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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The City of the Sun, by Tommaso Campanella
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The City of the Sun
+
+Author: Tommaso Campanella
+
+Posting Date: January 4, 2009 [EBook #2816]
+Release Date: September, 2001
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CITY OF THE SUN ***
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE CITY OF THE SUN
+
+By Tommaso Campanella
+
+
+
+
+A Poetical Dialogue between a Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitallers
+and a Genoese Sea-Captain, his guest.
+
+
+G.M. Prithee, now, tell me what happened to you during that voyage?
+
+
+Capt. I have already told you how I wandered over the whole earth. In
+the course of my journeying I came to Taprobane, and was compelled to go
+ashore at a place, where through fear of the inhabitants I remained in
+a wood. When I stepped out of this I found myself on a large plain
+immediately under the equator.
+
+
+G.M. And what befell you here?
+
+
+Capt. I came upon a large crowd of men and armed women, many of whom did
+not understand our language, and they conducted me forthwith to the City
+of the Sun.
+
+
+G.M. Tell me after what plan this city is built and how it is governed.
+
+
+Capt. The greater part of the city is built upon a high hill, which
+rises from an extensive plain, but several of its circles extend for
+some distance beyond the base of the hill, which is of such a size
+that the diameter of the city is upward of two miles, so that its
+circumference becomes about seven. On account of the humped shape of the
+mountain, however, the diameter of the city is really more than if it
+were built on a plain.
+
+It is divided into seven rings or huge circles named from the seven
+planets, and the way from one to the other of these is by four streets
+and through four gates, that look toward the four points of the compass.
+Furthermore, it is so built that if the first circle were stormed, it
+would of necessity entail a double amount of energy to storm the second;
+still more to storm the third; and in each succeeding case the strength
+and energy would have to be doubled; so that he who wishes to capture
+that city must, as it were, storm it seven times. For my own part,
+however, I think that not even the first wall could be occupied, so
+thick are the earthworks and so well fortified is it with breastworks,
+towers, guns, and ditches.
+
+When I had been taken through the northern gate (which is shut with an
+iron door so wrought that it can be raised and let down, and locked in
+easily and strongly, its projections running into the grooves of
+the thick posts by a marvellous device), I saw a level space seventy
+paces (1) wide between the first and second walls. From hence can be seen
+large palaces, all joined to the wall of the second circuit in such
+a manner as to appear all one palace. Arches run on a level with the
+middle height of the palaces, and are continued round the whole ring.
+There are galleries for promenading upon these arches, which are
+supported from beneath by thick and well-shaped columns, enclosing
+arcades like peristyles, or cloisters of an abbey.
+
+But the palaces have no entrances from below, except on the inner or
+concave partition, from which one enters directly to the lower parts
+of the building. The higher parts, however, are reached by flights of
+marble steps, which lead to galleries for promenading on the inside
+similar to those on the outside. From these one enters the higher rooms,
+which are very beautiful, and have windows on the concave and convex
+partitions. These rooms are divided from one another by richly decorated
+walls. The convex or outer wall of the ring is about eight spans thick;
+the concave, three; the intermediate walls are one, or perhaps one and a
+half. Leaving this circle one gets to the second plain, which is nearly
+three paces narrower than the first. Then the first wall of the second
+ring is seen adorned above and below with similar galleries for walking,
+and there is on the inside of it another interior wall enclosing
+palaces. It has also similar peristyles supported by columns in the
+lower part, but above are excellent pictures, round the ways into the
+upper houses. And so on afterward through similar spaces and double
+walls, enclosing palaces, and adorned with galleries for walking,
+extending along their outer side, and supported by columns, till the
+last circuit is reached, the way being still over a level plain.
+
+But when the two gates, that is to say, those of the outmost and the
+inmost walls, have been passed, one mounts by means of steps so formed
+that an ascent is scarcely discernible, since it proceeds in a slanting
+direction, and the steps succeed one another at almost imperceptible
+heights. On the top of the hill is a rather spacious plain, and in the
+midst of this there rises a temple built with wondrous art.
+
+
+G.M. Tell on, I pray you! Tell on! I am dying to hear more.
+
+
+Capt. The temple is built in the form of a circle; it is not girt with
+walls, but stands upon thick columns, beautifully grouped. A very large
+dome, built with great care in the centre or pole, contains another
+small vault as it were rising out of it, and in this is a spiracle,
+which is right over the altar. There is but one altar in the middle of
+the temple, and this is hedged round by columns. The temple itself is on
+a space of more than 350 paces. Without it, arches measuring about eight
+paces extend from the heads of the columns outward, whence other columns
+rise about three paces from the thick, strong, and erect wall. Between
+these and the former columns there are galleries for walking, with
+beautiful pavements, and in the recess of the wall, which is adorned
+with numerous large doors, there are immovable seats, placed as it were
+between the inside columns, supporting the temple. Portable chairs are
+not wanting, many and well adorned. Nothing is seen over the altar but
+a large globe, upon which the heavenly bodies are painted, and another
+globe upon which there is a representation of the earth. Furthermore, in
+the vault of the dome there can be discerned representations of all the
+stars of heaven from the first to the sixth magnitude, with their proper
+names and power to influence terrestrial things marked in three little
+verses for each. There are the poles and greater and lesser circles
+according to the right latitude of the place, but these are not perfect
+because there is no wall below. They seem, too, to be made in their
+relation to the globes on the altar. The pavement of the temple is
+bright with precious stones. Its seven golden lamps hang always burning,
+and these bear the names of the seven planets.
+
+At the top of the building several small and beautiful cells surround
+the small dome, and behind the level space above the bands or arches of
+the exterior and interior columns there are many cells, both small and
+large, where the priests and religious officers dwell to the number of
+forty-nine.
+
+A revolving flag projects from the smaller dome, and this shows in what
+quarter the wind is. The flag is marked with figures up to thirty-six,
+and the priests know what sort of year the different kinds of winds
+bring and what will be the changes of weather on land and sea.
+Furthermore, under the flag a book is always kept written with letters
+of gold.
+
+
+G.M. I pray you, worthy hero, explain to me their whole system of
+government; for I am anxious to hear it.
+
+
+Capt. The great ruler among them is a priest whom they call by the
+name Hoh, though we should call him Metaphysic. He is head over all,
+in temporal and spiritual matters, and all business and lawsuits
+are settled by him, as the supreme authority. Three princes of equal
+power--viz., Pon, Sin, and Mor--assist him, and these in our tongue we
+should call Power, Wisdom, and Love. To Power belongs the care of all
+matters relating to war and peace. He attends to the military arts, and,
+next to Hoh, he is ruler in every affair of a warlike nature. He governs
+the military magistrates and the soldiers, and has the management of the
+munitions, the fortifications, the storming of places, the implements of
+war, the armories, the smiths and workmen connected with matters of this
+sort.
+
+But Wisdom is the ruler of the liberal arts, of mechanics, of all
+sciences with their magistrates and doctors, and of the discipline of
+the schools. As many doctors as there are, are under his control. There
+is one doctor who is called Astrologus; a second, Cosmographus; a third,
+Arithmeticus; a fourth, Geometra; a fifth, Historiographus; a sixth,
+Poeta; a seventh, Logicus; an eighth, Rhetor; a ninth, Grammaticus;
+a tenth, Medicus; an eleventh, Physiologus; a twelfth, Politicus; a
+thirteenth, Moralis. They have but one book, which they call Wisdom,
+and in it all the sciences are written with conciseness and marvellous
+fluency of expression. This they read to the people after the custom of
+the Pythagoreans. It is Wisdom who causes the exterior and interior,
+the higher and lower walls of the city to be adorned with the finest
+pictures, and to have all the sciences painted upon them in an admirable
+manner. On the walls of the temple and on the dome, which is let down
+when the priest gives an address, lest the sounds of his voice, being
+scattered, should fly away from his audience, there are pictures of
+stars in their different magnitudes, with the powers and motions of
+each, expressed separately in three little verses.
+
+On the interior wall of the first circuit all the mathematical figures
+are conspicuously painted--figures more in number than Archimedes or
+Euclid discovered, marked symmetrically, and with the explanation of
+them neatly written and contained each in a little verse. There are
+definitions and propositions, etc. On the exterior convex wall is first
+an immense drawing of the whole earth, given at one view. Following upon
+this, there are tablets setting forth for every separate country the
+customs both public and private, the laws, the origins and the power of
+the inhabitants; and the alphabets the different people use can be seen
+above that of the City of the Sun.
+
+On the inside of the second circuit, that is to say of the second ring
+of buildings, paintings of all kinds of precious and common stones, of
+minerals and metals, are seen; and a little piece of the metal itself
+is also there with an apposite explanation in two small verses for each
+metal or stone. On the outside are marked all the seas, rivers, lakes,
+and streams which are on the face of the earth; as are also the wines
+and the oils and the different liquids, with the sources from which the
+last are extracted, their qualities and strength. There are also vessels
+built into the wall above the arches, and these are full of liquids from
+one to 300 years old, which cure all diseases. Hail and snow, storms and
+thunder, and whatever else takes place in the air, are represented with
+suitable figures and little verses. The inhabitants even have the art
+of representing in stone all the phenomena of the air, such as the wind,
+rain, thunder, the rainbow, etc.
+
+On the interior of the third circuit all the different families of trees
+and herbs are depicted, and there is a live specimen of each plant in
+earthenware vessels placed upon the outer partition of the arches. With
+the specimens there are explanations as to where they were first found,
+what are their powers and natures, and resemblances to celestial things
+and to metals, to parts of the human body and to things in the sea, and
+also as to their uses in medicine, etc. On the exterior wall are all
+the races of fish found in rivers, lakes, and seas, and their habits
+and values, and ways of breeding, training, and living, the purposes
+for which they exist in the world, and their uses to man. Further,
+their resemblances to celestial and terrestrial things, produced both
+by nature and art, are so given that I was astonished when I saw a fish
+which was like a bishop, one like a chain, another like a garment, a
+fourth like a nail, a fifth like a star, and others like images of those
+things existing among us, the relation in each case being completely
+manifest. There are sea-urchins to be seen, and the purple shell-fish
+and mussels; and whatever the watery world possesses worthy of being
+known is there fully shown in marvellous characters of painting and
+drawing.
+
+On the fourth interior wall all the different kinds of birds are
+painted, with their natures, sizes, customs, colors, manner of living,
+etc.; and the only real phoenix is possessed by the inhabitants of
+this city. On the exterior are shown all the races of creeping animals,
+serpents, dragons, and worms; the insects, the flies, gnats, beetles,
+etc., in their different states, strength, venoms, and uses, and a great
+deal more than you or I can think of.
+
+On the fifth interior they have all the larger animals of the earth, as
+many in number as would astonish you. We indeed know not the thousandth
+part of them, for on the exterior wall also a great many of immense size
+are also portrayed. To be sure, of horses alone, how great a number
+of breeds there is and how beautiful are the forms there cleverly
+displayed!
+
+On the sixth interior are painted all the mechanical arts, with the
+several instruments for each and their manner of use among different
+nations. Alongside, the dignity of such is placed, and their several
+inventors are named. But on the exterior all the inventors in science,
+in warfare, and in law are represented. There I saw Moses, Osiris,
+Jupiter, Mercury, Lycurgus, Pompilius, Pythagoras, Zamolxis, Solon,
+Charondas, Phoroneus, with very many others. They even have Mahomet,
+whom nevertheless they hate as a false and sordid legislator. In the
+most dignified position I saw a representation of Jesus Christ and
+of the twelve Apostles, whom they consider very worthy and hold to be
+great. Of the representations of men, I perceived Caesar, Alexander,
+Pyrrhus, and Hannibal in the highest place; and other very renowned
+heroes in peace and war, especially Roman heroes, were painted in lower
+positions, under the galleries. And when I asked with astonishment
+whence they had obtained our history, they told me that among them
+there was a knowledge of all languages, and that by perseverance they
+continually send explorers and ambassadors over the whole earth, who
+learn thoroughly the customs, forces, rule and histories of the nations,
+bad and good alike. These they apply all to their own republic, and with
+this they are well pleased. I learned that cannon and typography were
+invented by the Chinese before we knew of them. There are magistrates
+who announce the meaning of the pictures, and boys are accustomed to
+learn all the sciences, without toil and as if for pleasure; but in the
+way of history only until they are ten years old.
+
+Love is foremost in attending to the charge of the race. He sees that
+men and women are so joined together, that they bring forth the best
+offspring. Indeed, they laugh at us who exhibit a studious care for our
+breed of horses and dogs, but neglect the breeding of human beings. Thus
+the education of the children is under his rule. So also is the medicine
+that is sold, the sowing and collecting of fruits of the earth and of
+trees, agriculture, pasturage, the preparations for the months, the
+cooking arrangements, and whatever has any reference to food, clothing,
+and the intercourse of the sexes. Love himself is ruler, but there are
+many male and female magistrates dedicated to these arts.
+
+Metaphysic, then, with these three rulers, manages all the above-named
+matters, and even by himself alone nothing is done; all business is
+discharged by the four together, but in whatever Metaphysic inclines to
+the rest are sure to agree.
+
+
+G.M. Tell me, please, of the magistrates, their services and duties, of
+the education and mode of living, whether the government is a monarchy,
+a republic, or an aristocracy.
+
+
+Capt. This race of men came there from India, flying from the sword of
+the Magi, a race of plunderers and tyrants who laid waste their country,
+and they determined to lead a philosophic life in fellowship with one
+another. Although the community of wives is not instituted among the
+other inhabitants of their province, among them it is in use after this
+manner: All things are common with them, and their dispensation is by
+the authority of the magistrates. Arts and honors and pleasures are
+common, and are held in such a manner that no one can appropriate
+anything to himself.
+
+They say that all private property is acquired and improved for the
+reason that each one of us by himself has his own home and wife and
+children. From this, self-love springs. For when we raise a son to
+riches and dignities, and leave an heir to much wealth, we become either
+ready to grasp at the property of the State, if in any case fear
+should be removed from the power which belongs to riches and rank; or
+avaricious, crafty, and hypocritical, if anyone is of slender purse,
+little strength, and mean ancestry. But when we have taken away
+self-love, there remains only love for the State.
+
+
+G.M. Under such circumstances no one will be willing to labor, while
+he expects others to work, on the fruit of whose labors he can live, as
+Aristotle argues against Plato.
+
+
+Capt. I do not know how to deal with that argument, but I declare to
+you that they burn with so great a love for their fatherland, as I could
+scarcely have believed possible; and indeed with much more than the
+histories tell us belonged to the Romans, who fell willingly for their
+country, inasmuch as they have to a greater extent surrendered their
+private property. I think truly that the friars and monks and clergy
+of our country, if they were not weakened by love for their kindred and
+friends or by the ambition to rise to higher dignities, would be less
+fond of property, and more imbued with a spirit of charity toward all,
+as it was in the time of the apostles, and is now in a great many cases.
+
+
+G.M. St. Augustine may say that, but I say that among this race of
+men, friendship is worth nothing, since they have not the chance of
+conferring mutual benefits on one another.
+
+
+Capt. Nay, indeed. For it is worth the trouble to see that no one
+can receive gifts from another. Whatever is necessary they have, they
+receive it from the community, and the magistrate takes care that no
+one receives more than he deserves. Yet nothing necessary is denied to
+anyone. Friendship is recognized among them in war, in infirmity, in the
+art contests, by which means they aid one another mutually by
+teaching. Sometimes they improve themselves mutually with praises, with
+conversation, with actions, and out of the things they need. All those
+of the same age call one another brothers. They call all over twenty-two
+years of age, fathers; those that are less than twenty-two are named
+sons. Moreover, the magistrates govern well, so that no one in the
+fraternity can do injury to another.
+
+
+G.M. And how?
+
+
+Capt. As many names of virtues as there are among us, so many
+magistrates there are among them. There is a magistrate who is named
+Magnanimity, another Fortitude, a third Chastity, a fourth Liberality,
+a fifth Criminal and Civil Justice, a sixth Comfort, a seventh Truth, an
+eighth Kindness, a tenth Gratitude, an eleventh Cheerfulness, a twelfth
+Exercise, a thirteenth Sobriety, etc. They are elected to duties of that
+kind, each one to that duty for excellence in which he is known from
+boyhood to be most suitable. Wherefore among them neither robbery nor
+clever murders, nor lewdness, incest, adultery, or other crimes of
+which we accuse one another, can be found. They accuse themselves of
+ingratitude and malignity when anyone denies a lawful satisfaction to
+another of indolence, of sadness, of anger, of scurrility, of slander,
+and of lying, which curseful thing they thoroughly hate. Accused persons
+undergoing punishment are deprived of the common table, and other
+honors, until the judge thinks that they agree with their correction.
+
+
+G.M. Tell me the manner in which the magistrates are chosen.
+
+
+Capt. You would not rightly understand this, unless you first learned
+their manner of living. That you may know, then, men and women wear the
+same kind of garment, suited for war. The women wear the toga below the
+knee, but the men above; and both sexes are instructed in all the arts
+together. When this has been done as a start, and before their third
+year, the boys learn the language and the alphabet on the walls by
+walking round them. They have four leaders, and four elders, the first
+to direct them, the second to teach them, and these are men approved
+beyond all others. After some time they exercise themselves with
+gymnastics, running, quoits, and other games, by means of which all
+their muscles are strengthened alike. Their feet are always bare, and so
+are their heads as far as the seventh ring. Afterward they lead them to
+the offices of the trades, such as shoemaking, cooking, metal-working,
+carpentry, painting, etc. In order to find out the bent of the genius of
+each one, after their seventh year, when they have already gone through
+the mathematics on the walls, they take them to the readings of all the
+sciences; there are four lectures at each reading, and in the course of
+four hours the four in their order explain everything.
+
+For some take physical exercise or busy themselves with public services
+or functions, others apply themselves to reading. Leaving these studies
+all are devoted to the more abstruse subjects, to mathematics, to
+medicine, and to other sciences. There are continual debate and studied
+argument among them, and after a time they become magistrates of those
+sciences or mechanical arts in which they are the most proficient; for
+everyone follows the opinion of his leader and judge, and goes out to
+the plains to the works of the field, and for the purpose of becoming
+acquainted with the pasturage of the dumb animals. And they consider him
+the more noble and renowned who has dedicated himself to the study of
+the most arts and knows how to practise them wisely. Wherefore they
+laugh at us in that we consider our workmen ignoble, and hold those to
+be noble who have mastered no pursuit, but live in ease and are so many
+slaves given over to their own pleasure and lasciviousness; and thus, as
+it were, from a school of vices so many idle and wicked fellows go forth
+for the ruin of the State.
+
+The rest of the officials, however, are chosen by the four chiefs, Hoh,
+Pon, Sin and Mor, and by the teachers of that art over which they are
+fit to preside. And these teachers know well who is most suited for
+rule. Certain men are proposed by the magistrates in council, they
+themselves not seeking to become candidates, and he opposes who knows
+anything against those brought forward for election, or, if not, speaks
+in favor of them. But no one attains to the dignity of Hoh except him
+who knows the histories of the nations, and their customs and sacrifices
+and laws, and their form of government, whether a republic or a
+monarchy. He must also know the names of the lawgivers and the inventors
+in science, and the laws and the history of the earth and the heavenly
+bodies. They think it also necessary that he should understand all
+the mechanical arts, the physical sciences, astrology and mathematics.
+Nearly every two days they teach our mechanical art. They are not
+allowed to overwork themselves, but frequent practice and the paintings
+render learning easy to them. Not too much care is given to the
+cultivation of languages, as they have a goodly number of interpreters
+who are grammarians in the State. But beyond everything else it is
+necessary that Hoh should understand metaphysics and theology; that he
+should know thoroughly the derivations, foundations, and demonstrations
+of all the arts and sciences; the likeness and difference of things;
+necessity, fate, and the harmonies of the universe; power, wisdom,
+and the love of things and of God; the stages of life and its symbols;
+everything relating to the heavens, the earth, and the sea; and the
+ideas of God, as much as mortal man can know of him. He must also be
+well read in the prophets and in astrology. And thus they know long
+beforehand who will be Hoh. He is not chosen to so great a dignity
+unless he has attained his thirty-fifth year. And this office is
+perpetual, because it is not known who may be too wise for it or who too
+skilled in ruling.
+
+
+G.M. Who indeed can be so wise? If even anyone has a knowledge of the
+sciences it seems that he must be unskilled in ruling.
+
+
+Capt. This very question I asked them and they replied thus: "We,
+indeed, are more certain that such a very learned man has the knowledge
+of governing, than you who place ignorant persons in authority, and
+consider them suitable merely because they have sprung from rulers or
+have been chosen by a powerful faction. But our Hoh, a man really the
+most capable to rule, is for all that never cruel nor wicked, nor a
+tyrant, inasmuch as he possesses so much wisdom. This, moreover, is not
+unknown to you, that the same argument cannot apply among you, when you
+consider that man the most learned who knows most of grammar, or logic,
+or of Aristotle or any other author. For such knowledge as this of
+yours much servile labor and memory work are required, so that a man is
+rendered unskilful, since he has contemplated nothing but the words of
+books and has given his mind with useless result to the consideration of
+the dead signs of things. Hence he knows not in what way God rules the
+universe, nor the ways and customs of nature and the nations. Wherefore
+he is not equal to our Hoh. For that one cannot know so many arts and
+sciences thoroughly, who is not esteemed for skilled ingenuity, very apt
+at all things, and therefore at ruling especially. This also is plain to
+us that he who knows only one science, does not really know either
+that or the others, and he who is suited for only one science and has
+gathered his knowledge from books, is unlearned and unskilled. But this
+is not the case with intellects prompt and expert in every branch of
+knowledge and suitable for the consideration of natural objects, as it
+is necessary that our Hoh should be. Besides in our State the sciences
+are taught with a facility (as you have seen) by which more scholars are
+turned out by us in one year than by you in ten, or even fifteen. Make
+trial, I pray you, of these boys."
+
+In this matter I was struck with astonishment at their truthful
+discourse and at the trial of their boys, who did not understand my
+language well. Indeed it is necessary that three of them should be
+skilled in our tongue, three in Arabic, three in Polish, and three in
+each of the other languages, and no recreation is allowed them unless
+they become more learned. For that they go out to the plain for the
+sake of running about and hurling arrows and lances, and of firing
+harquebuses, and for the sake of hunting the wild animals and getting a
+knowledge of plants and stones, and agriculture and pasturage; sometimes
+the band of boys does one thing, sometimes another.
+
+They do not consider it necessary that the three rulers assisting Hoh
+should know other than the arts having reference to their rule, and so
+they have only a historical knowledge of the arts which are common to
+all. But their own they know well, to which certainly one is dedicated
+more than another. Thus Power is the most learned in the equestrian art,
+in marshalling the army, in the marking out of camps, in the manufacture
+of every kind of weapon and of warlike machines, in planning stratagems,
+and in every affair of a military nature. And for these reasons, they
+consider it necessary that these chiefs should have been philosophers,
+historians, politicians, and physicists. Concerning the other two
+triumvirs, understand remarks similar to those I have made about Power.
+
+
+G.M. I really wish that you would recount all their public duties, and
+would distinguish between them, and also that you would tell clearly how
+they are all taught in common.
+
+
+Capt. They have dwellings in common and dormitories, and couches and
+other necessaries. But at the end of every six months they are separated
+by the masters. Some shall sleep in this ring, some in another; some in
+the first apartment, and some in the second; and these apartments are
+marked by means of the alphabet on the lintel. There are occupations,
+mechanical and theoretical, common to both men and women, with this
+difference, that the occupations which require more hard work, and
+walking a long distance, are practised by men, such as ploughing,
+sowing, gathering the fruits, working at the threshing-floor, and
+perchance at the vintage. But it is customary to choose women for
+milking the cows and for making cheese. In like manner, they go to the
+gardens near to the outskirts of the city both for collecting the plants
+and for cultivating them. In fact, all sedentary and stationary pursuits
+are practised by the women, such as weaving, spinning, sewing, cutting
+the hair, shaving, dispensing medicines, and making all kinds of
+garments. They are, however, excluded from working in wood and the
+manufacture of arms. If a woman is fit to paint, she is not prevented
+from doing so; nevertheless, music is given over to the women alone,
+because they please the more, and of a truth to boys also. But the women
+have not the practise of the drum and the horn.
+
+And they prepare their feasts and arrange the tables in the following
+manner. It is the peculiar work of the boys and girls under twenty to
+wait at the tables. In every ring there are suitable kitchens,
+barns, and stores of utensils for eating and drinking, and over every
+department an old man and an old woman preside. These two have at once
+the command of those who serve, and the power of chastising, or causing
+to be chastised, those who are negligent or disobedient; and they also
+examine and mark each one, both male and female, who excels in his or
+her duties.
+
+All the young people wait upon the older ones who have passed the age of
+forty, and in the evening when they go to sleep the master and mistress
+command that those should be sent to work in the morning, upon whom in
+succession the duty falls, one or two to separate apartments. The
+young people, however, wait upon one another, and that alas! with some
+unwillingness. They have first and second tables, and on both sides
+there are seats. On one side sit the women, on the other the men; and
+as in the refectories of the monks, there is no noise. While they are
+eating a young man reads a book from a platform, intoning distinctly
+and sonorously, and often the magistrates question them upon the more
+important parts of the reading. And truly it is pleasant to observe in
+what manner these young people, so beautiful and clothed in garments so
+suitable, attend to them, and to see at the same time so many friends,
+brothers, sons, fathers, and mothers all in their turn living together
+with so much honesty, propriety, and love. So each one is given a
+napkin, a plate, fish, and a dish of food. It is the duty of the medical
+officers to tell the cooks what repasts shall be prepared on each day,
+and what food for the old, what for the young, and what for the sick.
+The magistrates receive the full-grown and fatter portion, and they from
+their share always distribute something to the boys at the table who
+have shown themselves more studious in the morning at the lectures and
+debates concerning wisdom and arms. And this is held to be one of the
+most distinguished honors. For six days they ordain to sing with music
+at table. Only a few, however, sing; or there is one voice accompanying
+the lute and one for each other instrument. And when all alike in
+service join their hands, nothing is found to be wanting. The old men
+placed at the head of the cooking business and of the refectories of the
+servants praise the cleanliness of the streets, the houses, the vessels,
+the garments, the workshops, and the warehouses.
+
+They wear white under-garments to which adheres a covering, which is at
+once coat and legging, without wrinkles. The borders of the fastenings
+are furnished with globular buttons, extended round and caught up here
+and there by chains. The coverings of the legs descend to the shoes and
+are continued even to the heels. Then they cover the feet with large
+socks, or, as it were, half-buskins fastened by buckles, over which they
+wear a half-boot, and besides, as I have already said, they are clothed
+with a toga. And so aptly fitting are the garments, that when the toga
+is destroyed, the different parts of the whole body are straightway
+discerned, no part being concealed. They change their clothes for
+different ones four times in the year, that is when the sun enters
+respectively the constellations Aries, Cancer, Libra, and Capricorn, and
+according to the circumstances and necessity as decided by the officer
+of health. The keepers of clothes for the different rings are wont to
+distribute them, and it is marvellous that they have at the same time
+as many garments as there is need for, some heavy and some slight,
+according to the weather. They all use white clothing, and this is
+washed in each month with lye or soap, as are also the workshops of the
+lower trades, the kitchens, the pantries the barns, the store-houses,
+the armories, the refectories, and the baths.
+
+Moreover, the clothes are washed at the pillars of the peristyles, and
+the water is brought down by means of canals which are continued as
+sewers. In every street of the different rings there are suitable
+fountains, which send forth their water by means of canals, the water
+being drawn up from nearly the bottom of the mountain by the sole
+movement of a cleverly contrived handle. There is water in fountains
+and in cisterns, whither the rain-water collected from the roofs of the
+houses is brought through pipes full of sand. They wash their bodies
+often, according as the doctor and master command. All the mechanical
+arts are practised under the peristyles, but the speculative are carried
+on above in the walking galleries and ramparts where are the more
+splendid paintings, but the more sacred ones are taught in the temple.
+In the halls and wings of the rings there are solar time-pieces and
+bells, and hands by which the hours and seasons are marked off.
+
+
+G.M. Tell me about their children.
+
+
+Capt. When their women have brought forth children, they suckle and rear
+them in temples set apart for all. They give milk for two years or more
+as the physician orders. After that time the weaned child is given into
+the charge of the mistresses, if it is a female, and to the masters,
+if it is a male. And then with other young children they are pleasantly
+instructed in the alphabet, and in the knowledge of the pictures, and in
+running, walking, and wrestling; also in the historical drawings, and
+in languages; and they are adorned with a suitable garment of different
+colors. After their sixth year they are taught natural science, and then
+the mechanical sciences. The men who are weak in intellect are sent
+to farms, and when they have become more proficient some of them are
+received into the State. And those of the same age and born under the
+same constellation are especially like one another in strength and in
+appearance, and hence arises much lasting concord in the State, these
+men honoring one another with mutual love and help. Names are given
+to them by Metaphysicus, and that not by chance, but designedly, and
+according to each one's peculiarity, as was the custom among the
+ancient Romans. Wherefore one is called Beautiful (Pulcher), another
+the Big-nosed (Naso), another the Fat-legged (Cranipes), another Crooked
+(Torvus), another Lean (Macer), and so on. But when they have become
+very skilled in their professions and done any great deed in war or in
+time of peace, a cognomen from art is given to them, such as Beautiful
+the Great Painter (Pulcher, Pictor Magnus), the Golden One (Aureus),
+the Excellent One (Excellens), or the Strong (Strenuus); or from their
+deeds, such as Naso the Brave (Nason Fortis), or the Cunning, or the
+Great, or Very Great Conqueror; or from the enemy anyone has overcome,
+Africanus, Asiaticus, Etruscus; or if anyone has overcome Manfred or
+Tortelius, he is called Macer Manfred or Tortelius, and so on. All these
+cognomens are added by the higher magistrates, and very often with a
+crown suitable to the deed or art, and with the flourish of music.
+For gold and silver are reckoned of little value among them except as
+material for their vessels and ornaments, which are common to all.
+
+
+G.M. Tell me, I pray you, is there no jealousy among them or
+disappointment to that one who has not been elected to a magistracy, or
+to any other dignity to which he aspires?
+
+
+Capt. Certainly not. For no one wants either necessaries or luxuries.
+Moreover, the race is managed for the good of the commonwealth, and not
+of private individuals, and the magistrates must be obeyed. They deny
+what we hold--viz., that it is natural to man to recognize his offspring
+and to educate them, and to use his wife and house and children as his
+own. For they say that children are bred for the preservation of the
+species and not for individual pleasure, as St. Thomas also asserts.
+Therefore the breeding of children has reference to the commonwealth,
+and not to individuals, except in so far as they are constituents of
+the commonwealth. And since individuals for the most part bring forth
+children wrongly and educate them wrongly, they consider that they
+remove destruction from the State, and therefore for this reason, with
+most sacred fear, they commit the education of the children, who, as it
+were, are the element of the republic, to the care of magistrates;
+for the safety of the community is not that of a few. And thus they
+distribute male and female breeders of the best natures according to
+philosophical rules. Plato thinks that this distribution ought to be
+made by lot, lest some men seeing that they are kept away from the
+beautiful women, should rise up with anger and hatred against the
+magistrates; and he thinks further that those who do not deserve
+cohabitation with the more beautiful women, should be deceived while the
+lots are being led out of the city by the magistrates, so that at all
+times the women who are suitable should fall to their lot, not those
+whom they desire. This shrewdness, however, is not necessary among the
+inhabitants of the City of the Sun. For with them deformity is unknown.
+When the women are exercised they get a clear complexion, and become
+strong of limb, tall and agile, and with them beauty consists in
+tallness and strength. Therefore, if any woman dyes her face, so that it
+may become beautiful, or uses high-heeled boots so that she may
+appear tall, or garments with trains to cover her wooden shoes, she is
+condemned to capital punishment. But if the women should even desire
+them they have no facility for doing these things. For who indeed would
+give them this facility? Further, they assert that among us abuses of
+this kind arise from the leisure and sloth of women. By these means they
+lose their color and have pale complexions, and become feeble and small.
+For this reason they are without proper complexions, use high sandals,
+and become beautiful not from strength, but from slothful tenderness.
+And thus they ruin their own tempers and natures, and consequently those
+of their offspring. Furthermore, if at any time a man is taken captive
+with ardent love for a certain woman, the two are allowed to converse
+and joke together and to give one another garlands of flowers or leaves,
+and to make verses. But if the race is endangered, by no means is
+further union between them permitted. Moreover, the love born of eager
+desire is not known among them; only that born of friendship.
+
+Domestic affairs and partnerships are of little account, because,
+excepting the sign of honor, each one receives what he is in need of.
+To the heroes and heroines of the republic, it is customary to give
+the pleasing gifts of honor, beautiful wreaths, sweet food, or splendid
+clothes, while they are feasting. In the daytime all use white garments
+within the city, but at night or outside the city they use red garments
+either of wool or silk. They hate black as they do dung, and therefore
+they dislike the Japanese, who are fond of black. Pride they consider
+the most execrable vice, and one who acts proudly is chastised with the
+most ruthless correction. Wherefore no one thinks it lowering to wait
+at table or to work in the kitchen or fields. All work they call
+discipline, and thus they say that it is honorable to go on foot, to do
+any act of nature, to see with the eye, and to speak with the tongue;
+and when there is need, they distinguish philosophically between tears
+and spittle.
+
+Every man who, when he is told off to work, does his duty, is considered
+very honorable. It is not the custom to keep slaves. For they are
+enough, and more than enough, for themselves. But with us, alas! it is
+not so. In Naples there exist 70,000 souls, and out of these scarcely
+10,000 or 15,000 do any work, and they are always lean from overwork
+and are getting weaker every day. The rest become a prey to idleness,
+avarice, ill-health, lasciviousness, usury, and other vices, and
+contaminate and corrupt very many families by holding them in servitude
+for their own use, by keeping them in poverty and slavishness, and by
+imparting to them their own vices. Therefore public slavery ruins them;
+useful works, in the field, in military service, and in arts, except
+those which are debasing, are not cultivated, the few who do practise
+them doing so with much aversion.
+
+But in the City of the Sun, while duty and work are distributed among
+all, it only falls to each one to work for about four hours every day.
+The remaining hours are spent in learning joyously, in debating, in
+reading, in reciting, in writing, in walking, in exercising the mind and
+body, and with play. They allow no game which is played while sitting,
+neither the single die nor dice, nor chess, nor others like these. But
+they play with the ball, with the sack, with the hoop, with wrestling,
+with hurling at the stake. They say, moreover, that grinding poverty
+renders men worthless, cunning, sulky, thievish, insidious, vagabonds,
+liars, false witnesses, etc.; and that wealth makes them insolent,
+proud, ignorant, traitors, assumers of what they know not, deceivers,
+boasters, wanting in affection, slanderers, etc. But with them all the
+rich and poor together make up the community. They are rich because they
+want nothing, poor because they possess nothing; and consequently they
+are not slaves to circumstances, but circumstances serve them. And on
+this point they strongly recommend the religion of the Christians, and
+especially the life of the apostles.
+
+
+G.M. This seems excellent and sacred, but the community of women is a
+thing too difficult to attain. The holy Roman Clement says that wives
+ought to be common in accordance with the apostolic institution, and
+praises Plato and Socrates, who thus teach, but the Glossary interprets
+this community with regard to obedience. And Tertullian agrees with
+the Glossary, that the first Christians had everything in common except
+wives.
+
+
+Capt. These things I know little of. But this I saw among the
+inhabitants of the City of the Sun, that they did not make this
+exception. And they defend themselves by the opinion of Socrates, of
+Cato, of Plato, and of St. Clement; but, as you say, they misunderstand
+the opinions of these thinkers. And the inhabitants of the solar city
+ascribe this to their want of education, since they are by no means
+learned in philosophy. Nevertheless, they send abroad to discover the
+customs of nations, and the best of these they always adopt. Practice
+makes the women suitable for war and other duties. Thus they agree
+with Plato, in whom I have read these same things. The reasoning of our
+Cajetan does not convince me, and least of all that of Aristotle.
+This thing, however, existing among them is excellent and worthy of
+imitation--viz., that no physical defect renders a man incapable of
+being serviceable except the decrepitude of old age, since even the
+deformed are useful for consultation. The lame serve as guards, watching
+with the eyes which they possess. The blind card wool with their hands,
+separating the down from the hairs, with which latter they stuff the
+couches and sofas; those who are without the use of eyes and hands give
+the use of their ears or their voice for the convenience of the State,
+and if one has only one sense he uses it in the farms. And these
+cripples are well treated, and some become spies, telling the officers
+of the State what they have heard.
+
+
+G.M. Tell me now, I pray you, of their military affairs. Then you
+may explain their arts, ways of life and sciences, and lastly their
+religion.
+
+
+Capt. The triumvir, Power, has under him all the magistrates of arms,
+of artillery, of cavalry, of foot-soldiers, of architects, and of
+strategists; and the masters and many of the most excellent workmen
+obey the magistrates, the men of each art paying allegiance to their
+respective chiefs. Moreover, Power is at the head of all the professors
+of gymnastics, who teach military exercise, and who are prudent
+generals, advanced in age. By these the boys are trained after their
+twelfth year. Before this age, however, they have been accustomed to
+wrestling, running, throwing the weight, and other minor exercises,
+under inferior masters. But at twelve they are taught how to strike at
+the enemy, at horses and elephants, to handle the spear, the sword, the
+arrow, and the sling; to manage the horse, to advance and to retreat, to
+remain in order of battle, to help a comrade in arms, to anticipate the
+enemy by cunning, and to conquer.
+
+The women also are taught these arts under their own magistrates and
+mistresses, so that they may be able if need be to render assistance
+to the males in battles near the city. They are taught to watch the
+fortifications lest at some time a hasty attack should suddenly be made.
+In this respect they praise the Spartans and Amazons. The women know
+well also how to let fly fiery balls, and how to make them from lead;
+how to throw stones from pinnacles and to go in the way of an attack.
+They are accustomed also to give up wine unmixed altogether, and that
+one is punished most severely who shows any fear.
+
+The inhabitants of the City of the Sun do not fear death, because they
+all believe that the soul is immortal, and that when it has left the
+body it is associated with other spirits, wicked or good, according to
+the merits of this present life. Although they are partly followers
+of Brahma and Pythagoras, they do not believe in the transmigration of
+souls, except in some cases by a distinct decree of God. They do not
+abstain from injuring an enemy of the republic and of religion, who
+is unworthy of pity. During the second month the army is reviewed, and
+every day there is practice of arms, either in the cavalry plain or
+within the walls. Nor are they ever without lectures on the science of
+war. They take care that the accounts of Moses, of Joshua, of David, of
+Judas Maccabaeus, of Caesar, of Alexander, of Scipio, of Hannibal, and
+other great soldiers should be read. And then each one gives his own
+opinion as to whether these generals acted well or ill, usefully or
+honorably, and then the teacher answers and says who are right.
+
+
+G.M. With whom do they wage war, and for what reasons, since they are so
+prosperous?
+
+
+Capt. Wars might never occur, nevertheless they are exercised in
+military tactics and in hunting, lest perchance they should become
+effeminate and unprepared for any emergency. Besides, there are four
+kingdoms in the island, which are very envious of their prosperity,
+for this reason that the people desire to live after the manner of the
+inhabitants of the City of the Sun, and to be under their rule rather
+than that of their own kings. Wherefore the State often makes war upon
+these because, being neighbors, they are usurpers and live impiously,
+since they have not an object of worship and do not observe the religion
+of other nations or of the Brahmins. And other nations of India, to
+which formerly they were subject, rise up as it were in rebellion, as
+also do the Taprobanese, whom they wanted to join them at first. The
+warriors of the City of the Sun, however, are always the victors. As
+soon as they suffered from insult or disgrace or plunder, or when their
+allies have been harassed, or a people have been oppressed by a tyrant
+of the State (for they are always the advocates of liberty), they go
+immediately to the Council for deliberation. After they have knelt in
+the presence of God, that he might inspire their consultation, they
+proceed to examine the merits of the business, and thus war is decided
+on. Immediately after, a priest, whom they call Forensic, is sent away.
+He demands from the enemy the restitution of the plunder, asks that the
+allies should be freed from oppression, or that the tyrant should be
+deposed. If they deny these things war is declared by invoking the
+vengeance of God--the God of Sabaoth--for destruction of those who
+maintain an unjust cause. But if the enemy refuse to reply, the priest
+gives him the space of one hour for his answer, if he is a king, but
+three if it is a republic, so that they cannot escape giving a response.
+And in this manner is war undertaken against the insolent enemies of
+natural rights and of religion. When war has been declared, the deputy
+of Power performs everything, but Power, like the Roman dictator, plans
+and wills everything, so that hurtful tardiness may be avoided. And when
+anything of great moment arises he consults Hoh and Wisdom and Love.
+
+Before this, however, the occasion of war and the justice of making
+an expedition are declared by a herald in the great Council. All from
+twenty years and upward are admitted to this Council, and thus the
+necessaries are agreed upon. All kinds of weapons stand in the armories,
+and these they use often in sham fights. The exterior walls of each ring
+are full of guns prepared by their labors, and they have other engines
+for hurling which are called cannons, and which they take into battle
+upon mules and asses and carriages. When they have arrived in an
+open plain they enclose in the middle the provisions, engines of war,
+chariots, ladders, and machines, and all fight courageously. Then each
+one returns to the standards, and the enemy thinking that they are
+giving and preparing to flee, are deceived and relax their order: then
+the warriors of the City of the Sun, wheeling into wings and columns on
+each side, regain their breath and strength, and ordering the artillery
+to discharge their bullets they resume the fight against a disorganized
+host. And they observe many ruses of this kind. They overcome all
+mortals with their stratagems and engines. Their camp is fortified after
+the manner of the Romans. They pitch their tents and fortify with wall
+and ditch with wonderful quickness. The masters of works, of engines and
+hurling machines, stand ready, and the soldiers understand the use of
+the spade and the axe.
+
+Five, eight, or ten leaders learned in the order of battle and in
+strategy consult together concerning the business of war, and command
+their bands after consultation. It is their wont to take out with them a
+body of boys, armed and on horses, so that they may learn to fight, just
+as the whelps of lions and wolves are accustomed to blood. And these in
+time of danger betake themselves to a place of safety, along with many
+armed women. After the battle the women and boys soothe and relieve
+the pain of the warriors, and wait upon them and encourage them with
+embraces and pleasant words. How wonderful a help is this! For the
+soldiers, in order that they may acquit themselves as sturdy men in the
+eyes of their wives and offspring, endure hardships, and so love makes
+them conquerors. He who in the fight first scales the enemy's walls
+receives after the battle of a crown of grass, as a token of honor,
+and at the presentation the women and boys applaud loudly; that one who
+affords aid to an ally gets a civic crown of oak-leaves; he who kills
+a tyrant dedicates his arms in the temple and receives from Hoh the
+cognomen of his deed, and other warriors obtain other kinds of crowns.
+
+Every horse-soldier carries a spear and two strongly tempered pistols,
+narrow at the mouth, hanging from his saddle. And to get the barrels of
+their pistols narrow they pierce the metal which they intend to convert
+into arms. Further, every cavalry soldier has a sword and a dagger. But
+the rest, who form the light-armed troops, carry a metal cudgel. For if
+the foe cannot pierce their metal for pistols and cannot make swords,
+they attack him with clubs, shatter and overthrow him. Two chains of six
+spans length hang from the club, and at the end of these are iron balls,
+and when these are aimed at the enemy they surround his neck and drag
+him to the ground; and in order that they may be able to use the club
+more easily, they do not hold the reins with their hands, but use them
+by means of the feet. If perchance the reins are interchanged above
+the trappings of the saddle, the ends are fastened to the stirrups with
+buckles, and not to the feet. And the stirrups have an arrangement for
+swift movement of the bridle, so that they draw in or let out the rein
+with marvellous celerity. With the right foot they turn the horse to
+the left, and with the left to the right. This secret, moreover, is not
+known to the Tartars. For, although they govern the reins with their
+feet, they are ignorant nevertheless of turning them and drawing them
+in and letting them out by means of the block of the stirrups. The
+light-armed cavalry with them are the first to engage in battle, then the
+men forming the phalanx with their spears, then the archers for whose
+services a great price is paid, and who are accustomed to fight in lines
+crossing one another as the threads of cloth, some rushing forward
+in their turn and others receding. They have a band of lancers
+strengthening the line of battle, but they make trial of the swords only
+at the end.
+
+After the battle they celebrate the military triumphs after the manner
+of the Romans, and even in a more magnificent way. Prayers by the way of
+thank-offerings are made to God, and then the general presents himself
+in the temple, and the deeds, good and bad, are related by the poet
+or historian, who according to custom was with the expedition. And the
+greatest chief, Hoh, crowns the general with laurel and distributes
+little gifts and honors to all the valorous soldiers, who are for some
+days free from public duties. But this exemption from work is by no
+means pleasing to them, since they know not what it is to be at leisure,
+and so they help their companions. On the other hand, they who have been
+conquered through their own fault, or have lost the victory, are blamed;
+and they who were the first to take to flight are in no way worthy to
+escape death, unless when the whole army asks their lives, and each one
+takes upon himself a part of their punishment. But this indulgence is
+rarely granted, except when there are good reasons favoring it. But he
+who did not bear help to an ally or friend is beaten with rods. That one
+who did not obey orders is given to the beasts, in an enclosure, to be
+devoured, and a staff is put in his hand, and if he should conquer the
+lions and the bears that are there, which is almost impossible, he
+is received into favor again. The conquered States or those willingly
+delivered up to them, forthwith have all things in common, and receive
+a garrison and magistrates from the City of the Sun, and by degrees they
+are accustomed to the ways of the city, the mistress of all, to which
+they even send their sons to be taught without contributing anything for
+expense.
+
+It would be too great trouble to tell you about the spies and their
+master, and about the guards and laws and ceremonies, both within
+and without the State, which you can of yourself imagine. Since from
+childhood they are chosen according to their inclination and the star
+under which they were born, therefore each one working according to his
+natural propensity does his duty well and pleasantly, because naturally.
+The same things I may say concerning strategy and the other functions.
+
+There are guards in the city by day and by night, and they are placed
+at the four gates, and outside the walls of the seventh ring, above the
+breastworks and towers and inside mounds. These places are guarded in
+the day by women, in the night by men. And lest the guard should become
+weary of watching, and in case of a surprise, they change them every
+three hours, as is the custom with our soldiers. At sunset, when the
+drum and symphonia sound, the armed guards are distributed. Cavalry and
+infantry make use of hunting as the symbol of war and practise games and
+hold festivities in the plains. Then the music strikes up, and freely
+they pardon the offences and faults of the enemy, and after the
+victories they are kind to them, if it has been decreed that they should
+destroy the walls of the enemy's city and take their lives. All these
+things are done on the same day as the victory, and afterward they never
+cease to load the conquered with favors, for they say that there ought
+to be no fighting, except when the conquerors give up the conquered, not
+when they kill them. If there is a dispute among them concerning injury
+or any other matter (for they themselves scarcely ever contend except
+in matters of honor), the chief and his magistrates chastise the accused
+one secretly, if he has done harm in deeds after he has been first
+angry. If they wait until the time of the battle for the verbal
+decision, they must give vent to their anger against the enemy, and he
+who in battle shows the most daring deeds is considered to have defended
+the better and truer cause in the struggle, and the other yields, and
+they are punished justly. Nevertheless, they are not allowed to come to
+single combat, since right is maintained by the tribunal, and because
+the unjust cause is often apparent when the more just succumbs, and he
+who professes to be the better man shows this in public fight.
+
+
+G.M. This is worth while, so that factions should not be cherished for
+the harm of the fatherland, and so that civil wars might not occur, for
+by means of these a tyrant often arises, as the examples of Rome
+and Athens show. Now, I pray you, tell me of their works and matter
+connected therewith.
+
+
+Capt. I believe that you have already heard about their military affairs
+and about their agricultural and pastoral life, and in what way these
+are common to them, and how they honor with the first grade of nobility
+whoever is considered to have knowledge of these. They who are skilful
+in more arts than these they consider still nobler, and they set
+that one apart for teaching the art in which he is most skilful. The
+occupations which require the most labor, such as working in metals and
+building, are the most praiseworthy among them. No one declines to go
+to these occupations, for the reason that from the beginning their
+propensities are well known, and among them, on account of the
+distribution of labor, no one does work harmful to him, but only that
+which is necessary for him. The occupations entailing less labor belong
+to the women. All of them are expected to know how to swim, and for this
+reason ponds are dug outside the walls of the city and within them near
+to the fountains.
+
+Commerce is of little use to them, but they know the value of money, and
+they count for the use of their ambassadors and explorers, so that with
+it they may have the means of living. They receive merchants into their
+States from the different countries of the world, and these buy the
+superfluous goods of the city. The people of the City of the Sun refuse
+to take money, but in importing they accept in exchange those things of
+which they are in need, and sometimes they buy with money; and the young
+people in the City of the Sun are much amused when they see that for
+a small price they receive so many things in exchange. The old men,
+however, do not laugh. They are unwilling that the State should be
+corrupted by the vicious customs of slaves and foreigners. Therefore
+they do business at the gates, and sell those whom they have taken in
+war or keep them for digging ditches and other hard work without the
+city, and for this reason they always send four bands of soldiers to
+take care of the fields, and with them there are the laborers. They go
+out of the four gates from which roads with walls on both sides of them
+lead to the sea, so that goods might easily be carried over them and
+foreigners might not meet with difficulty on their way.
+
+To strangers they are kind and polite; they keep them for three days at
+the public expense; after they have first washed their feet, they show
+them their city and its customs, and they honor them with a seat at the
+Council and public table, and there are men whose duty it is to take
+care of and guard the guests. But if strangers should wish to become
+citizens of their State, they try them first for a month on a farm, and
+for another month in the city, then they decide concerning them, and
+admit them with certain ceremonies and oaths.
+
+Agriculture is much followed among them; there is not a span of earth
+without cultivation, and they observe the winds and propitious stars.
+With the exception of a few left in the city all go out armed, and with
+flags and drums and trumpets sounding, to the fields, for the purposes
+of ploughing, sowing, digging, hoeing, reaping, gathering fruit and
+grapes; and they set in order everything, and do their work in a very
+few hours and with much care. They use wagons fitted with sails which
+are borne along by the wind even when it is contrary, by the marvellous
+contrivance of wheels within wheels.
+
+And when there is no wind a beast draws along a huge cart, which is a
+grand sight.
+
+The guardians of the land move about in the meantime, armed and always
+in their proper turn. They do not use dung and filth for manuring the
+fields, thinking that the fruit contracts something of their rottenness,
+and when eaten gives a short and poor subsistence, as women who are
+beautiful with rouge and from want of exercise bring forth feeble
+offspring. Wherefore they do not as it were paint the earth, but dig
+it up well and use secret remedies, so that fruit is borne quickly and
+multiplies, and is not destroyed. They have a book for this work,
+which they call the Georgics. As much of the land as is necessary is
+cultivated, and the rest is used for the pasturage of cattle.
+
+The excellent occupation of breeding and rearing horses, oxen, sheep,
+dogs, and all kinds of domestic and tame animals is in the highest
+esteem among them as it was in the time of Abraham. And the animals are
+led so to pair that they may be able to breed well.
+
+Fine pictures of oxen, horses, sheep, and other animals are placed
+before them. They do not turn out horses with mares to feed, but at the
+proper time they bring them together in an enclosure of the stables in
+their fields. And this is done when they observe that the constellation
+Archer is in favorable conjunction with Mars and Jupiter. For the oxen
+they observe the Bull, for the sheep the Ram, and so on in accordance
+with art. Under the Pleiades they keep a drove of hens and ducks and
+geese, which are driven out by the women to feed near the city. The
+women only do this when it is a pleasure to them. There are also places
+enclosed, where they make cheese, butter, and milk-food. They also keep
+capons, fruit, and other things, and for all these matters there is a
+book which they call the Bucolics. They have an abundance of all things,
+since everyone likes to be industrious, their labors being slight and
+profitable. They are docile, and that one among them who is head of the
+rest in duties of this kind they call king. For they say that this
+is the proper name of the leaders, and it does not belong to ignorant
+persons. It is wonderful to see how men and women march together
+collectively, and always in obedience to the voice of the king. Nor do
+they regard him with loathing as we do, for they know that although he
+is greater than themselves, he is for all that their father and brother.
+They keep groves and woods for wild animals, and they often hunt.
+
+The science of navigation is considered very dignified by them, and they
+possess rafts and triremes, which go over the waters without rowers
+or the force of the wind, but by a marvellous contrivance. And other
+vessels they have which are moved by the winds. They have a correct
+knowledge of the stars, and of the ebb and flow of the tide. They
+navigate for the sake of becoming acquainted with nations and different
+countries and things. They injure nobody, and they do not put up with
+injury, and they never go to battle unless when provoked. They assert
+that the whole earth will in time come to live in accordance with their
+customs, and consequently they always find out whether there be a nation
+whose manner of living is better and more approved than the rest. They
+admire the Christian institutions and look for a realization of the
+apostolic life in vogue among themselves and in us. There are treaties
+between them and the Chinese and many other nations, both insular and
+continental, such as Siam and Calicut, which they are only just able
+to explore. Furthermore, they have artificial fires, battles on sea
+and land, and many strategic secrets. Therefore they are nearly always
+victorious.
+
+
+G.M. Now it would be very pleasant to learn with what foods and drinks
+they are nourished, and in what way and for how long they live.
+
+
+Capt. Their food consists of flesh, butter, honey, cheese, garden herbs,
+and vegetables of various kinds. They were unwilling at first to slay
+animals, because it seemed cruel; but thinking afterward that is was
+also cruel to destroy herbs which have a share of sensitive feeling,
+they saw that they would perish from hunger unless they did an
+unjustifiable action for the sake of justifiable ones, and so now they
+all eat meat. Nevertheless, they do not kill willingly useful animals,
+such as oxen and horses. They observe the difference between useful and
+harmful foods, and for this they employ the science of medicine.
+They always change their food. First they eat flesh, then fish, then
+afterward they go back to flesh, and nature is never incommoded or
+weakened. The old people use the more digestible kind of food, and take
+three meals a day, eating only a little. But the general community eat
+twice, and the boys four times, that they may satisfy nature. The length
+of their lives is generally 100 years, but often they reach 200.
+
+As regards drinking, they are extremely moderate. Wine is never given
+to young people until they are ten years old, unless the state of their
+health demands it. After their tenth year they take it diluted with
+water, and so do the women, but the old men of fifty and upward use
+little or no water. They eat the most healthy things, according to the
+time of the year.
+
+They think nothing harmful which is brought forth by God, except when
+there has been abuse by taking too much. And therefore in the summer
+they feed on fruits, because they are moist and juicy and cool,
+and counteract the heat and dryness. In the winter they feed on dry
+articles, and in the autumn they eat grapes, since they are given by God
+to remove melancholy and sadness; and they also make use of scents to a
+great degree. In the morning, when they have all risen they comb their
+hair and wash their faces and hands with cold water. Then they chew
+thyme or rock-parsley or fennel, or rub their hands with these plants.
+The old men make incense, and with their faces to the east repeat the
+short prayer which Jesus Christ taught us. After this they go to wait
+upon the old men, some go to the dance, and others to the duties of the
+State. Later on they meet at the early lectures, then in the temple,
+then for bodily exercise. Then for a little while they sit down to rest,
+and at length they go to dinner.
+
+Among them there is never gout in the hands or feet, nor catarrh, nor
+sciatica, nor grievous colics, nor flatulency, nor hard breathing.
+For these diseases are caused by indigestion and flatulency, and by
+frugality and exercise they remove every humor and spasm. Therefore it
+is unseemly in the extreme to be seen vomiting or spitting, since they
+say that this is a sign either of little exercise, or of ignoble sloth,
+or of drunkenness, or gluttony. They suffer rather from swellings or
+from the dry spasm, which they relieve with plenty of good and juicy
+food. They heal fevers with pleasant baths and with milk-food, and with
+a pleasant habitation in the country and by gradual exercise. Unclean
+diseases cannot be prevalent with them because they often clean their
+bodies by bathing in wine, and soothe them with aromatic oil, and by the
+sweat of exercise they diffuse the poisonous vapor which corrupts the
+blood and the marrow. They do suffer a little from consumption, because
+they cannot perspire at the breast, but they never have asthma, for the
+humid nature of which a heavy man is required. They cure hot fevers
+with cold potations of water, but slight ones with sweet smells, with
+cheese-bread or sleep, with music or dancing. Tertiary fevers are cured
+by bleeding, by rhubarb or by a similar drawing remedy, or by water
+soaked in the roots of plants, with purgative and sharp-tasting
+qualities. But it is rarely that they take purgative medicines. Fevers
+occurring every fourth day are cured easily by suddenly startling the
+unprepared patients, and by means of herbs producing effects opposite to
+the humors of this fever. All these secrets they told me in opposition
+to their own wishes. They take more diligent pains to cure the lasting
+fevers, which they fear more, and they strive to counteract these by
+the observation of stars and of plants, and by prayers to God. Fevers
+recurring every fifth, sixth, eighth or more days, you never find
+whenever heavy humors are wanting.
+
+They use baths, and moreover they have warm ones according to the Roman
+custom, and they make use also of olive oil. They have found out, too, a
+great many secret cures for the preservation of cleanliness and health.
+And in other ways they labor to cure the epilepsy, with which they are
+often troubled.
+
+
+G.M. A sign this disease is of wonderful cleverness, for from it
+Hercules, Scotus, Socrates, Callimachus, and Mahomet have suffered.
+
+
+Capt. They cure by means of prayers to heaven, by strengthening the
+head, by acids, by planned gymnastics, and with fat cheese-bread
+sprinkled with the flour of wheaten corn. They are very skilled in
+making dishes, and in them they put spice, honey, butter, and many
+highly strengthening spices, and they temper their richness with
+acids, so that they never vomit. They do not drink ice-cold drinks nor
+artificial hot drinks, as the Chinese do; for they are not without aid
+against the humors of the body, on account of the help they get from the
+natural heat of the water; but they strengthen it with crushed garlic,
+with vinegar, with wild thyme, with mint, and with basil, in the summer
+or in time of special heaviness. They know also a secret for renovating
+life after about the seventieth year, and for ridding it of affliction,
+and this they do by a pleasing and indeed wonderful art.
+
+
+G.M. Thus far you have said nothing concerning their sciences and
+magistrates.
+
+
+Capt. Undoubtedly I have But since you are so curious I will add more.
+Both when it is new moon and full moon they call a council after a
+sacrifice. To this all from twenty years upward are admitted, and each
+one is asked separately to say what is wanting in the State, and which
+of the magistrates have discharged their duties rightly and which
+wrongly. Then after eight days all the magistrates assemble, to wit, Hoh
+first, and with him Power, Wisdom, and Love. Each one of the three
+last has three magistrates under him, making in all thirteen, and they
+consider the affairs of the arts pertaining to each one of them: Power,
+of war; Wisdom, of the sciences; Love, of food, clothing, education,
+and breeding. The masters of all the bands, who are captains of tens, of
+fifties, of hundreds, also assemble, the women first and then the men.
+They argue about those things which are for the welfare of the State,
+and they choose the magistrates from among those who have already been
+named in the great Council. In this manner they assemble daily, Hoh and
+his three princes, and they correct, confirm, and execute the matters
+passing to them, as decisions in the elections; other necessary
+questions they provide of themselves. They do not use lots unless when
+they are altogether doubtful how to decide. The eight magistrates under
+Hoh, Power, Wisdom, and Love are changed according to the wish of
+the people, but the first four are never changed, unless they, taking
+counsel with themselves, give up the dignity of one to another, whom
+among them they know to be wiser, more renowned, and more nearly
+perfect. And then they are obedient and honorable, since they yield
+willingly to the wiser man and are taught by him. This, however, rarely
+happens. The principals of the sciences, except Metaphysic, who is Hoh
+himself, and is, as it were, the architect of all science, having rule
+over all, are attached to Wisdom. Hoh is ashamed to be ignorant of any
+possible thing. Under Wisdom therefore are Grammar, Logic, Physics,
+Medicine, Astrology, Astronomy, Geometry, Cosmography, Music,
+Perspective, Arithmetic, Poetry, Rhetoric, Painting, Sculpture. Under
+the triumvir Love are Breeding, Agriculture, Education, Medicine,
+Clothing, Pasturage, Coining.
+
+
+G.M. What about their judges?
+
+
+Capt. This is the point I was just thinking of explaining. Everyone
+is judged by the first master of his trade, and thus all the head
+artificers are judges. They punish with exile, with flogging, with
+blame, with deprivation of the common table, with exclusion from the
+church and from the company of women. When there is a case in which
+great injury has been done, it is punished with death, and they repay
+an eye with an eye, a nose for a nose, a tooth for a tooth, and so
+on, according to the law of retaliation. If the offence is wilful the
+Council decides. When there is strife and it takes place undesignedly,
+the sentence is mitigated; nevertheless, not by the judge but by the
+triumvirate, from whom even it may be referred to Hoh, not on account of
+justice but of mercy, for Hoh is able to pardon. They have no prisons,
+except one tower for shutting up rebellious enemies, and there is no
+written statement of a case, which we commonly call a lawsuit. But the
+accusation and witnesses are produced in the presence of the judge
+and Power; the accused person makes his defence, and he is immediately
+acquitted or condemned by the judge; and if he appeals to the
+triumvirate, on the following day he is acquitted or condemned. On the
+third day he is dismissed through the mercy and clemency of Hoh, or
+receives the inviolable rigor of his sentence. An accused person is
+reconciled to his accuser and to his witnesses, as it were, with the
+medicine of his complaint, that is, with embracing and kissing.
+
+No one is killed or stoned unless by the hands of the people, the
+accuser and the witnesses beginning first. For they have no executioners
+and lictors, lest the State should sink into ruin. The choice of death
+is given to the rest of the people, who enclose the lifeless remains in
+little bags and burn them by the application of fire, while exhorters
+are present for the purpose of advising concerning a good death.
+Nevertheless, the whole nation laments and beseeches God that his anger
+may be appeased, being in grief that it should, as it were, have to cut
+off a rotten member of the State. Certain officers talk to and convince
+the accused man by means of arguments until he himself acquiesces in
+the sentence of death passed upon him, or else he does not die. But if a
+crime has been committed against the liberty of the republic, or against
+God, or against the supreme magistrates, there is immediate censure
+without pity. These only are punished with death. He who is about to die
+is compelled to state in the presence of the people and with religious
+scrupulousness the reasons for which he does not deserve death, and also
+the sins of the others who ought to die instead of him, and further the
+mistakes of the magistrates. If, moreover, it should seem right to the
+person thus asserting, he must say why the accused ones are deserving of
+less punishment than he. And if by his arguments he gains the victory
+he is sent into exile, and appeases the State by means of prayers and
+sacrifices and good life ensuing. They do not torture those named by the
+accused person, but they warn them. Sins of frailty and ignorance are
+punished only with blaming, and with compulsory continuation as learners
+under the law and discipline of those sciences or arts against which
+they have sinned. And all these things they have mutually among
+themselves, since they seem to be in very truth members of the same
+body, and one of another.
+
+This further I would have you know, that if a transgressor, without
+waiting to be accused, goes of his own accord before a magistrate,
+accusing himself and seeking to make amends, that one is liberated from
+the punishment of a secret crime, and since he has not been accused of
+such a crime, his punishment is changed into another. They take special
+care that no one should invent slander, and if this should happen they
+meet the offence with the punishment of retaliation. Since they always
+walk about and work in crowds, five witnesses are required for the
+conviction of a transgressor. If the case is otherwise, after having
+threatened him, he is released after he has sworn an oath as the
+warrant of good conduct. Or if he is accused a second or third time, his
+increased punishment rests on the testimony of three or two witnesses.
+They have but few laws, and these short and plain, and written upon a
+flat table and hanging to the doors of the temple, that is between
+the columns. And on single columns can be seen the essences of things
+described in the very terse style of Metaphysic--viz., the essences
+of God, of the angels, of the world, of the stars, of man, of fate, of
+virtue, all done with great wisdom. The definitions of all the virtues
+are also delineated here, and here is the tribunal, where the judges of
+all the virtues have their seat. The definition of a certain virtue is
+written under that column where the judges for the aforesaid virtue sit,
+and when a judge gives judgment he sits and speaks thus: O son, thou
+hast sinned against this sacred definition of beneficence, or of
+magnanimity, or of another virtue, as the case may be. And after
+discussion the judge legally condemns him to the punishment for the
+crime of which he is accused--viz., for injury, for despondency, for
+pride, for ingratitude, for sloth, etc. But the sentences are certain
+and true correctives, savoring more of clemency than of actual
+punishment.
+
+
+G.M. Now you ought to tell me about their priests, their sacrifices,
+their religion, and their belief.
+
+
+Capt. The chief priest is Hoh, and it is the duty of all the superior
+magistrates to pardon sins. Therefore the whole State by secret
+confession, which we also use, tell their sins to the magistrates,
+who at once purge their souls and teach those that are inimical to
+the people. Then the sacred magistrates themselves confess their own
+sinfulness to the three supreme chiefs, and together they confess the
+faults of one another, though no special one is named, and they confess
+especially the heavier faults and those harmful to the State. At length
+the triumvirs confess their sinfulness to Hoh himself, who forthwith
+recognizes the kinds of sins that are harmful to the State, and succors
+with timely remedies. Then he offers sacrifices and prayers to God. And
+before this he confesses the sins of the whole people, in the presence
+of God, and publicly in the temple, above the altar, as often as it
+had been necessary that the fault should be corrected. Nevertheless, no
+transgressor is spoken of by his name. In this manner he absolves the
+people by advising them that they should beware of sins of the aforesaid
+kind. Afterward he offers sacrifice to God, that he should pardon the
+State and absolve it of its sins, and to teach and defend it. Once in
+every year the chief priests of each separate subordinate State confess
+their sins in the presence of Hoh. Thus he is not ignorant of the
+wrongdoings of the provinces, and forthwith he removes them with all
+human and heavenly remedies.
+
+Sacrifice is conducted after the following manner: Hoh asks the people
+which one among them wishes to give himself as a sacrifice to God for
+the sake of his fellows. He is then placed upon the fourth table, with
+ceremonies and the offering up of prayers: the table is hung up in
+a wonderful manner by means of four ropes passing through four cords
+attached to firm pulley-blocks in the small dome of the temple. This
+done they cry to the God of mercy, that he may accept the offering, not
+of a beast as among the heathen, but of a human being. Then Hoh orders
+the ropes to be drawn and the sacrifice is pulled up above to the centre
+of the small dome, and there it dedicates itself with the most fervent
+supplications. Food is given to it through a window by the priests, who
+live around the dome, but it is allowed a very little to eat, until it
+has atoned for the sins of the State. There with prayer and fasting he
+cries to the God of heaven that he might accept its willing offering.
+And after twenty or thirty days, the anger of God being appeased, the
+sacrifice becomes a priest, or sometimes, though rarely, returns below
+by means of the outer way for the priests. Ever after, this man is
+treated with great benevolence and much honor, for the reason that he
+offered himself unto death for the sake of his country. But God does not
+require death.
+
+The priests above twenty-four years of age offer praises from their
+places in the top of the temple. This they do in the middle of the
+night, at noon, in the morning and in the evening, to wit, four times a
+day they sing their chants in the presence of God. It is also their work
+to observe the stars and to note with the astrolabe their motions and
+influences upon human things, and to find out their powers. Thus they
+know in what part of the earth any change has been or will be, and at
+what time it has taken place, and they send to find whether the matter
+be as they have it. They make a note of predictions, true and false,
+so that they may be able from experience to predict most correctly. The
+priests, moreover, determine the hours for breeding and the days for
+sowing, reaping, and gathering the vintage, and are, as it were, the
+ambassadors and intercessors and connection between God and man. And it
+is from among them mostly that Hoh is elected. They write very learned
+treatises and search into the sciences. Below they never descend, unless
+for their dinner and supper, so that the essence of their heads do not
+descend to the stomachs and liver. Only very seldom, and that as a cure
+for the ills of solitude, do they have converse with women. On certain
+days Hoh goes up to them and deliberates with them concerning the
+matters which he has lately investigated for the benefit of the State
+and all the nations of the world.
+
+In the temple beneath, one priest always stands near the altar praying
+for the people, and at the end of every hour another succeeds him, just
+as we are accustomed in solemn prayer to change every fourth hour. And
+this method of supplication they call perpetual prayer. After a meal
+they return thanks to God. Then they sing the deeds of the Christian,
+Jewish, and Gentile heroes, and of those of all other nations, and this
+is very delightful to them. Forsooth, no one is envious of another.
+They sing a hymn to Love, one to Wisdom, and one each to all the other
+virtues, and this they do under the direction of the ruler of each
+virtue. Each one takes the woman he loves most, and they dance for
+exercise with propriety and stateliness under the peristyles. The women
+wear their long hair all twisted together and collected into one knot on
+the crown of the head, but in rolling it they leave one curl. The men,
+however, have one curl only and the rest of their hair around the head
+is shaven off. Further, they wear a slight covering, and above this a
+round hat a little larger than the size of their head. In the fields
+they use caps, but at home each one wears a biretta, white, red, or
+another color according to his trade or occupation. Moreover, the
+magistrates use grander and more imposing-looking coverings for the
+head.
+
+They hold great festivities when the sun enters the four cardinal points
+of the heavens, that is, when he enters Cancer, Libra, Capricorn, and
+Aries. On these occasions they have very learned, splendid, and, as it
+were, comic performances. They celebrate also every full and every new
+moon with a festival, as also they do the anniversaries of the founding
+of the city, and of the days when they have won victories or done any
+other great achievement. The celebrations take place with the music of
+female voices, with the noise of trumpets and drums, and the firing of
+salutations. The poets sing the praises of the most renowned leaders
+and the victories. Nevertheless, if any of them should deceive even
+by disparaging a foreign hero, he is punished. No one can exercise the
+function of a poet who invents that which is not true, and a license
+like this they think to be a pest of our world, for the reason that it
+puts a premium upon virtue and often assigns it to unworthy persons,
+either from fear of flattery, or ambition, or avarice.
+
+For the praise of no one is a statue erected until after his death; but
+while he is alive, who has found out new arts and very useful secrets,
+or who has rendered great service to the State either at home or on the
+battle-field, his name is written in the book of heroes. They do not
+bury dead bodies, but burn them, so that a plague may not arise from
+them, and so that they may be converted into fire, a very noble and
+powerful thing, which has its coming from the sun and returns to it. And
+for the above reasons no chance is given for idolatry. The statues and
+pictures of the heroes, however, are there, and the splendid women set
+apart to become mothers often look at them. Prayers are made from the
+State to the four horizontal corners of the world--in the morning to the
+rising sun, then to the setting sun, then to the south, and lastly
+to the north; and in the contrary order in the evening, first to the
+setting sun, to the rising sun, to the north, and at length to the
+south. They repeat but one prayer, which asks for health of body and of
+mind, and happiness for themselves and all people, and they conclude it
+with the petition "As it seems best to God." The public prayer for all
+is long, and it is poured forth to heaven. For this reason the altar is
+round and is divided crosswise by ways at right angles to one another.
+By these ways Hoh enters after he has repeated the four prayers, and he
+prays looking up to heaven. And then a great mystery is seen by them.
+The priestly vestments are of a beauty and meaning like to those of
+Aaron. They resemble nature and they surpass Art.
+
+They divide the seasons according to the revolution of the sun, and not
+of the stars, and they observe yearly by how much time the one precedes
+the other. They hold that the sun approaches nearer and nearer, and
+therefore by ever-lessening circles reaches the tropics and the equator
+every year a little sooner. They measure months by the course of the
+moon, years by that of the sun. They praise Ptolemy, admire Copernicus,
+but place Aristarchus and Philolaus before him. They take great pains in
+endeavoring to understand the construction of the world, and whether or
+not it will perish, and at what time. They believe that the true oracle
+of Jesus Christ is by the signs in the sun, in the moon, and in the
+stars, which signs do not thus appear to many of us foolish ones.
+Therefore they wait for the renewing of the age, and perchance for its
+end.
+
+They say that it is very doubtful whether the world was made from
+nothing, or from the ruins of other worlds, or from chaos, but they
+certainly think that it was made, and did not exist from eternity.
+Therefore they disbelieve in Aristotle, whom they consider a logican and
+not a philosopher. From analogies, they can draw many arguments against
+the eternity of the world. The sun and the stars they, so to speak,
+regard as the living representatives and signs of God, as the temples
+and holy living altars, and they honor but do not worship them. Beyond
+all other things they venerate the sun, but they consider no created
+thing worthy the adoration of worship. This they give to God alone, and
+thus they serve Him, that they may not come into the power of a tyrant
+and fall into misery by undergoing punishment by creatures of revenge.
+They contemplate and know God under the image of the Sun, and they call
+it the sign of God, His face and living image, by means of which light,
+heat, life, and the making of all things good and bad proceed. Therefore
+they have built an altar like to the sun in shape, and the priests
+praise God in the sun and in the stars, as it were His altars, and in
+the heavens, His temple as it were; and they pray to good angels, who
+are, so to speak, the intercessors living in the stars, their strong
+abodes. For God long since set signs of their beauty in heaven, and of
+His glory in the sun. They say there is but one heaven, and that the
+planets move and rise of themselves when they approach the sun or are in
+conjunction with it.
+
+They assert two principles of the physics of things below, namely, that
+the sun is the father, and the earth the mother; the air is an impure
+part of the heavens; all fire is derived from the sun. The sea is the
+sweat of earth, or the fluid of earth combusted, and fused within its
+bowels, but is the bond of union between air and earth, as the blood is
+of the spirit and flesh of animals. The world is a great animal, and we
+live within it as worms live within us. Therefore we do not belong to
+the system of stars, sun, and earth, but to God only; for in respect
+to them which seek only to amplify themselves, we are born and live by
+chance; but in respect to God, whose instruments we are, we are formed
+by prescience and design, and for a high end. Therefore we are bound to
+no father but God, and receive all things from Him. They hold as beyond
+question the immortality of souls, and that these associate with good
+angels after death, or with bad angels, according as they have likened
+themselves in this life to either. For all things seek their like. They
+differ little from us as to places of reward and punishment. They are in
+doubt whether there are other worlds beyond ours, and account it madness
+to say there is nothing. Nonentity is incompatible with the infinite
+entity of God. They lay down two principles of metaphysics, entity which
+is the highest God, and nothingness which is the defect of entity. Evil
+and sin come of the propensity to nothingness; the sin having its cause
+not efficient, but in deficiency. Deficiency is, they say, of power,
+wisdom, or will. Sin they place in the last of these three, because he
+who knows and has the power to do good is bound also to have the will,
+for will arises out of them. They worship God in trinity, saying God is
+the Supreme Power, whence proceeds the highest Wisdom, which is the same
+with God, and from these comes Love, which is both power and wisdom; but
+they do not distinguish persons by name, as in our Christian law, which
+has not been revealed to them. This religion, when its abuses have been
+removed, will be the future mistress of the world, as great theologians
+teach and hope. Therefore Spain found the New World (though its first
+discoverer, Columbus, greatest of heroes, was a Genoese), that all
+nations should be gathered under one law. We know not what we do, but
+God knows, whose instruments we are. They sought new regions for lust of
+gold and riches, but God works to a higher end. The sun strives to burn
+up the earth, not to produce plants and men, but God guides the battle
+to great issues. His the praise, to Him the glory!
+
+
+G.M. Oh, if you knew what our astrologers say of the coming age, and of
+our age, that has in it more history within 100 years than all the world
+had in 4,000 years before! of the wonderful inventions of printing and
+guns, and the use of the magnet, and how it all comes of Mercury, Mars,
+the Moon, and the Scorpion!
+
+
+Capt. Ah, well! God gives all in His good time. They astrologize too
+much.
+
+
+
+     (1) A pace was 1-9/25 yard, 1,000 paces making a mile
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The City of the Sun, by Tommaso Campanella
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