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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Private Library, by Arthur L. Humphreys
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Private Library
+       What We Do Know, What We Don't Know, What We Ought to Know
+       About Our Books
+
+Author: Arthur L. Humphreys
+
+Release Date: February 24, 2009 [EBook #28174]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE PRIVATE LIBRARY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Suzanne Lybarger and the Booksmiths at
+http://www.eBookForge.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE PRIVATE LIBRARY
+
+          _WHAT WE DO KNOW
+           WHAT WE DON'T KNOW
+           WHAT WE OUGHT TO KNOW
+           ABOUT OUR BOOKS_
+
+BY
+
+ARTHUR L. HUMPHREYS
+
+_Fourth Edition._
+
+LONDON: STRANGEWAYS & SONS
+
+          SOLD BY
+          HATCHARDS, 187 PICCADILLY, W.
+          MDCCCC
+
+
+
+
+_PREFACE_
+
+
+_WITH all the literature published on behalf of Free
+Libraries--institutions which, after all, are of doubtful good--no one
+so far has written a book to assist in making THE PRIVATE LIBRARY
+combine practical useful qualities with decorative effect._
+
+_For many years I have had opportunities of inspecting and reporting
+upon Collections of Books in numerous Country Houses, and I must say
+that the condition of books in the greater number of them is chaotic. A
+man will talk about all his possessions--his pictures, his objets d'art,
+his horses, his garden, and his bicycle, but rarely will he talk about
+his books; and if he does so, all his geese are swans, or just as often,
+all his swans are geese. There are servants in every house qualified to
+do everything except handle a book. There is no reason why the Library
+should not be just as much a place of amusement as the billiard-room,
+where the men are usually to be found. Books are much more amusing than
+billiards, and you may learn to play in jest or work in earnest with
+books just as you take to any other amusement. The whole truth is that
+at present books do not get a proper share of attention, and it is with
+the desire to remedy such a condition of things that I have printed this
+little volume, containing things that we do know, that we don't know,
+and that we ought to know about our books._
+
+_A. L. H._
+
+187 PICCADILLY, W.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+                                         PAGE
+
+          WHAT IS A GOOD EDITION?          1
+
+          WHAT IS A FINE COPY?             5
+
+          BOOK VALUES                      9
+
+          ON THE CARE OF BOOKS            15
+
+          THE ART OF READING              25
+
+          COMMON-PLACE BOOKS              38
+
+          REFERENCE BOOKS                 42
+
+          BOUDOIR LIBRARIES               46
+
+          BOOKBINDING                     52
+
+          BOOK HOBBIES                    65
+
+          OLD COUNTRY LIBRARIES           68
+
+          WEEDING OUT                     80
+
+          THE CATALOGUE                   81
+
+          CLASSIFICATION OF BOOKS         87
+
+          BOOKCASES                       94
+
+          MISCELLANEOUS APPLIANCES       103
+
+          THE LIBRARY ANNEXE             106
+
+          A LIBRARIAN                    115
+
+          THE LIBRARY ARCHITECTURALLY    119
+
+          MUNIFICENT BOOK-BUYING         133
+
+          THE MEDICI AND THEIR FRIENDS   137
+
+          THE DUKES OF URBINO            144
+
+          PIERESC                        149
+
+          MR. RUSKIN'S ADVICE            150
+
+          INDEX                          153
+
+
+
+
+THE PRIVATE LIBRARY.
+
+
+
+
+_What is a Good Edition?_
+
+
+A good edition should be a complete edition, ungarbled and unabridged.
+If the author is a classic, the _format_ of the copy chosen should in
+some way represent the style of the author. _Gibbon_, for instance,
+should be in large octavo or quarto, with print of a size to correspond.
+This is not always possible, for English editions of books often aim at
+mere cheapness, and of many great authors there exist no good editions.
+Thus there is no suitable edition of the classics printed in England, as
+there is and for long has been in France. A good edition is not
+necessarily an expensive edition, nor is it necessarily noble and
+generous in print and margin. The editions known as the 'Globe'
+editions of Pope and others are good editions because (1) They are
+complete; (2) Each one has been taken in hand and superintended by the
+most competent scholar and has notes sufficient but not pedantic; (3)
+Because they are well printed on paper of fair quality by printers who
+give wages liberally to careful press readers; (4) Because each work
+being a work of the first or classic order, it is bound in a simple and
+unaffected style, without meretricious gold or tawdry ornament. Now the
+'Globe' editions are fitting in their place as types of right editions
+of the cheap kind. I will now take right editions of the more liberal
+and expensive kind. The 'Cambridge' _Shakespeare_, the last issue, each
+play in a separate volume, is right because (1) The print, paper,
+spacing, and simplicity of binding, are suited to the dignity of the
+work; (2) The edition has had brought to it fulness of knowledge and
+rightness of judgment; (3) Each volume is light to handle and easy to
+hold, and flexible in opening.
+
+But it would be misleading to say that these are the only examples of
+right editions. In other books which I might name, excellent work has
+been brought to play which in the two types already named there was not
+scope for. I would like therefore to take another instance, and name the
+editions of Pope's _Works_, edited by Courthope and Elwin, of Walpole's
+_Letters_, edited by Peter Cunningham, and Boswell's _Johnson_, edited
+by Birkbeck Hill. These editions contain excellent and workmanlike
+features, such as good arrangement and good indexing, with notes and
+elucidations sufficiently ample. The size too of each volume is not
+extravagant as in certain _éditions de luxe_. Now in order that we may
+have good editions, there are, at least, ten people who must work well
+together: (1) the Author, (2) the Publisher, (3) the Printer, (4) the
+Reader, (5) the Compositor, (6) the Pressman, (7) the Paper Maker, (8)
+the Ink Maker, (9) the Bookbinder, (10) the Consumer.[1] When these ten
+people are not working in harmony, a book is spoilt. Too often the
+author, without technical knowledge of book production, insists on
+certain whims and fancies of his own being carried out. Too often the
+publisher aims at cheapness and nothing more.
+
+The publications issued by Pickering in the 'forties' and 'fifties' were
+models of good workmanship. Pickering published and Whittingham printed,
+and it was their custom to first sit in consultation upon every new
+book, and painfully hammer out each in his own mind its ideal form and
+proportions. Then two Sundays at least were required to compare notes in
+the little summer house in Mr. Whittingham's garden at Chiswick. Here
+they would discuss size and quality of paper, the shape of the printed
+page, the number of lines, the size of the type, the form and comeliness
+of the title-page.[2] In all technical details the _Edinburgh_ edition
+of R. L. Stevenson's works is satisfying. Here are more 'lines of
+beauty' than in almost any other modern printed book. As we handle it we
+feel _satisfied_ that it _is right_. Perhaps it was such a _format_ that
+Mr. Ruskin had in mind when he shaped out a scheme of a Royal series of
+books, which should be models of good work all round. And though it is
+necessary that we have cheap editions, and that books should circulate
+everywhere, we want to save the book trade from shoddy work by keeping
+good models before us. That we produce the best thought in the best
+form, and not in any mean, shabby dress, ought indeed to be a serious
+aim of everybody engaged in the matter.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] Stevens' _Who spoils our English Books?_
+
+[2] Stevens' _Who spoils our English Books?_
+
+
+
+
+_What is a Fine Copy?_
+
+
+To judge of a fine copy requires some years' handling of books. To some,
+the school prize, in light brown calf, represents an ideal of book
+beauty; to others, a padded binding and round corners. But these are
+neither beautiful nor in any way fine copies. The school prize book is
+not a fine copy (1) Because it is bound in a very perishable leather;
+(2) Because its margins have been trimmed away and ploughed into; (3)
+Because it is received in a form which renders it impossible to stamp
+one's own individuality upon it; (4) It has gaudy and meaningless
+ornaments stamped down the back. The padded binding is impossible as a
+fine copy because it has had applied to it a wholly incongruous method
+of preservation. Books require to be clothed, but not to be upholstered.
+The round corners usually adopted by the upholster binder can claim no
+advantage, and they rob the book of its natural neatness and squareness
+of edge. School prize bindings and padded bindings are sins against the
+sanctity of common sense. What then is a fine copy? Almost, though not
+entirely, essential is it that it be in the original binding as put out
+by the publisher, whether it be a paper covering, or cloth, or boards.
+The reason for this is that in securing a book in such a condition one
+has the book _in full measure_, and there is no necessity to undo
+anything which has already been done. Now, if a book be bought in a
+leather binding, the chances are that it is a leather binding which in
+no way suits its new owner, and he therefore has not only to sacrifice
+the binding, but in rebinding it he must sacrifice some of the margins
+too. The novels of Scott and Marryat in their original boards are
+delightful to handle. A fine copy should be a clean copy free from
+spots. When a book is spotted it is called 'foxed,' and these 'foxey'
+books are for the most part books printed in the early part of this
+century, when paper-makers first discovered that they could bleach their
+rags, and, owing to the inefficient means used to neutralise the
+bleach, the book carried the seeds of decay in itself, and when exposed
+to any damp soon became discoloured with brown stains.[3] A foxed book
+cannot have the fox marks removed, and such a book should be avoided.
+Ink marks can be removed, and a name written upon a title-page can
+generally be entirely obliterated without leaving any sign that it has
+been there. Here let me beg people who give presents of books never to
+write upon title-pages, but upon the fly-leaf. Many thousands of
+beautiful and valuable volumes are annually ruined for ever by their
+owners cutting the name from the title. A cut title-page is irreparable.
+A fine copy may be a bound copy, in which case the edges must not have
+been cut down, though the top edge may have been gilded, and the binding
+must be appropriate and not provincial in appearance. A provincial
+binding lacks finish, the board used is too thick or too thin, or not of
+good quality, and the leather not properly pared down and turned in. All
+such things go to spoil good books. In North's _Lives of the Norths_
+there is a passage which well describes the man of judgment in books.
+Dr. John North, whose life forms part of this work, is most
+picturesquely described in his book-loving habits. 'He courted, as a
+fond lover, all best editions, fairest characters, best bound and
+preserved. If the subject were in his favour (as the Classics), he cared
+not how many of them he had, even of the same edition, if he thought it
+among the best, _rather better bound, squarer cut, neater covers, or
+some such qualification caught him_.' And then his biographer adds, what
+is so true, and especially of books, 'Continual use gives men a judgment
+of things comparatively, and they come to fix on what is most proper and
+easy, which no man upon cursory view would determine.'
+
+Large paper copies are not necessarily fine copies. When a cheap
+trumpery piece of book-making is printed on hand-made paper or Japanese
+vellum paper the result is vulgarity, just as when a common person
+attempts to swagger about in fine clothes. No, a book must show good
+binding and be appropriately apparelled, or it cannot be referred to as
+a fine copy. In the matter of large paper copies it is necessary to
+form a separate judgment in each case. One thing is certain, that the
+man who collects large paper books as large paper books is a vulgarian
+and a fool. He who collects such large paper books as mature judgment
+determines are appropriate, and because he sees them to have genuine
+points of merit over and above small paper copies, is a book lover. In a
+charming little volume, written by an American bibliophile, I read the
+following passage, confirming in part the foregoing:--
+
+'Good editions of good books, though they may often be expensive, cannot
+be too highly commended. One can turn to a page in inviting letterpress
+so much easier than to a page of an unattractive volume.'[4]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[3] Blades' _Enemies of Books_ (p. 25).
+
+[4] Ellwanger's _Story of my House_, p. 213.
+
+
+
+
+_Book Values._
+
+
+It would be impossible to tell all the causes which go towards
+determining the value of a book and which cause it to fluctuate in
+price. There is but one way to arrive at a reliable knowledge of book
+values, and that is to begin stall-hunting as soon as you leave school
+or college and continue until past middle age, absorbing information
+from stalls, from catalogues, and from sale-rooms. The records of prices
+at which books have been sold in the auction rooms, and which are
+regularly issued, are useless in the hands of an inexperienced person.
+To make up your mind on Monday that you are going to begin a career of
+successful bargain-hunting and book-collecting is only to be defrauded
+on all the other five remaining days. Experience must be bought, and an
+eye for a good copy of a book, or for a bargain of any kind, only comes
+after years of practice. I admit that if a man begins collecting some
+particular class of books, say Angling books, he may sooner arrive at
+safe judgment alone; but even here he has a pretty wide field to make
+blunders in. When Gabriel Naudé wrote his pamphlet, _Avis pour dresser
+une Bibliothèque_, he laid down his first rule thus:--'The first means
+is to take the counsel and advice of such as are able to give it _viva
+voce_.' This was written more than two hundred years ago, and still no
+better advice could possibly be given to a book collector. By all means
+find a man whom you can trust, and whose knowledge is ample, and stick
+to him. Do not yourself bid in the auction room, or you will soon find
+out your mistake. Place your list of wants and your list of commissions
+in the hands of one good man whom you have reason to trust, and you will
+then get your money's worth.
+
+I have said that it is impossible to set down all the causes which
+affect the prices of books, but in an old French bibliographical book,
+by D. Clement,[5] the subject is gone into more minutely than it has
+ever since been treated. First, there are causes which may be classed
+under the heading of _Rarity_. Secondly, there are causes which must be
+grouped under the head _Condition_.
+
+According to Clement, there are two sorts of rarity in books; the one
+absolute, the other conditional or contingent. There are rare editions
+of very common books. There are books of almost common occurrence in
+public libraries, which are rarely seen in the market. A book or an
+edition of which but very few copies exist is called 'necessarily rare;'
+one which is only with difficulty to be met with--however many copies
+may be extant--he calls 'contingently rare.'
+
+Under the first head he classes; (1) Books of which few copies were
+printed; (2) Books which have been suppressed; (3) Books which have been
+almost entirely destroyed by casual fire, or other accident; (4) Books
+of which a large portion of the impression has been wasted--usually for
+want of success when published; (5) Volumes of which the printing was
+never completed; (6) Copies on large paper or on vellum.
+
+Under the second head, he enumerates; (1) Books on subjects which
+interest only a particular class of students; (2) Books in languages
+which are little known; (3) Heretical, licentious, and libellous books;
+(4) First editions of a classic author from MS.; (5) First productions
+of the printing press in a particular town; (6) The productions of the
+celebrated printers of the sixteenth century; (7) Books in the
+vernacular language of an author who printed them in a foreign country;
+(8) Books privately printed; (9) Works, the various parts of which have
+been published under different titles, in different sizes, or in various
+places.
+
+Clement then analyses the degrees of rarity thus: (1) Every book, which
+is no longer current in the trade, and requires some pains in the search
+for it, is 'of infrequent occurrence;' (2) If there are but few copies
+in the country in which we live, and those not easily met with, it is
+'rare;' (3) If the copies are so dispersed that there are but few of
+them, even in the neighbouring countries, so that there is increased
+difficulty to procure them, it is 'very rare;' (4) If the number of
+copies be but fifty or sixty, and those scattered, it is 'extremely
+rare;' (5) And finally, every work of which there are not ten copies in
+the world is 'excessively rare.' In all these cases, it must be supposed
+that the book is a book sought for, and that the seekers are more
+numerous than the sought.[6]
+
+In the matter of _Condition_ and its effect upon price, long training is
+required before all the qualities of a copy can be properly defined.
+There are copies on 'vellum,' 'large paper,' 'fine paper,' 'coloured
+paper.' There are 'crisp' copies, 'uncut' copies, 'tall' copies, 'ruled'
+copies, and 'illustrated' copies, _cum multis aliis_.[7]
+
+Fashion determines much as to price. As soon as it becomes a fad to
+collect books relating to some particular subject, competition instantly
+steps in, and prices go up. It may be well to state, for the benefit of
+a very numerous and uninitiated public, that, _because a book is old, it
+is not necessarily rare_. There are many thousands of people who have
+most imperfect and valueless books, mostly on theology, or some
+controversial abominations, and these people spend days wasting their
+own and booksellers' time in seeking to sell at prices which their own
+imagination alone has determined is right. Distrust the advertisements
+of large paper editions. _Very_ few of them are worth purchasing, and
+very few, indeed, increase in value. Fight against the first-edition
+craze, which is the maddest craze that ever affected book collecting.
+Again and again it must be repeated, and cannot be gainsaid, that _a
+first edition may be the best, but in most cases it is the worst_. In
+every case, inquire and find out which is the _best_ edition as to
+completeness, good paper and print, and safe editing, if such has been
+necessary, and then purchase a copy of that edition. One remark
+finally. The prices of _all good books_ are going up, and any one who
+lays out money with care within the next ten years will have the
+enjoyment of his library and a good investment as well.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[5] D. Clement, _Bibliothèque curieuse_.
+
+[6] Edwards, _Memoirs of Libraries_, ii. 647-649.
+
+[7] Edwards, ii. 659.
+
+
+
+
+_On the Care of Books._
+
+
+The two things most neglected in houses are the trimming of lamps and
+the care of the books. The condition of many libraries in large country
+houses is most lamentable. In such neglect are they that it would take
+months, and in some cases years, working day and night, to restore them
+to a healthy condition. For, poor things! they are really so neglected,
+that their covers become like the limbs of rheumatic people. If you
+touch them they seem to shriek and cry with pain. They are either
+parched for lack of a proper atmosphere, or else they are sticking
+together with the damp or thickly covered with dust.[8] There is nothing
+else in a house like this, and why are these things so? It is because
+there are so few people who understand the care of books. I once read
+the following in a daily paper, and thought I recognised in it a
+familiar hand, that of Mr. Andrew Lang:--
+
+'The foes of books are careless people--first of all. They tear pages
+open with their thumbs, or cut them with sharp knives which damage the
+margins. It is so difficult to keep paper knives, and ivory paper knives
+are the favourite pasture of some scholars, who bite the edges till the
+weapon resembles a dissipated saw. To avoid this temptation some employ
+mediæval daggers, or skene dhus, but the edges spoil a book. Cigarette
+ashes are very bad for books, so is butter, also marmalade. Dr. Johnson
+and Wordsworth are said to have been very careless with their books. Dr.
+Johnson used to clean his from dust by knocking them together, as Mr.
+Leighton says housemaids do. Scott was very careful; he had a number of
+wooden dummies made, and, when a volume was borrowed, he put the dummy
+in its place on the shelf, inscribing it with the name of the borrower.
+He also defended his shelves with locked brazen wires. "Tutus clausus
+ero" ("I shall be safe if shut up"), his anagram, was his motto, under
+a portcullis. Borrowers, of course, are nearly the worst enemies of
+books, always careless, and very apt to lose one volume out of a set.
+Housemaids are seldom bibliophiles. Their favourite plan is to dust the
+books in the owner's absence, and then rearrange them on fancy
+principles, mostly upside down. One volume of _Grote_ will be put among
+French novels, another in the centre of a collection on sports, a third
+in the midst of modern histories, while others are "upstairs and
+downstairs, and in my lady's chamber." The diversity of sizes, from
+folio to duodecimo, makes books very difficult to arrange where room is
+scanty. Modern shelves in most private houses allow no room for folios,
+which have to lie, like fallen warriors, on their sides.'
+
+All that is very true, particularly about housemaids. Indeed, I have
+rarely found any woman who cared sufficiently for her books to really
+fondly tend them.
+
+The principal enemy which books have is DAMP. This means ruination, more
+perhaps to the paper than to the binding, though both suffer. A fungus
+growth comes on the leather, and inside there come stains and 'fox'
+marks. Damp is caused (1) through lack of fires or warmth; (2) through
+too many sides of a room being exposed to the elements without having
+the walls battened; (3) the thaw following a frost, proper means for
+warmth not being adopted during the frost. The only remedy for damp is
+the trying process of opening each volume and suspending it open, after
+wiping with a dry cloth each page affected. The next worst enemies are
+gas and heat.
+
+Gas alone, provided the books are not placed high up, will not be nearly
+so destructive as it is generally supposed; but all atmospheres heated
+too highly are destructive. Mr. Poole, a very experienced American
+librarian, has reported as follows, and, I think, very rightly:--
+
+'The burning of many gas lights doubtless has a tendency to increase the
+evil by increasing the heat. Yet the deterioration of bindings goes on
+in the libraries where gas is never used. This fact shows that the chief
+injury arises from heat, and not merely from the sulphurous residuum of
+gas combustion.'
+
+Mr. Poole made an experiment in the upper gallery of a library, and
+found that--
+
+'While the temperature of the floor was 65° Fahr., that of the upper
+gallery was found to be 142°. Such a temperature dries up the oil of the
+leather, and burns out its life. Books cannot live where men cannot
+live.' Similarly, Mr. Blades wrote in his little manual:
+
+'The surest way to preserve your books is to treat them as you would
+your own children, who are sure to sicken if confined in an atmosphere
+which is impure, too hot, too cold, too damp, or too dry. It is just the
+same with the progeny of literature.'
+
+In London particularly dust, smoke, and soot get at books and do great
+damage. To have the top edges gilded is an excellent way to prevent dust
+getting into the leaves. Books which have roughly trimmed tops harbour
+dust much more readily, and it is with great difficulty removed from
+such. If a book is very dusty, a small brush is perhaps the best means
+to adopt to remove the offending particles. Books should not be either
+swung together or beaten together. The carpet in a library should not
+reach to the wall, or right to the cases, but should fall short so as to
+be removed when required to be cleaned. A librarian at Bath gives the
+following advice:--
+
+'Our books are taken down once a year, in the month of August, to be
+dusted, and, for the last four or five years, I have adopted a simple
+plan. When the books are well dusted I take about half an ounce of the
+best horn glue, and, having dissolved it in the usual way, I add to it
+about a pint of warm water and a teaspoonful of glycerine, and stir it
+well. Then dipping a soft sponge into the solution, I wash over the
+backs of the books. If the leather is much perished or decayed, it will
+unduly absorb the size, and a second touch over may be necessary. The
+glycerine will have the effect of preventing the glue from drying too
+hard or stiffening the leather. When dry, the books may be rubbed over
+with a chamois leather. The above process, I find, helps to nourish the
+leather, and to restore that property which the heated air has
+destroyed. It also freshens up and greatly improves the appearance of
+the volumes upon the shelves. The operation must be repeated once a
+year at least.'
+
+Bottles of preparation are sold ready made up for this purpose. Mr.
+Blades warmly echoed the sentiment that housemaids and helps are seldom
+bibliophiles, and, if, peradventure, one Eve in a family can be
+indoctrinated with book reverence, there may be salvation for all the
+books. Mr. Blades himself had a fine library, and goes fully into the
+subject of the period of dusting and its methods.[9]
+
+'Books _must_ now and then be taken down out of their shelves, but they
+should be tended lovingly and with judgment. If the dusting can be done
+just outside the room, so much the better. The books removed, the shelf
+should be lifted quite out of its bearings, cleansed, and wiped, and
+then each volume should be taken separately and gently rubbed on back
+and edges with a soft cloth. In returning the volumes to their places,
+notice should be taken of the binding, and especially when the books
+are in whole calf or morocco, care should be taken not to let them rub
+together. The best-bound books are soonest injured, and generally
+deteriorate in bad company. Certain volumes, indeed, have evil tempers,
+and will scratch the faces of all their neighbours who are too familiar
+with them. Such are books with metal clasps and rivets on their edges;
+and such, again, are those abominable old rascals, chiefly born in the
+fifteenth century, who are proud of being dressed in real boards with
+brass corners, and pass their lives with fearful knobs and metal
+bosses. . . . . When your books are being dusted, don't impute too much
+common sense to your assistants--take their ignorance for granted.'
+
+Mr. Blades then points out certain dangers which beset the inexperienced
+handler of books. Never lift a book by one of its corners. Do not pile
+books up too high. Be careful not to rub the dust _into_ instead of
+_off_ the edges. If mildew or damp is discovered, carefully wipe it
+away, and let the book stand open for some days in a very dry spot--but
+not in front of a fire. Be careful that no grit is on the duster, or it
+will surely mark your books. Do not wedge books in too tightly.
+Common-sense must dictate what is right, but every volume should _fit
+easily_ in its place.
+
+Children and servants are not to be classed as friendly to books, but
+little lapses on their part are much more easily tolerated than the
+ignorance of the person who ought to know better. Such people insist
+upon having their books bound in hideous bindings, and mutilated almost
+beyond recognition by the bookbinder's plough.
+
+I will talk about bookbinding later, but this I will say, that in no way
+can a book be easier ruined than by being placed unconditionally in the
+hands of a bookbinder.
+
+It is frequently supposed that the insect, known as the bookworm, is a
+great enemy to books. 'Tis true where the bookworm exists it does
+irreparable damage, but fortunately it is not an insect which may be
+found every day. In America, they have, I believe, greater trouble from
+these boring insects. They have 'fish bugs,' 'silver fish,' and 'bustle
+tails,' scientifically known as _Lepisma Saccharina_. Another is known
+as 'Buffalo Bug,' or 'Carpet Bug,' or the _Anthrenus varius_ of
+scientists. A third is _Blatta Australasia_, a species of cockroach.
+
+The following maxims may be learned by heart, or if preferred, they can
+be bought by experience:
+
+Do not bite your paper knife until it has the edge of a saw.
+
+Do not cut books except with a proper ivory paper knife.
+
+It is ruination to a good book not to cut it right through into the
+corners.
+
+Do not turn the leaves of books down. Particularly, do not turn down the
+leaves of books printed on plate paper.
+
+If you are in the habit of lending books, do not mark them. These two
+habits together constitute an act of indiscretion.
+
+It is better to give a book than to lend it.
+
+Never write upon a title-page or half-title. The blank fly-leaf is the
+right place.
+
+Books are neither card-racks, crumb-baskets, or receptacles for dead
+leaves.
+
+Books were not meant as cushions, nor were they meant to be toasted
+before a fire.
+
+Valets and maids appear to take kindly to the packing of everything
+except books. I will therefore say that only small quantities (twelve
+volumes to twenty) should be packed in a parcel. Boxes, either
+wine-cases, or boxes specially made, should be used. Books being very
+solid and heavy should be packed in strong cases, and the method of
+packing them should be to place them upright alternately on back and
+edge in layers. By this means they can be fitted tightly to the case
+they are meant to travel in. Leather bound volumes should be wrapped up
+singly before being packed, and the box should be carefully lined with
+paper so that any roughness on the wood of the box may not damage the
+volumes.
+
+Book and parcel post volumes should have three or four thicknesses of
+paper, and if bound volumes a strawboard on either side as well as
+paper.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[8] Leighton (John), _Book-plate Annual_.
+
+[9] _Enemies of Books._
+
+
+
+
+_The Art of Reading._
+
+
+First, how to read. The reason why so many people who read much know so
+little, is because they read isolated books instead of reading one book
+in connexion with another. The memory is trained by association, and if
+you read two books in succession on one subject you know more than twice
+as much as if you had read one book only. A good memory is a memory
+which assimilates. Every one has a good memory for something. A good
+memory rejects and sifts, and does not accept everything offered to it
+like a pillar-box. Do not join reading societies, because they kill
+individuality. Choose your subject, and work all round it. There is an
+extensive literature on the subject of 'The Art of Reading,' 'The Best
+Hundred Books,' &c. Most of it is useless and bewildering. The best
+advice I have ever seen in print about reading was by Sir Herbert
+Maxwell, and it appeared some years ago at the end of a _Nineteenth
+Century_ article. It is as follows:
+
+'If any young person of leisure were so much at a loss as to ask advice
+as to what he should read, mine should be exceedingly simple--_Read
+anything_ bearing on a definite object. Let him take up any imaginable
+subject to which he feels attracted, be it the precession of the
+equinoxes or postage stamps, the Athenian drama or London street cries;
+let him follow it from book to book, and unconsciously his knowledge,
+not of that subject only, but of many subjects, will be increased, for
+the departments of the realm of knowledge are divided by no _octroi_.
+He may abandon the first object of his pursuit for another; it does not
+matter, one subject leads to another; he will have acquired the habit of
+acquisition; he will have gained that conviction of the pricelessness of
+time which makes it intolerable for a man to lie abed of a morning.'
+
+The art of reading is a thing to learn, and with it comes the equally
+valuable art of skipping.
+
+Mr. Balfour's advice to readers is to learn the arts of skipping and
+skimming, and the late Philip Gilbert Hamerton said:--'The art of
+reading is to skip judiciously. The art is to skip all that does not
+concern us, whilst missing nothing that we really need. No external
+guidance can teach this; for nobody but ourselves can guess what the
+needs of our intellect may be.'
+
+No one knows how to skim and skip who has not first well threshed out
+some subject for himself. No one can tear the heart out of a book who
+has not first been through the student period. Advice is poured forth in
+lengthy magazine articles, and lectures, but as far as I know there is
+nothing which embodies such good sense on this subject, excepting Sir
+Herbert Maxwell's advice above, as a tiny pamphlet, about two inches
+square, written by Miss Lucy Soulsby, and sold for twopence. It is
+rather absurdly called _Things in Books Clothing_!
+
+Below are printed only such passages, gathered from many sources, as I
+think are necessary to be known about the art of reading.
+
+'It is true that the most absolute master of his own hours still needs
+thrift if he would turn them to account, and that too many _never_ learn
+this thrift, whilst others learn it late. . . . . Few intellectual men
+have the art of economising the hours of study. The very necessity which
+every one acknowledges of giving vast portions of life to attain
+proficiency in anything, makes us prodigal where we ought to be
+parsimonious, and careless where we have need of unceasing vigilance.
+The best time-savers are a love of soundness in all we learn or do, and
+a cheerful acceptance of inevitable limitations.'[10]
+
+'In exchange for the varied pleasures of the fashionable life, the
+intellectual life can offer you but one satisfaction, for all its
+promises are reducible simply to this, that you shall come at last,
+after infinite labour, into contact with some great _reality_; that you
+shall know and do in such sort that you will feel yourself on firm
+ground, and be recognised--probably not much applauded, but yet
+recognised--as a fellow-labourer by other knowers and doers. Before you
+come to this, most of your present accomplishments will be abandoned by
+yourself as unsatisfactory and insufficient, but one or two of them will
+be turned to better account, and will give you, after many years, a
+tranquil self-respect, and, what is still rarer and better, a very deep
+and earnest reverence for the greatness which is above you. Severed from
+the vanities of the illusory, you will live with the realities of
+knowledge as one who has quitted the painted scenery of the theatre to
+listen by the eternal ocean or gaze at the granite hills.'[11]
+
+'Reading, with me, incites to reflection instantly. I cannot separate
+the origination of ideas from the reception of ideas. The consequence
+is, as I read I always begin to think in various directions, and that
+makes my reading slow.'[12]
+
+'When a particular object has to be attained, reading cannot be too
+special. There is an enormous waste of intelligence through a neglect of
+this fact, but otherwise reading should "come by nature." When I look
+through the list of The Best Hundred Books, I cannot help saying to
+myself, "Here are the most admirable and varied materials for the
+formation of a prig."'[13]
+
+'Let us not be afraid of using a dictionary. _A_ dictionary? A dozen; at
+all events, until Dr. Murray's huge undertaking is finished. And even
+then, for no one dictionary will help us through some authors--say,
+Chaucer, or Spenser, or Sir Thomas Browne. Let us use our full lexicon,
+and Latin dictionary, and French dictionary, and Anglo-Saxon dictionary,
+and etymological dictionary, and dictionaries of antiquity, and
+biography, and geography, and concordances, anything and everything that
+will throw light on the meanings and histories of words.'[14]
+
+'To master a book, perhaps the best possible way is to write an essay
+in refutation of it. You may be bound few things will escape you then.
+The next best way may perhaps be to edit and annotate it for students,
+though, if some recent hebdomadal animadversions upon certain Oxford
+styles of annotation are well founded, this is questionable. The worst
+way, I should think, would be to review it for a newspaper.'[15]
+
+'Reading, and much reading, is good. But the power of diversifying the
+matter infinitely in your own mind, and of applying it to every occasion
+that arises is far better.'[16]
+
+'A person once told me that he never took up a book except with the view
+of making himself master of some subject which he was studying, and that
+while he was so engaged he made all his reading converge to that point.
+In this way he might read parts of many books, but not a single one from
+"end to end." This I take to be an excellent method of study, but one
+which implies the command of many books.'[17]
+
+'Never read a book without pencil in hand. If you dislike disfiguring
+the margins and fly-leaves of your own books, borrow a friend's; but by
+all means use a pencil, if only to jot down the pages to be re-read. To
+transcribe striking, beautiful, or important passages is a tremendous
+aid to the memory; these will live for years, clear and vivid as day,
+when the book itself has become spectral and shadowy in the night of
+oblivion. A manuscript volume of such passages, well indexed, will
+become in time one of the most valuable books in one's library.'[18]
+
+'No man, it appears to me, can tell another what he ought to read. A
+man's reading, to be of any value, must depend upon his power of
+association, and that again depends upon his tendencies, his capacities,
+his surroundings, and his opportunities.'[19]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I am fully convinced that the above passages condense all that is best
+worth knowing upon the 'Art of Reading.'
+
+Next in importance is what to read. Be very careful about reading books
+which are recommended, because they are books of the hour. Fools step in
+and say read this and that without thinking to put themselves in your
+place. Because a book suits one person, it is only a rare chance that it
+will suit a friend equally.
+
+Before recommending a book to another with assurance, you must know the
+book well, and the friend to whom it is recommended you must know much
+better. Read the book which suggests something responsive and
+sympathetic. No one can tell you this as well as you can find it for
+yourself. Practice will teach you to choose a book, as practice has
+taught you to choose a friend. You will almost be able to choose it in
+the dark. There are affinities for books as for people, but this does
+not come at once.
+
+The proper appreciation of the great books of the world is the reward of
+lifelong study. You must work up to them, and unconsciously you will
+become trained to find great qualities in what the world has decided is
+great. Novel reading is not a part of the intellectual life, it is a
+part of the fashionable life.
+
+Lamb says that Bridget Elia 'was tumbled early, by accident or design,
+into a spacious library of good old English reading, without much
+selection or prohibition, and browsed at will upon that fair and
+wholesome pasturage.' And he adds, 'Had I twenty girls they should be
+brought up exactly in this fashion.'
+
+Ruskin says, 'there need be no choosing at all. Keep the modern magazine
+and novel out of your girl's way; turn her loose into the old library
+every wet day, and let her alone. She will find out what is good for
+her.'
+
+Mr. Ruskin notwithstanding, there will ever be a large public who will
+read nothing unless it has a story in it.
+
+Nearly all readers of books may be divided into two classes, those who
+read as students towards some definite end, and those who read for
+amusement. The latter class are greatly in the majority, and I have no
+hesitation in saying that a love of fiction will always predominate over
+a love of research, even in its light form. The student class, among
+whom are many critics, usually fail to understand the position of the
+fiction lovers, with the result that the fiction readers and fiction
+itself get a great many jibes and taunts. To open this question would
+involve a long argument, and would bring about no good. All experience
+goes to prove that a very large section of the public, not being
+students, loves to read the books of the hour, and great pleasure may be
+got therefrom. The smaller section, trained to different habits, and
+regarding books in a more serious light, put their collection of books
+to different purposes, and, I know, get great pleasure therefrom. The
+two classes can run parallel together, and one class should not try to
+exterminate the other.[20] In country houses the books in billiard-rooms
+and in the bedrooms should appropriately be fiction. Not many guests at
+a house-party are in the frame of mind to take up serious books, nor are
+there the opportunities given for application which such would require.
+I think where the general house library is (as is very often the case)
+not a living room, there is then much more reason for separating fiction
+and light literature, and placing them in a very accessible position. It
+will often be found advisable, as fiction accumulates, to weed out and
+decide what volumes shall be bound and what rejected or placed in the
+servants' library. Shelves should therefore be reserved for books which
+are thus going through a period of probation.[21]
+
+A fiction library may be made very interesting if it is so arranged as
+to represent the history of France or of England, or any country. From
+the boundless stores of fiction writers--in fact, from Scott alone
+almost--a sequence of volumes may be arranged which, if read in proper
+order, would make a very excellent romance history. Almost every
+interesting episode of history has had its story woven into romance.
+Thus there are, I believe, about eighteen historical romances relating
+to the Monmouth rebellion alone.
+
+'Much of love,' said Lord Bowen, 'has only been learned under the
+instruction of some woman who has herself only learned it from a book.
+Authoresses, indeed, have not unfrequently betrayed the key to some of
+their sex's secrets. Were it not for _Northanger Abbey_ and Miss Austen,
+some of the old mysteries of girlish friendship would have remained
+untold, and we should never have known or understood the curiosity
+which may lurk in a refined bosom at seventeen. Man would scarcely have
+guessed but for _Jane Eyre_ the impression which can be made, it seems,
+upon a heart by a middle-aged gentleman with the manners of a bear and
+the composure of a prig. Furthermore, it is through women's novels that
+we have had brought home to us most adequately what women who have
+tasted it, or seen it, can best relate, the despicable egotism of a weak
+man. Anzoleto in _Consuelo_, Tito in _Romola_.'[22]
+
+It is important for every one to fix upon a time for everyday study, and
+remember to read when you have a disposition so to do. Do not think that
+spare moments not spent in reading are lost. Some spare time must be
+kept for thinking. If you have 'nerves,' it is no good to read then;
+read when the mind is quiet and receptive. This will probably be when
+dressing in the morning, or at night before going to bed. Keep a small
+bookcase in your dressing-room; in so doing you will learn the art of
+going to bed well. Read at any time when curiosity is aroused as to any
+person, place, or subject, and keep reference books at hand to answer
+questions intelligently. Napoleon read all the new novels in a
+travelling carriage, and pitched them out of the window as each was
+finished. Active minds, to read advantageously, should seek a quiet
+_sanctum_ of their own.
+
+A very admirable suggestion was made a short time since, I think by Dr.
+Ernest Hart, that it should be more a custom to have bookcases in
+bedrooms. Many persons, and, I believe, notably Mr. Gladstone, read
+before going to bed. I think all bedrooms should have a selection of
+favourite books, and I do not think that novels are nearly so suitable
+as books of short essays and sketches. Few people would sit up
+sufficiently long to read a novel through, and many would therefore not
+begin what they knew they would be unable to finish.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[10] P. G. Hamerton.
+
+[11] P. G. Hamerton.
+
+[12] H. W. Beecher.
+
+[13] James Payn.
+
+[14] _Blackwood's Magazine_, February, 1896.
+
+[15] _Blackwood's Magazine_, February, 1896.
+
+[16] Burke.
+
+[17] Thirlwall.
+
+[18] _Blackwood's Magazine_, February, 1896.
+
+[19] J. S. Blackie.
+
+[20] H. D. Traill.
+
+[21] See Mr. Gladstone's ideas on the subject, in _Gladstone in the
+Evening of his Days_, p. 145.
+
+[22] Bowen's lecture on _Novel Reading_.
+
+
+
+
+_Common-place Books._
+
+
+Very numerous methods have been suggested whereby memory may be assisted
+and the assimilation of our reading proceed without indigestion. A
+reader is often pictured with note-book in hand, supposed to be
+memorising what he is reading. There is no doubt that note-books are
+very useful, but no note-book or commonplace-book should take the place
+of the natural memory--and every one has a good memory for something.
+
+Thomas Fuller has wittily said, 'Adventure not all thy learning in one
+bottom, but divide it between thy memory and thy note-books. . . . . A
+commonplace-book contains many notions in garrison, whence an owner may
+draw out an army into the field on competent warning.'
+
+Every one has his and her own way of keeping a commonplace-book. Mr.
+Sala, I remember, once gave a minute account of his jottings in this
+way:[23] 'Todd's _Index Rerum_ was, in its day, very little else than
+an alphabeted book--a forerunner of what stationers now sell in various
+sizes called _Where is it?_ The simplest form of commonplace-book is a
+plain quarto MS. book ruled in an ordinary way, and in this entries may
+be made without being alphabeted. Do not write extracts or notes right
+across the line, but make your entries thus, having the keyword clear
+and easy to be seen:--
+
+      'PICUS DE MIRANDOLA.--His extraordinary gifts. His
+          being sought after by women. Compare with H. T.
+          Buckle. See also Hallam's _Literary History_, Part
+          I. chap. iii.'
+
+In the matter of note-books, I am sure that it is best for every one to
+make notes in the way best suited to his convenience. Many, I think,
+find that taking notes while reading a book is an undesirable
+interruption. To such, it may be suggested to have slips of paper about
+half an inch wide, and four or five inches long, and insert these at the
+pages which contain anything notable. Then, when the book is finished,
+go through and transcribe or memorise such passages as are thus marked.
+I think it a great mistake to attempt too rigid a system in note-books,
+or too much red tape of any kind, because whenever this is done, the
+time and thought, which should be given to the matter of the extract
+helping to fix it upon the memory, is given instead to the secondary
+matter of keeping your note-books very neat.
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[23] 'Periodically I am addressed by two constant and somewhat exigeant
+classes of correspondents: the young gentlemen who wish me to give them
+a list of the works requisite to form a journalist's library; and, next,
+the esteemed individuals of both sexes and all ages who want me to tell
+them how to keep a commonplace-book. I have replied to both these
+questions over and over again; and to give yet another list of the books
+which I think would be useful to professional writers for the press
+would be to outrage the patience of my non-professional patrons. The
+recipe for keeping a commonplace-book may, however, it is to be hoped,
+be repeated without giving offence to any one. Here it is; and pray
+observe that I have had it printed in small type, in order that the
+susceptibilities of readers who want to be amused and do not require to
+be instructed may not be wounded:--Procure a blank book, strongly bound,
+big or little, according to the largeness or smallness of your
+handwriting. Let the book have an index. It will be better if the paper
+of the book were ruled. When in the course of your reading you come on a
+passage which strikes you as worthy of being common-placed, copy it
+legibly in your commonplace-book. Say that the passage is the following,
+from Bacon's _Natural History_: "So the beard is younger than the hair
+of the head, and doth, for the most part, wax hoary later." At the end
+of this passage inscribe a circle or an ellipse, a square or a lozenge,
+just as you choose to do; and in the inscribed space write with red ink
+(better still with carmine) the figure 1. Then index the passage under
+letter B. "Beard younger than hair of head. 1." If you wish to be very
+careful in your common-placing, you may double index the passage by
+turning to letter H, and indicating the passage as "Head, hair of, older
+than beard." And so you may continue to transcribe consecutively all the
+passages which strike you in the course of your reading: never omitting
+to number the passage and to index it as soon as numbered. That is the
+system adopted by the Distressed Compiler, and he has made constant use
+of it for nearly forty years.'--G. A. SALA.
+
+
+
+
+_Reference Books._
+
+
+I have been very often asked for a book which will 'tell one
+everything.' There is no such book, and there never could be such a
+book. Omniscience may be a foible of men, but it is not so of books.
+Knowledge, as Johnson said, is of two kinds, you may know a thing
+yourself, and you may know where to find it.[24] Now the amount which
+you may actually know yourself must, at its best, be limited, but what
+you may know of the sources of information may, with proper training,
+become almost boundless. And here come the value and use of reference
+books--the working of one book in connexion with another--and applying
+your own intelligence to both. By this means we get as near to that
+omniscient volume which tells everything as ever we shall get, and
+although the single volume or work which tells everything does not
+exist, there is a vast number of reference books in existence, a
+knowledge and proper use of which is essential to every intelligent
+person. Necessary as I believe reference books to be, they can easily be
+made to be contributory to idleness, and too mechanical a use should not
+be made of them. Very admirable reference books come to us from America,
+where great industry is shown, and funds for publishing them never seem
+to be short. The French, too, are excellent at reference books, but the
+inferior way in which they are printed makes them tiresome to refer to.
+Larousse's _Grand Dictionnaire_ is a miracle.
+
+A good atlas is essential as a reference book, and maps of the locality
+where we live. A good map of old London is very useful in studying
+_Pepys' Diary_ for instance. A good verbal dictionary is essential.
+Sometimes several should be in use: thus, Halliwell's _Archaic
+Dictionary_ and Nares' _Glossary_ are useful in studying Shakespeare.
+Richardson's _Dictionary_ embodies all the good points of Johnson's
+_Dictionary_, and is very excellent for quotations. Poetical
+_Concordances_ and _Dictionaries of Quotations_, both prose and poetry,
+are useful, though very rarely does one find the quotation required in
+any professed book of quotations. A good _Biographical Dictionary_ is a
+joy; such is Lippincott's, an American work. A good _Classical
+Dictionary_ is also necessary, and may be supplemented by Smith's
+_Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography_. It would be interesting to
+see how far it would be possible to collect an ideal reference library,
+and this, I think, has never been carefully done. It must be borne in
+mind that reference books are not all books arranged alphabetically
+(though the man who first wrote an alphabeted book should be Canonised).
+Reference books consist of such works as Rawlinson's Historical Works,
+Wilkinson's _History of the Ancient Egyptians_, and Fergusson's _History
+of Architecture_. All such books are reference books, and many thousands
+more. I think it will be found a good plan in the library to keep
+reference books (viz., those which are likely to be in frequent use) in
+a separate case--perhaps a revolving case--and in no library should this
+section be neglected. Mr. Walter Wren, the well-known coach, once
+lectured on 'What is Education?' and in his lecture he made the
+following remarks:--
+
+'I think the first thing that made me a teacher was my noticing, when a
+boy, how men and women read books and papers, and knew no more about
+them when they had read them than they did before. . . . . Lots of
+people seem to know nothing, and to want to know nothing; at any rate,
+they never show any wish to learn anything. I was once in a room where
+not one person could say where Droitwich was; once, at a dinner of
+fourteen, where only one besides myself knew in what county Salisbury
+was. I have asked, I believe, over a hundred times where Stilton is, and
+have been told twice--this when Stilton cheese was handed. I mention
+this to show the peculiar conservative mental apathy of Englishmen.'
+
+'A reader should be familiar with the best method by which the original
+investigation of any topic may be carried on. When he has found it, he
+appreciates, perhaps for the first time, for what purpose books are for,
+and how to use them. . . . . No person has any claim to be a scholar
+until he can conduct such an original investigation with ease and
+pleasure.' The foregoing was the advice of a well-known American
+librarian.
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[24] Those who read everything acquire something, and especially they
+acquire, as the Bishop of Oxford (Dr. Wilberforce), once said, the
+invaluable power of knowing where, when they wanted first-hand
+information, they could most easily obtain it. That is the knowledge of
+the lawyer; and the knowledge of the lawyer, if he is competent,
+gradually becomes of the kind which qualifies him to be a
+judge.--_Spectator_, January 2nd, 1897.
+
+
+
+
+_Boudoir Libraries._
+
+
+Women have their own way of loving books. They are very rarely students,
+and more rarely still do they amass really great libraries, though many
+of the famous women of history have done so. Yet a woman likes to have
+her own books, and she likes, too, to have them separate from her
+husband's or her brothers', or the general family collection. Most women
+like tiny editions fitted into tiny cases.[25] Colour is much more to a
+woman than to a man, and in the binding of her books she will very often
+be very happily inspired. I think that it is in De Maistre's _Journey
+Round my Room_ that he says, 'It is certain that colours exercise an
+influence over us to the extent of rendering us gay or sad, according to
+their shades.' Charming tiny bookcases are now sold in various woods and
+in all sizes, and these have the advantage of being easily moved from
+place to place. A very pretty effect can be produced by a book-screen,
+but this, to be of service for taking books, must be placed in a room
+larger than most boudoirs. In choosing bindings for small books do not
+be surprised if, when bound, your books are not as flexible as they
+should be. The easy opening of a book, and this particularly applies to
+small books, depends very much upon the thickness of the paper used, and
+small books printed on thick paper will never open well. Much blame is
+often heaped upon binders in this direction which is by no means their
+fault. Roan, parchment, vellum, morocco, and buckram are all suitable
+for boudoir bindings. Very pretty effects are produced by binding a
+series of small books in vellum with green lettering-pieces, and green
+edges instead of gilded edges. White backs, with pink or blue
+lettering-pieces, are also very dainty; and a pretty effect of another
+kind is produced by dark brown polished calf, with round backs, raised
+bands, and yellow edges.
+
+Reference books, such as verbal dictionaries, dictionaries of
+quotations, a classical dictionary, an atlas, or a biographical
+dictionary, should always be to hand; and even when these are in the
+large library, duplicates should be kept in the boudoir.
+
+In a very charming book, already referred to, called _The Story of my
+House_, there is certain practical advice which seems to be the result
+of much experience and excellent taste on the part of the writer.
+
+'With regard to the bookcases themselves, their height should depend
+upon that of the ceilings, and the number of one's volumes. For
+classification and reference it is more convenient to have numerous
+small cases of similar or nearly similar size, and the same general
+style of construction, than a few large cases in which everything is
+engulphed. With small or medium-sized receptacles, each one may contain
+volumes relating to certain departments or different languages, as the
+case may be; by this means a volume and its kindred may be readily
+found.'
+
+'The style and colour of the bindings, also, may subserve a similar
+purpose; as, for instance, the poets in yellow or orange, books on
+nature in olive, the philosophers in blue, the French classics in red,
+&c. Unless methodically arranged, even with a very small library, a
+volume is often difficult to turn to when desired for immediate
+consultation, requiring tedious search, especially if the volumes are
+arranged upon the shelves with respect to size and outward symmetry.
+This may be avoided by the use of small bookcases and a definite style
+of binding.'
+
+I think here that the boudoir library should have its own catalogue, and
+every bookshelf marked or numbered. Every boudoir library should have a
+catalogue.
+
+'In a room ten and a half to eleven feet high, five feet is a desirable
+height for the bookcases. Besides the drawers at the base, this will
+afford space for four rows of books, to include octavos, duodecimos, and
+smaller volumes. The shelves should, of course, be shifting. . . . . By
+leaving the top of the bookcase twelve to thirteen inches wide, ample
+space will be allowed for additional small books, porcelain, and
+_bric-à-brac_. It must be borne in mind that tall bookcases, in addition
+to the inaccessibility of the volumes in the upper shelves, have little,
+if any, space for pictures on the walls above them.'
+
+It may be appropriate here to remind readers of an essay in Addison's
+_Spectator_ upon my Lady's Library.
+
+'Some months ago, my Friend, Sir Roger, being in the Country, enclosed a
+Letter to me, directed to a certain Lady, whom I shall here call by the
+name of _Leonora_, and as it contained Matters of Consequence, desired
+me to deliver it to her with my own Hand. Accordingly, I waited upon her
+Ladyship early in the Morning, and was desired by her Woman to walk into
+her Lady's Library till such time as she was in Readiness to receive me.
+The very Sound of a _Lady's Library_ gave me a great Curiosity to see
+it; and as it was some time before the Lady came to me, I had an
+Opportunity of turning over a great many of her Books, which were ranged
+together in very beautiful Order. At the end of the _Folios_ (which were
+finely bound and gilt) were great Jars of _China_, placed one above
+another in a very noble piece of Architecture. The _Quartos_ were
+separated from the _Octavos_ by a Pile of smaller Vessels, which rose in
+a delightful Pyramid. The _Octavos_ were bounded by Tea Dishes of all
+Shapes, Colours, and Sizes, which were so disposed on a wooden Frame
+that they looked like one continued Pillar indented with the finest
+Strokes of Sculpture, and stained with the greatest Variety of Dyes.
+That Part of the Library which was designed for the Reception of Plays
+and Pamphlets and other loose Papers, was enclosed in a kind of Square,
+consisting of one of the prettiest Grotesque Works that ever I saw, and
+made up of Scaramouches, Lions, Monkies, Mandarines, Trees, Shells, and
+a thousand other odd Figures in _China_ Ware. In the midst of the Room
+was a little Japan Table, with a Quire of gilt Paper upon it, and on the
+Paper a Silver Snuff-box, made in the Shape of a little Book. I found
+there were several other Counterfeit Books upon the upper Shelves, which
+were carved in Wood, and served only to fill up the Number, like Fagots
+in the muster of a Regiment. I was wonderfully pleased with such a mixt
+kind of Furniture, as seemed very suitable both to the Lady and the
+Scholar, and did not know at first whether I should fancy myself in a
+Grotto, or in a Library.'
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[25] Napoleon was a great lover of small books. 'An insatiate reader
+while on his travels, Napoleon complained, when at Warsaw, in 1807, and
+when at Bayonne, in 1808, that his librarian at Paris did not keep him
+well supplied with books. "The Emperor," wrote the secretary to Barbier,
+"wants a portable library of a thousand volumes in 12mo., printed in
+good type without margin, and composed as nearly as possible of forty
+volumes on religion, forty of epics, forty of plays, sixty of poetry, a
+hundred of novels, sixty of history, the remainder, to make up the
+thousand, of historical memoirs. The religious works are to be the Old
+and New Testament, the Koran, a selection of the works of the Fathers of
+the Church, works respecting the Aryans, Calvinists, of Mythology, &c.
+The epics are to be Homer, Lucan, Tasso, Telemachus, The Henriade, &c."
+Machiavelli, Fielding, Richardson, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Corneille,
+Racine, and Rousseau were also among the authors mentioned.'
+
+
+
+
+_Bookbinding._
+
+
+As far as I am aware there are only four bookbinders in London who may
+be trusted not to mutilate a book, and there are only two who have any
+sense of design and harmony of colour. In sending a book to be bound,
+if you value the book, you cannot be too careful or minute in giving
+instructions as to your wishes.
+
+I think the best way to assist by advice is to picture a number of
+everyday instances of people requiring books to be bound, and to take
+such familiar cases instancing well-known books and show how each case
+can best be dealt with.
+
+First of all, the right leather to use for binding is morocco. This is
+best; more durable, and a better choice of colour is given you.
+Half-morocco is good, but see that you get a good wide strip of morocco,
+and that it is not all cloth sides with a very narrow spine of leather.
+Valuable books should never be cut down. In many cases the top edges may
+be gilded which is a preservative from dust, but there are many other
+cases where instructions should be given to 'gild on the rough,' the
+three other sides should be left alone.
+
+I will first take the case of the 'Cambridge' _Shakespeare_, the
+hand-made paper edition, already spoken of, where each play has been
+issued in a separate volume, and in all forty thin volumes. Now the
+first question to settle is: Shall I have each of the forty volumes
+bound separately, or shall I bind the forty in twenty double volumes? or
+another question may arise in your mind, Shall I keep the book in its
+neat linen cover as published, and get another small paper copy, and
+bind that instead? Such questions must be settled--each one for himself.
+All I will say now is that the large paper forty volume edition when
+bound in twenty double volumes makes a very ideal copy of a great
+English classic; so, presuming that it is to be bound, you must choose
+the style of binding. It should rest between half-morocco and whole
+morocco, the latter costing about double the former. I think
+half-morocco is right for the book in most cases, whole morocco being
+unnecessarily expensive. Then comes colour, which must largely be
+referred to your own taste--olive-green, brown, dark red, and light
+apple green, would all be appropriate colours to choose from. The binder
+should have a book of colours and shades ready for you to select one
+from. Be sure and see that you have a coarse-grained levant morocco,
+which is much handsomer than the less good hard fine-grained morocco;
+of course it should be a polished or crushed levant binding, though when
+you see the pattern piece of leather it will be rough and unpolished. At
+any rate select a colour which, when polished, will work '_clean_.' Do
+not select anything _very light_ in morocco, it will probably not work
+'clean,' but come out spotted even when new.
+
+You will now select 'end papers.' These, I am sorry to say, are mostly
+very ugly, though there have recently been made some beautiful cloudy
+coloured papers, which now and then, and apparently by accident, are
+very beautiful, and they are also rather expensive. Some of the Japanese
+papers have pretty and very unobtrusive marblings worked upon them, and
+occasionally, too, a brocade paper looks well; but for a classic, the
+plainer the better, and very often a monotint end paper, or even a plain
+white, looks exceedingly well. In the matter of end and side papers, it
+is as well to know that these can very easily be altered even after the
+book is finished. The revival of flat backs has been the cause of some
+disputing. I think myself that the pleasure with which the trained eye
+regards the flat back is sufficient excuse for it. As far as technique
+goes, the flat back is, I believe, just as lasting and as flexible as
+the round. Much must however be determined by the size and shape of the
+book as to whether a flat back is adopted or not. The _Shakespeare_
+which is now under consideration, when _bound in double volumes_, would,
+I think, look well with a flat back, and with flat raised bands between
+the panels; whereas, when bound in forty single volumes, it would be
+better to have a round back.
+
+As to decoration and finish, the most lamentable errors of taste are
+often committed. Over-adornment is a curse. A person sees an attractive
+pattern lying in a shop, and wants all his or her books bound like it,
+without for a moment considering the anachronisms and impossible
+combinations that will thereby be perpetrated. It is the same with
+clothes. A man sees another man with a fine coat, and he straightway
+thinks he, too, will have a coat of that same make and pattern. Never
+does it occur to him to gauge the stature or character of the man who
+was first wearing the coat. There is yet a good deal of the monkey and
+the ape left in us. We seem to do our best to stifle our individuality,
+and reduce our souls to one sad dead level of accursed and wicked
+imitation. Some day we shall have our eyes opened, and then see that a
+man may break the whole of the Ten Commandments at once, and yet he
+shall be saved if he be not vulgar, and it is both senseless and vulgar
+to copy old bindings on to modern books. The only decoration which the
+copy of Shakespeare could require is a gilt line, or double gilt lines,
+round the panels of the back. The full gilt back is fortunately becoming
+extinct. It may well die.
+
+Decoration of books should only be carried out when we are sure we have
+an appropriate design, and when we are sure that the book is worth it.
+
+There are now some other details to be looked after. I refuse to class
+them as minor details, because towards the making of the perfect book
+everything right is _essential_.
+
+(1) The _Shakespeare_, being a book printed on paper of good quality,
+should have the top edge gilt, but the other sides should be left
+untouched or very slightly trimmed. (2) There should be one or two
+markers in each volume, and the colour of these markers should
+harmonise with the colour of the binding. (3) The lettering should be
+chosen yourself. There should be a principal title _stamped boldly and
+deeply_, and subordinate lettering stamped lower down and in smaller
+type. Thus SHAKESPEARE'S WORKS or SHAKESPEARE merely in the top panel,
+with the editor's name underneath, and then below should be lettered the
+plays contained in each volume, and below that, at the foot, the date of
+publication. (4) Three weeks to a month at least should be allowed for
+the binding of such a work. (5) A folded copy in quires of a book is
+always preferable to a cloth-bound copy. (6) If a binder should ever
+suggest either a padded binding, a russia leather binding, or a tree
+calf binding, you may instantly leave his premises, for he cannot
+understand his business.
+
+It will be understood that the rules which apply to the binding of this
+Shakespeare equally apply to most other books. I propose, however, to
+take such instances as I think present difficulties not already met, and
+see how they can be overcome.
+
+A second instance shall be the new edition of _Pepys' Diary_. The fact
+that this, and many other books, are published volume by volume makes it
+somewhat difficult to know whether to bind them at once or not to do so.
+In the case of the new edition of _Pepys' Diary_, as neither the binding
+of the large or small paper is unsightly, it should be left until
+complete, one good reason for this being that, if it be bound volume by
+volume as published, the binder will require a pattern volume each time,
+and your pattern volume will be lying about his workshop each time a
+volume is published. To register a pattern is by no means advisable in
+the case of a really well-bound series of books. It may do well enough
+for scientific and other journals, when great nicety of detail is not so
+much required. In the case of well-bound volumes, a pattern should
+accompany the order. A book like _Murray's Dictionary_, volumes of which
+are slow in completing themselves, the parts of the volumes, current and
+incomplete, should either be tied up in paper, and kept together, or
+they should be placed between two pieces of millboard on the shelf where
+they will finally be placed.
+
+A third instance shall be an old book which requires repairing or
+restoring. We will suppose that it is an old copy of _Clarissa Harlowe_,
+which you have picked up on a country book-stall. Now the binding is
+probably very much broken, and, being very dry, is getting rapidly
+worse. It is time, therefore, that it went into hospital, and at the
+bookbinder's hospital very clever operations are performed. To restore a
+binding, paste is rubbed over the leather, and, after it is dry, it is
+washed over with a thin solution of glue size. Again, when dry, the
+volume is varnished and afterwards rubbed over with a cloth upon which a
+few drops of sweet oil have been dropped. Here is one operation just in
+outline. There are very many others, which I can only refer to. If there
+are ink marks on any of the volumes of your _Clarissa_, which you wish
+removed, this can probably be done so that no trace is left. Similarly
+many grease-spots can be effectually removed. If a page is torn, it can
+be repaired, or if a piece of it is missing, it can be facsimiled, and
+the whole of the inside of the volume can be washed throughout. Never
+destroy an old binding if you can help it, and never obliterate marks of
+ownership, for it is interesting to trace the owners of a book. If a
+bookplate is in your _Clarissa_, and you wish your own to appear,
+transplant the former one to the end cover, and put your own in the
+front if you wish. Never have such a book as we are now discussing cut
+down. A book has recently been written and published by Mr. C. G. Leland
+on _Mending and Repairing_, in which the author recommends the amateur
+to repair his own books. I believe Mr. Leland is an expert hand at many
+arts and crafts, but I do not think that every amateur should attempt
+experiments in repairing his own books unless he means to give a great
+deal of time to it, which very few would, I think, care to do.
+
+The following remarks, taken from a review, I think by Mr. A. Lang, are
+valuable:--'The binder is often very mischievous. He not only "cuts
+down" books, impairing their shapeliness and ruining them for sale, nay,
+even cutting off lines, but he is apt to lose fly-leaves, with imprints,
+and rare autographs. What he rejects may have a merely fanciful or
+sentimental interest, still that interest can be expressed in terms of
+currency. An eighth of an inch in margin may represent a large sum of
+money, and it is just as easy not to cut down the volume. Old bookplates
+ought to be kept, on new bindings of old books. They are the pedigree of
+a volume. The ancient covers, if discarded, should be examined. They are
+often packed with fragments of old manuscripts, deeds, woodcuts, or
+engravings. The ages have handed books on to us; it is our duty to hand
+them on to coming generations, clean, sound, uninjured.'
+
+The fourth case shall be paper-bound novels, English and French
+editions, and Tauchnitz copies. I have no hesitation in saying that the
+best material is Buckram. It has the merit of being good--that is to
+say, durable, cheap, artistic, and not harsh to handle, as many linens
+are. There are some half-a-dozen good colours in Buckram, and these,
+when relieved by lettering-pieces of some contrasting colour, can be
+made most decorative and economical. I believe buckram is in every way a
+most excellent material for binding, and for students who buy and use
+German and French text-books published in paper, this material is
+excellent for their libraries as well.
+
+Here may be added a few words as to Pamphlets and Magazines. It has
+been recommended that Pamphlets be kept in boxes, which may be placed
+upon the shelves as books, but this will not be found either convenient
+or secure. The best way is to bind Pamphlets in volumes according to
+size, or if _very_ numerous, according to date or subject, and let them
+each be entered separately in the catalogue. In the cataloguing of
+private libraries it is sometimes thought that certain sections, such as
+pamphlets and magazines, are not worth entering, but the only safe rule
+is that, if it is worth keeping, it is worth cataloguing. Single
+pamphlets should be bound in limp roan, and volumes of pamphlets in
+buckram or half-calf, with full lettering on the back.
+
+Magazines, when they are kept complete, should, of course, be bound up
+in their volumes, either yearly or half-yearly; but it often happens
+that a magazine is bought for a single article, and many of these
+accumulating, it is quite easy for such articles as are of special
+interest to be taken from the remainder, and treated as pamphlets. In
+the case of magazines and scientific periodicals of importance, it is
+well to keep the covers and bind them at the end of each volume. Music
+should be bound in limp roan in preference to limp calf, because the
+latter would sooner show scratches and marks, particularly as a large
+surface is exposed.
+
+If you want your pamphlets and novels to look nice, beware of your
+binder using what he calls his odd pieces, generally monsters of
+ugliness.
+
+Family papers, autograph letters, and MS. matter of all kinds should be
+placed in the hands of an expert, with instructions to calendar them,
+viz., catalogue them, giving a _précis_ of the contents of each one.
+They should then be mounted and bound up in volumes, with abstract of
+contents in front of the volume. It will be well to consider the
+advisability of having typed copies made of the whole wherever
+unpublished records exist.
+
+Much, very much, more might be written about practical details in
+bookbinding, but nothing is so valuable as experience, and a few
+mistakes will be the best teacher. Remember that morocco is the best
+material, whether it be half or whole morocco, pigskin is second, calf
+is third, vellum is fourth, roan is fifth, buckram is sixth, though it
+may frequently take the place of calf.
+
+
+
+
+_Book Hobbies._
+
+
+It has been remarked that only an auctioneer admires all schools of
+literature. I think it is certain that the way to get most enjoyment
+from books is to specialise a little. Mr. Pepys, it will be remembered,
+collected Black Letter Ballads, Penny Merriments, Penny Witticisms,
+Penny Compliments, and Penny Godlinesses, and what Pepys paid a penny
+for are now worth much gold. Lord Crawford is, I believe, one of the
+most enthusiastic among present day collectors, and I am told that he
+spends many hours in arranging and cataloguing his extensive and curious
+collection. As far as I can gather from the printed catalogues which
+have been issued of Lord Crawford's library, he is rivalling Pepys in
+his collection of ballads. Other subjects which he has taken up are
+proclamations and Papal bulls. I cannot omit saying that if Lord
+Crawford's example were followed by a few more rich men, they would find
+therein very amusing hobbies. The catalogues of the Ballads and the
+Proclamations in the Library at Haigh Hall have been compiled by Lord
+Crawford's own hand, and there are no better catalogues of a private
+collection in existence. The late Lord Braybrooke collected County
+histories, and got together a most valuable and interesting collection.
+But, judging from his own account of his collection,[26] it was too
+general to be very interesting. There is hardly a more useful or
+profitable book hobby than the collecting of Topographical books, but
+each one should confine himself to one County, or at most two, and even
+with discrimination in buying, a single County collection soon becomes
+extensive. What should be aimed at in such a collection is the putting
+together whatever will illustrate the archæology, general history, folk
+lore, dialect, and natural history, of a district or County, and
+wherever there is a Church and a Manor, there is a history. Each parish
+history is the unit of the history of the nation, and any one
+investigating the parochial history of a single parish will find much
+national history written in between the lines. With regard to
+topographical and genealogical books, I may say that the prices of these
+are rapidly rising, and will continue to rise, owing largely to the
+increasing competition in America for these books.
+
+Sir Walter Gilbey has, it is well known, a fine collection of sporting
+books. There is no sport but what has its literature, and if there is
+one subject more than another, upon which the English mind is
+unchanging, it is sport, and this being so, sporting books will always
+offer a fine field for collectors. As the coaching age recedes farther
+back, so it will be found that an increasing number of men will want to
+read about what they no longer can hear _viva voce_. All out-door
+subjects are good hobbies. Flower culture and the laying out of grounds,
+birds and natural history generally are good subjects, but it must be
+understood that no one can find another a subject, one can only
+_suggest_, and that is all I propose to do here. Books offer a very
+endless variety of hobbies. So I have merely named one or two highways,
+and there is an endless maze of bypaths which offer delightful hunting
+grounds. Dr. Johnson, it may be remembered, expressed a very sound
+commonsense view of this matter to Boswell:
+
+'When I mentioned that I had seen in the King's Library fifty-three
+editions of my favourite _Thomas à Kempis_ . . . . in eight languages
+. . . . Johnson said he thought it unnecessary to collect many editions of
+a book which were all the same except as to paper and print. He would
+have the original, and all the translations, and all editions having
+variations in the text. He approved of the famous collection of the
+editions of Horace by Douglas, and, he added, "Every man should try to
+collect one book in that manner. . . . ."'
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[26] _Murray's Magazine_, September, 1889.
+
+
+
+
+_Old Country Libraries._
+
+
+The library of Chaucer's Clerk of Oxenford, which represented about the
+maximum that an ordinary student would possess, consisted of
+
+          'A twenty bokes, clothed in black and red,
+           Of Aristotle and his philosophie,'
+
+and these he kept 'at his beddes hed.'
+
+Dr. Jessopp, in one of his learned papers,[27] has pointed out that in
+the thirteenth century the number of books in the world was, to say the
+least, small. A library of five hundred volumes would, in those days,
+have been considered an important collection, and after making all due
+allowances for ridiculous exaggerations, which have been made by
+ill-informed writers on the subject, it may safely be said that nobody
+in the thirteenth century--at any rate in England--would have erected a
+large and lofty building as a receptacle for books, simply because
+nobody could have contemplated the possibility of filling it. Here and
+there amongst the larger and more important monasteries there were
+undoubtedly collections of books, the custody of which was entrusted to
+an accredited officer, but the time had not yet come for making
+libraries well stored with such priceless treasures as Leland, the
+antiquary, saw at Glastonbury, just before that magnificent foundation
+was given as a prey to the spoilers. A library, in any such sense as we
+now understand the term, was not only no essential part of a monastery
+in those days, but it may almost be said to have been a rarity.
+
+In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries we rarely meet with any
+indications of a literary taste among the laity; the books they
+purchased were more for ornament than use. But in the fifteenth century
+we find books mentioned in a manner which would seem to indicate that
+the laity were enabled to use them with pleasure. In 1395, Alice, Lady
+West, left to Joan, her son's wife, 'all her books of Latin, English,
+and French;' and from the memoranda of Sir John Howard, we learn that
+that worthy knight could read at his leisure 'an Englyshe boke, callyd
+_Dives et Pauper_,' for which, and 'a Frenshe boke,' in 1464, he paid
+thirteen shillings and fourpence. The library of this member of the
+Howard family was sufficiently extensive to enable him to select
+therefrom, on the occasion of his going to Scotland, thirteen volumes
+for his solace and amusement on the voyage.[28] In the Paston _Letters_
+will be found a catalogue of the library of one of the members of this
+fifteenth century family. In the monasteries books were, of course, used
+and treasured long before they became part of the household goods of
+rich laymen. The catalogue of the House of the White Canons, at
+Titchfield, in Hampshire, dated 1400, shows that the books were kept in
+a small room on shelves, and set against the walls. A closet of this
+kind was evidently not a working place, but simply a place of storage.
+By the beginning of the fifteenth century, the larger monasteries had
+accumulated many hundred volumes, and it began to be customary to
+provide for the collections separate quarters, rooms constructed for the
+purpose. The presses in the cloisters were still utilised for books in
+daily reference.[29] Duke Humphrey was a great book collector and patron
+of letters, and presented to the University of Oxford many of the
+illuminated treasures which he had collected. The magnificent collection
+of Charles V. of France, also a great bibliomaniac, was brought by the
+Duke of Bedford into England. This library contained 853 volumes of
+great splendour, and the introduction of these books into England
+stimulated a spirit of inquiry among the more wealthy laymen. Guy
+Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, collected a very fine library of early
+romances, which about 1359, he left to the monks of Bordesley Abbey, in
+Worcestershire. A list of this library will be found in Todd's
+_Illustrations of Gower and Chaucer_.
+
+Mr. J. W. Clark has, with quite wonderful learning, drawn a picture of
+student-life of the past with such graphic vigour that we can almost
+reinstate Colet, Casaubon, and Erasmus, and picture them exactly as they
+worked among their books. In Macaulay's chapter upon _The State of
+England in 1685_, are given numerous facts about the difficulty the
+clergy had in getting books, and the little desire there was among the
+squires to possess libraries. Few knights of the shire had libraries so
+good as may now perpetually be found in a servants' hall, or in the back
+parlour of a small shopkeeper. An esquire passed among his neighbours
+for a great scholar if _Hudibras_ and _Baker's Chronicle_, _Tarleton's
+Jests_, and the _Seven Champions of Christendom_, lay in his hall window
+among the fishing rods and fowling pieces. No circulating library, no
+book society, then existed, even in the capital; but in the capital
+those students who could not afford to purchase largely had a resource.
+The shops of the great booksellers, near St. Paul's Churchyard, were
+crowded every day and all day long with readers. In the country there
+was no such accommodation, and every man was under the necessity of
+buying whatever he wished to read. Macaulay further points out that
+Cotton seems, from his _Angler_, to have found room for his whole
+library in his hall window; and Cotton was a man of letters. In the
+_Life of Dr. John North_ there is an account of that delightful person's
+dealings with Mr. Robert Scott, of Little Britain, a very famous
+bookseller in the seventeenth century.
+
+Dr. John North is really a fascinating personality.[30] His soul was
+'never so staked down as in an old bookseller's shop, for, having taken
+orders, he was restless till he had compassed some of that sort of
+furniture as he thought necessary for his profession.
+
+'I have borne him company,' says his biographer, 'at shops for hours
+together, and, minding him of the time, he hath made a dozen proffers
+before he would quit. By this care and industry he made himself master
+of a very considerable library, wherein the choicest collection was
+Greek.'
+
+Pepys wished that his name should go down to posterity as a man fond of
+books. The arrangements for the settlement of his library after death
+prove this. The numerous references throughout the _Diary_ show that he
+had a passion for collecting, and showed good judgment in what he got
+together. Pepys, like Dr. John North, dealt of Robert Scott, who, when
+sending his distinguished customer four scarce books, the total cost of
+which was only 1_l._ 14_s._, writes, 'Without flattery I love to find a
+rare book for you.'[31]
+
+
+          R. SCOTT, the bookseller, to Mr. PEPYS.
+
+                                                   '_June 30th, 1688._
+
+'SIR,--Having at length procured Campion, Hanmer, & Spencer's Hist. of
+Ireland, fol. (which I think, you formerly desired) I here send itt
+you, with 2 very scarce bookes besides, viz. Pricaei Defensio Hist.
+Britt. 4to, and old Harding's Chronicle, as alsoe the Old Ship of
+Fooles, in old verse, by Alex. Berkley, priest; which last, though nott
+scarce, yett soe very fayre and perfect, that seldome comes such
+another; the Priceus you will find deare, yett I never sold it under
+10_s._, and att this tyme you can have it of a person of quality; butt I
+love to find a rare book for you, and hope shortly to procure for you a
+perfect Hall's Chronicle.
+
+                              'I am, Sir,
+                                   'Your Servant to command,
+                                                    'ROBERT SCOTT.'
+
+
+          Campion, Hanmer, & Spencer fol.      0:12:0
+          Hardings Chronicle, 4to.             0: 6:0
+          Pricaei Defens. Hist. Britt.         0: 8:0
+          Shipp of Fooles, fol.                0: 8:0
+                                               ------
+                                               1:14:0
+                                               ======
+
+The contents of Pepys' famous collections of Manuscripts, Books and rare
+single-sheet literature are known more or less to students, and are
+found by them to be of the utmost value. It is amusing to notice how
+careful Pepys was not to admit into his library any 'risky' books.
+Little did he think that the key to the diary would be one day
+discovered. When he bought in the Strand 'an idle, rogueish, French
+book, _L'Escholle des Filles_,' he resolved, as already stated, as soon
+as he had read it, to burn it, 'that it might not stand in the list of
+books, nor among them, to disgrace them, if it should be found.' He was
+equally solicitous about Rochester's _Poems_.
+
+
+Pepys' books were numbered consecutively throughout the library, and
+therefore, when rearranged, they needed to be all renumbered. This was
+done by Pepys himself, his wife, and Deb Willett, who were busy until
+near midnight 'titleing' the books.
+
+With so many references to Pepys and his book-collecting as we find in
+the _Diary_, it is puzzling to read, under date, October 5, 1665, after
+references to 'Sister Poll,' 'I abroad to the office, and thence to the
+Duke of Albemarle, all my way reading a book of Mr. Evelyn's translating
+and sending me as a present, about directions for gathering a library,
+_but the book is above my reach_.' Pepys, one would think, had by this
+time gone far enough in himself gathering a library to understand the
+little pamphlet by Naudeus, librarian to Cardinal Mazarin, which Evelyn
+translated, and which was issued in 1661, and which is now very rare.
+There is a charming letter from Evelyn to Pepys, dated 12th August,
+1689, giving very many interesting details of the private libraries of
+the seventeenth century, and which goes a very long way to modify
+Macaulay's rather overdrawn picture of the scarcity of books and private
+libraries in 1685. This letter of Evelyn's might be compared with
+Addison's picture of 'Tom Folio' in the _Tatler_.[36] Tom Folio stood
+for a great book collector, Thomas Rawlinson.
+
+The eighteenth century produced a host of great book collectors. William
+Oldys, Humphrey Wanley, and Thomas Rawlinson just mentioned. These men
+were great experts, who infected with enthusiasm many great patrons of
+letters, such as Charles, Earl of Sunderland, the Earl of Pembroke, Lord
+Somers, Lord Oxford, Topham Beauclerk, Colonel Stanley, and George Earl
+Spencer, whose famous Library now at Manchester has been called the
+finest private library in Europe. In his _Life of Sir Walter Scott_,
+Lockhart has inserted a visitor's impression of the library at
+Abbotsford. 'The visitor might ransack a library, unique, I suppose, in
+some of its collections, and in all departments interesting and
+characteristic of the founder. So many of the volumes were enriched with
+anecdotes or comments in his own hand, that to look over his books was,
+in some degree, conversing with him.' The catalogue of the Abbotsford
+library was printed by the Maitland Club in 1838, and is one of the best
+catalogues of a private collection ever printed.
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[27] _Nineteenth Century_, January, 1884.
+
+[28] Parker, _Domestic Architecture_.
+
+[29] Putnam, _Books and their Makers_, vol. i.
+
+[30] See _ante_, p. 8.
+
+[31] Many interesting references to Pepys' Collections are found in Mr.
+H. B. Wheatley's _Pepys, and the World he Lived in_. The following
+extracts are taken from the same writer's new and final edition of the
+_Diary_:--
+
+          _May 15, 1660._--'After that to a bookseller's and
+          bought for the love of the binding three books:
+          the French _Psalms_ in four parts, Bacon's
+          _Organon_, and Farnab. _Rhetor_.'[32]
+
+          _Dec. 26, 1662._--'Hither come Mr. Battersby; and
+          we falling into a discourse of a new book of
+          drollery in verse called _Hudebras_,[33] I would
+          needs go find it out, and met with it at the
+          Temple: cost me 2_s._ 6_d._'
+
+          _July 8, 1664._--'So to Paul's Churchyarde about
+          my books, and to the binder's, and directed the
+          doing of my _Chaucer_,[34] though they were not
+          full neate enough for me, but pretty well it is;
+          and thence to the clasp-maker's to have it clasped
+          and bossed.'
+
+          _Jan. 18, 1664-65._--'Up and by and by to my
+          bookseller's, and there did give thorough
+          direction for the new binding of a great many of
+          my old books, to make my whole study of the same
+          binding, within very few.'
+
+          _Aug. 24, 1666._--'Up, and despatched several
+          businesses at home in the morning, and then comes
+          Sympson to set up my other new presses[35] for my
+          books, and so he and I fell into the furnishing of
+          my new closett, and taking out the things out of
+          my old, and I kept him with me all day, and he
+          dined with me, and so all the afternoon till it
+          was quite dark hanging things, that is my maps and
+          pictures and draughts, and setting up my books,
+          and as much as we could do, to my most
+          extraordinary satisfaction.'
+
+          _Dec. 17, 1666._--'Spent the evening in fitting my
+          books, to have the number set upon each, in order
+          to my having an alphabet of my whole, which will
+          be of great ease to me. This day Captain Batters
+          come from sea in his fireship and come to see me,
+          poor man, as his patron, and a poor painful wretch
+          he is as can be. After supper to bed.'
+
+          _Dec. 19, 1666._--'Home full of trouble on these
+          considerations, and, among other things, I to my
+          chamber, and there to ticket a good part of my
+          books, in order to the numbering of them for my
+          easy finding them to read as I have occasion.'
+
+          _Jan. 8, 1666-67._--'So home and to supper, and
+          then saw the catalogue of my books, which my
+          brother had wrote out, now perfectly
+          alphabeticall, and so to bed.'
+
+          _Feb. 4, 1666-67._--'Mightily pleased with the
+          play, we home by coach, and there a little to the
+          office, and then to my chamber, and there finished
+          my catalogue of my books with my own hand, and so
+          to supper and to bed, and had a good night's rest,
+          the last night's being troublesome, but now my
+          heart light and full of resolution of standing
+          close to my business.'
+
+          _Feb. 8, 1667-68._--'Thence away to the Strand, to
+          my bookseller's, and there staid an hour, and
+          bought the idle, rogueish book, _L'escholle des
+          filles_, which I have bought in plain binding,
+          avoiding the buying of it better bound, because I
+          resolve, as soon as I have read it, to burn it,
+          that it may not stand in the list of books, nor
+          among them, to disgrace them if it should be
+          found. Thence home, and busy late at the office,
+          and then home to supper and to bed.'
+
+
+
+[32] _Index Rhetoricus_, of Thomas Farnaby, was a book which went
+through several editions. The first was published at London, by R.
+Allot, in 1633.
+
+[33] The first edition of Butler's _Hudibras_ is dated 1663, and it
+probably had only been published a few days when Pepys bought it and
+sold it at a loss. He subsequently endeavoured to appreciate the work,
+but was not successful. The edition in the Pepysian Library is dated
+1689.
+
+[34] This was Speght's edition of 1602, which is still in the Pepysian
+Library. The book is bound in calf, with brass clasps and bosses. It is
+not lettered.
+
+[35] These presses still exist, and, according to Pepys' wish, they are
+placed in the second court of Magdalene College, in a room which they
+exactly fit, and the books are arranged in the presses just as they were
+when presented to the college.
+
+[36] _Tatler_, No. 158.
+
+
+
+
+_Weeding Out._
+
+
+It is necessary that a large country-house library should occasionally
+be weeded out and overhauled. The libraries which were formed in past
+generations cannot be expected to suit present-day requirements. In a
+great many country-house libraries there is little else than a great
+mass of turgid theology, but very often buried among these are really
+valuable books. Upon the death of the head of a family, the library
+should be carefully gone over in order that the new owner may get an
+idea of the books--a collection which he may be excused from knowing
+much of as he did not collect it. The books should then be re-arranged
+to suit the views of those who are most likely to use them, and certain
+rejected volumes should be disposed of and others put in their places.
+
+How much this is necessary might be illustrated by many anecdotes.
+
+
+
+
+_The Catalogue._
+
+
+I have said, under the heading 'Classification,' that it is not
+advisable or necessary to attempt any rigid classification upon the
+shelves. One good reason for this is that by so doing you are trying to
+do what can so much better be done by a catalogue. No one who uses books
+very much but sooner or later becomes grateful for the existence of an
+alphabet and an arrangement by A B C. Carlyle once said, 'A library is
+not worth anything without a catalogue; it is a Polyphemus without any
+eye in his head, and you must confront the difficulties, whatever they
+may be, of making proper catalogues.'
+
+'The classification of Pepys' library was to be found in the catalogues,
+and as Pepys increased in substance he employed experts to do this work
+for him.'[37]
+
+No catalogue is of any use unless you can tell from it (1) All that the
+library possesses of the known books of a known author at one view, as
+well as (2) All that it possesses, by whomsoever written, on a known and
+definite subject.
+
+The old catalogues were mostly very bad. Old methods have now given way
+to newer and better bibliographical systems, and, to take the case of a
+large country house, where books are scattered about in many rooms, a
+catalogue is most essential. The catalogue should, in most cases, be in
+MS., and not typewritten. Such an arrangement admits of additions being
+made more easily. The printed catalogue is adopted where the library is
+of special value, or if it has any particular class of books
+predominating to make it of use as a bibliography of a special subject.
+Lord Crawford's sectional catalogues of his library, already referred
+to, are the most valuable lists I know of for student purposes, but I
+believe very few people have ever seen them.
+
+The catalogue of Lord Crawford's Proclamations, at Haigh Hall, is a
+marvel of industry and accuracy. Mr. Locker Lampson's Rowfant Library
+was catalogued, and the catalogue printed and sold, because it had
+special value as a collection of Elizabethan poetry. Mr. Edmund Gosse's
+Library catalogue was printed because it contained special collections
+of seventeenth-century literature. Whether the library be a student's
+library or a general library, a catalogue is essential. Gibbon had a
+catalogue of his books. I have seen so many amateur attempts at
+cataloguing private libraries that I am bound to say I do not think the
+plan of cataloguing one's own books in any way answers. Any catalogue
+may be better than no catalogue, but, if a catalogue is to be done, it
+is better by far to call in the assistance of some one whose work it is.
+It frequently happens that a family inherits a large library, and the
+inheritors, not having formed the collection, naturally can know but
+little, if anything, of its contents. Now, in such a case, and in many
+other cases, the best plan is to have your books overhauled, sifted,
+certain volumes weeded out, if necessary, others rebound, and the whole
+remainder carefully catalogued and described, the cases being numbered
+and the shelves lettered.
+
+Very often the owner of a library sets out to catalogue his or her own
+books, and makes the initial mistake of entering them one by one in a
+MS. volume already bound up. Such a plan must end in failure and
+disorder, because it is impossible by this means to get the titles
+strictly alphabetical. Others I have seen commence writing the titles
+from the backs of the books. Other difficulties which are encountered
+are with anonymous books, and with such authors as used pseudonyms, and,
+in some cases, many pseudonyms. Such was Henri Beyle, whose books bear
+various disguises, such as De Stendhal, Cotonet, Salviati, Viscontini,
+Birkbeck, Strombeck, César Alexandre Bombet. The British Museum Library
+has ninety-one rules of cataloguing, forming, perhaps, the best
+cataloguing code in the world; but for private libraries such
+elaboration and detail is not necessary. The following are the main
+rules to be adopted in private libraries:--[38]
+
+
+1. The catalogue should be arranged in one general alphabet, this being
+the most useful and the readiest form for reference. To render it, as
+nearly as possible, a correct representation of the contents of the
+library, each work has but one principal descriptive entry. The
+shelfmark is confined to this entry--duplicate shelfmark references,
+when the position of books is likely to be often altered, from the
+accession of additions to the library, &c., leading to frequent and
+unavoidable errors.
+
+
+2. This entry is under the author's name when given on the title-page,
+or otherwise known, as being the only arrangement which allows one
+general rule to be followed throughout the catalogue.
+
+
+3. Anonymous works, whose authors' names are unknown, are placed under
+the subjects to which they relate.
+
+
+4. Cross references are made:
+
+     from the subjects of biographies to the authors;
+     from the principal anonymous and pseudonymous works to the writer's
+        real names where known;
+     from works included in, or noticed in the title-pages of other
+        publications, to those publications.
+
+
+5. To obviate the imperfections necessarily attendant on an alphabetical
+arrangement, and for the greater facility of reference, short
+classifications are introduced of the chief subjects on which the books
+in the library treat, referring to the names of the authors in the same
+general alphabet; thereby uniting the advantages of the alphabetical and
+classified systems, and acting in some measure as a key to the
+prevailing character of the library.
+
+
+6. All authors' names are followed by full stops: any articles placed
+under a writer's name, of which he is not the author, but which are
+anonymous answers to, or criticisms on, his works; anonymous memoirs
+placed under the subjects; or any entries whatever, in which the heading
+name prefixed is not that of the author, are distinguished by a line
+following the name.
+
+
+7. The headings of the short classifications are distinguished by being
+doubly underlined with red ink. The name to be referred to is singly
+underlined, but when the reference is to another heading, and not to an
+author, it is doubly underlined.
+
+In preparing titles for the catalogue (whether it be intended to
+transcribe or print them), it should be an imperative instruction that
+they be written on slips of paper (or on cards) of uniform size. It is
+also useful to include in them a word or two which may serve to identify
+the origin of the books--whether by purchase, by copyright, or by
+gift--and to indicate the date of their respective acquisition.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[37] Wheatley, _Pepys and the World he Lived in_, p. 84.
+
+[38] I believe these rules were originally drawn up by Mr. B. R.
+Wheatley.
+
+
+
+
+_Classification of Books._
+
+
+The classification of books, according to any set system, or according
+to subjects upon the shelves of a library, is not easy, and for many
+reasons it is not worth attempting. Unless the library is a very large
+one, say, ten to twenty thousand volumes, with ample and adaptable
+shelving, it is not to be desired. The main difficulty in shelf
+classification lies in the fact that books on similar and kindred
+subjects are issued in all sizes. There are books on Furniture, for
+instance, in folio, in quarto, and in octavo. When shelf classification
+is imperative, the folios are all put together, the quartos together,
+and the octavos together. This is the nearest realisation of a shelf
+classification, and by this method the folios may be far separated from
+the quartos, and the quartos from the octavos. Moreover, if appearance
+count for anything, as indeed it should in the most modest library, it
+will be impossible to carry out any plan of shelf classification and
+preserve at the same time an appearance of method and fitness. In
+planning out how your books are to be placed, a great consideration is
+the placing of them, so that books likely to be frequently referred to
+shall be easy of access, and books less likely to be in request shall be
+housed higher up.[39] Reference books should, as far as possible, be
+placed together, and all easy of access. The main divisions into which a
+private library classes itself are History and Biography, Fiction,
+Poetry and Drama, Theology, Travel, Art, Belles lettres; but there are
+so many considerations besides those of subject in any general
+classification which should determine the position of a volume that I
+must emphasise what has already been said about actual personal
+convenience being first studied, and the library as arranged on the
+shelves should be the result of personal convenience and graceful
+effect. This is more particularly necessary when a library is in course
+of expansion. The subjects which will expand quickest, and the space
+they will require, can never be accurately gauged, and frequent
+upheavals and readjustments will be necessary if any rigid plan is aimed
+at. I would suggest that a separate shelf--or, if necessary, a separate
+case--be reserved for unbound periodicals and for accessions, which are,
+as it were, _sub judice_. Often, too, a separate case is necessary for
+rare and handsome books, and a locked case for _facetiæ_. It is worth
+while to observe that Pepys found that the best way to find his
+numerous books was to number them consecutively throughout the
+library.[40]
+
+Numerous elaborate plans of book classification have been put forward,
+principally by Americans, but in no way are they adaptable to the
+requirements of private libraries, and I doubt very much the possibility
+of comprehending them in such a way as to apply them in an intelligible
+manner even to public libraries.
+
+Mr. B. R. Wheatley, in an admirable paper upon Library arrangement,[41]
+gives the following excellent practical advice:--
+
+'If I had the planning of rooms for a private library, I should select
+as the best possible arrangement a suite of three rooms, or one long
+room or gallery divided by columns into three compartments, of which the
+centre should be the largest, with several small contiguous ante-rooms,
+the entrances to which, if so desired, might be concealed, for
+uniformity or completeness of appearance, by filling them with sham or
+dummy book-backs, the titles of which may be made an occasion for
+witticism or joking allusion to local and family history.
+
+'A good library arrangement is not achieved at once, but is a slow
+growth through difficulties met and conquered. Some of the best portions
+of it will be those which have flashed across your mind when there
+seemed no pathway out of the thicket of difficulty in which you were
+struggling. The arrangement of books, where the shelves are not made to
+order to suit your plans, must naturally be of a progressive character
+in its development in your mind.
+
+'In some old libraries, collected mostly in the seventeenth and
+eighteenth centuries, there is such a preponderance of those portly
+tomes in folio in which our sturdy ancestors delighted, that they
+materially affect and disconcert our ordinary plans. I have known an
+instance in which the library shelves projected slightly in their upper
+part, and, there thus being an appropriate depth, I arranged on these
+shelves two long parallel rows, completely round the room, of these
+noble volumes of our old divines, State papers, Statutes, Treaties,
+Trials, and our County histories; and the effect in strength and power
+(as Ruskin might have said) of these long lines of large stout books of
+nearly equal height and size was really magnificent. Sometimes you meet
+with such a valuable and massive body of topography as will not allow of
+its cavalierly being made a subsidiary section of the class of history,
+and the form and weighty character of the folios suggest that some deep
+and separate bookcases should be chosen in which it may assume the
+important individuality that it deserves.
+
+'Folios of a modern date, being of very unequal sizes, would have a
+raggedness of outline which would be less observed nearer to the ground
+than in the elevated position just referred to. As a general rule, a row
+of folios on the lowest shelf will be succeeded by one of quartos, and
+then above the ledge the octavos and duodecimos will be placed, but they
+should not ascend in too rigid a law of gradual decrease. Rows of small
+books at the top of a bookcase look as petty to the mind as to the eyes,
+and, indeed, are in general more appropriately placed in dwarf bookcases
+specially fitted for their reception.
+
+'For small libraries, not exceeding 3000 to 4000 volumes, the letters of
+the alphabet may be used for the cases, and small figures for the
+shelves, on the principle of the greater including the less, the letters
+having a more important appearance. But in larger libraries, where there
+is a chance of the alphabet being doubled or trebled, one regular series
+of large numbers for the cases, with small letters for the shelves, is
+to be preferred.'
+
+Books should be marked in pencil, with a shelf letter and a case number.
+
+Long sets of books need be numbered in the first volume only.
+
+In the case of collections of pamphlets each item ought to be separately
+catalogued.
+
+The catalogue should complement the arrangement on the shelves, and not
+be tautological.
+
+Tables of contents of collected editions given in catalogue.
+
+A synoptical table of contents should be prefixed to the catalogue.
+
+For those who desire a rough outline of headings into which a library
+usually classifies itself, I will name one. The briefest is as
+follows:--(1) Theology, (2) Philosophy and Science, (3) Art, (4)
+Political Economy, (5) Law, (6) History and Literature.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[39] No bookshelves ought to be beyond the reach of a moderately tall
+person.
+
+[40] 'The books were numbered consecutively throughout the library, and,
+therefore, when rearranged, they needed all to be renumbered. All hands
+were pressed into this service, and we read that on the 15th of February,
+1667-68, Pepys himself, his wife, and Deb. Willett were busy until near
+midnight "titleing" the books for the year, and setting them in order.
+They all tired their backs, but the work was satisfactory. . . . . (_See
+ante_, p. 78.)
+
+'The books are arranged in eleven curious old mahogany bookcases, which
+are mentioned in the _Diary_ under date August 24, 1666. "Up and
+dispatched several businesses at home in the morning, and then comes
+Sympson to set up my other new presses for my books, and so he and I
+fell into the furnishing of my new closett, and taking out the things
+out of my old, and I kept him with me all day, and he dined with me, and
+so all the afternoon till it was quite darke hanging things, that is, my
+maps and pictures and draughts, and setting up my books, . . . . to my
+most extraordinary satisfaction."'--Wheatley, _Pepys and the World he
+lived in_, pp. 83-4.
+
+[41] _Library Journal_, August, 1878.
+
+
+
+
+_Bookcases._
+
+
+The chief faults of bookcases arise from their being designed and made
+by men who have never used a book. A first requisite in bookcases is
+simplicity, bearing in mind that the books are the ornament and not the
+bookcases. The cabinet-maker, among other things, is too fond of
+embellishments, and sacrifices space to what seem odd angularities and
+irregularities.
+
+No bookcase should be above eight and a half feet in height. No ladder
+should be necessary to get at books. If books are 'skied' up to the
+ceiling they must suffer from the heated air. It is heat, not gas
+merely, which damages books.
+
+A room may be made to look very beautiful by being surrounded with fumed
+oak bookcases, eight feet high. The shelves should be made movable with
+Tonks' patent.[42] Mr. Gladstone[43] speaks of the looseness and the
+tightness of movable shelves, the weary arms, the aching fingers, and
+the broken finger-nails. This can be avoided by the use of the patent
+here named. The bottom cases should be deeper and wider, to take quartos
+and folios, but there should always be an extra shelf for turning a
+folio section into an octavo section. Nineteen-twentieths of the books
+in circulation are octavos and smaller volumes. On each side of the
+fireplace there should be an arm projecting about four feet and a half.
+The inner side of this should have a comfortable reading-seat, and on
+the outer side, farthest from the fire, there may be shelves for books.
+If the structural arrangements of the room admit of these projecting
+arms being placed, without sacrifice of comfort, at a greater distance
+from the fireplace, the books may be placed on the upper part of the
+inner side as well, the lower part being used as a lounge.
+
+It must be remembered that heat and excessive dryness are fatal to good
+bindings and, indeed, to all parts of a book, and therefore no bookcase
+should approach too near a fireplace, nor should bookcases be placed
+backing upon hot-water pipes. The shelves should be edged with leather
+and such leather must _not_ be stiffened by cardboard or brown
+paper--simply leather, and there should be a roller shutter of silk to
+draw down in front of the books during absence from home. The cases[44]
+should everywhere be perfectly flush, without any sort of protruding
+ornament. It will be found a great advantage to make the framework of
+the various cases of equal dimensions, so that the shelves can be made
+transferable. In estimating the extent of shelving which it may be
+necessary to provide, we may calculate that in an ordinary library a
+space two feet high and two feet wide will, on an average, contain
+about thirty-five volumes, and it may be estimated roughly that every
+thousand volumes in a library will require about a hundred square feet
+of shelving.
+
+If fixed shelves are made, the usual height will be--[45]
+
+          For folios   18 to 21 inches.
+           "  quartos  12  " 15    "
+           "  octavos        10    "
+           "  smaller sizes   7    "
+
+These spaces will allow ample room for the average sizes. The 'Atlas'
+folios and 'Elephant' folios are best accommodated in single shelves, in
+which they may be flat, or on trays or table cases.[46] Bear in mind
+always to allow sufficient space for expansion. Nothing causes more
+disorder than insufficient shelf accommodation. All cases should be
+numbered and lettered, that is, each section should have a number, and
+each shelf a letter. For the accommodation of expensive bindings or rare
+books and MSS., a special case may sometimes be required. Very beautiful
+specimens of such may be seen sketched in the books of Chippendale,
+Sheraton, and Heppelwhite, but it is in all cases better to avoid glass
+fronts and adopt ornamental brass wire work if any special protection be
+needed.
+
+The late Mr. Blades, a great expert in this matter, said, 'It is a
+mistake to imagine that keeping the best-bound volumes in a glass-doored
+bookcase is a preservative. The damp air will certainly penetrate, and
+as the absence of ventilation will assist formation of mould, the books
+will be worse off than if they had been placed in open shelves. If
+securing be desirable, by all means abolish the glass and place
+ornamental brass wire work in its stead.'[47]
+
+'It is more important to see that the shelves intended for choice and
+richly bound books should be covered with leather, and expressly such as
+are intended for books of large sizes. In the case of books of special
+value, the leather should be well padded, should be of the best quality,
+and should have a polished surface.'[48]
+
+In the _Nineteenth Century_ for March, 1890, already quoted from, Mr.
+Gladstone wrote upon 'Books, and the Housing of them.' This paper showed
+a sound grasp of the subject and showed Mr. Gladstone in a new and very
+interesting light. Appended are some extracts from this paper, all of
+which I think experts would agree to, _except the fixed shelves_, and
+here, I think, any one who has handled books very much will be at issue
+with Mr. Gladstone. He himself says:--'I have recommended that, as a
+rule, the shelves be fixed, and have given reasons for the adoption of
+such a rule. I do not know whether it will receive the sanction of
+authorities, and I make two admissions. First, it requires that each
+person owning and arranging a library should have a pretty accurate
+general knowledge of the size of his books. Secondly, it may be
+expedient to introduce here and there, by way of exception, a single
+movable shelf.'
+
+Now, a man must be able not only to gauge very accurately the limits of
+his library and the various sizes of books, but he must be able to look
+into the future if he would safely embark on fixed shelves. And this is
+wholly impossible. Fixed shelves should only be adopted where cost has
+to be reduced to a minimum, but in the majority of instances movable
+shelves will be found preferable. The paragraphs which deal with
+bookcases in Mr. Gladstone's article may here be given:--
+
+'The question of economy, for those who from necessity or choice
+consider it at all, is a very serious one. It has been a fashion to make
+bookcases ornamental. Now, books want for and in themselves no ornament
+at all. . . The man who looks for society in his books will readily
+perceive that, in proportion as the face of his bookcase is occupied by
+ornament, he loses that society; and conversely, the more that face
+approximates to a sheet of book-backs, the more of that society he will
+enjoy. And so it is that three great advantages come hand in hand, and,
+as will be seen, reach their maximum together: the sociability of books,
+minimum cost in providing for them, and ease of access to them.
+
+'In order to attain these advantages, two conditions are fundamental.
+First, the shelves must, as a rule, be fixed; secondly, the cases, or a
+large part of them, should have their side against a wall, and thus,
+projecting into the room for a convenient distance, they should be of
+twice the depth needed for a single line of books, and should hold two
+lines, one facing each way. Twelve inches is a fair and liberal depth
+for two rows of octavos. The books are thus thrown into stalls, but
+stalls after the manner of a stable. . . . This method of dividing the
+longitudinal space by projections at right angles to it, if not very
+frequently used, has long been known. A great example of it is to be
+found at Trinity College, Cambridge, and is the work of Sir Christopher
+Wren. He has kept these cases down to a very moderate height; for he
+doubtless took into account that great heights require long ladders, and
+that the fetching and use of these greatly add to the time consumed in
+getting or replacing a book.'
+
+It must here be added that Mr. Gladstone's plan is much more fitted for
+a large public library than for the library of a private person, for
+whom he is prescribing. Though the library in the form of an annexe[49]
+is in many ways an ideal form for housing a large library, yet these are
+hardly likely to be in the majority, and most people find that they have
+to house their books in a circumscribed space, with no room for such
+bays and projections as he suggests except perhaps one by the fireplace.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[42] Tonks' fittings are specially adapted for the shelves of book-cases
+or other shelves, the adjustment of which has, from time to time, to be
+varied to suit the varying requirements of a library, &c. The method
+hitherto generally adopted for such shelves is to support them at each
+end by two studs, the heads of which are mortised into the shelf, and
+the pins driven or otherwise fitted into holes two or more inches apart,
+bored in two rows into the upright frames; these holes are very seldom
+accurately fitted to the pins, and even where so done in the first
+instance, from the shrinking or expansion of the wood, they soon become
+too large or too small for the pins, and the alteration of the
+adjustment of a shelf is thereby rendered an extremely troublesome
+operation. The patent fittings remedy this, and save both time and
+trouble; in place of the rows of holes so far apart, metal strips
+perforated at intervals of three-quarters of an inch for the reception
+of the very simple but strong metal plates, which take the place of the
+old studs, are mortised in and screwed to the frames. The insertion, at
+the required intervals, of the plates into the perforations in these
+strips is made instantaneously, consequently the position of a shelf can
+be easily altered without an irritating expense of trouble, and waste of
+time. The thinness of the plates renders any mortising in the shelf
+unnecessary, and the small intervals between the perforations in the
+strips enables the whole space occupied by the shelves to be used most
+economically. These fittings, when used with a shelf sufficiently strong
+itself to bear the weight, will support without strain more than half a
+ton.
+
+[43] _Nineteenth Century_, March, 1890.
+
+[44] Edwards, _Memoirs of Libraries_, ii., 736.
+
+[45] THE SIZES OF BOOKS.--The Associated Librarians of Great Britain
+decided upon a uniform and arbitrary scale for the measurement and
+description of the sizes of books. In consequence of the many and varied
+sizes of papers now manufactured, the terms folio, quarto or 4to.,
+octavo or 8vo., twelvemo or 12mo., and so on, as indicating the number
+of folds in the printed sheets, can no longer be relied upon as a
+definite guide to the sizes of books, hence the change, as follows:--
+
+          Large folio    la. fol.     over 18 inches.
+          Folio          fol.        below 18   "
+          Small folio    sm. fol.       "  13   "
+          Large octavo   la. 8vo.       "  11   "
+          Octavo         8vo.           "   9   "
+          Small octavo   sm. 8vo.       "   8   "
+          Duodecimo      12mo.          "   8   "
+          Decimo octavo  18mo.          is  6   "
+          Minimo         mo.          below 6   "
+          Large quarto   la. 4to.       "  15   "
+          Quarto         4to.           "  11   "
+          Small quarto   sm. 4to.       "   8   "
+
+[46] Edwards, _Memoirs of Libraries_, ii., 739.
+
+[47] Blades, _Enemies of Books_.
+
+[48] Edwards, ii., 737.
+
+[49] See p. 106.
+
+
+
+
+_Miscellaneous Appliances._
+
+
+Whether the library be considered as a workshop or a morning-room, there
+are certain necessary appliances, which will contribute a great deal to
+comfort, and the proper preservation of books. Thus, proper tables will
+be required. Mr. Gladstone, I believe, has, or had, three tables in his
+Temple of Peace--one for correspondence, one for politics, and one for
+literary work. This, no doubt, is a very excellent plan to be followed
+by those whose time is precious, and who have to divide each day up for
+fixed duties. The 'Shannon' and other American tables are very excellent
+for correspondence work, being fitted with pigeon-holes and drawers, and
+I have no doubt but that equally well-made tables are made specially
+fitted for literary work. Such a table should measure not less than six
+feet by three; its top should be a clear, flat surface, and it should
+stand firmly on its legs, and these legs should be four, and should not
+be placed to be in the way of the person sitting at the table. An
+ink-well should be sunk flush with the top of the case, and it should
+have a brass cover. A knee-hole table is not the best for literary work,
+but it may be the best for letter-writing. Of chairs, one good, firm,
+hard-seated chair is necessary. Mr. Ellwanger[50] says, 'I have two
+chairs for my reading--a stiff one for books I _have_ to read; a
+luxurious one for books I like to read. My luxurious chair is of dark
+green leather, a treat to sink into, modelled after the easy armchair of
+the Eversley Rectory, known from its seductive properties as "Sleepy
+Hollow."' A very prettily designed and useful hard-seated chair is that
+known as the Goldsmith chair, being modelled upon the chair which
+belonged to Oliver Goldsmith. A revolving bookcase is a very appropriate
+article of furniture in a library. It may be made especially useful for
+reference-books, or any such books as are being used together at one
+time for purposes of study and comparison. These revolving bookcases are
+made in all sizes, and can, of course, be made to suit any particular
+requirement; thus I have seen them made with a top which can be raised
+to a slope with a ledge like a standing desk, upon which a large atlas
+can be rested and consulted. Apart from this, I strongly recommend the
+use of a standing desk for health's sake when a great deal of writing
+has to be done.
+
+It frequently happens that books being taken from the shelf, the volumes
+left behind fall down in an untidy heap. To obviate this, there is a
+very simple form of metal book support sold, which keeps a half-filled
+shelf neat and tidy. An alternative to this is the old plan of inserting
+dummies, whereby no blanks are seen. As I have so strongly advocated
+shelves the tops of which are within reach of the hand, I need not say
+much about steps, but where steps are really needed, they should be
+_very_ light, and capable of being easily lifted with one hand. They
+should have an upright rod support rising about four feet above the top
+step; this for the purpose of safety when using the steps. Cabinets of
+drawers for prints and very large books should also be secured if
+required, and cushioned desks for books with metal bosses or metal
+mountings of any description. Last, but by no means least, let there be
+good ink, and plenty of it; good pens, and a variety of them; and good
+blotting-paper, frequently renewed; and paper-knives of various sizes.
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[50] _The Story of my House._
+
+
+
+
+_The Library Annexe._
+
+
+What in many ways is an ideal library is a library housed in a building
+specially constructed as an annexe to a residence. I feel sure that,
+within the next ten years, there will be many moderately wealthy men who
+will be anxious to form libraries and special collections of books,
+housing them in this way. The idea is only new as applied to large
+country mansions. Hitherto students of moderate means have managed to
+construct buildings specially adapted for study and free from
+interruption. The only instance of a library annexe attached to a
+country mansion with which I am acquainted is the recent and very
+notable instance at Hawarden, of which more later. The late Vicar of
+Middleton Cheney, in Oxfordshire, and, I think, Dr. Jessopp, of
+Scarning, have both found that their work has been assisted by library
+annexes. Horace Walpole said of Topham Beauclerk that he had built a
+library in Great Russell Street, that reached 'half-way to Highgate.'
+Lord Bacon spent ten thousand pounds in building himself a retreat in
+his grounds at Gorhambury.
+
+Mr. Gladstone's scheme at Hawarden is likely to be followed by many
+others. Of course the Hawarden library has been endowed, and made
+practically open and free. It is the idea of a private library as a
+temple of peace for the owner and his visitors which we would like to
+see extended. One fancies that books might be on a better footing in
+country houses if they had the honour of a separate building. Then they
+would, at any rate, be on as good a footing as the stables or as the
+greenhouse, which at present they are not. Books are not so much wall
+covering, or so much furniture. They are much more; they should be
+treated more like living creatures, and if only their owners would get
+upon speaking terms with them, how readily would they get a response.
+Roughly, then, one would like to see attached to every large country
+establishment a book building, a centre of intelligence and light, where
+we might be sure of finding a good atlas, a good biographical
+dictionary, and good verbal dictionary. I do not understand why so
+little importance has hitherto been attached to this. Such a building
+should have a large central room and several separate small rooms for
+private study. The illustrations in a charming little book called _Mr.
+Gladstone in the Evening of his Days_ convey what is meant very well.
+From this little volume I give extracts which seem very clear to any
+one interested in this matter:--
+
+'Everywhere about in the large room are books--books--books. The Iron
+Library (the building is of iron) is arranged in the same ingenious way
+as Mr. Gladstone's private library at Hawarden Castle. There are windows
+on either side of the long room, and between these windows high
+bookcases, running towards the centre of the room, are put up. There are
+books on either side of these cases, and the part facing the centre of
+the room is again arranged to hold books. It is truly marvellous how
+many books can thus be stored without a single one being out of sight.'
+
+'There is the same simplicity, the same quiet comfort, the same air of
+repose, and the same absence of library conventionality about. . . . .'
+
+'Through a door . . . . you reach the second room in the library, to
+which Mr. Gladstone has given the name of the "Humanity room." It is
+arranged on exactly the same plan as the first, and contains secular
+works chiefly. You note Madame de Sévigné's _Letters_ on one shelf, in
+neat and dainty little volumes; and yellow-backed Zola lower down.'[51]
+
+Any one who proposed having a library as a separate building should
+certainly study Mr. Gladstone's experiments at St. Deiniol's Library, or
+procure _Mr. Gladstone in the Evening of his Days_, wherein are given
+illustrations of the interior plan and general economy of the
+structure. Certainly Mr. Gladstone's ideas as to the arrangement of
+books as put forth in the _Nineteenth Century_ for March, 1890, are much
+more applicable to an annexe library than to the housing of books in an
+ordinary private dwelling. Thus the arrangement of the bays made by the
+projections could not be carried out without extensive structural
+alterations in one house out of twenty in the country, and not one house
+out of a thousand in London. His ideas, however, are wholly practicable
+and admirably thorough when applied to the annexe library. It is
+interesting to see Mr. Gladstone's calculations as to shelf
+accommodation. They were disputed at the time by some cavilling critics,
+but have since been shown to be accurate. Mr. Gladstone is speaking[52]
+of the bookcases round the walls and the projecting arms, and he
+says:--'I will now exhibit to my readers the practical effect of such
+arrangement in bringing great numbers of books within easy reach. Let
+each projection be three feet long, twelve inches deep (ample for two
+faces of octavos), and nine feet high, so that the upper shelf can be
+reached by the aid of a wooden stool of two steps, not more than twenty
+inches high, and portable without the least effort of a single hand. I
+will suppose the wall-space available to be eight feet, and the
+projections, three in number, with end pieces, need only put out three
+feet five, while narrow strips of bookcase will run up the wall between
+the projections. Under these conditions, the bookcases thus described
+will carry about 2000 volumes.
+
+'And a library forty feet long and twenty feet broad, amply lighted,
+having some portion of the centre fitted with very low bookcases, suited
+to serve for some of the uses of tables, will receive on the floor from
+18,000 to 20,000 volumes of all sizes without losing the appearance of a
+room . . . . while leaving portions of space available near the windows
+for purposes of study. If a gallery be added, there will be accommodation
+for a further number of 5000, and the room need be no more than sixteen
+feet high.'
+
+This estimate of shelf accommodation may be compared with one which was
+made by Mr. Justin Winsor, the well-known librarian of the Harvard
+library. He says:--'The book room of the Roxbury branch of the public
+library of Boston is fifty-three feet long by twenty-seven feet wide,
+and having three storeys of eight feet each in height will hold 100,000
+volumes. . . . . I doubt if any other construction can produce this
+result.'
+
+The building at Hawarden cost, I believe, 1000_l._, but whether this is
+with fittings or not I do not know. It is certain that for men whose
+books are more numerous than costly the annexe plan is admirable, and
+the difficulty of excluding damp where four walls are exposed to the
+elements could surely be overcome. I do not think that Mr. Gladstone
+makes any mention of iron bookcases, but these are often adopted, and
+have been made in a very convenient form, particularly that called the
+Radcliffe iron bookcase, arranged by Sir Henry Acland and Mr. W. Froude.
+Of this I append a description written by Sir Henry Acland himself.
+
+'The advantages of the bookcase consist in its great stability, in its
+movability and neatness. It carries 500 average octavo volumes, 250 on
+either side; it is seven feet high, and stands on any floor space on
+forty-eight inches by eighteen inches. The cases may stand in any number
+end to end, or down the centre of a passage, or be placed so as to form
+squares of any dimensions multiple of the length of the cases, and
+therefore may enclose studies lined with books, books being also on the
+outside of the square. When the cases stand end to end they need not be
+put close to each other, but may have a space in which are shelves of
+any desired length. Therefore ten iron cases placed in a line, so as to
+include a space of forty inches between each two cases, will carry the
+contents of nineteen cases, or 5000 plus 4500 volumes, at the cost of
+ten cases, plus the wooden shelves of nine. The iron framework costs
+about 5_l._ 5_s._, and the wooden shelves about 25_s._ The iron portion
+will carry only octavos, but the spaces as described above will carry
+folios, because, to insure stability in the iron frames, diagonal ties
+run down the centre and divide the shelves into two portions, viz., the
+two frontages described above. But the stability being ensured in each
+iron case independently, the intermediate shelves in the spaces may be
+of the full width of the frames, namely, twenty inches.'[53]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[51] These notices of the Hawarden Library may be compared with the
+accounts given in Dennistoun's _Dukes of Urbino_ of a great Florentine
+library:--
+
+'Adjoining (the main library) was a study, fitted up with inlaid and
+gilded panelling, beneath which . . . . were depicted Minerva with her
+ægis, Apollo with his lyre, and the nine muses, with their appropriate
+symbols. A similar small study was fitted up immediately over this one,
+set round with armchairs encircling a table, all mosaicked with _tarsia_,
+. . . while in each compartment of the panelling was the portrait of
+some famous author, and an appropriate distich. . . . To the right and
+left of the carriage entrance into the great courtyard are two handsome
+saloons, each about forty-five feet by twenty-two, and twenty-three in
+height. That on the left contained the famous library of MS. collected
+by Count Federigo; the corresponding one received the printed books
+which, gradually purchased by successive dukes, became, under the last
+sovereign a copious collection. Baldi, in his description of the palace,
+printed in Bianchini's works, dwells on the judicious adaptation of the
+former, its windows set high against the northern sky, admitting a
+subdued and steady light which invited to study; its air cool in summer,
+temperate in winter; its walls conveniently sheltered. . . . .'
+
+[52] _Nineteenth Century_, March, 1890.
+
+
+
+
+_A Librarian._
+
+
+Until we have more properly trained librarians, it is useless to
+recommend owners of private libraries to find a librarian, because at
+present there are very few such men in existence who are properly
+qualified. A love of books is not enough in a librarian. An orderly mind
+and great receptive power are most essential. Practical knowledge of
+bookbinding and a sense of colour are equally essential. He must have no
+fads of his own to be ever thrusting forward. If he is mad on Geology or
+Astronomy, he won't do. What, above all, he must know are the sources of
+information.
+
+A study in the 'Lives' of some of the great librarians would best show
+what is here meant. Mr. Elton[54] names Antonio Maggliabecchi, the
+jeweller's shop-boy, who became renowned throughout the world for his
+abnormal knowledge of books. He never at any time left Florence; but he
+read every catalogue that was issued, and was in correspondence with all
+the collectors and librarians of Europe. He was blessed with a
+prodigious memory, and knew all the contents of a book by 'hunting it
+with his finger,' or once turning over the pages. He was believed,
+moreover, to know the habitat of all the rare books in the world; and
+according to the well-known anecdote he replied to the Grand Duke, who
+asked for a particular volume: 'The only copy of this work is at
+Constantinople, in the Sultan's library, the seventh volume in the
+second bookcase, on the right as you go in.' A similar story was told by
+Wendell Phillips, the American statesman, about a countryman of his own,
+George Sumner. An Englishman came to Rome and was anxious to know
+whether there was in the library of the Pope, the great library of the
+Vatican, a certain book. . . . . The gentleman went to the Italians that
+used the library. They referred him to the private secretary of one of
+the cardinals, and after a moment's thought the secretary answered, 'No,
+sir, I don't know; but there is a young man in the city from Boston, and
+if the book is there he will know. They went to George Sumner, and
+asked him if there was such a volume in the library. 'Yes, it is in the
+tenth alcove, the third shelf, the seventh book to your right as you
+enter.'
+
+Similar stories, doubtless, could be told of Bradshaw, the Cambridge
+University librarian, or of Thomas Ruddiman and George Buchanan.
+
+Mr. Lloyd P. Smith[55] gives the following definition, among others, of
+the qualifications of a librarian: 'Librarians, like editors and
+proofreaders, are expected to know everything; and in one sense they
+should know everything--that is, they should have that _maxima pars
+eruditionis_, which consists in knowing where everything is to be found.
+A librarian should be able, of his own knowledge, to answer many questions,
+and especially the two questions which meet him at every turn, "Where
+can I find such-and-such information?" and "What is the best work on
+such-and-such a subject?" These are legitimate questions, which it
+should be the pride of every librarian to answer offhand . . . . All
+the book-learning in the world, however, will be insufficient for the
+practical duties of his place, unless the librarian has also the organ
+of order. His motto should be, "A place for everything and everything
+in its place."'
+
+'The book of regulations for the court and household of Guidobaldo I.
+contains these rules for the administration of the library:--"The
+librarian should be learned, of good presence, temper, and manners,
+correct, and ready of speech. He must get from the gardrobe an inventory
+of the books, and keep them arranged and easily accessible, whether
+Latin, Greek, Hebrew, or others, maintaining also the rooms in good
+condition. He must preserve the books from damp and vermin, as well as
+from the hands of trifling, ignorant, dirty, and tasteless persons. To
+those of authority and learning, he ought himself to exhibit them with
+all facility, courteously explaining their beauty and remarkable
+characteristics, the handwriting and miniatures, but observant that such
+abstract no leaves. When ignorant or merely curious persons wish to see
+them, a glance is sufficient, if it be not some one of considerable
+influence. When any lock or other requisite is needed, he must take care
+that it be promptly provided. He must let no book be taken away but by
+the Duke's orders, and if lent, must get a written receipt, and see to
+its being returned. When a number of visitors come in, he must be
+specially watchful that none be stolen. All which is duly seen to by the
+present courteous and attentive librarian, Messer Agabito."'[56]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[53] _Library Assoc. Report_, 1878, p. 75.
+
+[54] _Great Book Collectors_, p. 74.
+
+[55] _American Library Journal_, vol. i., p. 69.
+
+[56] _Memoirs of the Dukes of Urbino_, p. 159.
+
+
+
+
+_The Library Architecturally._
+
+
+Vitruvius, in his _Architecture_, lays down the rule that libraries
+ought to face the east, because their use requires the morning light,
+which will preserve their contents from decay; whereas, if the room
+should face the south or west, they are liable to be damaged by damp.
+Mr. J. W. Clark, the very learned historian of the University of
+Cambridge, commenting on this, says that the first of these
+considerations did influence early builders, but after the Reformation,
+when considerations of personal comfort began to be generally accepted,
+the library could be placed in the position which commanded the greatest
+amount of warmth. Ancient libraries were never placed on the ground,
+but usually on the first floor, or even higher, for the sake of
+preserving their contents from the damp to which ground floors are
+necessarily subject.[57]
+
+The architect is very frequently a great enemy to the library.
+Underestimating the amount of wall space likely to be required for the
+housing of the books, or placing shelves and galleries in such a
+position that the books are not readily got at. Frequently, too, a
+country house has no room whatever designed either for study or the
+reception of books. The entire collection of books should be accessible
+without steps or ladders. Hot-water pipes should not approach nearer
+than three feet to the books. Electric light is the best luminant, but
+gas may safely be used provided there is sufficient ventilation.
+
+The walls, which are towards the outer air, and even the others also, if
+of brick or stone, ought to be battened.
+
+I have taken from a very excellent book, Kerr's _Gentleman's House_,
+such ideas and notes as I think are likely to be useful in arranging a
+library in a country house. Mr. Kerr suggests two plans for a large
+country house with a library.
+
+'The idea which might first occur to the mind is that of a single
+spacious apartment; but for convenience and in order to preserve the
+domestic character, it is generally preferable to make use of several
+smaller apartments as a _Suite of Libraries_. On this plan the
+arrangement which is perhaps most favourable to considerations of
+utility, and on the whole most characteristic, is to set out a given
+width of clear passage way along the central line of the rooms, and then
+to divide the space on each side into a succession of compartments or
+bays, by means of transverse bookcases in pairs back to back; such bays
+being only large enough to accommodate a reading table with sufficient
+space around for reaching the books, opening the doors of the cases if
+any, and so on. If the rooms be lighted from the roof, the lights ought
+to correspond with the division into compartments, so that none of the
+fronts of the bookcases shall be placed in shadow. If there be windows
+in the walls, there ought to be one in each bay along one side of the
+room or both as may be desired. Bookcases against the walls are
+obviously most serviceable with the ceiling light; with side windows,
+even when these are on a high level, there is always a difficulty in
+reading the back lettering under the light; and when the windows are on
+a low level, dwarf bookcases under them are practically of little use.
+
+'As for _artistic treatment_, nothing can be more appropriate for the
+character of a library than those effects which are at the command of
+the architect in a suite of apartments of this kind, laid out probably
+with some variety in the general forms as well as in the fittings, and
+involving perhaps the introduction of sculptures and paintings of a
+suitable kind. Elaborate effects, however, of whatever sort, and the
+accommodation of any other works of art than those whose merits are
+kindred to the character of the more proper contents, ought not to be
+encouraged.'
+
+A second or alternative plan is a large room with a gallery.
+
+'As regards curiosities and other _artistic or scientific collections_,
+these may very properly be accommodated, whether in upright cases to
+correspond with the bookcases, or in cabinets to take the place of the
+reading tables.
+
+'The arrangements proper for the alternative plan of a large _single
+library_ are obviously simple. A gallery is probably carried round the
+apartment; the bookcases extend along the wall below and are reproduced
+above; the light comes either from the roof or the upper part of the
+walls; the floor area is generally occupied solely by reading tables and
+cabinets. Objects of art and curiosity, when of large size, are more
+prominently displayed by this arrangement, and the whole effect may be
+made very imposing; but it is doubtful whether convenience and comfort
+can by any means be so properly provided for as in the other model.
+
+'There are questions of detail which might be further entered upon, but
+a reference to what has already been advanced under the head of the
+ordinary library will probably suffice.'
+
+In other parts of his excellent manual, Mr. Kerr goes more into detail,
+and refers to the various general purposes to which a library, as
+distinct from a study, is put in a country house, as follows:--
+
+'There is a certain standard room which constitutes the library of an
+average gentleman's house, and the various gradations by which this may
+be either diminished in importance or augmented are easily understood.
+It is not a library in the sole sense of a depository for books. There
+is, of course, the family collection, and the bookcases in which this is
+accommodated form the chief furniture of the apartment. But it would be
+an error, except in very special circumstances, to design the library
+for mere study. It is primarily a sort of morning-room for gentlemen
+rather than anything else. Their correspondence is done here, their
+reading, and, in some measure, their lounging; and the billiard-room,
+for instance, is not unfrequently attached to it. At the same time the
+ladies are not exactly excluded.
+
+'The _position_ of the room internally ought therefore to be in
+immediate connexion with the principal dwelling rooms, so as to be
+equally accessible; whilst, on the other hand, as regards external
+influences, it ought to be kept sufficiently quiet (although this is
+very seldom a practical problem), to prevent the interruption of reading
+or writing. In accordance with these general ideas, and bearing out,
+moreover, the somewhat sober effect which bookcases always produce, the
+_style_ of design and decoration ought to be, although not devoid of
+cheerfulness, certainly subdued in character.'
+
+As regards aspect, Mr. Kerr is at one with the old Vitruvius already
+referred to.
+
+'It is not often easy to obtain a choice _aspect_ for the library, but
+whenever this primary pleasantness can be had for it so much the better,
+and it certainly ought never to be entirely neglected in this respect.
+The reasons for preferring the south-east in the case of day rooms
+generally have already been argued; for a library, perhaps, a rather
+more eastward aspect is better, so that the sun may be off the windows
+at least before noon; even due east might be preferred by some persons,
+the sunshine being thus lost about half-past ten. In any case, however,
+the morning sun is to be preferred to that of midday or afternoon. If
+the room be large enough _end windows_ may be used to advantage here as
+elsewhere. A _bay window_ also is often adopted.
+
+'A difficult question which often arises is how sufficiently to provide
+for persons engaged in writing a _front light from the left_. It is not
+that a snug seat by the fireside, with a table conveniently at hand, and
+a left front light, can by any possibility be provided for many persons
+at once; but it is very unfortunate when no position whatever will
+combine these advantages. In a library especially this problem must be
+well worked out, and not for one writer only, but for several. Ingenuity
+and perseverance will accomplish wonders, and therefore, with the help
+of end light, a good library may be expected in this respect to be
+brought very near perfection.
+
+'The _fireplace_ ought to be placed so as to make a good winter
+fireside, because this is in a measure a sitting-room.
+
+'_Intercommunication_ is frequently made with the drawing-room, and
+sometimes intimately, and this carries with it, no doubt, a certain sort
+of convenience, because the two rooms can be thrown together
+occasionally; but it is a question whether, in a good house, and looking
+at such a question broadly, it is not, on the whole, a serious loss to
+both rooms as regards their more proper purposes. A door to the
+dining-room is not formally advisable, nor even one to the gentleman's
+room, although both these arrangements are to be met with, and are
+occasionally convenient. A communication with the billiard-room,
+sometimes made, may give the library too completely the character of a
+lounge, so as to render it somewhat unfit for its better purposes. When
+the library of a small house is used as a study, by a clergyman, for
+instance, or as the business room, a door to the dining-room may be so
+useful as to be specially admissible, the dining-room being thus brought
+to serve as a waiting-room for the occasion. The interposition, if
+possible, of a lobby or small ante-room will, however, be an aid to
+propriety in almost all these cases.
+
+'It is to be observed that we have been hitherto dealing with the
+ordinary library of an average house and no more; but when the owner is
+a man of learning we must either add a _study_ or constitute the library
+itself one. In the latter case, in order to prevent disturbance, the
+door will be more conveniently placed, not in the main corridor, but
+indirectly connected therewith. No door of intercommunication ought to
+connect it with any other room (except possibly the gentleman's room),
+and the position externally ought to be more than ordinarily secluded.
+Double doors also may be required. In short, the library, which has
+hitherto been a public room and somewhat of a lounge, becomes now
+essentially a private retreat.
+
+'When the books form a _large collection_, and strangers, perhaps, are
+occasionally admitted for reading or reference, the library necessarily
+assumes more extensive proportions, and its arrangements become more
+complicated. For example, heating apparatus becomes very possibly
+indispensable; the question comes up of ceiling lights; the apartments
+are probably carried up to the height of two storeys, and galleries
+formed around. Seclusion becomes again still more a point to be
+considered.
+
+'The library of the house should also be as comfortable as possible,
+with broad easy chairs, low centre table for books and periodicals, a
+large pedestal desk with circular revolving top, to shut up all papers
+and keep them free from dust. This kind of desk I consider invaluable to
+any man who really uses his library as a work-room, whether it be for
+real literary work and study, or for the ordinary examination and
+arrangement of household accounts; for it is quite impossible, on an
+ordinary writing table, to keep papers clean or tidy, and this
+circular-headed desk shuts down at once papers as they lie, which then
+cannot be "tidied" by the housemaid, who would seem to take a pleasure
+in putting away papers and notes in all kinds of out-of-the-way corners;
+the desk should have plenty of drawers and pigeon-holes; these latter,
+not as many of them are, an inch too narrow or two inches too wide for
+ordinary letters, but all made for the objects for which they are
+intended. It may seem absurd to say--think carefully of the use to which
+the drawers are to be put--but how often are they practically useless or
+wasteful of precious room, by being made shallower or deeper than is
+required. The room should be surrounded with bookcases, the lower
+portion made to take large books, and with some part of it covered in
+with cupboard fronts, with shelving inside to file away periodicals and
+papers; the shelf which this lower projection forms will do admirably
+for the arrangement of ornaments, small busts, or other personal things,
+with which a man crowds the room he really lives in; of course, I am
+speaking to those who make a den or working-room of their library, and
+not to those who fit a back room up with various tiers of shelving, on
+which are arranged a library of books which are seldom looked at, and
+where the room is only occasionally used, and that only for the purpose
+of a cloak-room on grand occasions. Above this lower nest of cupboards
+and shelving should be shelving arranged for various sizes of books,
+part carried up all round the room, so as to be within easy reach; the
+top of these will be found useful for china or busts, or other objects
+of art, while the centre portions may be carried up to the ceiling to
+give greater accommodation; all these breaks will take away from the
+stiffness of the room, and, if properly arranged, will all assist in
+making the library a room pleasant to work or play in. All this kind of
+work can be made of plain deal, stained and polished, and is infinitely
+cheaper than the elaborate movable cases of wainscot or walnut, in
+which the aim of the designer seems often to make the frame-work as
+expensive as possible, whereas, in truth, the books within are really
+what should be thought of and cared for.
+
+'The floor should be painted or stained and varnished all over, so as to
+be easily cleaned and dusted, and everything that is likely to
+permanently hold dust should be avoided. On the floor, thus painted, a
+few cheap Indian or other rugs may be laid about in places where most
+necessary and useful.
+
+'Too much trouble cannot be taken to make the library a pleasant room to
+live in; it should have everything arranged and adapted for use and
+comfort, and not be stiff and dreary with any set arrangement. The
+panels of the cupboard doors may be filled in with Japanese lacquer-work
+or painted decoration, and here and there, in the recesses, nests of
+shelves may be fitted with projecting brackets, designed as part of
+them, for pieces of china, vases of flowers, or busts, and not looking
+like bats stuck on to a barn door.
+
+'I must not omit to say that in the lower portion of the bookcase
+should be arranged drawers--not carried down to the floor, for these are
+inconvenient--for use for prints and valuable photographs and sketches.
+
+'The library should be essentially home-like, with the wall-space fitted
+up as conveniently as possible; on the top of the bookcases or nests of
+shelves, spring roller-blinds might be easily arranged in the cornices
+to draw down at night or other times, and fasten with clips to protect
+and preserve the books, &c., within them.
+
+'I might offer many other suggestions for the decoration and furniture
+of the rooms I have specially referred to. I trust those I have made
+will be of some practical use, and that, above all, you will believe
+that my aim throughout has been to avoid all dogmatic and set rules of
+fashion or design, and to insist only that truth and beauty of form and
+colour, combined with fitness and common sense, are the main elements of
+all true artistic treatment in decoration and furniture of modern
+houses.'[58]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[57] Willis and Clark, _History of Cambridge University_, vol. iii., p.
+416.
+
+[58] Edis, _Decoration and Furniture of Town Houses_, pp. 188-191.
+
+
+
+
+_Munificent Book-buying._
+
+
+Nordau has estimated that, in England alone, there are from eight
+hundred to a thousand millionaires, and in Europe altogether, there are
+at least a hundred thousand persons with fortunes of a million and even
+more. One could hope that it might be considered a kindness now and then
+to remind some of these millionaires of certain openings for their money
+which do not, so far, seem to have occurred to them. Mr. Bernard Shaw
+not long since pointed out in the _Contemporary Review_ an opening
+whereby an Economic Library might be established, and do great lasting
+honour to a possible founder. Rich men can always be found to vie with
+one another in lavish expenditure over a ball or a wedding. Thousands of
+pounds go for a racehorse and for stable management generally, and the
+amount we spend upon sports annually is 38,000,000_l._, or about a pound
+per head of the population. One hardly likes to say that any sum spent
+upon sport and outdoor life is too much, but yet this sum is out of
+proportion. One is jealous of horses and sport, not so much perhaps for
+the amount spent upon them as much as because one sees that the man who
+hunts and has racehorses, cares and knows about these things to the
+extermination of all other interests. Life becomes ill balanced, whereas
+it is necessary to touch life at many points. 'The strenuous scholar
+pure and simple,' is becoming more rare, though the type of which the
+late Mark Pattison was one will never quite die out. But it is not the
+strenuous _scholar_ that one is so anxious to perpetuate, as it is the
+strenuous and scholarly man of affairs and men of trained ability who
+have mental muscle for parliamentary work and social problems. Such a
+class ought to have many recruits from among the wealthier families.
+
+It would assist very much towards this end if men of aptitude were
+properly trained to act as custodians of books in private houses. The
+art of knowing how to use books is one which must be learnt, and when
+properly learnt there is very little indeed that may not be readily
+found to hand in a library of but small dimensions.
+
+There are, I believe, in England twenty-two packs of staghounds, and 182
+packs of foxhounds. As every one of the masters of these packs must be a
+rich man, I should like to know that he at any rate had a sound copy of
+the _History_ of the county where he hunts; that he had in his smoking
+room a good Encyclopædia, with fifty other good reference books, and a
+hundred good novels.
+
+The rich men of old combined patronage of learning with the pomp and
+splendour of their lives. Lucullus distinguished himself by his vast
+collection of books, and the liberal access he allowed to lovers of
+books. 'It was a library,' says Plutarch, 'whose walls, galleries and
+cabinets were open to all visitors; and the ingenious youths, when at
+leisure, resorted to this abode of the Muses, to hold literary
+conversations, in which Lucullus himself loved to join.' The Emperor
+Augustus was himself an author and a book lover, and called one of his
+libraries by the name of his sister, Octavia, and the other the temple
+of Apollo. Tiberius had a library, and Trajan also, and these spent
+constantly upon their books and the housing of them.
+
+I have taken from Renaissance history pictures of several men who might
+be taken as types which should exist in every highly civilised country.
+They have been vividly and admirably pictured by biographers, and one
+can only hope that the rich men of to-day may in five hundred years'
+time have as lasting reputations as that of Cosimo, the princely patron
+of learning, and Niccolo, the man of scholarship and refinement of
+life.
+
+
+
+
+_PASSAGES ILLUSTRATIVE OF THE FOREGOING._
+
+
+
+
+_The Medici and their Friends._
+
+
+'The chief benefit conferred by Cosimo de' Medici on learning was the
+accumulation and the housing of large libraries. During his exile he
+built the library of S. Giorgio Maggiore at Venice, and after his return
+to Florence he formed three separate collections of MSS. While the hall
+of the Library of S. Marco was in process of construction, Niccolo de'
+Niccoli died, in 1437, bequeathing his 800 MSS., valued at 6000 golden
+florins, to sixteen trustees. Among these were Cosimo and Lorenzo de'
+Medici, Ambrogio Traversari, Lionardo Bruni, Carlo Marsuppini, Poggio
+Bracciolini, Giannozzo Manetti, and Franco Sachetti. At the same time
+the estate of Niccolo was compromised by heavy debts. These debts Cosimo
+cancelled, obtaining in exchange the right to dispose of the library. In
+1441 the hall of the convent was finished. Four hundred of Niccolo's
+MSS. were placed there, with this inscription upon each: _Ex hereditate
+doctissimi viri Nicola de Nicolis de Florentiâ_. Tommasso Parentucelli
+made a catalogue at Cosimo's request, in which he not only noted the
+titles of Niccoli's books, but also marked the names of others wanting
+to complete the collection. This catalogue afterwards served as a guide
+to the founders of the libraries of Fiesole, Urbino, and Pesaro, and
+was, says Vespasiano, indispensable to book-collectors. Of the remaining
+400 volumes Cosimo kept some for his own (the Medicean) library, and
+some he gave to his friends. At the same time he spared no pains to buy
+codices, while Vespasiano and Fra Giuliano Lapaccini were employed in
+copying rare MSS. As soon as Cosimo had finished building the Abbey of
+Fiesole, he set about providing this also with a library suited to the
+wants of learned ecclesiastics. Of the method he pursued, Vespasiano,
+who acted as his agent, has transmitted the following account:--"One day
+when I was in his room, he said to me, 'What plan can you recommend for
+the formation of this library?' I answered that to buy the books would
+be impossible, since they could not be purchased. 'What, then, do you
+propose?' he added. I told him that they must be copied. He then asked
+if I would undertake the business. I replied that I was willing. He bade
+me begin at my leisure, saying that he left all to me; and for the
+monies wanted day by day, he ordered that Don Arcangelo, at that time
+prior of the monastery, should draw cheques upon his bank, which should
+be honoured. After beginning the collection, since it was his will that
+it should be finished with all speed possible, and money was not
+lacking, I soon engaged forty-five copyists, and in twenty-two months
+provided two hundred volumes, following the admirable list furnished by
+Pope Nicholas V."'[59]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+'Cosimo's zeal for learning was not confined to the building of
+libraries or to book collecting. His palace formed the centre of a
+literary and philosophical Society, which united all the wits of
+Florence and the visitors who crowded to the capital of culture.
+Vespasiano states that "he was always the father and benefactor of those
+who showed any excellence." Distinguished by versatility of tastes and
+comprehensive intellect, he formed his own opinion of the men of
+eminence with whom he came in contact, and conversed with each upon his
+special subject. When giving audience to the scholars, he discoursed
+concerning letters; in the company of theologians he showed his
+acquaintance with theology, a branch of learning always studied by him
+with delight. So also with regard to philosophy. Astrologers found him
+well versed in their science, for he somewhat lent faith to astrology,
+and employed it on certain private occasions. Musicians in like manner
+perceived his mastery of music, wherein he much delighted. The same was
+true about sculpture and painting: both of these arts he understood
+completely, and showed great favour to all worthy craftsmen. In
+architecture he was a consummate judge, for without his opinion and
+advice no building was begun or carried to completion.'[60]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+'Never was there a time in the world's history when money was spent
+more freely upon the collection and preservation of MSS. and when a more
+complete machinery was put in motion for the sake of securing literary
+treasures. Prince vied with prince, and eminent burgher with burgher, in
+buying books. The commercial correspondents of the Medici and other
+great Florentine houses, whose banks and discount offices extended over
+Europe and the Levant, were instructed to purchase relics of antiquity
+without regard for cost, and to forward them to Florence. The most
+acceptable present that could be sent to a king was a copy of a Roman
+Historian.'[61]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+'Among the friends of Cosimo, to whose personal influences at Florence
+the Revival of Learning owed a vigorous impulse, Niccolo de' Niccoli
+claims our attention. . . . . His judgment in matters of style was so
+highly valued that it was usual for scholars to submit their essays to
+his eyes before they ventured upon publication. . . . . Notwithstanding
+his fine sense of language, Niccolo never appeared before the world of
+letters as an author. . . . Certainly his reserve in an age noteworthy
+for display has tended to confer on him distinction. The position he
+occupied at Florence was that of a literary dictator. All who needed his
+assistance and advice were received with urbanity. He threw his house
+open to young men of parts, engaged in disputations with the curious,
+and provided the ill-educated with teachers. Foreigners from all parts
+of Europe paid him visits. The strangers who came to Florence at that
+time, if they missed the opportunity of seeing him at home, thought they
+had not been in Florence. The house where he lived was worthy of his
+refined taste and cultivated judgment, for he had formed a museum of
+antiquities--inscriptions, marbles, coins, vases, and engraved gems.
+There he not only received students and strangers, but conversed with
+sculptors and painters, discussing their inventions as freely as he
+criticised the essays of the scholars. . . . . Vespasiano's account of
+his personal habits presents so vivid a picture that I cannot refrain
+from translating it at length:--"First of all, he was of a most fair
+presence; lively, for a smile was ever on his lips, and very pleasant in
+his talk. He wore clothes of the fairest crimson cloth, down to the
+ground. He never married, in order that he might not be impeded in his
+studies. A housekeeper provided for his daily needs. He was, above all
+men, the most cleanly in eating, as also in all other things. When he
+sat at table, he ate from fair antique vases, and, in like manner, all
+his table was covered with porcelain and other vessels of great beauty.
+The cup from which he drank was of crystal, or of some other precious
+stone. To see him at table--a perfect model of the men of old--was of a
+truth a charming sight. He always willed that the napkins set before him
+should be of the whitest, as well as all the linen." . . . . What
+distinguished Niccolo was the combination of refinement and humane
+breeding with open-handed generosity and devotion to the cause of
+culture. He knew how to bring forward men of promise and place them in
+positions of eminence.'[62]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+'Lorenzo attracted to his villa the greatest scholars and most brilliant
+men of the time, a circle which included Poliziano, Landino, Ficino,
+Pico della Mirandola, Alberti, Pulci, and Michael Angelo. The interests
+of this circle, as of all similar Italian circles of the time, were
+largely absorbed in the philosophy and literature of Greece, and special
+attention was devoted to the teachings of Plato. Plato's writings were
+translated into Latin by Ficino, and the translation was printed in
+1482, at the cost of Filippo Valvio. Ficino was too poor himself to
+undertake the publication of his works, and this was the case with not a
+few of the distinguished authors of the age. The presentation of books
+to the public required at this time what might be called the endowment
+of literature, and endowment which was supplied by the liberality of
+wealthy patrons possessed of literary appreciation or public-spirited
+ambition, or of both. As Symonds expresses it, "Great literary
+undertakings involved in that century the substantial assistance of
+wealthy men, whose liberality was rewarded by a notice in the colophon
+or in the title-page." The formal dedication was an invention of a
+somewhat later date.'[63]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+'Of Palla degli Strozzi's services in the cause of Greek learning I have
+already spoken. Beside the invitation which he caused to be sent to
+Manuel Chrysoloras, he employed his wealth and influence in providing
+books necessary for the prosecution of Hellenic studies. "Messer Palla,"
+says Vespasiano, "sent to Greece for countless volumes, all at his own
+cost. The _Cosmography_ of Ptolemy, together with the picture made to
+illustrate it, the _Lives_ of Plutarch, the works of Plato, and very
+many other writings of philosophers, he got from Constantinople. The
+_Politics_ of Aristotle were not in Italy until Messer Palla sent for
+them; and when Messer Lionardo of Arezzo translated them, he had the
+copy from his hands." In the same spirit of practical generosity Palla
+degli Strozzi devoted his leisure and his energies to the improvement of
+the _studio pubblico_ at Florence, giving it that character of humane
+culture which it retained throughout the age of the Renaissance. To him,
+again, belongs the glory of having first collected books for the express
+purpose of founding a public library. This project had occupied the mind
+of Petrarch, and its utility had been recognised by Coluccio de'
+Salutati, but no one had as yet arisen to accomplish it. "Being
+passionately fond of literature, Messer Palla always kept copyists in
+his own house and outside it, of the best who were in Florence, both for
+Greek and Latin books; and all the books he could find he purchased, on
+all subjects, being minded to found a most noble library in Santa
+Trinità, and to erect there a most beautiful building for the purpose.
+He wished that it should be open to the public, and he chose Santa
+Trinità because it was in the centre of Florence, a site of great
+convenience to everybody. His disasters supervened and what he had
+designed he could not execute."'[64]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+'Cosimo used to regret that "he had not begun to spend money upon public
+works ten years earlier than he did." Every costly building that bore
+his name, each library he opened to the public, and all the donations
+lavished upon scholars, served the double purpose of cementing the
+despotism of his house and of gratifying his personal enthusiasm for
+culture. . . . . Of his generosity to men of letters, the most striking
+details are recorded. When Niccolo de' Niccoli ruined himself, Cosimo
+opened for him an unlimited credit with the Medicean bank.'[65]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[59] Symonds, _The Revival of Learning_, pp. 174, 175.
+
+[60] _Ibid._, pp. 172-7.
+
+[61] Symonds, _Revival of Learning_, pp. 139, 140.
+
+[62] Symonds, _Revival of Learning_, pp. 180-2.
+
+[63] Putnam, _Books and their Makers_, vol. i., p. 338.
+
+[64] Symonds, _Revival of Learning_, p. 167.
+
+[65] _Ibid._, pp. 172-3.
+
+
+
+
+_The Dukes of Urbino._
+
+
+'Mr. Roscoe has observed that "by no circumstance in the character of an
+individual is the love of literature so strongly evinced as by the
+propensity for collecting together the writings of illustrious scholars,
+and compressing the 'soul of ages past' within the narrow limits of a
+library." But it is not easy now to appreciate the obstacles attending
+such a pursuit in the age of Federigo. The science of bibliography can
+scarcely be said to have existed before the invention of printing, in
+consequence of the extreme difficulty of becoming acquainted with works
+of which there were but few copies, and these widely scattered, perhaps
+scarcely known. Great outlay was required, either to search out or
+transcribe manuscripts, and even the laborious habits which then
+accompanied learning shrank from a task so beset by obstructions. Yet
+there was a bright exception in Thomas of Saranza, whose learning
+supplied the knowledge, and whose elevation to the triple tiara as
+Nicholas V. procured him the opportunities necessary for amassing a
+library. Not only did he found that of the Vatican, but he prepared for
+Cosimo, _Pater patrie_, a list of authors for the infant collection of
+S. Marco, at Florence, which, being recognised as a standard catalogue,
+was adopted by Count Federigo. The longer life allowed to the latter
+enabled him to outstrip these bibliomaniacs, and all contemporary
+accumulators, until the fame of his library stood unrivalled.
+Accordingly Ruscelli, in his _Imprese Illustri_, avers it to be
+"notorious that the earliest and most famous collection formed out of
+the ruins of antiquity was that of Urbino, from whence many excellent
+authors were edited, and copies supplied."'[66]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+'In no respect did he look to expense; and whenever he learned the
+existence of any desirable book in Italy, or abroad, he sent for it
+without heeding the cost. His librarian, Vespasiano, wrote, "It is now
+above fourteen years since he began to make this collection, and he has
+ever since at Urbino, Florence, and elsewhere, thirty-four transcribers,
+and has resorted to every means requisite for amassing a famous and
+excellent library."'[67]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+'To the right and left of the carriage entrance into the great
+courtyard, are two handsome saloons, each about forty-five feet by
+twenty-two, and twenty-three in height. That on the left contained the
+famous library of manuscripts collected by Count Federigo; the
+corresponding one received the printed books, which, gradually purchased
+by successive dukes, became under the last sovereign, a copious
+collection. Baldi, in his description of the palace, printed in
+Bianchini's work, dwells on the judicious adaptation of the former, its
+windows set high against the northern sky, admitting a subdued and
+steady light which invited to study; its air cool in summer, temperate
+in winter; its walls conveniently shelved; the character and objects of
+the place fittingly set forth in a series of rude hexameters inscribed
+on the cornices. Adjoining was a closet fitted up with inlaid and gilded
+panelling, beneath which Timoteo della Vite, a painter whose excellence
+we shall attest in our thirtieth chapter, depicted Minerva with her
+ægis, Apollo with his lyre, and the nine muses with their appropriate
+symbols. A similar small study was fitted up immediately over this one,
+set round with arm-chairs encircling a table, all mosaicked with
+_tarsia_, and carved by Maestro Giacomo of Florence, while on each
+compartment of the panelling was the portrait of some famous author, and
+an appropriate distich. One other article of furniture deserves special
+notice--a magnificent eagle of gilt bronze, serving as a lectern in the
+centre of the manuscript room. It was carried to Rome at the devolution
+of the duchy to the Holy See, but was rescued by Pope Clement XI. from
+the Vatican library, and restored to his native town, where it has long
+been used in the choir of the cathedral.'[68]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+'Of Francesco Maria's literary pursuits we have various pleasing
+memorials. Not satisfied with the valuable library of MSS. that had
+descended to him from the Feltrian dukes, he formed another of standard
+printed works. Indeed, he became an assiduous book-collector; and the
+letters of his librarian, Benedetto Benedetti, in the Oliveriana
+Library, are full of lists which his agents in Venice, Florence, and
+even Frankfort are urged to supply. In his own voluminous
+correspondence, we find constant offers from authors of dedications or
+copies of their productions, the tone of which is highly complimentary
+to his taste for letters. In 1603, the Archbishop of Monreale, in Spain,
+transmits him the regulations he proposed to prescribe in bequeathing
+his library to a seminary he had founded in his diocese, expressing a
+hope that they might prove useful to the Duke's collection, "at this
+moment without parallel in the world." Instead of quoting the vague
+testimony of courtly compliment, as to the use which this philosophic
+Prince made of these acquisitions, let us cite the brief records of his
+studies, preserved in his own Diary. In 1585, "terminated an inspection
+of the whole works of Aristotle, on which I have laboured no less than
+fifteen years, having had them generally read to me by Maestro Cesare
+Benedetti, of Pesaro."'[69]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+'Francesco di Giorgio, in his _Treatise on Architecture_, mentions Duke
+Federigo as holding out inducements for the learned men at his court to
+illustrate the works of classic authors on architecture and sculpture.
+But no testimony to his literary habits can be more satisfactory than
+that of his librarian, Vespasiano, to the following purpose. The Duke
+was a ready Latin scholar, and extremely fond of ancient history. As a
+logician he had attained considerable aptitude, having studied
+Aristotle's _Ethics_ along with Maestro Lazzaro, a famous theologian,
+who became Bishop of Urbino, discussing with him the most intricate
+passages. By the like process he mastered the Stagirite's politics,
+physics, and other treatises; and having acquired more philosophy than
+any contemporary prince, his thirst for new sources of knowledge induced
+him to devote himself to theology with equal zeal. The principal works
+of St. Thomas Aquinas and Duns Scotus were habitually read to him; he
+preferred the former as more clear, but admitted that the latter
+displayed more subtlety in argument. He was well acquainted with the
+Bible, as well as the commentaries of Saints Ambrose, Jerome, Augustine,
+and Gregory; also with the writings of the Greek fathers, such as Saints
+Basil, Chrysostom, Gregory Naziazen, Nicetas, Athanasius, and Cyril.
+Among the classic authors whom he was in the habit of reading or
+listening to were Livy, Sallust, Quintus Curtius, Justin, Cæsar,
+Plutarch, Ælius Spartianus, Æmylius Protus, Tacitus, Suetonius,
+Eusebius. All men of letters visiting Urbino were hospitably
+entertained, and several were always attached to his court. His
+largesses to such were at all times liberal. He spent above 1500 ducats
+in this way when at Florence, and remitted similar bounties to Rome and
+Naples. He gave 1000 ducats to the learned Campano, professor of
+belles-lettres at Perugia in 1455, who aided him in collecting ancient
+MSS., and became Bishop of Teramo.'[70]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[66] Dennistoun, _Memoirs of the Dukes of Urbino_, vol. i., p. 155.
+
+[67] _Ibid._, vol. i., pp. 156-7.
+
+[68] _Memoirs of the Dukes of Urbino_, vol. i., pp. 153-5.
+
+[69] _Ibid._, vol. i., p. 154.
+
+
+
+
+_Pieresc._
+
+
+'When any library was to be sold by public outcry, he took care to buy
+the best books, especially if they were of some neat edition that he did
+not already possess. He bound his books in red morocco, with his cypher
+or initials in gold. One binder always lived in the house, and sometimes
+several were employed at once "when the books came rolling in on every
+side."' 'Your house and library' (says the dedication of a book to
+Pieresc) 'are a firmament wherein the stars of learning shine; the desks
+are lit with starlight, and the books are in constellations, and you sit
+like the sun in the midst, embracing and giving light to them all.' 'The
+library is to be open to all the world without the exception of any
+living soul; readers were to be supplied with chairs and writing
+materials, and the attendants will fetch all books required in any
+language or department of learning, and will change them as often as is
+necessary.'[71]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+'Bouchard states, in his funeral oration on Pieresc, "To this his shop
+and storehouse of wisdom and virtue, Peireskius did not only courteously
+admit all travellers, studious of art and learning, opening to them all
+the treasures of his library, but he would keep them there a long time,
+with free and liberal entertainment; and at their departure, would give
+them books, coins, and other things, which seemed most suitable to their
+studies; also he freely gave them at his own expense, whatever things
+they wanted, most liberally, even as to all other learned men, who were
+absent, and whose names he had only heard of; whatever he had among his
+books or relics of antiquity, which he thought might assist them in
+their writings, he would send it them of his own accord, not only
+without their desiring the same, but many times when they were ignorant
+of such things.'[72]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[70] _Memoirs of the Dukes of Urbino_, pp. 219, 220.
+
+[71] Elton, _Great Book Collectors_, pp. 180-4.
+
+[72] _The Library_, July, 1895.
+
+
+
+
+_Mr. Ruskin's Advice._
+
+
+'I say first we have despised literature. What do we, as a nation, care
+about books? How much do you think we spend altogether on our libraries,
+public or private, as compared with what we spend on our horses? If a
+man spends lavishly on his library, you call him mad--a biblio-maniac.
+But you never call any one a horse maniac, though men ruin themselves
+every day by their horses, and you do not hear of people ruining
+themselves by their books. Or, to go lower still, how much do you think
+the bookshelves of the United Kingdom, public and private, would fetch,
+as compared with the contents of its wine-cellars? What position would
+its expenditure on literature take as compared with its expenditure on
+luxurious eating? We talk of food for the mind, as of food for the body:
+now a good book contains such food inexhaustibly; it is a provision for
+life, and for the best part of us; yet how long most people would look
+at the best book before they would give the price of a large turbot for
+it!'[73]
+
+'It will be long yet before that comes to pass. Nevertheless, I hope it
+will not be long before royal or national libraries will be founded in
+every considerable city, with a royal series of books in them; the same
+series in every one of them, chosen books, the best in every kind,
+prepared for that national series in the most perfect way possible;
+their text printed all on leaves of equal size, broad of margin, and
+divided into pleasant volumes, light in the hand, beautiful and strong,
+and thorough as examples of binder's work.'[73]
+
+'I could shape for you other plans, for art galleries and for natural
+history galleries, and for many precious, many, it seems to me, needful
+things; but this book plan is the easiest and needfullest, and would
+prove a considerable tonic to what we call our British constitution,
+which has fallen dropsical of late, and has an evil thirst, and evil
+hunger, and wants healthier feeding. You have got its Corn Laws repealed
+for it; try if you cannot get Corn Laws established for it dealing in a
+better bread--bread made of that old enchanted Arabian grain, the
+Sesame, which opens doors, doors, not of robbers', but of kings'
+treasuries.'[74]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+'Whatever the hold which the aristocracy of England has on the heart of
+England, in that they are still always in front of her battles, this
+hold will not be enough, unless they are also in front of her
+thoughts.'[75]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+'But it is not gold that you want to gather! What is it? Greenbacks? No;
+not those neither. What is it then--is it ciphers after a capital I?
+Cannot you practise writing ciphers, and write as many as you want?
+Write ciphers for an hour every morning, in a big book, and say every
+evening, I am worth all those noughts more than I was yesterday. Won't
+that do? Well, what in the name of Plutus is it you want? Not gold, not
+greenbacks, not ciphers after a capital I? You will have to answer after
+all, "No; we want, somehow or other, money's _worth_." Well, what is
+that? Let your Goddess of Getting-on discover it, and let her learn to
+stay therein.'[76]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+'And the entire object of true education is to make people not merely
+_do_ the right things, but _enjoy_ the right things--not merely
+industrious, but to love industry--not merely learned, but to love
+knowledge--not merely pure, but to love purity--not merely just, but to
+hunger and thirst after justice.'[77]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[73] _Sesame and Lilies._
+
+[74] _Sesame and Lilies._
+
+[75] _Crown of Wild Olive_, p. 87.
+
+[76] _Ibid._, p. 60.
+
+[77] _Ibid._, p. 46.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+  Abbotsford Library Catalogue, printed by Maitland Club, 80
+
+  Abbotsford Library, impressions of, 80
+
+  Accessions, on placing, 89
+
+  Acland, Sir H., the 'Radcliffe' bookcase, 113
+
+  Addison, Essay on 'My Lady's Library,' 50
+
+  Addison's picture of 'Tom Folio,' 79
+
+  Advertisements, which to distrust, 14
+
+  Ælius, 148
+
+  Æmylius Protus, 148
+
+  Agabito, librarian to the Duke of Urbino, 119
+
+  Albemarle, Duke of, 78
+
+  Alberti, 142
+
+  Ambrose, St., 148
+
+  American tables, 104
+
+  Angelo, Michael, 142
+
+  Angling books, 10
+
+  Anonymous Literature, how to catalogue, 84, 85
+
+  _Anthrenus varius_, bookboring insect, 23
+
+  Apollo Library, 135
+
+  Appliances for the library, 103
+
+  Aquinas, St. Thomas, 148
+
+  Arcangelo, Don, 138
+
+  _Archaic Dictionary_, 44
+
+  _Architecture_, by Vitruvius, 119
+
+  Aristotle, Inspection of the works of, 147
+
+  Aristotle's _Politics_, 143
+
+  Athanasius, St., 148
+
+  Augustine, St., 148
+
+  Augustus, Emperor, author and booklover, 135
+
+  Austen, J., _Northanger Abbey_, 36
+
+  Author, the, 3
+
+  ---- whims and fancies of, 3
+
+  Autograph letters, how to catalogue, 64
+
+
+  Bacon, Lord, 36
+
+  ---- his retreat at Gorhambury, 107
+
+  Bacon's _Natural History_, 40
+
+  ---- _Organon_, 74
+
+  Baker's _Chronicle_, 72
+
+  Baldi's description of a Florentine palace, 110, 146
+
+  Balfour, Mr., advice on reading, 27
+
+  Barclay, A., _Ship of Fools_, 76
+
+  Basil, St., 148
+
+  Beauchamp, Guy, earl of Warwick, Library of early romances, 71
+
+  Beauclerk, T., 79
+
+  ---- Library of, in Great Russell Street, 107
+
+  Bedford, Duke of, and Charles V.'s Library, 71
+
+  Beecher, H. W., on reading, 30
+
+  Benedetti, B., Book lists of, 147
+
+  ---- librarian to Francesco Maria, 147
+
+  ---- C., of Pesaro, 147
+
+  Beyle, Henri, Pseudonyms used by, 84
+
+  Bianchini's works, 110, 146
+
+  Bible, 148
+
+  Bibliography, Science of, when commenced, 144
+
+  Bibliomaniacs, Great, 71
+
+  Blackie, J. S., on reading, 32
+
+  _Blackwood's Magazine_, Extracts from, 30, 31, 32
+
+  Blades, W., _Enemies of Books_, 7, 21, 100
+
+  ---- on the handling of books, 22
+
+  ---- on the preservation of books, 19, 99
+
+  _Blatta Australasia_, a bookboring cockroach, 23
+
+  Bookbinding, 52
+
+  ---- and the bookbinder, 23
+
+  ---- colour, 49, 54
+
+  ---- Covers, what to choose, 64
+
+  ---- errors of taste, 56
+
+  ---- gilding, 57
+
+  ---- Good, what is fatal to, 97
+
+  ---- leather, kind to choose, 54
+
+  ---- lettering, 58
+
+  ---- marbling, 55
+
+  ---- provincial, 7
+
+  ---- style and colour of, 49
+
+  ---- style, 49, 54
+
+  ---- the, remarks on, 61
+
+  ---- what is good and bad, 5, 6
+
+  Books, accidentally destroyed, 12
+
+  ---- arranging, difficulty of, 17
+
+  ---- care of, 15, 16
+
+  ---- ---- maxims for, 24
+
+  ---- classification of, 87
+
+  ---- commonplace, 38
+
+  ---- contents of, how to master the, 31, 32
+
+  ---- counterfeit, 52
+
+  ---- dusting, 20, 21
+
+  ---- enemies of, 7, 16, 17, 18, 21, 23
+
+  ---- binding, fifteenth-century, 70
+
+  ---- handling, 22
+
+  ---- housing of, 100
+
+  ---- metal bosses on, desks for, 106
+
+  ---- packing, 24, 25
+
+  ---- ------ Rare and handsome, 89
+
+  ---- ------ Reference, 89
+
+  ---- Rare, what constitutes, 11
+
+  ---- ------ Why so called, 12
+
+  ---- How to read, 32
+
+  ---- Recommending, 33
+
+  ---- Reference, 42
+
+  ---- ------ List of good, 44
+
+  ---- ------ On placing, 89
+
+  ---- ------ Uses of, 43
+
+  ---- Repairing, 60, 61
+
+  ---- Restoring, 60, 61
+
+  ---- Ruined, how often, 7
+
+  ---- Shelfmarking, 93
+
+  ---- Sizes of, as decided upon by the Associated Librarians of Great
+    Britain, 98
+
+  ---- Suppressed, 12
+
+  ---- Treatment of, 108
+
+  ---- Valueless, 14
+
+  Bookcase, the 'Radcliffe' iron, 113
+
+  ---- revolving, 105
+
+  Bookcases, 49, 94
+
+  ---- at Trinity College, Cambridge, 102
+
+  ---- beautiful specimens of, 99
+
+  ---- for rare and beautiful books, &c., 99
+
+  ---- glass doors undesirable, 100
+
+  ---- height of, 50, 95
+
+  ---- in bedrooms, 38
+
+  ---- lettering and numbering, 93, 99
+
+  ---- shelves covered with padded leather, 100
+
+  ---- Tonks' patent fittings advisable, 95
+
+  Book-collecting, Revival in, at Florence, 140
+
+  Book collectors, early, 71
+
+  ---- collectors of the eighteenth century, 79
+
+  ---- hobbies, 65
+
+  ---- readers, two classes, 34
+
+  ---- screen, 47
+
+  Bookshelves, 130
+
+  Book support, metal, 106
+
+  ---- values, 9
+
+  ---- ---- how to determine, 9
+
+  Booksellers, Old London, 72
+
+  Bookworm, The, 23
+
+  Bordesley Abbey, and the Earl of Warwick's Library, 71
+
+  Boston Public Library, Roxbury Branch, dimensions of book-room, 113
+
+  Boswell, _Life of Johnson_, 3
+
+  Boudoir bindings, pretty effects of, 48
+
+  ---- libraries, 46
+
+  ---- library catalogue, 50
+
+  Bowen, on _Novel Reading_, 37
+
+  Bracciolini, Poggio, 137
+
+  Bradshaw, H., the Cambridge University Librarian, 117
+
+  Braybrooke, Lord, his collection of county histories, 66
+
+  British Museum Library Catalogue, 85
+
+  Brontë, C., _Jane Eyre_, 37
+
+  Bruni, Lionardo, 137
+
+  Buchanan, G., 117
+
+  Buckram binding, 62
+
+  Buffalo Bug, or Carpet Bug, 23
+
+  Burke, on reading, 31
+
+  Bustle tails, bookboring insects, 23
+
+  Butler's _Hudibras_, 72, 74
+
+
+  Cæsar, 148
+
+  _Cambridge University_, _History of_, by Willis and Clark, 120
+
+  Campano, Bishop of Teramo, 149
+
+  Campion, Hanmer and Spencer's History of Ireland, 75
+
+  Care of books, On the, 15
+
+  ---- Maxims to be learned, 24
+
+  Carlyle, on a library catalogue, 81
+
+  Carpet Bug, or Buffalo Bug, 23
+
+  Casaubon, among his books, 72
+
+  Catalogue, a fifteenth-century, 70
+
+  ---- Alphabetical system, advantages of, 86
+
+  ---- Classification of the, 82
+
+  ---- Sectional, Lord Crawford's, 83
+
+  ---- The, 81
+
+  ---- The, alphabetical arrangement of, 81
+
+  ---- The, classified system, advantages of, 86
+
+  ---- The, cross-references, 85
+
+  ---- The, how not to make, 82, 84
+
+  ---- The, expert advice on, 84
+
+  ---- The, rules to be observed, 85
+
+  ---- The, subjects, classification of, 86
+
+  ---- The, preparing titles, 87
+
+  Chairs, Library, 104
+
+  Charles V. of France, library of, 71
+
+  Chaucer, Speght's edition (1602), 75
+
+  Chippendale, bookcase designs by, 99
+
+  Chrysoloras, M., 143
+
+  Chrysostom, St., 148
+
+  _Clarissa Harlowe_, 60
+
+  Clark, J. W., on the position of the library, 119
+
+  ---- Student-life of the past, 72
+
+  Classic authors, list of, 148
+
+  Classics, no suitable edition in England as in France, 1
+
+  Classification, 81
+
+  ---- of books, 87
+
+  Clement XI., Pope, and the eagle lectern, 147
+
+  Clement, D., _Bibliothèque curieuse_, 11
+
+  Clement, D., on degrees of rarity, 11, 13
+
+  Colet, among his books, 72
+
+  Collected editions, how to catalogue, 94
+
+  Commonplace books, 38
+
+  ---- books, simplest form of, 40
+
+  Compositor, the, 3
+
+  Condition, as affecting the price of books, 13, 11
+
+  _Consuelo_, 37
+
+  Consumer, the, 3
+
+  Cosimo's generosity to men of letters, 144
+
+  ---- Medicean library, 138
+
+  ---- plan of the formation of a library, 138
+
+  ---- versatility and comprehensive intellect, 139
+
+  ---- zeal for learning, 139
+
+  Cotton's library, dimensions of, 73
+
+  Counterfeit books, 52
+
+  County collections, what should be aimed at, 66
+
+  ---- Histories, on collecting, 66
+
+  Courthope's edition of Pope, 3
+
+  Crawford, Lord, Ballad catalogue, 83
+
+  ---- Collection of books, pamphlets, ballads, &c., 65
+
+  ---- Sectional catalogue, 83
+
+  Cross-references, when to make, 85
+
+  Cunningham, P., edition of Walpole's letters, 3
+
+  Curiosities, arrangement of, in library, 122
+
+  Cyril, St., 148
+
+
+  Damp, an enemy to books, 17
+
+  De Maistre's _Journey Round my Room_, 47
+
+  Dennistoun's _Memoirs of the Dukes of Urbino_, 110, 145, 147, 149
+
+  Desk, standing, 105
+
+  Dictionaries, use of, 30
+
+  _Dives et Pauper_, 70
+
+  Drawings, safe keeping of, 106
+
+  Duns Scotus, 148
+
+  Dusting of books, 20, 21
+
+
+  Edis' _Decoration and Furniture of Town Houses_, 132
+
+  Éditions de luxe, 3
+
+  Education, What is? 45
+
+  Edwards, _Memoirs of Libraries_, 13, 97, 99, 100
+
+  ---- on bookcases, 97, 99
+
+  Elizabethan Poetry, catalogue of, 83
+
+  Ellwanger's _Story of my House_, 9, 104
+
+  Elton, _Great Book Collectors_, 115, 149
+
+  Elwin's edition of Pope, 3
+
+  Enemies of books, 17, 18, 19, 21
+
+  Erasmus, among his books, 72
+
+  Eusebius, 148
+
+  Evelyn's directions for gathering a library, 78
+
+  ---- Letter to Pepys on the Seventeenth Century libraries, 79
+
+  Eversley Rectory armchair, 105
+
+
+  Facetiæ, on placing, 89
+
+  Family papers, how to catalogue, 64
+
+  Farnaby, T., _Index Rhetoricus_, 74
+
+  Federigo, Count, famous library of MSS., 110, 146
+
+  ---- Duke, Literary habits of, 148
+
+  Feltrian dukes, MSS., 147
+
+  Fergusson's _Architecture_, 44
+
+  Ficino, Translator of Plato, 142
+
+  Fiction Library, how to arrange, 36
+
+  Fiesole, Abbey of, on building a library at, 138
+
+  Fiesole Abbey, Library of, 138
+
+  Fifteenth Century Library Catalogue, 70
+
+  Fine Copy? What is a, 5, 6
+
+  First Edition Craze, fight against, 14
+
+  Fish Bugs, bookboring insects, 23
+
+  Florence, Revival in learning at, 140
+
+  ---- _Studio Pubblico_, Improvement of the, 143
+
+  Florentine Library, Description of a great, 110
+
+  Floriculture, on collecting books on, 67
+
+  'Foxed' Book, A, 6
+
+  Foxhounds in England, 135
+
+  Francesco Maria's literary pursuits, 147
+
+  Froude, W., The 'Radcliffe' bookcase, 113
+
+  Fuller, T., on memory and note-books, 39
+
+
+  Gas, an enemy to books, 18
+
+  Genealogical books, rise in price of, 66
+
+  Getting-on, Goddess of, 152
+
+  Gibbon, Edward, 1
+
+  ---- library catalogue, 83
+
+  Gilbey, Sir W., sporting books, 67
+
+  Gilding, Advice on, 57
+
+  Giorgio, F. di, _Treatise on Architecture_, 148
+
+  Gladstone, W. E., _Books, and the Housing of them_, 100
+
+  ---- _Gladstone in the Evening of his Days_, 36, 108, 110
+
+  ---- on library shelves, 96
+
+  Gladstone's Temple of Peace, Tables in, 104
+
+  Glastonbury, Treasures at, 69
+
+  'Globe' edition of English classics, 2
+
+  Goldsmith Chair, The, 105
+
+  Good Edition, how to make, 3
+
+  ---- What is a, 1
+
+  Gosse, E., Library Catalogue, 83
+
+  Gregory, St., 148
+
+  Greek Fathers, writings of, 148
+
+  Greenbacks, 152
+
+  Guidobaldo I., Library Rules, 118
+
+
+  Haigh Hall, Ballad Catalogue at, 83
+
+  ---- Library Catalogue, who compiled by, 65
+
+  Hallam's _Literary History_, 41
+
+  Hamerton, Philip G., Advice on reading, 27, 28, 29
+
+  Harding's _Chronicle_, 76
+
+  Hart, Dr. E., on books in bedrooms, 38
+
+  Hawarden Library annexe, 107
+
+  ---- ---- Cost of, 113
+
+  Heat, an enemy to books, 18
+
+  Heppelwhite, Bookcase design by, 99
+
+  Hill, B., Edition of Boswell's Johnson, 3
+
+  Howard, Sir J., Library of, 70
+
+  'Humanity Room' at Hawarden, 109
+
+  Humphrey, Duke, 71
+
+
+  Ireland, History of, 75
+
+  Ink Maker, The, 3
+
+
+  Jerome, St., 148
+
+  Jessopp, Dr., Library annexe of, 107
+
+  ---- on old libraries, 68
+
+  Johnson, Dr., careless with his books, 16
+
+  ---- Life of, 3
+
+  ---- on knowledge, 42
+
+  ---- on the editions of _Thomas à Kempis_, 67
+
+  Johnson's _Dictionary_, 44
+
+  Justin, 148
+
+
+  Kerr's _Gentleman's House_, 120
+
+  Knowledge, On. Extract from the _Spectator_, 42
+
+  ---- Two kinds of, 42
+
+
+  Lady's Library, how arranged, 51
+
+  Lamb, choice of books, 34
+
+  Lampson, L., Rowfant Library Catalogue, 83
+
+  Landino, 142
+
+  Lang, A., remarks on the 'binder,' 61
+
+  ---- on the care of books, 16
+
+  Lapaccini, Fra G., a MS. copyist, 138
+
+  Large-paper copies, 8, 13
+
+  Larousse's _Grand Dictionnaire_, 43
+
+  Leather for binding, 53
+
+  Lectern, an historic eagle, 146
+
+  Leighton, J., _Book-plate Annual_, 15
+
+  ---- Careless handling of books, 16
+
+  Leland, C. G., on _Mending and Repairing_, 61
+
+  ---- Glastonbury treasures, 69
+
+  Leonora's library, how arranged, 51
+
+  _Lepisma Saccharina_, bookboring insects, 23
+
+  _L'Escholle des Filles_, 77
+
+  Librarian, A, 115
+
+  ---- Qualifications of a good, 115, 117
+
+  ---- The motto of a good, 118
+
+  Libraries, Classification of headings of, 94
+
+  ---- in country houses, lamentable condition of, 15
+
+  ---- Old country, 68
+
+  ---- XIIth century, 69
+
+  ---- XIIIth century, 69
+
+  ---- XVIIth century, 72
+
+  ---- Suite of, 121
+
+  ---- Public, Originator of, 143
+
+  _Library, The_ Extract from, 150
+
+  Library, Appliances for the, 103
+
+  ---- The, architecturally, 119
+
+  ---- arrangement, On, 91
+
+  ---- Arrangement of, two plans, 121
+
+  ---- Artistic treatment of the, 122
+
+  ---- Aspect for the, 125
+
+  ---- An economic, 133
+
+  ---- Curiosities in, 22
+
+  ---- Decorations of the, 131
+
+  ---- Enemy of the, 120
+
+  ---- fireplace, 126
+
+  ---- intercommunication, 126
+
+  ---- On heating, 120, 128
+
+  ---- On lighting, 120
+
+  ---- Portable, Composition of a, 46
+
+  ---- Position of the, 119, 124
+
+  ---- rules, 118
+
+  ---- Study attached to the, 127
+
+  ---- Windows in the, 125
+
+  ---- annexe, The, 106
+
+  _Library Association Report_, 1878, 115
+
+  ---- _Journal_, Reference to, 91
+
+  ---- ---- American, 117
+
+  Lionardo, M., translator of Aristotle's _Politics_, 143
+
+  Lippincott's _Biographical Dictionary_, 44
+
+  Livy, 148
+
+  Lockhart, _Life of Sir W. Scott_, 80
+
+  Lorenzo and his literary circle, 142
+
+  Lucullus' vast collection of books, 135
+
+
+  Macaulay, private libraries in 1685, 79
+
+  ---- _State of England in 1685_, 72
+
+  Magazines, How to bind, 63
+
+  Maggliabecchi, Anecdote of, 116
+
+  ---- his abnormal knowledge of books, 115
+
+  Manetti, Giannozzo, 137
+
+  Manuscripts, How to catalogue, 64
+
+  ---- collecting and preserving at Florence, 140
+
+  ---- Collection of ancient, 149
+
+  ---- Famous library of, 110
+
+  ---- of the Feltrian dukes, 147
+
+  ---- Urbino's library of, 146
+
+  Marbling, what to choose, 55
+
+  Marryat, original binding of his novels, 6
+
+  Marsuppini, Carlo, 137
+
+  Maxwell, Sir H., advice on reading, 26
+
+  Medicean Library, 138
+
+  Medici, Cosimo de', on housing of large libraries, 137
+
+  ---- The, and their friends, 137
+
+  ---- Lorenzo de', 137
+
+  Memory and note-books, 39
+
+  Mending and repairing, 61
+
+  Middleton Cheney, Library annexe at, 107
+
+  Mirandola, P. della, 41, 142
+
+  Monastic libraries, Old, 69
+
+  Monmouth rebellion, romances on, 36
+
+  Monreale, Archbishop of, 147
+
+  Morocco leather, kind to choose, 54
+
+  Munificent book-buying, 133
+
+  Murray's _Dictionary_, 59
+
+  ---- _Magazine_, on county histories, 66
+
+  Music, How to bind, 64
+
+
+  Napoleon, on the composition of a portable library, 46
+
+  ---- a lover of small books, 46
+
+  ---- and novel-reading, 38
+
+  Nares' _Glossary_, 44
+
+  Natural history, on collecting books on, 67
+
+  Naudé, G., _Avis pour dresser une Bibliothèque_, 10, 79
+
+  Naziazen, St. Gregory, 148
+
+  Niccoli, N. de', Home life and habits of, 141
+
+  ---- literary dictator at Florence, 140
+
+  ---- to whom he bequeathed his library, 137
+
+  Nicetas, 148
+
+  Nicholas V. Pope, Book list of, 139
+
+  _Nineteenth Century_, Extracts from the, 26, 68, 111
+
+  Nordau, millionaires in England, 133
+
+  North, Dr. John, his book-loving habits, 8
+
+  ---- Dr. J., Library of, 73
+
+  ---- Life of, 73
+
+  North's _Lives of the Norths_, 7
+
+  Notes, Suggestions on taking, 41
+
+  Novel-reading, 33
+
+  ---- lecture on, 36, 37
+
+  Novels, how to bind, 62
+
+
+  Octavia Library, 135
+
+  Oldys, W., 79
+
+  Oliveriana Library, 147
+
+  Oxford, Lord, 79
+
+  ---- University of. Duke Humphrey's collection of illuminated
+    treasures, 71
+
+
+  Pamphlets, how to bind, 63
+
+  ---- how to catalogue, 63, 94
+
+  Paper, coloured, 13
+
+  ---- fine, 13
+
+  ---- hand-made, 8
+
+  ---- Japanese vellum, 8
+
+  ---- vellum, 13
+
+  ---- knives, 16
+
+  ---- maker, the, 3
+
+  Parentucelli, T., Catalogue of S. Marco Library, 137
+
+  Parker's _Domestic Architecture_, Reference to, 70
+
+  Paston _Letters_, 70
+
+  Pattison, Mark, a type of a scholar, 134
+
+  Payn, J., on the best hundred books, 30
+
+  Pembroke, Earl of, 79
+
+  Pepys' books, how numbered and titled, 78
+
+  ---- book presses, 75
+
+  ---- book presses at Magdalene College, 75
+
+  ---- Collection of Ballads, &c., 65
+
+  ---- Diary, 43, 59, 74, &c.
+
+  ---- library catalogue, 76
+
+  ---- library catalogue, classification of, 82, 89
+
+  ---- a lover of books, 74
+
+  ---- manuscripts, 77
+
+  ---- single sheets, 77
+
+  Periodicals, Unbound, on placing, 89
+
+  Pesaro, Library of, 138
+
+  Petrarch, project of a public library, 143
+
+  Phillips, W., anecdote of George Sumner, 116
+
+  Pickering, Publications issued by, 4
+
+  Pieresc, and his books, 149
+
+  ---- Funeral oration on, 150
+
+  Plato, Teachings of, 142
+
+  Plato's Works, 143
+
+  Plutarch, 148
+
+  ---- on Lucullus' Library, 135
+
+  Plutarch's _Lives_, 143
+
+  Poetical Concordances, 44
+
+  Poliziano, 142
+
+  Poole, Mr., on enemies to books, 18
+
+  Pope, 'Globe' edition of, 2
+
+  Pope's Works, the edition of Courthope and Elwin, 3
+
+  Preservation of book covers, A recipe for, 20
+
+  Pressman, The, 3
+
+  Priceus, _Defensio Hist. Brit._, 76
+
+  Printer, The, 3
+
+  Prints, safe keeping of, 106
+
+  Private Library, divisions or classification of a, 89
+
+  _Psalms_, French, 74
+
+  Pseudonyms, how to catalogue, 84
+
+  Publisher, The, 3
+
+  Pulci, 142
+
+  Putnam's _Books and their Makers_, 71, 142
+
+  Ptolemy's _Cosmography_, 143
+
+
+  Quintus Curtius, 148
+
+  Quotations, Dictionary of, 44
+
+
+  Radcliffe bookcases, cost of, 114
+
+  Rare books, what constitutes, 12
+
+  ---- why so called, 11
+
+  Rarity as affecting the price of books, 11
+
+  Rawlinson, T., 79
+
+  Reader, The, 3
+
+  Reading, The art of, 25
+
+  ---- ---- literature on, 26
+
+  ---- seat, 96
+
+  Record, unpublished, advisability of typing, 64
+
+  Reference books, 42
+
+  ---- American, 43
+
+  ---- French, 43
+
+  ---- uses of, 43
+
+  Regulations, Book of, of Guidobaldo I, 118
+
+  Renaissance history, 136
+
+  Richardson's _Dictionary_, 44
+
+  Rochester's _Poems_, 78
+
+  Romances, Guy Beauchamp's library of, 71
+
+  _Romola_, 37
+
+  Roscoe, Mr., on book-collecting, 144
+
+  Rowfant Library Catalogue, 83
+
+  Ruddiman, T., 117
+
+  Ruskin, J., advice on book collecting, 150, 151
+
+  ---- choice of books, 34
+
+  ---- his scheme of a Royal series of books, 4
+
+  Ruskin's _Crown of Wild Olive_, 152
+
+  ---- _Sesame and Lilies_, 151, 152
+
+
+  Sachetti, Franco, 137
+
+  Sala, G. A., On common-place books, 39, 40
+
+  Sallust, 148
+
+  Salutati, C. de, On utility of public libraries, 143
+
+  S. Giorgio Maggiore, Library of, 137
+
+  ---- MSS. of, at Florence, 137
+
+  S. Marco, Catalogue of Library of, 138
+
+  Santa Trinità, Proposed public library at, 143
+
+  Scott, R., bill of books supplied to Pepys, 77
+
+  ---- Bookseller of the XVIIth Century, 73
+
+  Scott, Sir W., Life of, 80
+
+  ---- his care of books, 16
+
+  ---- Novels of, original bindings of, 6
+
+  _Seven Champions of Christendom_, 72
+
+  Seventeenth Century Literature, Catalogue of, 83
+
+  Sévigné, Mme. de, Letters of, 109
+
+  Shakespeare, 'Cambridge' Edition of, 2, 53
+
+  'Shannon' Tables, 104
+
+  Shaw, G. B., on an economic library, 133
+
+  Shelf Classification, Difficulty of, 88
+
+  Sheraton, Bookcase designs by, 99
+
+  Silver Fish, bookboring insects, 23
+
+  'Sleepy Hollow,' an armchair at Eversley, 105
+
+  Smith, L. P., Qualifications of a Librarian, 117
+
+  Smith, W., _Greek and Roman Biography_, 44
+
+  Somers, Lord, 79
+
+  Soulsby, Miss Lucy, _Things in Book Clothing_, 28
+
+  Spartianus, 148
+
+  _Spectator_, Extract from, on Knowledge, 42
+
+  Spencer, George, Earl, 79
+
+  ---- Earl, Library at Manchester, 79
+
+  Sport, Reference to, 133
+
+  Sporting books, on collecting, 67
+
+  Staghounds in England, 135
+
+  Stanley, Col., 79
+
+  Steps, Library, 106
+
+  Stevens, _Who spoils our English Books?_ 3, 4
+
+  Stevenson, R. L., Works. 'Edinburgh' Edition, 4
+
+  Strozzi, Palla degli, Greek learning, 142
+
+  ---- originator of public libraries, 143
+
+  Subjects, Short, classification of, 85
+
+  Suetonius, 148
+
+  Sumner, G., Anecdote of, 116
+
+  ---- his knowledge of books, 116
+
+  Sunderland, Charles, Earl of, 79
+
+  Suppressed books, 12
+
+  Symonds, On great literary undertakings, 142
+
+  ---- _Revival of Learning_, 139, 140, 142, 144
+
+
+  Tables, Library, 104
+
+  Tacitus, 148
+
+  Tarleton's _Jests_, 72
+
+  _Tatler_--Addison's Picture of Tom Folio, 79
+
+  Tiberius, Library of, 135
+
+  Title-pages, ruined, 7
+
+  Titles, how to prepare, 87
+
+  Thirlwall, on reading, 31
+
+  _Thomas à Kempis_, Editions of, 68
+
+  Thomas of Saranza, founder of the Vatican Library, 145
+
+  Todd's _Gower and Chaucer_, 72
+
+  ---- _Index Rerum_, 39
+
+  Tonk's Patent Fittings for Bookcases, 95
+
+  Topographical Books, on collecting, 66
+
+  ---- Rise in price of, 66
+
+  Traill, H. D., on book readers, 35
+
+  Trajan, Library of, 135
+
+  Traversari, Ambrogio, 137
+
+
+  _Urbino_, _Dukes of_, 110, 144
+
+  ---- _Memoirs of the_, 119
+
+  ---- book-collecting by, 145
+
+  ---- hospitality to men of letters, 148
+
+  ---- Library of, 138
+
+  ---- his collection of ancient MSS., 149
+
+
+  Valvio, G., Publisher of Plato (1482), 142
+
+  Vespasiano, a MSS. copyist, 138
+
+  ---- on Casimo's plan of forming a library, 138
+
+  ---- on Federigo's literary habits, 148
+
+  ---- on the S. Marco Library Catalogue, 138
+
+  Vitruvius' _Architecture_, 119, 125
+
+
+  Walpole, H., on Beauclerk's library, 107
+
+  Walpole's Letters, edited by Cunningham, 3
+
+  Wanley, H., 79
+
+  Warwick, Earl of, Library of early romances, List of, 71, 72
+
+  Weeding out, 80
+
+  Wheatley, B. R., on library arrangement, 90
+
+  Wheatley, H. B., _Pepys and the World he lived in_, 74, 82, 90
+
+  _Where is it?_ 40
+
+  White Canons, Catalogue of the House of the, 70
+
+  Whittingham, Books printed by, 4
+
+  Whittingham's garden at Chiswick, 4
+
+  Wilberforce, Dr., on knowledge, 42
+
+  Wilkinson's _Ancient Egyptians_, 44
+
+  Willett, Deb., 78
+
+  Willis and Clark, _History of Cambridge University_, 120
+
+  Wordsworth, careless with his books, 16
+
+  Wren, Sir C., bookcases at Trinity College, Cambridge, 102
+
+  Wren, W., on Education, 45
+
+
+  Zola, 110
+
+
+          _London_: STRANGEWAYS, _Printers._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Transcriber's Notes:
+
+Obvious punctuation errors repaired.
+
+Page 53, " ssued" changed to "issued" (issued in a separate)
+
+Page 61, "cuttting" changed to "cutting" (even cutting off lines)
+
+Page 64, "callendar" changed to "calendar" (instructions to calendar)
+
+Page 153, "Aelus" changed to "Ælius" (Ælius, 148)
+
+Page 153, "Aemylius" changed to "Æmylius" (Æmylius Protus, 148)
+
+Page 155, "Lionardi" changed to "Lionardo" (Bruni, Lionardo, 137)
+
+Page 156, Brontè changed to "Brontë" (Brontë, C.,)
+
+Page 158, "Gentlemen's" changed to "Gentleman's" (Kerr's _Gentlemen's
+House_, 120)
+
+Page 158, "Lapaccim" changed to "Lapaccini" (Lapaccini, Fra G., a MS.
+copyist, 138)
+
+Page 158, "bookbinding" changed to "bookboring" (_Lepisma Saccharina_,
+bookboring insects)
+
+Page 158, "Th" changed to "The" (_Library, The_,)
+
+Page 159, "Nazianzen" changed to "Naziazen" (Naziazen, St. Gregory, 148)
+
+Page 162, "MMS." changed to "MSS." (Vespasiano, a MSS.)
+
+Buckram is sometimes capitalized and sometimes not. This was retained.
+
+This book hyphenates or not on a whim. For example: Common-place and
+Commonplace. These were retained.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Private Library, by Arthur L. Humphreys
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE PRIVATE LIBRARY ***
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+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Private Library, by Arthur L. Humphreys.
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Private Library, by Arthur L. Humphreys
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Private Library
+       What We Do Know, What We Don't Know, What We Ought to Know
+              About Our Books
+
+Author: Arthur L. Humphreys
+
+Release Date: February 24, 2009 [EBook #28174]
+[Last updated: March 17, 2011]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE PRIVATE LIBRARY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Suzanne Lybarger and the Booksmiths at
+http://www.eBookForge.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv"></a><a href="images/iv.png">[iv]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class='center'><h2>THE</h2></div>
+<h1>PRIVATE<br />
+LIBRARY</h1>
+
+<div class='center'><br />
+<i>WHAT WE DO KNOW</i><br />
+<i>WHAT WE DON'T KNOW</i><br />
+<i>WHAT WE OUGHT TO KNOW</i><br />
+<i>ABOUT OUR BOOKS</i><br />
+</div>
+
+<h3>BY</h3>
+
+<div class='center'><h2>ARTHUR L. HUMPHREYS</h2></div>
+
+<div class='center'><i><small>Fourth Edition.</small></i><br />
+<br /><br />
+LONDON: STRANGEWAYS &amp; SONS<br />
+SOLD BY<br />
+<big>HATCHARDS</big>, 187 <span class="smcap">Piccadilly</span>, W.<br />
+MDCCCC<br /></div>
+
+
+
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v"></a><a href="images/v.png">[v]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class='center'><h2><i>PREFACE</i></h2></div>
+
+
+<div class='cap'><i>WITH all the literature published on behalf
+of Free Libraries&mdash;institutions which, after
+all, are of doubtful good&mdash;no one so far has written
+a book to assist in making <span class="smcap">The Private Library</span>
+combine practical useful qualities with decorative
+effect.</i></div>
+
+<p><i>For many years I have had opportunities of
+inspecting and reporting upon Collections of Books
+in numerous Country Houses, and I must say that
+the condition of books in the greater number of them
+is chaotic. A man will talk about all his possessions&mdash;his
+pictures, his objets d'art, his horses, his
+garden, and his bicycle, but rarely will he talk
+about his books; and if he does so, all his geese are
+swans, or just as often, all his swans are geese.
+There are servants in every house qualified to do
+everything except handle a book. There is no reason
+why the Library should not be just as much a place<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi"></a><a href="images/vi.png">[vi]</a></span>
+of amusement as the billiard-room, where the men
+are usually to be found. Books are much more
+amusing than billiards, and you may learn to play
+in jest or work in earnest with books just as you take
+to any other amusement. The whole truth is that at
+present books do not get a proper share of attention,
+and it is with the desire to remedy such a condition
+of things that I have printed this little volume, containing
+things that we do know, that we don't know,
+and that we ought to know about our books.</i></p>
+
+<div class='sig'><i>A. L. H.</i></div>
+
+<p>187 <span class="smcap">Piccadilly</span>, W.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii"></a><a href="images/vii.png">[vii]</a></span></p>
+<div class='center'><h2>CONTENTS</h2></div>
+
+
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="contents">
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'><small>PAGE</small></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">What is a Good Edition?</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">What is a Fine Copy?</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Book Values</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">On the Care of Books</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">The Art of Reading</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Common-place Books</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_38">38</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Reference Books</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Boudoir Libraries</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Bookbinding</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Book Hobbies</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Old Country Libraries</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Weeding Out</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">The Catalogue</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Classification of Books</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_87">87</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Bookcases</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Miscellaneous Appliances</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_103">103</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">The Library Annexe</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">A Librarian</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_115">115</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">The Library Architecturally</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Munificent Book-buying</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_133">133</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">The Medici and their Friends</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_137">137</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">The Dukes of Urbino</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_144">144</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Pieresc</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Mr. Ruskin's Advice</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Index</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1"></a><a href="images/1.png">[1]</a></span></p>
+<div class='center'><h2><span class="smcap">the</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Private Library</span>.</h2></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><span class='u'><i>What is a Good Edition?</i></span></h2>
+
+
+<p>A good edition should be a complete edition,
+ungarbled and unabridged. If the author is
+a classic, the <i>format</i> of the copy chosen should
+in some way represent the style of the author.
+<i>Gibbon</i>, for instance, should be in large octavo
+or quarto, with print of a size to correspond.
+This is not always possible, for English editions
+of books often aim at mere cheapness, and of
+many great authors there exist no good editions.
+Thus there is no suitable edition of the classics
+printed in England, as there is and for long
+has been in France. A good edition is not
+necessarily an expensive edition, nor is it
+necessarily noble and generous in print and
+margin. The editions known as the 'Globe'<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2"></a><a href="images/2.png">[2]</a></span>
+editions of Pope and others are good editions
+because (1) They are complete; (2) Each one
+has been taken in hand and superintended
+by the most competent scholar and has
+notes sufficient but not pedantic; (3) Because
+they are well printed on paper of fair quality
+by printers who give wages liberally to careful
+press readers; (4) Because each work being
+a work of the first or classic order, it is
+bound in a simple and unaffected style, without
+meretricious gold or tawdry ornament.
+Now the 'Globe' editions are fitting in their
+place as types of right editions of the cheap
+kind. I will now take right editions of
+the more liberal and expensive kind. The
+'Cambridge' <i>Shakespeare</i>, the last issue, each
+play in a separate volume, is right because
+(1) The print, paper, spacing, and simplicity
+of binding, are suited to the dignity of the
+work; (2) The edition has had brought to it
+fulness of knowledge and rightness of judgment;
+(3) Each volume is light to handle
+and easy to hold, and flexible in opening.</p>
+
+<p>But it would be misleading to say that
+these are the only examples of right editions.
+In other books which I might name, excellent<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3"></a><a href="images/3.png">[3]</a></span>
+work has been brought to play which in the
+two types already named there was not scope
+for. I would like therefore to take another
+instance, and name the editions of Pope's
+<i>Works</i>, edited by Courthope and Elwin, of
+Walpole's <i>Letters</i>, edited by Peter Cunningham,
+and Boswell's <i>Johnson</i>, edited by Birkbeck
+Hill. These editions contain excellent
+and workmanlike features, such as good
+arrangement and good indexing, with notes
+and elucidations sufficiently ample. The size
+too of each volume is not extravagant as in
+certain <i>&eacute;ditions de luxe</i>. Now in order that
+we may have good editions, there are, at least,
+ten people who must work well together:
+(1) the Author, (2) the Publisher, (3) the Printer,
+(4) the Reader, (5) the Compositor, (6) the
+Pressman, (7) the Paper Maker, (8) the Ink
+Maker, (9) the Bookbinder, (10) the Consumer.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>
+When these ten people are not working in
+harmony, a book is spoilt. Too often the
+author, without technical knowledge of book
+production, insists on certain whims and fancies
+of his own being carried out. Too often the
+publisher aims at cheapness and nothing more.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4"></a><a href="images/4.png">[4]</a></span></p>
+<p>The publications issued by Pickering in the
+'forties' and 'fifties' were models of good workmanship.
+Pickering published and Whittingham
+printed, and it was their custom to first sit in consultation
+upon every new book, and painfully
+hammer out each in his own mind its ideal form
+and proportions. Then two Sundays at least
+were required to compare notes in the little
+summer house in Mr. Whittingham's garden
+at Chiswick. Here they would discuss size and
+quality of paper, the shape of the printed page,
+the number of lines, the size of the type, the
+form and comeliness of the title-page.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> In all
+technical details the <i>Edinburgh</i> edition of R. L.
+Stevenson's works is satisfying. Here are more
+'lines of beauty' than in almost any other modern
+printed book. As we handle it we feel <i>satisfied</i>
+that it <i>is right</i>. Perhaps it was such a <i>format</i>
+that Mr. Ruskin had in mind when he shaped
+out a scheme of a Royal series of books, which
+should be models of good work all round.
+And though it is necessary that we have cheap
+editions, and that books should circulate everywhere,
+we want to save the book trade from
+shoddy work by keeping good models before<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5"></a><a href="images/5.png">[5]</a></span>
+us. That we produce the best thought in
+the best form, and not in any mean, shabby
+dress, ought indeed to be a serious aim of
+everybody engaged in the matter.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><span class='u'><i>What is a Fine Copy?</i></span></h2>
+
+
+<p>To judge of a fine copy requires some
+years' handling of books. To some, the
+school prize, in light brown calf, represents
+an ideal of book beauty; to others, a padded
+binding and round corners. But these are
+neither beautiful nor in any way fine copies.
+The school prize book is not a fine copy
+(1) Because it is bound in a very perishable
+leather; (2) Because its margins have been
+trimmed away and ploughed into; (3) Because
+it is received in a form which renders it impossible
+to stamp one's own individuality upon
+it; (4) It has gaudy and meaningless ornaments
+stamped down the back. The padded
+binding is impossible as a fine copy because
+it has had applied to it a wholly incongruous
+method of preservation. Books require to be
+clothed, but not to be upholstered. The
+round corners usually adopted by the upholster<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6"></a><a href="images/6.png">[6]</a></span>
+binder can claim no advantage, and
+they rob the book of its natural neatness
+and squareness of edge. School prize bindings
+and padded bindings are sins against the
+sanctity of common sense. What then is a
+fine copy? Almost, though not entirely,
+essential is it that it be in the original binding
+as put out by the publisher, whether it be a
+paper covering, or cloth, or boards. The
+reason for this is that in securing a book in
+such a condition one has the book <i>in full
+measure</i>, and there is no necessity to undo
+anything which has already been done. Now,
+if a book be bought in a leather binding, the
+chances are that it is a leather binding which
+in no way suits its new owner, and he therefore
+has not only to sacrifice the binding, but
+in rebinding it he must sacrifice some of the
+margins too. The novels of Scott and Marryat
+in their original boards are delightful to handle.
+A fine copy should be a clean copy free
+from spots. When a book is spotted it
+is called 'foxed,' and these 'foxey' books are
+for the most part books printed in the early
+part of this century, when paper-makers first
+discovered that they could bleach their rags,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7"></a><a href="images/7.png">[7]</a></span>
+and, owing to the inefficient means used to neutralise
+the bleach, the book carried the seeds of
+decay in itself, and when exposed to any damp
+soon became discoloured with brown stains.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a>
+A foxed book cannot have the fox marks
+removed, and such a book should be avoided.
+Ink marks can be removed, and a name written
+upon a title-page can generally be entirely obliterated
+without leaving any sign that it has been
+there. Here let me beg people who give presents
+of books never to write upon title-pages, but
+upon the fly-leaf. Many thousands of beautiful
+and valuable volumes are annually ruined for
+ever by their owners cutting the name from
+the title. A cut title-page is irreparable.
+A fine copy may be a bound copy, in which
+case the edges must not have been cut down,
+though the top edge may have been gilded,
+and the binding must be appropriate and not
+provincial in appearance. A provincial binding
+lacks finish, the board used is too thick or
+too thin, or not of good quality, and the
+leather not properly pared down and turned in.
+All such things go to spoil good books. In
+North's <i>Lives of the Norths</i> there is a passage<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8"></a><a href="images/8.png">[8]</a></span>
+which well describes the man of judgment in
+books. Dr. John North, whose life forms
+part of this work, is most picturesquely
+described in his book-loving habits. 'He
+courted, as a fond lover, all best editions,
+fairest characters, best bound and preserved.
+If the subject were in his favour (as the
+Classics), he cared not how many of them he
+had, even of the same edition, if he thought
+it among the best, <i>rather better bound, squarer
+cut, neater covers, or some such qualification
+caught him</i>.' And then his biographer adds,
+what is so true, and especially of books, 'Continual
+use gives men a judgment of things comparatively,
+and they come to fix on what is most
+proper and easy, which no man upon cursory
+view would determine.'</p>
+
+<p>Large paper copies are not necessarily fine
+copies. When a cheap trumpery piece of
+book-making is printed on hand-made paper
+or Japanese vellum paper the result is vulgarity,
+just as when a common person attempts
+to swagger about in fine clothes. No, a book
+must show good binding and be appropriately
+apparelled, or it cannot be referred to as a
+fine copy. In the matter of large paper copies<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9"></a><a href="images/9.png">[9]</a></span>
+it is necessary to form a separate judgment
+in each case. One thing is certain, that the
+man who collects large paper books as large
+paper books is a vulgarian and a fool. He
+who collects such large paper books as mature
+judgment determines are appropriate, and because
+he sees them to have genuine points of
+merit over and above small paper copies, is a
+book lover. In a charming little volume, written
+by an American bibliophile, I read the following
+passage, confirming in part the foregoing:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>'Good editions of good books, though they
+may often be expensive, cannot be too highly
+commended. One can turn to a page in
+inviting letterpress so much easier than to a
+page of an unattractive volume.'<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><span class='u'><i>Book Values.</i></span></h2>
+
+
+<p>It would be impossible to tell all the causes
+which go towards determining the value of a
+book and which cause it to fluctuate in price.
+There is but one way to arrive at a reliable
+knowledge of book values, and that is to
+begin stall-hunting as soon as you leave school<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10"></a><a href="images/10.png">[10]</a></span>
+or college and continue until past middle age,
+absorbing information from stalls, from catalogues,
+and from sale-rooms. The records
+of prices at which books have been sold in
+the auction rooms, and which are regularly
+issued, are useless in the hands of an inexperienced
+person. To make up your mind
+on Monday that you are going to begin a
+career of successful bargain-hunting and book-collecting
+is only to be defrauded on all the
+other five remaining days. Experience must be
+bought, and an eye for a good copy of a book,
+or for a bargain of any kind, only comes after
+years of practice. I admit that if a man
+begins collecting some particular class of books,
+say Angling books, he may sooner arrive at
+safe judgment alone; but even here he has
+a pretty wide field to make blunders in.
+When Gabriel Naud&eacute; wrote his pamphlet, <i>Avis
+pour dresser une Biblioth&egrave;que</i>, he laid down
+his first rule thus:&mdash;'The first means is to
+take the counsel and advice of such as are
+able to give it <i>viva voce</i>.' This was written
+more than two hundred years ago, and still no
+better advice could possibly be given to a
+book collector. By all means find a man<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11"></a><a href="images/11.png">[11]</a></span>
+whom you can trust, and whose knowledge is
+ample, and stick to him. Do not yourself
+bid in the auction room, or you will soon
+find out your mistake. Place your list of
+wants and your list of commissions in the
+hands of one good man whom you have
+reason to trust, and you will then get your
+money's worth.</p>
+
+<p>I have said that it is impossible to set down
+all the causes which affect the prices of books,
+but in an old French bibliographical book,
+by D. Clement,<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> the subject is gone into
+more minutely than it has ever since been
+treated. First, there are causes which may be
+classed under the heading of <i>Rarity</i>. Secondly,
+there are causes which must be grouped under
+the head <i>Condition</i>.</p>
+
+<p>According to Clement, there are two sorts
+of rarity in books; the one absolute, the other
+conditional or contingent. There are rare
+editions of very common books. There are
+books of almost common occurrence in public
+libraries, which are rarely seen in the market.
+A book or an edition of which but very few
+copies exist is called 'necessarily rare;' one<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12"></a><a href="images/12.png">[12]</a></span>
+which is only with difficulty to be met with&mdash;however
+many copies may be extant&mdash;he calls
+'contingently rare.'</p>
+
+<p>Under the first head he classes; (1) Books
+of which few copies were printed; (2) Books
+which have been suppressed; (3) Books which
+have been almost entirely destroyed by casual
+fire, or other accident; (4) Books of which a
+large portion of the impression has been wasted&mdash;usually
+for want of success when published; (5)
+Volumes of which the printing was never completed;
+(6) Copies on large paper or on vellum.</p>
+
+<p>Under the second head, he enumerates; (1)
+Books on subjects which interest only a particular
+class of students; (2) Books in languages
+which are little known; (3) Heretical, licentious,
+and libellous books; (4) First editions of a
+classic author from MS.; (5) First productions
+of the printing press in a particular town; (6)
+The productions of the celebrated printers
+of the sixteenth century; (7) Books in the
+vernacular language of an author who printed
+them in a foreign country; (8) Books privately
+printed; (9) Works, the various parts of which
+have been published under different titles, in
+different sizes, or in various places.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13"></a><a href="images/13.png">[13]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Clement then analyses the degrees of rarity
+thus: (1) Every book, which is no longer current
+in the trade, and requires some pains in the search
+for it, is 'of infrequent occurrence;' (2) If there
+are but few copies in the country in which we
+live, and those not easily met with, it is 'rare;'
+(3) If the copies are so dispersed that there are
+but few of them, even in the neighbouring
+countries, so that there is increased difficulty to
+procure them, it is 'very rare;' (4) If the
+number of copies be but fifty or sixty, and those
+scattered, it is 'extremely rare;' (5) And
+finally, every work of which there are not ten
+copies in the world is 'excessively rare.' In all
+these cases, it must be supposed that the book
+is a book sought for, and that the seekers are
+more numerous than the sought.<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p>
+
+<p>In the matter of <i>Condition</i> and its effect
+upon price, long training is required before all
+the qualities of a copy can be properly defined.
+There are copies on 'vellum,' 'large paper,' 'fine
+paper,' 'coloured paper.' There are 'crisp' copies,
+'uncut' copies, 'tall' copies, 'ruled' copies,
+and 'illustrated' copies, <i>cum multis aliis</i>.<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14"></a><a href="images/14.png">[14]</a></span></p><p>Fashion determines much as to price. As
+soon as it becomes a fad to collect books relating
+to some particular subject, competition
+instantly steps in, and prices go up. It may be
+well to state, for the benefit of a very numerous
+and uninitiated public, that, <i>because a book
+is old, it is not necessarily rare</i>. There are
+many thousands of people who have most
+imperfect and valueless books, mostly on
+theology, or some controversial abominations,
+and these people spend days wasting their
+own and booksellers' time in seeking to
+sell at prices which their own imagination
+alone has determined is right. Distrust
+the advertisements of large paper editions.
+<i>Very</i> few of them are worth purchasing,
+and very few, indeed, increase in value.
+Fight against the first-edition craze, which
+is the maddest craze that ever affected book
+collecting. Again and again it must be repeated,
+and cannot be gainsaid, that <i>a first
+edition may be the best, but in most cases it is
+the worst</i>. In every case, inquire and find
+out which is the <i>best</i> edition as to completeness,
+good paper and print, and safe editing,
+if such has been necessary, and then purchase<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15"></a><a href="images/15.png">[15]</a></span>
+a copy of that edition. One remark finally.
+The prices of <i>all good books</i> are going up,
+and any one who lays out money with care
+within the next ten years will have the enjoyment
+of his library and a good investment
+as well.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><span class='u'><i>On the Care of Books.</i></span></h2>
+
+
+<p>The two things most neglected in houses
+are the trimming of lamps and the care of
+the books. The condition of many libraries
+in large country houses is most lamentable.
+In such neglect are they that it would take
+months, and in some cases years, working day
+and night, to restore them to a healthy condition.
+For, poor things! they are really so
+neglected, that their covers become like the
+limbs of rheumatic people. If you touch them
+they seem to shriek and cry with pain. They
+are either parched for lack of a proper atmosphere,
+or else they are sticking together with
+the damp or thickly covered with dust.<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> There
+is nothing else in a house like this, and why
+are these things so? It is because there are<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16"></a><a href="images/16.png">[16]</a></span>
+so few people who understand the care of
+books. I once read the following in a daily
+paper, and thought I recognised in it a familiar
+hand, that of Mr. Andrew Lang:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>'The foes of books are careless people&mdash;first
+of all. They tear pages open with their
+thumbs, or cut them with sharp knives which
+damage the margins. It is so difficult to keep
+paper knives, and ivory paper knives are
+the favourite pasture of some scholars, who
+bite the edges till the weapon resembles a
+dissipated saw. To avoid this temptation
+some employ medi&aelig;val daggers, or skene dhus,
+but the edges spoil a book. Cigarette ashes
+are very bad for books, so is butter, also marmalade.
+Dr. Johnson and Wordsworth are
+said to have been very careless with their
+books. Dr. Johnson used to clean his from
+dust by knocking them together, as Mr.
+Leighton says housemaids do. Scott was
+very careful; he had a number of wooden
+dummies made, and, when a volume was borrowed,
+he put the dummy in its place on the
+shelf, inscribing it with the name of the borrower.
+He also defended his shelves with
+locked brazen wires. "Tutus clausus ero" ("I<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17"></a><a href="images/17.png">[17]</a></span>
+shall be safe if shut up"), his anagram, was his
+motto, under a portcullis. Borrowers, of
+course, are nearly the worst enemies of books,
+always careless, and very apt to lose one
+volume out of a set. Housemaids are seldom
+bibliophiles. Their favourite plan is to dust
+the books in the owner's absence, and then
+rearrange them on fancy principles, mostly
+upside down. One volume of <i>Grote</i> will be
+put among French novels, another in the
+centre of a collection on sports, a third in the
+midst of modern histories, while others are
+"upstairs and downstairs, and in my lady's
+chamber." The diversity of sizes, from folio
+to duodecimo, makes books very difficult to
+arrange where room is scanty. Modern
+shelves in most private houses allow no room
+for folios, which have to lie, like fallen warriors,
+on their sides.'</p>
+
+<p>All that is very true, particularly about
+housemaids. Indeed, I have rarely found any
+woman who cared sufficiently for her books
+to really fondly tend them.</p>
+
+<p>The principal enemy which books have
+is <span class="smcap">Damp</span>. This means ruination, more
+perhaps to the paper than to the binding,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18"></a><a href="images/18.png">[18]</a></span>
+though both suffer. A fungus growth comes
+on the leather, and inside there come stains and
+'fox' marks. Damp is caused (1) through
+lack of fires or warmth; (2) through too many
+sides of a room being exposed to the elements
+without having the walls battened; (3) the
+thaw following a frost, proper means for
+warmth not being adopted during the frost.
+The only remedy for damp is the trying
+process of opening each volume and suspending
+it open, after wiping with a dry cloth
+each page affected. The next worst enemies
+are gas and heat.</p>
+
+<p>Gas alone, provided the books are not
+placed high up, will not be nearly so destructive
+as it is generally supposed; but all
+atmospheres heated too highly are destructive.
+Mr. Poole, a very experienced American
+librarian, has reported as follows, and, I think,
+very rightly:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>'The burning of many gas lights doubtless
+has a tendency to increase the evil by increasing
+the heat. Yet the deterioration of
+bindings goes on in the libraries where gas
+is never used. This fact shows that the
+chief injury arises from heat, and not merely<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19"></a><a href="images/19.png">[19]</a></span>
+from the sulphurous residuum of gas combustion.'</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Poole made an experiment in the
+upper gallery of a library, and found that&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>'While the temperature of the floor was
+65&deg; Fahr., that of the upper gallery was found
+to be 142&deg;. Such a temperature dries up the
+oil of the leather, and burns out its life. Books
+cannot live where men cannot live.' Similarly,
+Mr. Blades wrote in his little manual:</p>
+
+<p>'The surest way to preserve your books
+is to treat them as you would your own
+children, who are sure to sicken if confined in
+an atmosphere which is impure, too hot, too
+cold, too damp, or too dry. It is just the
+same with the progeny of literature.'</p>
+
+<p>In London particularly dust, smoke, and
+soot get at books and do great damage. To
+have the top edges gilded is an excellent way
+to prevent dust getting into the leaves. Books
+which have roughly trimmed tops harbour dust
+much more readily, and it is with great difficulty
+removed from such. If a book is very dusty,
+a small brush is perhaps the best means
+to adopt to remove the offending particles.
+Books should not be either swung together<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20"></a><a href="images/20.png">[20]</a></span>
+or beaten together. The carpet in a library
+should not reach to the wall, or right to the
+cases, but should fall short so as to be removed
+when required to be cleaned. A librarian at
+Bath gives the following advice:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>'Our books are taken down once a year, in
+the month of August, to be dusted, and, for the
+last four or five years, I have adopted a simple
+plan. When the books are well dusted I take
+about half an ounce of the best horn glue,
+and, having dissolved it in the usual way, I
+add to it about a pint of warm water and a
+teaspoonful of glycerine, and stir it well. Then
+dipping a soft sponge into the solution, I wash
+over the backs of the books. If the leather
+is much perished or decayed, it will unduly
+absorb the size, and a second touch over may
+be necessary. The glycerine will have the
+effect of preventing the glue from drying too
+hard or stiffening the leather. When dry, the
+books may be rubbed over with a chamois
+leather. The above process, I find, helps to
+nourish the leather, and to restore that property
+which the heated air has destroyed. It
+also freshens up and greatly improves the
+appearance of the volumes upon the shelves.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21"></a><a href="images/21.png">[21]</a></span>
+The operation must be repeated once a year
+at least.'</p>
+
+<p>Bottles of preparation are sold ready made
+up for this purpose. Mr. Blades warmly echoed
+the sentiment that housemaids and helps are
+seldom bibliophiles, and, if, peradventure, one
+Eve in a family can be indoctrinated with
+book reverence, there may be salvation for all
+the books. Mr. Blades himself had a fine
+library, and goes fully into the subject of the
+period of dusting and its methods.<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a></p>
+
+<p>'Books <i>must</i> now and then be taken down
+out of their shelves, but they should be tended
+lovingly and with judgment. If the dusting
+can be done just outside the room, so much
+the better. The books removed, the shelf
+should be lifted quite out of its bearings,
+cleansed, and wiped, and then each volume
+should be taken separately and gently rubbed on
+back and edges with a soft cloth. In returning
+the volumes to their places, notice should
+be taken of the binding, and especially when
+the books are in whole calf or morocco, care
+should be taken not to let them rub together.
+The best-bound books are soonest injured, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22"></a><a href="images/22.png">[22]</a></span>
+generally deteriorate in bad company. Certain
+volumes, indeed, have evil tempers, and will
+scratch the faces of all their neighbours who
+are too familiar with them. Such are books
+with metal clasps and rivets on their edges;
+and such, again, are those abominable old
+rascals, chiefly born in the fifteenth century,
+who are proud of being dressed in real boards
+with brass corners, and pass their lives with
+fearful knobs and metal bosses.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;. When
+your books are being dusted, don't impute too
+much common sense to your assistants&mdash;take
+their ignorance for granted.'</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Blades then points out certain dangers
+which beset the inexperienced handler of books.
+Never lift a book by one of its corners. Do
+not pile books up too high. Be careful not to
+rub the dust <i>into</i> instead of <i>off</i> the edges. If
+mildew or damp is discovered, carefully wipe it
+away, and let the book stand open for some
+days in a very dry spot&mdash;but not in front of a
+fire. Be careful that no grit is on the duster,
+or it will surely mark your books. Do not
+wedge books in too tightly. Common-sense
+must dictate what is right, but every volume
+should <i>fit easily</i> in its place.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23"></a><a href="images/23.png">[23]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Children and servants are not to be classed
+as friendly to books, but little lapses on their
+part are much more easily tolerated than the ignorance
+of the person who ought to know better.
+Such people insist upon having their books
+bound in hideous bindings, and mutilated almost
+beyond recognition by the bookbinder's plough.</p>
+
+<p>I will talk about bookbinding later, but this
+I will say, that in no way can a book be easier
+ruined than by being placed unconditionally
+in the hands of a bookbinder.</p>
+
+<p>It is frequently supposed that the insect,
+known as the bookworm, is a great enemy to
+books. 'Tis true where the bookworm exists
+it does irreparable damage, but fortunately it
+is not an insect which may be found every
+day. In America, they have, I believe, greater
+trouble from these boring insects. They have
+'fish bugs,' 'silver fish,' and 'bustle tails,' scientifically
+known as <i>Lepisma Saccharina</i>. Another
+is known as 'Buffalo Bug,' or 'Carpet Bug,' or
+the <i>Anthrenus varius</i> of scientists. A third is
+<i>Blatta Australasia</i>, a species of cockroach.</p>
+
+<p>The following maxims may be learned by
+heart, or if preferred, they can be bought by
+experience:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24"></a><a href="images/24.png">[24]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Do not bite your paper knife until it has the
+edge of a saw.</p>
+
+<p>Do not cut books except with a proper ivory
+paper knife.</p>
+
+<p>It is ruination to a good book not to cut it
+right through into the corners.</p>
+
+<p>Do not turn the leaves of books down.
+Particularly, do not turn down the leaves of
+books printed on plate paper.</p>
+
+<p>If you are in the habit of lending books, do
+not mark them. These two habits together
+constitute an act of indiscretion.</p>
+
+<p>It is better to give a book than to lend it.</p>
+
+<p>Never write upon a title-page or half-title.
+The blank fly-leaf is the right place.</p>
+
+<p>Books are neither card-racks, crumb-baskets,
+or receptacles for dead leaves.</p>
+
+<p>Books were not meant as cushions, nor were
+they meant to be toasted before a fire.</p>
+
+<p>Valets and maids appear to take kindly to
+the packing of everything except books. I
+will therefore say that only small quantities
+(twelve volumes to twenty) should be packed
+in a parcel. Boxes, either wine-cases, or
+boxes specially made, should be used. Books
+being very solid and heavy should be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25"></a><a href="images/25.png">[25]</a></span>
+packed in strong cases, and the method
+of packing them should be to place them
+upright alternately on back and edge in
+layers. By this means they can be fitted
+tightly to the case they are meant to travel
+in. Leather bound volumes should be wrapped
+up singly before being packed, and the box
+should be carefully lined with paper so that any
+roughness on the wood of the box may not
+damage the volumes.</p>
+
+<p>Book and parcel post volumes should have
+three or four thicknesses of paper, and if bound
+volumes a strawboard on either side as well as
+paper.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><span class='u'><i>The Art of Reading.</i></span></h2>
+
+
+<p>First, how to read. The reason why
+so many people who read much know
+so little, is because they read isolated books
+instead of reading one book in connexion
+with another. The memory is trained by
+association, and if you read two books
+in succession on one subject you know
+more than twice as much as if you had
+read one book only. A good memory is a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26"></a><a href="images/26.png">[26]</a></span>
+memory which assimilates. Every one has a
+good memory for something. A good memory
+rejects and sifts, and does not accept everything
+offered to it like a pillar-box. Do not
+join reading societies, because they kill individuality.
+Choose your subject, and work all
+round it. There is an extensive literature on
+the subject of 'The Art of Reading,' 'The
+Best Hundred Books,' &amp;c. Most of it is useless
+and bewildering. The best advice I
+have ever seen in print about reading was by
+Sir Herbert Maxwell, and it appeared some
+years ago at the end of a <i>Nineteenth Century</i>
+article. It is as follows:</p>
+
+<p>'If any young person of leisure were so
+much at a loss as to ask advice as to
+what he should read, mine should be exceedingly
+simple&mdash;<i>Read anything</i> bearing on a
+definite object. Let him take up any imaginable
+subject to which he feels attracted, be
+it the precession of the equinoxes or postage
+stamps, the Athenian drama or London street
+cries; let him follow it from book to book,
+and unconsciously his knowledge, not of that
+subject only, but of many subjects, will be
+increased, for the departments of the realm of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27"></a><a href="images/27.png">[27]</a></span>
+knowledge are divided by no <i>octroi</i>. He may
+abandon the first object of his pursuit for
+another; it does not matter, one subject leads
+to another; he will have acquired the habit of
+acquisition; he will have gained that conviction
+of the pricelessness of time which
+makes it intolerable for a man to lie abed of
+a morning.'</p>
+
+<p>The art of reading is a thing to learn,
+and with it comes the equally valuable art of
+skipping.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Balfour's advice to readers is to learn
+the arts of skipping and skimming, and the
+late Philip Gilbert Hamerton said:&mdash;'The
+art of reading is to skip judiciously. The art
+is to skip all that does not concern us, whilst
+missing nothing that we really need. No
+external guidance can teach this; for nobody
+but ourselves can guess what the needs of our
+intellect may be.'</p>
+
+<p>No one knows how to skim and skip who
+has not first well threshed out some subject
+for himself. No one can tear the heart out
+of a book who has not first been through the
+student period. Advice is poured forth in
+lengthy magazine articles, and lectures, but<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28"></a><a href="images/28.png">[28]</a></span>
+as far as I know there is nothing which
+embodies such good sense on this subject,
+excepting Sir Herbert Maxwell's advice above,
+as a tiny pamphlet, about two inches square,
+written by Miss Lucy Soulsby, and sold for
+twopence. It is rather absurdly called <i>Things
+in Books Clothing!</i></p>
+
+<p>Below are printed only such passages,
+gathered from many sources, as I think are
+necessary to be known about the art of reading.</p>
+
+<p>'It is true that the most absolute master of
+his own hours still needs thrift if he would turn
+them to account, and that too many <i>never</i> learn
+this thrift, whilst others learn it late.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.
+Few intellectual men have the art of economising
+the hours of study. The very necessity
+which every one acknowledges of giving
+vast portions of life to attain proficiency in
+anything, makes us prodigal where we ought
+to be parsimonious, and careless where we
+have need of unceasing vigilance. The best
+time-savers are a love of soundness in all we
+learn or do, and a cheerful acceptance of
+inevitable limitations.'<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a></p>
+
+<p>'In exchange for the varied pleasures of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29"></a><a href="images/29.png">[29]</a></span>
+fashionable life, the intellectual life can offer
+you but one satisfaction, for all its promises are
+reducible simply to this, that you shall come at
+last, after infinite labour, into contact with some
+great <i>reality;</i> that you shall know and do in
+such sort that you will feel yourself on firm
+ground, and be recognised&mdash;probably not much
+applauded, but yet recognised&mdash;as a fellow-labourer
+by other knowers and doers. Before
+you come to this, most of your present accomplishments
+will be abandoned by yourself
+as unsatisfactory and insufficient, but one or
+two of them will be turned to better account,
+and will give you, after many years, a tranquil
+self-respect, and, what is still rarer and better,
+a very deep and earnest reverence for the
+greatness which is above you. Severed from
+the vanities of the illusory, you will live with
+the realities of knowledge as one who has
+quitted the painted scenery of the theatre to
+listen by the eternal ocean or gaze at the
+granite hills.'<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a></p>
+
+<p>'Reading, with me, incites to reflection instantly.
+I cannot separate the origination of
+ideas from the reception of ideas. The consequence<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30"></a><a href="images/30.png">[30]</a></span>
+is, as I read I always begin to think in
+various directions, and that makes my reading
+slow.'<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a></p>
+
+<p>'When a particular object has to be attained,
+reading cannot be too special. There is an
+enormous waste of intelligence through a
+neglect of this fact, but otherwise reading
+should "come by nature." When I look
+through the list of The Best Hundred Books,
+I cannot help saying to myself, "Here are the
+most admirable and varied materials for the
+formation of a prig."'<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p>
+
+<p>'Let us not be afraid of using a dictionary.
+<i>A</i> dictionary? A dozen; at all events, until
+Dr. Murray's huge undertaking is finished.
+And even then, for no one dictionary will help
+us through some authors&mdash;say, Chaucer, or
+Spenser, or Sir Thomas Browne. Let us use
+our full lexicon, and Latin dictionary, and
+French dictionary, and Anglo-Saxon dictionary,
+and etymological dictionary, and dictionaries of
+antiquity, and biography, and geography, and
+concordances, anything and everything that
+will throw light on the meanings and histories of
+words.'<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31"></a><a href="images/31.png">[31]</a></span></p><p>'To master a book, perhaps the best possible
+way is to write an essay in refutation of
+it. You may be bound few things will escape
+you then. The next best way may perhaps be
+to edit and annotate it for students, though, if
+some recent hebdomadal animadversions upon
+certain Oxford styles of annotation are well
+founded, this is questionable. The worst way,
+I should think, would be to review it for a
+newspaper.'<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a></p>
+
+<p>'Reading, and much reading, is good. But
+the power of diversifying the matter infinitely
+in your own mind, and of applying it to every
+occasion that arises is far better.'<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a></p>
+
+<p>'A person once told me that he never
+took up a book except with the view of
+making himself master of some subject
+which he was studying, and that while he
+was so engaged he made all his reading converge
+to that point. In this way he might
+read parts of many books, but not a single one
+from "end to end." This I take to be an
+excellent method of study, but one which
+implies the command of many books.'<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32"></a><a href="images/32.png">[32]</a></span></p><p>'Never read a book without pencil in hand.
+If you dislike disfiguring the margins and fly-leaves
+of your own books, borrow a friend's;
+but by all means use a pencil, if only to jot
+down the pages to be re-read. To transcribe
+striking, beautiful, or important passages is a
+tremendous aid to the memory; these will live
+for years, clear and vivid as day, when the
+book itself has become spectral and shadowy
+in the night of oblivion. A manuscript volume
+of such passages, well indexed, will become in
+time one of the most valuable books in one's
+library.'<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a></p>
+
+<p>'No man, it appears to me, can tell another
+what he ought to read. A man's reading, to
+be of any value, must depend upon his power
+of association, and that again depends upon his
+tendencies, his capacities, his surroundings, and
+his opportunities.'<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>I am fully convinced that the above passages
+condense all that is best worth knowing
+upon the 'Art of Reading.'</p>
+
+<p>Next in importance is what to read. Be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33"></a><a href="images/33.png">[33]</a></span>
+very careful about reading books which are
+recommended, because they are books of the
+hour. Fools step in and say read this and that
+without thinking to put themselves in your
+place. Because a book suits one person, it is
+only a rare chance that it will suit a friend
+equally.</p>
+
+<p>Before recommending a book to another
+with assurance, you must know the book well,
+and the friend to whom it is recommended
+you must know much better. Read the book
+which suggests something responsive and
+sympathetic. No one can tell you this as
+well as you can find it for yourself. Practice
+will teach you to choose a book, as practice has
+taught you to choose a friend. You will almost
+be able to choose it in the dark. There are
+affinities for books as for people, but this does
+not come at once.</p>
+
+<p>The proper appreciation of the great books
+of the world is the reward of lifelong study.
+You must work up to them, and unconsciously
+you will become trained to find great qualities
+in what the world has decided is great. Novel
+reading is not a part of the intellectual life, it is
+a part of the fashionable life.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34"></a><a href="images/34.png">[34]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Lamb says that Bridget Elia 'was tumbled
+early, by accident or design, into a spacious
+library of good old English reading, without
+much selection or prohibition, and browsed at
+will upon that fair and wholesome pasturage.'
+And he adds, 'Had I twenty girls they should
+be brought up exactly in this fashion.'</p>
+
+<p>Ruskin says, 'there need be no choosing at
+all. Keep the modern magazine and novel out
+of your girl's way; turn her loose into the
+old library every wet day, and let her alone.
+She will find out what is good for her.'</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Ruskin notwithstanding, there will ever
+be a large public who will read nothing unless
+it has a story in it.</p>
+
+<p>Nearly all readers of books may be divided
+into two classes, those who read as students
+towards some definite end, and those who read
+for amusement. The latter class are greatly
+in the majority, and I have no hesitation in
+saying that a love of fiction will always predominate
+over a love of research, even in its
+light form. The student class, among whom
+are many critics, usually fail to understand the
+position of the fiction lovers, with the result
+that the fiction readers and fiction itself get a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35"></a><a href="images/35.png">[35]</a></span>
+great many jibes and taunts. To open this
+question would involve a long argument, and
+would bring about no good. All experience
+goes to prove that a very large section of the
+public, not being students, loves to read the
+books of the hour, and great pleasure may be
+got therefrom. The smaller section, trained to
+different habits, and regarding books in a more
+serious light, put their collection of books to
+different purposes, and, I know, get great
+pleasure therefrom. The two classes can run
+parallel together, and one class should not
+try to exterminate the other.<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> In country
+houses the books in billiard-rooms and in the
+bedrooms should appropriately be fiction. Not
+many guests at a house-party are in the frame
+of mind to take up serious books, nor are
+there the opportunities given for application
+which such would require. I think where the
+general house library is (as is very often the
+case) not a living room, there is then much more
+reason for separating fiction and light literature,
+and placing them in a very accessible position.
+It will often be found advisable, as fiction accumulates,
+to weed out and decide what volumes<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36"></a><a href="images/36.png">[36]</a></span>
+shall be bound and what rejected or placed in
+the servants' library. Shelves should therefore
+be reserved for books which are thus
+going through a period of probation.<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a></p>
+
+<p>A fiction library may be made very interesting
+if it is so arranged as to represent
+the history of France or of England, or any
+country. From the boundless stores of fiction
+writers&mdash;in fact, from Scott alone almost&mdash;a
+sequence of volumes may be arranged which,
+if read in proper order, would make a very
+excellent romance history. Almost every interesting
+episode of history has had its story
+woven into romance. Thus there are, I believe,
+about eighteen historical romances relating to
+the Monmouth rebellion alone.</p>
+
+<p>'Much of love,' said Lord Bowen, 'has only
+been learned under the instruction of some
+woman who has herself only learned it from a
+book. Authoresses, indeed, have not unfrequently
+betrayed the key to some of their sex's
+secrets. Were it not for <i>Northanger Abbey</i> and
+Miss Austen, some of the old mysteries of girlish
+friendship would have remained untold, and we<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37"></a><a href="images/37.png">[37]</a></span>
+should never have known or understood the
+curiosity which may lurk in a refined bosom at
+seventeen. Man would scarcely have guessed
+but for <i>Jane Eyre</i> the impression which can be
+made, it seems, upon a heart by a middle-aged
+gentleman with the manners of a bear and the
+composure of a prig. Furthermore, it is
+through women's novels that we have had
+brought home to us most adequately what
+women who have tasted it, or seen it, can best
+relate, the despicable egotism of a weak man.
+Anzoleto in <i>Consuelo</i>, Tito in <i>Romola</i>.'<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a></p>
+
+<p>It is important for every one to fix upon a
+time for everyday study, and remember to
+read when you have a disposition so to
+do. Do not think that spare moments not
+spent in reading are lost. Some spare time
+must be kept for thinking. If you have
+'nerves,' it is no good to read then; read when
+the mind is quiet and receptive. This will
+probably be when dressing in the morning, or
+at night before going to bed. Keep a small
+bookcase in your dressing-room; in so doing
+you will learn the art of going to bed well.
+Read at any time when curiosity is aroused as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38"></a><a href="images/38.png">[38]</a></span>
+to any person, place, or subject, and keep
+reference books at hand to answer questions
+intelligently. Napoleon read all the new
+novels in a travelling carriage, and pitched
+them out of the window as each was finished.
+Active minds, to read advantageously, should
+seek a quiet <i>sanctum</i> of their own.</p>
+
+<p>A very admirable suggestion was made a
+short time since, I think by Dr. Ernest Hart,
+that it should be more a custom to have bookcases
+in bedrooms. Many persons, and, I
+believe, notably Mr. Gladstone, read before
+going to bed. I think all bedrooms should
+have a selection of favourite books, and I do
+not think that novels are nearly so suitable
+as books of short essays and sketches. Few
+people would sit up sufficiently long to read a
+novel through, and many would therefore not
+begin what they knew they would be unable
+to finish.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><span class="u"><i>Common-place Books.</i></span></h2>
+
+
+<p>Very numerous methods have been suggested
+whereby memory may be assisted and
+the assimilation of our reading proceed without<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39"></a><a href="images/39.png">[39]</a></span>
+indigestion. A reader is often pictured with
+note-book in hand, supposed to be memorising
+what he is reading. There is no doubt that
+note-books are very useful, but no note-book or
+commonplace-book should take the place of the
+natural memory&mdash;and every one has a good
+memory for something.</p>
+
+<p>Thomas Fuller has wittily said, 'Adventure
+not all thy learning in one bottom, but divide it
+between thy memory and thy note-books.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.
+A commonplace-book contains many notions in
+garrison, whence an owner may draw out an
+army into the field on competent warning.'</p>
+
+<p>Every one has his and her own way of
+keeping a commonplace-book. Mr. Sala, I
+remember, once gave a minute account of his
+jottings in this way:<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> 'Todd's <i>Index Rerum</i> was,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40"></a><a href="images/40.png">[40]</a></span>
+in its day, very little else than an alphabeted
+book&mdash;a forerunner of what stationers now sell
+in various sizes called <i>Where is it?</i> The
+simplest form of commonplace-book is a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41"></a><a href="images/41.png">[41]</a></span>
+plain quarto MS. book ruled in an ordinary
+way, and in this entries may be made without
+being alphabeted. Do not write extracts
+or notes right across the line, but make your
+entries thus, having the keyword clear and
+easy to be seen:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="hang1">'PICUS DE MIRANDOLA.&mdash;His extraordinary
+gifts. His being sought after
+by women. Compare with H. T. Buckle.
+See also Hallam's <i>Literary History</i>,
+Part I. chap. iii.</div>
+
+<p>In the matter of note-books, I am sure that
+it is best for every one to make notes in the
+way best suited to his convenience. Many, I
+think, find that taking notes while reading a
+book is an undesirable interruption. To such,
+it may be suggested to have slips of paper
+about half an inch wide, and four or five inches
+long, and insert these at the pages which contain
+anything notable. Then, when the book
+is finished, go through and transcribe or
+memorise such passages as are thus marked.
+I think it a great mistake to attempt too rigid
+a system in note-books, or too much red tape of
+any kind, because whenever this is done, the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42"></a><a href="images/42.png">[42]</a></span>
+time and thought, which should be given to the
+matter of the extract helping to fix it upon the
+memory, is given instead to the secondary
+matter of keeping your note-books very neat.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><span class="u"><i>Reference Books.</i></span></h2>
+
+
+<p>I have been very often asked for a book
+which will 'tell one everything.' There is no
+such book, and there never could be such a
+book. Omniscience may be a foible of men,
+but it is not so of books. Knowledge, as
+Johnson said, is of two kinds, you may know a
+thing yourself, and you may know where to find
+it.<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> Now the amount which you may actually
+know yourself must, at its best, be limited,
+but what you may know of the sources of
+information may, with proper training, become
+almost boundless. And here come the value
+and use of reference books&mdash;the working of one<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43"></a><a href="images/43.png">[43]</a></span>
+book in connexion with another&mdash;and applying
+your own intelligence to both. By this means we
+get as near to that omniscient volume which tells
+everything as ever we shall get, and although
+the single volume or work which tells everything
+does not exist, there is a vast number of
+reference books in existence, a knowledge and
+proper use of which is essential to every intelligent
+person. Necessary as I believe reference
+books to be, they can easily be made to be
+contributory to idleness, and too mechanical a
+use should not be made of them. Very
+admirable reference books come to us from
+America, where great industry is shown, and
+funds for publishing them never seem to be
+short. The French, too, are excellent at
+reference books, but the inferior way in which
+they are printed makes them tiresome to
+refer to. Larousse's <i>Grand Dictionnaire</i> is
+a miracle.</p>
+
+<p>A good atlas is essential as a reference
+book, and maps of the locality where we live.
+A good map of old London is very useful in
+studying <i>Pepys' Diary</i> for instance. A good
+verbal dictionary is essential. Sometimes
+several should be in use: thus, Halliwell's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44"></a><a href="images/44.png">[44]</a></span>
+<i>Archaic Dictionary</i> and Nares' <i>Glossary</i> are
+useful in studying Shakespeare. Richardson's
+<i>Dictionary</i> embodies all the good points of
+Johnson's <i>Dictionary</i>, and is very excellent
+for quotations. Poetical <i>Concordances</i> and
+<i>Dictionaries of Quotations</i>, both prose and
+poetry, are useful, though very rarely does
+one find the quotation required in any professed
+book of quotations. A good <i>Biographical
+Dictionary</i> is a joy; such is Lippincott's, an
+American work. A good <i>Classical Dictionary</i>
+is also necessary, and may be supplemented by
+Smith's <i>Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography</i>.
+It would be interesting to see how
+far it would be possible to collect an ideal
+reference library, and this, I think, has never
+been carefully done. It must be borne in mind
+that reference books are not all books arranged
+alphabetically (though the man who first wrote
+an alphabeted book should be Canonised).
+Reference books consist of such works as
+Rawlinson's Historical Works, Wilkinson's
+<i>History of the Ancient Egyptians</i>, and Fergusson's
+<i>History of Architecture</i>. All such books
+are reference books, and many thousands more.
+I think it will be found a good plan in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45"></a><a href="images/45.png">[45]</a></span>
+library to keep reference books (viz., those
+which are likely to be in frequent use) in a
+separate case&mdash;perhaps a revolving case&mdash;and
+in no library should this section be neglected.
+Mr. Walter Wren, the well-known coach, once
+lectured on 'What is Education?' and in his
+lecture he made the following remarks:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>'I think the first thing that made me a
+teacher was my noticing, when a boy, how
+men and women read books and papers, and
+knew no more about them when they had read
+them than they did before.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;. Lots of
+people seem to know nothing, and to want
+to know nothing; at any rate, they never
+show any wish to learn anything. I
+was once in a room where not one person
+could say where Droitwich was; once, at a
+dinner of fourteen, where only one besides
+myself knew in what county Salisbury was. I
+have asked, I believe, over a hundred times
+where Stilton is, and have been told twice&mdash;this
+when Stilton cheese was handed. I
+mention this to show the peculiar conservative
+mental apathy of Englishmen.'</p>
+
+<p>'A reader should be familiar with the best
+method by which the original investigation of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46"></a><a href="images/46.png">[46]</a></span>
+any topic may be carried on. When he has
+found it, he appreciates, perhaps for the first
+time, for what purpose books are for, and how
+to use them.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;. No person has any claim
+to be a scholar until he can conduct such an
+original investigation with ease and pleasure.'
+The foregoing was the advice of a well-known
+American librarian.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><span class="u"><i>Boudoir Libraries.</i></span></h2>
+
+
+<p>Women have their own way of loving
+books. They are very rarely students, and
+more rarely still do they amass really
+great libraries, though many of the famous
+women of history have done so. Yet a
+woman likes to have her own books, and she
+likes, too, to have them separate from her
+husband's or her brothers', or the general
+family collection. Most women like tiny editions
+fitted into tiny cases.<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> Colour is much<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47"></a><a href="images/47.png">[47]</a></span>
+more to a woman than to a man, and in the
+binding of her books she will very often be
+very happily inspired. I think that it is in
+De Maistre's <i>Journey Round my Room</i> that he
+says, 'It is certain that colours exercise an
+influence over us to the extent of rendering
+us gay or sad, according to their shades.'
+Charming tiny bookcases are now sold in
+various woods and in all sizes, and these have
+the advantage of being easily moved from
+place to place. A very pretty effect can be
+produced by a book-screen, but this, to be of
+service for taking books, must be placed in
+a room larger than most boudoirs. In choosing
+bindings for small books do not be surprised
+if, when bound, your books are not as flexible<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48"></a><a href="images/48.png">[48]</a></span>
+as they should be. The easy opening of a
+book, and this particularly applies to small
+books, depends very much upon the thickness
+of the paper used, and small books printed on
+thick paper will never open well. Much
+blame is often heaped upon binders in this
+direction which is by no means their fault.
+Roan, parchment, vellum, morocco, and buckram
+are all suitable for boudoir bindings. Very
+pretty effects are produced by binding a series
+of small books in vellum with green lettering-pieces,
+and green edges instead of gilded edges.
+White backs, with pink or blue lettering-pieces,
+are also very dainty; and a pretty
+effect of another kind is produced by dark
+brown polished calf, with round backs, raised
+bands, and yellow edges.</p>
+
+<p>Reference books, such as verbal dictionaries,
+dictionaries of quotations, a classical dictionary,
+an atlas, or a biographical dictionary, should
+always be to hand; and even when these are
+in the large library, duplicates should be kept
+in the boudoir.</p>
+
+<p>In a very charming book, already referred
+to, called <i>The Story of my House</i>, there is
+certain practical advice which seems to be the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49"></a><a href="images/49.png">[49]</a></span>
+result of much experience and excellent taste
+on the part of the writer.</p>
+
+<p>'With regard to the bookcases themselves,
+their height should depend upon that of the
+ceilings, and the number of one's volumes.
+For classification and reference it is more convenient
+to have numerous small cases of similar
+or nearly similar size, and the same general
+style of construction, than a few large cases
+in which everything is engulphed. With small
+or medium-sized receptacles, each one may contain
+volumes relating to certain departments or
+different languages, as the case may be; by
+this means a volume and its kindred may be
+readily found.'</p>
+
+<p>'The style and colour of the bindings,
+also, may subserve a similar purpose; as, for
+instance, the poets in yellow or orange, books
+on nature in olive, the philosophers in blue,
+the French classics in red, &amp;c. Unless
+methodically arranged, even with a very small
+library, a volume is often difficult to turn to
+when desired for immediate consultation, requiring
+tedious search, especially if the volumes
+are arranged upon the shelves with respect
+to size and outward symmetry. This may be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50"></a><a href="images/50.png">[50]</a></span>
+avoided by the use of small bookcases and a
+definite style of binding.'</p>
+
+<p>I think here that the boudoir library
+should have its own catalogue, and every
+bookshelf marked or numbered. Every boudoir
+library should have a catalogue.</p>
+
+<p>'In a room ten and a half to eleven feet
+high, five feet is a desirable height for the
+bookcases. Besides the drawers at the base,
+this will afford space for four rows of books,
+to include octavos, duodecimos, and smaller
+volumes. The shelves should, of course, be
+shifting.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;. By leaving the top of the
+bookcase twelve to thirteen inches wide, ample
+space will be allowed for additional small
+books, porcelain, and <i>bric-&agrave;-brac</i>. It must be
+borne in mind that tall bookcases, in addition
+to the inaccessibility of the volumes in the
+upper shelves, have little, if any, space for
+pictures on the walls above them.'</p>
+
+<p>It may be appropriate here to remind
+readers of an essay in Addison's <i>Spectator</i>
+upon my Lady's Library.</p>
+
+<p>'Some months ago, my Friend, Sir Roger,
+being in the Country, enclosed a Letter to
+me, directed to a certain Lady, whom I shall<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51"></a><a href="images/51.png">[51]</a></span>
+here call by the name of <i>Leonora</i>, and as it
+contained Matters of Consequence, desired me
+to deliver it to her with my own Hand.
+Accordingly, I waited upon her Ladyship
+early in the Morning, and was desired by
+her Woman to walk into her Lady's Library till
+such time as she was in Readiness to receive
+me. The very Sound of a <i>Lady's Library</i> gave
+me a great Curiosity to see it; and as it was
+some time before the Lady came to me, I had
+an Opportunity of turning over a great many
+of her Books, which were ranged together in
+very beautiful Order. At the end of the <i>Folios</i>
+(which were finely bound and gilt) were great
+Jars of <i>China</i>, placed one above another in a
+very noble piece of Architecture. The <i>Quartos</i>
+were separated from the <i>Octavos</i> by a Pile of
+smaller Vessels, which rose in a delightful
+Pyramid. The <i>Octavos</i> were bounded by Tea
+Dishes of all Shapes, Colours, and Sizes, which
+were so disposed on a wooden Frame that
+they looked like one continued Pillar indented
+with the finest Strokes of Sculpture, and stained
+with the greatest Variety of Dyes. That Part
+of the Library which was designed for the
+Reception of Plays and Pamphlets and other<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52"></a><a href="images/52.png">[52]</a></span>
+loose Papers, was enclosed in a kind of Square,
+consisting of one of the prettiest Grotesque
+Works that ever I saw, and made up of Scaramouches,
+Lions, Monkies, Mandarines, Trees,
+Shells, and a thousand other odd Figures in
+<i>China</i> Ware. In the midst of the Room was
+a little Japan Table, with a Quire of gilt Paper
+upon it, and on the Paper a Silver Snuff-box,
+made in the Shape of a little Book. I found
+there were several other Counterfeit Books
+upon the upper Shelves, which were carved in
+Wood, and served only to fill up the Number,
+like Fagots in the muster of a Regiment. I
+was wonderfully pleased with such a mixt
+kind of Furniture, as seemed very suitable both
+to the Lady and the Scholar, and did not know
+at first whether I should fancy myself in a
+Grotto, or in a Library.'</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><span class="u"><i>Bookbinding.</i></span></h2>
+
+
+<p>As far as I am aware there are only four
+bookbinders in London who may be trusted
+not to mutilate a book, and there are only
+two who have any sense of design and harmony
+of colour. In sending a book to be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53"></a><a href="images/53.png">[53]</a></span>
+bound, if you value the book, you cannot be
+too careful or minute in giving instructions as
+to your wishes.</p>
+
+<p>I think the best way to assist by advice is
+to picture a number of everyday instances of
+people requiring books to be bound, and to
+take such familiar cases instancing well-known
+books and show how each case can best be
+dealt with.</p>
+
+<p>First of all, the right leather to use for
+binding is morocco. This is best; more durable,
+and a better choice of colour is given you.
+Half-morocco is good, but see that you get
+a good wide strip of morocco, and that it is
+not all cloth sides with a very narrow spine
+of leather. Valuable books should never be
+cut down. In many cases the top edges
+may be gilded which is a preservative from
+dust, but there are many other cases where
+instructions should be given to 'gild on the
+rough,' the three other sides should be left
+alone.</p>
+
+<p>I will first take the case of the 'Cambridge'
+<i>Shakespeare</i>, the hand-made paper edition,
+already spoken of, where each play has been
+<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads ' ssued'">issued</ins> in a separate volume, and in all forty thin<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54"></a><a href="images/54.png">[54]</a></span>
+volumes. Now the first question to settle is:
+Shall I have each of the forty volumes bound
+separately, or shall I bind the forty in twenty
+double volumes? or another question may arise
+in your mind, Shall I keep the book in its neat
+linen cover as published, and get another
+small paper copy, and bind that instead? Such
+questions must be settled&mdash;each one for himself.
+All I will say now is that the large
+paper forty volume edition when bound in
+twenty double volumes makes a very ideal copy
+of a great English classic; so, presuming that it
+is to be bound, you must choose the style of
+binding. It should rest between half-morocco
+and whole morocco, the latter costing about
+double the former. I think half-morocco is
+right for the book in most cases, whole morocco
+being unnecessarily expensive. Then comes
+colour, which must largely be referred to your
+own taste&mdash;olive-green, brown, dark red, and
+light apple green, would all be appropriate
+colours to choose from. The binder should have
+a book of colours and shades ready for you
+to select one from. Be sure and see that
+you have a coarse-grained levant morocco,
+which is much handsomer than the less good<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55"></a><a href="images/55.png">[55]</a></span>
+hard fine-grained morocco; of course it should
+be a polished or crushed levant binding,
+though when you see the pattern piece
+of leather it will be rough and unpolished.
+At any rate select a colour which, when
+polished, will work '<i>clean</i>.' Do not select
+anything <i>very light</i> in morocco, it will probably
+not work 'clean,' but come out spotted
+even when new.</p>
+
+<p>You will now select 'end papers.' These, I
+am sorry to say, are mostly very ugly, though
+there have recently been made some beautiful
+cloudy coloured papers, which now and then,
+and apparently by accident, are very beautiful,
+and they are also rather expensive. Some of
+the Japanese papers have pretty and very unobtrusive
+marblings worked upon them, and
+occasionally, too, a brocade paper looks well;
+but for a classic, the plainer the better, and very
+often a monotint end paper, or even a plain white,
+looks exceedingly well. In the matter of end
+and side papers, it is as well to know that these
+can very easily be altered even after the book
+is finished. The revival of flat backs has been
+the cause of some disputing. I think myself
+that the pleasure with which the trained eye<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56"></a><a href="images/56.png">[56]</a></span>
+regards the flat back is sufficient excuse for it.
+As far as technique goes, the flat back is, I
+believe, just as lasting and as flexible as the
+round. Much must however be determined by
+the size and shape of the book as to whether a
+flat back is adopted or not. The <i>Shakespeare</i>
+which is now under consideration, when <i>bound
+in double volumes</i>, would, I think, look well with
+a flat back, and with flat raised bands between
+the panels; whereas, when bound in forty
+single volumes, it would be better to have a
+round back.</p>
+
+<p>As to decoration and finish, the most lamentable
+errors of taste are often committed.
+Over-adornment is a curse. A person sees an
+attractive pattern lying in a shop, and wants
+all his or her books bound like it, without for a
+moment considering the anachronisms and impossible
+combinations that will thereby be perpetrated.
+It is the same with clothes. A man
+sees another man with a fine coat, and he
+straightway thinks he, too, will have a coat of
+that same make and pattern. Never does it
+occur to him to gauge the stature or character
+of the man who was first wearing the coat.
+There is yet a good deal of the monkey and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57"></a><a href="images/57.png">[57]</a></span>
+the ape left in us. We seem to do our best to
+stifle our individuality, and reduce our souls to
+one sad dead level of accursed and wicked
+imitation. Some day we shall have our eyes
+opened, and then see that a man may break
+the whole of the Ten Commandments at once,
+and yet he shall be saved if he be not vulgar,
+and it is both senseless and vulgar to copy old
+bindings on to modern books. The only decoration
+which the copy of Shakespeare could
+require is a gilt line, or double gilt lines, round
+the panels of the back. The full gilt back is
+fortunately becoming extinct. It may well die.</p>
+
+<p>Decoration of books should only be carried
+out when we are sure we have an appropriate
+design, and when we are sure that the book is
+worth it.</p>
+
+<p>There are now some other details to be
+looked after. I refuse to class them as minor
+details, because towards the making of the
+perfect book everything right is <i>essential</i>.</p>
+
+<p>(1) The <i>Shakespeare</i>, being a book printed
+on paper of good quality, should have the top
+edge gilt, but the other sides should be left
+untouched or very slightly trimmed. (2) There
+should be one or two markers in each volume,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58"></a><a href="images/58.png">[58]</a></span>
+and the colour of these markers should harmonise
+with the colour of the binding. (3)
+The lettering should be chosen yourself. There
+should be a principal title <i>stamped boldly and
+deeply</i>, and subordinate lettering stamped lower
+down and in smaller type. Thus <small>SHAKESPEARE'S WORKS</small> or <small>SHAKESPEARE</small> merely in the top panel,
+with the editor's name underneath, and then
+below should be lettered the plays contained in
+each volume, and below that, at the foot, the
+date of publication. (4) Three weeks to a
+month at least should be allowed for the
+binding of such a work. (5) A folded copy
+in quires of a book is always preferable to a
+cloth-bound copy. (6) If a binder should ever
+suggest either a padded binding, a russia
+leather binding, or a tree calf binding, you
+may instantly leave his premises, for he cannot
+understand his business.</p>
+
+<p>It will be understood that the rules which
+apply to the binding of this Shakespeare
+equally apply to most other books. I propose,
+however, to take such instances as I think
+present difficulties not already met, and see
+how they can be overcome.</p>
+
+<p>A second instance shall be the new edition<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59"></a><a href="images/59.png">[59]</a></span>
+of <i>Pepys' Diary</i>. The fact that this, and many
+other books, are published volume by volume
+makes it somewhat difficult to know whether to
+bind them at once or not to do so. In the case
+of the new edition of <i>Pepys' Diary</i>, as neither
+the binding of the large or small paper is unsightly,
+it should be left until complete, one
+good reason for this being that, if it be bound
+volume by volume as published, the binder
+will require a pattern volume each time, and
+your pattern volume will be lying about his
+workshop each time a volume is published.
+To register a pattern is by no means advisable in
+the case of a really well-bound series of books.
+It may do well enough for scientific and other
+journals, when great nicety of detail is not
+so much required. In the case of well-bound
+volumes, a pattern should accompany the order.
+A book like <i>Murray's Dictionary</i>, volumes of
+which are slow in completing themselves, the
+parts of the volumes, current and incomplete,
+should either be tied up in paper, and kept
+together, or they should be placed between two
+pieces of millboard on the shelf where they will
+finally be placed.</p>
+
+<p>A third instance shall be an old book which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60"></a><a href="images/60.png">[60]</a></span>
+requires repairing or restoring. We will suppose
+that it is an old copy of <i>Clarissa Harlowe</i>,
+which you have picked up on a country book-stall.
+Now the binding is probably very much
+broken, and, being very dry, is getting rapidly
+worse. It is time, therefore, that it went into
+hospital, and at the bookbinder's hospital very
+clever operations are performed. To restore a
+binding, paste is rubbed over the leather, and,
+after it is dry, it is washed over with a thin
+solution of glue size. Again, when dry, the
+volume is varnished and afterwards rubbed
+over with a cloth upon which a few drops of
+sweet oil have been dropped. Here is one
+operation just in outline. There are very
+many others, which I can only refer to. If
+there are ink marks on any of the volumes of
+your <i>Clarissa</i>, which you wish removed, this
+can probably be done so that no trace is left.
+Similarly many grease-spots can be effectually
+removed. If a page is torn, it can be repaired,
+or if a piece of it is missing, it can be
+facsimiled, and the whole of the inside of the
+volume can be washed throughout. Never
+destroy an old binding if you can help it, and
+never obliterate marks of ownership, for it is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61"></a><a href="images/61.png">[61]</a></span>
+interesting to trace the owners of a book. If
+a bookplate is in your <i>Clarissa</i>, and you wish
+your own to appear, transplant the former one
+to the end cover, and put your own in the front
+if you wish. Never have such a book as we
+are now discussing cut down. A book has
+recently been written and published by Mr.
+C. G. Leland on <i>Mending and Repairing</i>, in
+which the author recommends the amateur to
+repair his own books. I believe Mr. Leland is
+an expert hand at many arts and crafts, but I
+do not think that every amateur should attempt
+experiments in repairing his own books unless
+he means to give a great deal of time to it,
+which very few would, I think, care to do.</p>
+
+<p>The following remarks, taken from a review,
+I think by Mr. A. Lang, are valuable:&mdash;'The
+binder is often very mischievous. He
+not only "cuts down" books, impairing their
+shapeliness and ruining them for sale, nay,
+even <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'cuttting'">cutting</ins> off lines, but he is apt to lose
+fly-leaves, with imprints, and rare autographs.
+What he rejects may have a merely fanciful
+or sentimental interest, still that interest can
+be expressed in terms of currency. An eighth
+of an inch in margin may represent a large<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62"></a><a href="images/62.png">[62]</a></span>
+sum of money, and it is just as easy not to
+cut down the volume. Old bookplates ought
+to be kept, on new bindings of old books.
+They are the pedigree of a volume. The
+ancient covers, if discarded, should be examined.
+They are often packed with fragments
+of old manuscripts, deeds, woodcuts,
+or engravings. The ages have handed books
+on to us; it is our duty to hand them on to
+coming generations, clean, sound, uninjured.'</p>
+
+<p>The fourth case shall be paper-bound
+novels, English and French editions, and
+Tauchnitz copies. I have no hesitation in saying
+that the best material is Buckram. It has the
+merit of being good&mdash;that is to say, durable,
+cheap, artistic, and not harsh to handle, as
+many linens are. There are some half-a-dozen
+good colours in Buckram, and these, when
+relieved by lettering-pieces of some contrasting
+colour, can be made most decorative and economical.
+I believe buckram is in every way a
+most excellent material for binding, and for
+students who buy and use German and French
+text-books published in paper, this material is
+excellent for their libraries as well.</p>
+
+<p>Here may be added a few words as to Pamphlets<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63"></a><a href="images/63.png">[63]</a></span>
+and Magazines. It has been recommended
+that Pamphlets be kept in boxes, which
+may be placed upon the shelves as books, but
+this will not be found either convenient or secure.
+The best way is to bind Pamphlets in volumes
+according to size, or if <i>very</i> numerous, according
+to date or subject, and let them each be
+entered separately in the catalogue. In the
+cataloguing of private libraries it is sometimes
+thought that certain sections, such as pamphlets
+and magazines, are not worth entering,
+but the only safe rule is that, if it is worth
+keeping, it is worth cataloguing. Single pamphlets
+should be bound in limp roan, and
+volumes of pamphlets in buckram or half-calf,
+with full lettering on the back.</p>
+
+<p>Magazines, when they are kept complete,
+should, of course, be bound up in their volumes,
+either yearly or half-yearly; but it often
+happens that a magazine is bought for a
+single article, and many of these accumulating,
+it is quite easy for such articles as are of special
+interest to be taken from the remainder, and
+treated as pamphlets. In the case of magazines
+and scientific periodicals of importance, it is well
+to keep the covers and bind them at the end of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64"></a><a href="images/64.png">[64]</a></span>
+each volume. Music should be bound in limp
+roan in preference to limp calf, because the
+latter would sooner show scratches and marks,
+particularly as a large surface is exposed.</p>
+
+<p>If you want your pamphlets and novels to
+look nice, beware of your binder using what
+he calls his odd pieces, generally monsters of
+ugliness.</p>
+
+<p>Family papers, autograph letters, and MS.
+matter of all kinds should be placed in the
+hands of an expert, with instructions to <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'callendar'">calendar</ins>
+them, viz., catalogue them, giving a
+<i>pr&eacute;cis</i> of the contents of each one. They
+should then be mounted and bound up in
+volumes, with abstract of contents in front of
+the volume. It will be well to consider the
+advisability of having typed copies made of
+the whole wherever unpublished records exist.</p>
+
+<p>Much, very much, more might be written
+about practical details in bookbinding, but
+nothing is so valuable as experience, and a few
+mistakes will be the best teacher. Remember that
+morocco is the best material, whether it be half or
+whole morocco, pigskin is second, calf is third,
+vellum is fourth, roan is fifth, buckram is sixth,
+though it may frequently take the place of calf.</p>
+
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65"></a><a href="images/65.png">[65]</a></span></p>
+<h2><span class="u"><i>Book Hobbies.</i></span></h2>
+
+
+<p>It has been remarked that only an auctioneer
+admires all schools of literature. I think it is
+certain that the way to get most enjoyment
+from books is to specialise a little. Mr. Pepys,
+it will be remembered, collected Black Letter
+Ballads, Penny Merriments, Penny Witticisms,
+Penny Compliments, and Penny Godlinesses,
+and what Pepys paid a penny for are now worth
+much gold. Lord Crawford is, I believe, one
+of the most enthusiastic among present day
+collectors, and I am told that he spends many
+hours in arranging and cataloguing his extensive
+and curious collection. As far as I can gather
+from the printed catalogues which have been
+issued of Lord Crawford's library, he is rivalling
+Pepys in his collection of ballads. Other subjects
+which he has taken up are proclamations
+and Papal bulls. I cannot omit saying that
+if Lord Crawford's example were followed by
+a few more rich men, they would find therein
+very amusing hobbies. The catalogues of the
+Ballads and the Proclamations in the Library
+at Haigh Hall have been compiled by Lord<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66"></a><a href="images/66.png">[66]</a></span>
+Crawford's own hand, and there are no better
+catalogues of a private collection in existence.
+The late Lord Braybrooke collected County
+histories, and got together a most valuable and
+interesting collection. But, judging from his
+own account of his collection,<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> it was too
+general to be very interesting. There is hardly
+a more useful or profitable book hobby than the
+collecting of Topographical books, but each one
+should confine himself to one County, or at
+most two, and even with discrimination in
+buying, a single County collection soon becomes
+extensive. What should be aimed at in such
+a collection is the putting together whatever
+will illustrate the arch&aelig;ology, general history,
+folk lore, dialect, and natural history, of a
+district or County, and wherever there is a
+Church and a Manor, there is a history. Each
+parish history is the unit of the history of
+the nation, and any one investigating the
+parochial history of a single parish will find
+much national history written in between the
+lines. With regard to topographical and
+genealogical books, I may say that the prices
+of these are rapidly rising, and will continue to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67"></a><a href="images/67.png">[67]</a></span>
+rise, owing largely to the increasing competition
+in America for these books.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Walter Gilbey has, it is well known, a
+fine collection of sporting books. There is no
+sport but what has its literature, and if there is
+one subject more than another, upon which the
+English mind is unchanging, it is sport, and
+this being so, sporting books will always offer a
+fine field for collectors. As the coaching age
+recedes farther back, so it will be found that an
+increasing number of men will want to read
+about what they no longer can hear <i>viva voce</i>.
+All out-door subjects are good hobbies.
+Flower culture and the laying out of grounds,
+birds and natural history generally are good
+subjects, but it must be understood that no one
+can find another a subject, one can only <i>suggest</i>,
+and that is all I propose to do here. Books offer
+a very endless variety of hobbies. So I have
+merely named one or two highways, and there
+is an endless maze of bypaths which offer
+delightful hunting grounds. Dr. Johnson, it
+may be remembered, expressed a very sound
+commonsense view of this matter to Boswell:</p>
+
+<p>'When I mentioned that I had seen in the
+King's Library fifty-three editions of my<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68"></a><a href="images/68.png">[68]</a></span>
+favourite <i>Thomas &agrave; Kempis</i> .&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;. in eight
+languages .&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;. Johnson said he thought it
+unnecessary to collect many editions of a book
+which were all the same except as to paper
+and print. He would have the original, and all
+the translations, and all editions having variations
+in the text. He approved of the famous
+collection of the editions of Horace by
+Douglas, and, he added, "Every man should
+try to collect one book in that manner.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;."'</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><span class="u"><i>Old Country Libraries.</i></span></h2>
+
+
+<p>The library of Chaucer's Clerk of Oxenford,
+which represented about the maximum
+that an ordinary student would possess, consisted
+of</p>
+
+<div class='poem'>
+'A twenty bokes, clothed in black and red,<br />
+Of Aristotle and his philosophie,'<br />
+</div>
+
+<div class='unindent'>and these he kept 'at his beddes hed.'</div>
+
+<p>Dr. Jessopp, in one of his learned papers,<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a>
+has pointed out that in the thirteenth century
+the number of books in the world was, to say
+the least, small. A library of five hundred
+volumes would, in those days, have been considered<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69"></a><a href="images/69.png">[69]</a></span>
+an important collection, and after
+making all due allowances for ridiculous
+exaggerations, which have been made by ill-informed
+writers on the subject, it may safely
+be said that nobody in the thirteenth century&mdash;at
+any rate in England&mdash;would have erected a
+large and lofty building as a receptacle for
+books, simply because nobody could have contemplated
+the possibility of filling it. Here
+and there amongst the larger and more important
+monasteries there were undoubtedly
+collections of books, the custody of which was
+entrusted to an accredited officer, but the time
+had not yet come for making libraries well
+stored with such priceless treasures as Leland,
+the antiquary, saw at Glastonbury, just before
+that magnificent foundation was given as a
+prey to the spoilers. A library, in any such
+sense as we now understand the term, was not
+only no essential part of a monastery in those
+days, but it may almost be said to have been
+a rarity.</p>
+
+<p>In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries we
+rarely meet with any indications of a literary
+taste among the laity; the books they purchased
+were more for ornament than use.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70"></a><a href="images/70.png">[70]</a></span>
+But in the fifteenth century we find books
+mentioned in a manner which would seem to
+indicate that the laity were enabled to use
+them with pleasure. In 1395, Alice, Lady
+West, left to Joan, her son's wife, 'all
+her books of Latin, English, and French;'
+and from the memoranda of Sir John Howard,
+we learn that that worthy knight could read
+at his leisure 'an Englyshe boke, callyd <i>Dives
+et Pauper</i>,' for which, and 'a Frenshe boke,'
+in 1464, he paid thirteen shillings and fourpence.
+The library of this member of the
+Howard family was sufficiently extensive to
+enable him to select therefrom, on the occasion
+of his going to Scotland, thirteen volumes for
+his solace and amusement on the voyage.<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> In
+the Paston <i>Letters</i> will be found a catalogue
+of the library of one of the members of this
+fifteenth century family. In the monasteries
+books were, of course, used and treasured
+long before they became part of the household
+goods of rich laymen. The catalogue
+of the House of the White Canons, at Titchfield,
+in Hampshire, dated 1400, shows that
+the books were kept in a small room on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71"></a><a href="images/71.png">[71]</a></span>
+shelves, and set against the walls. A closet
+of this kind was evidently not a working
+place, but simply a place of storage. By the
+beginning of the fifteenth century, the larger
+monasteries had accumulated many hundred
+volumes, and it began to be customary to
+provide for the collections separate quarters,
+rooms constructed for the purpose. The
+presses in the cloisters were still utilised
+for books in daily reference.<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> Duke Humphrey
+was a great book collector and
+patron of letters, and presented to the University
+of Oxford many of the illuminated
+treasures which he had collected. The magnificent
+collection of Charles V. of France,
+also a great bibliomaniac, was brought by
+the Duke of Bedford into England. This
+library contained 853 volumes of great
+splendour, and the introduction of these books
+into England stimulated a spirit of inquiry
+among the more wealthy laymen. Guy Beauchamp,
+Earl of Warwick, collected a very fine
+library of early romances, which about 1359,
+he left to the monks of Bordesley Abbey, in
+Worcestershire. A list of this library will<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72"></a><a href="images/72.png">[72]</a></span>
+be found in Todd's <i>Illustrations of Gower and
+Chaucer</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. J. W. Clark has, with quite wonderful
+learning, drawn a picture of student-life of
+the past with such graphic vigour that we
+can almost reinstate Colet, Casaubon, and
+Erasmus, and picture them exactly as they
+worked among their books. In Macaulay's
+chapter upon <i>The State of England in 1685</i>,
+are given numerous facts about the difficulty
+the clergy had in getting books, and the little
+desire there was among the squires to possess
+libraries. Few knights of the shire had libraries
+so good as may now perpetually be found in
+a servants' hall, or in the back parlour of a
+small shopkeeper. An esquire passed among
+his neighbours for a great scholar if <i>Hudibras</i>
+and <i>Baker's Chronicle</i>, <i>Tarleton's Jests</i>, and
+the <i>Seven Champions of Christendom</i>, lay in
+his hall window among the fishing rods and
+fowling pieces. No circulating library, no
+book society, then existed, even in the
+capital; but in the capital those students
+who could not afford to purchase largely
+had a resource. The shops of the great
+booksellers, near St. Paul's Churchyard, were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73"></a><a href="images/73.png">[73]</a></span>
+crowded every day and all day long with
+readers. In the country there was no such
+accommodation, and every man was under the
+necessity of buying whatever he wished to
+read. Macaulay further points out that Cotton
+seems, from his <i>Angler</i>, to have found room
+for his whole library in his hall window; and
+Cotton was a man of letters. In the <i>Life of
+Dr. John North</i> there is an account of that
+delightful person's dealings with Mr. Robert
+Scott, of Little Britain, a very famous bookseller
+in the seventeenth century.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. John North is really a fascinating personality.<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a>
+His soul was 'never so staked
+down as in an old bookseller's shop, for,
+having taken orders, he was restless till he
+had compassed some of that sort of furniture
+as he thought necessary for his profession.</p>
+
+<p>'I have borne him company,' says his
+biographer, 'at shops for hours together,
+and, minding him of the time, he hath
+made a dozen proffers before he would
+quit. By this care and industry he made
+himself master of a very considerable library,
+wherein the choicest collection was Greek.'</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74"></a><a href="images/74.png">[74]</a></span></p>
+<p>Pepys wished that his name should go
+down to posterity as a man fond of books.
+The arrangements for the settlement of his
+library after death prove this. The numerous
+references throughout the <i>Diary</i> show that
+he had a passion for collecting, and showed
+good judgment in what he got together.
+Pepys, like Dr. John North, dealt of Robert
+Scott, who, when sending his distinguished
+customer four scarce books, the total cost
+of which was only 1<i>l.</i> 14<i>s.</i>, writes, 'Without
+flattery I love to find a rare book for you.'<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75"></a><a href="images/75.png">[75]</a></span><a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a></p>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<span class="smcap">R. Scott</span>, the bookseller, to Mr. <span class="smcap">Pepys</span>.<br />
+</div>
+
+<div class='right'>
+'<i>June 30th, 1688.</i><br />
+</div>
+
+<p>'<span class="smcap">Sir</span>,&mdash;Having at length procured Campion,
+Hanmer, &amp; Spencer's Hist. of Ireland, fol.
+(which I think, you formerly desired) I here<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76"></a><a href="images/76.png">[76]</a></span>
+send itt you, with 2 very scarce bookes besides,
+viz. Pricaei Defensio Hist. Britt. 4to, and old
+Harding's Chronicle, as alsoe the Old Ship of
+Fooles, in old verse, by Alex. Berkley, priest;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77"></a><a href="images/77.png">[77]</a></span>
+which last, though nott scarce, yett soe very
+fayre and perfect, that seldome comes such
+another; the Priceus you will find deare, yett
+I never sold it under 10<i>s.</i>, and att this tyme
+you can have it of a person of quality; butt
+I love to find a rare book for you, and
+hope shortly to procure for you a perfect
+Hall's Chronicle.</p>
+
+<div class='sig'>
+<span style="margin-right: 8em;">'I am, Sir,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-right: 2em;">'Your Servant to command,</span><br />
+'<span class="smcap">Robert Scott.</span>'<br /><br />
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="list of books">
+<tr><td align='left'>Campion, Hanmer, &amp; Spencer fol.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>0:12:0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Hardings Chronicle, 4to.</td><td align='right'>0: &nbsp;6:0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pricaei Defens. Hist. Britt.</td><td align='right'>0: &nbsp;8:0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Shipp of Fooles, fol.</td><td align='right'><span class='u'>0: &nbsp;8:0</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'><span class='u'>1:14:0</span></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>The contents of Pepys' famous collections
+of Manuscripts, Books and rare single-sheet
+literature are known more or less to students,
+and are found by them to be of the utmost
+value. It is amusing to notice how careful
+Pepys was not to admit into his library any
+'risky' books. Little did he think that the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78"></a><a href="images/78.png">[78]</a></span>
+key to the diary would be one day discovered.
+When he bought in the Strand 'an idle,
+rogueish, French book, <i>L'Escholle des Filles</i>,'
+he resolved, as already stated, as soon as he
+had read it, to burn it, 'that it might not
+stand in the list of books, nor among them,
+to disgrace them, if it should be found.'
+He was equally solicitous about Rochester's
+<i>Poems</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pepys' books were numbered consecutively
+throughout the library, and therefore, when
+rearranged, they needed to be all renumbered.
+This was done by Pepys himself, his wife,
+and Deb Willett, who were busy until near
+midnight 'titleing' the books.</p>
+
+<p>With so many references to Pepys and his
+book-collecting as we find in the <i>Diary</i>, it is
+puzzling to read, under date, October 5, 1665,
+after references to 'Sister Poll,' 'I abroad to
+the office, and thence to the Duke of Albemarle,
+all my way reading a book of Mr. Evelyn's
+translating and sending me as a present, about
+directions for gathering a library, <i>but the book is
+above my reach</i>.' Pepys, one would think, had
+by this time gone far enough in himself gathering
+a library to understand the little pamphlet by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79"></a><a href="images/79.png">[79]</a></span>
+Naudeus, librarian to Cardinal Mazarin, which
+Evelyn translated, and which was issued in
+1661, and which is now very rare. There
+is a charming letter from Evelyn to Pepys,
+dated 12th August, 1689, giving very many
+interesting details of the private libraries of
+the seventeenth century, and which goes a
+very long way to modify Macaulay's rather
+overdrawn picture of the scarcity of books
+and private libraries in 1685. This letter of
+Evelyn's might be compared with Addison's
+picture of 'Tom Folio' in the <i>Tatler</i>.<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a> Tom
+Folio stood for a great book collector, Thomas
+Rawlinson.</p>
+
+<p>The eighteenth century produced a host
+of great book collectors. William Oldys,
+Humphrey Wanley, and Thomas Rawlinson
+just mentioned. These men were great experts,
+who infected with enthusiasm many
+great patrons of letters, such as Charles,
+Earl of Sunderland, the Earl of Pembroke,
+Lord Somers, Lord Oxford, Topham Beauclerk,
+Colonel Stanley, and George Earl
+Spencer, whose famous Library now at Manchester
+has been called the finest private<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80"></a><a href="images/80.png">[80]</a></span>
+library in Europe. In his <i>Life of Sir Walter
+Scott</i>, Lockhart has inserted a visitor's impression
+of the library at Abbotsford. 'The
+visitor might ransack a library, unique, I suppose,
+in some of its collections, and in all
+departments interesting and characteristic of
+the founder. So many of the volumes were
+enriched with anecdotes or comments in his
+own hand, that to look over his books was, in
+some degree, conversing with him.' The
+catalogue of the Abbotsford library was printed
+by the Maitland Club in 1838, and is one
+of the best catalogues of a private collection
+ever printed.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><span class="u"><i>Weeding Out.</i></span></h2>
+
+
+<p>It is necessary that a large country-house
+library should occasionally be weeded out and
+overhauled. The libraries which were formed
+in past generations cannot be expected to suit
+present-day requirements. In a great many
+country-house libraries there is little else than
+a great mass of turgid theology, but very
+often buried among these are really valuable<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81"></a><a href="images/81.png">[81]</a></span>
+books. Upon the death of the head of a
+family, the library should be carefully gone
+over in order that the new owner may get
+an idea of the books&mdash;a collection which he
+may be excused from knowing much of as
+he did not collect it. The books should
+then be re-arranged to suit the views of
+those who are most likely to use them, and
+certain rejected volumes should be disposed
+of and others put in their places.</p>
+
+<p>How much this is necessary might be
+illustrated by many anecdotes.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><span class="u"><i>The Catalogue.</i></span></h2>
+
+
+<p>I have said, under the heading 'Classification,'
+that it is not advisable or necessary
+to attempt any rigid classification upon the
+shelves. One good reason for this is that by
+so doing you are trying to do what can so
+much better be done by a catalogue. No one
+who uses books very much but sooner or
+later becomes grateful for the existence of
+an alphabet and an arrangement by A B C.
+Carlyle once said, 'A library is not worth<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82"></a><a href="images/82.png">[82]</a></span>
+anything without a catalogue; it is a Polyphemus
+without any eye in his head, and you
+must confront the difficulties, whatever they
+may be, of making proper catalogues.'</p>
+
+<p>'The classification of Pepys' library was to
+be found in the catalogues, and as Pepys increased
+in substance he employed experts to
+do this work for him.'<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a></p>
+
+<p>No catalogue is of any use unless you can
+tell from it (1) All that the library possesses
+of the known books of a known author at one
+view, as well as (2) All that it possesses, by
+whomsoever written, on a known and definite
+subject.</p>
+
+<p>The old catalogues were mostly very bad.
+Old methods have now given way to newer
+and better bibliographical systems, and, to take
+the case of a large country house, where books
+are scattered about in many rooms, a catalogue
+is most essential. The catalogue should, in
+most cases, be in MS., and not typewritten. Such
+an arrangement admits of additions being made
+more easily. The printed catalogue is adopted
+where the library is of special value, or if it
+has any particular class of books predominating<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83"></a><a href="images/83.png">[83]</a></span>
+to make it of use as a bibliography of a special
+subject. Lord Crawford's sectional catalogues
+of his library, already referred to, are the
+most valuable lists I know of for student
+purposes, but I believe very few people have
+ever seen them.</p>
+
+<p>The catalogue of Lord Crawford's Proclamations,
+at Haigh Hall, is a marvel of industry
+and accuracy. Mr. Locker Lampson's Rowfant
+Library was catalogued, and the catalogue
+printed and sold, because it had special
+value as a collection of Elizabethan poetry.
+Mr. Edmund Gosse's Library catalogue was
+printed because it contained special collections
+of seventeenth-century literature. Whether
+the library be a student's library or a general
+library, a catalogue is essential. Gibbon had
+a catalogue of his books. I have seen so
+many amateur attempts at cataloguing private
+libraries that I am bound to say I do not
+think the plan of cataloguing one's own
+books in any way answers. Any catalogue
+may be better than no catalogue, but, if a
+catalogue is to be done, it is better by far
+to call in the assistance of some one whose
+work it is. It frequently happens that a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84"></a><a href="images/84.png">[84]</a></span>
+family inherits a large library, and the inheritors,
+not having formed the collection,
+naturally can know but little, if anything, of
+its contents. Now, in such a case, and in
+many other cases, the best plan is to have
+your books overhauled, sifted, certain volumes
+weeded out, if necessary, others rebound, and
+the whole remainder carefully catalogued and
+described, the cases being numbered and the
+shelves lettered.</p>
+
+<p>Very often the owner of a library sets
+out to catalogue his or her own books, and
+makes the initial mistake of entering them
+one by one in a MS. volume already bound
+up. Such a plan must end in failure and
+disorder, because it is impossible by this
+means to get the titles strictly alphabetical.
+Others I have seen commence writing the
+titles from the backs of the books. Other
+difficulties which are encountered are with
+anonymous books, and with such authors as
+used pseudonyms, and, in some cases, many
+pseudonyms. Such was Henri Beyle, whose
+books bear various disguises, such as De
+Stendhal, Cotonet, Salviati, Viscontini, Birkbeck,
+Strombeck, C&eacute;sar Alexandre Bombet.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85"></a><a href="images/85.png">[85]</a></span>
+The British Museum Library has ninety-one
+rules of cataloguing, forming, perhaps, the best
+cataloguing code in the world; but for private
+libraries such elaboration and detail is not
+necessary. The following are the main rules
+to be adopted in private libraries:&mdash;<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a></p>
+
+
+<p>1. The catalogue should be arranged in one
+general alphabet, this being the most useful and
+the readiest form for reference. To render it,
+as nearly as possible, a correct representation of
+the contents of the library, each work has but
+one principal descriptive entry. The shelfmark
+is confined to this entry&mdash;duplicate shelfmark
+references, when the position of books is
+likely to be often altered, from the accession of
+additions to the library, &amp;c., leading to frequent
+and unavoidable errors.<br /><br /></p>
+
+
+<p>2. This entry is under the author's name
+when given on the title-page, or otherwise
+known, as being the only arrangement which
+allows one general rule to be followed throughout
+the catalogue.<br /><br /></p>
+
+
+<p>3. Anonymous works, whose authors' names<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86"></a><a href="images/86.png">[86]</a></span>
+are unknown, are placed under the subjects to
+which they relate.<br /><br /></p>
+
+
+<p>4. Cross references are made:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">from the subjects of biographies to the authors;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">from the principal anonymous and pseudonymous works to the writer's real names where known;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">from works included in, or noticed in the title-pages of other publications, to those publications.</span><br />
+<br /><br /></p>
+
+
+<p>5. To obviate the imperfections necessarily
+attendant on an alphabetical arrangement, and
+for the greater facility of reference, short classifications
+are introduced of the chief subjects on
+which the books in the library treat, referring
+to the names of the authors in the same general
+alphabet; thereby uniting the advantages of
+the alphabetical and classified systems, and
+acting in some measure as a key to the prevailing
+character of the library.<br /><br /></p>
+
+
+<p>6. All authors' names are followed by full
+stops: any articles placed under a writer's
+name, of which he is not the author, but which
+are anonymous answers to, or criticisms on, his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87"></a><a href="images/87.png">[87]</a></span>
+works; anonymous memoirs placed under the
+subjects; or any entries whatever, in which the
+heading name prefixed is not that of the
+author, are distinguished by a line following
+the name.<br /><br /></p>
+
+
+<p>7. The headings of the short classifications
+are distinguished by being doubly underlined
+with red ink. The name to be referred to is
+singly underlined, but when the reference is to
+another heading, and not to an author, it is
+doubly underlined.</p>
+
+<p>In preparing titles for the catalogue
+(whether it be intended to transcribe or print
+them), it should be an imperative instruction
+that they be written on slips of paper (or on
+cards) of uniform size. It is also useful to
+include in them a word or two which may serve
+to identify the origin of the books&mdash;whether by
+purchase, by copyright, or by gift&mdash;and to
+indicate the date of their respective acquisition.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><span class="u"><i>Classification of Books.</i></span></h2>
+
+
+<p>The classification of books, according to any
+set system, or according to subjects upon the
+shelves of a library, is not easy, and for many<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88"></a><a href="images/88.png">[88]</a></span>
+reasons it is not worth attempting. Unless the
+library is a very large one, say, ten to twenty
+thousand volumes, with ample and adaptable
+shelving, it is not to be desired. The main difficulty
+in shelf classification lies in the fact that
+books on similar and kindred subjects are issued
+in all sizes. There are books on Furniture, for
+instance, in folio, in quarto, and in octavo.
+When shelf classification is imperative, the
+folios are all put together, the quartos together,
+and the octavos together. This is the nearest
+realisation of a shelf classification, and by this
+method the folios may be far separated from
+the quartos, and the quartos from the octavos.
+Moreover, if appearance count for anything, as
+indeed it should in the most modest library,
+it will be impossible to carry out any plan of
+shelf classification and preserve at the same time
+an appearance of method and fitness. In planning
+out how your books are to be placed, a
+great consideration is the placing of them, so that
+books likely to be frequently referred to shall be
+easy of access, and books less likely to be in
+request shall be housed higher up.<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> Reference<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89"></a><a href="images/89.png">[89]</a></span>
+books should, as far as possible, be placed together,
+and all easy of access. The main divisions
+into which a private library classes itself are History
+and Biography, Fiction, Poetry and Drama,
+Theology, Travel, Art, Belles lettres; but there
+are so many considerations besides those of subject
+in any general classification which should
+determine the position of a volume that I must
+emphasise what has already been said about
+actual personal convenience being first studied,
+and the library as arranged on the shelves
+should be the result of personal convenience
+and graceful effect. This is more particularly
+necessary when a library is in course of expansion.
+The subjects which will expand
+quickest, and the space they will require, can
+never be accurately gauged, and frequent upheavals
+and readjustments will be necessary if
+any rigid plan is aimed at. I would suggest
+that a separate shelf&mdash;or, if necessary, a separate
+case&mdash;be reserved for unbound periodicals
+and for accessions, which are, as it were, <i>sub
+judice</i>. Often, too, a separate case is necessary
+for rare and handsome books, and a
+locked case for <i>faceti&aelig;</i>. It is worth while to
+observe that Pepys found that the best way to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90"></a><a href="images/90.png">[90]</a></span>
+find his numerous books was to number them
+consecutively throughout the library.<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a></p>
+
+<p>Numerous elaborate plans of book classification
+have been put forward, principally by
+Americans, but in no way are they adaptable
+to the requirements of private libraries, and I
+doubt very much the possibility of comprehending
+them in such a way as to apply
+them in an intelligible manner even to public
+libraries.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. B. R. Wheatley, in an admirable paper<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91"></a><a href="images/91.png">[91]</a></span>
+upon Library arrangement,<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a> gives the following
+excellent practical advice:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>'If I had the planning of rooms for a
+private library, I should select as the best
+possible arrangement a suite of three rooms,
+or one long room or gallery divided by columns
+into three compartments, of which the centre
+should be the largest, with several small contiguous
+ante-rooms, the entrances to which, if
+so desired, might be concealed, for uniformity
+or completeness of appearance, by filling them
+with sham or dummy book-backs, the titles of
+which may be made an occasion for witticism
+or joking allusion to local and family history.</p>
+
+<p>'A good library arrangement is not achieved
+at once, but is a slow growth through difficulties
+met and conquered. Some of the best
+portions of it will be those which have flashed
+across your mind when there seemed no pathway
+out of the thicket of difficulty in which you
+were struggling. The arrangement of books,
+where the shelves are not made to order to suit
+your plans, must naturally be of a progressive
+character in its development in your mind.</p>
+
+<p>'In some old libraries, collected mostly in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92"></a><a href="images/92.png">[92]</a></span>
+the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, there
+is such a preponderance of those portly tomes
+in folio in which our sturdy ancestors delighted,
+that they materially affect and disconcert our
+ordinary plans. I have known an instance in
+which the library shelves projected slightly in
+their upper part, and, there thus being an
+appropriate depth, I arranged on these shelves
+two long parallel rows, completely round the
+room, of these noble volumes of our old
+divines, State papers, Statutes, Treaties, Trials,
+and our County histories; and the effect in
+strength and power (as Ruskin might have
+said) of these long lines of large stout books
+of nearly equal height and size was really magnificent.
+Sometimes you meet with such a valuable
+and massive body of topography as will not
+allow of its cavalierly being made a subsidiary
+section of the class of history, and the form
+and weighty character of the folios suggest
+that some deep and separate bookcases should
+be chosen in which it may assume the important
+individuality that it deserves.</p>
+
+<p>'Folios of a modern date, being of very
+unequal sizes, would have a raggedness of
+outline which would be less observed nearer<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93"></a><a href="images/93.png">[93]</a></span>
+to the ground than in the elevated position
+just referred to. As a general rule, a row of
+folios on the lowest shelf will be succeeded by
+one of quartos, and then above the ledge the
+octavos and duodecimos will be placed, but
+they should not ascend in too rigid a law of
+gradual decrease. Rows of small books at
+the top of a bookcase look as petty to
+the mind as to the eyes, and, indeed, are
+in general more appropriately placed in
+dwarf bookcases specially fitted for their
+reception.</p>
+
+<p>'For small libraries, not exceeding 3000 to
+4000 volumes, the letters of the alphabet may
+be used for the cases, and small figures for the
+shelves, on the principle of the greater including
+the less, the letters having a more
+important appearance. But in larger libraries,
+where there is a chance of the alphabet being
+doubled or trebled, one regular series of large
+numbers for the cases, with small letters for the
+shelves, is to be preferred.'</p>
+
+<p>Books should be marked in pencil, with a
+shelf letter and a case number.</p>
+
+<p>Long sets of books need be numbered in
+the first volume only.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94"></a><a href="images/94.png">[94]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In the case of collections of pamphlets each
+item ought to be separately catalogued.</p>
+
+<p>The catalogue should complement the
+arrangement on the shelves, and not be
+tautological.</p>
+
+<p>Tables of contents of collected editions
+given in catalogue.</p>
+
+<p>A synoptical table of contents should be
+prefixed to the catalogue.</p>
+
+<p>For those who desire a rough outline of
+headings into which a library usually classifies
+itself, I will name one. The briefest is as
+follows:&mdash;(1) Theology, (2) Philosophy and
+Science, (3) Art, (4) Political Economy,
+(5) Law, (6) History and Literature.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><span class="u"><i>Bookcases.</i></span></h2>
+
+
+<p>The chief faults of bookcases arise from their
+being designed and made by men who have
+never used a book. A first requisite in
+bookcases is simplicity, bearing in mind
+that the books are the ornament and not the
+bookcases. The cabinet-maker, among other
+things, is too fond of embellishments, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95"></a><a href="images/95.png">[95]</a></span>
+sacrifices space to what seem odd angularities
+and irregularities.</p>
+
+<p>No bookcase should be above eight and a
+half feet in height. No ladder should be
+necessary to get at books. If books are 'skied'
+up to the ceiling they must suffer from the
+heated air. It is heat, not gas merely, which
+damages books.</p>
+
+<p>A room may be made to look very beautiful
+by being surrounded with fumed oak bookcases,
+eight feet high. The shelves should
+be made movable with Tonks' patent.<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a> Mr.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96"></a><a href="images/96.png">[96]</a></span>
+Gladstone<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a> speaks of the looseness and the
+tightness of movable shelves, the weary arms,
+the aching fingers, and the broken finger-nails.
+This can be avoided by the use of the patent
+here named. The bottom cases should be deeper
+and wider, to take quartos and folios, but there
+should always be an extra shelf for turning a
+folio section into an octavo section. Nineteen-twentieths
+of the books in circulation are
+octavos and smaller volumes. On each side
+of the fireplace there should be an arm projecting
+about four feet and a half. The inner
+side of this should have a comfortable reading-seat,
+and on the outer side, farthest from the
+fire, there may be shelves for books. If the
+structural arrangements of the room admit of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97"></a><a href="images/97.png">[97]</a></span>
+these projecting arms being placed, without
+sacrifice of comfort, at a greater distance from
+the fireplace, the books may be placed on the
+upper part of the inner side as well, the lower
+part being used as a lounge.</p>
+
+<p>It must be remembered that heat and
+excessive dryness are fatal to good bindings
+and, indeed, to all parts of a book, and
+therefore no bookcase should approach too
+near a fireplace, nor should bookcases be
+placed backing upon hot-water pipes. The
+shelves should be edged with leather and such
+leather must <i>not</i> be stiffened by cardboard
+or brown paper&mdash;simply leather, and there
+should be a roller shutter of silk to draw
+down in front of the books during absence
+from home. The cases<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> should everywhere
+be perfectly flush, without any sort of protruding
+ornament. It will be found a great
+advantage to make the framework of the
+various cases of equal dimensions, so that
+the shelves can be made transferable. In
+estimating the extent of shelving which
+it may be necessary to provide, we may
+calculate that in an ordinary library a space<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98"></a><a href="images/98.png">[98]</a></span>
+two feet high and two feet wide will, on
+an average, contain about thirty-five volumes,
+and it may be estimated roughly that every
+thousand volumes in a library will require
+about a hundred square feet of shelving.</p>
+
+<p>If fixed shelves are made, the usual height
+will be&mdash;<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a></p>
+
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Shelf height">
+<tr><td align='left'>For&nbsp;</td><td align='left'>folios&nbsp;</td><td align='left'>18&nbsp;</td><td align='left'>to&nbsp;</td><td align='left'>21&nbsp;</td><td align='left'>inches.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>quartos</td><td align='left'>12</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>15</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>octavos</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='left'>10</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>"</td><td align='left'>smaller sizes&nbsp;</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;7</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99"></a><a href="images/99.png">[99]</a></span></p>
+<p>These spaces will allow ample room for the
+average sizes. The 'Atlas' folios and 'Elephant'
+folios are best accommodated in single shelves,
+in which they may be flat, or on trays or
+table cases.<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> Bear in mind always to allow
+sufficient space for expansion. Nothing causes
+more disorder than insufficient shelf accommodation.
+All cases should be numbered
+and lettered, that is, each section should
+have a number, and each shelf a letter. For
+the accommodation of expensive bindings or
+rare books and MSS., a special case may
+sometimes be required. Very beautiful specimens
+of such may be seen sketched in the
+books of Chippendale, Sheraton, and Heppelwhite,
+but it is in all cases better to avoid glass
+fronts and adopt ornamental brass wire work
+if any special protection be needed.</p>
+
+<p>The late Mr. Blades, a great expert in this
+matter, said, 'It is a mistake to imagine that
+keeping the best-bound volumes in a glass-doored
+bookcase is a preservative. The damp
+air will certainly penetrate, and as the absence
+of ventilation will assist formation of mould, the
+books will be worse off than if they had been<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100"></a><a href="images/100.png">[100]</a></span>
+placed in open shelves. If securing be desirable,
+by all means abolish the glass and place ornamental
+brass wire work in its stead.'<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a></p>
+
+<p>'It is more important to see that the
+shelves intended for choice and richly bound
+books should be covered with leather, and
+expressly such as are intended for books of
+large sizes. In the case of books of special
+value, the leather should be well padded, should
+be of the best quality, and should have a
+polished surface.'<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a></p>
+
+<p>In the <i>Nineteenth Century</i> for March,
+1890, already quoted from, Mr. Gladstone
+wrote upon 'Books, and the Housing of
+them.' This paper showed a sound grasp of
+the subject and showed Mr. Gladstone in a
+new and very interesting light. Appended are
+some extracts from this paper, all of which I
+think experts would agree to, <i>except the fixed
+shelves</i>, and here, I think, any one who has
+handled books very much will be at issue with
+Mr. Gladstone. He himself says:&mdash;'I have
+recommended that, as a rule, the shelves be
+fixed, and have given reasons for the adoption<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101"></a><a href="images/101.png">[101]</a></span>
+of such a rule. I do not know whether it will
+receive the sanction of authorities, and I make
+two admissions. First, it requires that each
+person owning and arranging a library should
+have a pretty accurate general knowledge of
+the size of his books. Secondly, it may be
+expedient to introduce here and there, by way
+of exception, a single movable shelf.'</p>
+
+<p>Now, a man must be able not only to gauge
+very accurately the limits of his library and the
+various sizes of books, but he must be able to
+look into the future if he would safely embark
+on fixed shelves. And this is wholly impossible.
+Fixed shelves should only be adopted where
+cost has to be reduced to a minimum, but in
+the majority of instances movable shelves
+will be found preferable. The paragraphs
+which deal with bookcases in Mr. Gladstone's
+article may here be given:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>'The question of economy, for those who
+from necessity or choice consider it at all, is
+a very serious one. It has been a fashion to
+make bookcases ornamental. Now, books want
+for and in themselves no ornament at all.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.
+The man who looks for society in his books
+will readily perceive that, in proportion as the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102"></a><a href="images/102.png">[102]</a></span>
+face of his bookcase is occupied by ornament,
+he loses that society; and conversely, the more
+that face approximates to a sheet of book-backs,
+the more of that society he will enjoy. And so
+it is that three great advantages come hand in
+hand, and, as will be seen, reach their maximum
+together: the sociability of books, minimum
+cost in providing for them, and ease of access
+to them.</p>
+
+<p>'In order to attain these advantages, two
+conditions are fundamental. First, the shelves
+must, as a rule, be fixed; secondly, the cases,
+or a large part of them, should have their side
+against a wall, and thus, projecting into the
+room for a convenient distance, they should be
+of twice the depth needed for a single line of
+books, and should hold two lines, one facing
+each way. Twelve inches is a fair and liberal
+depth for two rows of octavos. The books are
+thus thrown into stalls, but stalls after the
+manner of a stable.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;. This method of dividing
+the longitudinal space by projections at
+right angles to it, if not very frequently used,
+has long been known. A great example of it
+is to be found at Trinity College, Cambridge,
+and is the work of Sir Christopher Wren. He<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103"></a><a href="images/103.png">[103]</a></span>
+has kept these cases down to a very moderate
+height; for he doubtless took into account that
+great heights require long ladders, and that the
+fetching and use of these greatly add to the
+time consumed in getting or replacing a book.'</p>
+
+<p>It must here be added that Mr. Gladstone's
+plan is much more fitted for a large public
+library than for the library of a private person,
+for whom he is prescribing. Though the library
+in the form of an annexe<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a> is in many ways
+an ideal form for housing a large library, yet
+these are hardly likely to be in the majority,
+and most people find that they have to house
+their books in a circumscribed space, with no
+room for such bays and projections as he
+suggests except perhaps one by the fireplace.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><span class="u"><i>Miscellaneous Appliances.</i></span></h2>
+
+
+<p>Whether the library be considered as a
+workshop or a morning-room, there are certain
+necessary appliances, which will contribute a
+great deal to comfort, and the proper preservation
+of books. Thus, proper tables will be
+required. Mr. Gladstone, I believe, has, or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104"></a><a href="images/104.png">[104]</a></span>
+had, three tables in his Temple of Peace&mdash;one
+for correspondence, one for politics, and
+one for literary work. This, no doubt, is a
+very excellent plan to be followed by those
+whose time is precious, and who have to
+divide each day up for fixed duties. The
+'Shannon' and other American tables are very
+excellent for correspondence work, being fitted
+with pigeon-holes and drawers, and I have
+no doubt but that equally well-made tables
+are made specially fitted for literary work.
+Such a table should measure not less than
+six feet by three; its top should be a clear,
+flat surface, and it should stand firmly on its
+legs, and these legs should be four, and should
+not be placed to be in the way of the person
+sitting at the table. An ink-well should be
+sunk flush with the top of the case, and it
+should have a brass cover. A knee-hole table
+is not the best for literary work, but it may
+be the best for letter-writing. Of chairs, one
+good, firm, hard-seated chair is necessary.
+Mr. Ellwanger<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a> says, 'I have two chairs for my
+reading&mdash;a stiff one for books I <i>have</i> to read;
+a luxurious one for books I like to read. My<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105"></a><a href="images/105.png">[105]</a></span>
+luxurious chair is of dark green leather, a treat
+to sink into, modelled after the easy armchair
+of the Eversley Rectory, known from its seductive
+properties as "Sleepy Hollow."' A
+very prettily designed and useful hard-seated
+chair is that known as the Goldsmith chair,
+being modelled upon the chair which belonged
+to Oliver Goldsmith. A revolving bookcase
+is a very appropriate article of furniture in a
+library. It may be made especially useful
+for reference-books, or any such books as are
+being used together at one time for purposes
+of study and comparison. These revolving
+bookcases are made in all sizes, and can, of
+course, be made to suit any particular requirement;
+thus I have seen them made with a top
+which can be raised to a slope with a ledge
+like a standing desk, upon which a large atlas
+can be rested and consulted. Apart from this,
+I strongly recommend the use of a standing
+desk for health's sake when a great deal of
+writing has to be done.</p>
+
+<p>It frequently happens that books being
+taken from the shelf, the volumes left behind
+fall down in an untidy heap. To obviate
+this, there is a very simple form of metal<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106"></a><a href="images/106.png">[106]</a></span>
+book support sold, which keeps a half-filled
+shelf neat and tidy. An alternative to this
+is the old plan of inserting dummies, whereby
+no blanks are seen. As I have so strongly
+advocated shelves the tops of which are within
+reach of the hand, I need not say much about
+steps, but where steps are really needed, they
+should be <i>very</i> light, and capable of being
+easily lifted with one hand. They should have
+an upright rod support rising about four feet
+above the top step; this for the purpose of
+safety when using the steps. Cabinets of
+drawers for prints and very large books should
+also be secured if required, and cushioned
+desks for books with metal bosses or metal
+mountings of any description. Last, but by
+no means least, let there be good ink, and
+plenty of it; good pens, and a variety of them;
+and good blotting-paper, frequently renewed;
+and paper-knives of various sizes.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><span class="u"><i>The Library Annexe.</i></span></h2>
+
+
+<p>What in many ways is an ideal library is a
+library housed in a building specially constructed
+as an annexe to a residence. I feel<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107"></a><a href="images/107.png">[107]</a></span>
+sure that, within the next ten years, there will
+be many moderately wealthy men who will be
+anxious to form libraries and special collections
+of books, housing them in this way. The idea
+is only new as applied to large country mansions.
+Hitherto students of moderate means
+have managed to construct buildings specially
+adapted for study and free from interruption.
+The only instance of a library annexe attached
+to a country mansion with which I am acquainted
+is the recent and very notable instance
+at Hawarden, of which more later. The late
+Vicar of Middleton Cheney, in Oxfordshire,
+and, I think, Dr. Jessopp, of Scarning, have both
+found that their work has been assisted by library
+annexes. Horace Walpole said of Topham
+Beauclerk that he had built a library in Great
+Russell Street, that reached 'half-way to Highgate.'
+Lord Bacon spent ten thousand pounds
+in building himself a retreat in his grounds at
+Gorhambury.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Gladstone's scheme at Hawarden is
+likely to be followed by many others.
+Of course the Hawarden library has been
+endowed, and made practically open and free.
+It is the idea of a private library as a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108"></a><a href="images/108.png">[108]</a></span>
+temple of peace for the owner and his visitors
+which we would like to see extended. One
+fancies that books might be on a better footing
+in country houses if they had the honour of a
+separate building. Then they would, at any
+rate, be on as good a footing as the stables
+or as the greenhouse, which at present they are
+not. Books are not so much wall covering,
+or so much furniture. They are much more;
+they should be treated more like living creatures,
+and if only their owners would get upon
+speaking terms with them, how readily would
+they get a response. Roughly, then, one would
+like to see attached to every large country
+establishment a book building, a centre of intelligence
+and light, where we might be sure
+of finding a good atlas, a good biographical
+dictionary, and good verbal dictionary. I do not
+understand why so little importance has hitherto
+been attached to this. Such a building should
+have a large central room and several separate
+small rooms for private study. The illustrations
+in a charming little book called
+<i>Mr. Gladstone in the Evening of his Days</i>
+convey what is meant very well. From this
+little volume I give extracts which seem<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109"></a><a href="images/109.png">[109]</a></span>
+very clear to any one interested in this
+matter:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>'Everywhere about in the large room are
+books&mdash;books&mdash;books. The Iron Library
+(the building is of iron) is arranged in the same
+ingenious way as Mr. Gladstone's private
+library at Hawarden Castle. There are windows
+on either side of the long room, and
+between these windows high bookcases, running
+towards the centre of the room, are put
+up. There are books on either side of these
+cases, and the part facing the centre of the
+room is again arranged to hold books. It is
+truly marvellous how many books can thus be
+stored without a single one being out of
+sight.'</p>
+
+<p>'There is the same simplicity, the same
+quiet comfort, the same air of repose, and
+the same absence of library conventionality
+about.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.'</p>
+
+<p>'Through a door .&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;. you reach the second
+room in the library, to which Mr. Gladstone
+has given the name of the "Humanity room."
+It is arranged on exactly the same plan as
+the first, and contains secular works chiefly.
+You note Madame de S&eacute;vign&eacute;'s <i>Letters</i> on one<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110"></a><a href="images/110.png">[110]</a></span>
+shelf, in neat and dainty little volumes; and
+yellow-backed Zola lower down.'<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a></p>
+
+<p>Any one who proposed having a library as a
+separate building should certainly study Mr.
+Gladstone's experiments at St. Deiniol's Library,
+or procure <i>Mr. Gladstone in the Evening of his
+Days</i>, wherein are given illustrations of the interior
+plan and general economy of the structure.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111"></a><a href="images/111.png">[111]</a></span>
+Certainly Mr. Gladstone's ideas as to the
+arrangement of books as put forth in the
+<i>Nineteenth Century</i> for March, 1890, are
+much more applicable to an annexe library
+than to the housing of books in an ordinary
+private dwelling. Thus the arrangement of
+the bays made by the projections could not
+be carried out without extensive structural
+alterations in one house out of twenty in the
+country, and not one house out of a thousand
+in London. His ideas, however, are wholly
+practicable and admirably thorough when
+applied to the annexe library. It is interesting
+to see Mr. Gladstone's calculations
+as to shelf accommodation. They were disputed
+at the time by some cavilling critics,
+but have since been shown to be accurate.
+Mr. Gladstone is speaking<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a> of the bookcases
+round the walls and the projecting arms, and
+he says:&mdash;'I will now exhibit to my readers the
+practical effect of such arrangement in bringing
+great numbers of books within easy reach.
+Let each projection be three feet long, twelve
+inches deep (ample for two faces of octavos),
+and nine feet high, so that the upper shelf<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112"></a><a href="images/112.png">[112]</a></span>
+can be reached by the aid of a wooden stool
+of two steps, not more than twenty inches
+high, and portable without the least effort of
+a single hand. I will suppose the wall-space
+available to be eight feet, and the projections,
+three in number, with end pieces, need only
+put out three feet five, while narrow strips of
+bookcase will run up the wall between the
+projections. Under these conditions, the bookcases
+thus described will carry about 2000
+volumes.</p>
+
+<p>'And a library forty feet long and twenty
+feet broad, amply lighted, having some portion
+of the centre fitted with very low bookcases,
+suited to serve for some of the uses
+of tables, will receive on the floor from 18,000
+to 20,000 volumes of all sizes without losing
+the appearance of a room .&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;. while leaving
+portions of space available near the windows
+for purposes of study. If a gallery be added,
+there will be accommodation for a further
+number of 5000, and the room need be no
+more than sixteen feet high.'</p>
+
+<p>This estimate of shelf accommodation
+may be compared with one which was made
+by Mr. Justin Winsor, the well-known librarian<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113"></a><a href="images/113.png">[113]</a></span>
+of the Harvard library. He says:&mdash;'The
+book room of the Roxbury branch of the
+public library of Boston is fifty-three feet
+long by twenty-seven feet wide, and having
+three storeys of eight feet each in height
+will hold 100,000 volumes.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;. I doubt
+if any other construction can produce this
+result.'</p>
+
+<p>The building at Hawarden cost, I believe,
+1000<i>l.</i>, but whether this is with fittings or not
+I do not know. It is certain that for men
+whose books are more numerous than costly
+the annexe plan is admirable, and the difficulty
+of excluding damp where four walls are
+exposed to the elements could surely be overcome.
+I do not think that Mr. Gladstone
+makes any mention of iron bookcases, but
+these are often adopted, and have been made
+in a very convenient form, particularly that
+called the Radcliffe iron bookcase, arranged by
+Sir Henry Acland and Mr. W. Froude. Of
+this I append a description written by Sir
+Henry Acland himself.</p>
+
+<p>'The advantages of the bookcase consist
+in its great stability, in its movability and
+neatness. It carries 500 average octavo volumes,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114"></a><a href="images/114.png">[114]</a></span>
+250 on either side; it is seven feet
+high, and stands on any floor space on forty-eight
+inches by eighteen inches. The cases
+may stand in any number end to end, or
+down the centre of a passage, or be placed
+so as to form squares of any dimensions
+multiple of the length of the cases, and therefore
+may enclose studies lined with books,
+books being also on the outside of the square.
+When the cases stand end to end they need
+not be put close to each other, but may have
+a space in which are shelves of any desired
+length. Therefore ten iron cases placed in a line,
+so as to include a space of forty inches between
+each two cases, will carry the contents of nineteen
+cases, or 5000 plus 4500 volumes, at the
+cost of ten cases, plus the wooden shelves of
+nine. The iron framework costs about 5<i>l.</i> 5<i>s.</i>,
+and the wooden shelves about 25<i>s.</i> The iron
+portion will carry only octavos, but the spaces
+as described above will carry folios, because,
+to insure stability in the iron frames, diagonal
+ties run down the centre and divide the shelves
+into two portions, viz., the two frontages described
+above. But the stability being ensured
+in each iron case independently, the intermediate<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115"></a><a href="images/115.png">[115]</a></span>
+shelves in the spaces may be of
+the full width of the frames, namely, twenty
+inches.'<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><span class='u'><i>A Librarian.</i></span></h2>
+
+
+<p>Until we have more properly trained librarians,
+it is useless to recommend owners of
+private libraries to find a librarian, because at
+present there are very few such men in existence
+who are properly qualified. A love of
+books is not enough in a librarian. An orderly
+mind and great receptive power are most
+essential. Practical knowledge of bookbinding
+and a sense of colour are equally essential.
+He must have no fads of his own to be ever
+thrusting forward. If he is mad on Geology or
+Astronomy, he won't do. What, above all, he
+must know are the sources of information.</p>
+
+<p>A study in the 'Lives' of some of the great
+librarians would best show what is here meant.
+Mr. Elton<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a> names Antonio Maggliabecchi, the
+jeweller's shop-boy, who became renowned
+throughout the world for his abnormal knowledge<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116"></a><a href="images/116.png">[116]</a></span>
+of books. He never at any time left Florence;
+but he read every catalogue that was issued, and
+was in correspondence with all the collectors and
+librarians of Europe. He was blessed with a
+prodigious memory, and knew all the contents
+of a book by 'hunting it with his finger,' or
+once turning over the pages. He was believed,
+moreover, to know the habitat of all the rare
+books in the world; and according to the well-known
+anecdote he replied to the Grand Duke,
+who asked for a particular volume: 'The only
+copy of this work is at Constantinople, in the
+Sultan's library, the seventh volume in the
+second bookcase, on the right as you go in.'
+A similar story was told by Wendell Phillips,
+the American statesman, about a countryman
+of his own, George Sumner. An Englishman
+came to Rome and was anxious to know
+whether there was in the library of the Pope,
+the great library of the Vatican, a certain book.
+.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;. The gentleman went to the Italians that
+used the library. They referred him to the
+private secretary of one of the cardinals, and
+after a moment's thought the secretary answered,
+'No, sir, I don't know; but there is a young
+man in the city from Boston, and if the book is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117"></a><a href="images/117.png">[117]</a></span>
+there he will know. They went to George
+Sumner, and asked him if there was such a
+volume in the library. 'Yes, it is in the tenth
+alcove, the third shelf, the seventh book to
+your right as you enter.'</p>
+
+<p>Similar stories, doubtless, could be told of
+Bradshaw, the Cambridge University librarian,
+or of Thomas Ruddiman and George Buchanan.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lloyd P. Smith<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a> gives the following
+definition, among others, of the qualifications of
+a librarian: 'Librarians, like editors and proofreaders,
+are expected to know everything; and
+in one sense they should know everything&mdash;that
+is, they should have that <i>maxima pars
+eruditionis</i>, which consists in knowing where
+everything is to be found. A librarian should
+be able, of his own knowledge, to answer many
+questions, and especially the two questions
+which meet him at every turn, "Where can I
+find such-and-such information?" and "What
+is the best work on such-and-such a subject?"
+These are legitimate questions, which it should
+be the pride of every librarian to answer offhand .&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.
+All the book-learning in the world,
+however, will be insufficient for the practical<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118"></a><a href="images/118.png">[118]</a></span>
+duties of his place, unless the librarian has also
+the organ of order. His motto should be,
+"A place for everything and everything in its
+place."'</p>
+
+<p>'The book of regulations for the court and
+household of Guidobaldo I. contains these rules
+for the administration of the library:&mdash;"The
+librarian should be learned, of good presence,
+temper, and manners, correct, and ready of
+speech. He must get from the gardrobe an
+inventory of the books, and keep them arranged
+and easily accessible, whether Latin, Greek,
+Hebrew, or others, maintaining also the rooms
+in good condition. He must preserve the
+books from damp and vermin, as well as from
+the hands of trifling, ignorant, dirty, and tasteless
+persons. To those of authority and learning,
+he ought himself to exhibit them with all
+facility, courteously explaining their beauty and
+remarkable characteristics, the handwriting and
+miniatures, but observant that such abstract no
+leaves. When ignorant or merely curious
+persons wish to see them, a glance is sufficient,
+if it be not some one of considerable influence.
+When any lock or other requisite is needed, he
+must take care that it be promptly provided.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119"></a><a href="images/119.png">[119]</a></span>
+He must let no book be taken away but by
+the Duke's orders, and if lent, must get a
+written receipt, and see to its being returned.
+When a number of visitors come in, he must
+be specially watchful that none be stolen. All
+which is duly seen to by the present courteous
+and attentive librarian, Messer Agabito."'<a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><span class="u"><i>The Library Architecturally.</i></span></h2>
+
+
+<p>Vitruvius, in his <i>Architecture</i>, lays down
+the rule that libraries ought to face the east,
+because their use requires the morning light,
+which will preserve their contents from decay;
+whereas, if the room should face the south
+or west, they are liable to be damaged by
+damp. Mr. J. W. Clark, the very learned
+historian of the University of Cambridge, commenting
+on this, says that the first of these
+considerations did influence early builders, but
+after the Reformation, when considerations of
+personal comfort began to be generally
+accepted, the library could be placed in the
+position which commanded the greatest amount
+of warmth. Ancient libraries were never<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120"></a><a href="images/120.png">[120]</a></span>
+placed on the ground, but usually on the
+first floor, or even higher, for the sake of
+preserving their contents from the damp to
+which ground floors are necessarily subject.<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a></p>
+
+<p>The architect is very frequently a great
+enemy to the library. Underestimating the
+amount of wall space likely to be required for
+the housing of the books, or placing shelves
+and galleries in such a position that the books
+are not readily got at. Frequently, too, a
+country house has no room whatever designed
+either for study or the reception of books.
+The entire collection of books should be accessible
+without steps or ladders. Hot-water pipes
+should not approach nearer than three feet to
+the books. Electric light is the best luminant,
+but gas may safely be used provided there is
+sufficient ventilation.</p>
+
+<p>The walls, which are towards the outer air,
+and even the others also, if of brick or stone,
+ought to be battened.</p>
+
+<p>I have taken from a very excellent book,
+Kerr's <i>Gentleman's House</i>, such ideas and
+notes as I think are likely to be useful in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121"></a><a href="images/121.png">[121]</a></span>
+arranging a library in a country house. Mr.
+Kerr suggests two plans for a large country
+house with a library.</p>
+
+<p>'The idea which might first occur to the
+mind is that of a single spacious apartment;
+but for convenience and in order to preserve
+the domestic character, it is generally preferable
+to make use of several smaller apartments
+as a <i>Suite of Libraries</i>. On this plan the
+arrangement which is perhaps most favourable
+to considerations of utility, and on the whole
+most characteristic, is to set out a given width of
+clear passage way along the central line of the
+rooms, and then to divide the space on each
+side into a succession of compartments or bays,
+by means of transverse bookcases in pairs back
+to back; such bays being only large enough to
+accommodate a reading table with sufficient
+space around for reaching the books, opening
+the doors of the cases if any, and so on. If the
+rooms be lighted from the roof, the lights ought
+to correspond with the division into compartments,
+so that none of the fronts of the bookcases
+shall be placed in shadow. If there be
+windows in the walls, there ought to be one in
+each bay along one side of the room or both<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122"></a><a href="images/122.png">[122]</a></span>
+as may be desired. Bookcases against the
+walls are obviously most serviceable with the
+ceiling light; with side windows, even when
+these are on a high level, there is always a difficulty
+in reading the back lettering under the
+light; and when the windows are on a low
+level, dwarf bookcases under them are practically
+of little use.</p>
+
+<p>'As for <i>artistic treatment</i>, nothing can be
+more appropriate for the character of a library
+than those effects which are at the command of
+the architect in a suite of apartments of this
+kind, laid out probably with some variety in the
+general forms as well as in the fittings, and
+involving perhaps the introduction of sculptures
+and paintings of a suitable kind. Elaborate
+effects, however, of whatever sort, and the
+accommodation of any other works of art than
+those whose merits are kindred to the character
+of the more proper contents, ought not to be
+encouraged.'</p>
+
+<p>A second or alternative plan is a large
+room with a gallery.</p>
+
+<p>'As regards curiosities and other <i>artistic or
+scientific collections</i>, these may very properly be
+accommodated, whether in upright cases to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123"></a><a href="images/123.png">[123]</a></span>
+correspond with the bookcases, or in cabinets
+to take the place of the reading tables.</p>
+
+<p>'The arrangements proper for the alternative
+plan of a large <i>single library</i> are obviously
+simple. A gallery is probably carried round
+the apartment; the bookcases extend along
+the wall below and are reproduced above; the
+light comes either from the roof or the upper part
+of the walls; the floor area is generally occupied
+solely by reading tables and cabinets. Objects
+of art and curiosity, when of large size, are
+more prominently displayed by this arrangement,
+and the whole effect may be made very
+imposing; but it is doubtful whether convenience
+and comfort can by any means be so
+properly provided for as in the other model.</p>
+
+<p>'There are questions of detail which might
+be further entered upon, but a reference to
+what has already been advanced under the head
+of the ordinary library will probably suffice.'</p>
+
+<p>In other parts of his excellent manual,
+Mr. Kerr goes more into detail, and refers to
+the various general purposes to which a
+library, as distinct from a study, is put in a
+country house, as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>'There is a certain standard room which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124"></a><a href="images/124.png">[124]</a></span>
+constitutes the library of an average gentleman's
+house, and the various gradations by
+which this may be either diminished in importance
+or augmented are easily understood. It
+is not a library in the sole sense of a depository
+for books. There is, of course, the family
+collection, and the bookcases in which this is
+accommodated form the chief furniture of the
+apartment. But it would be an error, except
+in very special circumstances, to design the
+library for mere study. It is primarily a sort
+of morning-room for gentlemen rather than
+anything else. Their correspondence is done
+here, their reading, and, in some measure, their
+lounging; and the billiard-room, for instance,
+is not unfrequently attached to it. At the
+same time the ladies are not exactly excluded.</p>
+
+<p>'The <i>position</i> of the room internally ought
+therefore to be in immediate connexion with
+the principal dwelling rooms, so as to be
+equally accessible; whilst, on the other hand,
+as regards external influences, it ought to be
+kept sufficiently quiet (although this is very
+seldom a practical problem), to prevent the
+interruption of reading or writing. In accordance
+with these general ideas, and bearing out,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125"></a><a href="images/125.png">[125]</a></span>
+moreover, the somewhat sober effect which
+bookcases always produce, the <i>style</i> of design
+and decoration ought to be, although not
+devoid of cheerfulness, certainly subdued in
+character.'</p>
+
+<p>As regards aspect, Mr. Kerr is at one with
+the old Vitruvius already referred to.</p>
+
+<p>'It is not often easy to obtain a choice <i>aspect</i>
+for the library, but whenever this primary
+pleasantness can be had for it so much the
+better, and it certainly ought never to be
+entirely neglected in this respect. The reasons
+for preferring the south-east in the case of
+day rooms generally have already been argued;
+for a library, perhaps, a rather more eastward
+aspect is better, so that the sun may be off the
+windows at least before noon; even due east
+might be preferred by some persons, the sunshine
+being thus lost about half-past ten. In
+any case, however, the morning sun is to be
+preferred to that of midday or afternoon. If
+the room be large enough <i>end windows</i> may be
+used to advantage here as elsewhere. A <i>bay
+window</i> also is often adopted.</p>
+
+<p>'A difficult question which often arises is
+how sufficiently to provide for persons engaged<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126"></a><a href="images/126.png">[126]</a></span>
+in writing a <i>front light from the left</i>. It is not
+that a snug seat by the fireside, with a table conveniently
+at hand, and a left front light, can by
+any possibility be provided for many persons
+at once; but it is very unfortunate when no
+position whatever will combine these advantages.
+In a library especially this problem
+must be well worked out, and not for one
+writer only, but for several. Ingenuity and
+perseverance will accomplish wonders, and
+therefore, with the help of end light, a good
+library may be expected in this respect to be
+brought very near perfection.</p>
+
+<p>'The <i>fireplace</i> ought to be placed so as to
+make a good winter fireside, because this is in
+a measure a sitting-room.</p>
+
+<p>'<i>Intercommunication</i> is frequently made with
+the drawing-room, and sometimes intimately,
+and this carries with it, no doubt, a certain
+sort of convenience, because the two rooms
+can be thrown together occasionally; but it is a
+question whether, in a good house, and looking
+at such a question broadly, it is not, on the whole,
+a serious loss to both rooms as regards their more
+proper purposes. A door to the dining-room
+is not formally advisable, nor even one to the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127"></a><a href="images/127.png">[127]</a></span>
+gentleman's room, although both these arrangements
+are to be met with, and are occasionally
+convenient. A communication with the billiard-room,
+sometimes made, may give the
+library too completely the character of a
+lounge, so as to render it somewhat unfit for
+its better purposes. When the library of
+a small house is used as a study, by a
+clergyman, for instance, or as the business
+room, a door to the dining-room may be so
+useful as to be specially admissible, the dining-room
+being thus brought to serve as a waiting-room
+for the occasion. The interposition, if
+possible, of a lobby or small ante-room will,
+however, be an aid to propriety in almost all
+these cases.</p>
+
+<p>'It is to be observed that we have been
+hitherto dealing with the ordinary library of
+an average house and no more; but when the
+owner is a man of learning we must either add
+a <i>study</i> or constitute the library itself one. In
+the latter case, in order to prevent disturbance,
+the door will be more conveniently placed, not
+in the main corridor, but indirectly connected
+therewith. No door of intercommunication
+ought to connect it with any other room (except<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128"></a><a href="images/128.png">[128]</a></span>
+possibly the gentleman's room), and the position
+externally ought to be more than ordinarily
+secluded. Double doors also may be
+required. In short, the library, which has
+hitherto been a public room and somewhat of
+a lounge, becomes now essentially a private
+retreat.</p>
+
+<p>'When the books form a <i>large collection</i>,
+and strangers, perhaps, are occasionally admitted
+for reading or reference, the library
+necessarily assumes more extensive proportions,
+and its arrangements become more complicated.
+For example, heating apparatus becomes very
+possibly indispensable; the question comes up
+of ceiling lights; the apartments are probably
+carried up to the height of two storeys, and
+galleries formed around. Seclusion becomes
+again still more a point to be considered.</p>
+
+<p>'The library of the house should also be as
+comfortable as possible, with broad easy
+chairs, low centre table for books and periodicals,
+a large pedestal desk with circular
+revolving top, to shut up all papers and
+keep them free from dust. This kind of
+desk I consider invaluable to any man who
+really uses his library as a work-room, whether<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129"></a><a href="images/129.png">[129]</a></span>
+it be for real literary work and study, or
+for the ordinary examination and arrangement
+of household accounts; for it is quite impossible,
+on an ordinary writing table, to
+keep papers clean or tidy, and this circular-headed
+desk shuts down at once papers as
+they lie, which then cannot be "tidied" by
+the housemaid, who would seem to take a
+pleasure in putting away papers and notes
+in all kinds of out-of-the-way corners; the
+desk should have plenty of drawers and
+pigeon-holes; these latter, not as many of
+them are, an inch too narrow or two inches
+too wide for ordinary letters, but all made for
+the objects for which they are intended. It
+may seem absurd to say&mdash;think carefully of
+the use to which the drawers are to be put&mdash;but
+how often are they practically useless
+or wasteful of precious room, by being made
+shallower or deeper than is required. The
+room should be surrounded with bookcases,
+the lower portion made to take large books,
+and with some part of it covered in with
+cupboard fronts, with shelving inside to file
+away periodicals and papers; the shelf which
+this lower projection forms will do admirably<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130"></a><a href="images/130.png">[130]</a></span>
+for the arrangement of ornaments, small busts,
+or other personal things, with which a man
+crowds the room he really lives in; of course,
+I am speaking to those who make a den
+or working-room of their library, and not
+to those who fit a back room up with
+various tiers of shelving, on which are arranged
+a library of books which are seldom looked
+at, and where the room is only occasionally
+used, and that only for the purpose of a cloak-room
+on grand occasions. Above this lower
+nest of cupboards and shelving should be
+shelving arranged for various sizes of books,
+part carried up all round the room, so as
+to be within easy reach; the top of these
+will be found useful for china or busts, or
+other objects of art, while the centre portions
+may be carried up to the ceiling to give
+greater accommodation; all these breaks will
+take away from the stiffness of the room,
+and, if properly arranged, will all assist in
+making the library a room pleasant to work
+or play in. All this kind of work can be
+made of plain deal, stained and polished,
+and is infinitely cheaper than the elaborate
+movable cases of wainscot or walnut, in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131"></a><a href="images/131.png">[131]</a></span>
+which the aim of the designer seems often
+to make the frame-work as expensive as
+possible, whereas, in truth, the books within
+are really what should be thought of and
+cared for.</p>
+
+<p>'The floor should be painted or stained
+and varnished all over, so as to be easily
+cleaned and dusted, and everything that is
+likely to permanently hold dust should be
+avoided. On the floor, thus painted, a few
+cheap Indian or other rugs may be laid about
+in places where most necessary and useful.</p>
+
+<p>'Too much trouble cannot be taken to
+make the library a pleasant room to live in;
+it should have everything arranged and adapted
+for use and comfort, and not be stiff and dreary
+with any set arrangement. The panels of
+the cupboard doors may be filled in with
+Japanese lacquer-work or painted decoration,
+and here and there, in the recesses, nests
+of shelves may be fitted with projecting
+brackets, designed as part of them, for
+pieces of china, vases of flowers, or busts,
+and not looking like bats stuck on to a
+barn door.</p>
+
+<p>'I must not omit to say that in the lower<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132"></a><a href="images/132.png">[132]</a></span>
+portion of the bookcase should be arranged
+drawers&mdash;not carried down to the floor, for
+these are inconvenient&mdash;for use for prints
+and valuable photographs and sketches.</p>
+
+<p>'The library should be essentially home-like,
+with the wall-space fitted up as conveniently
+as possible; on the top of the
+bookcases or nests of shelves, spring roller-blinds
+might be easily arranged in the cornices
+to draw down at night or other times, and
+fasten with clips to protect and preserve the
+books, &amp;c., within them.</p>
+
+<p>'I might offer many other suggestions for
+the decoration and furniture of the rooms I
+have specially referred to. I trust those I
+have made will be of some practical use,
+and that, above all, you will believe that
+my aim throughout has been to avoid all
+dogmatic and set rules of fashion or design,
+and to insist only that truth and beauty of
+form and colour, combined with fitness and
+common sense, are the main elements of all
+true artistic treatment in decoration and furniture
+of modern houses.'<a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a></p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133"></a><a href="images/133.png">[133]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<h2><span class="u"><i>Munificent Book-buying.</i></span></h2>
+
+
+<p>Nordau has estimated that, in England
+alone, there are from eight hundred to a thousand
+millionaires, and in Europe altogether,
+there are at least a hundred thousand persons
+with fortunes of a million and even more. One
+could hope that it might be considered a kindness
+now and then to remind some of these
+millionaires of certain openings for their money
+which do not, so far, seem to have occurred to
+them. Mr. Bernard Shaw not long since
+pointed out in the <i>Contemporary Review</i> an
+opening whereby an Economic Library might be
+established, and do great lasting honour to a
+possible founder. Rich men can always be
+found to vie with one another in lavish expenditure
+over a ball or a wedding. Thousands of
+pounds go for a racehorse and for stable
+management generally, and the amount we
+spend upon sports annually is 38,000,000<i>l.</i>, or
+about a pound per head of the population.
+One hardly likes to say that any sum spent
+upon sport and outdoor life is too much, but<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134"></a><a href="images/134.png">[134]</a></span>
+yet this sum is out of proportion. One is
+jealous of horses and sport, not so much
+perhaps for the amount spent upon them as
+much as because one sees that the man who
+hunts and has racehorses, cares and knows about
+these things to the extermination of all other
+interests. Life becomes ill balanced, whereas it
+is necessary to touch life at many points. 'The
+strenuous scholar pure and simple,' is becoming
+more rare, though the type of which the late
+Mark Pattison was one will never quite die
+out. But it is not the strenuous <i>scholar</i> that
+one is so anxious to perpetuate, as it is the
+strenuous and scholarly man of affairs and
+men of trained ability who have mental muscle
+for parliamentary work and social problems.
+Such a class ought to have many recruits
+from among the wealthier families.</p>
+
+<p>It would assist very much towards this end
+if men of aptitude were properly trained to act
+as custodians of books in private houses. The
+art of knowing how to use books is one which
+must be learnt, and when properly learnt there
+is very little indeed that may not be readily
+found to hand in a library of but small dimensions.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135"></a><a href="images/135.png">[135]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>There are, I believe, in England twenty-two
+packs of staghounds, and 182 packs of
+foxhounds. As every one of the masters of
+these packs must be a rich man, I should
+like to know that he at any rate had a sound
+copy of the <i>History</i> of the county where he
+hunts; that he had in his smoking room a
+good Encyclop&aelig;dia, with fifty other good
+reference books, and a hundred good novels.</p>
+
+<p>The rich men of old combined patronage
+of learning with the pomp and splendour of
+their lives. Lucullus distinguished himself by
+his vast collection of books, and the liberal
+access he allowed to lovers of books. 'It
+was a library,' says Plutarch, 'whose walls,
+galleries and cabinets were open to all visitors;
+and the ingenious youths, when at leisure,
+resorted to this abode of the Muses, to hold
+literary conversations, in which Lucullus himself
+loved to join.' The Emperor Augustus
+was himself an author and a book lover, and
+called one of his libraries by the name of
+his sister, Octavia, and the other the temple
+of Apollo. Tiberius had a library, and Trajan
+also, and these spent constantly upon their
+books and the housing of them.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136"></a><a href="images/136.png">[136]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>I have taken from Renaissance history
+pictures of several men who might be taken
+as types which should exist in every highly
+civilised country. They have been vividly and
+admirably pictured by biographers, and one can
+only hope that the rich men of to-day may in
+five hundred years' time have as lasting reputations
+as that of Cosimo, the princely patron
+of learning, and Niccolo, the man of scholarship
+and refinement of life.</p>
+
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137"></a><a href="images/137.png">[137]</a></span></p>
+<div class='center'><br /><h2><i>PASSAGES ILLUSTRATIVE OF THE FOREGOING.</i></h2></div>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><span class='u'><i>The Medici and their Friends.</i></span></h2>
+
+
+<p>'The chief benefit conferred by Cosimo de' Medici
+on learning was the accumulation and the housing
+of large libraries. During his exile he built the
+library of S. Giorgio Maggiore at Venice, and
+after his return to Florence he formed three
+separate collections of MSS. While the hall
+of the Library of S. Marco was in process of
+construction, Niccolo de' Niccoli died, in 1437,
+bequeathing his 800 MSS., valued at 6000 golden
+florins, to sixteen trustees. Among these were
+Cosimo and Lorenzo de' Medici, Ambrogio Traversari,
+Lionardo Bruni, Carlo Marsuppini, Poggio
+Bracciolini, Giannozzo Manetti, and Franco Sachetti.
+At the same time the estate of Niccolo was compromised
+by heavy debts. These debts Cosimo
+cancelled, obtaining in exchange the right to dispose
+of the library. In 1441 the hall of the convent was
+finished. Four hundred of Niccolo's MSS. were
+placed there, with this inscription upon each: <i>Ex
+hereditate doctissimi viri Nicola de Nicolis de Florenti&acirc;</i>.
+Tommasso Parentucelli made a catalogue at Cosimo's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138"></a><a href="images/138.png">[138]</a></span>
+request, in which he not only noted the titles of
+Niccoli's books, but also marked the names of others
+wanting to complete the collection. This catalogue
+afterwards served as a guide to the founders of the
+libraries of Fiesole, Urbino, and Pesaro, and was,
+says Vespasiano, indispensable to book-collectors.
+Of the remaining 400 volumes Cosimo kept some
+for his own (the Medicean) library, and some he gave
+to his friends. At the same time he spared no pains
+to buy codices, while Vespasiano and Fra Giuliano
+Lapaccini were employed in copying rare MSS.
+As soon as Cosimo had finished building the
+Abbey of Fiesole, he set about providing this also
+with a library suited to the wants of learned ecclesiastics.
+Of the method he pursued, Vespasiano,
+who acted as his agent, has transmitted the following
+account:&mdash;"One day when I was in his room, he said
+to me, 'What plan can you recommend for the
+formation of this library?' I answered that to buy
+the books would be impossible, since they could not
+be purchased. 'What, then, do you propose?' he
+added. I told him that they must be copied. He
+then asked if I would undertake the business. I
+replied that I was willing. He bade me begin at
+my leisure, saying that he left all to me; and for the
+monies wanted day by day, he ordered that Don
+Arcangelo, at that time prior of the monastery,
+should draw cheques upon his bank, which should
+be honoured. After beginning the collection, since
+it was his will that it should be finished with all speed
+possible, and money was not lacking, I soon engaged
+forty-five copyists, and in twenty-two months provided<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139"></a><a href="images/139.png">[139]</a></span>
+two hundred volumes, following the admirable
+list furnished by Pope Nicholas V."'<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>'Cosimo's zeal for learning was not confined to the
+building of libraries or to book collecting. His
+palace formed the centre of a literary and philosophical
+Society, which united all the wits of Florence
+and the visitors who crowded to the capital of
+culture. Vespasiano states that "he was always the
+father and benefactor of those who showed any
+excellence." Distinguished by versatility of tastes
+and comprehensive intellect, he formed his own
+opinion of the men of eminence with whom he came
+in contact, and conversed with each upon his special
+subject. When giving audience to the scholars, he
+discoursed concerning letters; in the company of
+theologians he showed his acquaintance with theology,
+a branch of learning always studied by him with
+delight. So also with regard to philosophy.
+Astrologers found him well versed in their science,
+for he somewhat lent faith to astrology, and employed
+it on certain private occasions. Musicians in like
+manner perceived his mastery of music, wherein he
+much delighted. The same was true about sculpture
+and painting: both of these arts he understood completely,
+and showed great favour to all worthy
+craftsmen. In architecture he was a consummate
+judge, for without his opinion and advice no building
+was begun or carried to completion.'<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140"></a><a href="images/140.png">[140]</a></span></p><p>'Never was there a time in the world's history
+when money was spent more freely upon the collection
+and preservation of MSS. and when a more
+complete machinery was put in motion for the
+sake of securing literary treasures. Prince vied with
+prince, and eminent burgher with burgher, in buying
+books. The commercial correspondents of the
+Medici and other great Florentine houses, whose
+banks and discount offices extended over Europe
+and the Levant, were instructed to purchase relics
+of antiquity without regard for cost, and to forward
+them to Florence. The most acceptable present
+that could be sent to a king was a copy of a
+Roman Historian.'<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>'Among the friends of Cosimo, to whose personal
+influences at Florence the Revival of Learning owed
+a vigorous impulse, Niccolo de' Niccoli claims our
+attention.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;. His judgment in matters of style
+was so highly valued that it was usual for scholars to
+submit their essays to his eyes before they ventured
+upon publication.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;. Notwithstanding his fine
+sense of language, Niccolo never appeared before
+the world of letters as an author.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;. Certainly his
+reserve in an age noteworthy for display has tended
+to confer on him distinction. The position he
+occupied at Florence was that of a literary dictator.
+All who needed his assistance and advice were
+received with urbanity. He threw his house open to
+young men of parts, engaged in disputations with the
+curious, and provided the ill-educated with teachers.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141"></a><a href="images/141.png">[141]</a></span>
+Foreigners from all parts of Europe paid him visits.
+The strangers who came to Florence at that time, if
+they missed the opportunity of seeing him at home,
+thought they had not been in Florence. The house
+where he lived was worthy of his refined taste and
+cultivated judgment, for he had formed a museum of
+antiquities&mdash;inscriptions, marbles, coins, vases, and
+engraved gems. There he not only received students
+and strangers, but conversed with sculptors and
+painters, discussing their inventions as freely as he
+criticised the essays of the scholars.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;. Vespasiano's
+account of his personal habits presents so vivid a
+picture that I cannot refrain from translating it at
+length:&mdash;"First of all, he was of a most fair presence;
+lively, for a smile was ever on his lips, and very
+pleasant in his talk. He wore clothes of the fairest
+crimson cloth, down to the ground. He never
+married, in order that he might not be impeded in his
+studies. A housekeeper provided for his daily needs.
+He was, above all men, the most cleanly in eating, as
+also in all other things. When he sat at table, he ate
+from fair antique vases, and, in like manner, all his
+table was covered with porcelain and other vessels of
+great beauty. The cup from which he drank was of
+crystal, or of some other precious stone. To see him
+at table&mdash;a perfect model of the men of old&mdash;was of a
+truth a charming sight. He always willed that the
+napkins set before him should be of the whitest, as
+well as all the linen." .&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;. What distinguished
+Niccolo was the combination of refinement and
+humane breeding with open-handed generosity and
+devotion to the cause of culture. He knew how to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142"></a><a href="images/142.png">[142]</a></span>
+bring forward men of promise and place them in
+positions of eminence.'<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>'Lorenzo attracted to his villa the greatest
+scholars and most brilliant men of the time, a
+circle which included Poliziano, Landino, Ficino,
+Pico della Mirandola, Alberti, Pulci, and Michael
+Angelo. The interests of this circle, as of all similar
+Italian circles of the time, were largely absorbed in
+the philosophy and literature of Greece, and special
+attention was devoted to the teachings of Plato.
+Plato's writings were translated into Latin by Ficino,
+and the translation was printed in 1482, at the cost of
+Filippo Valvio. Ficino was too poor himself to
+undertake the publication of his works, and this was
+the case with not a few of the distinguished authors
+of the age. The presentation of books to the public
+required at this time what might be called the endowment
+of literature, and endowment which was supplied
+by the liberality of wealthy patrons possessed of
+literary appreciation or public-spirited ambition, or of
+both. As Symonds expresses it, "Great literary
+undertakings involved in that century the substantial
+assistance of wealthy men, whose liberality was
+rewarded by a notice in the colophon or in the
+title-page." The formal dedication was an invention
+of a somewhat later date.'<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>'Of Palla degli Strozzi's services in the cause of
+Greek learning I have already spoken. Beside the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143"></a><a href="images/143.png">[143]</a></span>
+invitation which he caused to be sent to Manuel
+Chrysoloras, he employed his wealth and influence in
+providing books necessary for the prosecution of
+Hellenic studies. "Messer Palla," says Vespasiano,
+"sent to Greece for countless volumes, all at his own
+cost. The <i>Cosmography</i> of Ptolemy, together with the
+picture made to illustrate it, the <i>Lives</i> of Plutarch,
+the works of Plato, and very many other writings
+of philosophers, he got from Constantinople. The
+<i>Politics</i> of Aristotle were not in Italy until Messer
+Palla sent for them; and when Messer Lionardo of
+Arezzo translated them, he had the copy from his
+hands." In the same spirit of practical generosity
+Palla degli Strozzi devoted his leisure and his
+energies to the improvement of the <i>studio pubblico</i>
+at Florence, giving it that character of humane culture
+which it retained throughout the age of the Renaissance.
+To him, again, belongs the glory of having first
+collected books for the express purpose of founding
+a public library. This project had occupied the mind
+of Petrarch, and its utility had been recognised by
+Coluccio de' Salutati, but no one had as yet arisen
+to accomplish it. "Being passionately fond of
+literature, Messer Palla always kept copyists in his
+own house and outside it, of the best who were in
+Florence, both for Greek and Latin books; and all
+the books he could find he purchased, on all subjects,
+being minded to found a most noble library in Santa
+Trinit&agrave;, and to erect there a most beautiful building
+for the purpose. He wished that it should be open
+to the public, and he chose Santa Trinit&agrave; because it
+was in the centre of Florence, a site of great convenience<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144"></a><a href="images/144.png">[144]</a></span>
+to everybody. His disasters supervened
+and what he had designed he could not execute."'<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>'Cosimo used to regret that "he had not begun to
+spend money upon public works ten years earlier
+than he did." Every costly building that bore his
+name, each library he opened to the public, and all
+the donations lavished upon scholars, served the
+double purpose of cementing the despotism of his
+house and of gratifying his personal enthusiasm for
+culture.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;. Of his generosity to men of letters, the
+most striking details are recorded. When Niccolo
+de' Niccoli ruined himself, Cosimo opened for him an
+unlimited credit with the Medicean bank.'<a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><span class="u"><i>The Dukes of Urbino.</i></span></h2>
+
+
+<p>'Mr. Roscoe has observed that "by no circumstance
+in the character of an individual is the love of
+literature so strongly evinced as by the propensity for
+collecting together the writings of illustrious scholars,
+and compressing the 'soul of ages past' within the
+narrow limits of a library." But it is not easy now to
+appreciate the obstacles attending such a pursuit in
+the age of Federigo. The science of bibliography can
+scarcely be said to have existed before the invention
+of printing, in consequence of the extreme difficulty
+of becoming acquainted with works of which there
+were but few copies, and these widely scattered,
+perhaps scarcely known. Great outlay was required,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145"></a><a href="images/145.png">[145]</a></span>
+either to search out or transcribe manuscripts, and
+even the laborious habits which then accompanied
+learning shrank from a task so beset by obstructions.
+Yet there was a bright exception in Thomas of
+Saranza, whose learning supplied the knowledge, and
+whose elevation to the triple tiara as Nicholas V. procured
+him the opportunities necessary for amassing a
+library. Not only did he found that of the Vatican,
+but he prepared for Cosimo, <i>Pater patrie</i>, a list of
+authors for the infant collection of S. Marco, at
+Florence, which, being recognised as a standard
+catalogue, was adopted by Count Federigo. The
+longer life allowed to the latter enabled him to
+outstrip these bibliomaniacs, and all contemporary
+accumulators, until the fame of his library stood
+unrivalled. Accordingly Ruscelli, in his <i>Imprese
+Illustri</i>, avers it to be "notorious that the earliest
+and most famous collection formed out of the ruins
+of antiquity was that of Urbino, from whence many
+excellent authors were edited, and copies supplied."'<a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>'In no respect did he look to expense; and whenever
+he learned the existence of any desirable book in
+Italy, or abroad, he sent for it without heeding the
+cost. His librarian, Vespasiano, wrote, "It is now
+above fourteen years since he began to make this
+collection, and he has ever since at Urbino, Florence,
+and elsewhere, thirty-four transcribers, and has
+resorted to every means requisite for amassing a
+famous and excellent library."'<a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146"></a><a href="images/146.png">[146]</a></span></p><hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>'To the right and left of the carriage entrance
+into the great courtyard, are two handsome saloons,
+each about forty-five feet by twenty-two, and twenty-three
+in height. That on the left contained the
+famous library of manuscripts collected by Count
+Federigo; the corresponding one received the printed
+books, which, gradually purchased by successive
+dukes, became under the last sovereign, a copious
+collection. Baldi, in his description of the palace,
+printed in Bianchini's work, dwells on the judicious
+adaptation of the former, its windows set high against
+the northern sky, admitting a subdued and steady
+light which invited to study; its air cool in summer,
+temperate in winter; its walls conveniently shelved;
+the character and objects of the place fittingly set
+forth in a series of rude hexameters inscribed on the
+cornices. Adjoining was a closet fitted up with
+inlaid and gilded panelling, beneath which Timoteo
+della Vite, a painter whose excellence we shall attest
+in our thirtieth chapter, depicted Minerva with her
+&aelig;gis, Apollo with his lyre, and the nine muses with
+their appropriate symbols. A similar small study
+was fitted up immediately over this one, set round
+with arm-chairs encircling a table, all mosaicked with
+<i>tarsia</i>, and carved by Maestro Giacomo of Florence,
+while on each compartment of the panelling was the
+portrait of some famous author, and an appropriate
+distich. One other article of furniture deserves
+special notice&mdash;a magnificent eagle of gilt bronze,
+serving as a lectern in the centre of the manuscript
+room. It was carried to Rome at the devolution of
+the duchy to the Holy See, but was rescued by Pope<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147"></a><a href="images/147.png">[147]</a></span>
+Clement XI. from the Vatican library, and restored
+to his native town, where it has long been used in the
+choir of the cathedral.'<a name="FNanchor_68_68" id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>'Of Francesco Maria's literary pursuits we have
+various pleasing memorials. Not satisfied with the
+valuable library of MSS. that had descended to him
+from the Feltrian dukes, he formed another of
+standard printed works. Indeed, he became an
+assiduous book-collector; and the letters of his
+librarian, Benedetto Benedetti, in the Oliveriana
+Library, are full of lists which his agents in Venice,
+Florence, and even Frankfort are urged to supply.
+In his own voluminous correspondence, we find
+constant offers from authors of dedications or copies
+of their productions, the tone of which is highly complimentary
+to his taste for letters. In 1603, the
+Archbishop of Monreale, in Spain, transmits him
+the regulations he proposed to prescribe in bequeathing
+his library to a seminary he had founded
+in his diocese, expressing a hope that they might
+prove useful to the Duke's collection, "at this moment
+without parallel in the world." Instead of quoting
+the vague testimony of courtly compliment, as to the
+use which this philosophic Prince made of these acquisitions,
+let us cite the brief records of his studies,
+preserved in his own Diary. In 1585, "terminated
+an inspection of the whole works of Aristotle, on
+which I have laboured no less than fifteen years,
+having had them generally read to me by Maestro
+Cesare Benedetti, of Pesaro."'<a name="FNanchor_69_69" id="FNanchor_69_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148"></a><a href="images/148.png">[148]</a></span></p><hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>'Francesco di Giorgio, in his <i>Treatise on Architecture</i>,
+mentions Duke Federigo as holding out
+inducements for the learned men at his court to
+illustrate the works of classic authors on architecture
+and sculpture. But no testimony to his literary habits
+can be more satisfactory than that of his librarian,
+Vespasiano, to the following purpose. The Duke
+was a ready Latin scholar, and extremely fond of
+ancient history. As a logician he had attained considerable
+aptitude, having studied Aristotle's <i>Ethics</i>
+along with Maestro Lazzaro, a famous theologian,
+who became Bishop of Urbino, discussing with him
+the most intricate passages. By the like process he
+mastered the Stagirite's politics, physics, and other
+treatises; and having acquired more philosophy than
+any contemporary prince, his thirst for new sources of
+knowledge induced him to devote himself to theology
+with equal zeal. The principal works of St. Thomas
+Aquinas and Duns Scotus were habitually read to
+him; he preferred the former as more clear, but
+admitted that the latter displayed more subtlety in
+argument. He was well acquainted with the Bible,
+as well as the commentaries of Saints Ambrose,
+Jerome, Augustine, and Gregory; also with the writings
+of the Greek fathers, such as Saints Basil, Chrysostom,
+Gregory Naziazen, Nicetas, Athanasius, and
+Cyril. Among the classic authors whom he was in
+the habit of reading or listening to were Livy,
+Sallust, Quintus Curtius, Justin, C&aelig;sar, Plutarch,
+&AElig;lius Spartianus, &AElig;mylius Protus, Tacitus,
+Suetonius, Eusebius. All men of letters visiting
+Urbino were hospitably entertained, and several<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149"></a><a href="images/149.png">[149]</a></span>
+were always attached to his court. His largesses to
+such were at all times liberal. He spent above 1500
+ducats in this way when at Florence, and remitted
+similar bounties to Rome and Naples. He gave 1000
+ducats to the learned Campano, professor of belles-lettres
+at Perugia in 1455, who aided him in collecting
+ancient MSS., and became Bishop of Teramo.'<a name="FNanchor_70_70" id="FNanchor_70_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><span class='u'><i>Pieresc.</i></span></h2>
+
+
+<p>'When any library was to be sold by public outcry,
+he took care to buy the best books, especially
+if they were of some neat edition that he did not
+already possess. He bound his books in red morocco,
+with his cypher or initials in gold. One binder
+always lived in the house, and sometimes several
+were employed at once "when the books came
+rolling in on every side."' 'Your house and library'
+(says the dedication of a book to Pieresc) 'are a
+firmament wherein the stars of learning shine; the
+desks are lit with starlight, and the books are in
+constellations, and you sit like the sun in the midst,
+embracing and giving light to them all.' 'The
+library is to be open to all the world without the
+exception of any living soul; readers were to
+be supplied with chairs and writing materials, and
+the attendants will fetch all books required in any
+language or department of learning, and will change
+them as often as is necessary.'<a name="FNanchor_71_71" id="FNanchor_71_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150"></a><a href="images/150.png">[150]</a></span></p><hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>'Bouchard states, in his funeral oration on Pieresc,
+"To this his shop and storehouse of wisdom and
+virtue, Peireskius did not only courteously admit all
+travellers, studious of art and learning, opening to
+them all the treasures of his library, but he would
+keep them there a long time, with free and liberal
+entertainment; and at their departure, would give
+them books, coins, and other things, which seemed
+most suitable to their studies; also he freely gave
+them at his own expense, whatever things they
+wanted, most liberally, even as to all other learned
+men, who were absent, and whose names he had
+only heard of; whatever he had among his books
+or relics of antiquity, which he thought might
+assist them in their writings, he would send it them of
+his own accord, not only without their desiring the
+same, but many times when they were ignorant of
+such things.'<a name="FNanchor_72_72" id="FNanchor_72_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><span class="u"><i>Mr. Ruskin's Advice.</i></span></h2>
+
+
+<p>'I say first we have despised literature. What do
+we, as a nation, care about books? How much do
+you think we spend altogether on our libraries, public or
+private, as compared with what we spend on our horses?
+If a man spends lavishly on his library, you call him
+mad&mdash;a biblio-maniac. But you never call any one a
+horse maniac, though men ruin themselves every day
+by their horses, and you do not hear of people ruining
+themselves by their books. Or, to go lower still,
+how much do you think the bookshelves of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151"></a><a href="images/151.png">[151]</a></span>
+United Kingdom, public and private, would fetch, as
+compared with the contents of its wine-cellars?
+What position would its expenditure on literature
+take as compared with its expenditure on luxurious
+eating? We talk of food for the mind, as of food for
+the body: now a good book contains such food inexhaustibly;
+it is a provision for life, and for the best
+part of us; yet how long most people would look at
+the best book before they would give the price of a
+large turbot for it!'<a name="FNanchor_73_73" id="FNanchor_73_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a></p>
+
+<p>'It will be long yet before that comes to pass.
+Nevertheless, I hope it will not be long before royal
+or national libraries will be founded in every considerable
+city, with a royal series of books in them;
+the same series in every one of them, chosen books,
+the best in every kind, prepared for that national
+series in the most perfect way possible; their text
+printed all on leaves of equal size, broad of margin, and
+divided into pleasant volumes, light in the hand,
+beautiful and strong, and thorough as examples of
+binder's work.'<a href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a></p>
+
+<p>'I could shape for you other plans, for art galleries
+and for natural history galleries, and for many precious,
+many, it seems to me, needful things; but this
+book plan is the easiest and needfullest, and would
+prove a considerable tonic to what we call our British
+constitution, which has fallen dropsical of late, and
+has an evil thirst, and evil hunger, and wants healthier
+feeding. You have got its Corn Laws repealed for
+it; try if you cannot get Corn Laws established for
+it dealing in a better bread&mdash;bread made of that old<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152"></a><a href="images/152.png">[152]</a></span>
+enchanted Arabian grain, the Sesame, which opens
+doors, doors, not of robbers', but of kings' treasuries.'<a name="FNanchor_74_74" id="FNanchor_74_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>'Whatever the hold which the aristocracy of
+England has on the heart of England, in that they
+are still always in front of her battles, this hold will
+not be enough, unless they are also in front of her
+thoughts.'<a name="FNanchor_75_75" id="FNanchor_75_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>'But it is not gold that you want to gather!
+What is it? Greenbacks? No; not those neither.
+What is it then&mdash;is it ciphers after a capital I?
+Cannot you practise writing ciphers, and write as
+many as you want? Write ciphers for an hour every
+morning, in a big book, and say every evening, I am
+worth all those noughts more than I was yesterday.
+Won't that do? Well, what in the name of Plutus
+is it you want? Not gold, not greenbacks, not ciphers
+after a capital I? You will have to answer after all,
+"No; we want, somehow or other, money's <i>worth</i>."
+Well, what is that? Let your Goddess of Getting-on
+discover it, and let her learn to stay therein.'<a name="FNanchor_76_76" id="FNanchor_76_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>'And the entire object of true education is to
+make people not merely <i>do</i> the right things, but <i>enjoy</i>
+the right things&mdash;not merely industrious, but to love
+industry&mdash;not merely learned, but to love knowledge&mdash;not
+merely pure, but to love purity&mdash;not merely just,
+but to hunger and thirst after justice.'<a name="FNanchor_77_77" id="FNanchor_77_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153"></a><a href="images/153.png">[153]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<div class='center'><h2>INDEX</h2></div>
+
+
+<div class='unindent'>
+Abbotsford Library Catalogue, printed by Maitland Club, <a href="#Page_80">80</a><br />
+
+Abbotsford Library, impressions of, <a href="#Page_80">80</a><br />
+
+Accessions, on placing, <a href="#Page_89">89</a><br />
+
+Acland, Sir H., the 'Radcliffe' bookcase, <a href="#Page_113">113</a><br />
+
+Addison, Essay on 'My Lady's Library,' <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br />
+
+Addison's picture of 'Tom Folio,' <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br />
+
+Advertisements, which to distrust, <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br />
+
+<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'Aelius'">&AElig;lius</ins>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a><br />
+
+<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'Aemylius'">&AElig;mylius</ins> Protus, <a href="#Page_148">148</a><br />
+
+Agabito, librarian to the Duke of Urbino, <a href="#Page_119">119</a><br />
+
+Albemarle, Duke of, <a href="#Page_78">78</a><br />
+
+Alberti, <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br />
+
+Ambrose, St., <a href="#Page_148">148</a><br />
+
+American tables, <a href="#Page_104">104</a><br />
+
+Angelo, Michael, <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br />
+
+Angling books, <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br />
+
+Anonymous Literature, how to catalogue, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a><br />
+
+<i>Anthrenus varius</i>, bookboring insect, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br />
+
+Apollo Library, <a href="#Page_135">135</a><br />
+
+Appliances for the library, <a href="#Page_103">103</a><br />
+
+Aquinas, St. Thomas, <a href="#Page_148">148</a><br />
+
+Arcangelo, Don, <a href="#Page_138">138</a><br />
+
+<i>Archaic Dictionary</i>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a><br />
+
+<i>Architecture</i>, by Vitruvius, <a href="#Page_119">119</a><br />
+
+Aristotle, Inspection of the works of, <a href="#Page_147">147</a><br />
+
+Aristotle's <i>Politics</i>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a><br />
+
+Athanasius, St., <a href="#Page_148">148</a><br />
+
+Augustine, St., <a href="#Page_148">148</a><br />
+
+Augustus, Emperor, author and booklover, <a href="#Page_135">135</a><br />
+
+Austen, J., <i>Northanger Abbey</i>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br />
+
+Author, the, <a href="#Page_3">3</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; whims and fancies of, <a href="#Page_3">3</a><br />
+
+Autograph letters, how to catalogue, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br />
+
+<br />
+Bacon, Lord, <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; his retreat at Gorhambury, <a href="#Page_107">107</a><br />
+
+Bacon's <i>Natural History</i>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; <i>Organon</i>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br />
+
+Baker's <i>Chronicle</i>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br />
+
+Baldi's description of a Florentine palace, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a><br />
+
+Balfour, Mr., advice on reading, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br />
+
+Barclay, A., <i>Ship of Fools</i>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br />
+
+Basil, St., <a href="#Page_148">148</a><br />
+
+Beauchamp, Guy, earl of Warwick, Library of early romances, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br />
+
+Beauclerk, T., <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; Library of, in Great Russell Street, <a href="#Page_107">107</a><br />
+
+Bedford, Duke of, and Charles V.'s Library, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br />
+
+Beecher, H. W., on reading, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br />
+
+Benedetti, B., Book lists of, <a href="#Page_147">147</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; librarian to Francesco Maria, <a href="#Page_147">147</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; C., of Pesaro, <a href="#Page_147">147</a><br />
+
+Beyle, Henri, Pseudonyms used by, <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br />
+
+Bianchini's works, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a><br />
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154"></a><a href="images/154.png">[154]</a></span>Bible, <a href="#Page_148">148</a><br />
+
+Bibliography, Science of, when commenced, <a href="#Page_144">144</a><br />
+
+Bibliomaniacs, Great, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br />
+
+Blackie, J. S., on reading, <a href="#Page_32">32</a><br />
+
+<i>Blackwood's Magazine</i>, Extracts from, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a><br />
+
+Blades, W., <i>Enemies of Books</i>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; on the handling of books, <a href="#Page_22">22</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; on the preservation of books, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br />
+
+<i>Blatta Australasia</i>, a bookboring cockroach, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br />
+
+Bookbinding, <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; and the bookbinder, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; colour, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; Covers, what to choose, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; errors of taste, <a href="#Page_56">56</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; gilding, <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; Good, what is fatal to, <a href="#Page_97">97</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; leather, kind to choose, <a href="#Page_54">54</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; lettering, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; marbling, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; provincial, <a href="#Page_7">7</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; style and colour of, <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; style, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; the, remarks on, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; what is good and bad, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br />
+
+Books, accidentally destroyed, <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; arranging, difficulty of, <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; care of, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; maxims for, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; classification of, <a href="#Page_87">87</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; commonplace, <a href="#Page_38">38</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; contents of, how to master the, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; counterfeit, <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; dusting, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; enemies of, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; binding, fifteenth-century, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; handling, <a href="#Page_22">22</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; housing of, <a href="#Page_100">100</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; metal bosses on, desks for, <a href="#Page_106">106</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; packing, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash;&mdash; Rare and handsome, <a href="#Page_89">89</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash;&mdash; Reference, <a href="#Page_89">89</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; Rare, what constitutes, <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash;&mdash; Why so called, <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; How to read, <a href="#Page_32">32</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; Recommending, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; Reference, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash;&mdash; List of good, <a href="#Page_44">44</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash;&mdash; On placing, <a href="#Page_89">89</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash;&mdash; Uses of, <a href="#Page_43">43</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; Repairing, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; Restoring, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; Ruined, how often, <a href="#Page_7">7</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; Shelfmarking, <a href="#Page_93">93</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; Sizes of, as decided upon by the Associated Librarians of Great Britain, <a href="#Page_98">98</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; Suppressed, <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; Treatment of, <a href="#Page_108">108</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; Valueless, <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br />
+
+Bookcase, the 'Radcliffe' iron, <a href="#Page_113">113</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; revolving, <a href="#Page_105">105</a><br />
+
+Bookcases, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; at Trinity College, Cambridge, <a href="#Page_102">102</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; beautiful specimens of, <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; for rare and beautiful books, &amp;c., <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; glass doors undesirable, <a href="#Page_100">100</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; height of, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; in bedrooms, <a href="#Page_38">38</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; lettering and numbering, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; shelves covered with padded leather, <a href="#Page_100">100</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; Tonks' patent fittings advisable, <a href="#Page_95">95</a><br />
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155"></a><a href="images/155.png">[155]</a></span>Book-collecting, Revival in, at Florence, <a href="#Page_140">140</a><br />
+
+Book collectors, early, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; collectors of the eighteenth century, <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; hobbies, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; readers, two classes, <a href="#Page_34">34</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; screen, <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br />
+
+Bookshelves, <a href="#Page_130">130</a><br />
+
+Book support, metal, <a href="#Page_106">106</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; values, <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; how to determine, <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br />
+
+Booksellers, Old London, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br />
+
+Bookworm, The, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br />
+
+Bordesley Abbey, and the Earl of Warwick's Library, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br />
+
+Boston Public Library, Roxbury Branch, dimensions of book-room, <a href="#Page_113">113</a><br />
+
+Boswell, <i>Life of Johnson</i>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a><br />
+
+Boudoir bindings, pretty effects of, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; libraries, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; library catalogue, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br />
+
+Bowen, on <i>Novel Reading</i>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a><br />
+
+Bracciolini, Poggio, <a href="#Page_137">137</a><br />
+
+Bradshaw, H., the Cambridge University Librarian, <a href="#Page_117">117</a><br />
+
+Braybrooke, Lord, his collection of county histories, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br />
+
+British Museum Library Catalogue, <a href="#Page_85">85</a><br />
+
+<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'Bront&egrave;'">Bront&euml;</ins>, C., <i>Jane Eyre</i>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a><br />
+
+Bruni, <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'Lionardi'">Lionardo</ins>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a><br />
+
+Buchanan, G., <a href="#Page_117">117</a><br />
+
+Buckram binding, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br />
+
+Buffalo Bug, or Carpet Bug, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br />
+
+Burke, on reading, <a href="#Page_31">31</a><br />
+
+Bustle tails, bookboring insects, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br />
+
+Butler's <i>Hudibras</i>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br />
+
+<br />
+C&aelig;sar, <a href="#Page_148">148</a><br />
+
+<i>Cambridge University</i>, <i>History of</i>, by Willis and Clark, <a href="#Page_120">120</a><br />
+
+Campano, Bishop of Teramo, <a href="#Page_149">149</a><br />
+
+Campion, Hanmer and Spencer's History of Ireland, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br />
+
+Care of books, On the, <a href="#Page_15">15</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; Maxims to be learned, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br />
+
+Carlyle, on a library catalogue, <a href="#Page_81">81</a><br />
+
+Carpet Bug, or Buffalo Bug, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br />
+
+Casaubon, among his books, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br />
+
+Catalogue, a fifteenth-century, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; Alphabetical system, advantages of, <a href="#Page_86">86</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; Classification of the, <a href="#Page_82">82</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; Sectional, Lord Crawford's, <a href="#Page_83">83</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; The, <a href="#Page_81">81</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; The, alphabetical arrangement of, <a href="#Page_81">81</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; The, classified system, advantages of, <a href="#Page_86">86</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; The, cross-references, <a href="#Page_85">85</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; The, how not to make, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; The, expert advice on, <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; The, rules to be observed, <a href="#Page_85">85</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; The, subjects, classification of, <a href="#Page_86">86</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; The, preparing titles, <a href="#Page_87">87</a><br />
+
+Chairs, Library, <a href="#Page_104">104</a><br />
+
+Charles V. of France, library of, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br />
+
+Chaucer, Speght's edition (1602), <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br />
+
+Chippendale, bookcase designs by, <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br />
+
+Chrysoloras, M., <a href="#Page_143">143</a><br />
+
+Chrysostom, St., <a href="#Page_148">148</a><br />
+
+<i>Clarissa Harlowe</i>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br />
+
+Clark, J. W., on the position of the library, <a href="#Page_119">119</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; Student-life of the past, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br />
+
+Classic authors, list of, <a href="#Page_148">148</a><br />
+
+Classics, no suitable edition in England as in France, <a href="#Page_1">1</a><br />
+
+Classification, <a href="#Page_81">81</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; of books, <a href="#Page_87">87</a><br />
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156"></a><a href="images/156.png">[156]</a></span>Clement XI., Pope, and the eagle lectern, <a href="#Page_147">147</a><br />
+
+Clement, D., <i>Biblioth&egrave;que curieuse</i>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br />
+
+Clement, D., on degrees of rarity, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a><br />
+
+Colet, among his books, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br />
+
+Collected editions, how to catalogue, <a href="#Page_94">94</a><br />
+
+Commonplace books, <a href="#Page_38">38</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; books, simplest form of, <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br />
+
+Compositor, the, <a href="#Page_3">3</a><br />
+
+Condition, as affecting the price of books, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br />
+
+<i>Consuelo</i>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a><br />
+
+Consumer, the, <a href="#Page_3">3</a><br />
+
+Cosimo's generosity to men of letters, <a href="#Page_144">144</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; Medicean library, <a href="#Page_138">138</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; plan of the formation of a library, <a href="#Page_138">138</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; versatility and comprehensive intellect, <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; zeal for learning, <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br />
+
+Cotton's library, dimensions of, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br />
+
+Counterfeit books, <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br />
+
+County collections, what should be aimed at, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; Histories, on collecting, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br />
+
+Courthope's edition of Pope, <a href="#Page_3">3</a><br />
+
+Crawford, Lord, Ballad catalogue, <a href="#Page_83">83</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; Collection of books, pamphlets, ballads, &amp;c., <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; Sectional catalogue, <a href="#Page_83">83</a><br />
+
+Cross-references, when to make, <a href="#Page_85">85</a><br />
+
+Cunningham, P., edition of Walpole's letters, <a href="#Page_3">3</a><br />
+
+Curiosities, arrangement of, in library, <a href="#Page_122">122</a><br />
+
+Cyril, St., <a href="#Page_148">148</a><br />
+
+<br />
+Damp, an enemy to books, <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br />
+
+De Maistre's <i>Journey Round my Room</i>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br />
+
+Dennistoun's <i>Memoirs of the Dukes of Urbino</i>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a><br />
+
+Desk, standing, <a href="#Page_105">105</a><br />
+
+Dictionaries, use of, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br />
+
+<i>Dives et Pauper</i>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br />
+
+Drawings, safe keeping of, <a href="#Page_106">106</a><br />
+
+Duns Scotus, <a href="#Page_148">148</a><br />
+
+Dusting of books, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a><br />
+
+<br />
+Edis' <i>Decoration and Furniture of Town Houses</i>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a><br />
+
+&Eacute;ditions de luxe, <a href="#Page_3">3</a><br />
+
+Education, What is? <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br />
+
+Edwards, <i>Memoirs of Libraries</i>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; on bookcases, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br />
+
+Elizabethan Poetry, catalogue of, <a href="#Page_83">83</a><br />
+
+Ellwanger's <i>Story of my House</i>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a><br />
+
+Elton, <i>Great Book Collectors</i>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a><br />
+
+Elwin's edition of Pope, <a href="#Page_3">3</a><br />
+
+Enemies of books, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a><br />
+
+Erasmus, among his books, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br />
+
+Eusebius, <a href="#Page_148">148</a><br />
+
+Evelyn's directions for gathering a library, <a href="#Page_78">78</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; Letter to Pepys on the Seventeenth Century libraries, <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br />
+
+Eversley Rectory armchair, <a href="#Page_105">105</a><br />
+
+<br />
+Faceti&aelig;, on placing, <a href="#Page_89">89</a><br />
+
+Family papers, how to catalogue, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br />
+
+Farnaby, T., <i>Index Rhetoricus</i>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br />
+
+Federigo, Count, famous library of MSS., <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; Duke, Literary habits of, <a href="#Page_148">148</a><br />
+
+Feltrian dukes, MSS., <a href="#Page_147">147</a><br />
+
+Fergusson's <i>Architecture</i>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a><br />
+
+Ficino, Translator of Plato, <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br />
+
+Fiction Library, how to arrange, <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br />
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157"></a><a href="images/157.png">[157]</a></span>Fiesole, Abbey of, on building a library at, <a href="#Page_138">138</a><br />
+
+Fiesole Abbey, Library of, <a href="#Page_138">138</a><br />
+
+Fifteenth Century Library Catalogue, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br />
+
+Fine Copy? What is a, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br />
+
+First Edition Craze, fight against, <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br />
+
+Fish Bugs, bookboring insects, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br />
+
+Florence, Revival in learning at, <a href="#Page_140">140</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; <i>Studio Pubblico</i>, Improvement of the, <a href="#Page_143">143</a><br />
+
+Florentine Library, Description of a great, <a href="#Page_110">110</a><br />
+
+Floriculture, on collecting books on, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br />
+
+'Foxed' Book, A, <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br />
+
+Foxhounds in England, <a href="#Page_135">135</a><br />
+
+Francesco Maria's literary pursuits, <a href="#Page_147">147</a><br />
+
+Froude, W., The 'Radcliffe' bookcase, <a href="#Page_113">113</a><br />
+
+Fuller, T., on memory and note-books, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br />
+
+<br />
+Gas, an enemy to books, <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br />
+
+Genealogical books, rise in price of, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br />
+
+Getting-on, Goddess of, <a href="#Page_152">152</a><br />
+
+Gibbon, Edward, <a href="#Page_1">1</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; library catalogue, <a href="#Page_83">83</a><br />
+
+Gilbey, Sir W., sporting books, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br />
+
+Gilding, Advice on, <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br />
+
+Giorgio, F. di, <i>Treatise on Architecture</i>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a><br />
+
+Gladstone, W. E., <i>Books, and the Housing of them</i>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; <i>Gladstone in the Evening of his Days</i>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; on library shelves, <a href="#Page_96">96</a><br />
+
+Gladstone's Temple of Peace, Tables in, <a href="#Page_104">104</a><br />
+
+Glastonbury, Treasures at, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br />
+
+'Globe' edition of English classics, <a href="#Page_2">2</a><br />
+
+Goldsmith Chair, The, <a href="#Page_105">105</a><br />
+
+Good Edition, how to make, <a href="#Page_3">3</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; What is a, <a href="#Page_1">1</a><br />
+
+Gosse, E., Library Catalogue, <a href="#Page_83">83</a><br />
+
+Gregory, St., <a href="#Page_148">148</a><br />
+
+Greek Fathers, writings of, <a href="#Page_148">148</a><br />
+
+Greenbacks, <a href="#Page_152">152</a><br />
+
+Guidobaldo I., Library Rules, <a href="#Page_118">118</a><br />
+
+<br />
+Haigh Hall, Ballad Catalogue at, <a href="#Page_83">83</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; Library Catalogue, who compiled by, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br />
+
+Hallam's <i>Literary History</i>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a><br />
+
+Hamerton, Philip G., Advice on reading, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br />
+
+Harding's <i>Chronicle</i>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br />
+
+Hart, Dr. E., on books in bedrooms, <a href="#Page_38">38</a><br />
+
+Hawarden Library annexe, <a href="#Page_107">107</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; Cost of, <a href="#Page_113">113</a><br />
+
+Heat, an enemy to books, <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br />
+
+Heppelwhite, Bookcase design by, <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br />
+
+Hill, B., Edition of Boswell's Johnson, <a href="#Page_3">3</a><br />
+
+Howard, Sir J., Library of, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br />
+
+'Humanity Room' at Hawarden, <a href="#Page_109">109</a><br />
+
+Humphrey, Duke, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br />
+
+<br />
+Ireland, History of, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br />
+
+Ink Maker, The, <a href="#Page_3">3</a><br />
+
+<br />
+Jerome, St., <a href="#Page_148">148</a><br />
+
+Jessopp, Dr., Library annexe of, <a href="#Page_107">107</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; on old libraries, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br />
+
+Johnson, Dr., careless with his books, <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; Life of, <a href="#Page_3">3</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; on knowledge, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; on the editions of <i>Thomas &agrave; Kempis</i>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br />
+
+Johnson's <i>Dictionary</i>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a><br />
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158"></a><a href="images/158.png">[158]</a></span>Justin, <a href="#Page_148">148</a><br />
+
+<br />
+Kerr's <i><ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'Gentlemen's'">Gentleman's</ins> House</i>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a><br />
+
+Knowledge, On. Extract from the <i>Spectator</i>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; Two kinds of, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br />
+
+<br />
+Lady's Library, how arranged, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br />
+
+Lamb, choice of books, <a href="#Page_34">34</a><br />
+
+Lampson, L., Rowfant Library Catalogue, <a href="#Page_83">83</a><br />
+
+Landino, <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br />
+
+Lang, A., remarks on the 'binder,' <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; on the care of books, <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br />
+
+<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'Lapaccim'">Lapaccini</ins>, Fra G., a MS. copyist, <a href="#Page_138">138</a><br />
+
+Large-paper copies, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a><br />
+
+Larousse's <i>Grand Dictionnaire</i>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a><br />
+
+Leather for binding, <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br />
+
+Lectern, an historic eagle, <a href="#Page_146">146</a><br />
+
+Leighton, J., <i>Book-plate Annual</i>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; Careless handling of books, <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br />
+
+Leland, C. G., on <i>Mending and Repairing</i>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; Glastonbury treasures, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br />
+
+Leonora's library, how arranged, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br />
+
+<i>Lepisma Saccharina</i>, <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'bookbinding'">bookboring</ins> insects, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br />
+
+<i>L'Escholle des Filles</i>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br />
+
+Librarian, A, <a href="#Page_115">115</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; Qualifications of a good, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; The motto of a good, <a href="#Page_118">118</a><br />
+
+Libraries, Classification of headings of, <a href="#Page_94">94</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; in country houses, lamentable condition of, <a href="#Page_15">15</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; Old country, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; XIIth century, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; XIIIth century, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; XVIIth century, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; Suite of, <a href="#Page_121">121</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; Public, Originator of, <a href="#Page_143">143</a><br />
+
+<i>Library, <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'Th'">The</ins></i> Extract from, <a href="#Page_150">150</a><br />
+
+Library, Appliances for the, <a href="#Page_103">103</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; The, architecturally, <a href="#Page_119">119</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; arrangement, On, <a href="#Page_91">91</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; Arrangement of, two plans, <a href="#Page_121">121</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; Artistic treatment of the, <a href="#Page_122">122</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; Aspect for the, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; An economic, <a href="#Page_133">133</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; Curiosities in, <a href="#Page_22">22</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; Decorations of the, <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; Enemy of the, <a href="#Page_120">120</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; fireplace, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; intercommunication, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; On heating, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; On lighting, <a href="#Page_120">120</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; Portable, Composition of a, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; Position of the, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; rules, <a href="#Page_118">118</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; Study attached to the, <a href="#Page_127">127</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; Windows in the, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; annexe, The, <a href="#Page_106">106</a><br />
+
+<i>Library Association Report</i>, 1878, <a href="#Page_115">115</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; <i>Journal</i>, Reference to, <a href="#Page_91">91</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; American, <a href="#Page_117">117</a><br />
+
+Lionardo, M., translator of Aristotle's <i>Politics</i>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a><br />
+
+Lippincott's <i>Biographical Dictionary</i>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a><br />
+
+Livy, <a href="#Page_148">148</a><br />
+
+Lockhart, <i>Life of Sir W. Scott</i>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a><br />
+
+Lorenzo and his literary circle, <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br />
+
+Lucullus' vast collection of books, <a href="#Page_135">135</a><br />
+
+<br />
+Macaulay, private libraries in 1685, <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; <i>State of England in 1685</i>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br />
+
+Magazines, How to bind, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br />
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159"></a><a href="images/159.png">[159]</a></span>Maggliabecchi, Anecdote of, <a href="#Page_116">116</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; his abnormal knowledge of books, <a href="#Page_115">115</a><br />
+
+Manetti, Giannozzo, <a href="#Page_137">137</a><br />
+
+Manuscripts, How to catalogue, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; collecting and preserving at Florence, <a href="#Page_140">140</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; Collection of ancient, <a href="#Page_149">149</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; Famous library of, <a href="#Page_110">110</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; of the Feltrian dukes, <a href="#Page_147">147</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; Urbino's library of, <a href="#Page_146">146</a><br />
+
+Marbling, what to choose, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br />
+
+Marryat, original binding of his novels, <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br />
+
+Marsuppini, Carlo, <a href="#Page_137">137</a><br />
+
+Maxwell, Sir H., advice on reading, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br />
+
+Medicean Library, <a href="#Page_138">138</a><br />
+
+Medici, Cosimo de', on housing of large libraries, <a href="#Page_137">137</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; The, and their friends, <a href="#Page_137">137</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; Lorenzo de', <a href="#Page_137">137</a><br />
+
+Memory and note-books, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br />
+
+Mending and repairing, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br />
+
+Middleton Cheney, Library annexe at, <a href="#Page_107">107</a><br />
+
+Mirandola, P. della, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br />
+
+Monastic libraries, Old, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br />
+
+Monmouth rebellion, romances on, <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br />
+
+Monreale, Archbishop of, <a href="#Page_147">147</a><br />
+
+Morocco leather, kind to choose, <a href="#Page_54">54</a><br />
+
+Munificent book-buying, <a href="#Page_133">133</a><br />
+
+Murray's <i>Dictionary</i>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; <i>Magazine</i>, on county histories, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br />
+
+Music, How to bind, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br />
+
+<br />
+Napoleon, on the composition of a portable library, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; a lover of small books, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; and novel-reading, <a href="#Page_38">38</a><br />
+
+Nares' <i>Glossary</i>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a><br />
+
+Natural history, on collecting books on, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br />
+
+Naud&eacute;, G., <i>Avis pour dresser une Biblioth&egrave;que</i>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br />
+
+<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'Nazianzen'">Naziazen</ins>Naziazen, St. Gregory, <a href="#Page_148">148</a><br />
+
+Niccoli, N. de', Home life and habits of, <a href="#Page_141">141</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; literary dictator at Florence, <a href="#Page_140">140</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; to whom he bequeathed his library, <a href="#Page_137">137</a><br />
+
+Nicetas, <a href="#Page_148">148</a><br />
+
+Nicholas V. Pope, Book list of, <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br />
+
+<i>Nineteenth Century</i>, Extracts from the, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a><br />
+
+Nordau, millionaires in England, <a href="#Page_133">133</a><br />
+
+North, Dr. John, his book-loving habits, <a href="#Page_8">8</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; Dr. J., Library of, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; Life of, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br />
+
+North's <i>Lives of the Norths</i>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a><br />
+
+Notes, Suggestions on taking, <a href="#Page_41">41</a><br />
+
+Novel-reading, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; lecture on, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a><br />
+
+Novels, how to bind, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br />
+
+<br />
+Octavia Library, <a href="#Page_135">135</a><br />
+
+Oldys, W., <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br />
+
+Oliveriana Library, <a href="#Page_147">147</a><br />
+
+Oxford, Lord, <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; University of. Duke Humphrey's collection of illuminated treasures, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br />
+
+<br />
+Pamphlets, how to bind, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; how to catalogue, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a><br />
+
+Paper, coloured, <a href="#Page_13">13</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; fine, <a href="#Page_13">13</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; hand-made, <a href="#Page_8">8</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; Japanese vellum, <a href="#Page_8">8</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; vellum, <a href="#Page_13">13</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; knives, <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br />
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160"></a><a href="images/160.png">[160]</a></span>&mdash;&mdash; maker, the, <a href="#Page_3">3</a><br />
+
+Parentucelli, T., Catalogue of S. Marco Library, <a href="#Page_137">137</a><br />
+
+Parker's <i>Domestic Architecture</i>, Reference to, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br />
+
+Paston <i>Letters</i>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br />
+
+Pattison, Mark, a type of a scholar, <a href="#Page_134">134</a><br />
+
+Payn, J., on the best hundred books, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br />
+
+Pembroke, Earl of, <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br />
+
+Pepys' books, how numbered and titled, <a href="#Page_78">78</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; book presses, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; book presses at Magdalene College, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; Collection of Ballads, &amp;c., <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; Diary, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, &amp;c.<br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; library catalogue, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; library catalogue, classification of, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; a lover of books, <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; manuscripts, <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; single sheets, <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br />
+
+Periodicals, Unbound, on placing, <a href="#Page_89">89</a><br />
+
+Pesaro, Library of, <a href="#Page_138">138</a><br />
+
+Petrarch, project of a public library, <a href="#Page_143">143</a><br />
+
+Phillips, W., anecdote of George Sumner, <a href="#Page_116">116</a><br />
+
+Pickering, Publications issued by, <a href="#Page_4">4</a><br />
+
+Pieresc, and his books, <a href="#Page_149">149</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; Funeral oration on, <a href="#Page_150">150</a><br />
+
+Plato, Teachings of, <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br />
+
+Plato's Works, <a href="#Page_143">143</a><br />
+
+Plutarch, <a href="#Page_148">148</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; on Lucullus' Library, <a href="#Page_135">135</a><br />
+
+Plutarch's <i>Lives</i>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a><br />
+
+Poetical Concordances, <a href="#Page_44">44</a><br />
+
+Poliziano, <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br />
+
+Poole, Mr., on enemies to books, <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br />
+
+Pope, 'Globe' edition of, <a href="#Page_2">2</a><br />
+
+Pope's Works, the edition of Courthope and Elwin, <a href="#Page_3">3</a><br />
+
+Preservation of book covers, A recipe for, <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br />
+
+Pressman, The, <a href="#Page_3">3</a><br />
+
+Priceus, <i>Defensio Hist. Brit.</i>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br />
+
+Printer, The, <a href="#Page_3">3</a><br />
+
+Prints, safe keeping of, <a href="#Page_106">106</a><br />
+
+Private Library, divisions or classification of a, <a href="#Page_89">89</a><br />
+
+<i>Psalms</i>, French, <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br />
+
+Pseudonyms, how to catalogue, <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br />
+
+Publisher, The, <a href="#Page_3">3</a><br />
+
+Pulci, <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br />
+
+Putnam's <i>Books and their Makers</i>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br />
+
+Ptolemy's <i>Cosmography</i>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a><br />
+
+<br />
+Quintus Curtius, <a href="#Page_148">148</a><br />
+
+Quotations, Dictionary of, <a href="#Page_44">44</a><br />
+
+<br />
+Radcliffe bookcases, cost of, <a href="#Page_114">114</a><br />
+
+Rare books, what constitutes, <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; why so called, <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br />
+
+Rarity as affecting the price of books, <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br />
+
+Rawlinson, T., <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br />
+
+Reader, The, <a href="#Page_3">3</a><br />
+
+Reading, The art of, <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; literature on, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; seat, <a href="#Page_96">96</a><br />
+
+Record, unpublished, advisability of typing, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br />
+
+Reference books, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; American, <a href="#Page_43">43</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; French, <a href="#Page_43">43</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; uses of, <a href="#Page_43">43</a><br />
+
+Regulations, Book of, of Guidobaldo I, <a href="#Page_118">118</a><br />
+
+Renaissance history, <a href="#Page_136">136</a><br />
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161"></a><a href="images/161.png">[161]</a></span>Richardson's <i>Dictionary</i>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a><br />
+
+Rochester's <i>Poems</i>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a><br />
+
+Romances, Guy Beauchamp's library of, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br />
+
+<i>Romola</i>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a><br />
+
+Roscoe, Mr., on book-collecting, <a href="#Page_144">144</a><br />
+
+Rowfant Library Catalogue, <a href="#Page_83">83</a><br />
+
+Ruddiman, T., <a href="#Page_117">117</a><br />
+
+Ruskin, J., advice on book collecting, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; choice of books, <a href="#Page_34">34</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; his scheme of a Royal series of books, <a href="#Page_4">4</a><br />
+
+Ruskin's <i>Crown of Wild Olive</i>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; <i>Sesame and Lilies</i>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a><br />
+
+<br />
+Sachetti, Franco, <a href="#Page_137">137</a><br />
+
+Sala, G. A., On common-place books, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br />
+
+Sallust, <a href="#Page_148">148</a><br />
+
+Salutati, C. de, On utility of public libraries, <a href="#Page_143">143</a><br />
+
+S. Giorgio Maggiore, Library of, <a href="#Page_137">137</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; MSS. of, at Florence, <a href="#Page_137">137</a><br />
+
+S. Marco, Catalogue of Library of, <a href="#Page_138">138</a><br />
+
+Santa Trinit&agrave;, Proposed public library at, <a href="#Page_143">143</a><br />
+
+Scott, R., bill of books supplied to Pepys, <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; Bookseller of the XVIIth Century, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br />
+
+Scott, Sir W., Life of, <a href="#Page_80">80</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; his care of books, <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; Novels of, original bindings of, <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br />
+
+<i>Seven Champions of Christendom</i>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br />
+
+Seventeenth Century Literature, Catalogue of, <a href="#Page_83">83</a><br />
+
+S&eacute;vign&eacute;, Mme. de, Letters of, <a href="#Page_109">109</a><br />
+
+Shakespeare, 'Cambridge' Edition of, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br />
+
+'Shannon' Tables, <a href="#Page_104">104</a><br />
+
+Shaw, G. B., on an economic library, <a href="#Page_133">133</a><br />
+
+Shelf Classification, Difficulty of, <a href="#Page_88">88</a><br />
+
+Sheraton, Bookcase designs by, <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br />
+
+Silver Fish, bookboring insects, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br />
+
+'Sleepy Hollow,' an armchair at Eversley, <a href="#Page_105">105</a><br />
+
+Smith, L. P., Qualifications of a Librarian, <a href="#Page_117">117</a><br />
+
+Smith, W., <i>Greek and Roman Biography</i>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a><br />
+
+Somers, Lord, <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br />
+
+Soulsby, Miss Lucy, <i>Things in Book Clothing</i>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br />
+
+Spartianus, <a href="#Page_148">148</a><br />
+
+<i>Spectator</i>, Extract from, on Knowledge, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br />
+
+Spencer, George, Earl, <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; Earl, Library at Manchester, <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br />
+
+Sport, Reference to, <a href="#Page_133">133</a><br />
+
+Sporting books, on collecting, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br />
+
+Staghounds in England, <a href="#Page_135">135</a><br />
+
+Stanley, Col., <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br />
+
+Steps, Library, <a href="#Page_106">106</a><br />
+
+Stevens, <i>Who spoils our English Books?</i> <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a><br />
+
+Stevenson, R. L., Works. 'Edinburgh' Edition, <a href="#Page_4">4</a><br />
+
+Strozzi, Palla degli, Greek learning, <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; originator of public libraries, <a href="#Page_143">143</a><br />
+
+Subjects, Short, classification of, <a href="#Page_85">85</a><br />
+
+Suetonius, <a href="#Page_148">148</a><br />
+
+Sumner, G., Anecdote of, <a href="#Page_116">116</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; his knowledge of books, <a href="#Page_116">116</a><br />
+
+Sunderland, Charles, Earl of, <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br />
+
+Suppressed books, <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br />
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162"></a><a href="images/162.png">[162]</a></span>Symonds, On great literary undertakings, <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; <i>Revival of Learning</i>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a><br />
+
+<br />
+Tables, Library, <a href="#Page_104">104</a><br />
+
+Tacitus, <a href="#Page_148">148</a><br />
+
+Tarleton's <i>Jests</i>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br />
+
+<i>Tatler</i>&mdash;Addison's Picture of Tom Folio, <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br />
+
+Tiberius, Library of, <a href="#Page_135">135</a><br />
+
+Title-pages, ruined, <a href="#Page_7">7</a><br />
+
+Titles, how to prepare, <a href="#Page_87">87</a><br />
+
+Thirlwall, on reading, <a href="#Page_31">31</a><br />
+
+<i>Thomas &agrave; Kempis</i>, Editions of, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br />
+
+Thomas of Saranza, founder of the Vatican Library, <a href="#Page_145">145</a><br />
+
+Todd's <i>Gower and Chaucer</i>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; <i>Index Rerum</i>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br />
+
+Tonk's Patent Fittings for Bookcases, <a href="#Page_95">95</a><br />
+
+Topographical Books, on collecting, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; Rise in price of, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br />
+
+Traill, H. D., on book readers, <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br />
+
+Trajan, Library of, <a href="#Page_135">135</a><br />
+
+Traversari, Ambrogio, <a href="#Page_137">137</a><br />
+
+<br />
+<i>Urbino</i>, <i>Dukes of</i>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; <i>Memoirs of the</i>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; book-collecting by, <a href="#Page_145">145</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; hospitality to men of letters, <a href="#Page_148">148</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; Library of, <a href="#Page_138">138</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; his collection of ancient MSS., <a href="#Page_149">149</a><br />
+
+<br />
+Valvio, G., Publisher of Plato (1482), <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br />
+
+Vespasiano, a <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'MMS.'">MSS.</ins> copyist, <a href="#Page_138">138</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; on Casimo's plan of forming a library, <a href="#Page_138">138</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; on Federigo's literary habits, <a href="#Page_148">148</a><br />
+
+&mdash;&mdash; on the S. Marco Library Catalogue, <a href="#Page_138">138</a><br />
+
+Vitruvius' <i>Architecture</i>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br />
+
+<br />
+Walpole, H., on Beauclerk's library, <a href="#Page_107">107</a><br />
+
+Walpole's Letters, edited by Cunningham, <a href="#Page_3">3</a><br />
+
+Wanley, H., <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br />
+
+Warwick, Earl of, Library of early romances, List of, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br />
+
+Weeding out, <a href="#Page_80">80</a><br />
+
+Wheatley, B. R., on library arrangement, <a href="#Page_90">90</a><br />
+
+Wheatley, H. B., <i>Pepys and the World he lived in</i>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a><br />
+
+<i>Where is it?</i> <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br />
+
+White Canons, Catalogue of the House of the, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br />
+
+Whittingham, Books printed by, <a href="#Page_4">4</a><br />
+
+Whittingham's garden at Chiswick, <a href="#Page_4">4</a><br />
+
+Wilberforce, Dr., on knowledge, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br />
+
+Wilkinson's <i>Ancient Egyptians</i>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a><br />
+
+Willett, Deb., <a href="#Page_78">78</a><br />
+
+Willis and Clark, <i>History of Cambridge University</i>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a><br />
+
+Wordsworth, careless with his books, <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br />
+
+Wren, Sir C., bookcases at Trinity College, Cambridge, <a href="#Page_102">102</a><br />
+
+Wren, W., on Education, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br />
+
+<br />
+Zola, <a href="#Page_110">110</a><br />
+</div>
+
+
+<div class='center'><br /><br />
+<small><i>London:</i> <span class="smcap">Strangeways</span>, <i>Printers.</i></small><br />
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Stevens' <i>Who spoils our English Books?</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Stevens' <i>Who spoils our English Books?</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Blades' <i>Enemies of Books</i> (p. 25).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Ellwanger's <i>Story of my House</i>, p. 213.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> D. Clement, <i>Biblioth&egrave;que curieuse</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> Edwards, <i>Memoirs of Libraries</i>, ii. 647-649.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Edwards, ii. 659.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Leighton (John), <i>Book-plate Annual</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> <i>Enemies of Books.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> P. G. Hamerton.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> P. G. Hamerton.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> H. W. Beecher.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> James Payn.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> <i>Blackwood's Magazine</i>, February, 1896.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> <i>Blackwood's Magazine</i>, February, 1896.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> Burke.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> Thirlwall.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> <i>Blackwood's Magazine</i>, February, 1896.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> J. S. Blackie.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> H. D. Traill.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> See Mr. Gladstone's ideas on the subject, in <i>Gladstone
+in the Evening of his Days</i>, p. 145.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> Bowen's lecture on <i>Novel Reading</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> 'Periodically I am addressed by two constant and
+somewhat exigeant classes of correspondents: the young
+gentlemen who wish me to give them a list of the works
+requisite to form a journalist's library; and, next, the
+esteemed individuals of both sexes and all ages who want
+me to tell them how to keep a commonplace-book. I
+have replied to both these questions over and over again;
+and to give yet another list of the books which I think would
+be useful to professional writers for the press would be to
+outrage the patience of my non-professional patrons. The
+recipe for keeping a commonplace-book may, however, it
+is to be hoped, be repeated without giving offence to any
+one. Here it is; and pray observe that I have had it
+printed in small type, in order that the susceptibilities of
+readers who want to be amused and do not require to be
+instructed may not be wounded:&mdash;Procure a blank book,
+strongly bound, big or little, according to the largeness or
+smallness of your handwriting. Let the book have an
+index. It will be better if the paper of the book were
+ruled. When in the course of your reading you come on
+a passage which strikes you as worthy of being common-placed,
+copy it legibly in your commonplace-book. Say
+that the passage is the following, from Bacon's <i>Natural
+History:</i> "So the beard is younger than the hair of the
+head, and doth, for the most part, wax hoary later." At
+the end of this passage inscribe a circle or an ellipse, a
+square or a lozenge, just as you choose to do; and in the
+inscribed space write with red ink (better still with carmine)
+the figure 1. Then index the passage under letter B.
+"Beard younger than hair of head. 1." If you wish to be
+very careful in your common-placing, you may double index
+the passage by turning to letter H, and indicating the
+passage as "Head, hair of, older than beard." And so you
+may continue to transcribe consecutively all the passages
+which strike you in the course of your reading: never
+omitting to number the passage and to index it as soon as
+numbered. That is the system adopted by the Distressed
+Compiler, and he has made constant use of it for nearly
+forty years.'&mdash;<span class="smcap">G. A. Sala.</span></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> Those who read everything acquire something, and
+especially they acquire, as the Bishop of Oxford (Dr.
+Wilberforce), once said, the invaluable power of knowing
+where, when they wanted first-hand information, they could
+most easily obtain it. That is the knowledge of the lawyer;
+and the knowledge of the lawyer, if he is competent,
+gradually becomes of the kind which qualifies him to be a
+judge.&mdash;<i>Spectator</i>, January 2nd, 1897.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> Napoleon was a great lover of small books. 'An
+insatiate reader while on his travels, Napoleon complained,
+when at Warsaw, in 1807, and when at Bayonne, in 1808,
+that his librarian at Paris did not keep him well supplied
+with books. "The Emperor," wrote the secretary to
+Barbier, "wants a portable library of a thousand volumes
+in 12mo., printed in good type without margin, and composed
+as nearly as possible of forty volumes on religion,
+forty of epics, forty of plays, sixty of poetry, a hundred of
+novels, sixty of history, the remainder, to make up the
+thousand, of historical memoirs. The religious works are
+to be the Old and New Testament, the Koran, a selection
+of the works of the Fathers of the Church, works respecting
+the Aryans, Calvinists, of Mythology, &amp;c. The epics are
+to be Homer, Lucan, Tasso, Telemachus, The Henriade,
+&amp;c." Machiavelli, Fielding, Richardson, Montesquieu,
+Voltaire, Corneille, Racine, and Rousseau were also among
+the authors mentioned.'</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> <i>Murray's Magazine</i>, September, 1889.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> <i>Nineteenth Century</i>, January, 1884.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> Parker, <i>Domestic Architecture</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> Putnam, <i>Books and their Makers</i>, vol. i.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> See <i>ante</i>, <a href="#Page_8">p. 8</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> Many interesting references to Pepys' Collections are
+found in Mr. H. B. Wheatley's <i>Pepys, and the World he
+Lived in</i>. The following extracts are taken from the same
+writer's new and final edition of the <i>Diary:</i>&mdash;
+</p>
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>May 15, 1660.</i>&mdash;'After that to a bookseller's and bought
+for the love of the binding three books: the French <i>Psalms</i>
+in four parts, Bacon's <i>Organon</i>, and Farnab. <i>Rhetor</i>.'<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a>
+</p><p>
+<i>Dec. 26, 1662.</i>&mdash;'Hither come Mr. Battersby; and we
+falling into a discourse of a new book of drollery in verse
+called <i>Hudebras</i>,<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a> I would needs go find it out, and met
+with it at the Temple: cost me 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>'
+</p><p>
+<i>July 8, 1664.</i>&mdash;'So to Paul's Churchyarde about my
+books, and to the binder's, and directed the doing of my
+<i>Chaucer</i>,<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a> though they were not full neate enough for me,
+but pretty well it is; and thence to the clasp-maker's to
+have it clasped and bossed.'
+</p><p>
+<i>Jan. 18, 1664-65.</i>&mdash;'Up and by and by to my bookseller's,
+and there did give thorough direction for the new
+binding of a great many of my old books, to make my
+whole study of the same binding, within very few.'
+</p><p>
+<i>Aug. 24, 1666.</i>&mdash;'Up, and despatched several businesses
+at home in the morning, and then comes Sympson to set
+up my other new presses<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> for my books, and so he and I
+fell into the furnishing of my new closett, and taking out
+the things out of my old, and I kept him with me all day,
+and he dined with me, and so all the afternoon till it was
+quite dark hanging things, that is my maps and pictures and
+draughts, and setting up my books, and as much as we
+could do, to my most extraordinary satisfaction.'
+</p><p>
+<i>Dec. 17, 1666.</i>&mdash;'Spent the evening in fitting my books,
+to have the number set upon each, in order to my having
+an alphabet of my whole, which will be of great ease
+to me. This day Captain Batters come from sea in his
+fireship and come to see me, poor man, as his patron,
+and a poor painful wretch he is as can be. After supper
+to bed.'
+</p><p>
+<i>Dec. 19, 1666.</i>&mdash;'Home full of trouble on these considerations,
+and, among other things, I to my chamber,
+and there to ticket a good part of my books, in order to
+the numbering of them for my easy finding them to read
+as I have occasion.'
+</p><p>
+<i>Jan. 8, 1666-67.</i>&mdash;'So home and to supper, and then saw
+the catalogue of my books, which my brother had wrote out,
+now perfectly alphabeticall, and so to bed.'
+</p><p>
+<i>Feb. 4, 1666-67.</i>&mdash;'Mightily pleased with the play, we
+home by coach, and there a little to the office, and then to
+my chamber, and there finished my catalogue of my books
+with my own hand, and so to supper and to bed, and had a
+good night's rest, the last night's being troublesome, but
+now my heart light and full of resolution of standing close
+to my business.'
+</p><p>
+<i>Feb. 8, 1667-68.</i>&mdash;'Thence away to the Strand, to my
+bookseller's, and there staid an hour, and bought the idle,
+rogueish book, <i>L'escholle des filles</i>, which I have bought in
+plain binding, avoiding the buying of it better bound, because
+I resolve, as soon as I have read it, to burn it, that it may
+not stand in the list of books, nor among them, to disgrace
+them if it should be found. Thence home, and busy late at
+the office, and then home to supper and to bed.'</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> <i>Index Rhetoricus</i>, of Thomas Farnaby, was a book which went
+through several editions. The first was published at London, by R.
+Allot, in 1633.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> The first edition of Butler's <i>Hudibras</i> is dated 1663, and it
+probably had only been published a few days when Pepys bought it
+and sold it at a loss. He subsequently endeavoured to appreciate the
+work, but was not successful. The edition in the Pepysian Library is
+dated 1689.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> This was Speght's edition of 1602, which is still in the Pepysian
+Library. The book is bound in calf, with brass clasps and bosses. It
+is not lettered.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> These presses still exist, and, according to Pepys' wish, they are
+placed in the second court of Magdalene College, in a room which
+they exactly fit, and the books are arranged in the presses just as they
+were when presented to the college.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> <i>Tatler</i>, No. 158.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> Wheatley, <i>Pepys and the World he Lived in</i>, p. 84.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> I believe these rules were originally drawn up by Mr.
+B. R. Wheatley.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> No bookshelves ought to be beyond the reach of a
+moderately tall person.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> 'The books were numbered consecutively throughout
+the library, and, therefore, when rearranged, they needed all
+to be renumbered. All hands were pressed into this service,
+and we read that on the 15th of February, 1667-68, Pepys
+himself, his wife, and Deb. Willett were busy until near
+midnight "titleing" the books for the year, and setting them
+in order. They all tired their backs, but the work was
+satisfactory.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;. (<i>See ante</i>, <a href="#Page_78">p. 78</a>.)
+</p><p>
+'The books are arranged in eleven curious old mahogany
+bookcases, which are mentioned in the <i>Diary</i> under date
+August 24, 1666. "Up and dispatched several businesses
+at home in the morning, and then comes Sympson to set
+up my other new presses for my books, and so he and I
+fell into the furnishing of my new closett, and taking out
+the things out of my old, and I kept him with me all day,
+and he dined with me, and so all the afternoon till it was
+quite darke hanging things, that is, my maps and pictures
+and draughts, and setting up my books, .&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;. to my most
+extraordinary satisfaction."'&mdash;Wheatley, <i>Pepys and the World
+he lived in</i>, pp. 83-4.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> <i>Library Journal</i>, August, 1878.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> Tonks' fittings are specially adapted for the shelves of
+book-cases or other shelves, the adjustment of which has,
+from time to time, to be varied to suit the varying requirements
+of a library, &amp;c. The method hitherto generally
+adopted for such shelves is to support them at each end by
+two studs, the heads of which are mortised into the shelf,
+and the pins driven or otherwise fitted into holes two or
+more inches apart, bored in two rows into the upright
+frames; these holes are very seldom accurately fitted to the
+pins, and even where so done in the first instance, from the
+shrinking or expansion of the wood, they soon become too
+large or too small for the pins, and the alteration of the
+adjustment of a shelf is thereby rendered an extremely
+troublesome operation. The patent fittings remedy this,
+and save both time and trouble; in place of the rows of
+holes so far apart, metal strips perforated at intervals of
+three-quarters of an inch for the reception of the very simple
+but strong metal plates, which take the place of the old
+studs, are mortised in and screwed to the frames. The
+insertion, at the required intervals, of the plates into the
+perforations in these strips is made instantaneously, consequently
+the position of a shelf can be easily altered without
+an irritating expense of trouble, and waste of time. The
+thinness of the plates renders any mortising in the shelf
+unnecessary, and the small intervals between the perforations
+in the strips enables the whole space occupied by the
+shelves to be used most economically. These fittings,
+when used with a shelf sufficiently strong itself to bear the
+weight, will support without strain more than half a ton.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> <i>Nineteenth Century</i>, March, 1890.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> Edwards, <i>Memoirs of Libraries</i>, ii., 736.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> <span class="smcap">The Sizes of Books.</span>&mdash;The Associated Librarians of
+Great Britain decided upon a uniform and arbitrary scale
+for the measurement and description of the sizes of books.
+In consequence of the many and varied sizes of papers now
+manufactured, the terms folio, quarto or 4to., octavo or 8vo.,
+twelvemo or 12mo., and so on, as indicating the number of
+folds in the printed sheets, can no longer be relied upon as
+a definite guide to the sizes of books, hence the change, as
+follows:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Folio sizes">
+<tr><td align='left'>Large folio</td><td align='left'>la. fol.</td><td align='center'>over</td><td align='right'>18</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;inches.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Folio</td><td align='left'>fol.</td><td align='center'>below</td><td align='right'>&nbsp;18</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Small folio</td><td align='left'>sm. fol.</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>13</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Large octavo</td><td align='left'>la. 8vo.</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>11</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Octavo</td><td align='left'>8vo.</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>9</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Small octavo</td><td align='left'>sm. 8vo.</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>8</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Duodecimo</td><td align='left'>12mo.</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>8</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Decimo octavo&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align='left'>18mo.</td><td align='center'>is</td><td align='right'>6</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Minimo</td><td align='left'>mo.</td><td align='center'>below</td><td align='right'>6</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Large quarto</td><td align='left'>la. 4to.</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>15</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Quarto</td><td align='left'>4to.</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>11</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Small quarto</td><td align='left'>sm. 4to.</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'>8</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> Edwards, <i>Memoirs of Libraries</i>, ii., 739.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> Blades, <i>Enemies of Books</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> Edwards, ii., 737.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_106">p. 106</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> <i>The Story of my House.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> These notices of the Hawarden Library may be compared
+with the accounts given in Dennistoun's <i>Dukes of
+Urbino</i> of a great Florentine library:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>'Adjoining (the main library) was a study, fitted up with
+inlaid and gilded panelling, beneath which .&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;. were
+depicted Minerva with her &aelig;gis, Apollo with his lyre, and
+the nine muses, with their appropriate symbols. A similar
+small study was fitted up immediately over this one, set
+round with armchairs encircling a table, all mosaicked with
+<i>tarsia</i>, .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. while in each compartment of the panelling
+was the portrait of some famous author, and an appropriate
+distich.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;. To the right and left of the carriage entrance
+into the great courtyard are two handsome saloons, each
+about forty-five feet by twenty-two, and twenty-three in
+height. That on the left contained the famous library of
+MS. collected by Count Federigo; the corresponding one
+received the printed books which, gradually purchased by
+successive dukes, became, under the last sovereign a copious
+collection. Baldi, in his description of the palace, printed in
+Bianchini's works, dwells on the judicious adaptation of the
+former, its windows set high against the northern sky, admitting
+a subdued and steady light which invited to study;
+its air cool in summer, temperate in winter; its walls conveniently
+sheltered.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.'</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> <i>Nineteenth Century</i>, March, 1890.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> <i>Library Assoc. Report</i>, 1878, p. 75.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> <i>Great Book Collectors</i>, p. 74.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> <i>American Library Journal</i>, vol. i., p. 69.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> <i>Memoirs of the Dukes of Urbino</i>, p. 159.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> Willis and Clark, <i>History of Cambridge University</i>,
+vol. iii., p. 416.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> Edis, <i>Decoration and Furniture of Town Houses</i>,
+pp. 188-191.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> Symonds, <i>The Revival of Learning</i>, pp. 174, 175.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 172-7.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> Symonds, <i>Revival of Learning</i>, pp. 139, 140.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> Symonds, <i>Revival of Learning</i>, pp. 180-2.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> Putnam, <i>Books and their Makers</i>, vol. i., p. 338.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> Symonds, <i>Revival of Learning</i>, p. 167.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_65_65" id="Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 172-3.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_66_66" id="Footnote_66_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> Dennistoun, <i>Memoirs of the Dukes of Urbino</i>, vol. i., p. 155.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_67_67" id="Footnote_67_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i., pp. 156-7.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_68_68" id="Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> <i>Memoirs of the Dukes of Urbino</i>, vol. i., pp. 153-5.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_69_69" id="Footnote_69_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i., p. 154.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_70_70" id="Footnote_70_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> <i>Memoirs of the Dukes of Urbino</i>, pp. 219, 220.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_71_71" id="Footnote_71_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> Elton, <i>Great Book Collectors</i>, pp. 180-4.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_72_72" id="Footnote_72_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> <i>The Library</i>, July, 1895.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_73_73" id="Footnote_73_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> <i>Sesame and Lilies.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_74_74" id="Footnote_74_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> <i>Sesame and Lilies.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_75_75" id="Footnote_75_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> <i>Crown of Wild Olive</i>, p. 87.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_76_76" id="Footnote_76_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 60.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_77_77" id="Footnote_77_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 46.</p></div>
+</div>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<div class='tnote'><h3>Transcriber's Notes:</h3>
+<p>Obvious punctuation errors repaired.</p>
+<p>Buckram is sometimes capitalized and sometimes not. This was retained.</p>
+
+<p>This book hyphenates or not on a whim. For example: Common-place and Commonplace. These
+were retained.</p>
+
+<p>The remaining corrections made are indicated by dotted lines under the corrections. Scroll the mouse over the word and the original text will <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'apprear'">appear</ins>.</p></div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Private Library, by Arthur L. Humphreys
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Private Library
+       What We Do Know, What We Don't Know, What We Ought to Know
+       About Our Books
+
+Author: Arthur L. Humphreys
+
+Release Date: February 24, 2009 [EBook #28174]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE PRIVATE LIBRARY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Suzanne Lybarger and the Booksmiths at
+http://www.eBookForge.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE PRIVATE LIBRARY
+
+          _WHAT WE DO KNOW
+           WHAT WE DON'T KNOW
+           WHAT WE OUGHT TO KNOW
+           ABOUT OUR BOOKS_
+
+BY
+
+ARTHUR L. HUMPHREYS
+
+_Fourth Edition._
+
+LONDON: STRANGEWAYS & SONS
+
+          SOLD BY
+          HATCHARDS, 187 PICCADILLY, W.
+          MDCCCC
+
+
+
+
+_PREFACE_
+
+
+_WITH all the literature published on behalf of Free
+Libraries--institutions which, after all, are of doubtful good--no one
+so far has written a book to assist in making THE PRIVATE LIBRARY
+combine practical useful qualities with decorative effect._
+
+_For many years I have had opportunities of inspecting and reporting
+upon Collections of Books in numerous Country Houses, and I must say
+that the condition of books in the greater number of them is chaotic. A
+man will talk about all his possessions--his pictures, his objets d'art,
+his horses, his garden, and his bicycle, but rarely will he talk about
+his books; and if he does so, all his geese are swans, or just as often,
+all his swans are geese. There are servants in every house qualified to
+do everything except handle a book. There is no reason why the Library
+should not be just as much a place of amusement as the billiard-room,
+where the men are usually to be found. Books are much more amusing than
+billiards, and you may learn to play in jest or work in earnest with
+books just as you take to any other amusement. The whole truth is that
+at present books do not get a proper share of attention, and it is with
+the desire to remedy such a condition of things that I have printed this
+little volume, containing things that we do know, that we don't know,
+and that we ought to know about our books._
+
+_A. L. H._
+
+187 PICCADILLY, W.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+                                         PAGE
+
+          WHAT IS A GOOD EDITION?          1
+
+          WHAT IS A FINE COPY?             5
+
+          BOOK VALUES                      9
+
+          ON THE CARE OF BOOKS            15
+
+          THE ART OF READING              25
+
+          COMMON-PLACE BOOKS              38
+
+          REFERENCE BOOKS                 42
+
+          BOUDOIR LIBRARIES               46
+
+          BOOKBINDING                     52
+
+          BOOK HOBBIES                    65
+
+          OLD COUNTRY LIBRARIES           68
+
+          WEEDING OUT                     80
+
+          THE CATALOGUE                   81
+
+          CLASSIFICATION OF BOOKS         87
+
+          BOOKCASES                       94
+
+          MISCELLANEOUS APPLIANCES       103
+
+          THE LIBRARY ANNEXE             106
+
+          A LIBRARIAN                    115
+
+          THE LIBRARY ARCHITECTURALLY    119
+
+          MUNIFICENT BOOK-BUYING         133
+
+          THE MEDICI AND THEIR FRIENDS   137
+
+          THE DUKES OF URBINO            144
+
+          PIERESC                        149
+
+          MR. RUSKIN'S ADVICE            150
+
+          INDEX                          153
+
+
+
+
+THE PRIVATE LIBRARY.
+
+
+
+
+_What is a Good Edition?_
+
+
+A good edition should be a complete edition, ungarbled and unabridged.
+If the author is a classic, the _format_ of the copy chosen should in
+some way represent the style of the author. _Gibbon_, for instance,
+should be in large octavo or quarto, with print of a size to correspond.
+This is not always possible, for English editions of books often aim at
+mere cheapness, and of many great authors there exist no good editions.
+Thus there is no suitable edition of the classics printed in England, as
+there is and for long has been in France. A good edition is not
+necessarily an expensive edition, nor is it necessarily noble and
+generous in print and margin. The editions known as the 'Globe'
+editions of Pope and others are good editions because (1) They are
+complete; (2) Each one has been taken in hand and superintended by the
+most competent scholar and has notes sufficient but not pedantic; (3)
+Because they are well printed on paper of fair quality by printers who
+give wages liberally to careful press readers; (4) Because each work
+being a work of the first or classic order, it is bound in a simple and
+unaffected style, without meretricious gold or tawdry ornament. Now the
+'Globe' editions are fitting in their place as types of right editions
+of the cheap kind. I will now take right editions of the more liberal
+and expensive kind. The 'Cambridge' _Shakespeare_, the last issue, each
+play in a separate volume, is right because (1) The print, paper,
+spacing, and simplicity of binding, are suited to the dignity of the
+work; (2) The edition has had brought to it fulness of knowledge and
+rightness of judgment; (3) Each volume is light to handle and easy to
+hold, and flexible in opening.
+
+But it would be misleading to say that these are the only examples of
+right editions. In other books which I might name, excellent work has
+been brought to play which in the two types already named there was not
+scope for. I would like therefore to take another instance, and name the
+editions of Pope's _Works_, edited by Courthope and Elwin, of Walpole's
+_Letters_, edited by Peter Cunningham, and Boswell's _Johnson_, edited
+by Birkbeck Hill. These editions contain excellent and workmanlike
+features, such as good arrangement and good indexing, with notes and
+elucidations sufficiently ample. The size too of each volume is not
+extravagant as in certain _editions de luxe_. Now in order that we may
+have good editions, there are, at least, ten people who must work well
+together: (1) the Author, (2) the Publisher, (3) the Printer, (4) the
+Reader, (5) the Compositor, (6) the Pressman, (7) the Paper Maker, (8)
+the Ink Maker, (9) the Bookbinder, (10) the Consumer.[1] When these ten
+people are not working in harmony, a book is spoilt. Too often the
+author, without technical knowledge of book production, insists on
+certain whims and fancies of his own being carried out. Too often the
+publisher aims at cheapness and nothing more.
+
+The publications issued by Pickering in the 'forties' and 'fifties' were
+models of good workmanship. Pickering published and Whittingham printed,
+and it was their custom to first sit in consultation upon every new
+book, and painfully hammer out each in his own mind its ideal form and
+proportions. Then two Sundays at least were required to compare notes in
+the little summer house in Mr. Whittingham's garden at Chiswick. Here
+they would discuss size and quality of paper, the shape of the printed
+page, the number of lines, the size of the type, the form and comeliness
+of the title-page.[2] In all technical details the _Edinburgh_ edition
+of R. L. Stevenson's works is satisfying. Here are more 'lines of
+beauty' than in almost any other modern printed book. As we handle it we
+feel _satisfied_ that it _is right_. Perhaps it was such a _format_ that
+Mr. Ruskin had in mind when he shaped out a scheme of a Royal series of
+books, which should be models of good work all round. And though it is
+necessary that we have cheap editions, and that books should circulate
+everywhere, we want to save the book trade from shoddy work by keeping
+good models before us. That we produce the best thought in the best
+form, and not in any mean, shabby dress, ought indeed to be a serious
+aim of everybody engaged in the matter.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] Stevens' _Who spoils our English Books?_
+
+[2] Stevens' _Who spoils our English Books?_
+
+
+
+
+_What is a Fine Copy?_
+
+
+To judge of a fine copy requires some years' handling of books. To some,
+the school prize, in light brown calf, represents an ideal of book
+beauty; to others, a padded binding and round corners. But these are
+neither beautiful nor in any way fine copies. The school prize book is
+not a fine copy (1) Because it is bound in a very perishable leather;
+(2) Because its margins have been trimmed away and ploughed into; (3)
+Because it is received in a form which renders it impossible to stamp
+one's own individuality upon it; (4) It has gaudy and meaningless
+ornaments stamped down the back. The padded binding is impossible as a
+fine copy because it has had applied to it a wholly incongruous method
+of preservation. Books require to be clothed, but not to be upholstered.
+The round corners usually adopted by the upholster binder can claim no
+advantage, and they rob the book of its natural neatness and squareness
+of edge. School prize bindings and padded bindings are sins against the
+sanctity of common sense. What then is a fine copy? Almost, though not
+entirely, essential is it that it be in the original binding as put out
+by the publisher, whether it be a paper covering, or cloth, or boards.
+The reason for this is that in securing a book in such a condition one
+has the book _in full measure_, and there is no necessity to undo
+anything which has already been done. Now, if a book be bought in a
+leather binding, the chances are that it is a leather binding which in
+no way suits its new owner, and he therefore has not only to sacrifice
+the binding, but in rebinding it he must sacrifice some of the margins
+too. The novels of Scott and Marryat in their original boards are
+delightful to handle. A fine copy should be a clean copy free from
+spots. When a book is spotted it is called 'foxed,' and these 'foxey'
+books are for the most part books printed in the early part of this
+century, when paper-makers first discovered that they could bleach their
+rags, and, owing to the inefficient means used to neutralise the
+bleach, the book carried the seeds of decay in itself, and when exposed
+to any damp soon became discoloured with brown stains.[3] A foxed book
+cannot have the fox marks removed, and such a book should be avoided.
+Ink marks can be removed, and a name written upon a title-page can
+generally be entirely obliterated without leaving any sign that it has
+been there. Here let me beg people who give presents of books never to
+write upon title-pages, but upon the fly-leaf. Many thousands of
+beautiful and valuable volumes are annually ruined for ever by their
+owners cutting the name from the title. A cut title-page is irreparable.
+A fine copy may be a bound copy, in which case the edges must not have
+been cut down, though the top edge may have been gilded, and the binding
+must be appropriate and not provincial in appearance. A provincial
+binding lacks finish, the board used is too thick or too thin, or not of
+good quality, and the leather not properly pared down and turned in. All
+such things go to spoil good books. In North's _Lives of the Norths_
+there is a passage which well describes the man of judgment in books.
+Dr. John North, whose life forms part of this work, is most
+picturesquely described in his book-loving habits. 'He courted, as a
+fond lover, all best editions, fairest characters, best bound and
+preserved. If the subject were in his favour (as the Classics), he cared
+not how many of them he had, even of the same edition, if he thought it
+among the best, _rather better bound, squarer cut, neater covers, or
+some such qualification caught him_.' And then his biographer adds, what
+is so true, and especially of books, 'Continual use gives men a judgment
+of things comparatively, and they come to fix on what is most proper and
+easy, which no man upon cursory view would determine.'
+
+Large paper copies are not necessarily fine copies. When a cheap
+trumpery piece of book-making is printed on hand-made paper or Japanese
+vellum paper the result is vulgarity, just as when a common person
+attempts to swagger about in fine clothes. No, a book must show good
+binding and be appropriately apparelled, or it cannot be referred to as
+a fine copy. In the matter of large paper copies it is necessary to
+form a separate judgment in each case. One thing is certain, that the
+man who collects large paper books as large paper books is a vulgarian
+and a fool. He who collects such large paper books as mature judgment
+determines are appropriate, and because he sees them to have genuine
+points of merit over and above small paper copies, is a book lover. In a
+charming little volume, written by an American bibliophile, I read the
+following passage, confirming in part the foregoing:--
+
+'Good editions of good books, though they may often be expensive, cannot
+be too highly commended. One can turn to a page in inviting letterpress
+so much easier than to a page of an unattractive volume.'[4]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[3] Blades' _Enemies of Books_ (p. 25).
+
+[4] Ellwanger's _Story of my House_, p. 213.
+
+
+
+
+_Book Values._
+
+
+It would be impossible to tell all the causes which go towards
+determining the value of a book and which cause it to fluctuate in
+price. There is but one way to arrive at a reliable knowledge of book
+values, and that is to begin stall-hunting as soon as you leave school
+or college and continue until past middle age, absorbing information
+from stalls, from catalogues, and from sale-rooms. The records of prices
+at which books have been sold in the auction rooms, and which are
+regularly issued, are useless in the hands of an inexperienced person.
+To make up your mind on Monday that you are going to begin a career of
+successful bargain-hunting and book-collecting is only to be defrauded
+on all the other five remaining days. Experience must be bought, and an
+eye for a good copy of a book, or for a bargain of any kind, only comes
+after years of practice. I admit that if a man begins collecting some
+particular class of books, say Angling books, he may sooner arrive at
+safe judgment alone; but even here he has a pretty wide field to make
+blunders in. When Gabriel Naude wrote his pamphlet, _Avis pour dresser
+une Bibliotheque_, he laid down his first rule thus:--'The first means
+is to take the counsel and advice of such as are able to give it _viva
+voce_.' This was written more than two hundred years ago, and still no
+better advice could possibly be given to a book collector. By all means
+find a man whom you can trust, and whose knowledge is ample, and stick
+to him. Do not yourself bid in the auction room, or you will soon find
+out your mistake. Place your list of wants and your list of commissions
+in the hands of one good man whom you have reason to trust, and you will
+then get your money's worth.
+
+I have said that it is impossible to set down all the causes which
+affect the prices of books, but in an old French bibliographical book,
+by D. Clement,[5] the subject is gone into more minutely than it has
+ever since been treated. First, there are causes which may be classed
+under the heading of _Rarity_. Secondly, there are causes which must be
+grouped under the head _Condition_.
+
+According to Clement, there are two sorts of rarity in books; the one
+absolute, the other conditional or contingent. There are rare editions
+of very common books. There are books of almost common occurrence in
+public libraries, which are rarely seen in the market. A book or an
+edition of which but very few copies exist is called 'necessarily rare;'
+one which is only with difficulty to be met with--however many copies
+may be extant--he calls 'contingently rare.'
+
+Under the first head he classes; (1) Books of which few copies were
+printed; (2) Books which have been suppressed; (3) Books which have been
+almost entirely destroyed by casual fire, or other accident; (4) Books
+of which a large portion of the impression has been wasted--usually for
+want of success when published; (5) Volumes of which the printing was
+never completed; (6) Copies on large paper or on vellum.
+
+Under the second head, he enumerates; (1) Books on subjects which
+interest only a particular class of students; (2) Books in languages
+which are little known; (3) Heretical, licentious, and libellous books;
+(4) First editions of a classic author from MS.; (5) First productions
+of the printing press in a particular town; (6) The productions of the
+celebrated printers of the sixteenth century; (7) Books in the
+vernacular language of an author who printed them in a foreign country;
+(8) Books privately printed; (9) Works, the various parts of which have
+been published under different titles, in different sizes, or in various
+places.
+
+Clement then analyses the degrees of rarity thus: (1) Every book, which
+is no longer current in the trade, and requires some pains in the search
+for it, is 'of infrequent occurrence;' (2) If there are but few copies
+in the country in which we live, and those not easily met with, it is
+'rare;' (3) If the copies are so dispersed that there are but few of
+them, even in the neighbouring countries, so that there is increased
+difficulty to procure them, it is 'very rare;' (4) If the number of
+copies be but fifty or sixty, and those scattered, it is 'extremely
+rare;' (5) And finally, every work of which there are not ten copies in
+the world is 'excessively rare.' In all these cases, it must be supposed
+that the book is a book sought for, and that the seekers are more
+numerous than the sought.[6]
+
+In the matter of _Condition_ and its effect upon price, long training is
+required before all the qualities of a copy can be properly defined.
+There are copies on 'vellum,' 'large paper,' 'fine paper,' 'coloured
+paper.' There are 'crisp' copies, 'uncut' copies, 'tall' copies, 'ruled'
+copies, and 'illustrated' copies, _cum multis aliis_.[7]
+
+Fashion determines much as to price. As soon as it becomes a fad to
+collect books relating to some particular subject, competition instantly
+steps in, and prices go up. It may be well to state, for the benefit of
+a very numerous and uninitiated public, that, _because a book is old, it
+is not necessarily rare_. There are many thousands of people who have
+most imperfect and valueless books, mostly on theology, or some
+controversial abominations, and these people spend days wasting their
+own and booksellers' time in seeking to sell at prices which their own
+imagination alone has determined is right. Distrust the advertisements
+of large paper editions. _Very_ few of them are worth purchasing, and
+very few, indeed, increase in value. Fight against the first-edition
+craze, which is the maddest craze that ever affected book collecting.
+Again and again it must be repeated, and cannot be gainsaid, that _a
+first edition may be the best, but in most cases it is the worst_. In
+every case, inquire and find out which is the _best_ edition as to
+completeness, good paper and print, and safe editing, if such has been
+necessary, and then purchase a copy of that edition. One remark
+finally. The prices of _all good books_ are going up, and any one who
+lays out money with care within the next ten years will have the
+enjoyment of his library and a good investment as well.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[5] D. Clement, _Bibliotheque curieuse_.
+
+[6] Edwards, _Memoirs of Libraries_, ii. 647-649.
+
+[7] Edwards, ii. 659.
+
+
+
+
+_On the Care of Books._
+
+
+The two things most neglected in houses are the trimming of lamps and
+the care of the books. The condition of many libraries in large country
+houses is most lamentable. In such neglect are they that it would take
+months, and in some cases years, working day and night, to restore them
+to a healthy condition. For, poor things! they are really so neglected,
+that their covers become like the limbs of rheumatic people. If you
+touch them they seem to shriek and cry with pain. They are either
+parched for lack of a proper atmosphere, or else they are sticking
+together with the damp or thickly covered with dust.[8] There is nothing
+else in a house like this, and why are these things so? It is because
+there are so few people who understand the care of books. I once read
+the following in a daily paper, and thought I recognised in it a
+familiar hand, that of Mr. Andrew Lang:--
+
+'The foes of books are careless people--first of all. They tear pages
+open with their thumbs, or cut them with sharp knives which damage the
+margins. It is so difficult to keep paper knives, and ivory paper knives
+are the favourite pasture of some scholars, who bite the edges till the
+weapon resembles a dissipated saw. To avoid this temptation some employ
+mediaeval daggers, or skene dhus, but the edges spoil a book. Cigarette
+ashes are very bad for books, so is butter, also marmalade. Dr. Johnson
+and Wordsworth are said to have been very careless with their books. Dr.
+Johnson used to clean his from dust by knocking them together, as Mr.
+Leighton says housemaids do. Scott was very careful; he had a number of
+wooden dummies made, and, when a volume was borrowed, he put the dummy
+in its place on the shelf, inscribing it with the name of the borrower.
+He also defended his shelves with locked brazen wires. "Tutus clausus
+ero" ("I shall be safe if shut up"), his anagram, was his motto, under
+a portcullis. Borrowers, of course, are nearly the worst enemies of
+books, always careless, and very apt to lose one volume out of a set.
+Housemaids are seldom bibliophiles. Their favourite plan is to dust the
+books in the owner's absence, and then rearrange them on fancy
+principles, mostly upside down. One volume of _Grote_ will be put among
+French novels, another in the centre of a collection on sports, a third
+in the midst of modern histories, while others are "upstairs and
+downstairs, and in my lady's chamber." The diversity of sizes, from
+folio to duodecimo, makes books very difficult to arrange where room is
+scanty. Modern shelves in most private houses allow no room for folios,
+which have to lie, like fallen warriors, on their sides.'
+
+All that is very true, particularly about housemaids. Indeed, I have
+rarely found any woman who cared sufficiently for her books to really
+fondly tend them.
+
+The principal enemy which books have is DAMP. This means ruination, more
+perhaps to the paper than to the binding, though both suffer. A fungus
+growth comes on the leather, and inside there come stains and 'fox'
+marks. Damp is caused (1) through lack of fires or warmth; (2) through
+too many sides of a room being exposed to the elements without having
+the walls battened; (3) the thaw following a frost, proper means for
+warmth not being adopted during the frost. The only remedy for damp is
+the trying process of opening each volume and suspending it open, after
+wiping with a dry cloth each page affected. The next worst enemies are
+gas and heat.
+
+Gas alone, provided the books are not placed high up, will not be nearly
+so destructive as it is generally supposed; but all atmospheres heated
+too highly are destructive. Mr. Poole, a very experienced American
+librarian, has reported as follows, and, I think, very rightly:--
+
+'The burning of many gas lights doubtless has a tendency to increase the
+evil by increasing the heat. Yet the deterioration of bindings goes on
+in the libraries where gas is never used. This fact shows that the chief
+injury arises from heat, and not merely from the sulphurous residuum of
+gas combustion.'
+
+Mr. Poole made an experiment in the upper gallery of a library, and
+found that--
+
+'While the temperature of the floor was 65 deg. Fahr., that of the upper
+gallery was found to be 142 deg.. Such a temperature dries up the oil of the
+leather, and burns out its life. Books cannot live where men cannot
+live.' Similarly, Mr. Blades wrote in his little manual:
+
+'The surest way to preserve your books is to treat them as you would
+your own children, who are sure to sicken if confined in an atmosphere
+which is impure, too hot, too cold, too damp, or too dry. It is just the
+same with the progeny of literature.'
+
+In London particularly dust, smoke, and soot get at books and do great
+damage. To have the top edges gilded is an excellent way to prevent dust
+getting into the leaves. Books which have roughly trimmed tops harbour
+dust much more readily, and it is with great difficulty removed from
+such. If a book is very dusty, a small brush is perhaps the best means
+to adopt to remove the offending particles. Books should not be either
+swung together or beaten together. The carpet in a library should not
+reach to the wall, or right to the cases, but should fall short so as to
+be removed when required to be cleaned. A librarian at Bath gives the
+following advice:--
+
+'Our books are taken down once a year, in the month of August, to be
+dusted, and, for the last four or five years, I have adopted a simple
+plan. When the books are well dusted I take about half an ounce of the
+best horn glue, and, having dissolved it in the usual way, I add to it
+about a pint of warm water and a teaspoonful of glycerine, and stir it
+well. Then dipping a soft sponge into the solution, I wash over the
+backs of the books. If the leather is much perished or decayed, it will
+unduly absorb the size, and a second touch over may be necessary. The
+glycerine will have the effect of preventing the glue from drying too
+hard or stiffening the leather. When dry, the books may be rubbed over
+with a chamois leather. The above process, I find, helps to nourish the
+leather, and to restore that property which the heated air has
+destroyed. It also freshens up and greatly improves the appearance of
+the volumes upon the shelves. The operation must be repeated once a
+year at least.'
+
+Bottles of preparation are sold ready made up for this purpose. Mr.
+Blades warmly echoed the sentiment that housemaids and helps are seldom
+bibliophiles, and, if, peradventure, one Eve in a family can be
+indoctrinated with book reverence, there may be salvation for all the
+books. Mr. Blades himself had a fine library, and goes fully into the
+subject of the period of dusting and its methods.[9]
+
+'Books _must_ now and then be taken down out of their shelves, but they
+should be tended lovingly and with judgment. If the dusting can be done
+just outside the room, so much the better. The books removed, the shelf
+should be lifted quite out of its bearings, cleansed, and wiped, and
+then each volume should be taken separately and gently rubbed on back
+and edges with a soft cloth. In returning the volumes to their places,
+notice should be taken of the binding, and especially when the books
+are in whole calf or morocco, care should be taken not to let them rub
+together. The best-bound books are soonest injured, and generally
+deteriorate in bad company. Certain volumes, indeed, have evil tempers,
+and will scratch the faces of all their neighbours who are too familiar
+with them. Such are books with metal clasps and rivets on their edges;
+and such, again, are those abominable old rascals, chiefly born in the
+fifteenth century, who are proud of being dressed in real boards with
+brass corners, and pass their lives with fearful knobs and metal
+bosses. . . . . When your books are being dusted, don't impute too much
+common sense to your assistants--take their ignorance for granted.'
+
+Mr. Blades then points out certain dangers which beset the inexperienced
+handler of books. Never lift a book by one of its corners. Do not pile
+books up too high. Be careful not to rub the dust _into_ instead of
+_off_ the edges. If mildew or damp is discovered, carefully wipe it
+away, and let the book stand open for some days in a very dry spot--but
+not in front of a fire. Be careful that no grit is on the duster, or it
+will surely mark your books. Do not wedge books in too tightly.
+Common-sense must dictate what is right, but every volume should _fit
+easily_ in its place.
+
+Children and servants are not to be classed as friendly to books, but
+little lapses on their part are much more easily tolerated than the
+ignorance of the person who ought to know better. Such people insist
+upon having their books bound in hideous bindings, and mutilated almost
+beyond recognition by the bookbinder's plough.
+
+I will talk about bookbinding later, but this I will say, that in no way
+can a book be easier ruined than by being placed unconditionally in the
+hands of a bookbinder.
+
+It is frequently supposed that the insect, known as the bookworm, is a
+great enemy to books. 'Tis true where the bookworm exists it does
+irreparable damage, but fortunately it is not an insect which may be
+found every day. In America, they have, I believe, greater trouble from
+these boring insects. They have 'fish bugs,' 'silver fish,' and 'bustle
+tails,' scientifically known as _Lepisma Saccharina_. Another is known
+as 'Buffalo Bug,' or 'Carpet Bug,' or the _Anthrenus varius_ of
+scientists. A third is _Blatta Australasia_, a species of cockroach.
+
+The following maxims may be learned by heart, or if preferred, they can
+be bought by experience:
+
+Do not bite your paper knife until it has the edge of a saw.
+
+Do not cut books except with a proper ivory paper knife.
+
+It is ruination to a good book not to cut it right through into the
+corners.
+
+Do not turn the leaves of books down. Particularly, do not turn down the
+leaves of books printed on plate paper.
+
+If you are in the habit of lending books, do not mark them. These two
+habits together constitute an act of indiscretion.
+
+It is better to give a book than to lend it.
+
+Never write upon a title-page or half-title. The blank fly-leaf is the
+right place.
+
+Books are neither card-racks, crumb-baskets, or receptacles for dead
+leaves.
+
+Books were not meant as cushions, nor were they meant to be toasted
+before a fire.
+
+Valets and maids appear to take kindly to the packing of everything
+except books. I will therefore say that only small quantities (twelve
+volumes to twenty) should be packed in a parcel. Boxes, either
+wine-cases, or boxes specially made, should be used. Books being very
+solid and heavy should be packed in strong cases, and the method of
+packing them should be to place them upright alternately on back and
+edge in layers. By this means they can be fitted tightly to the case
+they are meant to travel in. Leather bound volumes should be wrapped up
+singly before being packed, and the box should be carefully lined with
+paper so that any roughness on the wood of the box may not damage the
+volumes.
+
+Book and parcel post volumes should have three or four thicknesses of
+paper, and if bound volumes a strawboard on either side as well as
+paper.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[8] Leighton (John), _Book-plate Annual_.
+
+[9] _Enemies of Books._
+
+
+
+
+_The Art of Reading._
+
+
+First, how to read. The reason why so many people who read much know so
+little, is because they read isolated books instead of reading one book
+in connexion with another. The memory is trained by association, and if
+you read two books in succession on one subject you know more than twice
+as much as if you had read one book only. A good memory is a memory
+which assimilates. Every one has a good memory for something. A good
+memory rejects and sifts, and does not accept everything offered to it
+like a pillar-box. Do not join reading societies, because they kill
+individuality. Choose your subject, and work all round it. There is an
+extensive literature on the subject of 'The Art of Reading,' 'The Best
+Hundred Books,' &c. Most of it is useless and bewildering. The best
+advice I have ever seen in print about reading was by Sir Herbert
+Maxwell, and it appeared some years ago at the end of a _Nineteenth
+Century_ article. It is as follows:
+
+'If any young person of leisure were so much at a loss as to ask advice
+as to what he should read, mine should be exceedingly simple--_Read
+anything_ bearing on a definite object. Let him take up any imaginable
+subject to which he feels attracted, be it the precession of the
+equinoxes or postage stamps, the Athenian drama or London street cries;
+let him follow it from book to book, and unconsciously his knowledge,
+not of that subject only, but of many subjects, will be increased, for
+the departments of the realm of knowledge are divided by no _octroi_.
+He may abandon the first object of his pursuit for another; it does not
+matter, one subject leads to another; he will have acquired the habit of
+acquisition; he will have gained that conviction of the pricelessness of
+time which makes it intolerable for a man to lie abed of a morning.'
+
+The art of reading is a thing to learn, and with it comes the equally
+valuable art of skipping.
+
+Mr. Balfour's advice to readers is to learn the arts of skipping and
+skimming, and the late Philip Gilbert Hamerton said:--'The art of
+reading is to skip judiciously. The art is to skip all that does not
+concern us, whilst missing nothing that we really need. No external
+guidance can teach this; for nobody but ourselves can guess what the
+needs of our intellect may be.'
+
+No one knows how to skim and skip who has not first well threshed out
+some subject for himself. No one can tear the heart out of a book who
+has not first been through the student period. Advice is poured forth in
+lengthy magazine articles, and lectures, but as far as I know there is
+nothing which embodies such good sense on this subject, excepting Sir
+Herbert Maxwell's advice above, as a tiny pamphlet, about two inches
+square, written by Miss Lucy Soulsby, and sold for twopence. It is
+rather absurdly called _Things in Books Clothing_!
+
+Below are printed only such passages, gathered from many sources, as I
+think are necessary to be known about the art of reading.
+
+'It is true that the most absolute master of his own hours still needs
+thrift if he would turn them to account, and that too many _never_ learn
+this thrift, whilst others learn it late. . . . . Few intellectual men
+have the art of economising the hours of study. The very necessity which
+every one acknowledges of giving vast portions of life to attain
+proficiency in anything, makes us prodigal where we ought to be
+parsimonious, and careless where we have need of unceasing vigilance.
+The best time-savers are a love of soundness in all we learn or do, and
+a cheerful acceptance of inevitable limitations.'[10]
+
+'In exchange for the varied pleasures of the fashionable life, the
+intellectual life can offer you but one satisfaction, for all its
+promises are reducible simply to this, that you shall come at last,
+after infinite labour, into contact with some great _reality_; that you
+shall know and do in such sort that you will feel yourself on firm
+ground, and be recognised--probably not much applauded, but yet
+recognised--as a fellow-labourer by other knowers and doers. Before you
+come to this, most of your present accomplishments will be abandoned by
+yourself as unsatisfactory and insufficient, but one or two of them will
+be turned to better account, and will give you, after many years, a
+tranquil self-respect, and, what is still rarer and better, a very deep
+and earnest reverence for the greatness which is above you. Severed from
+the vanities of the illusory, you will live with the realities of
+knowledge as one who has quitted the painted scenery of the theatre to
+listen by the eternal ocean or gaze at the granite hills.'[11]
+
+'Reading, with me, incites to reflection instantly. I cannot separate
+the origination of ideas from the reception of ideas. The consequence
+is, as I read I always begin to think in various directions, and that
+makes my reading slow.'[12]
+
+'When a particular object has to be attained, reading cannot be too
+special. There is an enormous waste of intelligence through a neglect of
+this fact, but otherwise reading should "come by nature." When I look
+through the list of The Best Hundred Books, I cannot help saying to
+myself, "Here are the most admirable and varied materials for the
+formation of a prig."'[13]
+
+'Let us not be afraid of using a dictionary. _A_ dictionary? A dozen; at
+all events, until Dr. Murray's huge undertaking is finished. And even
+then, for no one dictionary will help us through some authors--say,
+Chaucer, or Spenser, or Sir Thomas Browne. Let us use our full lexicon,
+and Latin dictionary, and French dictionary, and Anglo-Saxon dictionary,
+and etymological dictionary, and dictionaries of antiquity, and
+biography, and geography, and concordances, anything and everything that
+will throw light on the meanings and histories of words.'[14]
+
+'To master a book, perhaps the best possible way is to write an essay
+in refutation of it. You may be bound few things will escape you then.
+The next best way may perhaps be to edit and annotate it for students,
+though, if some recent hebdomadal animadversions upon certain Oxford
+styles of annotation are well founded, this is questionable. The worst
+way, I should think, would be to review it for a newspaper.'[15]
+
+'Reading, and much reading, is good. But the power of diversifying the
+matter infinitely in your own mind, and of applying it to every occasion
+that arises is far better.'[16]
+
+'A person once told me that he never took up a book except with the view
+of making himself master of some subject which he was studying, and that
+while he was so engaged he made all his reading converge to that point.
+In this way he might read parts of many books, but not a single one from
+"end to end." This I take to be an excellent method of study, but one
+which implies the command of many books.'[17]
+
+'Never read a book without pencil in hand. If you dislike disfiguring
+the margins and fly-leaves of your own books, borrow a friend's; but by
+all means use a pencil, if only to jot down the pages to be re-read. To
+transcribe striking, beautiful, or important passages is a tremendous
+aid to the memory; these will live for years, clear and vivid as day,
+when the book itself has become spectral and shadowy in the night of
+oblivion. A manuscript volume of such passages, well indexed, will
+become in time one of the most valuable books in one's library.'[18]
+
+'No man, it appears to me, can tell another what he ought to read. A
+man's reading, to be of any value, must depend upon his power of
+association, and that again depends upon his tendencies, his capacities,
+his surroundings, and his opportunities.'[19]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I am fully convinced that the above passages condense all that is best
+worth knowing upon the 'Art of Reading.'
+
+Next in importance is what to read. Be very careful about reading books
+which are recommended, because they are books of the hour. Fools step in
+and say read this and that without thinking to put themselves in your
+place. Because a book suits one person, it is only a rare chance that it
+will suit a friend equally.
+
+Before recommending a book to another with assurance, you must know the
+book well, and the friend to whom it is recommended you must know much
+better. Read the book which suggests something responsive and
+sympathetic. No one can tell you this as well as you can find it for
+yourself. Practice will teach you to choose a book, as practice has
+taught you to choose a friend. You will almost be able to choose it in
+the dark. There are affinities for books as for people, but this does
+not come at once.
+
+The proper appreciation of the great books of the world is the reward of
+lifelong study. You must work up to them, and unconsciously you will
+become trained to find great qualities in what the world has decided is
+great. Novel reading is not a part of the intellectual life, it is a
+part of the fashionable life.
+
+Lamb says that Bridget Elia 'was tumbled early, by accident or design,
+into a spacious library of good old English reading, without much
+selection or prohibition, and browsed at will upon that fair and
+wholesome pasturage.' And he adds, 'Had I twenty girls they should be
+brought up exactly in this fashion.'
+
+Ruskin says, 'there need be no choosing at all. Keep the modern magazine
+and novel out of your girl's way; turn her loose into the old library
+every wet day, and let her alone. She will find out what is good for
+her.'
+
+Mr. Ruskin notwithstanding, there will ever be a large public who will
+read nothing unless it has a story in it.
+
+Nearly all readers of books may be divided into two classes, those who
+read as students towards some definite end, and those who read for
+amusement. The latter class are greatly in the majority, and I have no
+hesitation in saying that a love of fiction will always predominate over
+a love of research, even in its light form. The student class, among
+whom are many critics, usually fail to understand the position of the
+fiction lovers, with the result that the fiction readers and fiction
+itself get a great many jibes and taunts. To open this question would
+involve a long argument, and would bring about no good. All experience
+goes to prove that a very large section of the public, not being
+students, loves to read the books of the hour, and great pleasure may be
+got therefrom. The smaller section, trained to different habits, and
+regarding books in a more serious light, put their collection of books
+to different purposes, and, I know, get great pleasure therefrom. The
+two classes can run parallel together, and one class should not try to
+exterminate the other.[20] In country houses the books in billiard-rooms
+and in the bedrooms should appropriately be fiction. Not many guests at
+a house-party are in the frame of mind to take up serious books, nor are
+there the opportunities given for application which such would require.
+I think where the general house library is (as is very often the case)
+not a living room, there is then much more reason for separating fiction
+and light literature, and placing them in a very accessible position. It
+will often be found advisable, as fiction accumulates, to weed out and
+decide what volumes shall be bound and what rejected or placed in the
+servants' library. Shelves should therefore be reserved for books which
+are thus going through a period of probation.[21]
+
+A fiction library may be made very interesting if it is so arranged as
+to represent the history of France or of England, or any country. From
+the boundless stores of fiction writers--in fact, from Scott alone
+almost--a sequence of volumes may be arranged which, if read in proper
+order, would make a very excellent romance history. Almost every
+interesting episode of history has had its story woven into romance.
+Thus there are, I believe, about eighteen historical romances relating
+to the Monmouth rebellion alone.
+
+'Much of love,' said Lord Bowen, 'has only been learned under the
+instruction of some woman who has herself only learned it from a book.
+Authoresses, indeed, have not unfrequently betrayed the key to some of
+their sex's secrets. Were it not for _Northanger Abbey_ and Miss Austen,
+some of the old mysteries of girlish friendship would have remained
+untold, and we should never have known or understood the curiosity
+which may lurk in a refined bosom at seventeen. Man would scarcely have
+guessed but for _Jane Eyre_ the impression which can be made, it seems,
+upon a heart by a middle-aged gentleman with the manners of a bear and
+the composure of a prig. Furthermore, it is through women's novels that
+we have had brought home to us most adequately what women who have
+tasted it, or seen it, can best relate, the despicable egotism of a weak
+man. Anzoleto in _Consuelo_, Tito in _Romola_.'[22]
+
+It is important for every one to fix upon a time for everyday study, and
+remember to read when you have a disposition so to do. Do not think that
+spare moments not spent in reading are lost. Some spare time must be
+kept for thinking. If you have 'nerves,' it is no good to read then;
+read when the mind is quiet and receptive. This will probably be when
+dressing in the morning, or at night before going to bed. Keep a small
+bookcase in your dressing-room; in so doing you will learn the art of
+going to bed well. Read at any time when curiosity is aroused as to any
+person, place, or subject, and keep reference books at hand to answer
+questions intelligently. Napoleon read all the new novels in a
+travelling carriage, and pitched them out of the window as each was
+finished. Active minds, to read advantageously, should seek a quiet
+_sanctum_ of their own.
+
+A very admirable suggestion was made a short time since, I think by Dr.
+Ernest Hart, that it should be more a custom to have bookcases in
+bedrooms. Many persons, and, I believe, notably Mr. Gladstone, read
+before going to bed. I think all bedrooms should have a selection of
+favourite books, and I do not think that novels are nearly so suitable
+as books of short essays and sketches. Few people would sit up
+sufficiently long to read a novel through, and many would therefore not
+begin what they knew they would be unable to finish.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[10] P. G. Hamerton.
+
+[11] P. G. Hamerton.
+
+[12] H. W. Beecher.
+
+[13] James Payn.
+
+[14] _Blackwood's Magazine_, February, 1896.
+
+[15] _Blackwood's Magazine_, February, 1896.
+
+[16] Burke.
+
+[17] Thirlwall.
+
+[18] _Blackwood's Magazine_, February, 1896.
+
+[19] J. S. Blackie.
+
+[20] H. D. Traill.
+
+[21] See Mr. Gladstone's ideas on the subject, in _Gladstone in the
+Evening of his Days_, p. 145.
+
+[22] Bowen's lecture on _Novel Reading_.
+
+
+
+
+_Common-place Books._
+
+
+Very numerous methods have been suggested whereby memory may be assisted
+and the assimilation of our reading proceed without indigestion. A
+reader is often pictured with note-book in hand, supposed to be
+memorising what he is reading. There is no doubt that note-books are
+very useful, but no note-book or commonplace-book should take the place
+of the natural memory--and every one has a good memory for something.
+
+Thomas Fuller has wittily said, 'Adventure not all thy learning in one
+bottom, but divide it between thy memory and thy note-books. . . . . A
+commonplace-book contains many notions in garrison, whence an owner may
+draw out an army into the field on competent warning.'
+
+Every one has his and her own way of keeping a commonplace-book. Mr.
+Sala, I remember, once gave a minute account of his jottings in this
+way:[23] 'Todd's _Index Rerum_ was, in its day, very little else than
+an alphabeted book--a forerunner of what stationers now sell in various
+sizes called _Where is it?_ The simplest form of commonplace-book is a
+plain quarto MS. book ruled in an ordinary way, and in this entries may
+be made without being alphabeted. Do not write extracts or notes right
+across the line, but make your entries thus, having the keyword clear
+and easy to be seen:--
+
+      'PICUS DE MIRANDOLA.--His extraordinary gifts. His
+          being sought after by women. Compare with H. T.
+          Buckle. See also Hallam's _Literary History_, Part
+          I. chap. iii.'
+
+In the matter of note-books, I am sure that it is best for every one to
+make notes in the way best suited to his convenience. Many, I think,
+find that taking notes while reading a book is an undesirable
+interruption. To such, it may be suggested to have slips of paper about
+half an inch wide, and four or five inches long, and insert these at the
+pages which contain anything notable. Then, when the book is finished,
+go through and transcribe or memorise such passages as are thus marked.
+I think it a great mistake to attempt too rigid a system in note-books,
+or too much red tape of any kind, because whenever this is done, the
+time and thought, which should be given to the matter of the extract
+helping to fix it upon the memory, is given instead to the secondary
+matter of keeping your note-books very neat.
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[23] 'Periodically I am addressed by two constant and somewhat exigeant
+classes of correspondents: the young gentlemen who wish me to give them
+a list of the works requisite to form a journalist's library; and, next,
+the esteemed individuals of both sexes and all ages who want me to tell
+them how to keep a commonplace-book. I have replied to both these
+questions over and over again; and to give yet another list of the books
+which I think would be useful to professional writers for the press
+would be to outrage the patience of my non-professional patrons. The
+recipe for keeping a commonplace-book may, however, it is to be hoped,
+be repeated without giving offence to any one. Here it is; and pray
+observe that I have had it printed in small type, in order that the
+susceptibilities of readers who want to be amused and do not require to
+be instructed may not be wounded:--Procure a blank book, strongly bound,
+big or little, according to the largeness or smallness of your
+handwriting. Let the book have an index. It will be better if the paper
+of the book were ruled. When in the course of your reading you come on a
+passage which strikes you as worthy of being common-placed, copy it
+legibly in your commonplace-book. Say that the passage is the following,
+from Bacon's _Natural History_: "So the beard is younger than the hair
+of the head, and doth, for the most part, wax hoary later." At the end
+of this passage inscribe a circle or an ellipse, a square or a lozenge,
+just as you choose to do; and in the inscribed space write with red ink
+(better still with carmine) the figure 1. Then index the passage under
+letter B. "Beard younger than hair of head. 1." If you wish to be very
+careful in your common-placing, you may double index the passage by
+turning to letter H, and indicating the passage as "Head, hair of, older
+than beard." And so you may continue to transcribe consecutively all the
+passages which strike you in the course of your reading: never omitting
+to number the passage and to index it as soon as numbered. That is the
+system adopted by the Distressed Compiler, and he has made constant use
+of it for nearly forty years.'--G. A. SALA.
+
+
+
+
+_Reference Books._
+
+
+I have been very often asked for a book which will 'tell one
+everything.' There is no such book, and there never could be such a
+book. Omniscience may be a foible of men, but it is not so of books.
+Knowledge, as Johnson said, is of two kinds, you may know a thing
+yourself, and you may know where to find it.[24] Now the amount which
+you may actually know yourself must, at its best, be limited, but what
+you may know of the sources of information may, with proper training,
+become almost boundless. And here come the value and use of reference
+books--the working of one book in connexion with another--and applying
+your own intelligence to both. By this means we get as near to that
+omniscient volume which tells everything as ever we shall get, and
+although the single volume or work which tells everything does not
+exist, there is a vast number of reference books in existence, a
+knowledge and proper use of which is essential to every intelligent
+person. Necessary as I believe reference books to be, they can easily be
+made to be contributory to idleness, and too mechanical a use should not
+be made of them. Very admirable reference books come to us from America,
+where great industry is shown, and funds for publishing them never seem
+to be short. The French, too, are excellent at reference books, but the
+inferior way in which they are printed makes them tiresome to refer to.
+Larousse's _Grand Dictionnaire_ is a miracle.
+
+A good atlas is essential as a reference book, and maps of the locality
+where we live. A good map of old London is very useful in studying
+_Pepys' Diary_ for instance. A good verbal dictionary is essential.
+Sometimes several should be in use: thus, Halliwell's _Archaic
+Dictionary_ and Nares' _Glossary_ are useful in studying Shakespeare.
+Richardson's _Dictionary_ embodies all the good points of Johnson's
+_Dictionary_, and is very excellent for quotations. Poetical
+_Concordances_ and _Dictionaries of Quotations_, both prose and poetry,
+are useful, though very rarely does one find the quotation required in
+any professed book of quotations. A good _Biographical Dictionary_ is a
+joy; such is Lippincott's, an American work. A good _Classical
+Dictionary_ is also necessary, and may be supplemented by Smith's
+_Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography_. It would be interesting to
+see how far it would be possible to collect an ideal reference library,
+and this, I think, has never been carefully done. It must be borne in
+mind that reference books are not all books arranged alphabetically
+(though the man who first wrote an alphabeted book should be Canonised).
+Reference books consist of such works as Rawlinson's Historical Works,
+Wilkinson's _History of the Ancient Egyptians_, and Fergusson's _History
+of Architecture_. All such books are reference books, and many thousands
+more. I think it will be found a good plan in the library to keep
+reference books (viz., those which are likely to be in frequent use) in
+a separate case--perhaps a revolving case--and in no library should this
+section be neglected. Mr. Walter Wren, the well-known coach, once
+lectured on 'What is Education?' and in his lecture he made the
+following remarks:--
+
+'I think the first thing that made me a teacher was my noticing, when a
+boy, how men and women read books and papers, and knew no more about
+them when they had read them than they did before. . . . . Lots of
+people seem to know nothing, and to want to know nothing; at any rate,
+they never show any wish to learn anything. I was once in a room where
+not one person could say where Droitwich was; once, at a dinner of
+fourteen, where only one besides myself knew in what county Salisbury
+was. I have asked, I believe, over a hundred times where Stilton is, and
+have been told twice--this when Stilton cheese was handed. I mention
+this to show the peculiar conservative mental apathy of Englishmen.'
+
+'A reader should be familiar with the best method by which the original
+investigation of any topic may be carried on. When he has found it, he
+appreciates, perhaps for the first time, for what purpose books are for,
+and how to use them. . . . . No person has any claim to be a scholar
+until he can conduct such an original investigation with ease and
+pleasure.' The foregoing was the advice of a well-known American
+librarian.
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[24] Those who read everything acquire something, and especially they
+acquire, as the Bishop of Oxford (Dr. Wilberforce), once said, the
+invaluable power of knowing where, when they wanted first-hand
+information, they could most easily obtain it. That is the knowledge of
+the lawyer; and the knowledge of the lawyer, if he is competent,
+gradually becomes of the kind which qualifies him to be a
+judge.--_Spectator_, January 2nd, 1897.
+
+
+
+
+_Boudoir Libraries._
+
+
+Women have their own way of loving books. They are very rarely students,
+and more rarely still do they amass really great libraries, though many
+of the famous women of history have done so. Yet a woman likes to have
+her own books, and she likes, too, to have them separate from her
+husband's or her brothers', or the general family collection. Most women
+like tiny editions fitted into tiny cases.[25] Colour is much more to a
+woman than to a man, and in the binding of her books she will very often
+be very happily inspired. I think that it is in De Maistre's _Journey
+Round my Room_ that he says, 'It is certain that colours exercise an
+influence over us to the extent of rendering us gay or sad, according to
+their shades.' Charming tiny bookcases are now sold in various woods and
+in all sizes, and these have the advantage of being easily moved from
+place to place. A very pretty effect can be produced by a book-screen,
+but this, to be of service for taking books, must be placed in a room
+larger than most boudoirs. In choosing bindings for small books do not
+be surprised if, when bound, your books are not as flexible as they
+should be. The easy opening of a book, and this particularly applies to
+small books, depends very much upon the thickness of the paper used, and
+small books printed on thick paper will never open well. Much blame is
+often heaped upon binders in this direction which is by no means their
+fault. Roan, parchment, vellum, morocco, and buckram are all suitable
+for boudoir bindings. Very pretty effects are produced by binding a
+series of small books in vellum with green lettering-pieces, and green
+edges instead of gilded edges. White backs, with pink or blue
+lettering-pieces, are also very dainty; and a pretty effect of another
+kind is produced by dark brown polished calf, with round backs, raised
+bands, and yellow edges.
+
+Reference books, such as verbal dictionaries, dictionaries of
+quotations, a classical dictionary, an atlas, or a biographical
+dictionary, should always be to hand; and even when these are in the
+large library, duplicates should be kept in the boudoir.
+
+In a very charming book, already referred to, called _The Story of my
+House_, there is certain practical advice which seems to be the result
+of much experience and excellent taste on the part of the writer.
+
+'With regard to the bookcases themselves, their height should depend
+upon that of the ceilings, and the number of one's volumes. For
+classification and reference it is more convenient to have numerous
+small cases of similar or nearly similar size, and the same general
+style of construction, than a few large cases in which everything is
+engulphed. With small or medium-sized receptacles, each one may contain
+volumes relating to certain departments or different languages, as the
+case may be; by this means a volume and its kindred may be readily
+found.'
+
+'The style and colour of the bindings, also, may subserve a similar
+purpose; as, for instance, the poets in yellow or orange, books on
+nature in olive, the philosophers in blue, the French classics in red,
+&c. Unless methodically arranged, even with a very small library, a
+volume is often difficult to turn to when desired for immediate
+consultation, requiring tedious search, especially if the volumes are
+arranged upon the shelves with respect to size and outward symmetry.
+This may be avoided by the use of small bookcases and a definite style
+of binding.'
+
+I think here that the boudoir library should have its own catalogue, and
+every bookshelf marked or numbered. Every boudoir library should have a
+catalogue.
+
+'In a room ten and a half to eleven feet high, five feet is a desirable
+height for the bookcases. Besides the drawers at the base, this will
+afford space for four rows of books, to include octavos, duodecimos, and
+smaller volumes. The shelves should, of course, be shifting. . . . . By
+leaving the top of the bookcase twelve to thirteen inches wide, ample
+space will be allowed for additional small books, porcelain, and
+_bric-a-brac_. It must be borne in mind that tall bookcases, in addition
+to the inaccessibility of the volumes in the upper shelves, have little,
+if any, space for pictures on the walls above them.'
+
+It may be appropriate here to remind readers of an essay in Addison's
+_Spectator_ upon my Lady's Library.
+
+'Some months ago, my Friend, Sir Roger, being in the Country, enclosed a
+Letter to me, directed to a certain Lady, whom I shall here call by the
+name of _Leonora_, and as it contained Matters of Consequence, desired
+me to deliver it to her with my own Hand. Accordingly, I waited upon her
+Ladyship early in the Morning, and was desired by her Woman to walk into
+her Lady's Library till such time as she was in Readiness to receive me.
+The very Sound of a _Lady's Library_ gave me a great Curiosity to see
+it; and as it was some time before the Lady came to me, I had an
+Opportunity of turning over a great many of her Books, which were ranged
+together in very beautiful Order. At the end of the _Folios_ (which were
+finely bound and gilt) were great Jars of _China_, placed one above
+another in a very noble piece of Architecture. The _Quartos_ were
+separated from the _Octavos_ by a Pile of smaller Vessels, which rose in
+a delightful Pyramid. The _Octavos_ were bounded by Tea Dishes of all
+Shapes, Colours, and Sizes, which were so disposed on a wooden Frame
+that they looked like one continued Pillar indented with the finest
+Strokes of Sculpture, and stained with the greatest Variety of Dyes.
+That Part of the Library which was designed for the Reception of Plays
+and Pamphlets and other loose Papers, was enclosed in a kind of Square,
+consisting of one of the prettiest Grotesque Works that ever I saw, and
+made up of Scaramouches, Lions, Monkies, Mandarines, Trees, Shells, and
+a thousand other odd Figures in _China_ Ware. In the midst of the Room
+was a little Japan Table, with a Quire of gilt Paper upon it, and on the
+Paper a Silver Snuff-box, made in the Shape of a little Book. I found
+there were several other Counterfeit Books upon the upper Shelves, which
+were carved in Wood, and served only to fill up the Number, like Fagots
+in the muster of a Regiment. I was wonderfully pleased with such a mixt
+kind of Furniture, as seemed very suitable both to the Lady and the
+Scholar, and did not know at first whether I should fancy myself in a
+Grotto, or in a Library.'
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[25] Napoleon was a great lover of small books. 'An insatiate reader
+while on his travels, Napoleon complained, when at Warsaw, in 1807, and
+when at Bayonne, in 1808, that his librarian at Paris did not keep him
+well supplied with books. "The Emperor," wrote the secretary to Barbier,
+"wants a portable library of a thousand volumes in 12mo., printed in
+good type without margin, and composed as nearly as possible of forty
+volumes on religion, forty of epics, forty of plays, sixty of poetry, a
+hundred of novels, sixty of history, the remainder, to make up the
+thousand, of historical memoirs. The religious works are to be the Old
+and New Testament, the Koran, a selection of the works of the Fathers of
+the Church, works respecting the Aryans, Calvinists, of Mythology, &c.
+The epics are to be Homer, Lucan, Tasso, Telemachus, The Henriade, &c."
+Machiavelli, Fielding, Richardson, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Corneille,
+Racine, and Rousseau were also among the authors mentioned.'
+
+
+
+
+_Bookbinding._
+
+
+As far as I am aware there are only four bookbinders in London who may
+be trusted not to mutilate a book, and there are only two who have any
+sense of design and harmony of colour. In sending a book to be bound,
+if you value the book, you cannot be too careful or minute in giving
+instructions as to your wishes.
+
+I think the best way to assist by advice is to picture a number of
+everyday instances of people requiring books to be bound, and to take
+such familiar cases instancing well-known books and show how each case
+can best be dealt with.
+
+First of all, the right leather to use for binding is morocco. This is
+best; more durable, and a better choice of colour is given you.
+Half-morocco is good, but see that you get a good wide strip of morocco,
+and that it is not all cloth sides with a very narrow spine of leather.
+Valuable books should never be cut down. In many cases the top edges may
+be gilded which is a preservative from dust, but there are many other
+cases where instructions should be given to 'gild on the rough,' the
+three other sides should be left alone.
+
+I will first take the case of the 'Cambridge' _Shakespeare_, the
+hand-made paper edition, already spoken of, where each play has been
+issued in a separate volume, and in all forty thin volumes. Now the
+first question to settle is: Shall I have each of the forty volumes
+bound separately, or shall I bind the forty in twenty double volumes? or
+another question may arise in your mind, Shall I keep the book in its
+neat linen cover as published, and get another small paper copy, and
+bind that instead? Such questions must be settled--each one for himself.
+All I will say now is that the large paper forty volume edition when
+bound in twenty double volumes makes a very ideal copy of a great
+English classic; so, presuming that it is to be bound, you must choose
+the style of binding. It should rest between half-morocco and whole
+morocco, the latter costing about double the former. I think
+half-morocco is right for the book in most cases, whole morocco being
+unnecessarily expensive. Then comes colour, which must largely be
+referred to your own taste--olive-green, brown, dark red, and light
+apple green, would all be appropriate colours to choose from. The binder
+should have a book of colours and shades ready for you to select one
+from. Be sure and see that you have a coarse-grained levant morocco,
+which is much handsomer than the less good hard fine-grained morocco;
+of course it should be a polished or crushed levant binding, though when
+you see the pattern piece of leather it will be rough and unpolished. At
+any rate select a colour which, when polished, will work '_clean_.' Do
+not select anything _very light_ in morocco, it will probably not work
+'clean,' but come out spotted even when new.
+
+You will now select 'end papers.' These, I am sorry to say, are mostly
+very ugly, though there have recently been made some beautiful cloudy
+coloured papers, which now and then, and apparently by accident, are
+very beautiful, and they are also rather expensive. Some of the Japanese
+papers have pretty and very unobtrusive marblings worked upon them, and
+occasionally, too, a brocade paper looks well; but for a classic, the
+plainer the better, and very often a monotint end paper, or even a plain
+white, looks exceedingly well. In the matter of end and side papers, it
+is as well to know that these can very easily be altered even after the
+book is finished. The revival of flat backs has been the cause of some
+disputing. I think myself that the pleasure with which the trained eye
+regards the flat back is sufficient excuse for it. As far as technique
+goes, the flat back is, I believe, just as lasting and as flexible as
+the round. Much must however be determined by the size and shape of the
+book as to whether a flat back is adopted or not. The _Shakespeare_
+which is now under consideration, when _bound in double volumes_, would,
+I think, look well with a flat back, and with flat raised bands between
+the panels; whereas, when bound in forty single volumes, it would be
+better to have a round back.
+
+As to decoration and finish, the most lamentable errors of taste are
+often committed. Over-adornment is a curse. A person sees an attractive
+pattern lying in a shop, and wants all his or her books bound like it,
+without for a moment considering the anachronisms and impossible
+combinations that will thereby be perpetrated. It is the same with
+clothes. A man sees another man with a fine coat, and he straightway
+thinks he, too, will have a coat of that same make and pattern. Never
+does it occur to him to gauge the stature or character of the man who
+was first wearing the coat. There is yet a good deal of the monkey and
+the ape left in us. We seem to do our best to stifle our individuality,
+and reduce our souls to one sad dead level of accursed and wicked
+imitation. Some day we shall have our eyes opened, and then see that a
+man may break the whole of the Ten Commandments at once, and yet he
+shall be saved if he be not vulgar, and it is both senseless and vulgar
+to copy old bindings on to modern books. The only decoration which the
+copy of Shakespeare could require is a gilt line, or double gilt lines,
+round the panels of the back. The full gilt back is fortunately becoming
+extinct. It may well die.
+
+Decoration of books should only be carried out when we are sure we have
+an appropriate design, and when we are sure that the book is worth it.
+
+There are now some other details to be looked after. I refuse to class
+them as minor details, because towards the making of the perfect book
+everything right is _essential_.
+
+(1) The _Shakespeare_, being a book printed on paper of good quality,
+should have the top edge gilt, but the other sides should be left
+untouched or very slightly trimmed. (2) There should be one or two
+markers in each volume, and the colour of these markers should
+harmonise with the colour of the binding. (3) The lettering should be
+chosen yourself. There should be a principal title _stamped boldly and
+deeply_, and subordinate lettering stamped lower down and in smaller
+type. Thus SHAKESPEARE'S WORKS or SHAKESPEARE merely in the top panel,
+with the editor's name underneath, and then below should be lettered the
+plays contained in each volume, and below that, at the foot, the date of
+publication. (4) Three weeks to a month at least should be allowed for
+the binding of such a work. (5) A folded copy in quires of a book is
+always preferable to a cloth-bound copy. (6) If a binder should ever
+suggest either a padded binding, a russia leather binding, or a tree
+calf binding, you may instantly leave his premises, for he cannot
+understand his business.
+
+It will be understood that the rules which apply to the binding of this
+Shakespeare equally apply to most other books. I propose, however, to
+take such instances as I think present difficulties not already met, and
+see how they can be overcome.
+
+A second instance shall be the new edition of _Pepys' Diary_. The fact
+that this, and many other books, are published volume by volume makes it
+somewhat difficult to know whether to bind them at once or not to do so.
+In the case of the new edition of _Pepys' Diary_, as neither the binding
+of the large or small paper is unsightly, it should be left until
+complete, one good reason for this being that, if it be bound volume by
+volume as published, the binder will require a pattern volume each time,
+and your pattern volume will be lying about his workshop each time a
+volume is published. To register a pattern is by no means advisable in
+the case of a really well-bound series of books. It may do well enough
+for scientific and other journals, when great nicety of detail is not so
+much required. In the case of well-bound volumes, a pattern should
+accompany the order. A book like _Murray's Dictionary_, volumes of which
+are slow in completing themselves, the parts of the volumes, current and
+incomplete, should either be tied up in paper, and kept together, or
+they should be placed between two pieces of millboard on the shelf where
+they will finally be placed.
+
+A third instance shall be an old book which requires repairing or
+restoring. We will suppose that it is an old copy of _Clarissa Harlowe_,
+which you have picked up on a country book-stall. Now the binding is
+probably very much broken, and, being very dry, is getting rapidly
+worse. It is time, therefore, that it went into hospital, and at the
+bookbinder's hospital very clever operations are performed. To restore a
+binding, paste is rubbed over the leather, and, after it is dry, it is
+washed over with a thin solution of glue size. Again, when dry, the
+volume is varnished and afterwards rubbed over with a cloth upon which a
+few drops of sweet oil have been dropped. Here is one operation just in
+outline. There are very many others, which I can only refer to. If there
+are ink marks on any of the volumes of your _Clarissa_, which you wish
+removed, this can probably be done so that no trace is left. Similarly
+many grease-spots can be effectually removed. If a page is torn, it can
+be repaired, or if a piece of it is missing, it can be facsimiled, and
+the whole of the inside of the volume can be washed throughout. Never
+destroy an old binding if you can help it, and never obliterate marks of
+ownership, for it is interesting to trace the owners of a book. If a
+bookplate is in your _Clarissa_, and you wish your own to appear,
+transplant the former one to the end cover, and put your own in the
+front if you wish. Never have such a book as we are now discussing cut
+down. A book has recently been written and published by Mr. C. G. Leland
+on _Mending and Repairing_, in which the author recommends the amateur
+to repair his own books. I believe Mr. Leland is an expert hand at many
+arts and crafts, but I do not think that every amateur should attempt
+experiments in repairing his own books unless he means to give a great
+deal of time to it, which very few would, I think, care to do.
+
+The following remarks, taken from a review, I think by Mr. A. Lang, are
+valuable:--'The binder is often very mischievous. He not only "cuts
+down" books, impairing their shapeliness and ruining them for sale, nay,
+even cutting off lines, but he is apt to lose fly-leaves, with imprints,
+and rare autographs. What he rejects may have a merely fanciful or
+sentimental interest, still that interest can be expressed in terms of
+currency. An eighth of an inch in margin may represent a large sum of
+money, and it is just as easy not to cut down the volume. Old bookplates
+ought to be kept, on new bindings of old books. They are the pedigree of
+a volume. The ancient covers, if discarded, should be examined. They are
+often packed with fragments of old manuscripts, deeds, woodcuts, or
+engravings. The ages have handed books on to us; it is our duty to hand
+them on to coming generations, clean, sound, uninjured.'
+
+The fourth case shall be paper-bound novels, English and French
+editions, and Tauchnitz copies. I have no hesitation in saying that the
+best material is Buckram. It has the merit of being good--that is to
+say, durable, cheap, artistic, and not harsh to handle, as many linens
+are. There are some half-a-dozen good colours in Buckram, and these,
+when relieved by lettering-pieces of some contrasting colour, can be
+made most decorative and economical. I believe buckram is in every way a
+most excellent material for binding, and for students who buy and use
+German and French text-books published in paper, this material is
+excellent for their libraries as well.
+
+Here may be added a few words as to Pamphlets and Magazines. It has
+been recommended that Pamphlets be kept in boxes, which may be placed
+upon the shelves as books, but this will not be found either convenient
+or secure. The best way is to bind Pamphlets in volumes according to
+size, or if _very_ numerous, according to date or subject, and let them
+each be entered separately in the catalogue. In the cataloguing of
+private libraries it is sometimes thought that certain sections, such as
+pamphlets and magazines, are not worth entering, but the only safe rule
+is that, if it is worth keeping, it is worth cataloguing. Single
+pamphlets should be bound in limp roan, and volumes of pamphlets in
+buckram or half-calf, with full lettering on the back.
+
+Magazines, when they are kept complete, should, of course, be bound up
+in their volumes, either yearly or half-yearly; but it often happens
+that a magazine is bought for a single article, and many of these
+accumulating, it is quite easy for such articles as are of special
+interest to be taken from the remainder, and treated as pamphlets. In
+the case of magazines and scientific periodicals of importance, it is
+well to keep the covers and bind them at the end of each volume. Music
+should be bound in limp roan in preference to limp calf, because the
+latter would sooner show scratches and marks, particularly as a large
+surface is exposed.
+
+If you want your pamphlets and novels to look nice, beware of your
+binder using what he calls his odd pieces, generally monsters of
+ugliness.
+
+Family papers, autograph letters, and MS. matter of all kinds should be
+placed in the hands of an expert, with instructions to calendar them,
+viz., catalogue them, giving a _precis_ of the contents of each one.
+They should then be mounted and bound up in volumes, with abstract of
+contents in front of the volume. It will be well to consider the
+advisability of having typed copies made of the whole wherever
+unpublished records exist.
+
+Much, very much, more might be written about practical details in
+bookbinding, but nothing is so valuable as experience, and a few
+mistakes will be the best teacher. Remember that morocco is the best
+material, whether it be half or whole morocco, pigskin is second, calf
+is third, vellum is fourth, roan is fifth, buckram is sixth, though it
+may frequently take the place of calf.
+
+
+
+
+_Book Hobbies._
+
+
+It has been remarked that only an auctioneer admires all schools of
+literature. I think it is certain that the way to get most enjoyment
+from books is to specialise a little. Mr. Pepys, it will be remembered,
+collected Black Letter Ballads, Penny Merriments, Penny Witticisms,
+Penny Compliments, and Penny Godlinesses, and what Pepys paid a penny
+for are now worth much gold. Lord Crawford is, I believe, one of the
+most enthusiastic among present day collectors, and I am told that he
+spends many hours in arranging and cataloguing his extensive and curious
+collection. As far as I can gather from the printed catalogues which
+have been issued of Lord Crawford's library, he is rivalling Pepys in
+his collection of ballads. Other subjects which he has taken up are
+proclamations and Papal bulls. I cannot omit saying that if Lord
+Crawford's example were followed by a few more rich men, they would find
+therein very amusing hobbies. The catalogues of the Ballads and the
+Proclamations in the Library at Haigh Hall have been compiled by Lord
+Crawford's own hand, and there are no better catalogues of a private
+collection in existence. The late Lord Braybrooke collected County
+histories, and got together a most valuable and interesting collection.
+But, judging from his own account of his collection,[26] it was too
+general to be very interesting. There is hardly a more useful or
+profitable book hobby than the collecting of Topographical books, but
+each one should confine himself to one County, or at most two, and even
+with discrimination in buying, a single County collection soon becomes
+extensive. What should be aimed at in such a collection is the putting
+together whatever will illustrate the archaeology, general history, folk
+lore, dialect, and natural history, of a district or County, and
+wherever there is a Church and a Manor, there is a history. Each parish
+history is the unit of the history of the nation, and any one
+investigating the parochial history of a single parish will find much
+national history written in between the lines. With regard to
+topographical and genealogical books, I may say that the prices of these
+are rapidly rising, and will continue to rise, owing largely to the
+increasing competition in America for these books.
+
+Sir Walter Gilbey has, it is well known, a fine collection of sporting
+books. There is no sport but what has its literature, and if there is
+one subject more than another, upon which the English mind is
+unchanging, it is sport, and this being so, sporting books will always
+offer a fine field for collectors. As the coaching age recedes farther
+back, so it will be found that an increasing number of men will want to
+read about what they no longer can hear _viva voce_. All out-door
+subjects are good hobbies. Flower culture and the laying out of grounds,
+birds and natural history generally are good subjects, but it must be
+understood that no one can find another a subject, one can only
+_suggest_, and that is all I propose to do here. Books offer a very
+endless variety of hobbies. So I have merely named one or two highways,
+and there is an endless maze of bypaths which offer delightful hunting
+grounds. Dr. Johnson, it may be remembered, expressed a very sound
+commonsense view of this matter to Boswell:
+
+'When I mentioned that I had seen in the King's Library fifty-three
+editions of my favourite _Thomas a Kempis_ . . . . in eight languages
+. . . . Johnson said he thought it unnecessary to collect many editions of
+a book which were all the same except as to paper and print. He would
+have the original, and all the translations, and all editions having
+variations in the text. He approved of the famous collection of the
+editions of Horace by Douglas, and, he added, "Every man should try to
+collect one book in that manner. . . . ."'
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[26] _Murray's Magazine_, September, 1889.
+
+
+
+
+_Old Country Libraries._
+
+
+The library of Chaucer's Clerk of Oxenford, which represented about the
+maximum that an ordinary student would possess, consisted of
+
+          'A twenty bokes, clothed in black and red,
+           Of Aristotle and his philosophie,'
+
+and these he kept 'at his beddes hed.'
+
+Dr. Jessopp, in one of his learned papers,[27] has pointed out that in
+the thirteenth century the number of books in the world was, to say the
+least, small. A library of five hundred volumes would, in those days,
+have been considered an important collection, and after making all due
+allowances for ridiculous exaggerations, which have been made by
+ill-informed writers on the subject, it may safely be said that nobody
+in the thirteenth century--at any rate in England--would have erected a
+large and lofty building as a receptacle for books, simply because
+nobody could have contemplated the possibility of filling it. Here and
+there amongst the larger and more important monasteries there were
+undoubtedly collections of books, the custody of which was entrusted to
+an accredited officer, but the time had not yet come for making
+libraries well stored with such priceless treasures as Leland, the
+antiquary, saw at Glastonbury, just before that magnificent foundation
+was given as a prey to the spoilers. A library, in any such sense as we
+now understand the term, was not only no essential part of a monastery
+in those days, but it may almost be said to have been a rarity.
+
+In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries we rarely meet with any
+indications of a literary taste among the laity; the books they
+purchased were more for ornament than use. But in the fifteenth century
+we find books mentioned in a manner which would seem to indicate that
+the laity were enabled to use them with pleasure. In 1395, Alice, Lady
+West, left to Joan, her son's wife, 'all her books of Latin, English,
+and French;' and from the memoranda of Sir John Howard, we learn that
+that worthy knight could read at his leisure 'an Englyshe boke, callyd
+_Dives et Pauper_,' for which, and 'a Frenshe boke,' in 1464, he paid
+thirteen shillings and fourpence. The library of this member of the
+Howard family was sufficiently extensive to enable him to select
+therefrom, on the occasion of his going to Scotland, thirteen volumes
+for his solace and amusement on the voyage.[28] In the Paston _Letters_
+will be found a catalogue of the library of one of the members of this
+fifteenth century family. In the monasteries books were, of course, used
+and treasured long before they became part of the household goods of
+rich laymen. The catalogue of the House of the White Canons, at
+Titchfield, in Hampshire, dated 1400, shows that the books were kept in
+a small room on shelves, and set against the walls. A closet of this
+kind was evidently not a working place, but simply a place of storage.
+By the beginning of the fifteenth century, the larger monasteries had
+accumulated many hundred volumes, and it began to be customary to
+provide for the collections separate quarters, rooms constructed for the
+purpose. The presses in the cloisters were still utilised for books in
+daily reference.[29] Duke Humphrey was a great book collector and patron
+of letters, and presented to the University of Oxford many of the
+illuminated treasures which he had collected. The magnificent collection
+of Charles V. of France, also a great bibliomaniac, was brought by the
+Duke of Bedford into England. This library contained 853 volumes of
+great splendour, and the introduction of these books into England
+stimulated a spirit of inquiry among the more wealthy laymen. Guy
+Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, collected a very fine library of early
+romances, which about 1359, he left to the monks of Bordesley Abbey, in
+Worcestershire. A list of this library will be found in Todd's
+_Illustrations of Gower and Chaucer_.
+
+Mr. J. W. Clark has, with quite wonderful learning, drawn a picture of
+student-life of the past with such graphic vigour that we can almost
+reinstate Colet, Casaubon, and Erasmus, and picture them exactly as they
+worked among their books. In Macaulay's chapter upon _The State of
+England in 1685_, are given numerous facts about the difficulty the
+clergy had in getting books, and the little desire there was among the
+squires to possess libraries. Few knights of the shire had libraries so
+good as may now perpetually be found in a servants' hall, or in the back
+parlour of a small shopkeeper. An esquire passed among his neighbours
+for a great scholar if _Hudibras_ and _Baker's Chronicle_, _Tarleton's
+Jests_, and the _Seven Champions of Christendom_, lay in his hall window
+among the fishing rods and fowling pieces. No circulating library, no
+book society, then existed, even in the capital; but in the capital
+those students who could not afford to purchase largely had a resource.
+The shops of the great booksellers, near St. Paul's Churchyard, were
+crowded every day and all day long with readers. In the country there
+was no such accommodation, and every man was under the necessity of
+buying whatever he wished to read. Macaulay further points out that
+Cotton seems, from his _Angler_, to have found room for his whole
+library in his hall window; and Cotton was a man of letters. In the
+_Life of Dr. John North_ there is an account of that delightful person's
+dealings with Mr. Robert Scott, of Little Britain, a very famous
+bookseller in the seventeenth century.
+
+Dr. John North is really a fascinating personality.[30] His soul was
+'never so staked down as in an old bookseller's shop, for, having taken
+orders, he was restless till he had compassed some of that sort of
+furniture as he thought necessary for his profession.
+
+'I have borne him company,' says his biographer, 'at shops for hours
+together, and, minding him of the time, he hath made a dozen proffers
+before he would quit. By this care and industry he made himself master
+of a very considerable library, wherein the choicest collection was
+Greek.'
+
+Pepys wished that his name should go down to posterity as a man fond of
+books. The arrangements for the settlement of his library after death
+prove this. The numerous references throughout the _Diary_ show that he
+had a passion for collecting, and showed good judgment in what he got
+together. Pepys, like Dr. John North, dealt of Robert Scott, who, when
+sending his distinguished customer four scarce books, the total cost of
+which was only 1_l._ 14_s._, writes, 'Without flattery I love to find a
+rare book for you.'[31]
+
+
+          R. SCOTT, the bookseller, to Mr. PEPYS.
+
+                                                   '_June 30th, 1688._
+
+'SIR,--Having at length procured Campion, Hanmer, & Spencer's Hist. of
+Ireland, fol. (which I think, you formerly desired) I here send itt
+you, with 2 very scarce bookes besides, viz. Pricaei Defensio Hist.
+Britt. 4to, and old Harding's Chronicle, as alsoe the Old Ship of
+Fooles, in old verse, by Alex. Berkley, priest; which last, though nott
+scarce, yett soe very fayre and perfect, that seldome comes such
+another; the Priceus you will find deare, yett I never sold it under
+10_s._, and att this tyme you can have it of a person of quality; butt I
+love to find a rare book for you, and hope shortly to procure for you a
+perfect Hall's Chronicle.
+
+                              'I am, Sir,
+                                   'Your Servant to command,
+                                                    'ROBERT SCOTT.'
+
+
+          Campion, Hanmer, & Spencer fol.      0:12:0
+          Hardings Chronicle, 4to.             0: 6:0
+          Pricaei Defens. Hist. Britt.         0: 8:0
+          Shipp of Fooles, fol.                0: 8:0
+                                               ------
+                                               1:14:0
+                                               ======
+
+The contents of Pepys' famous collections of Manuscripts, Books and rare
+single-sheet literature are known more or less to students, and are
+found by them to be of the utmost value. It is amusing to notice how
+careful Pepys was not to admit into his library any 'risky' books.
+Little did he think that the key to the diary would be one day
+discovered. When he bought in the Strand 'an idle, rogueish, French
+book, _L'Escholle des Filles_,' he resolved, as already stated, as soon
+as he had read it, to burn it, 'that it might not stand in the list of
+books, nor among them, to disgrace them, if it should be found.' He was
+equally solicitous about Rochester's _Poems_.
+
+
+Pepys' books were numbered consecutively throughout the library, and
+therefore, when rearranged, they needed to be all renumbered. This was
+done by Pepys himself, his wife, and Deb Willett, who were busy until
+near midnight 'titleing' the books.
+
+With so many references to Pepys and his book-collecting as we find in
+the _Diary_, it is puzzling to read, under date, October 5, 1665, after
+references to 'Sister Poll,' 'I abroad to the office, and thence to the
+Duke of Albemarle, all my way reading a book of Mr. Evelyn's translating
+and sending me as a present, about directions for gathering a library,
+_but the book is above my reach_.' Pepys, one would think, had by this
+time gone far enough in himself gathering a library to understand the
+little pamphlet by Naudeus, librarian to Cardinal Mazarin, which Evelyn
+translated, and which was issued in 1661, and which is now very rare.
+There is a charming letter from Evelyn to Pepys, dated 12th August,
+1689, giving very many interesting details of the private libraries of
+the seventeenth century, and which goes a very long way to modify
+Macaulay's rather overdrawn picture of the scarcity of books and private
+libraries in 1685. This letter of Evelyn's might be compared with
+Addison's picture of 'Tom Folio' in the _Tatler_.[36] Tom Folio stood
+for a great book collector, Thomas Rawlinson.
+
+The eighteenth century produced a host of great book collectors. William
+Oldys, Humphrey Wanley, and Thomas Rawlinson just mentioned. These men
+were great experts, who infected with enthusiasm many great patrons of
+letters, such as Charles, Earl of Sunderland, the Earl of Pembroke, Lord
+Somers, Lord Oxford, Topham Beauclerk, Colonel Stanley, and George Earl
+Spencer, whose famous Library now at Manchester has been called the
+finest private library in Europe. In his _Life of Sir Walter Scott_,
+Lockhart has inserted a visitor's impression of the library at
+Abbotsford. 'The visitor might ransack a library, unique, I suppose, in
+some of its collections, and in all departments interesting and
+characteristic of the founder. So many of the volumes were enriched with
+anecdotes or comments in his own hand, that to look over his books was,
+in some degree, conversing with him.' The catalogue of the Abbotsford
+library was printed by the Maitland Club in 1838, and is one of the best
+catalogues of a private collection ever printed.
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[27] _Nineteenth Century_, January, 1884.
+
+[28] Parker, _Domestic Architecture_.
+
+[29] Putnam, _Books and their Makers_, vol. i.
+
+[30] See _ante_, p. 8.
+
+[31] Many interesting references to Pepys' Collections are found in Mr.
+H. B. Wheatley's _Pepys, and the World he Lived in_. The following
+extracts are taken from the same writer's new and final edition of the
+_Diary_:--
+
+          _May 15, 1660._--'After that to a bookseller's and
+          bought for the love of the binding three books:
+          the French _Psalms_ in four parts, Bacon's
+          _Organon_, and Farnab. _Rhetor_.'[32]
+
+          _Dec. 26, 1662._--'Hither come Mr. Battersby; and
+          we falling into a discourse of a new book of
+          drollery in verse called _Hudebras_,[33] I would
+          needs go find it out, and met with it at the
+          Temple: cost me 2_s._ 6_d._'
+
+          _July 8, 1664._--'So to Paul's Churchyarde about
+          my books, and to the binder's, and directed the
+          doing of my _Chaucer_,[34] though they were not
+          full neate enough for me, but pretty well it is;
+          and thence to the clasp-maker's to have it clasped
+          and bossed.'
+
+          _Jan. 18, 1664-65._--'Up and by and by to my
+          bookseller's, and there did give thorough
+          direction for the new binding of a great many of
+          my old books, to make my whole study of the same
+          binding, within very few.'
+
+          _Aug. 24, 1666._--'Up, and despatched several
+          businesses at home in the morning, and then comes
+          Sympson to set up my other new presses[35] for my
+          books, and so he and I fell into the furnishing of
+          my new closett, and taking out the things out of
+          my old, and I kept him with me all day, and he
+          dined with me, and so all the afternoon till it
+          was quite dark hanging things, that is my maps and
+          pictures and draughts, and setting up my books,
+          and as much as we could do, to my most
+          extraordinary satisfaction.'
+
+          _Dec. 17, 1666._--'Spent the evening in fitting my
+          books, to have the number set upon each, in order
+          to my having an alphabet of my whole, which will
+          be of great ease to me. This day Captain Batters
+          come from sea in his fireship and come to see me,
+          poor man, as his patron, and a poor painful wretch
+          he is as can be. After supper to bed.'
+
+          _Dec. 19, 1666._--'Home full of trouble on these
+          considerations, and, among other things, I to my
+          chamber, and there to ticket a good part of my
+          books, in order to the numbering of them for my
+          easy finding them to read as I have occasion.'
+
+          _Jan. 8, 1666-67._--'So home and to supper, and
+          then saw the catalogue of my books, which my
+          brother had wrote out, now perfectly
+          alphabeticall, and so to bed.'
+
+          _Feb. 4, 1666-67._--'Mightily pleased with the
+          play, we home by coach, and there a little to the
+          office, and then to my chamber, and there finished
+          my catalogue of my books with my own hand, and so
+          to supper and to bed, and had a good night's rest,
+          the last night's being troublesome, but now my
+          heart light and full of resolution of standing
+          close to my business.'
+
+          _Feb. 8, 1667-68._--'Thence away to the Strand, to
+          my bookseller's, and there staid an hour, and
+          bought the idle, rogueish book, _L'escholle des
+          filles_, which I have bought in plain binding,
+          avoiding the buying of it better bound, because I
+          resolve, as soon as I have read it, to burn it,
+          that it may not stand in the list of books, nor
+          among them, to disgrace them if it should be
+          found. Thence home, and busy late at the office,
+          and then home to supper and to bed.'
+
+
+
+[32] _Index Rhetoricus_, of Thomas Farnaby, was a book which went
+through several editions. The first was published at London, by R.
+Allot, in 1633.
+
+[33] The first edition of Butler's _Hudibras_ is dated 1663, and it
+probably had only been published a few days when Pepys bought it and
+sold it at a loss. He subsequently endeavoured to appreciate the work,
+but was not successful. The edition in the Pepysian Library is dated
+1689.
+
+[34] This was Speght's edition of 1602, which is still in the Pepysian
+Library. The book is bound in calf, with brass clasps and bosses. It is
+not lettered.
+
+[35] These presses still exist, and, according to Pepys' wish, they are
+placed in the second court of Magdalene College, in a room which they
+exactly fit, and the books are arranged in the presses just as they were
+when presented to the college.
+
+[36] _Tatler_, No. 158.
+
+
+
+
+_Weeding Out._
+
+
+It is necessary that a large country-house library should occasionally
+be weeded out and overhauled. The libraries which were formed in past
+generations cannot be expected to suit present-day requirements. In a
+great many country-house libraries there is little else than a great
+mass of turgid theology, but very often buried among these are really
+valuable books. Upon the death of the head of a family, the library
+should be carefully gone over in order that the new owner may get an
+idea of the books--a collection which he may be excused from knowing
+much of as he did not collect it. The books should then be re-arranged
+to suit the views of those who are most likely to use them, and certain
+rejected volumes should be disposed of and others put in their places.
+
+How much this is necessary might be illustrated by many anecdotes.
+
+
+
+
+_The Catalogue._
+
+
+I have said, under the heading 'Classification,' that it is not
+advisable or necessary to attempt any rigid classification upon the
+shelves. One good reason for this is that by so doing you are trying to
+do what can so much better be done by a catalogue. No one who uses books
+very much but sooner or later becomes grateful for the existence of an
+alphabet and an arrangement by A B C. Carlyle once said, 'A library is
+not worth anything without a catalogue; it is a Polyphemus without any
+eye in his head, and you must confront the difficulties, whatever they
+may be, of making proper catalogues.'
+
+'The classification of Pepys' library was to be found in the catalogues,
+and as Pepys increased in substance he employed experts to do this work
+for him.'[37]
+
+No catalogue is of any use unless you can tell from it (1) All that the
+library possesses of the known books of a known author at one view, as
+well as (2) All that it possesses, by whomsoever written, on a known and
+definite subject.
+
+The old catalogues were mostly very bad. Old methods have now given way
+to newer and better bibliographical systems, and, to take the case of a
+large country house, where books are scattered about in many rooms, a
+catalogue is most essential. The catalogue should, in most cases, be in
+MS., and not typewritten. Such an arrangement admits of additions being
+made more easily. The printed catalogue is adopted where the library is
+of special value, or if it has any particular class of books
+predominating to make it of use as a bibliography of a special subject.
+Lord Crawford's sectional catalogues of his library, already referred
+to, are the most valuable lists I know of for student purposes, but I
+believe very few people have ever seen them.
+
+The catalogue of Lord Crawford's Proclamations, at Haigh Hall, is a
+marvel of industry and accuracy. Mr. Locker Lampson's Rowfant Library
+was catalogued, and the catalogue printed and sold, because it had
+special value as a collection of Elizabethan poetry. Mr. Edmund Gosse's
+Library catalogue was printed because it contained special collections
+of seventeenth-century literature. Whether the library be a student's
+library or a general library, a catalogue is essential. Gibbon had a
+catalogue of his books. I have seen so many amateur attempts at
+cataloguing private libraries that I am bound to say I do not think the
+plan of cataloguing one's own books in any way answers. Any catalogue
+may be better than no catalogue, but, if a catalogue is to be done, it
+is better by far to call in the assistance of some one whose work it is.
+It frequently happens that a family inherits a large library, and the
+inheritors, not having formed the collection, naturally can know but
+little, if anything, of its contents. Now, in such a case, and in many
+other cases, the best plan is to have your books overhauled, sifted,
+certain volumes weeded out, if necessary, others rebound, and the whole
+remainder carefully catalogued and described, the cases being numbered
+and the shelves lettered.
+
+Very often the owner of a library sets out to catalogue his or her own
+books, and makes the initial mistake of entering them one by one in a
+MS. volume already bound up. Such a plan must end in failure and
+disorder, because it is impossible by this means to get the titles
+strictly alphabetical. Others I have seen commence writing the titles
+from the backs of the books. Other difficulties which are encountered
+are with anonymous books, and with such authors as used pseudonyms, and,
+in some cases, many pseudonyms. Such was Henri Beyle, whose books bear
+various disguises, such as De Stendhal, Cotonet, Salviati, Viscontini,
+Birkbeck, Strombeck, Cesar Alexandre Bombet. The British Museum Library
+has ninety-one rules of cataloguing, forming, perhaps, the best
+cataloguing code in the world; but for private libraries such
+elaboration and detail is not necessary. The following are the main
+rules to be adopted in private libraries:--[38]
+
+
+1. The catalogue should be arranged in one general alphabet, this being
+the most useful and the readiest form for reference. To render it, as
+nearly as possible, a correct representation of the contents of the
+library, each work has but one principal descriptive entry. The
+shelfmark is confined to this entry--duplicate shelfmark references,
+when the position of books is likely to be often altered, from the
+accession of additions to the library, &c., leading to frequent and
+unavoidable errors.
+
+
+2. This entry is under the author's name when given on the title-page,
+or otherwise known, as being the only arrangement which allows one
+general rule to be followed throughout the catalogue.
+
+
+3. Anonymous works, whose authors' names are unknown, are placed under
+the subjects to which they relate.
+
+
+4. Cross references are made:
+
+     from the subjects of biographies to the authors;
+     from the principal anonymous and pseudonymous works to the writer's
+        real names where known;
+     from works included in, or noticed in the title-pages of other
+        publications, to those publications.
+
+
+5. To obviate the imperfections necessarily attendant on an alphabetical
+arrangement, and for the greater facility of reference, short
+classifications are introduced of the chief subjects on which the books
+in the library treat, referring to the names of the authors in the same
+general alphabet; thereby uniting the advantages of the alphabetical and
+classified systems, and acting in some measure as a key to the
+prevailing character of the library.
+
+
+6. All authors' names are followed by full stops: any articles placed
+under a writer's name, of which he is not the author, but which are
+anonymous answers to, or criticisms on, his works; anonymous memoirs
+placed under the subjects; or any entries whatever, in which the heading
+name prefixed is not that of the author, are distinguished by a line
+following the name.
+
+
+7. The headings of the short classifications are distinguished by being
+doubly underlined with red ink. The name to be referred to is singly
+underlined, but when the reference is to another heading, and not to an
+author, it is doubly underlined.
+
+In preparing titles for the catalogue (whether it be intended to
+transcribe or print them), it should be an imperative instruction that
+they be written on slips of paper (or on cards) of uniform size. It is
+also useful to include in them a word or two which may serve to identify
+the origin of the books--whether by purchase, by copyright, or by
+gift--and to indicate the date of their respective acquisition.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[37] Wheatley, _Pepys and the World he Lived in_, p. 84.
+
+[38] I believe these rules were originally drawn up by Mr. B. R.
+Wheatley.
+
+
+
+
+_Classification of Books._
+
+
+The classification of books, according to any set system, or according
+to subjects upon the shelves of a library, is not easy, and for many
+reasons it is not worth attempting. Unless the library is a very large
+one, say, ten to twenty thousand volumes, with ample and adaptable
+shelving, it is not to be desired. The main difficulty in shelf
+classification lies in the fact that books on similar and kindred
+subjects are issued in all sizes. There are books on Furniture, for
+instance, in folio, in quarto, and in octavo. When shelf classification
+is imperative, the folios are all put together, the quartos together,
+and the octavos together. This is the nearest realisation of a shelf
+classification, and by this method the folios may be far separated from
+the quartos, and the quartos from the octavos. Moreover, if appearance
+count for anything, as indeed it should in the most modest library, it
+will be impossible to carry out any plan of shelf classification and
+preserve at the same time an appearance of method and fitness. In
+planning out how your books are to be placed, a great consideration is
+the placing of them, so that books likely to be frequently referred to
+shall be easy of access, and books less likely to be in request shall be
+housed higher up.[39] Reference books should, as far as possible, be
+placed together, and all easy of access. The main divisions into which a
+private library classes itself are History and Biography, Fiction,
+Poetry and Drama, Theology, Travel, Art, Belles lettres; but there are
+so many considerations besides those of subject in any general
+classification which should determine the position of a volume that I
+must emphasise what has already been said about actual personal
+convenience being first studied, and the library as arranged on the
+shelves should be the result of personal convenience and graceful
+effect. This is more particularly necessary when a library is in course
+of expansion. The subjects which will expand quickest, and the space
+they will require, can never be accurately gauged, and frequent
+upheavals and readjustments will be necessary if any rigid plan is aimed
+at. I would suggest that a separate shelf--or, if necessary, a separate
+case--be reserved for unbound periodicals and for accessions, which are,
+as it were, _sub judice_. Often, too, a separate case is necessary for
+rare and handsome books, and a locked case for _facetiae_. It is worth
+while to observe that Pepys found that the best way to find his
+numerous books was to number them consecutively throughout the
+library.[40]
+
+Numerous elaborate plans of book classification have been put forward,
+principally by Americans, but in no way are they adaptable to the
+requirements of private libraries, and I doubt very much the possibility
+of comprehending them in such a way as to apply them in an intelligible
+manner even to public libraries.
+
+Mr. B. R. Wheatley, in an admirable paper upon Library arrangement,[41]
+gives the following excellent practical advice:--
+
+'If I had the planning of rooms for a private library, I should select
+as the best possible arrangement a suite of three rooms, or one long
+room or gallery divided by columns into three compartments, of which the
+centre should be the largest, with several small contiguous ante-rooms,
+the entrances to which, if so desired, might be concealed, for
+uniformity or completeness of appearance, by filling them with sham or
+dummy book-backs, the titles of which may be made an occasion for
+witticism or joking allusion to local and family history.
+
+'A good library arrangement is not achieved at once, but is a slow
+growth through difficulties met and conquered. Some of the best portions
+of it will be those which have flashed across your mind when there
+seemed no pathway out of the thicket of difficulty in which you were
+struggling. The arrangement of books, where the shelves are not made to
+order to suit your plans, must naturally be of a progressive character
+in its development in your mind.
+
+'In some old libraries, collected mostly in the seventeenth and
+eighteenth centuries, there is such a preponderance of those portly
+tomes in folio in which our sturdy ancestors delighted, that they
+materially affect and disconcert our ordinary plans. I have known an
+instance in which the library shelves projected slightly in their upper
+part, and, there thus being an appropriate depth, I arranged on these
+shelves two long parallel rows, completely round the room, of these
+noble volumes of our old divines, State papers, Statutes, Treaties,
+Trials, and our County histories; and the effect in strength and power
+(as Ruskin might have said) of these long lines of large stout books of
+nearly equal height and size was really magnificent. Sometimes you meet
+with such a valuable and massive body of topography as will not allow of
+its cavalierly being made a subsidiary section of the class of history,
+and the form and weighty character of the folios suggest that some deep
+and separate bookcases should be chosen in which it may assume the
+important individuality that it deserves.
+
+'Folios of a modern date, being of very unequal sizes, would have a
+raggedness of outline which would be less observed nearer to the ground
+than in the elevated position just referred to. As a general rule, a row
+of folios on the lowest shelf will be succeeded by one of quartos, and
+then above the ledge the octavos and duodecimos will be placed, but they
+should not ascend in too rigid a law of gradual decrease. Rows of small
+books at the top of a bookcase look as petty to the mind as to the eyes,
+and, indeed, are in general more appropriately placed in dwarf bookcases
+specially fitted for their reception.
+
+'For small libraries, not exceeding 3000 to 4000 volumes, the letters of
+the alphabet may be used for the cases, and small figures for the
+shelves, on the principle of the greater including the less, the letters
+having a more important appearance. But in larger libraries, where there
+is a chance of the alphabet being doubled or trebled, one regular series
+of large numbers for the cases, with small letters for the shelves, is
+to be preferred.'
+
+Books should be marked in pencil, with a shelf letter and a case number.
+
+Long sets of books need be numbered in the first volume only.
+
+In the case of collections of pamphlets each item ought to be separately
+catalogued.
+
+The catalogue should complement the arrangement on the shelves, and not
+be tautological.
+
+Tables of contents of collected editions given in catalogue.
+
+A synoptical table of contents should be prefixed to the catalogue.
+
+For those who desire a rough outline of headings into which a library
+usually classifies itself, I will name one. The briefest is as
+follows:--(1) Theology, (2) Philosophy and Science, (3) Art, (4)
+Political Economy, (5) Law, (6) History and Literature.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[39] No bookshelves ought to be beyond the reach of a moderately tall
+person.
+
+[40] 'The books were numbered consecutively throughout the library, and,
+therefore, when rearranged, they needed all to be renumbered. All hands
+were pressed into this service, and we read that on the 15th of February,
+1667-68, Pepys himself, his wife, and Deb. Willett were busy until near
+midnight "titleing" the books for the year, and setting them in order.
+They all tired their backs, but the work was satisfactory. . . . . (_See
+ante_, p. 78.)
+
+'The books are arranged in eleven curious old mahogany bookcases, which
+are mentioned in the _Diary_ under date August 24, 1666. "Up and
+dispatched several businesses at home in the morning, and then comes
+Sympson to set up my other new presses for my books, and so he and I
+fell into the furnishing of my new closett, and taking out the things
+out of my old, and I kept him with me all day, and he dined with me, and
+so all the afternoon till it was quite darke hanging things, that is, my
+maps and pictures and draughts, and setting up my books, . . . . to my
+most extraordinary satisfaction."'--Wheatley, _Pepys and the World he
+lived in_, pp. 83-4.
+
+[41] _Library Journal_, August, 1878.
+
+
+
+
+_Bookcases._
+
+
+The chief faults of bookcases arise from their being designed and made
+by men who have never used a book. A first requisite in bookcases is
+simplicity, bearing in mind that the books are the ornament and not the
+bookcases. The cabinet-maker, among other things, is too fond of
+embellishments, and sacrifices space to what seem odd angularities and
+irregularities.
+
+No bookcase should be above eight and a half feet in height. No ladder
+should be necessary to get at books. If books are 'skied' up to the
+ceiling they must suffer from the heated air. It is heat, not gas
+merely, which damages books.
+
+A room may be made to look very beautiful by being surrounded with fumed
+oak bookcases, eight feet high. The shelves should be made movable with
+Tonks' patent.[42] Mr. Gladstone[43] speaks of the looseness and the
+tightness of movable shelves, the weary arms, the aching fingers, and
+the broken finger-nails. This can be avoided by the use of the patent
+here named. The bottom cases should be deeper and wider, to take quartos
+and folios, but there should always be an extra shelf for turning a
+folio section into an octavo section. Nineteen-twentieths of the books
+in circulation are octavos and smaller volumes. On each side of the
+fireplace there should be an arm projecting about four feet and a half.
+The inner side of this should have a comfortable reading-seat, and on
+the outer side, farthest from the fire, there may be shelves for books.
+If the structural arrangements of the room admit of these projecting
+arms being placed, without sacrifice of comfort, at a greater distance
+from the fireplace, the books may be placed on the upper part of the
+inner side as well, the lower part being used as a lounge.
+
+It must be remembered that heat and excessive dryness are fatal to good
+bindings and, indeed, to all parts of a book, and therefore no bookcase
+should approach too near a fireplace, nor should bookcases be placed
+backing upon hot-water pipes. The shelves should be edged with leather
+and such leather must _not_ be stiffened by cardboard or brown
+paper--simply leather, and there should be a roller shutter of silk to
+draw down in front of the books during absence from home. The cases[44]
+should everywhere be perfectly flush, without any sort of protruding
+ornament. It will be found a great advantage to make the framework of
+the various cases of equal dimensions, so that the shelves can be made
+transferable. In estimating the extent of shelving which it may be
+necessary to provide, we may calculate that in an ordinary library a
+space two feet high and two feet wide will, on an average, contain
+about thirty-five volumes, and it may be estimated roughly that every
+thousand volumes in a library will require about a hundred square feet
+of shelving.
+
+If fixed shelves are made, the usual height will be--[45]
+
+          For folios   18 to 21 inches.
+           "  quartos  12  " 15    "
+           "  octavos        10    "
+           "  smaller sizes   7    "
+
+These spaces will allow ample room for the average sizes. The 'Atlas'
+folios and 'Elephant' folios are best accommodated in single shelves, in
+which they may be flat, or on trays or table cases.[46] Bear in mind
+always to allow sufficient space for expansion. Nothing causes more
+disorder than insufficient shelf accommodation. All cases should be
+numbered and lettered, that is, each section should have a number, and
+each shelf a letter. For the accommodation of expensive bindings or rare
+books and MSS., a special case may sometimes be required. Very beautiful
+specimens of such may be seen sketched in the books of Chippendale,
+Sheraton, and Heppelwhite, but it is in all cases better to avoid glass
+fronts and adopt ornamental brass wire work if any special protection be
+needed.
+
+The late Mr. Blades, a great expert in this matter, said, 'It is a
+mistake to imagine that keeping the best-bound volumes in a glass-doored
+bookcase is a preservative. The damp air will certainly penetrate, and
+as the absence of ventilation will assist formation of mould, the books
+will be worse off than if they had been placed in open shelves. If
+securing be desirable, by all means abolish the glass and place
+ornamental brass wire work in its stead.'[47]
+
+'It is more important to see that the shelves intended for choice and
+richly bound books should be covered with leather, and expressly such as
+are intended for books of large sizes. In the case of books of special
+value, the leather should be well padded, should be of the best quality,
+and should have a polished surface.'[48]
+
+In the _Nineteenth Century_ for March, 1890, already quoted from, Mr.
+Gladstone wrote upon 'Books, and the Housing of them.' This paper showed
+a sound grasp of the subject and showed Mr. Gladstone in a new and very
+interesting light. Appended are some extracts from this paper, all of
+which I think experts would agree to, _except the fixed shelves_, and
+here, I think, any one who has handled books very much will be at issue
+with Mr. Gladstone. He himself says:--'I have recommended that, as a
+rule, the shelves be fixed, and have given reasons for the adoption of
+such a rule. I do not know whether it will receive the sanction of
+authorities, and I make two admissions. First, it requires that each
+person owning and arranging a library should have a pretty accurate
+general knowledge of the size of his books. Secondly, it may be
+expedient to introduce here and there, by way of exception, a single
+movable shelf.'
+
+Now, a man must be able not only to gauge very accurately the limits of
+his library and the various sizes of books, but he must be able to look
+into the future if he would safely embark on fixed shelves. And this is
+wholly impossible. Fixed shelves should only be adopted where cost has
+to be reduced to a minimum, but in the majority of instances movable
+shelves will be found preferable. The paragraphs which deal with
+bookcases in Mr. Gladstone's article may here be given:--
+
+'The question of economy, for those who from necessity or choice
+consider it at all, is a very serious one. It has been a fashion to make
+bookcases ornamental. Now, books want for and in themselves no ornament
+at all. . . The man who looks for society in his books will readily
+perceive that, in proportion as the face of his bookcase is occupied by
+ornament, he loses that society; and conversely, the more that face
+approximates to a sheet of book-backs, the more of that society he will
+enjoy. And so it is that three great advantages come hand in hand, and,
+as will be seen, reach their maximum together: the sociability of books,
+minimum cost in providing for them, and ease of access to them.
+
+'In order to attain these advantages, two conditions are fundamental.
+First, the shelves must, as a rule, be fixed; secondly, the cases, or a
+large part of them, should have their side against a wall, and thus,
+projecting into the room for a convenient distance, they should be of
+twice the depth needed for a single line of books, and should hold two
+lines, one facing each way. Twelve inches is a fair and liberal depth
+for two rows of octavos. The books are thus thrown into stalls, but
+stalls after the manner of a stable. . . . This method of dividing the
+longitudinal space by projections at right angles to it, if not very
+frequently used, has long been known. A great example of it is to be
+found at Trinity College, Cambridge, and is the work of Sir Christopher
+Wren. He has kept these cases down to a very moderate height; for he
+doubtless took into account that great heights require long ladders, and
+that the fetching and use of these greatly add to the time consumed in
+getting or replacing a book.'
+
+It must here be added that Mr. Gladstone's plan is much more fitted for
+a large public library than for the library of a private person, for
+whom he is prescribing. Though the library in the form of an annexe[49]
+is in many ways an ideal form for housing a large library, yet these are
+hardly likely to be in the majority, and most people find that they have
+to house their books in a circumscribed space, with no room for such
+bays and projections as he suggests except perhaps one by the fireplace.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[42] Tonks' fittings are specially adapted for the shelves of book-cases
+or other shelves, the adjustment of which has, from time to time, to be
+varied to suit the varying requirements of a library, &c. The method
+hitherto generally adopted for such shelves is to support them at each
+end by two studs, the heads of which are mortised into the shelf, and
+the pins driven or otherwise fitted into holes two or more inches apart,
+bored in two rows into the upright frames; these holes are very seldom
+accurately fitted to the pins, and even where so done in the first
+instance, from the shrinking or expansion of the wood, they soon become
+too large or too small for the pins, and the alteration of the
+adjustment of a shelf is thereby rendered an extremely troublesome
+operation. The patent fittings remedy this, and save both time and
+trouble; in place of the rows of holes so far apart, metal strips
+perforated at intervals of three-quarters of an inch for the reception
+of the very simple but strong metal plates, which take the place of the
+old studs, are mortised in and screwed to the frames. The insertion, at
+the required intervals, of the plates into the perforations in these
+strips is made instantaneously, consequently the position of a shelf can
+be easily altered without an irritating expense of trouble, and waste of
+time. The thinness of the plates renders any mortising in the shelf
+unnecessary, and the small intervals between the perforations in the
+strips enables the whole space occupied by the shelves to be used most
+economically. These fittings, when used with a shelf sufficiently strong
+itself to bear the weight, will support without strain more than half a
+ton.
+
+[43] _Nineteenth Century_, March, 1890.
+
+[44] Edwards, _Memoirs of Libraries_, ii., 736.
+
+[45] THE SIZES OF BOOKS.--The Associated Librarians of Great Britain
+decided upon a uniform and arbitrary scale for the measurement and
+description of the sizes of books. In consequence of the many and varied
+sizes of papers now manufactured, the terms folio, quarto or 4to.,
+octavo or 8vo., twelvemo or 12mo., and so on, as indicating the number
+of folds in the printed sheets, can no longer be relied upon as a
+definite guide to the sizes of books, hence the change, as follows:--
+
+          Large folio    la. fol.     over 18 inches.
+          Folio          fol.        below 18   "
+          Small folio    sm. fol.       "  13   "
+          Large octavo   la. 8vo.       "  11   "
+          Octavo         8vo.           "   9   "
+          Small octavo   sm. 8vo.       "   8   "
+          Duodecimo      12mo.          "   8   "
+          Decimo octavo  18mo.          is  6   "
+          Minimo         mo.          below 6   "
+          Large quarto   la. 4to.       "  15   "
+          Quarto         4to.           "  11   "
+          Small quarto   sm. 4to.       "   8   "
+
+[46] Edwards, _Memoirs of Libraries_, ii., 739.
+
+[47] Blades, _Enemies of Books_.
+
+[48] Edwards, ii., 737.
+
+[49] See p. 106.
+
+
+
+
+_Miscellaneous Appliances._
+
+
+Whether the library be considered as a workshop or a morning-room, there
+are certain necessary appliances, which will contribute a great deal to
+comfort, and the proper preservation of books. Thus, proper tables will
+be required. Mr. Gladstone, I believe, has, or had, three tables in his
+Temple of Peace--one for correspondence, one for politics, and one for
+literary work. This, no doubt, is a very excellent plan to be followed
+by those whose time is precious, and who have to divide each day up for
+fixed duties. The 'Shannon' and other American tables are very excellent
+for correspondence work, being fitted with pigeon-holes and drawers, and
+I have no doubt but that equally well-made tables are made specially
+fitted for literary work. Such a table should measure not less than six
+feet by three; its top should be a clear, flat surface, and it should
+stand firmly on its legs, and these legs should be four, and should not
+be placed to be in the way of the person sitting at the table. An
+ink-well should be sunk flush with the top of the case, and it should
+have a brass cover. A knee-hole table is not the best for literary work,
+but it may be the best for letter-writing. Of chairs, one good, firm,
+hard-seated chair is necessary. Mr. Ellwanger[50] says, 'I have two
+chairs for my reading--a stiff one for books I _have_ to read; a
+luxurious one for books I like to read. My luxurious chair is of dark
+green leather, a treat to sink into, modelled after the easy armchair of
+the Eversley Rectory, known from its seductive properties as "Sleepy
+Hollow."' A very prettily designed and useful hard-seated chair is that
+known as the Goldsmith chair, being modelled upon the chair which
+belonged to Oliver Goldsmith. A revolving bookcase is a very appropriate
+article of furniture in a library. It may be made especially useful for
+reference-books, or any such books as are being used together at one
+time for purposes of study and comparison. These revolving bookcases are
+made in all sizes, and can, of course, be made to suit any particular
+requirement; thus I have seen them made with a top which can be raised
+to a slope with a ledge like a standing desk, upon which a large atlas
+can be rested and consulted. Apart from this, I strongly recommend the
+use of a standing desk for health's sake when a great deal of writing
+has to be done.
+
+It frequently happens that books being taken from the shelf, the volumes
+left behind fall down in an untidy heap. To obviate this, there is a
+very simple form of metal book support sold, which keeps a half-filled
+shelf neat and tidy. An alternative to this is the old plan of inserting
+dummies, whereby no blanks are seen. As I have so strongly advocated
+shelves the tops of which are within reach of the hand, I need not say
+much about steps, but where steps are really needed, they should be
+_very_ light, and capable of being easily lifted with one hand. They
+should have an upright rod support rising about four feet above the top
+step; this for the purpose of safety when using the steps. Cabinets of
+drawers for prints and very large books should also be secured if
+required, and cushioned desks for books with metal bosses or metal
+mountings of any description. Last, but by no means least, let there be
+good ink, and plenty of it; good pens, and a variety of them; and good
+blotting-paper, frequently renewed; and paper-knives of various sizes.
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[50] _The Story of my House._
+
+
+
+
+_The Library Annexe._
+
+
+What in many ways is an ideal library is a library housed in a building
+specially constructed as an annexe to a residence. I feel sure that,
+within the next ten years, there will be many moderately wealthy men who
+will be anxious to form libraries and special collections of books,
+housing them in this way. The idea is only new as applied to large
+country mansions. Hitherto students of moderate means have managed to
+construct buildings specially adapted for study and free from
+interruption. The only instance of a library annexe attached to a
+country mansion with which I am acquainted is the recent and very
+notable instance at Hawarden, of which more later. The late Vicar of
+Middleton Cheney, in Oxfordshire, and, I think, Dr. Jessopp, of
+Scarning, have both found that their work has been assisted by library
+annexes. Horace Walpole said of Topham Beauclerk that he had built a
+library in Great Russell Street, that reached 'half-way to Highgate.'
+Lord Bacon spent ten thousand pounds in building himself a retreat in
+his grounds at Gorhambury.
+
+Mr. Gladstone's scheme at Hawarden is likely to be followed by many
+others. Of course the Hawarden library has been endowed, and made
+practically open and free. It is the idea of a private library as a
+temple of peace for the owner and his visitors which we would like to
+see extended. One fancies that books might be on a better footing in
+country houses if they had the honour of a separate building. Then they
+would, at any rate, be on as good a footing as the stables or as the
+greenhouse, which at present they are not. Books are not so much wall
+covering, or so much furniture. They are much more; they should be
+treated more like living creatures, and if only their owners would get
+upon speaking terms with them, how readily would they get a response.
+Roughly, then, one would like to see attached to every large country
+establishment a book building, a centre of intelligence and light, where
+we might be sure of finding a good atlas, a good biographical
+dictionary, and good verbal dictionary. I do not understand why so
+little importance has hitherto been attached to this. Such a building
+should have a large central room and several separate small rooms for
+private study. The illustrations in a charming little book called _Mr.
+Gladstone in the Evening of his Days_ convey what is meant very well.
+From this little volume I give extracts which seem very clear to any
+one interested in this matter:--
+
+'Everywhere about in the large room are books--books--books. The Iron
+Library (the building is of iron) is arranged in the same ingenious way
+as Mr. Gladstone's private library at Hawarden Castle. There are windows
+on either side of the long room, and between these windows high
+bookcases, running towards the centre of the room, are put up. There are
+books on either side of these cases, and the part facing the centre of
+the room is again arranged to hold books. It is truly marvellous how
+many books can thus be stored without a single one being out of sight.'
+
+'There is the same simplicity, the same quiet comfort, the same air of
+repose, and the same absence of library conventionality about. . . . .'
+
+'Through a door . . . . you reach the second room in the library, to
+which Mr. Gladstone has given the name of the "Humanity room." It is
+arranged on exactly the same plan as the first, and contains secular
+works chiefly. You note Madame de Sevigne's _Letters_ on one shelf, in
+neat and dainty little volumes; and yellow-backed Zola lower down.'[51]
+
+Any one who proposed having a library as a separate building should
+certainly study Mr. Gladstone's experiments at St. Deiniol's Library, or
+procure _Mr. Gladstone in the Evening of his Days_, wherein are given
+illustrations of the interior plan and general economy of the
+structure. Certainly Mr. Gladstone's ideas as to the arrangement of
+books as put forth in the _Nineteenth Century_ for March, 1890, are much
+more applicable to an annexe library than to the housing of books in an
+ordinary private dwelling. Thus the arrangement of the bays made by the
+projections could not be carried out without extensive structural
+alterations in one house out of twenty in the country, and not one house
+out of a thousand in London. His ideas, however, are wholly practicable
+and admirably thorough when applied to the annexe library. It is
+interesting to see Mr. Gladstone's calculations as to shelf
+accommodation. They were disputed at the time by some cavilling critics,
+but have since been shown to be accurate. Mr. Gladstone is speaking[52]
+of the bookcases round the walls and the projecting arms, and he
+says:--'I will now exhibit to my readers the practical effect of such
+arrangement in bringing great numbers of books within easy reach. Let
+each projection be three feet long, twelve inches deep (ample for two
+faces of octavos), and nine feet high, so that the upper shelf can be
+reached by the aid of a wooden stool of two steps, not more than twenty
+inches high, and portable without the least effort of a single hand. I
+will suppose the wall-space available to be eight feet, and the
+projections, three in number, with end pieces, need only put out three
+feet five, while narrow strips of bookcase will run up the wall between
+the projections. Under these conditions, the bookcases thus described
+will carry about 2000 volumes.
+
+'And a library forty feet long and twenty feet broad, amply lighted,
+having some portion of the centre fitted with very low bookcases, suited
+to serve for some of the uses of tables, will receive on the floor from
+18,000 to 20,000 volumes of all sizes without losing the appearance of a
+room . . . . while leaving portions of space available near the windows
+for purposes of study. If a gallery be added, there will be accommodation
+for a further number of 5000, and the room need be no more than sixteen
+feet high.'
+
+This estimate of shelf accommodation may be compared with one which was
+made by Mr. Justin Winsor, the well-known librarian of the Harvard
+library. He says:--'The book room of the Roxbury branch of the public
+library of Boston is fifty-three feet long by twenty-seven feet wide,
+and having three storeys of eight feet each in height will hold 100,000
+volumes. . . . . I doubt if any other construction can produce this
+result.'
+
+The building at Hawarden cost, I believe, 1000_l._, but whether this is
+with fittings or not I do not know. It is certain that for men whose
+books are more numerous than costly the annexe plan is admirable, and
+the difficulty of excluding damp where four walls are exposed to the
+elements could surely be overcome. I do not think that Mr. Gladstone
+makes any mention of iron bookcases, but these are often adopted, and
+have been made in a very convenient form, particularly that called the
+Radcliffe iron bookcase, arranged by Sir Henry Acland and Mr. W. Froude.
+Of this I append a description written by Sir Henry Acland himself.
+
+'The advantages of the bookcase consist in its great stability, in its
+movability and neatness. It carries 500 average octavo volumes, 250 on
+either side; it is seven feet high, and stands on any floor space on
+forty-eight inches by eighteen inches. The cases may stand in any number
+end to end, or down the centre of a passage, or be placed so as to form
+squares of any dimensions multiple of the length of the cases, and
+therefore may enclose studies lined with books, books being also on the
+outside of the square. When the cases stand end to end they need not be
+put close to each other, but may have a space in which are shelves of
+any desired length. Therefore ten iron cases placed in a line, so as to
+include a space of forty inches between each two cases, will carry the
+contents of nineteen cases, or 5000 plus 4500 volumes, at the cost of
+ten cases, plus the wooden shelves of nine. The iron framework costs
+about 5_l._ 5_s._, and the wooden shelves about 25_s._ The iron portion
+will carry only octavos, but the spaces as described above will carry
+folios, because, to insure stability in the iron frames, diagonal ties
+run down the centre and divide the shelves into two portions, viz., the
+two frontages described above. But the stability being ensured in each
+iron case independently, the intermediate shelves in the spaces may be
+of the full width of the frames, namely, twenty inches.'[53]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[51] These notices of the Hawarden Library may be compared with the
+accounts given in Dennistoun's _Dukes of Urbino_ of a great Florentine
+library:--
+
+'Adjoining (the main library) was a study, fitted up with inlaid and
+gilded panelling, beneath which . . . . were depicted Minerva with her
+aegis, Apollo with his lyre, and the nine muses, with their appropriate
+symbols. A similar small study was fitted up immediately over this one,
+set round with armchairs encircling a table, all mosaicked with _tarsia_,
+. . . while in each compartment of the panelling was the portrait of
+some famous author, and an appropriate distich. . . . To the right and
+left of the carriage entrance into the great courtyard are two handsome
+saloons, each about forty-five feet by twenty-two, and twenty-three in
+height. That on the left contained the famous library of MS. collected
+by Count Federigo; the corresponding one received the printed books
+which, gradually purchased by successive dukes, became, under the last
+sovereign a copious collection. Baldi, in his description of the palace,
+printed in Bianchini's works, dwells on the judicious adaptation of the
+former, its windows set high against the northern sky, admitting a
+subdued and steady light which invited to study; its air cool in summer,
+temperate in winter; its walls conveniently sheltered. . . . .'
+
+[52] _Nineteenth Century_, March, 1890.
+
+
+
+
+_A Librarian._
+
+
+Until we have more properly trained librarians, it is useless to
+recommend owners of private libraries to find a librarian, because at
+present there are very few such men in existence who are properly
+qualified. A love of books is not enough in a librarian. An orderly mind
+and great receptive power are most essential. Practical knowledge of
+bookbinding and a sense of colour are equally essential. He must have no
+fads of his own to be ever thrusting forward. If he is mad on Geology or
+Astronomy, he won't do. What, above all, he must know are the sources of
+information.
+
+A study in the 'Lives' of some of the great librarians would best show
+what is here meant. Mr. Elton[54] names Antonio Maggliabecchi, the
+jeweller's shop-boy, who became renowned throughout the world for his
+abnormal knowledge of books. He never at any time left Florence; but he
+read every catalogue that was issued, and was in correspondence with all
+the collectors and librarians of Europe. He was blessed with a
+prodigious memory, and knew all the contents of a book by 'hunting it
+with his finger,' or once turning over the pages. He was believed,
+moreover, to know the habitat of all the rare books in the world; and
+according to the well-known anecdote he replied to the Grand Duke, who
+asked for a particular volume: 'The only copy of this work is at
+Constantinople, in the Sultan's library, the seventh volume in the
+second bookcase, on the right as you go in.' A similar story was told by
+Wendell Phillips, the American statesman, about a countryman of his own,
+George Sumner. An Englishman came to Rome and was anxious to know
+whether there was in the library of the Pope, the great library of the
+Vatican, a certain book. . . . . The gentleman went to the Italians that
+used the library. They referred him to the private secretary of one of
+the cardinals, and after a moment's thought the secretary answered, 'No,
+sir, I don't know; but there is a young man in the city from Boston, and
+if the book is there he will know. They went to George Sumner, and
+asked him if there was such a volume in the library. 'Yes, it is in the
+tenth alcove, the third shelf, the seventh book to your right as you
+enter.'
+
+Similar stories, doubtless, could be told of Bradshaw, the Cambridge
+University librarian, or of Thomas Ruddiman and George Buchanan.
+
+Mr. Lloyd P. Smith[55] gives the following definition, among others, of
+the qualifications of a librarian: 'Librarians, like editors and
+proofreaders, are expected to know everything; and in one sense they
+should know everything--that is, they should have that _maxima pars
+eruditionis_, which consists in knowing where everything is to be found.
+A librarian should be able, of his own knowledge, to answer many questions,
+and especially the two questions which meet him at every turn, "Where
+can I find such-and-such information?" and "What is the best work on
+such-and-such a subject?" These are legitimate questions, which it
+should be the pride of every librarian to answer offhand . . . . All
+the book-learning in the world, however, will be insufficient for the
+practical duties of his place, unless the librarian has also the organ
+of order. His motto should be, "A place for everything and everything
+in its place."'
+
+'The book of regulations for the court and household of Guidobaldo I.
+contains these rules for the administration of the library:--"The
+librarian should be learned, of good presence, temper, and manners,
+correct, and ready of speech. He must get from the gardrobe an inventory
+of the books, and keep them arranged and easily accessible, whether
+Latin, Greek, Hebrew, or others, maintaining also the rooms in good
+condition. He must preserve the books from damp and vermin, as well as
+from the hands of trifling, ignorant, dirty, and tasteless persons. To
+those of authority and learning, he ought himself to exhibit them with
+all facility, courteously explaining their beauty and remarkable
+characteristics, the handwriting and miniatures, but observant that such
+abstract no leaves. When ignorant or merely curious persons wish to see
+them, a glance is sufficient, if it be not some one of considerable
+influence. When any lock or other requisite is needed, he must take care
+that it be promptly provided. He must let no book be taken away but by
+the Duke's orders, and if lent, must get a written receipt, and see to
+its being returned. When a number of visitors come in, he must be
+specially watchful that none be stolen. All which is duly seen to by the
+present courteous and attentive librarian, Messer Agabito."'[56]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[53] _Library Assoc. Report_, 1878, p. 75.
+
+[54] _Great Book Collectors_, p. 74.
+
+[55] _American Library Journal_, vol. i., p. 69.
+
+[56] _Memoirs of the Dukes of Urbino_, p. 159.
+
+
+
+
+_The Library Architecturally._
+
+
+Vitruvius, in his _Architecture_, lays down the rule that libraries
+ought to face the east, because their use requires the morning light,
+which will preserve their contents from decay; whereas, if the room
+should face the south or west, they are liable to be damaged by damp.
+Mr. J. W. Clark, the very learned historian of the University of
+Cambridge, commenting on this, says that the first of these
+considerations did influence early builders, but after the Reformation,
+when considerations of personal comfort began to be generally accepted,
+the library could be placed in the position which commanded the greatest
+amount of warmth. Ancient libraries were never placed on the ground,
+but usually on the first floor, or even higher, for the sake of
+preserving their contents from the damp to which ground floors are
+necessarily subject.[57]
+
+The architect is very frequently a great enemy to the library.
+Underestimating the amount of wall space likely to be required for the
+housing of the books, or placing shelves and galleries in such a
+position that the books are not readily got at. Frequently, too, a
+country house has no room whatever designed either for study or the
+reception of books. The entire collection of books should be accessible
+without steps or ladders. Hot-water pipes should not approach nearer
+than three feet to the books. Electric light is the best luminant, but
+gas may safely be used provided there is sufficient ventilation.
+
+The walls, which are towards the outer air, and even the others also, if
+of brick or stone, ought to be battened.
+
+I have taken from a very excellent book, Kerr's _Gentleman's House_,
+such ideas and notes as I think are likely to be useful in arranging a
+library in a country house. Mr. Kerr suggests two plans for a large
+country house with a library.
+
+'The idea which might first occur to the mind is that of a single
+spacious apartment; but for convenience and in order to preserve the
+domestic character, it is generally preferable to make use of several
+smaller apartments as a _Suite of Libraries_. On this plan the
+arrangement which is perhaps most favourable to considerations of
+utility, and on the whole most characteristic, is to set out a given
+width of clear passage way along the central line of the rooms, and then
+to divide the space on each side into a succession of compartments or
+bays, by means of transverse bookcases in pairs back to back; such bays
+being only large enough to accommodate a reading table with sufficient
+space around for reaching the books, opening the doors of the cases if
+any, and so on. If the rooms be lighted from the roof, the lights ought
+to correspond with the division into compartments, so that none of the
+fronts of the bookcases shall be placed in shadow. If there be windows
+in the walls, there ought to be one in each bay along one side of the
+room or both as may be desired. Bookcases against the walls are
+obviously most serviceable with the ceiling light; with side windows,
+even when these are on a high level, there is always a difficulty in
+reading the back lettering under the light; and when the windows are on
+a low level, dwarf bookcases under them are practically of little use.
+
+'As for _artistic treatment_, nothing can be more appropriate for the
+character of a library than those effects which are at the command of
+the architect in a suite of apartments of this kind, laid out probably
+with some variety in the general forms as well as in the fittings, and
+involving perhaps the introduction of sculptures and paintings of a
+suitable kind. Elaborate effects, however, of whatever sort, and the
+accommodation of any other works of art than those whose merits are
+kindred to the character of the more proper contents, ought not to be
+encouraged.'
+
+A second or alternative plan is a large room with a gallery.
+
+'As regards curiosities and other _artistic or scientific collections_,
+these may very properly be accommodated, whether in upright cases to
+correspond with the bookcases, or in cabinets to take the place of the
+reading tables.
+
+'The arrangements proper for the alternative plan of a large _single
+library_ are obviously simple. A gallery is probably carried round the
+apartment; the bookcases extend along the wall below and are reproduced
+above; the light comes either from the roof or the upper part of the
+walls; the floor area is generally occupied solely by reading tables and
+cabinets. Objects of art and curiosity, when of large size, are more
+prominently displayed by this arrangement, and the whole effect may be
+made very imposing; but it is doubtful whether convenience and comfort
+can by any means be so properly provided for as in the other model.
+
+'There are questions of detail which might be further entered upon, but
+a reference to what has already been advanced under the head of the
+ordinary library will probably suffice.'
+
+In other parts of his excellent manual, Mr. Kerr goes more into detail,
+and refers to the various general purposes to which a library, as
+distinct from a study, is put in a country house, as follows:--
+
+'There is a certain standard room which constitutes the library of an
+average gentleman's house, and the various gradations by which this may
+be either diminished in importance or augmented are easily understood.
+It is not a library in the sole sense of a depository for books. There
+is, of course, the family collection, and the bookcases in which this is
+accommodated form the chief furniture of the apartment. But it would be
+an error, except in very special circumstances, to design the library
+for mere study. It is primarily a sort of morning-room for gentlemen
+rather than anything else. Their correspondence is done here, their
+reading, and, in some measure, their lounging; and the billiard-room,
+for instance, is not unfrequently attached to it. At the same time the
+ladies are not exactly excluded.
+
+'The _position_ of the room internally ought therefore to be in
+immediate connexion with the principal dwelling rooms, so as to be
+equally accessible; whilst, on the other hand, as regards external
+influences, it ought to be kept sufficiently quiet (although this is
+very seldom a practical problem), to prevent the interruption of reading
+or writing. In accordance with these general ideas, and bearing out,
+moreover, the somewhat sober effect which bookcases always produce, the
+_style_ of design and decoration ought to be, although not devoid of
+cheerfulness, certainly subdued in character.'
+
+As regards aspect, Mr. Kerr is at one with the old Vitruvius already
+referred to.
+
+'It is not often easy to obtain a choice _aspect_ for the library, but
+whenever this primary pleasantness can be had for it so much the better,
+and it certainly ought never to be entirely neglected in this respect.
+The reasons for preferring the south-east in the case of day rooms
+generally have already been argued; for a library, perhaps, a rather
+more eastward aspect is better, so that the sun may be off the windows
+at least before noon; even due east might be preferred by some persons,
+the sunshine being thus lost about half-past ten. In any case, however,
+the morning sun is to be preferred to that of midday or afternoon. If
+the room be large enough _end windows_ may be used to advantage here as
+elsewhere. A _bay window_ also is often adopted.
+
+'A difficult question which often arises is how sufficiently to provide
+for persons engaged in writing a _front light from the left_. It is not
+that a snug seat by the fireside, with a table conveniently at hand, and
+a left front light, can by any possibility be provided for many persons
+at once; but it is very unfortunate when no position whatever will
+combine these advantages. In a library especially this problem must be
+well worked out, and not for one writer only, but for several. Ingenuity
+and perseverance will accomplish wonders, and therefore, with the help
+of end light, a good library may be expected in this respect to be
+brought very near perfection.
+
+'The _fireplace_ ought to be placed so as to make a good winter
+fireside, because this is in a measure a sitting-room.
+
+'_Intercommunication_ is frequently made with the drawing-room, and
+sometimes intimately, and this carries with it, no doubt, a certain sort
+of convenience, because the two rooms can be thrown together
+occasionally; but it is a question whether, in a good house, and looking
+at such a question broadly, it is not, on the whole, a serious loss to
+both rooms as regards their more proper purposes. A door to the
+dining-room is not formally advisable, nor even one to the gentleman's
+room, although both these arrangements are to be met with, and are
+occasionally convenient. A communication with the billiard-room,
+sometimes made, may give the library too completely the character of a
+lounge, so as to render it somewhat unfit for its better purposes. When
+the library of a small house is used as a study, by a clergyman, for
+instance, or as the business room, a door to the dining-room may be so
+useful as to be specially admissible, the dining-room being thus brought
+to serve as a waiting-room for the occasion. The interposition, if
+possible, of a lobby or small ante-room will, however, be an aid to
+propriety in almost all these cases.
+
+'It is to be observed that we have been hitherto dealing with the
+ordinary library of an average house and no more; but when the owner is
+a man of learning we must either add a _study_ or constitute the library
+itself one. In the latter case, in order to prevent disturbance, the
+door will be more conveniently placed, not in the main corridor, but
+indirectly connected therewith. No door of intercommunication ought to
+connect it with any other room (except possibly the gentleman's room),
+and the position externally ought to be more than ordinarily secluded.
+Double doors also may be required. In short, the library, which has
+hitherto been a public room and somewhat of a lounge, becomes now
+essentially a private retreat.
+
+'When the books form a _large collection_, and strangers, perhaps, are
+occasionally admitted for reading or reference, the library necessarily
+assumes more extensive proportions, and its arrangements become more
+complicated. For example, heating apparatus becomes very possibly
+indispensable; the question comes up of ceiling lights; the apartments
+are probably carried up to the height of two storeys, and galleries
+formed around. Seclusion becomes again still more a point to be
+considered.
+
+'The library of the house should also be as comfortable as possible,
+with broad easy chairs, low centre table for books and periodicals, a
+large pedestal desk with circular revolving top, to shut up all papers
+and keep them free from dust. This kind of desk I consider invaluable to
+any man who really uses his library as a work-room, whether it be for
+real literary work and study, or for the ordinary examination and
+arrangement of household accounts; for it is quite impossible, on an
+ordinary writing table, to keep papers clean or tidy, and this
+circular-headed desk shuts down at once papers as they lie, which then
+cannot be "tidied" by the housemaid, who would seem to take a pleasure
+in putting away papers and notes in all kinds of out-of-the-way corners;
+the desk should have plenty of drawers and pigeon-holes; these latter,
+not as many of them are, an inch too narrow or two inches too wide for
+ordinary letters, but all made for the objects for which they are
+intended. It may seem absurd to say--think carefully of the use to which
+the drawers are to be put--but how often are they practically useless or
+wasteful of precious room, by being made shallower or deeper than is
+required. The room should be surrounded with bookcases, the lower
+portion made to take large books, and with some part of it covered in
+with cupboard fronts, with shelving inside to file away periodicals and
+papers; the shelf which this lower projection forms will do admirably
+for the arrangement of ornaments, small busts, or other personal things,
+with which a man crowds the room he really lives in; of course, I am
+speaking to those who make a den or working-room of their library, and
+not to those who fit a back room up with various tiers of shelving, on
+which are arranged a library of books which are seldom looked at, and
+where the room is only occasionally used, and that only for the purpose
+of a cloak-room on grand occasions. Above this lower nest of cupboards
+and shelving should be shelving arranged for various sizes of books,
+part carried up all round the room, so as to be within easy reach; the
+top of these will be found useful for china or busts, or other objects
+of art, while the centre portions may be carried up to the ceiling to
+give greater accommodation; all these breaks will take away from the
+stiffness of the room, and, if properly arranged, will all assist in
+making the library a room pleasant to work or play in. All this kind of
+work can be made of plain deal, stained and polished, and is infinitely
+cheaper than the elaborate movable cases of wainscot or walnut, in
+which the aim of the designer seems often to make the frame-work as
+expensive as possible, whereas, in truth, the books within are really
+what should be thought of and cared for.
+
+'The floor should be painted or stained and varnished all over, so as to
+be easily cleaned and dusted, and everything that is likely to
+permanently hold dust should be avoided. On the floor, thus painted, a
+few cheap Indian or other rugs may be laid about in places where most
+necessary and useful.
+
+'Too much trouble cannot be taken to make the library a pleasant room to
+live in; it should have everything arranged and adapted for use and
+comfort, and not be stiff and dreary with any set arrangement. The
+panels of the cupboard doors may be filled in with Japanese lacquer-work
+or painted decoration, and here and there, in the recesses, nests of
+shelves may be fitted with projecting brackets, designed as part of
+them, for pieces of china, vases of flowers, or busts, and not looking
+like bats stuck on to a barn door.
+
+'I must not omit to say that in the lower portion of the bookcase
+should be arranged drawers--not carried down to the floor, for these are
+inconvenient--for use for prints and valuable photographs and sketches.
+
+'The library should be essentially home-like, with the wall-space fitted
+up as conveniently as possible; on the top of the bookcases or nests of
+shelves, spring roller-blinds might be easily arranged in the cornices
+to draw down at night or other times, and fasten with clips to protect
+and preserve the books, &c., within them.
+
+'I might offer many other suggestions for the decoration and furniture
+of the rooms I have specially referred to. I trust those I have made
+will be of some practical use, and that, above all, you will believe
+that my aim throughout has been to avoid all dogmatic and set rules of
+fashion or design, and to insist only that truth and beauty of form and
+colour, combined with fitness and common sense, are the main elements of
+all true artistic treatment in decoration and furniture of modern
+houses.'[58]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[57] Willis and Clark, _History of Cambridge University_, vol. iii., p.
+416.
+
+[58] Edis, _Decoration and Furniture of Town Houses_, pp. 188-191.
+
+
+
+
+_Munificent Book-buying._
+
+
+Nordau has estimated that, in England alone, there are from eight
+hundred to a thousand millionaires, and in Europe altogether, there are
+at least a hundred thousand persons with fortunes of a million and even
+more. One could hope that it might be considered a kindness now and then
+to remind some of these millionaires of certain openings for their money
+which do not, so far, seem to have occurred to them. Mr. Bernard Shaw
+not long since pointed out in the _Contemporary Review_ an opening
+whereby an Economic Library might be established, and do great lasting
+honour to a possible founder. Rich men can always be found to vie with
+one another in lavish expenditure over a ball or a wedding. Thousands of
+pounds go for a racehorse and for stable management generally, and the
+amount we spend upon sports annually is 38,000,000_l._, or about a pound
+per head of the population. One hardly likes to say that any sum spent
+upon sport and outdoor life is too much, but yet this sum is out of
+proportion. One is jealous of horses and sport, not so much perhaps for
+the amount spent upon them as much as because one sees that the man who
+hunts and has racehorses, cares and knows about these things to the
+extermination of all other interests. Life becomes ill balanced, whereas
+it is necessary to touch life at many points. 'The strenuous scholar
+pure and simple,' is becoming more rare, though the type of which the
+late Mark Pattison was one will never quite die out. But it is not the
+strenuous _scholar_ that one is so anxious to perpetuate, as it is the
+strenuous and scholarly man of affairs and men of trained ability who
+have mental muscle for parliamentary work and social problems. Such a
+class ought to have many recruits from among the wealthier families.
+
+It would assist very much towards this end if men of aptitude were
+properly trained to act as custodians of books in private houses. The
+art of knowing how to use books is one which must be learnt, and when
+properly learnt there is very little indeed that may not be readily
+found to hand in a library of but small dimensions.
+
+There are, I believe, in England twenty-two packs of staghounds, and 182
+packs of foxhounds. As every one of the masters of these packs must be a
+rich man, I should like to know that he at any rate had a sound copy of
+the _History_ of the county where he hunts; that he had in his smoking
+room a good Encyclopaedia, with fifty other good reference books, and a
+hundred good novels.
+
+The rich men of old combined patronage of learning with the pomp and
+splendour of their lives. Lucullus distinguished himself by his vast
+collection of books, and the liberal access he allowed to lovers of
+books. 'It was a library,' says Plutarch, 'whose walls, galleries and
+cabinets were open to all visitors; and the ingenious youths, when at
+leisure, resorted to this abode of the Muses, to hold literary
+conversations, in which Lucullus himself loved to join.' The Emperor
+Augustus was himself an author and a book lover, and called one of his
+libraries by the name of his sister, Octavia, and the other the temple
+of Apollo. Tiberius had a library, and Trajan also, and these spent
+constantly upon their books and the housing of them.
+
+I have taken from Renaissance history pictures of several men who might
+be taken as types which should exist in every highly civilised country.
+They have been vividly and admirably pictured by biographers, and one
+can only hope that the rich men of to-day may in five hundred years'
+time have as lasting reputations as that of Cosimo, the princely patron
+of learning, and Niccolo, the man of scholarship and refinement of
+life.
+
+
+
+
+_PASSAGES ILLUSTRATIVE OF THE FOREGOING._
+
+
+
+
+_The Medici and their Friends._
+
+
+'The chief benefit conferred by Cosimo de' Medici on learning was the
+accumulation and the housing of large libraries. During his exile he
+built the library of S. Giorgio Maggiore at Venice, and after his return
+to Florence he formed three separate collections of MSS. While the hall
+of the Library of S. Marco was in process of construction, Niccolo de'
+Niccoli died, in 1437, bequeathing his 800 MSS., valued at 6000 golden
+florins, to sixteen trustees. Among these were Cosimo and Lorenzo de'
+Medici, Ambrogio Traversari, Lionardo Bruni, Carlo Marsuppini, Poggio
+Bracciolini, Giannozzo Manetti, and Franco Sachetti. At the same time
+the estate of Niccolo was compromised by heavy debts. These debts Cosimo
+cancelled, obtaining in exchange the right to dispose of the library. In
+1441 the hall of the convent was finished. Four hundred of Niccolo's
+MSS. were placed there, with this inscription upon each: _Ex hereditate
+doctissimi viri Nicola de Nicolis de Florentia_. Tommasso Parentucelli
+made a catalogue at Cosimo's request, in which he not only noted the
+titles of Niccoli's books, but also marked the names of others wanting
+to complete the collection. This catalogue afterwards served as a guide
+to the founders of the libraries of Fiesole, Urbino, and Pesaro, and
+was, says Vespasiano, indispensable to book-collectors. Of the remaining
+400 volumes Cosimo kept some for his own (the Medicean) library, and
+some he gave to his friends. At the same time he spared no pains to buy
+codices, while Vespasiano and Fra Giuliano Lapaccini were employed in
+copying rare MSS. As soon as Cosimo had finished building the Abbey of
+Fiesole, he set about providing this also with a library suited to the
+wants of learned ecclesiastics. Of the method he pursued, Vespasiano,
+who acted as his agent, has transmitted the following account:--"One day
+when I was in his room, he said to me, 'What plan can you recommend for
+the formation of this library?' I answered that to buy the books would
+be impossible, since they could not be purchased. 'What, then, do you
+propose?' he added. I told him that they must be copied. He then asked
+if I would undertake the business. I replied that I was willing. He bade
+me begin at my leisure, saying that he left all to me; and for the
+monies wanted day by day, he ordered that Don Arcangelo, at that time
+prior of the monastery, should draw cheques upon his bank, which should
+be honoured. After beginning the collection, since it was his will that
+it should be finished with all speed possible, and money was not
+lacking, I soon engaged forty-five copyists, and in twenty-two months
+provided two hundred volumes, following the admirable list furnished by
+Pope Nicholas V."'[59]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+'Cosimo's zeal for learning was not confined to the building of
+libraries or to book collecting. His palace formed the centre of a
+literary and philosophical Society, which united all the wits of
+Florence and the visitors who crowded to the capital of culture.
+Vespasiano states that "he was always the father and benefactor of those
+who showed any excellence." Distinguished by versatility of tastes and
+comprehensive intellect, he formed his own opinion of the men of
+eminence with whom he came in contact, and conversed with each upon his
+special subject. When giving audience to the scholars, he discoursed
+concerning letters; in the company of theologians he showed his
+acquaintance with theology, a branch of learning always studied by him
+with delight. So also with regard to philosophy. Astrologers found him
+well versed in their science, for he somewhat lent faith to astrology,
+and employed it on certain private occasions. Musicians in like manner
+perceived his mastery of music, wherein he much delighted. The same was
+true about sculpture and painting: both of these arts he understood
+completely, and showed great favour to all worthy craftsmen. In
+architecture he was a consummate judge, for without his opinion and
+advice no building was begun or carried to completion.'[60]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+'Never was there a time in the world's history when money was spent
+more freely upon the collection and preservation of MSS. and when a more
+complete machinery was put in motion for the sake of securing literary
+treasures. Prince vied with prince, and eminent burgher with burgher, in
+buying books. The commercial correspondents of the Medici and other
+great Florentine houses, whose banks and discount offices extended over
+Europe and the Levant, were instructed to purchase relics of antiquity
+without regard for cost, and to forward them to Florence. The most
+acceptable present that could be sent to a king was a copy of a Roman
+Historian.'[61]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+'Among the friends of Cosimo, to whose personal influences at Florence
+the Revival of Learning owed a vigorous impulse, Niccolo de' Niccoli
+claims our attention. . . . . His judgment in matters of style was so
+highly valued that it was usual for scholars to submit their essays to
+his eyes before they ventured upon publication. . . . . Notwithstanding
+his fine sense of language, Niccolo never appeared before the world of
+letters as an author. . . . Certainly his reserve in an age noteworthy
+for display has tended to confer on him distinction. The position he
+occupied at Florence was that of a literary dictator. All who needed his
+assistance and advice were received with urbanity. He threw his house
+open to young men of parts, engaged in disputations with the curious,
+and provided the ill-educated with teachers. Foreigners from all parts
+of Europe paid him visits. The strangers who came to Florence at that
+time, if they missed the opportunity of seeing him at home, thought they
+had not been in Florence. The house where he lived was worthy of his
+refined taste and cultivated judgment, for he had formed a museum of
+antiquities--inscriptions, marbles, coins, vases, and engraved gems.
+There he not only received students and strangers, but conversed with
+sculptors and painters, discussing their inventions as freely as he
+criticised the essays of the scholars. . . . . Vespasiano's account of
+his personal habits presents so vivid a picture that I cannot refrain
+from translating it at length:--"First of all, he was of a most fair
+presence; lively, for a smile was ever on his lips, and very pleasant in
+his talk. He wore clothes of the fairest crimson cloth, down to the
+ground. He never married, in order that he might not be impeded in his
+studies. A housekeeper provided for his daily needs. He was, above all
+men, the most cleanly in eating, as also in all other things. When he
+sat at table, he ate from fair antique vases, and, in like manner, all
+his table was covered with porcelain and other vessels of great beauty.
+The cup from which he drank was of crystal, or of some other precious
+stone. To see him at table--a perfect model of the men of old--was of a
+truth a charming sight. He always willed that the napkins set before him
+should be of the whitest, as well as all the linen." . . . . What
+distinguished Niccolo was the combination of refinement and humane
+breeding with open-handed generosity and devotion to the cause of
+culture. He knew how to bring forward men of promise and place them in
+positions of eminence.'[62]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+'Lorenzo attracted to his villa the greatest scholars and most brilliant
+men of the time, a circle which included Poliziano, Landino, Ficino,
+Pico della Mirandola, Alberti, Pulci, and Michael Angelo. The interests
+of this circle, as of all similar Italian circles of the time, were
+largely absorbed in the philosophy and literature of Greece, and special
+attention was devoted to the teachings of Plato. Plato's writings were
+translated into Latin by Ficino, and the translation was printed in
+1482, at the cost of Filippo Valvio. Ficino was too poor himself to
+undertake the publication of his works, and this was the case with not a
+few of the distinguished authors of the age. The presentation of books
+to the public required at this time what might be called the endowment
+of literature, and endowment which was supplied by the liberality of
+wealthy patrons possessed of literary appreciation or public-spirited
+ambition, or of both. As Symonds expresses it, "Great literary
+undertakings involved in that century the substantial assistance of
+wealthy men, whose liberality was rewarded by a notice in the colophon
+or in the title-page." The formal dedication was an invention of a
+somewhat later date.'[63]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+'Of Palla degli Strozzi's services in the cause of Greek learning I have
+already spoken. Beside the invitation which he caused to be sent to
+Manuel Chrysoloras, he employed his wealth and influence in providing
+books necessary for the prosecution of Hellenic studies. "Messer Palla,"
+says Vespasiano, "sent to Greece for countless volumes, all at his own
+cost. The _Cosmography_ of Ptolemy, together with the picture made to
+illustrate it, the _Lives_ of Plutarch, the works of Plato, and very
+many other writings of philosophers, he got from Constantinople. The
+_Politics_ of Aristotle were not in Italy until Messer Palla sent for
+them; and when Messer Lionardo of Arezzo translated them, he had the
+copy from his hands." In the same spirit of practical generosity Palla
+degli Strozzi devoted his leisure and his energies to the improvement of
+the _studio pubblico_ at Florence, giving it that character of humane
+culture which it retained throughout the age of the Renaissance. To him,
+again, belongs the glory of having first collected books for the express
+purpose of founding a public library. This project had occupied the mind
+of Petrarch, and its utility had been recognised by Coluccio de'
+Salutati, but no one had as yet arisen to accomplish it. "Being
+passionately fond of literature, Messer Palla always kept copyists in
+his own house and outside it, of the best who were in Florence, both for
+Greek and Latin books; and all the books he could find he purchased, on
+all subjects, being minded to found a most noble library in Santa
+Trinita, and to erect there a most beautiful building for the purpose.
+He wished that it should be open to the public, and he chose Santa
+Trinita because it was in the centre of Florence, a site of great
+convenience to everybody. His disasters supervened and what he had
+designed he could not execute."'[64]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+'Cosimo used to regret that "he had not begun to spend money upon public
+works ten years earlier than he did." Every costly building that bore
+his name, each library he opened to the public, and all the donations
+lavished upon scholars, served the double purpose of cementing the
+despotism of his house and of gratifying his personal enthusiasm for
+culture. . . . . Of his generosity to men of letters, the most striking
+details are recorded. When Niccolo de' Niccoli ruined himself, Cosimo
+opened for him an unlimited credit with the Medicean bank.'[65]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[59] Symonds, _The Revival of Learning_, pp. 174, 175.
+
+[60] _Ibid._, pp. 172-7.
+
+[61] Symonds, _Revival of Learning_, pp. 139, 140.
+
+[62] Symonds, _Revival of Learning_, pp. 180-2.
+
+[63] Putnam, _Books and their Makers_, vol. i., p. 338.
+
+[64] Symonds, _Revival of Learning_, p. 167.
+
+[65] _Ibid._, pp. 172-3.
+
+
+
+
+_The Dukes of Urbino._
+
+
+'Mr. Roscoe has observed that "by no circumstance in the character of an
+individual is the love of literature so strongly evinced as by the
+propensity for collecting together the writings of illustrious scholars,
+and compressing the 'soul of ages past' within the narrow limits of a
+library." But it is not easy now to appreciate the obstacles attending
+such a pursuit in the age of Federigo. The science of bibliography can
+scarcely be said to have existed before the invention of printing, in
+consequence of the extreme difficulty of becoming acquainted with works
+of which there were but few copies, and these widely scattered, perhaps
+scarcely known. Great outlay was required, either to search out or
+transcribe manuscripts, and even the laborious habits which then
+accompanied learning shrank from a task so beset by obstructions. Yet
+there was a bright exception in Thomas of Saranza, whose learning
+supplied the knowledge, and whose elevation to the triple tiara as
+Nicholas V. procured him the opportunities necessary for amassing a
+library. Not only did he found that of the Vatican, but he prepared for
+Cosimo, _Pater patrie_, a list of authors for the infant collection of
+S. Marco, at Florence, which, being recognised as a standard catalogue,
+was adopted by Count Federigo. The longer life allowed to the latter
+enabled him to outstrip these bibliomaniacs, and all contemporary
+accumulators, until the fame of his library stood unrivalled.
+Accordingly Ruscelli, in his _Imprese Illustri_, avers it to be
+"notorious that the earliest and most famous collection formed out of
+the ruins of antiquity was that of Urbino, from whence many excellent
+authors were edited, and copies supplied."'[66]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+'In no respect did he look to expense; and whenever he learned the
+existence of any desirable book in Italy, or abroad, he sent for it
+without heeding the cost. His librarian, Vespasiano, wrote, "It is now
+above fourteen years since he began to make this collection, and he has
+ever since at Urbino, Florence, and elsewhere, thirty-four transcribers,
+and has resorted to every means requisite for amassing a famous and
+excellent library."'[67]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+'To the right and left of the carriage entrance into the great
+courtyard, are two handsome saloons, each about forty-five feet by
+twenty-two, and twenty-three in height. That on the left contained the
+famous library of manuscripts collected by Count Federigo; the
+corresponding one received the printed books, which, gradually purchased
+by successive dukes, became under the last sovereign, a copious
+collection. Baldi, in his description of the palace, printed in
+Bianchini's work, dwells on the judicious adaptation of the former, its
+windows set high against the northern sky, admitting a subdued and
+steady light which invited to study; its air cool in summer, temperate
+in winter; its walls conveniently shelved; the character and objects of
+the place fittingly set forth in a series of rude hexameters inscribed
+on the cornices. Adjoining was a closet fitted up with inlaid and gilded
+panelling, beneath which Timoteo della Vite, a painter whose excellence
+we shall attest in our thirtieth chapter, depicted Minerva with her
+aegis, Apollo with his lyre, and the nine muses with their appropriate
+symbols. A similar small study was fitted up immediately over this one,
+set round with arm-chairs encircling a table, all mosaicked with
+_tarsia_, and carved by Maestro Giacomo of Florence, while on each
+compartment of the panelling was the portrait of some famous author, and
+an appropriate distich. One other article of furniture deserves special
+notice--a magnificent eagle of gilt bronze, serving as a lectern in the
+centre of the manuscript room. It was carried to Rome at the devolution
+of the duchy to the Holy See, but was rescued by Pope Clement XI. from
+the Vatican library, and restored to his native town, where it has long
+been used in the choir of the cathedral.'[68]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+'Of Francesco Maria's literary pursuits we have various pleasing
+memorials. Not satisfied with the valuable library of MSS. that had
+descended to him from the Feltrian dukes, he formed another of standard
+printed works. Indeed, he became an assiduous book-collector; and the
+letters of his librarian, Benedetto Benedetti, in the Oliveriana
+Library, are full of lists which his agents in Venice, Florence, and
+even Frankfort are urged to supply. In his own voluminous
+correspondence, we find constant offers from authors of dedications or
+copies of their productions, the tone of which is highly complimentary
+to his taste for letters. In 1603, the Archbishop of Monreale, in Spain,
+transmits him the regulations he proposed to prescribe in bequeathing
+his library to a seminary he had founded in his diocese, expressing a
+hope that they might prove useful to the Duke's collection, "at this
+moment without parallel in the world." Instead of quoting the vague
+testimony of courtly compliment, as to the use which this philosophic
+Prince made of these acquisitions, let us cite the brief records of his
+studies, preserved in his own Diary. In 1585, "terminated an inspection
+of the whole works of Aristotle, on which I have laboured no less than
+fifteen years, having had them generally read to me by Maestro Cesare
+Benedetti, of Pesaro."'[69]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+'Francesco di Giorgio, in his _Treatise on Architecture_, mentions Duke
+Federigo as holding out inducements for the learned men at his court to
+illustrate the works of classic authors on architecture and sculpture.
+But no testimony to his literary habits can be more satisfactory than
+that of his librarian, Vespasiano, to the following purpose. The Duke
+was a ready Latin scholar, and extremely fond of ancient history. As a
+logician he had attained considerable aptitude, having studied
+Aristotle's _Ethics_ along with Maestro Lazzaro, a famous theologian,
+who became Bishop of Urbino, discussing with him the most intricate
+passages. By the like process he mastered the Stagirite's politics,
+physics, and other treatises; and having acquired more philosophy than
+any contemporary prince, his thirst for new sources of knowledge induced
+him to devote himself to theology with equal zeal. The principal works
+of St. Thomas Aquinas and Duns Scotus were habitually read to him; he
+preferred the former as more clear, but admitted that the latter
+displayed more subtlety in argument. He was well acquainted with the
+Bible, as well as the commentaries of Saints Ambrose, Jerome, Augustine,
+and Gregory; also with the writings of the Greek fathers, such as Saints
+Basil, Chrysostom, Gregory Naziazen, Nicetas, Athanasius, and Cyril.
+Among the classic authors whom he was in the habit of reading or
+listening to were Livy, Sallust, Quintus Curtius, Justin, Caesar,
+Plutarch, AElius Spartianus, AEmylius Protus, Tacitus, Suetonius,
+Eusebius. All men of letters visiting Urbino were hospitably
+entertained, and several were always attached to his court. His
+largesses to such were at all times liberal. He spent above 1500 ducats
+in this way when at Florence, and remitted similar bounties to Rome and
+Naples. He gave 1000 ducats to the learned Campano, professor of
+belles-lettres at Perugia in 1455, who aided him in collecting ancient
+MSS., and became Bishop of Teramo.'[70]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[66] Dennistoun, _Memoirs of the Dukes of Urbino_, vol. i., p. 155.
+
+[67] _Ibid._, vol. i., pp. 156-7.
+
+[68] _Memoirs of the Dukes of Urbino_, vol. i., pp. 153-5.
+
+[69] _Ibid._, vol. i., p. 154.
+
+
+
+
+_Pieresc._
+
+
+'When any library was to be sold by public outcry, he took care to buy
+the best books, especially if they were of some neat edition that he did
+not already possess. He bound his books in red morocco, with his cypher
+or initials in gold. One binder always lived in the house, and sometimes
+several were employed at once "when the books came rolling in on every
+side."' 'Your house and library' (says the dedication of a book to
+Pieresc) 'are a firmament wherein the stars of learning shine; the desks
+are lit with starlight, and the books are in constellations, and you sit
+like the sun in the midst, embracing and giving light to them all.' 'The
+library is to be open to all the world without the exception of any
+living soul; readers were to be supplied with chairs and writing
+materials, and the attendants will fetch all books required in any
+language or department of learning, and will change them as often as is
+necessary.'[71]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+'Bouchard states, in his funeral oration on Pieresc, "To this his shop
+and storehouse of wisdom and virtue, Peireskius did not only courteously
+admit all travellers, studious of art and learning, opening to them all
+the treasures of his library, but he would keep them there a long time,
+with free and liberal entertainment; and at their departure, would give
+them books, coins, and other things, which seemed most suitable to their
+studies; also he freely gave them at his own expense, whatever things
+they wanted, most liberally, even as to all other learned men, who were
+absent, and whose names he had only heard of; whatever he had among his
+books or relics of antiquity, which he thought might assist them in
+their writings, he would send it them of his own accord, not only
+without their desiring the same, but many times when they were ignorant
+of such things.'[72]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[70] _Memoirs of the Dukes of Urbino_, pp. 219, 220.
+
+[71] Elton, _Great Book Collectors_, pp. 180-4.
+
+[72] _The Library_, July, 1895.
+
+
+
+
+_Mr. Ruskin's Advice._
+
+
+'I say first we have despised literature. What do we, as a nation, care
+about books? How much do you think we spend altogether on our libraries,
+public or private, as compared with what we spend on our horses? If a
+man spends lavishly on his library, you call him mad--a biblio-maniac.
+But you never call any one a horse maniac, though men ruin themselves
+every day by their horses, and you do not hear of people ruining
+themselves by their books. Or, to go lower still, how much do you think
+the bookshelves of the United Kingdom, public and private, would fetch,
+as compared with the contents of its wine-cellars? What position would
+its expenditure on literature take as compared with its expenditure on
+luxurious eating? We talk of food for the mind, as of food for the body:
+now a good book contains such food inexhaustibly; it is a provision for
+life, and for the best part of us; yet how long most people would look
+at the best book before they would give the price of a large turbot for
+it!'[73]
+
+'It will be long yet before that comes to pass. Nevertheless, I hope it
+will not be long before royal or national libraries will be founded in
+every considerable city, with a royal series of books in them; the same
+series in every one of them, chosen books, the best in every kind,
+prepared for that national series in the most perfect way possible;
+their text printed all on leaves of equal size, broad of margin, and
+divided into pleasant volumes, light in the hand, beautiful and strong,
+and thorough as examples of binder's work.'[73]
+
+'I could shape for you other plans, for art galleries and for natural
+history galleries, and for many precious, many, it seems to me, needful
+things; but this book plan is the easiest and needfullest, and would
+prove a considerable tonic to what we call our British constitution,
+which has fallen dropsical of late, and has an evil thirst, and evil
+hunger, and wants healthier feeding. You have got its Corn Laws repealed
+for it; try if you cannot get Corn Laws established for it dealing in a
+better bread--bread made of that old enchanted Arabian grain, the
+Sesame, which opens doors, doors, not of robbers', but of kings'
+treasuries.'[74]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+'Whatever the hold which the aristocracy of England has on the heart of
+England, in that they are still always in front of her battles, this
+hold will not be enough, unless they are also in front of her
+thoughts.'[75]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+'But it is not gold that you want to gather! What is it? Greenbacks? No;
+not those neither. What is it then--is it ciphers after a capital I?
+Cannot you practise writing ciphers, and write as many as you want?
+Write ciphers for an hour every morning, in a big book, and say every
+evening, I am worth all those noughts more than I was yesterday. Won't
+that do? Well, what in the name of Plutus is it you want? Not gold, not
+greenbacks, not ciphers after a capital I? You will have to answer after
+all, "No; we want, somehow or other, money's _worth_." Well, what is
+that? Let your Goddess of Getting-on discover it, and let her learn to
+stay therein.'[76]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+'And the entire object of true education is to make people not merely
+_do_ the right things, but _enjoy_ the right things--not merely
+industrious, but to love industry--not merely learned, but to love
+knowledge--not merely pure, but to love purity--not merely just, but to
+hunger and thirst after justice.'[77]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[73] _Sesame and Lilies._
+
+[74] _Sesame and Lilies._
+
+[75] _Crown of Wild Olive_, p. 87.
+
+[76] _Ibid._, p. 60.
+
+[77] _Ibid._, p. 46.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+  Abbotsford Library Catalogue, printed by Maitland Club, 80
+
+  Abbotsford Library, impressions of, 80
+
+  Accessions, on placing, 89
+
+  Acland, Sir H., the 'Radcliffe' bookcase, 113
+
+  Addison, Essay on 'My Lady's Library,' 50
+
+  Addison's picture of 'Tom Folio,' 79
+
+  Advertisements, which to distrust, 14
+
+  AElius, 148
+
+  AEmylius Protus, 148
+
+  Agabito, librarian to the Duke of Urbino, 119
+
+  Albemarle, Duke of, 78
+
+  Alberti, 142
+
+  Ambrose, St., 148
+
+  American tables, 104
+
+  Angelo, Michael, 142
+
+  Angling books, 10
+
+  Anonymous Literature, how to catalogue, 84, 85
+
+  _Anthrenus varius_, bookboring insect, 23
+
+  Apollo Library, 135
+
+  Appliances for the library, 103
+
+  Aquinas, St. Thomas, 148
+
+  Arcangelo, Don, 138
+
+  _Archaic Dictionary_, 44
+
+  _Architecture_, by Vitruvius, 119
+
+  Aristotle, Inspection of the works of, 147
+
+  Aristotle's _Politics_, 143
+
+  Athanasius, St., 148
+
+  Augustine, St., 148
+
+  Augustus, Emperor, author and booklover, 135
+
+  Austen, J., _Northanger Abbey_, 36
+
+  Author, the, 3
+
+  ---- whims and fancies of, 3
+
+  Autograph letters, how to catalogue, 64
+
+
+  Bacon, Lord, 36
+
+  ---- his retreat at Gorhambury, 107
+
+  Bacon's _Natural History_, 40
+
+  ---- _Organon_, 74
+
+  Baker's _Chronicle_, 72
+
+  Baldi's description of a Florentine palace, 110, 146
+
+  Balfour, Mr., advice on reading, 27
+
+  Barclay, A., _Ship of Fools_, 76
+
+  Basil, St., 148
+
+  Beauchamp, Guy, earl of Warwick, Library of early romances, 71
+
+  Beauclerk, T., 79
+
+  ---- Library of, in Great Russell Street, 107
+
+  Bedford, Duke of, and Charles V.'s Library, 71
+
+  Beecher, H. W., on reading, 30
+
+  Benedetti, B., Book lists of, 147
+
+  ---- librarian to Francesco Maria, 147
+
+  ---- C., of Pesaro, 147
+
+  Beyle, Henri, Pseudonyms used by, 84
+
+  Bianchini's works, 110, 146
+
+  Bible, 148
+
+  Bibliography, Science of, when commenced, 144
+
+  Bibliomaniacs, Great, 71
+
+  Blackie, J. S., on reading, 32
+
+  _Blackwood's Magazine_, Extracts from, 30, 31, 32
+
+  Blades, W., _Enemies of Books_, 7, 21, 100
+
+  ---- on the handling of books, 22
+
+  ---- on the preservation of books, 19, 99
+
+  _Blatta Australasia_, a bookboring cockroach, 23
+
+  Bookbinding, 52
+
+  ---- and the bookbinder, 23
+
+  ---- colour, 49, 54
+
+  ---- Covers, what to choose, 64
+
+  ---- errors of taste, 56
+
+  ---- gilding, 57
+
+  ---- Good, what is fatal to, 97
+
+  ---- leather, kind to choose, 54
+
+  ---- lettering, 58
+
+  ---- marbling, 55
+
+  ---- provincial, 7
+
+  ---- style and colour of, 49
+
+  ---- style, 49, 54
+
+  ---- the, remarks on, 61
+
+  ---- what is good and bad, 5, 6
+
+  Books, accidentally destroyed, 12
+
+  ---- arranging, difficulty of, 17
+
+  ---- care of, 15, 16
+
+  ---- ---- maxims for, 24
+
+  ---- classification of, 87
+
+  ---- commonplace, 38
+
+  ---- contents of, how to master the, 31, 32
+
+  ---- counterfeit, 52
+
+  ---- dusting, 20, 21
+
+  ---- enemies of, 7, 16, 17, 18, 21, 23
+
+  ---- binding, fifteenth-century, 70
+
+  ---- handling, 22
+
+  ---- housing of, 100
+
+  ---- metal bosses on, desks for, 106
+
+  ---- packing, 24, 25
+
+  ---- ------ Rare and handsome, 89
+
+  ---- ------ Reference, 89
+
+  ---- Rare, what constitutes, 11
+
+  ---- ------ Why so called, 12
+
+  ---- How to read, 32
+
+  ---- Recommending, 33
+
+  ---- Reference, 42
+
+  ---- ------ List of good, 44
+
+  ---- ------ On placing, 89
+
+  ---- ------ Uses of, 43
+
+  ---- Repairing, 60, 61
+
+  ---- Restoring, 60, 61
+
+  ---- Ruined, how often, 7
+
+  ---- Shelfmarking, 93
+
+  ---- Sizes of, as decided upon by the Associated Librarians of Great
+    Britain, 98
+
+  ---- Suppressed, 12
+
+  ---- Treatment of, 108
+
+  ---- Valueless, 14
+
+  Bookcase, the 'Radcliffe' iron, 113
+
+  ---- revolving, 105
+
+  Bookcases, 49, 94
+
+  ---- at Trinity College, Cambridge, 102
+
+  ---- beautiful specimens of, 99
+
+  ---- for rare and beautiful books, &c., 99
+
+  ---- glass doors undesirable, 100
+
+  ---- height of, 50, 95
+
+  ---- in bedrooms, 38
+
+  ---- lettering and numbering, 93, 99
+
+  ---- shelves covered with padded leather, 100
+
+  ---- Tonks' patent fittings advisable, 95
+
+  Book-collecting, Revival in, at Florence, 140
+
+  Book collectors, early, 71
+
+  ---- collectors of the eighteenth century, 79
+
+  ---- hobbies, 65
+
+  ---- readers, two classes, 34
+
+  ---- screen, 47
+
+  Bookshelves, 130
+
+  Book support, metal, 106
+
+  ---- values, 9
+
+  ---- ---- how to determine, 9
+
+  Booksellers, Old London, 72
+
+  Bookworm, The, 23
+
+  Bordesley Abbey, and the Earl of Warwick's Library, 71
+
+  Boston Public Library, Roxbury Branch, dimensions of book-room, 113
+
+  Boswell, _Life of Johnson_, 3
+
+  Boudoir bindings, pretty effects of, 48
+
+  ---- libraries, 46
+
+  ---- library catalogue, 50
+
+  Bowen, on _Novel Reading_, 37
+
+  Bracciolini, Poggio, 137
+
+  Bradshaw, H., the Cambridge University Librarian, 117
+
+  Braybrooke, Lord, his collection of county histories, 66
+
+  British Museum Library Catalogue, 85
+
+  Bronte, C., _Jane Eyre_, 37
+
+  Bruni, Lionardo, 137
+
+  Buchanan, G., 117
+
+  Buckram binding, 62
+
+  Buffalo Bug, or Carpet Bug, 23
+
+  Burke, on reading, 31
+
+  Bustle tails, bookboring insects, 23
+
+  Butler's _Hudibras_, 72, 74
+
+
+  Caesar, 148
+
+  _Cambridge University_, _History of_, by Willis and Clark, 120
+
+  Campano, Bishop of Teramo, 149
+
+  Campion, Hanmer and Spencer's History of Ireland, 75
+
+  Care of books, On the, 15
+
+  ---- Maxims to be learned, 24
+
+  Carlyle, on a library catalogue, 81
+
+  Carpet Bug, or Buffalo Bug, 23
+
+  Casaubon, among his books, 72
+
+  Catalogue, a fifteenth-century, 70
+
+  ---- Alphabetical system, advantages of, 86
+
+  ---- Classification of the, 82
+
+  ---- Sectional, Lord Crawford's, 83
+
+  ---- The, 81
+
+  ---- The, alphabetical arrangement of, 81
+
+  ---- The, classified system, advantages of, 86
+
+  ---- The, cross-references, 85
+
+  ---- The, how not to make, 82, 84
+
+  ---- The, expert advice on, 84
+
+  ---- The, rules to be observed, 85
+
+  ---- The, subjects, classification of, 86
+
+  ---- The, preparing titles, 87
+
+  Chairs, Library, 104
+
+  Charles V. of France, library of, 71
+
+  Chaucer, Speght's edition (1602), 75
+
+  Chippendale, bookcase designs by, 99
+
+  Chrysoloras, M., 143
+
+  Chrysostom, St., 148
+
+  _Clarissa Harlowe_, 60
+
+  Clark, J. W., on the position of the library, 119
+
+  ---- Student-life of the past, 72
+
+  Classic authors, list of, 148
+
+  Classics, no suitable edition in England as in France, 1
+
+  Classification, 81
+
+  ---- of books, 87
+
+  Clement XI., Pope, and the eagle lectern, 147
+
+  Clement, D., _Bibliotheque curieuse_, 11
+
+  Clement, D., on degrees of rarity, 11, 13
+
+  Colet, among his books, 72
+
+  Collected editions, how to catalogue, 94
+
+  Commonplace books, 38
+
+  ---- books, simplest form of, 40
+
+  Compositor, the, 3
+
+  Condition, as affecting the price of books, 13, 11
+
+  _Consuelo_, 37
+
+  Consumer, the, 3
+
+  Cosimo's generosity to men of letters, 144
+
+  ---- Medicean library, 138
+
+  ---- plan of the formation of a library, 138
+
+  ---- versatility and comprehensive intellect, 139
+
+  ---- zeal for learning, 139
+
+  Cotton's library, dimensions of, 73
+
+  Counterfeit books, 52
+
+  County collections, what should be aimed at, 66
+
+  ---- Histories, on collecting, 66
+
+  Courthope's edition of Pope, 3
+
+  Crawford, Lord, Ballad catalogue, 83
+
+  ---- Collection of books, pamphlets, ballads, &c., 65
+
+  ---- Sectional catalogue, 83
+
+  Cross-references, when to make, 85
+
+  Cunningham, P., edition of Walpole's letters, 3
+
+  Curiosities, arrangement of, in library, 122
+
+  Cyril, St., 148
+
+
+  Damp, an enemy to books, 17
+
+  De Maistre's _Journey Round my Room_, 47
+
+  Dennistoun's _Memoirs of the Dukes of Urbino_, 110, 145, 147, 149
+
+  Desk, standing, 105
+
+  Dictionaries, use of, 30
+
+  _Dives et Pauper_, 70
+
+  Drawings, safe keeping of, 106
+
+  Duns Scotus, 148
+
+  Dusting of books, 20, 21
+
+
+  Edis' _Decoration and Furniture of Town Houses_, 132
+
+  Editions de luxe, 3
+
+  Education, What is? 45
+
+  Edwards, _Memoirs of Libraries_, 13, 97, 99, 100
+
+  ---- on bookcases, 97, 99
+
+  Elizabethan Poetry, catalogue of, 83
+
+  Ellwanger's _Story of my House_, 9, 104
+
+  Elton, _Great Book Collectors_, 115, 149
+
+  Elwin's edition of Pope, 3
+
+  Enemies of books, 17, 18, 19, 21
+
+  Erasmus, among his books, 72
+
+  Eusebius, 148
+
+  Evelyn's directions for gathering a library, 78
+
+  ---- Letter to Pepys on the Seventeenth Century libraries, 79
+
+  Eversley Rectory armchair, 105
+
+
+  Facetiae, on placing, 89
+
+  Family papers, how to catalogue, 64
+
+  Farnaby, T., _Index Rhetoricus_, 74
+
+  Federigo, Count, famous library of MSS., 110, 146
+
+  ---- Duke, Literary habits of, 148
+
+  Feltrian dukes, MSS., 147
+
+  Fergusson's _Architecture_, 44
+
+  Ficino, Translator of Plato, 142
+
+  Fiction Library, how to arrange, 36
+
+  Fiesole, Abbey of, on building a library at, 138
+
+  Fiesole Abbey, Library of, 138
+
+  Fifteenth Century Library Catalogue, 70
+
+  Fine Copy? What is a, 5, 6
+
+  First Edition Craze, fight against, 14
+
+  Fish Bugs, bookboring insects, 23
+
+  Florence, Revival in learning at, 140
+
+  ---- _Studio Pubblico_, Improvement of the, 143
+
+  Florentine Library, Description of a great, 110
+
+  Floriculture, on collecting books on, 67
+
+  'Foxed' Book, A, 6
+
+  Foxhounds in England, 135
+
+  Francesco Maria's literary pursuits, 147
+
+  Froude, W., The 'Radcliffe' bookcase, 113
+
+  Fuller, T., on memory and note-books, 39
+
+
+  Gas, an enemy to books, 18
+
+  Genealogical books, rise in price of, 66
+
+  Getting-on, Goddess of, 152
+
+  Gibbon, Edward, 1
+
+  ---- library catalogue, 83
+
+  Gilbey, Sir W., sporting books, 67
+
+  Gilding, Advice on, 57
+
+  Giorgio, F. di, _Treatise on Architecture_, 148
+
+  Gladstone, W. E., _Books, and the Housing of them_, 100
+
+  ---- _Gladstone in the Evening of his Days_, 36, 108, 110
+
+  ---- on library shelves, 96
+
+  Gladstone's Temple of Peace, Tables in, 104
+
+  Glastonbury, Treasures at, 69
+
+  'Globe' edition of English classics, 2
+
+  Goldsmith Chair, The, 105
+
+  Good Edition, how to make, 3
+
+  ---- What is a, 1
+
+  Gosse, E., Library Catalogue, 83
+
+  Gregory, St., 148
+
+  Greek Fathers, writings of, 148
+
+  Greenbacks, 152
+
+  Guidobaldo I., Library Rules, 118
+
+
+  Haigh Hall, Ballad Catalogue at, 83
+
+  ---- Library Catalogue, who compiled by, 65
+
+  Hallam's _Literary History_, 41
+
+  Hamerton, Philip G., Advice on reading, 27, 28, 29
+
+  Harding's _Chronicle_, 76
+
+  Hart, Dr. E., on books in bedrooms, 38
+
+  Hawarden Library annexe, 107
+
+  ---- ---- Cost of, 113
+
+  Heat, an enemy to books, 18
+
+  Heppelwhite, Bookcase design by, 99
+
+  Hill, B., Edition of Boswell's Johnson, 3
+
+  Howard, Sir J., Library of, 70
+
+  'Humanity Room' at Hawarden, 109
+
+  Humphrey, Duke, 71
+
+
+  Ireland, History of, 75
+
+  Ink Maker, The, 3
+
+
+  Jerome, St., 148
+
+  Jessopp, Dr., Library annexe of, 107
+
+  ---- on old libraries, 68
+
+  Johnson, Dr., careless with his books, 16
+
+  ---- Life of, 3
+
+  ---- on knowledge, 42
+
+  ---- on the editions of _Thomas a Kempis_, 67
+
+  Johnson's _Dictionary_, 44
+
+  Justin, 148
+
+
+  Kerr's _Gentleman's House_, 120
+
+  Knowledge, On. Extract from the _Spectator_, 42
+
+  ---- Two kinds of, 42
+
+
+  Lady's Library, how arranged, 51
+
+  Lamb, choice of books, 34
+
+  Lampson, L., Rowfant Library Catalogue, 83
+
+  Landino, 142
+
+  Lang, A., remarks on the 'binder,' 61
+
+  ---- on the care of books, 16
+
+  Lapaccini, Fra G., a MS. copyist, 138
+
+  Large-paper copies, 8, 13
+
+  Larousse's _Grand Dictionnaire_, 43
+
+  Leather for binding, 53
+
+  Lectern, an historic eagle, 146
+
+  Leighton, J., _Book-plate Annual_, 15
+
+  ---- Careless handling of books, 16
+
+  Leland, C. G., on _Mending and Repairing_, 61
+
+  ---- Glastonbury treasures, 69
+
+  Leonora's library, how arranged, 51
+
+  _Lepisma Saccharina_, bookboring insects, 23
+
+  _L'Escholle des Filles_, 77
+
+  Librarian, A, 115
+
+  ---- Qualifications of a good, 115, 117
+
+  ---- The motto of a good, 118
+
+  Libraries, Classification of headings of, 94
+
+  ---- in country houses, lamentable condition of, 15
+
+  ---- Old country, 68
+
+  ---- XIIth century, 69
+
+  ---- XIIIth century, 69
+
+  ---- XVIIth century, 72
+
+  ---- Suite of, 121
+
+  ---- Public, Originator of, 143
+
+  _Library, The_ Extract from, 150
+
+  Library, Appliances for the, 103
+
+  ---- The, architecturally, 119
+
+  ---- arrangement, On, 91
+
+  ---- Arrangement of, two plans, 121
+
+  ---- Artistic treatment of the, 122
+
+  ---- Aspect for the, 125
+
+  ---- An economic, 133
+
+  ---- Curiosities in, 22
+
+  ---- Decorations of the, 131
+
+  ---- Enemy of the, 120
+
+  ---- fireplace, 126
+
+  ---- intercommunication, 126
+
+  ---- On heating, 120, 128
+
+  ---- On lighting, 120
+
+  ---- Portable, Composition of a, 46
+
+  ---- Position of the, 119, 124
+
+  ---- rules, 118
+
+  ---- Study attached to the, 127
+
+  ---- Windows in the, 125
+
+  ---- annexe, The, 106
+
+  _Library Association Report_, 1878, 115
+
+  ---- _Journal_, Reference to, 91
+
+  ---- ---- American, 117
+
+  Lionardo, M., translator of Aristotle's _Politics_, 143
+
+  Lippincott's _Biographical Dictionary_, 44
+
+  Livy, 148
+
+  Lockhart, _Life of Sir W. Scott_, 80
+
+  Lorenzo and his literary circle, 142
+
+  Lucullus' vast collection of books, 135
+
+
+  Macaulay, private libraries in 1685, 79
+
+  ---- _State of England in 1685_, 72
+
+  Magazines, How to bind, 63
+
+  Maggliabecchi, Anecdote of, 116
+
+  ---- his abnormal knowledge of books, 115
+
+  Manetti, Giannozzo, 137
+
+  Manuscripts, How to catalogue, 64
+
+  ---- collecting and preserving at Florence, 140
+
+  ---- Collection of ancient, 149
+
+  ---- Famous library of, 110
+
+  ---- of the Feltrian dukes, 147
+
+  ---- Urbino's library of, 146
+
+  Marbling, what to choose, 55
+
+  Marryat, original binding of his novels, 6
+
+  Marsuppini, Carlo, 137
+
+  Maxwell, Sir H., advice on reading, 26
+
+  Medicean Library, 138
+
+  Medici, Cosimo de', on housing of large libraries, 137
+
+  ---- The, and their friends, 137
+
+  ---- Lorenzo de', 137
+
+  Memory and note-books, 39
+
+  Mending and repairing, 61
+
+  Middleton Cheney, Library annexe at, 107
+
+  Mirandola, P. della, 41, 142
+
+  Monastic libraries, Old, 69
+
+  Monmouth rebellion, romances on, 36
+
+  Monreale, Archbishop of, 147
+
+  Morocco leather, kind to choose, 54
+
+  Munificent book-buying, 133
+
+  Murray's _Dictionary_, 59
+
+  ---- _Magazine_, on county histories, 66
+
+  Music, How to bind, 64
+
+
+  Napoleon, on the composition of a portable library, 46
+
+  ---- a lover of small books, 46
+
+  ---- and novel-reading, 38
+
+  Nares' _Glossary_, 44
+
+  Natural history, on collecting books on, 67
+
+  Naude, G., _Avis pour dresser une Bibliotheque_, 10, 79
+
+  Naziazen, St. Gregory, 148
+
+  Niccoli, N. de', Home life and habits of, 141
+
+  ---- literary dictator at Florence, 140
+
+  ---- to whom he bequeathed his library, 137
+
+  Nicetas, 148
+
+  Nicholas V. Pope, Book list of, 139
+
+  _Nineteenth Century_, Extracts from the, 26, 68, 111
+
+  Nordau, millionaires in England, 133
+
+  North, Dr. John, his book-loving habits, 8
+
+  ---- Dr. J., Library of, 73
+
+  ---- Life of, 73
+
+  North's _Lives of the Norths_, 7
+
+  Notes, Suggestions on taking, 41
+
+  Novel-reading, 33
+
+  ---- lecture on, 36, 37
+
+  Novels, how to bind, 62
+
+
+  Octavia Library, 135
+
+  Oldys, W., 79
+
+  Oliveriana Library, 147
+
+  Oxford, Lord, 79
+
+  ---- University of. Duke Humphrey's collection of illuminated
+    treasures, 71
+
+
+  Pamphlets, how to bind, 63
+
+  ---- how to catalogue, 63, 94
+
+  Paper, coloured, 13
+
+  ---- fine, 13
+
+  ---- hand-made, 8
+
+  ---- Japanese vellum, 8
+
+  ---- vellum, 13
+
+  ---- knives, 16
+
+  ---- maker, the, 3
+
+  Parentucelli, T., Catalogue of S. Marco Library, 137
+
+  Parker's _Domestic Architecture_, Reference to, 70
+
+  Paston _Letters_, 70
+
+  Pattison, Mark, a type of a scholar, 134
+
+  Payn, J., on the best hundred books, 30
+
+  Pembroke, Earl of, 79
+
+  Pepys' books, how numbered and titled, 78
+
+  ---- book presses, 75
+
+  ---- book presses at Magdalene College, 75
+
+  ---- Collection of Ballads, &c., 65
+
+  ---- Diary, 43, 59, 74, &c.
+
+  ---- library catalogue, 76
+
+  ---- library catalogue, classification of, 82, 89
+
+  ---- a lover of books, 74
+
+  ---- manuscripts, 77
+
+  ---- single sheets, 77
+
+  Periodicals, Unbound, on placing, 89
+
+  Pesaro, Library of, 138
+
+  Petrarch, project of a public library, 143
+
+  Phillips, W., anecdote of George Sumner, 116
+
+  Pickering, Publications issued by, 4
+
+  Pieresc, and his books, 149
+
+  ---- Funeral oration on, 150
+
+  Plato, Teachings of, 142
+
+  Plato's Works, 143
+
+  Plutarch, 148
+
+  ---- on Lucullus' Library, 135
+
+  Plutarch's _Lives_, 143
+
+  Poetical Concordances, 44
+
+  Poliziano, 142
+
+  Poole, Mr., on enemies to books, 18
+
+  Pope, 'Globe' edition of, 2
+
+  Pope's Works, the edition of Courthope and Elwin, 3
+
+  Preservation of book covers, A recipe for, 20
+
+  Pressman, The, 3
+
+  Priceus, _Defensio Hist. Brit._, 76
+
+  Printer, The, 3
+
+  Prints, safe keeping of, 106
+
+  Private Library, divisions or classification of a, 89
+
+  _Psalms_, French, 74
+
+  Pseudonyms, how to catalogue, 84
+
+  Publisher, The, 3
+
+  Pulci, 142
+
+  Putnam's _Books and their Makers_, 71, 142
+
+  Ptolemy's _Cosmography_, 143
+
+
+  Quintus Curtius, 148
+
+  Quotations, Dictionary of, 44
+
+
+  Radcliffe bookcases, cost of, 114
+
+  Rare books, what constitutes, 12
+
+  ---- why so called, 11
+
+  Rarity as affecting the price of books, 11
+
+  Rawlinson, T., 79
+
+  Reader, The, 3
+
+  Reading, The art of, 25
+
+  ---- ---- literature on, 26
+
+  ---- seat, 96
+
+  Record, unpublished, advisability of typing, 64
+
+  Reference books, 42
+
+  ---- American, 43
+
+  ---- French, 43
+
+  ---- uses of, 43
+
+  Regulations, Book of, of Guidobaldo I, 118
+
+  Renaissance history, 136
+
+  Richardson's _Dictionary_, 44
+
+  Rochester's _Poems_, 78
+
+  Romances, Guy Beauchamp's library of, 71
+
+  _Romola_, 37
+
+  Roscoe, Mr., on book-collecting, 144
+
+  Rowfant Library Catalogue, 83
+
+  Ruddiman, T., 117
+
+  Ruskin, J., advice on book collecting, 150, 151
+
+  ---- choice of books, 34
+
+  ---- his scheme of a Royal series of books, 4
+
+  Ruskin's _Crown of Wild Olive_, 152
+
+  ---- _Sesame and Lilies_, 151, 152
+
+
+  Sachetti, Franco, 137
+
+  Sala, G. A., On common-place books, 39, 40
+
+  Sallust, 148
+
+  Salutati, C. de, On utility of public libraries, 143
+
+  S. Giorgio Maggiore, Library of, 137
+
+  ---- MSS. of, at Florence, 137
+
+  S. Marco, Catalogue of Library of, 138
+
+  Santa Trinita, Proposed public library at, 143
+
+  Scott, R., bill of books supplied to Pepys, 77
+
+  ---- Bookseller of the XVIIth Century, 73
+
+  Scott, Sir W., Life of, 80
+
+  ---- his care of books, 16
+
+  ---- Novels of, original bindings of, 6
+
+  _Seven Champions of Christendom_, 72
+
+  Seventeenth Century Literature, Catalogue of, 83
+
+  Sevigne, Mme. de, Letters of, 109
+
+  Shakespeare, 'Cambridge' Edition of, 2, 53
+
+  'Shannon' Tables, 104
+
+  Shaw, G. B., on an economic library, 133
+
+  Shelf Classification, Difficulty of, 88
+
+  Sheraton, Bookcase designs by, 99
+
+  Silver Fish, bookboring insects, 23
+
+  'Sleepy Hollow,' an armchair at Eversley, 105
+
+  Smith, L. P., Qualifications of a Librarian, 117
+
+  Smith, W., _Greek and Roman Biography_, 44
+
+  Somers, Lord, 79
+
+  Soulsby, Miss Lucy, _Things in Book Clothing_, 28
+
+  Spartianus, 148
+
+  _Spectator_, Extract from, on Knowledge, 42
+
+  Spencer, George, Earl, 79
+
+  ---- Earl, Library at Manchester, 79
+
+  Sport, Reference to, 133
+
+  Sporting books, on collecting, 67
+
+  Staghounds in England, 135
+
+  Stanley, Col., 79
+
+  Steps, Library, 106
+
+  Stevens, _Who spoils our English Books?_ 3, 4
+
+  Stevenson, R. L., Works. 'Edinburgh' Edition, 4
+
+  Strozzi, Palla degli, Greek learning, 142
+
+  ---- originator of public libraries, 143
+
+  Subjects, Short, classification of, 85
+
+  Suetonius, 148
+
+  Sumner, G., Anecdote of, 116
+
+  ---- his knowledge of books, 116
+
+  Sunderland, Charles, Earl of, 79
+
+  Suppressed books, 12
+
+  Symonds, On great literary undertakings, 142
+
+  ---- _Revival of Learning_, 139, 140, 142, 144
+
+
+  Tables, Library, 104
+
+  Tacitus, 148
+
+  Tarleton's _Jests_, 72
+
+  _Tatler_--Addison's Picture of Tom Folio, 79
+
+  Tiberius, Library of, 135
+
+  Title-pages, ruined, 7
+
+  Titles, how to prepare, 87
+
+  Thirlwall, on reading, 31
+
+  _Thomas a Kempis_, Editions of, 68
+
+  Thomas of Saranza, founder of the Vatican Library, 145
+
+  Todd's _Gower and Chaucer_, 72
+
+  ---- _Index Rerum_, 39
+
+  Tonk's Patent Fittings for Bookcases, 95
+
+  Topographical Books, on collecting, 66
+
+  ---- Rise in price of, 66
+
+  Traill, H. D., on book readers, 35
+
+  Trajan, Library of, 135
+
+  Traversari, Ambrogio, 137
+
+
+  _Urbino_, _Dukes of_, 110, 144
+
+  ---- _Memoirs of the_, 119
+
+  ---- book-collecting by, 145
+
+  ---- hospitality to men of letters, 148
+
+  ---- Library of, 138
+
+  ---- his collection of ancient MSS., 149
+
+
+  Valvio, G., Publisher of Plato (1482), 142
+
+  Vespasiano, a MSS. copyist, 138
+
+  ---- on Casimo's plan of forming a library, 138
+
+  ---- on Federigo's literary habits, 148
+
+  ---- on the S. Marco Library Catalogue, 138
+
+  Vitruvius' _Architecture_, 119, 125
+
+
+  Walpole, H., on Beauclerk's library, 107
+
+  Walpole's Letters, edited by Cunningham, 3
+
+  Wanley, H., 79
+
+  Warwick, Earl of, Library of early romances, List of, 71, 72
+
+  Weeding out, 80
+
+  Wheatley, B. R., on library arrangement, 90
+
+  Wheatley, H. B., _Pepys and the World he lived in_, 74, 82, 90
+
+  _Where is it?_ 40
+
+  White Canons, Catalogue of the House of the, 70
+
+  Whittingham, Books printed by, 4
+
+  Whittingham's garden at Chiswick, 4
+
+  Wilberforce, Dr., on knowledge, 42
+
+  Wilkinson's _Ancient Egyptians_, 44
+
+  Willett, Deb., 78
+
+  Willis and Clark, _History of Cambridge University_, 120
+
+  Wordsworth, careless with his books, 16
+
+  Wren, Sir C., bookcases at Trinity College, Cambridge, 102
+
+  Wren, W., on Education, 45
+
+
+  Zola, 110
+
+
+          _London_: STRANGEWAYS, _Printers._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Transcriber's Notes:
+
+Obvious punctuation errors repaired.
+
+Page 53, " ssued" changed to "issued" (issued in a separate)
+
+Page 61, "cuttting" changed to "cutting" (even cutting off lines)
+
+Page 64, "callendar" changed to "calendar" (instructions to calendar)
+
+Page 153, "Aelus" changed to "AElius" (AElius, 148)
+
+Page 153, "Aemylius" changed to "AEmylius" (AEmylius Protus, 148)
+
+Page 155, "Lionardi" changed to "Lionardo" (Bruni, Lionardo, 137)
+
+Page 156, Bronte changed to "Bronte" (Bronte, C.,)
+
+Page 158, "Gentlemen's" changed to "Gentleman's" (Kerr's _Gentlemen's
+House_, 120)
+
+Page 158, "Lapaccim" changed to "Lapaccini" (Lapaccini, Fra G., a MS.
+copyist, 138)
+
+Page 158, "bookbinding" changed to "bookboring" (_Lepisma Saccharina_,
+bookboring insects)
+
+Page 158, "Th" changed to "The" (_Library, The_,)
+
+Page 159, "Nazianzen" changed to "Naziazen" (Naziazen, St. Gregory, 148)
+
+Page 162, "MMS." changed to "MSS." (Vespasiano, a MSS.)
+
+Buckram is sometimes capitalized and sometimes not. This was retained.
+
+This book hyphenates or not on a whim. For example: Common-place and
+Commonplace. These were retained.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Private Library, by Arthur L. Humphreys
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