued with a spirit of charity toward all, as it + was in the time of the apostles, and is now in a great many cases. + </p> + <p> + G.M. St. Augustine may say that, but I say that among this race of men, + friendship is worth nothing, since they have not the chance of conferring + mutual benefits on one another. + </p> + <p> + Capt. Nay, indeed. For it is worth the trouble to see that no one can + receive gifts from another. Whatever is necessary they have, they receive + it from the community, and the magistrate takes care that no one receives + more than he deserves. Yet nothing necessary is denied to anyone. + Friendship is recognized among them in war, in infirmity, in the art + contests, by which means they aid one another mutually by teaching. + Sometimes they improve themselves mutually with praises, with + conversation, with actions, and out of the things they need. All those of + the same age call one another brothers. They call all over twenty-two + years of age, fathers; those that are less than twenty-two are named sons. + Moreover, the magistrates govern well, so that no one in the fraternity + can do injury to another. + </p> + <p> + G.M. And how? + </p> + <p> + Capt. As many names of virtues as there are among us, so many magistrates + there are among them. There is a magistrate who is named Magnanimity, + another Fortitude, a third Chastity, a fourth Liberality, a fifth Criminal + and Civil Justice, a sixth Comfort, a seventh Truth, an eighth Kindness, a + tenth Gratitude, an eleventh Cheerfulness, a twelfth Exercise, a + thirteenth Sobriety, etc. They are elected to duties of that kind, each + one to that duty for excellence in which he is known from boyhood to be + most suitable. Wherefore among them neither robbery nor clever murders, + nor lewdness, incest, adultery, or other crimes of which we accuse one + another, can be found. They accuse themselves of ingratitude and malignity + when anyone denies a lawful satisfaction to another of indolence, of + sadness, of anger, of scurrility, of slander, and of lying, which curseful + thing they thoroughly hate. Accused persons undergoing punishment are + deprived of the common table, and other honors, until the judge thinks + that they agree with their correction. + </p> + <p> + G.M. Tell me the manner in which the magistrates are chosen. + </p> + <p> + Capt. You would not rightly understand this, unless you first learned + their manner of living. That you may know, then, men and women wear the + same kind of garment, suited for war. The women wear the toga below the + knee, but the men above; and both sexes are instructed in all the arts + together. When this has been done as a start, and before their third year, + the boys learn the language and the alphabet on the walls by walking round + them. They have four leaders, and four elders, the first to direct them, + the second to teach them, and these are men approved beyond all others. + After some time they exercise themselves with gymnastics, running, quoits, + and other games, by means of which all their muscles are strengthened + alike. Their feet are always bare, and so are their heads as far as the + seventh ring. Afterward they lead them to the offices of the trades, such + as shoemaking, cooking, metal-working, carpentry, painting, etc. In order + to find out the bent of the genius of each one, after their seventh year, + when they have already gone through the mathematics on the walls, they + take them to the readings of all the sciences; there are four lectures at + each reading, and in the course of four hours the four in their order + explain everything. + </p> + <p> + For some take physical exercise or busy themselves with public services or + functions, others apply themselves to reading. Leaving these studies all + are devoted to the more abstruse subjects, to mathematics, to medicine, + and to other sciences. There are continual debate and studied argument + among them, and after a time they become magistrates of those sciences or + mechanical arts in which they are the most proficient; for everyone + follows the opinion of his leader and judge, and goes out to the plains to + the works of the field, and for the purpose of becoming acquainted with + the pasturage of the dumb animals. And they consider him the more noble + and renowned who has dedicated himself to the study of the most arts and + knows how to practise them wisely. Wherefore they laugh at us in that we + consider our workmen ignoble, and hold those to be noble who have mastered + no pursuit, but live in ease and are so many slaves given over to their + own pleasure and lasciviousness; and thus, as it were, from a school of + vices so many idle and wicked fellows go forth for the ruin of the State. + </p> + <p> + The rest of the officials, however, are chosen by the four chiefs, Hoh, + Pon, Sin and Mor, and by the teachers of that art over which they are fit + to preside. And these teachers know well who is most suited for rule. + Certain men are proposed by the magistrates in council, they themselves + not seeking to become candidates, and he opposes who knows anything + against those brought forward for election, or, if not, speaks in favor of + them. But no one attains to the dignity of Hoh except him who knows the + histories of the nations, and their customs and sacrifices and laws, and + their form of government, whether a republic or a monarchy. He must also + know the names of the lawgivers and the inventors in science, and the laws + and the history of the earth and the heavenly bodies. They think it also + necessary that he should understand all the mechanical arts, the physical + sciences, astrology and mathematics. Nearly every two days they teach our + mechanical art. They are not allowed to overwork themselves, but frequent + practice and the paintings render learning easy to them. Not too much care + is given to the cultivation of languages, as they have a goodly number of + interpreters who are grammarians in the State. But beyond everything else + it is necessary that Hoh should understand metaphysics and theology; that + he should know thoroughly the derivations, foundations, and demonstrations + of all the arts and sciences; the likeness and difference of things; + necessity, fate, and the harmonies of the universe; power, wisdom, and the + love of things and of God; the stages of life and its symbols; everything + relating to the heavens, the earth, and the sea; and the ideas of God, as + much as mortal man can know of him. He must also be well read in the + prophets and in astrology. And thus they know long beforehand who will be + Hoh. He is not chosen to so great a dignity unless he has attained his + thirty-fifth year. And this office is perpetual, because it is not known + who may be too wise for it or who too skilled in ruling. + </p> + <p> + G.M. Who indeed can be so wise? If even anyone has a knowledge of the + sciences it seems that he must be unskilled in ruling. + </p> + <p> + Capt. This very question I asked them and they replied thus: "We, indeed, + are more certain that such a very learned man has the knowledge of + governing, than you who place ignorant persons in authority, and consider + them suitable merely because they have sprung from rulers or have been + chosen by a powerful faction. But our Hoh, a man really the most capable + to rule, is for all that never cruel nor wicked, nor a tyrant, inasmuch as + he possesses so much wisdom. This, moreover, is not unknown to you, that + the same argument cannot apply among you, when you consider that man the + most learned who knows most of grammar, or logic, or of Aristotle or any + other author. For such knowledge as this of yours much servile labor and + memory work are required, so that a man is rendered unskilful, since he + has contemplated nothing but the words of books and has given his mind + with useless result to the consideration of the dead signs of things. + Hence he knows not in what way God rules the universe, nor the ways and + customs of nature and the nations. Wherefore he is not equal to our Hoh. + For that one cannot know so many arts and sciences thoroughly, who is not + esteemed for skilled ingenuity, very apt at all things, and therefore at + ruling especially. This also is plain to us that he who knows only one + science, does not really know either that or the others, and he who is + suited for only one science and has gathered his knowledge from books, is + unlearned and unskilled. But this is not the case with intellects prompt + and expert in every branch of knowledge and suitable for the consideration + of natural objects, as it is necessary that our Hoh should be. Besides in + our State the sciences are taught with a facility (as you have seen) by + which more scholars are turned out by us in one year than by you in ten, + or even fifteen. Make trial, I pray you, of these boys." + </p> + <p> + In this matter I was struck with astonishment at their truthful discourse + and at the trial of their boys, who did not understand my language well. + Indeed it is necessary that three of them should be skilled in our tongue, + three in Arabic, three in Polish, and three in each of the other + languages, and no recreation is allowed them unless they become more + learned. For that they go out to the plain for the sake of running about + and hurling arrows and lances, and of firing harquebuses, and for the sake + of hunting the wild animals and getting a knowledge of plants and stones, + and agriculture and pasturage; sometimes the band of boys does one thing, + sometimes another. + </p> + <p> + They do not consider it necessary that the three rulers assisting Hoh + should know other than the arts having reference to their rule, and so + they have only a historical knowledge of the arts which are common to all. + But their own they know well, to which certainly one is dedicated more + than another. Thus Power is the most learned in the equestrian art, in + marshalling the army, in the marking out of camps, in the manufacture of + every kind of weapon and of warlike machines, in planning stratagems, and + in every affair of a military nature. And for these reasons, they consider + it necessary that these chiefs should have been philosophers, historians, + politicians, and physicists. Concerning the other two triumvirs, + understand remarks similar to those I have made about Power. + </p> + <p> + G.M. I really wish that you would recount all their public duties, and + would distinguish between them, and also that you would tell clearly how + they are all taught in common. + </p> + <p> + Capt. They have dwellings in common and dormitories, and couches and other + necessaries. But at the end of every six months they are separated by the + masters. Some shall sleep in this ring, some in another; some in the first + apartment, and some in the second; and these apartments are marked by + means of the alphabet on the lintel. There are occupations, mechanical and + theoretical, common to both men and women, with this difference, that the + occupations which require more hard work, and walking a long distance, are + practised by men, such as ploughing, sowing, gathering the fruits, working + at the threshing-floor, and perchance at the vintage. But it is customary + to choose women for milking the cows and for making cheese. In like + manner, they go to the gardens near to the outskirts of the city both for + collecting the plants and for cultivating them. In fact, all sedentary and + stationary pursuits are practised by the women, such as weaving, spinning, + sewing, cutting the hair, shaving, dispensing medicines, and making all + kinds of garments. They are, however, excluded from working in wood and + the manufacture of arms. If a woman is fit to paint, she is not prevented + from doing so; nevertheless, music is given over to the women alone, + because they please the more, and of a truth to boys also. But the women + have not the practise of the drum and the horn. + </p> + <p> + And they prepare their feasts and arrange the tables in the following + manner. It is the peculiar work of the boys and girls under twenty to wait + at the tables. In every ring there are suitable kitchens, barns, and + stores of utensils for eating and drinking, and over every department an + old man and an old woman preside. These two have at once the command of + those who serve, and the power of chastising, or causing to be chastised, + those who are negligent or disobedient; and they also examine and mark + each one, both male and female, who excels in his or her duties. + </p> + <p> + All the young people wait upon the older ones who have passed the age of + forty, and in the evening when they go to sleep the master and mistress + command that those should be sent to work in the morning, upon whom in + succession the duty falls, one or two to separate apartments. The young + people, however, wait upon one another, and that alas! with some + unwillingness. They have first and second tables, and on both sides there + are seats. On one side sit the women, on the other the men; and as in the + refectories of the monks, there is no noise. While they are eating a young + man reads a book from a platform, intoning distinctly and sonorously, and + often the magistrates question them upon the more important parts of the + reading. And truly it is pleasant to observe in what manner these young + people, so beautiful and clothed in garments so suitable, attend to them, + and to see at the same time so many friends, brothers, sons, fathers, and + mothers all in their turn living together with so much honesty, propriety, + and love. So each one is given a napkin, a plate, fish, and a dish of + food. It is the duty of the medical officers to tell the cooks what + repasts shall be prepared on each day, and what food for the old, what for + the young, and what for the sick. The magistrates receive the full-grown + and fatter portion, and they from their share always distribute something + to the boys at the table who have shown themselves more studious in the + morning at the lectures and debates concerning wisdom and arms. And this + is held to be one of the most distinguished honors. For six days they + ordain to sing with music at table. Only a few, however, sing; or there is + one voice accompanying the lute and one for each other instrument. And + when all alike in service join their hands, nothing is found to be + wanting. The old men placed at the head of the cooking business and of the + refectories of the servants praise the cleanliness of the streets, the + houses, the vessels, the garments, the workshops, and the warehouses. + </p> + <p> + They wear white under-garments to which adheres a covering, which is at + once coat and legging, without wrinkles. The borders of the fastenings are + furnished with globular buttons, extended round and caught up here and + there by chains. The coverings of the legs descend to the shoes and are + continued even to the heels. Then they cover the feet with large socks, + or, as it were, half-buskins fastened by buckles, over which they wear a + half-boot, and besides, as I have already said, they are clothed with a + toga. And so aptly fitting are the garments, that when the toga is + destroyed, the different parts of the whole body are straightway + discerned, no part being concealed. They change their clothes for + different ones four times in the year, that is when the sun enters + respectively the constellations Aries, Cancer, Libra, and Capricorn, and + according to the circumstances and necessity as decided by the officer of + health. The keepers of clothes for the different rings are wont to + distribute them, and it is marvellous that they have at the same time as + many garments as there is need for, some heavy and some slight, according + to the weather. They all use white clothing, and this is washed in each + month with lye or soap, as are also the workshops of the lower trades, the + kitchens, the pantries the barns, the store-houses, the armories, the + refectories, and the baths. + </p> + <p> + Moreover, the clothes are washed at the pillars of the peristyles, and the + water is brought down by means of canals which are continued as sewers. In + every street of the different rings there are suitable fountains, which + send forth their water by means of canals, the water being drawn up from + nearly the bottom of the mountain by the sole movement of a cleverly + contrived handle. There is water in fountains and in cisterns, whither the + rain-water collected from the roofs of the houses is brought through pipes + full of sand. They wash their bodies often, according as the doctor and + master command. All the mechanical arts are practised under the + peristyles, but the speculative are carried on above in the walking + galleries and ramparts where are the more splendid paintings, but the more + sacred ones are taught in the temple. In the halls and wings of the rings + there are solar time-pieces and bells, and hands by which the hours and + seasons are marked off. + </p> + <p> + G.M. Tell me about their children. + </p> + <p> + Capt. When their women have brought forth children, they suckle and rear + them in temples set apart for all. They give milk for two years or more as + the physician orders. After that time the weaned child is given into the + charge of the mistresses, if it is a female, and to the masters, if it is + a male. And then with other young children they are pleasantly instructed + in the alphabet, and in the knowledge of the pictures, and in running, + walking, and wrestling; also in the historical drawings, and in languages; + and they are adorned with a suitable garment of different colors. After + their sixth year they are taught natural science, and then the mechanical + sciences. The men who are weak in intellect are sent to farms, and when + they have become more proficient some of them are received into the State. + And those of the same age and born under the same constellation are + especially like one another in strength and in appearance, and hence + arises much lasting concord in the State, these men honoring one another + with mutual love and help. Names are given to them by Metaphysicus, and + that not by chance, but designedly, and according to each one's + peculiarity, as was the custom among the ancient Romans. Wherefore one is + called Beautiful (Pulcher), another the Big-nosed (Naso), another the + Fat-legged (Cranipes), another Crooked (Torvus), another Lean (Macer), and + so on. But when they have become very skilled in their professions and + done any great deed in war or in time of peace, a cognomen from art is + given to them, such as Beautiful the Great Painter (Pulcher, Pictor + Magnus), the Golden One (Aureus), the Excellent One (Excellens), or the + Strong (Strenuus); or from their deeds, such as Naso the Brave (Nason + Fortis), or the Cunning, or the Great, or Very Great Conqueror; or from + the enemy anyone has overcome, Africanus, Asiaticus, Etruscus; or if + anyone has overcome Manfred or Tortelius, he is called Macer Manfred or + Tortelius, and so on. All these cognomens are added by the higher + magistrates, and very often with a crown suitable to the deed or art, and + with the flourish of music. For gold and silver are reckoned of little + value among them except as material for their vessels and ornaments, which + are common to all. + </p> + <p> + G.M. Tell me, I pray you, is there no jealousy among them or + disappointment to that one who has not been elected to a magistracy, or to + any other dignity to which he aspires? + </p> + <p> + Capt. Certainly not. For no one wants either necessaries or luxuries. + Moreover, the race is managed for the good of the commonwealth, and not of + private individuals, and the magistrates must be obeyed. They deny what we + hold—viz., that it is natural to man to recognize his offspring and + to educate them, and to use his wife and house and children as his own. + For they say that children are bred for the preservation of the species + and not for individual pleasure, as St. Thomas also asserts. Therefore the + breeding of children has reference to the commonwealth, and not to + individuals, except in so far as they are constituents of the + commonwealth. And since individuals for the most part bring forth children + wrongly and educate them wrongly, they consider that they remove + destruction from the State, and therefore for this reason, with most + sacred fear, they commit the education of the children, who, as it were, + are the element of the republic, to the care of magistrates; for the + safety of the community is not that of a few. And thus they distribute + male and female breeders of the best natures according to philosophical + rules. Plato thinks that this distribution ought to be made by lot, lest + some men seeing that they are kept away from the beautiful women, should + rise up with anger and hatred against the magistrates; and he thinks + further that those who do not deserve cohabitation with the more beautiful + women, should be deceived while the lots are being led out of the city by + the magistrates, so that at all times the women who are suitable should + fall to their lot, not those whom they desire. This shrewdness, however, + is not necessary among the inhabitants of the City of the Sun. For with + them deformity is unknown. When the women are exercised they get a clear + complexion, and become strong of limb, tall and agile, and with them + beauty consists in tallness and strength. Therefore, if any woman dyes her + face, so that it may become beautiful, or uses high-heeled boots so that + she may appear tall, or garments with trains to cover her wooden shoes, + she is condemned to capital punishment. But if the women should even + desire them they have no facility for doing these things. For who indeed + would give them this facility? Further, they assert that among us abuses + of this kind arise from the leisure and sloth of women. By these means + they lose their color and have pale complexions, and become feeble and + small. For this reason they are without proper complexions, use high + sandals, and become beautiful not from strength, but from slothful + tenderness. And thus they ruin their own tempers and natures, and + consequently those of their offspring. Furthermore, if at any time a man + is taken captive with ardent love for a certain woman, the two are allowed + to converse and joke together and to give one another garlands of flowers + or leaves, and to make verses. But if the race is endangered, by no means + is further union between them permitted. Moreover, the love born of eager + desire is not known among them; only that born of friendship. + </p> + <p> + Domestic affairs and partnerships are of little account, because, + excepting the sign of honor, each one receives what he is in need of. To + the heroes and heroines of the republic, it is customary to give the + pleasing gifts of honor, beautiful wreaths, sweet food, or splendid + clothes, while they are feasting. In the daytime all use white garments + within the city, but at night or outside the city they use red garments + either of wool or silk. They hate black as they do dung, and therefore + they dislike the Japanese, who are fond of black. Pride they consider the + most execrable vice, and one who acts proudly is chastised with the most + ruthless correction. Wherefore no one thinks it lowering to wait at table + or to work in the kitchen or fields. All work they call discipline, and + thus they say that it is honorable to go on foot, to do any act of nature, + to see with the eye, and to speak with the tongue; and when there is need, + they distinguish philosophically between tears and spittle. + </p> + <p> + Every man who, when he is told off to work, does his duty, is considered + very honorable. It is not the custom to keep slaves. For they are enough, + and more than enough, for themselves. But with us, alas! it is not so. In + Naples there exist 70,000 souls, and out of these scarcely 10,000 or + 15,000 do any work, and they are always lean from overwork and are getting + weaker every day. The rest become a prey to idleness, avarice, ill-health, + lasciviousness, usury, and other vices, and contaminate and corrupt very + many families by holding them in servitude for their own use, by keeping + them in poverty and slavishness, and by imparting to them their own vices. + Therefore public slavery ruins them; useful works, in the field, in + military service, and in arts, except those which are debasing, are not + cultivated, the few who do practise them doing so with much aversion. + </p> + <p> + But in the City of the Sun, while duty and work are distributed among all, + it only falls to each one to work for about four hours every day. The + remaining hours are spent in learning joyously, in debating, in reading, + in reciting, in writing, in walking, in exercising the mind and body, and + with play. They allow no game which is played while sitting, neither the + single die nor dice, nor chess, nor others like these. But they play with + the ball, with the sack, with the hoop, with wrestling, with hurling at + the stake. They say, moreover, that grinding poverty renders men + worthless, cunning, sulky, thievish, insidious, vagabonds, liars, false + witnesses, etc.; and that wealth makes them insolent, proud, ignorant, + traitors, assumers of what they know not, deceivers, boasters, wanting in + affection, slanderers, etc. But with them all the rich and poor together + make up the community. They are rich because they want nothing, poor + because they possess nothing; and consequently they are not slaves to + circumstances, but circumstances serve them. And on this point they + strongly recommend the religion of the Christians, and especially the life + of the apostles. + </p> + <p> + G.M. This seems excellent and sacred, but the community of women is a + thing too difficult to attain. The holy Roman Clement says that wives + ought to be common in accordance with the apostolic institution, and + praises Plato and Socrates, who thus teach, but the Glossary interprets + this community with regard to obedience. And Tertullian agrees with the + Glossary, that the first Christians had everything in common except wives. + </p> + <p> + Capt. These things I know little of. But this I saw among the inhabitants + of the City of the Sun, that they did not make this exception. And they + defend themselves by the opinion of Socrates, of Cato, of Plato, and of + St. Clement; but, as you say, they misunderstand the opinions of these + thinkers. And the inhabitants of the solar city ascribe this to their want + of education, since they are by no means learned in philosophy. + Nevertheless, they send abroad to discover the customs of nations, and the + best of these they always adopt. Practice makes the women suitable for war + and other duties. Thus they agree with Plato, in whom I have read these + same things. The reasoning of our Cajetan does not convince me, and least + of all that of Aristotle. This thing, however, existing among them is + excellent and worthy of imitation—viz., that no physical defect + renders a man incapable of being serviceable except the decrepitude of old + age, since even the deformed are useful for consultation. The lame serve + as guards, watching with the eyes which they possess. The blind card wool + with their hands, separating the down from the hairs, with which latter + they stuff the couches and sofas; those who are without the use of eyes + and hands give the use of their ears or their voice for the convenience of + the State, and if one has only one sense he uses it in the farms. And + these cripples are well treated, and some become spies, telling the + officers of the State what they have heard. + </p> + <p> + G.M. Tell me now, I pray you, of their military affairs. Then you may + explain their arts, ways of life and sciences, and lastly their religion. + </p> + <p> + Capt. The triumvir, Power, has under him all the magistrates of arms, of + artillery, of cavalry, of foot-soldiers, of architects, and of + strategists; and the masters and many of the most excellent workmen obey + the magistrates, the men of each art paying allegiance to their respective + chiefs. Moreover, Power is at the head of all the professors of + gymnastics, who teach military exercise, and who are prudent generals, + advanced in age. By these the boys are trained after their twelfth year. + Before this age, however, they have been accustomed to wrestling, running, + throwing the weight, and other minor exercises, under inferior masters. + But at twelve they are taught how to strike at the enemy, at horses and + elephants, to handle the spear, the sword, the arrow, and the sling; to + manage the horse, to advance and to retreat, to remain in order of battle, + to help a comrade in arms, to anticipate the enemy by cunning, and to + conquer. + </p> + <p> + The women also are taught these arts under their own magistrates and + mistresses, so that they may be able if need be to render assistance to + the males in battles near the city. They are taught to watch the + fortifications lest at some time a hasty attack should suddenly be made. + In this respect they praise the Spartans and Amazons. The women know well + also how to let fly fiery balls, and how to make them from lead; how to + throw stones from pinnacles and to go in the way of an attack. They are + accustomed also to give up wine unmixed altogether, and that one is + punished most severely who shows any fear. + </p> + <p> + The inhabitants of the City of the Sun do not fear death, because they all + believe that the soul is immortal, and that when it has left the body it + is associated with other spirits, wicked or good, according to the merits + of this present life. Although they are partly followers of Brahma and + Pythagoras, they do not believe in the transmigration of souls, except in + some cases by a distinct decree of God. They do not abstain from injuring + an enemy of the republic and of religion, who is unworthy of pity. During + the second month the army is reviewed, and every day there is practice of + arms, either in the cavalry plain or within the walls. Nor are they ever + without lectures on the science of war. They take care that the accounts + of Moses, of Joshua, of David, of Judas Maccabaeus, of Caesar, of + Alexander, of Scipio, of Hannibal, and other great soldiers should be + read. And then each one gives his own opinion as to whether these generals + acted well or ill, usefully or honorably, and then the teacher answers and + says who are right. + </p> + <p> + G.M. With whom do they wage war, and for what reasons, since they are so + prosperous? + </p> + <p> + Capt. Wars might never occur, nevertheless they are exercised in military + tactics and in hunting, lest perchance they should become effeminate and + unprepared for any emergency. Besides, there are four kingdoms in the + island, which are very envious of their prosperity, for this reason that + the people desire to live after the manner of the inhabitants of the City + of the Sun, and to be under their rule rather than that of their own + kings. Wherefore the State often makes war upon these because, being + neighbors, they are usurpers and live impiously, since they have not an + object of worship and do not observe the religion of other nations or of + the Brahmins. And other nations of India, to which formerly they were + subject, rise up as it were in rebellion, as also do the Taprobanese, whom + they wanted to join them at first. The warriors of the City of the Sun, + however, are always the victors. As soon as they suffered from insult or + disgrace or plunder, or when their allies have been harassed, or a people + have been oppressed by a tyrant of the State (for they are always the + advocates of liberty), they go immediately to the Council for + deliberation. After they have knelt in the presence of God, that he might + inspire their consultation, they proceed to examine the merits of the + business, and thus war is decided on. Immediately after, a priest, whom + they call Forensic, is sent away. He demands from the enemy the + restitution of the plunder, asks that the allies should be freed from + oppression, or that the tyrant should be deposed. If they deny these + things war is declared by invoking the vengeance of God—the God of + Sabaoth—for destruction of those who maintain an unjust cause. But + if the enemy refuse to reply, the priest gives him the space of one hour + for his answer, if he is a king, but three if it is a republic, so that + they cannot escape giving a response. And in this manner is war undertaken + against the insolent enemies of natural rights and of religion. When war + has been declared, the deputy of Power performs everything, but Power, + like the Roman dictator, plans and wills everything, so that hurtful + tardiness may be avoided. And when anything of great moment arises he + consults Hoh and Wisdom and Love. + </p> + <p> + Before this, however, the occasion of war and the justice of making an + expedition are declared by a herald in the great Council. All from twenty + years and upward are admitted to this Council, and thus the necessaries + are agreed upon. All kinds of weapons stand in the armories, and these + they use often in sham fights. The exterior walls of each ring are full of + guns prepared by their labors, and they have other engines for hurling + which are called cannons, and which they take into battle upon mules and + asses and carriages. When they have arrived in an open plain they enclose + in the middle the provisions, engines of war, chariots, ladders, and + machines, and all fight courageously. Then each one returns to the + standards, and the enemy thinking that they are giving and preparing to + flee, are deceived and relax their order: then the warriors of the City of + the Sun, wheeling into wings and columns on each side, regain their breath + and strength, and ordering the artillery to discharge their bullets they + resume the fight against a disorganized host. And they observe many ruses + of this kind. They overcome all mortals with their stratagems and engines. + Their camp is fortified after the manner of the Romans. They pitch their + tents and fortify with wall and ditch with wonderful quickness. The + masters of works, of engines and hurling machines, stand ready, and the + soldiers understand the use of the spade and the axe. + </p> + <p> + Five, eight, or ten leaders learned in the order of battle and in strategy + consult together concerning the business of war, and command their bands + after consultation. It is their wont to take out with them a body of boys, + armed and on horses, so that they may learn to fight, just as the whelps + of lions and wolves are accustomed to blood. And these in time of danger + betake themselves to a place of safety, along with many armed women. After + the battle the women and boys soothe and relieve the pain of the warriors, + and wait upon them and encourage them with embraces and pleasant words. + How wonderful a help is this! For the soldiers, in order that they may + acquit themselves as sturdy men in the eyes of their wives and offspring, + endure hardships, and so love makes them conquerors. He who in the fight + first scales the enemy's walls receives after the battle of a crown of + grass, as a token of honor, and at the presentation the women and boys + applaud loudly; that one who affords aid to an ally gets a civic crown of + oak-leaves; he who kills a tyrant dedicates his arms in the temple and + receives from Hoh the cognomen of his deed, and other warriors obtain + other kinds of crowns. + </p> + <p> + Every horse-soldier carries a spear and two strongly tempered pistols, + narrow at the mouth, hanging from his saddle. And to get the barrels of + their pistols narrow they pierce the metal which they intend to convert + into arms. Further, every cavalry soldier has a sword and a dagger. But + the rest, who form the light-armed troops, carry a metal cudgel. For if + the foe cannot pierce their metal for pistols and cannot make swords, they + attack him with clubs, shatter and overthrow him. Two chains of six spans + length hang from the club, and at the end of these are iron balls, and + when these are aimed at the enemy they surround his neck and drag him to + the ground; and in order that they may be able to use the club more + easily, they do not hold the reins with their hands, but use them by means + of the feet. If perchance the reins are interchanged above the trappings + of the saddle, the ends are fastened to the stirrups with buckles, and not + to the feet. And the stirrups have an arrangement for swift movement of + the bridle, so that they draw in or let out the rein with marvellous + celerity. With the right foot they turn the horse to the left, and with + the left to the right. This secret, moreover, is not known to the Tartars. + For, although they govern the reins with their feet, they are ignorant + nevertheless of turning them and drawing them in and letting them out by + means of the block of the stirrups. The light-armed cavalry with them are + the first to engage in battle, then the men forming the phalanx with their + spears, then the archers for whose services a great price is paid, and who + are accustomed to fight in lines crossing one another as the threads of + cloth, some rushing forward in their turn and others receding. They have a + band of lancers strengthening the line of battle, but they make trial of + the swords only at the end. + </p> + <p> + After the battle they celebrate the military triumphs after the manner of + the Romans, and even in a more magnificent way. Prayers by the way of + thank-offerings are made to God, and then the general presents himself in + the temple, and the deeds, good and bad, are related by the poet or + historian, who according to custom was with the expedition. And the + greatest chief, Hoh, crowns the general with laurel and distributes little + gifts and honors to all the valorous soldiers, who are for some days free + from public duties. But this exemption from work is by no means pleasing + to them, since they know not what it is to be at leisure, and so they help + their companions. On the other hand, they who have been conquered through + their own fault, or have lost the victory, are blamed; and they who were + the first to take to flight are in no way worthy to escape death, unless + when the whole army asks their lives, and each one takes upon himself a + part of their punishment. But this indulgence is rarely granted, except + when there are good reasons favoring it. But he who did not bear help to + an ally or friend is beaten with rods. That one who did not obey orders is + given to the beasts, in an enclosure, to be devoured, and a staff is put + in his hand, and if he should conquer the lions and the bears that are + there, which is almost impossible, he is received into favor again. The + conquered States or those willingly delivered up to them, forthwith have + all things in common, and receive a garrison and magistrates from the City + of the Sun, and by degrees they are accustomed to the ways of the city, + the mistress of all, to which they even send their sons to be taught + without contributing anything for expense. + </p> + <p> + It would be too great trouble to tell you about the spies and their + master, and about the guards and laws and ceremonies, both within and + without the State, which you can of yourself imagine. Since from childhood + they are chosen according to their inclination and the star under which + they were born, therefore each one working according to his natural + propensity does his duty well and pleasantly, because naturally. The same + things I may say concerning strategy and the other functions. + </p> + <p> + There are guards in the city by day and by night, and they are placed at + the four gates, and outside the walls of the seventh ring, above the + breastworks and towers and inside mounds. These places are guarded in the + day by women, in the night by men. And lest the guard should become weary + of watching, and in case of a surprise, they change them every three + hours, as is the custom with our soldiers. At sunset, when the drum and + symphonia sound, the armed guards are distributed. Cavalry and infantry + make use of hunting as the symbol of war and practise games and hold + festivities in the plains. Then the music strikes up, and freely they + pardon the offences and faults of the enemy, and after the victories they + are kind to them, if it has been decreed that they should destroy the + walls of the enemy's city and take their lives. All these things are done + on the same day as the victory, and afterward they never cease to load the + conquered with favors, for they say that there ought to be no fighting, + except when the conquerors give up the conquered, not when they kill them. + If there is a dispute among them concerning injury or any other matter + (for they themselves scarcely ever contend except in matters of honor), + the chief and his magistrates chastise the accused one secretly, if he has + done harm in deeds after he has been first angry. If they wait until the + time of the battle for the verbal decision, they must give vent to their + anger against the enemy, and he who in battle shows the most daring deeds + is considered to have defended the better and truer cause in the struggle, + and the other yields, and they are punished justly. Nevertheless, they are + not allowed to come to single combat, since right is maintained by the + tribunal, and because the unjust cause is often apparent when the more + just succumbs, and he who professes to be the better man shows this in + public fight. + </p> + <p> + G.M. This is worth while, so that factions should not be cherished for the + harm of the fatherland, and so that civil wars might not occur, for by + means of these a tyrant often arises, as the examples of Rome and Athens + show. Now, I pray you, tell me of their works and matter connected + therewith. + </p> + <p> + Capt. I believe that you have already heard about their military affairs + and about their agricultural and pastoral life, and in what way these are + common to them, and how they honor with the first grade of nobility + whoever is considered to have knowledge of these. They who are skilful in + more arts than these they consider still nobler, and they set that one + apart for teaching the art in which he is most skilful. The occupations + which require the most labor, such as working in metals and building, are + the most praiseworthy among them. No one declines to go to these + occupations, for the reason that from the beginning their propensities are + well known, and among them, on account of the distribution of labor, no + one does work harmful to him, but only that which is necessary for him. + The occupations entailing less labor belong to the women. All of them are + expected to know how to swim, and for this reason ponds are dug outside + the walls of the city and within them near to the fountains. + </p> + <p> + Commerce is of little use to them, but they know the value of money, and + they count for the use of their ambassadors and explorers, so that with it + they may have the means of living. They receive merchants into their + States from the different countries of the world, and these buy the + superfluous goods of the city. The people of the City of the Sun refuse to + take money, but in importing they accept in exchange those things of which + they are in need, and sometimes they buy with money; and the young people + in the City of the Sun are much amused when they see that for a small + price they receive so many things in exchange. The old men, however, do + not laugh. They are unwilling that the State should be corrupted by the + vicious customs of slaves and foreigners. Therefore they do business at + the gates, and sell those whom they have taken in war or keep them for + digging ditches and other hard work without the city, and for this reason + they always send four bands of soldiers to take care of the fields, and + with them there are the laborers. They go out of the four gates from which + roads with walls on both sides of them lead to the sea, so that goods + might easily be carried over them and foreigners might not meet with + difficulty on their way. + </p> + <p> + To strangers they are kind and polite; they keep them for three days at + the public expense; after they have first washed their feet, they show + them their city and its customs, and they honor them with a seat at the + Council and public table, and there are men whose duty it is to take care + of and guard the guests. But if strangers should wish to become citizens + of their State, they try them first for a month on a farm, and for another + month in the city, then they decide concerning them, and admit them with + certain ceremonies and oaths. + </p> + <p> + Agriculture is much followed among them; there is not a span of earth + without cultivation, and they observe the winds and propitious stars. With + the exception of a few left in the city all go out armed, and with flags + and drums and trumpets sounding, to the fields, for the purposes of + ploughing, sowing, digging, hoeing, reaping, gathering fruit and grapes; + and they set in order everything, and do their work in a very few hours + and with much care. They use wagons fitted with sails which are borne + along by the wind even when it is contrary, by the marvellous contrivance + of wheels within wheels. + </p> + <p> + And when there is no wind a beast draws along a huge cart, which is a + grand sight. + </p> + <p> + The guardians of the land move about in the meantime, armed and always in + their proper turn. They do not use dung and filth for manuring the fields, + thinking that the fruit contracts something of their rottenness, and when + eaten gives a short and poor subsistence, as women who are beautiful with + rouge and from want of exercise bring forth feeble offspring. Wherefore + they do not as it were paint the earth, but dig it up well and use secret + remedies, so that fruit is borne quickly and multiplies, and is not + destroyed. They have a book for this work, which they call the Georgics. + As much of the land as is necessary is cultivated, and the rest is used + for the pasturage of cattle. + </p> + <p> + The excellent occupation of breeding and rearing horses, oxen, sheep, + dogs, and all kinds of domestic and tame animals is in the highest esteem + among them as it was in the time of Abraham. And the animals are led so to + pair that they may be able to breed well. + </p> + <p> + Fine pictures of oxen, horses, sheep, and other animals are placed before + them. They do not turn out horses with mares to feed, but at the proper + time they bring them together in an enclosure of the stables in their + fields. And this is done when they observe that the constellation Archer + is in favorable conjunction with Mars and Jupiter. For the oxen they + observe the Bull, for the sheep the Ram, and so on in accordance with art. + Under the Pleiades they keep a drove of hens and ducks and geese, which + are driven out by the women to feed near the city. The women only do this + when it is a pleasure to them. There are also places enclosed, where they + make cheese, butter, and milk-food. They also keep capons, fruit, and + other things, and for all these matters there is a book which they call + the Bucolics. They have an abundance of all things, since everyone likes + to be industrious, their labors being slight and profitable. They are + docile, and that one among them who is head of the rest in duties of this + kind they call king. For they say that this is the proper name of the + leaders, and it does not belong to ignorant persons. It is wonderful to + see how men and women march together collectively, and always in obedience + to the voice of the king. Nor do they regard him with loathing as we do, + for they know that although he is greater than themselves, he is for all + that their father and brother. They keep groves and woods for wild + animals, and they often hunt. + </p> + <p> + The science of navigation is considered very dignified by them, and they + possess rafts and triremes, which go over the waters without rowers or the + force of the wind, but by a marvellous contrivance. And other vessels they + have which are moved by the winds. They have a correct knowledge of the + stars, and of the ebb and flow of the tide. They navigate for the sake of + becoming acquainted with nations and different countries and things. They + injure nobody, and they do not put up with injury, and they never go to + battle unless when provoked. They assert that the whole earth will in time + come to live in accordance with their customs, and consequently they + always find out whether there be a nation whose manner of living is better + and more approved than the rest. They admire the Christian institutions + and look for a realization of the apostolic life in vogue among themselves + and in us. There are treaties between them and the Chinese and many other + nations, both insular and continental, such as Siam and Calicut, which + they are only just able to explore. Furthermore, they have artificial + fires, battles on sea and land, and many strategic secrets. Therefore they + are nearly always victorious. + </p> + <p> + G.M. Now it would be very pleasant to learn with what foods and drinks + they are nourished, and in what way and for how long they live. + </p> + <p> + Capt. Their food consists of flesh, butter, honey, cheese, garden herbs, + and vegetables of various kinds. They were unwilling at first to slay + animals, because it seemed cruel; but thinking afterward that is was also + cruel to destroy herbs which have a share of sensitive feeling, they saw + that they would perish from hunger unless they did an unjustifiable action + for the sake of justifiable ones, and so now they all eat meat. + Nevertheless, they do not kill willingly useful animals, such as oxen and + horses. They observe the difference between useful and harmful foods, and + for this they employ the science of medicine. They always change their + food. First they eat flesh, then fish, then afterward they go back to + flesh, and nature is never incommoded or weakened. The old people use the + more digestible kind of food, and take three meals a day, eating only a + little. But the general community eat twice, and the boys four times, that + they may satisfy nature. The length of their lives is generally 100 years, + but often they reach 200. + </p> + <p> + As regards drinking, they are extremely moderate. Wine is never given to + young people until they are ten years old, unless the state of their + health demands it. After their tenth year they take it diluted with water, + and so do the women, but the old men of fifty and upward use little or no + water. They eat the most healthy things, according to the time of the + year. + </p> + <p> + They think nothing harmful which is brought forth by God, except when + there has been abuse by taking too much. And therefore in the summer they + feed on fruits, because they are moist and juicy and cool, and counteract + the heat and dryness. In the winter they feed on dry articles, and in the + autumn they eat grapes, since they are given by God to remove melancholy + and sadness; and they also make use of scents to a great degree. In the + morning, when they have all risen they comb their hair and wash their + faces and hands with cold water. Then they chew thyme or rock-parsley or + fennel, or rub their hands with these plants. The old men make incense, + and with their faces to the east repeat the short prayer which Jesus + Christ taught us. After this they go to wait upon the old men, some go to + the dance, and others to the duties of the State. Later on they meet at + the early lectures, then in the temple, then for bodily exercise. Then for + a little while they sit down to rest, and at length they go to dinner. + </p> + <p> + Among them there is never gout in the hands or feet, nor catarrh, nor + sciatica, nor grievous colics, nor flatulency, nor hard breathing. For + these diseases are caused by indigestion and flatulency, and by frugality + and exercise they remove every humor and spasm. Therefore it is unseemly + in the extreme to be seen vomiting or spitting, since they say that this + is a sign either of little exercise, or of ignoble sloth, or of + drunkenness, or gluttony. They suffer rather from swellings or from the + dry spasm, which they relieve with plenty of good and juicy food. They + heal fevers with pleasant baths and with milk-food, and with a pleasant + habitation in the country and by gradual exercise. Unclean diseases cannot + be prevalent with them because they often clean their bodies by bathing in + wine, and soothe them with aromatic oil, and by the sweat of exercise they + diffuse the poisonous vapor which corrupts the blood and the marrow. They + do suffer a little from consumption, because they cannot perspire at the + breast, but they never have asthma, for the humid nature of which a heavy + man is required. They cure hot fevers with cold potations of water, but + slight ones with sweet smells, with cheese-bread or sleep, with music or + dancing. Tertiary fevers are cured by bleeding, by rhubarb or by a similar + drawing remedy, or by water soaked in the roots of plants, with purgative + and sharp-tasting qualities. But it is rarely that they take purgative + medicines. Fevers occurring every fourth day are cured easily by suddenly + startling the unprepared patients, and by means of herbs producing effects + opposite to the humors of this fever. All these secrets they told me in + opposition to their own wishes. They take more diligent pains to cure the + lasting fevers, which they fear more, and they strive to counteract these + by the observation of stars and of plants, and by prayers to God. Fevers + recurring every fifth, sixth, eighth or more days, you never find whenever + heavy humors are wanting. + </p> + <p> + They use baths, and moreover they have warm ones according to the Roman + custom, and they make use also of olive oil. They have found out, too, a + great many secret cures for the preservation of cleanliness and health. + And in other ways they labor to cure the epilepsy, with which they are + often troubled. + </p> + <p> + G.M. A sign this disease is of wonderful cleverness, for from it Hercules, + Scotus, Socrates, Callimachus, and Mahomet have suffered. + </p> + <p> + Capt. They cure by means of prayers to heaven, by strengthening the head, + by acids, by planned gymnastics, and with fat cheese-bread sprinkled with + the flour of wheaten corn. They are very skilled in making dishes, and in + them they put spice, honey, butter, and many highly strengthening spices, + and they temper their richness with acids, so that they never vomit. They + do not drink ice-cold drinks nor artificial hot drinks, as the Chinese do; + for they are not without aid against the humors of the body, on account of + the help they get from the natural heat of the water; but they strengthen + it with crushed garlic, with vinegar, with wild thyme, with mint, and with + basil, in the summer or in time of special heaviness. They know also a + secret for renovating life after about the seventieth year, and for + ridding it of affliction, and this they do by a pleasing and indeed + wonderful art. + </p> + <p> + G.M. Thus far you have said nothing concerning their sciences and + magistrates. + </p> + <p> + Capt. Undoubtedly I have But since you are so curious I will add more. + Both when it is new moon and full moon they call a council after a + sacrifice. To this all from twenty years upward are admitted, and each one + is asked separately to say what is wanting in the State, and which of the + magistrates have discharged their duties rightly and which wrongly. Then + after eight days all the magistrates assemble, to wit, Hoh first, and with + him Power, Wisdom, and Love. Each one of the three last has three + magistrates under him, making in all thirteen, and they consider the + affairs of the arts pertaining to each one of them: Power, of war; Wisdom, + of the sciences; Love, of food, clothing, education, and breeding. The + masters of all the bands, who are captains of tens, of fifties, of + hundreds, also assemble, the women first and then the men. They argue + about those things which are for the welfare of the State, and they choose + the magistrates from among those who have already been named in the great + Council. In this manner they assemble daily, Hoh and his three princes, + and they correct, confirm, and execute the matters passing to them, as + decisions in the elections; other necessary questions they provide of + themselves. They do not use lots unless when they are altogether doubtful + how to decide. The eight magistrates under Hoh, Power, Wisdom, and Love + are changed according to the wish of the people, but the first four are + never changed, unless they, taking counsel with themselves, give up the + dignity of one to another, whom among them they know to be wiser, more + renowned, and more nearly perfect. And then they are obedient and + honorable, since they yield willingly to the wiser man and are taught by + him. This, however, rarely happens. The principals of the sciences, except + Metaphysic, who is Hoh himself, and is, as it were, the architect of all + science, having rule over all, are attached to Wisdom. Hoh is ashamed to + be ignorant of any possible thing. Under Wisdom therefore are Grammar, + Logic, Physics, Medicine, Astrology, Astronomy, Geometry, Cosmography, + Music, Perspective, Arithmetic, Poetry, Rhetoric, Painting, Sculpture. + Under the triumvir Love are Breeding, Agriculture, Education, Medicine, + Clothing, Pasturage, Coining. + </p> + <p> + G.M. What about their judges? + </p> + <p> + Capt. This is the point I was just thinking of explaining. Everyone is + judged by the first master of his trade, and thus all the head artificers + are judges. They punish with exile, with flogging, with blame, with + deprivation of the common table, with exclusion from the church and from + the company of women. When there is a case in which great injury has been + done, it is punished with death, and they repay an eye with an eye, a nose + for a nose, a tooth for a tooth, and so on, according to the law of + retaliation. If the offence is wilful the Council decides. When there is + strife and it takes place undesignedly, the sentence is mitigated; + nevertheless, not by the judge but by the triumvirate, from whom even it + may be referred to Hoh, not on account of justice but of mercy, for Hoh is + able to pardon. They have no prisons, except one tower for shutting up + rebellious enemies, and there is no written statement of a case, which we + commonly call a lawsuit. But the accusation and witnesses are produced in + the presence of the judge and Power; the accused person makes his defence, + and he is immediately acquitted or condemned by the judge; and if he + appeals to the triumvirate, on the following day he is acquitted or + condemned. On the third day he is dismissed through the mercy and clemency + of Hoh, or receives the inviolable rigor of his sentence. An accused + person is reconciled to his accuser and to his witnesses, as it were, with + the medicine of his complaint, that is, with embracing and kissing. + </p> + <p> + No one is killed or stoned unless by the hands of the people, the accuser + and the witnesses beginning first. For they have no executioners and + lictors, lest the State should sink into ruin. The choice of death is + given to the rest of the people, who enclose the lifeless remains in + little bags and burn them by the application of fire, while exhorters are + present for the purpose of advising concerning a good death. Nevertheless, + the whole nation laments and beseeches God that his anger may be appeased, + being in grief that it should, as it were, have to cut off a rotten member + of the State. Certain officers talk to and convince the accused man by + means of arguments until he himself acquiesces in the sentence of death + passed upon him, or else he does not die. But if a crime has been + committed against the liberty of the republic, or against God, or against + the supreme magistrates, there is immediate censure without pity. These + only are punished with death. He who is about to die is compelled to state + in the presence of the people and with religious scrupulousness the + reasons for which he does not deserve death, and also the sins of the + others who ought to die instead of him, and further the mistakes of the + magistrates. If, moreover, it should seem right to the person thus + asserting, he must say why the accused ones are deserving of less + punishment than he. And if by his arguments he gains the victory he is + sent into exile, and appeases the State by means of prayers and sacrifices + and good life ensuing. They do not torture those named by the accused + person, but they warn them. Sins of frailty and ignorance are punished + only with blaming, and with compulsory continuation as learners under the + law and discipline of those sciences or arts against which they have + sinned. And all these things they have mutually among themselves, since + they seem to be in very truth members of the same body, and one of + another. + </p> + <p> + This further I would have you know, that if a transgressor, without + waiting to be accused, goes of his own accord before a magistrate, + accusing himself and seeking to make amends, that one is liberated from + the punishment of a secret crime, and since he has not been accused of + such a crime, his punishment is changed into another. They take special + care that no one should invent slander, and if this should happen they + meet the offence with the punishment of retaliation. Since they always + walk about and work in crowds, five witnesses are required for the + conviction of a transgressor. If the case is otherwise, after having + threatened him, he is released after he has sworn an oath as the warrant + of good conduct. Or if he is accused a second or third time, his increased + punishment rests on the testimony of three or two witnesses. They have but + few laws, and these short and plain, and written upon a flat table and + hanging to the doors of the temple, that is between the columns. And on + single columns can be seen the essences of things described in the very + terse style of Metaphysic—viz., the essences of God, of the angels, + of the world, of the stars, of man, of fate, of virtue, all done with + great wisdom. The definitions of all the virtues are also delineated here, + and here is the tribunal, where the judges of all the virtues have their + seat. The definition of a certain virtue is written under that column + where the judges for the aforesaid virtue sit, and when a judge gives + judgment he sits and speaks thus: O son, thou hast sinned against this + sacred definition of beneficence, or of magnanimity, or of another virtue, + as the case may be. And after discussion the judge legally condemns him to + the punishment for the crime of which he is accused—viz., for + injury, for despondency, for pride, for ingratitude, for sloth, etc. But + the sentences are certain and true correctives, savoring more of clemency + than of actual punishment. + </p> + <p> + G.M. Now you ought to tell me about their priests, their sacrifices, their + religion, and their belief. + </p> + <p> + Capt. The chief priest is Hoh, and it is the duty of all the superior + magistrates to pardon sins. Therefore the whole State by secret + confession, which we also use, tell their sins to the magistrates, who at + once purge their souls and teach those that are inimical to the people. + Then the sacred magistrates themselves confess their own sinfulness to the + three supreme chiefs, and together they confess the faults of one another, + though no special one is named, and they confess especially the heavier + faults and those harmful to the State. At length the triumvirs confess + their sinfulness to Hoh himself, who forthwith recognizes the kinds of + sins that are harmful to the State, and succors with timely remedies. Then + he offers sacrifices and prayers to God. And before this he confesses the + sins of the whole people, in the presence of God, and publicly in the + temple, above the altar, as often as it had been necessary that the fault + should be corrected. Nevertheless, no transgressor is spoken of by his + name. In this manner he absolves the people by advising them that they + should beware of sins of the aforesaid kind. Afterward he offers sacrifice + to God, that he should pardon the State and absolve it of its sins, and to + teach and defend it. Once in every year the chief priests of each separate + subordinate State confess their sins in the presence of Hoh. Thus he is + not ignorant of the wrongdoings of the provinces, and forthwith he removes + them with all human and heavenly remedies. + </p> + <p> + Sacrifice is conducted after the following manner: Hoh asks the people + which one among them wishes to give himself as a sacrifice to God for the + sake of his fellows. He is then placed upon the fourth table, with + ceremonies and the offering up of prayers: the table is hung up in a + wonderful manner by means of four ropes passing through four cords + attached to firm pulley-blocks in the small dome of the temple. This done + they cry to the God of mercy, that he may accept the offering, not of a + beast as among the heathen, but of a human being. Then Hoh orders the + ropes to be drawn and the sacrifice is pulled up above to the centre of + the small dome, and there it dedicates itself with the most fervent + supplications. Food is given to it through a window by the priests, who + live around the dome, but it is allowed a very little to eat, until it has + atoned for the sins of the State. There with prayer and fasting he cries + to the God of heaven that he might accept its willing offering. And after + twenty or thirty days, the anger of God being appeased, the sacrifice + becomes a priest, or sometimes, though rarely, returns below by means of + the outer way for the priests. Ever after, this man is treated with great + benevolence and much honor, for the reason that he offered himself unto + death for the sake of his country. But God does not require death. + </p> + <p> + The priests above twenty-four years of age offer praises from their places + in the top of the temple. This they do in the middle of the night, at + noon, in the morning and in the evening, to wit, four times a day they + sing their chants in the presence of God. It is also their work to observe + the stars and to note with the astrolabe their motions and influences upon + human things, and to find out their powers. Thus they know in what part of + the earth any change has been or will be, and at what time it has taken + place, and they send to find whether the matter be as they have it. They + make a note of predictions, true and false, so that they may be able from + experience to predict most correctly. The priests, moreover, determine the + hours for breeding and the days for sowing, reaping, and gathering the + vintage, and are, as it were, the ambassadors and intercessors and + connection between God and man. And it is from among them mostly that Hoh + is elected. They write very learned treatises and search into the + sciences. Below they never descend, unless for their dinner and supper, so + that the essence of their heads do not descend to the stomachs and liver. + Only very seldom, and that as a cure for the ills of solitude, do they + have converse with women. On certain days Hoh goes up to them and + deliberates with them concerning the matters which he has lately + investigated for the benefit of the State and all the nations of the + world. + </p> + <p> + In the temple beneath, one priest always stands near the altar praying for + the people, and at the end of every hour another succeeds him, just as we + are accustomed in solemn prayer to change every fourth hour. And this + method of supplication they call perpetual prayer. After a meal they + return thanks to God. Then they sing the deeds of the Christian, Jewish, + and Gentile heroes, and of those of all other nations, and this is very + delightful to them. Forsooth, no one is envious of another. They sing a + hymn to Love, one to Wisdom, and one each to all the other virtues, and + this they do under the direction of the ruler of each virtue. Each one + takes the woman he loves most, and they dance for exercise with propriety + and stateliness under the peristyles. The women wear their long hair all + twisted together and collected into one knot on the crown of the head, but + in rolling it they leave one curl. The men, however, have one curl only + and the rest of their hair around the head is shaven off. Further, they + wear a slight covering, and above this a round hat a little larger than + the size of their head. In the fields they use caps, but at home each one + wears a biretta, white, red, or another color according to his trade or + occupation. Moreover, the magistrates use grander and more + imposing-looking coverings for the head. + </p> + <p> + They hold great festivities when the sun enters the four cardinal points + of the heavens, that is, when he enters Cancer, Libra, Capricorn, and + Aries. On these occasions they have very learned, splendid, and, as it + were, comic performances. They celebrate also every full and every new + moon with a festival, as also they do the anniversaries of the founding of + the city, and of the days when they have won victories or done any other + great achievement. The celebrations take place with the music of female + voices, with the noise of trumpets and drums, and the firing of + salutations. The poets sing the praises of the most renowned leaders and + the victories. Nevertheless, if any of them should deceive even by + disparaging a foreign hero, he is punished. No one can exercise the + function of a poet who invents that which is not true, and a license like + this they think to be a pest of our world, for the reason that it puts a + premium upon virtue and often assigns it to unworthy persons, either from + fear of flattery, or ambition, or avarice. + </p> + <p> + For the praise of no one is a statue erected until after his death; but + while he is alive, who has found out new arts and very useful secrets, or + who has rendered great service to the State either at home or on the + battle-field, his name is written in the book of heroes. They do not bury + dead bodies, but burn them, so that a plague may not arise from them, and + so that they may be converted into fire, a very noble and powerful thing, + which has its coming from the sun and returns to it. And for the above + reasons no chance is given for idolatry. The statues and pictures of the + heroes, however, are there, and the splendid women set apart to become + mothers often look at them. Prayers are made from the State to the four + horizontal corners of the world—in the morning to the rising sun, + then to the setting sun, then to the south, and lastly to the north; and + in the contrary order in the evening, first to the setting sun, to the + rising sun, to the north, and at length to the south. They repeat but one + prayer, which asks for health of body and of mind, and happiness for + themselves and all people, and they conclude it with the petition "As it + seems best to God." The public prayer for all is long, and it is poured + forth to heaven. For this reason the altar is round and is divided + crosswise by ways at right angles to one another. By these ways Hoh enters + after he has repeated the four prayers, and he prays looking up to heaven. + And then a great mystery is seen by them. The priestly vestments are of a + beauty and meaning like to those of Aaron. They resemble nature and they + surpass Art. + </p> + <p> + They divide the seasons according to the revolution of the sun, and not of + the stars, and they observe yearly by how much time the one precedes the + other. They hold that the sun approaches nearer and nearer, and therefore + by ever-lessening circles reaches the tropics and the equator every year a + little sooner. They measure months by the course of the moon, years by + that of the sun. They praise Ptolemy, admire Copernicus, but place + Aristarchus and Philolaus before him. They take great pains in endeavoring + to understand the construction of the world, and whether or not it will + perish, and at what time. They believe that the true oracle of Jesus + Christ is by the signs in the sun, in the moon, and in the stars, which + signs do not thus appear to many of us foolish ones. Therefore they wait + for the renewing of the age, and perchance for its end. + </p> + <p> + They say that it is very doubtful whether the world was made from nothing, + or from the ruins of other worlds, or from chaos, but they certainly think + that it was made, and did not exist from eternity. Therefore they + disbelieve in Aristotle, whom they consider a logican and not a + philosopher. From analogies, they can draw many arguments against the + eternity of the world. The sun and the stars they, so to speak, regard as + the living representatives and signs of God, as the temples and holy + living altars, and they honor but do not worship them. Beyond all other + things they venerate the sun, but they consider no created thing worthy + the adoration of worship. This they give to God alone, and thus they serve + Him, that they may not come into the power of a tyrant and fall into + misery by undergoing punishment by creatures of revenge. They contemplate + and know God under the image of the Sun, and they call it the sign of God, + His face and living image, by means of which light, heat, life, and the + making of all things good and bad proceed. Therefore they have built an + altar like to the sun in shape, and the priests praise God in the sun and + in the stars, as it were His altars, and in the heavens, His temple as it + were; and they pray to good angels, who are, so to speak, the intercessors + living in the stars, their strong abodes. For God long since set signs of + their beauty in heaven, and of His glory in the sun. They say there is but + one heaven, and that the planets move and rise of themselves when they + approach the sun or are in conjunction with it. + </p> + <p> + They assert two principles of the physics of things below, namely, that + the sun is the father, and the earth the mother; the air is an impure part + of the heavens; all fire is derived from the sun. The sea is the sweat of + earth, or the fluid of earth combusted, and fused within its bowels, but + is the bond of union between air and earth, as the blood is of the spirit + and flesh of animals. The world is a great animal, and we live within it + as worms live within us. Therefore we do not belong to the system of + stars, sun, and earth, but to God only; for in respect to them which seek + only to amplify themselves, we are born and live by chance; but in respect + to God, whose instruments we are, we are formed by prescience and design, + and for a high end. Therefore we are bound to no father but God, and + receive all things from Him. They hold as beyond question the immortality + of souls, and that these associate with good angels after death, or with + bad angels, according as they have likened themselves in this life to + either. For all things seek their like. They differ little from us as to + places of reward and punishment. They are in doubt whether there are other + worlds beyond ours, and account it madness to say there is nothing. + Nonentity is incompatible with the infinite entity of God. They lay down + two principles of metaphysics, entity which is the highest God, and + nothingness which is the defect of entity. Evil and sin come of the + propensity to nothingness; the sin having its cause not efficient, but in + deficiency. Deficiency is, they say, of power, wisdom, or will. Sin they + place in the last of these three, because he who knows and has the power + to do good is bound also to have the will, for will arises out of them. + They worship God in trinity, saying God is the Supreme Power, whence + proceeds the highest Wisdom, which is the same with God, and from these + comes Love, which is both power and wisdom; but they do not distinguish + persons by name, as in our Christian law, which has not been revealed to + them. This religion, when its abuses have been removed, will be the future + mistress of the world, as great theologians teach and hope. Therefore + Spain found the New World (though its first discoverer, Columbus, greatest + of heroes, was a Genoese), that all nations should be gathered under one + law. We know not what we do, but God knows, whose instruments we are. They + sought new regions for lust of gold and riches, but God works to a higher + end. The sun strives to burn up the earth, not to produce plants and men, + but God guides the battle to great issues. His the praise, to Him the + glory! + </p> + <p> + G.M. Oh, if you knew what our astrologers say of the coming age, and of + our age, that has in it more history within 100 years than all the world + had in 4,000 years before! of the wonderful inventions of printing and + guns, and the use of the magnet, and how it all comes of Mercury, Mars, + the Moon, and the Scorpion! + </p> + <p> + Capt. Ah, well! God gives all in His good time. They astrologize too much. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (1) A pace was 1-9/25 yard, 1,000 paces making a mile +</pre> + <p> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's The City of the Sun, by Tommaso Campanella + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CITY OF THE SUN *** + +***** This file should be named 2816-h.htm or 2816-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/8/1/2816/ + +Produced by An Anonymous Volunteer, and David Widger + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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