diff options
| -rw-r--r-- | .gitattributes | 3 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 28575-8.txt | 1396 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 28575-8.zip | bin | 0 -> 25783 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 28575-h.zip | bin | 0 -> 785140 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 28575-h/28575-h.htm | 1664 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 28575-h/images/image001.png | bin | 0 -> 493 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 28575-h/images/image004.png | bin | 0 -> 1133 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 28575-h/images/image006.jpg | bin | 0 -> 54461 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 28575-h/images/image008.jpg | bin | 0 -> 55159 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 28575-h/images/image009.jpg | bin | 0 -> 49199 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 28575-h/images/image010.jpg | bin | 0 -> 56674 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 28575-h/images/image012.jpg | bin | 0 -> 38936 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 28575-h/images/image014.jpg | bin | 0 -> 42267 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 28575-h/images/image016.jpg | bin | 0 -> 49389 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 28575-h/images/image018.png | bin | 0 -> 57123 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 28575-h/images/image018a.png | bin | 0 -> 120821 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 28575-h/images/image020.jpg | bin | 0 -> 55030 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 28575-h/images/image024.jpg | bin | 0 -> 71806 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 28575-h/images/image026.jpg | bin | 0 -> 51338 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 28575-h/images/image028.jpg | bin | 0 -> 50157 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 28575.txt | 1396 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 28575.zip | bin | 0 -> 25766 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | LICENSE.txt | 11 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | README.md | 2 |
24 files changed, 4472 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/28575-8.txt b/28575-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..97fc3c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/28575-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1396 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Terminal Market System, by Mrs. Elmer Black + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: A Terminal Market System + New York's Most Urgent Need; Some Observations, Comments, + and Comparisons of European Markets + +Author: Mrs. Elmer Black + +Release Date: April 22, 2009 [EBook #28575] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A TERMINAL MARKET SYSTEM *** + + + + +Produced by Diane Monico and The Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + + + + + + + + +Copyright, 1912, by Mrs. Elmer Black + + + + +A Terminal Market +System + +New York's +Most Urgent Need + +Some Observations, Comments +and Comparisons +of European Markets + +[Illustration] + +_By_ +Mrs. ELMER BLACK + +Member of the Advisory Board of the New York +Terminal Market Commission + + + + +Contents + + + Page + +Foreword 3 +The Markets of the United States 5 +The Markets of the British Isles 5 +The Markets of the German Empire 13 +The Markets of France 23 +The Markets of Austria-Hungary 29 +The Markets of Holland 30 +The Markets of Belgium 30 +Comments 31 + + + + +Illustrations + + +Covent Garden Market 6 +Smithfield in the Olden Days 8 +Delivering Meat at Smithfield Today 8 +Inside Smithfield Market 10 +Billingsgate Fish Market, London 12 +Berlin's Terminal Market 14 +Interior of the Berlin Central Market 16 +Ground Plan of the Munich Market 18 +Munich's Modern Terminal Market 20 +The Paris Halles, exterior view 24 +The Paris Halles; Keen Morning Buyers 26 +A Drastic Inspection 28 + + + + +Foreword + + +In the belief that the establishment of a first-class _Terminal Market_ +system, worthy of twentieth century requirements, is a matter of vital +importance to every family in New York, I have spent considerable time +during the past few months investigating markets on both sides of the +Atlantic. + +As a result I am more than ever conscious of the need for an +enlightened public opinion to support the efforts of the Terminal +Market Commission to secure this benefit for our community. I am +convinced that our fellow-citizens will approve the requisite +expenditure once they are roused to a realization of the inadequacy of +our food-distributing centers. + +In the hope that my investigations may aid in the accomplishment of +this reform, I have prepared these observations, comments and +comparisons. + +It is true that the problem of the high cost of living is afflicting +the old lands of Europe, the newer countries like New Zealand, as well +as our own wide territories of the United States. The causes vary, +according to local conditions; but everywhere it is agreed that a +potent force for the amelioration of the condition of the consumers is +found in the establishment of efficient Terminal Markets under +municipal control for all progressive cities. With wise administration, +stringent inspection and sound safeguards, these municipal markets +benefit both producers and consumers. They eliminate considerable +intermediate expense, delay and confusion. Last but not least they +return a profit to the city treasury. + +It is because our New York markets achieve none of these beneficent +results that I issue this plea for the establishment of an adequate +_Terminal Market_ system. I appeal to all who have the welfare of their +city at heart to add the force of their opinion to the accomplishment +of this civic improvement. + +[Illustration: Madeleine Black (signature) + (MRS. ELMER BLACK)] + + + + +United States + + +NEW YORK, with over 5,000,000 inhabitants, has no effective market +system. The buildings are out of repair, there is little or no +organization, and the superintendent has testified before the New York +Food Investigation Commission (March 12, 1912) that on their +administration last year there was _a loss to the city treasury of +$80,000_. To that must be added due consideration of the inconvenience +to the consumers, producers and dealers, and the extra cost of handling +entailed by the lack of modern market methods. The city has almost +quadrupled its population in a generation, but the markets remain about +as they were. Many other cities in the United States not only testify +to the value of municipal markets as a means for lowering prices to the +consumer, but so guard their interests as to provide a very different +balance sheet. + +Boston has a profit on its markets of $60,000, Baltimore $50,000, New +Orleans $79,000, Buffalo $44,000, Cleveland (Ohio) $27,507, Washington +(D. C.) $7,000, Nashville (Tenn.) $8,200, Indianapolis $17,220, +Rochester (N. Y.) $4,721, and St. Paul (Minn.) $4,085. + +If the following facts concerning municipal markets are studied, also, +it will be seen that no city in any way comparable to New York fails to +make the municipal markets yield advantages both to the community and +the city treasury. + + + + +The British Isles + + +LONDON naturally serves as a starting point for a tour of European +investigation. The British capital has, indeed, features that render it +comparable in a peculiar degree with New York. The population of both, +including their outer ring of suburbs, is over five millions. In each +case there is access to the open sea by means of a noble waterway over +which passes the commerce of the seven seas. Railroads supplement the +water-borne cargoes with home-grown produce, fresh from the farms for +the use of urban kitchens. + +London's markets do not afford the unbroken example of municipal +control that they would if a new system were to be created at the +present day. Precedent looms large in British administration and even +now there are only two ways of establishing a market--by Parliamentary +authority and Royal Charter. King Henry III covenanted by charter with +the City of London not to grant permission to anyone else to set up a +market within a radius of seven miles of the Guildhall, and this +privilege was subsequently confirmed by a charter granted by Edward III +in 1326. But of late years the City Corporation has waived its rights +and allowed markets to be established in various districts wherever a +real necessity has been shown to exist. In fact the markets of London +have grown with the city, keeping pace with its requirements. + +[Illustration: COVENT GARDEN MARKET + +The Morning Rush of Farm and Garden Produce for London Consumers.] + +There remains, however, the fact that certain Corporation markets and +Covent Garden market serve as great wholesale terminals, connected more +or less unofficially with the numerous local markets in the outlying +districts. + +Chief among the Corporation markets is Smithfield, covering about eight +acres, and costing altogether $1,940,000. There are to be found +wholesale meat, poultry and provision markets, with sections for the +sale, wholesale and retail, of vegetables and fish. In the last twenty +years the development of cold storage processes has lowered the +quantity of home-killed meat and remarkably increased the importation +of refrigerated supplies. Last year the wholesale market disposed of +433,723 tons of meat, of which 77.2 per cent came from overseas. + +Ten years ago the United States supplied 41 per cent of the Smithfield +meat, but now these supplies have fallen off enormously and the last +report of the Markets Committee says: "The United States, in particular +for domestic needs, is within measurable distance of becoming a +competitor with England for the output of South America." South America +and Australasia are, indeed, the chief producers today for the British +market. + +This has developed a great cold storage business in London. All told +London can accommodate 3,032,000 carcases of mutton, reckoning each +carcase at 36 pounds. Over 41 per cent of England's imported meat +passes through Smithfield, and railroad access is arranged to the heart +of the market. The Great Northern Railway Company has a lease from the +corporation on 100,000 feet of basement works under the meat market, +with hydraulic lifts to the level of the market hall, and inclined +roadways for vehicular traffic. + +Most of the tenants at Smithfield are commission salesmen, who pay +weekly rents for their shops and stalls at space rates, all the +fittings being supplied. Last year these rents brought in $427,920. +There is a toll of a farthing on every 21 pounds of meat sold, which +together with cold storage, weighing and other charges amounted in the +same period to $241,635. The meat sales are entirely wholesale, except +on Saturday afternoons, when there is a retail "People's Market," where +thousands of the very poor buy cheap joints. + +[Illustration: SMITHFIELD IN THE OLDEN DAYS + +From an Old Print Dated 1810.] + +[Illustration: DELIVERING MEAT AT SMITHFIELD TODAY + +There is an inclined road by the tree in the center of the picture, +leading to the special railroad freight depot. Cars are also run +directly under the market and their cargoes are delivered by hydraulic +lifts to the stands above.] + +The inspection is very strict, every precaution is taken to ensure +cleanliness, and breaches of the regulations are punished by fines or +imprisonment. All condemned carcases are sent to a patent Podewill +destructor to be reduced by steam pressure and rolling to a powder, +which is disposed of as an agricultural fertilizer. + +On these central meat markets there is a _profit of about $100,000_. + +The Corporation also controls a great live cattle market at Islington, +covering seventy-five acres. Over $2,500,000 have been spent on this +market and the modern slaughterhouses attached thereto. These +slaughterhouses are not regarded as a remunerative concern, but are +provided because they afford hygienic methods, and private +slaughterhouses in London are decreasing rapidly. Last year 37,670 +cattle, 101,646 sheep, 11,722 calves and 34,981 swine were slaughtered +there, the charges being 36 cents a head for cattle, 4 cents for sheep, +8 cents for calves, and 12 cents for hogs. Mainly on account of the +extensions and improvements, this market is not being run at a profit +at present, but its public utility is held to justify the outlay. Nor +does the Deptford Cattle market, of thirty acres, maintained on the +banks of the Thames to deal with live cattle imported from abroad, pay +its way. But there has been a serious decline in imported stock in late +years, especially from America. At this market extreme precautions are +taken to prevent the entry of cattle disease that might spread +infection to British flocks and herds. All animals landed there must be +slaughtered within ten days and submitted to rigid inspection. All +hides and offal are immediately disinfected. Five hundred cattle can be +unloaded from vessels at Deptford in twenty minutes. Last year 104,351 +animals were killed, the meat being sent for sale to Smithfield and +Whitechapel. + +Billingsgate, the famous fish market of London, is also administered by +the Corporation. Its records cover over six hundred years. It is +hampered by narrow street approaches, but a very expeditious system of +direct delivery of fish from the Thames side of the market building +enables the licensed auctioneers to dispose of supplies very quickly. +Steam carriers collect the fish from the fleets around the coast and +deliver them packed in ice at Billingsgate every night. Billingsgate +market has cost the city $1,600,000. Stand prices are high, but there +is keen competition whenever a vacancy occurs. Last year the receipts +amounted to $182,455. The auctioneers dealt with 194,477 tons of fish, +of which 120,905 were water-borne and 73,572 land-borne. _The City +profited to the extent of over $40,000_ on this fish trade. + +[Illustration: INSIDE SMITHFIELD MARKET + +The City of London Corporation's $1,940,000 Terminal--one of the Aisles +with Wholesale Stands on each side.] + +On the wholesale and retail meat, fruit, vegetable and fish market at +Leadenhall there is also a profit of over $5,000. + +_On the entire municipal market enterprises of the city there is a +profit of $156,000._ The markets are regarded with especial interest by +the Corporation and the Committee which regulates them is considered +one of the most important in the whole administration of the city. In +order to keep abreast of the times most of the profit is expended on +improvements and extensions. + +Covent Garden, London's great fruit, flower and vegetable market, is +owned by the Duke of Bedford, whose family have held it for hundreds of +years. In the past century they have spent $730,000 on extensions and +improvements. Of the present modern buildings, the fruit hall cost +$170,000 and the flower building $243,000. Formerly the producers were +chiefly concerned in the market, holding their stands at a yearly +rental. But with the expansion of London the growers have gradually +given place to dealers and commission men, who pay twenty-five cents a +day per square foot of space, and on the produce, at a regular scale, +according to its nature. On flowers there is no toll, but each stand +holder pays a fixed rental. Though this market has direct access +neither to river nor railroad, it still retains its premier position +among the wholesale markets of England. As the approaches are extremely +narrow, most of the produce has to be carried on the heads of hundreds +of porters from the wagons outside into the market buildings. As it is +under private ownership, no figures are issued, but there is known to +be a huge profit on the market. For outer London there are fruit and +vegetable markets at Stratford, in the east, Kew in the west, the +Borough in the south and two railroad markets in the north. + + +BIRMINGHAM, England's chief midland city, has owned its markets since +1824, administering them through a markets and fairs committee. Since +1908 the profits have been somewhat reduced, owing to outlay on +improvements and extensions; but although the city has expended +$2,156,362 on the markets, the profits have paid off more than half of +that indebtedness, besides relieving taxation in other directions. + +Not far away is the small city of KIDDERMINSTER, that may be mentioned +as affording a demonstration of provincial municipal enterprise, under +more restricted conditions. On its vegetable market it makes a _profit +of $1,000_, and on its butter market _a profit of $1,500_. The +population of the city is only 25,000. Another midland city, +WOLVERHAMPTON, makes a _profit of nearly $20,000_. + +[Illustration: BILLINGSGATE FISH MARKET, LONDON + +The Thames Side of the Market, Showing the Steam Carriers Unloading +their Cargoes Direct into the Sale Room.] + + +LIVERPOOL, the great northern port on the Mersey, has spent $1,242,534 +on six municipal markets. The only market to lose money is the cattle +market, which shows a deficit of $8,000. Liverpool has a cold storage +capacity for 2,176,000 carcases. On the whole municipal market +enterprise, in this city of 700,000 people, there is an average annual +_profit of $80,000_. + + +MANCHESTER serves not only its own area but surrounding industrial +centers, with a total population of nearly 8,000,000. There are twelve +markets and four slaughterhouses. Since 1868 the city has benefited by +their administration to the extent of _$3,250,000 profit_. + +Next to that of London, the fish market here is the largest in England. +Its annual profit is well over $10,000, in addition to heavy extension +payments in late years. + + +DUBLIN, the capital of what is often called 'the distressful isle,' +makes _a profit of $14,000_ on the food market and _$12,000 more_ on +the cattle market, while EDINBURGH, Scotland's chief city, makes about +_$15,000 a year on municipal markets_. + +Statistics are available of something like 150 other British towns and +cities, ranging from a population of 5,000 upwards, where there is the +conviction born of experience that municipal markets pay not merely in +profits, but in convenience to the community, and they have a powerful +influence in keeping prices down. + + + + +Germany + + +Perhaps more than any other country in the world Germany places +reliance on municipal markets, because of the peculiar pressure of the +problem of the high cost of living in the cities of the Fatherland. On +several occasions, during the last twelve months, the butchers' stalls +have been raided by women in protest against the ten per cent increase +in one year on the price of meat. And when, to meet the clamor, the +government reduced the hitherto prohibitive import duties on meat by +one-half and the inland railroad charges by one-third, it was on +condition that the meat brought in should be for delivery to municipal +markets or co-operative societies only. The result has been an +immediate fall in retail prices ranging up to fifty per cent. + +[Illustration: BERLIN'S TERMINAL MARKET + +An Outside View of One Section of the $7,250,000 Central Market that +Caters for the Needs of Consumers in the German Capital.] + + +BERLIN'S two million people since 1886 have had a splendid terminal +market on the Alexanderplatz, consisting of two great adjoining halls, +with direct access to the city railroad. One of these halls is entirely +wholesale, while the other is partly wholesale and partly retail. Meat, +fish, fruit and vegetables are dealt with under the same roof by +upwards of 2,000 producers and dealers. + +The whole market cost $7,250,000, of which $1,920,711 was for the main +market and $4,852,862 was for the slaughterhouses, which are most +elaborately equipped to ensure sanitation and cleanliness. Great as the +market is, the pressure of business has grown so much that a project is +on foot to construct more accommodation at a cost of $15,000,000. The +market is maintained by stand rentals and administrative charges and by +a fund established for the improvement and extension of the system. On +the entire enterprise, when all charges have been met and interest +paid, there is _a profit of over $135,000 a year_. + +A committee of eleven, partly city councillors and partly selected +representatives of the public, administer the markets with ninety-three +officials to ensure the carrying out of their orders. The regulations +are most elaborate, especially as regards the inspection of foods, +which is conducted by a department having a staff of six hundred. + +A healthy competition is created by the system of sales, which may be +conducted by the producer himself, or through an approved wholesale +dealer, or through one of the six municipal sales commissioners. These +municipal sales commissioners have to give bonds on appointment and are +not allowed to have any interest in the trade of the market beyond a +small percentage on sales. Producers living at a distance can have +their business carried through by them under conditions so well +understood and respected as to ensure confidence. Though the municipal +sales commissioners handle less than a quarter of the sales, they +nevertheless act as a check on the private dealers, especially as they +issue a regular report on the average wholesale prices. Moreover the +purchasers benefit by these market arrangements, for if they buy from a +regularly authorized dealer they can file a claim with the +administration if the supplies delivered are faulty and if their case +is proved the account will be rectified. + +About fifty railroad car loads can be handled at once at the market, +but when extended accommodation is provided it is intended to deal with +two hundred carloads simultaneously. On supplies thus delivered a +railroad tax is collected from the receivers for maintaining rail +connections, and this yields an annual profit of $11,000. + +[Illustration: INTERIOR OF THE BERLIN CENTRAL MARKET + +The Fish Section of the Great Municipal Market of the German Capital.] + +Of the stand holders, nine-tenths are monthly tenants, and the +remainder pay by the day. The highest charge is 9.5 cents per square +meter a day for meat stalls. The fish sold comes mainly from +Geestemunde, at the mouth of the Weser, and is sold under the strictest +conditions, only a small commission being allowed to be added by the +dealers. + +The slaughterhouses deal with 800 wagons daily and for the use of the +butchers and the market generally 2,000 square meters of distilled +water are produced every day, valued at four cents the square meter. +Eight thousand pipes conduct the water to every part of the market. To +ensure cleanliness, bathrooms and rooms for drying clothes are +established for the use of the butchers, who are charged two and a half +cents a bath. In inspecting the carcases the veterinaries take the most +minute precautions. From every animal four samples are taken, at +different parts of the body, and each of these samples is submitted to +tests for twenty minutes. + +In an average year 14,000 carcases are condemned and destroyed, as well +as 400,000 diseased parts. Whenever possible the inspectors cut away +diseased portions, and the remainder of the carcase, after being +sterilized, is sent to the markets known as the Freibank, for sale to +the very poor. This proportion is not so startling when it is +considered that something like two million animals are slaughtered +every year, of which more than half are pigs. Until recently Germany +used to export a large number of prime animals to the London market, +but the demands of home consumers now prevent this and the export trade +has practically ceased. In fact Germany, in common with the rest of +Europe, is now competing for the world's refrigerated supplies. + +Storm doors and windbreaks are provided at the entrances to the markets +and wagons are only allowed inside at certain hours and through +specified doorways. Thus there is an absence of dust, and a carefully +arranged series of windows ensure ample ventilation. All dealers have +to unpack their stock at least once every seven days, for the +destruction of unsound articles. All supplies of unripe fruit, +horseflesh and artificial butter have to carry labels disclosing their +real nature. Attached to the market is a hospital with skilled +attendance, for cases of sickness or injury happening on the market +premises. + +As in most other centers, the establishment of the market led to the +peddlers entering into outside competition. They bought their supplies +wholesale inside, and then offered them cheaply outside, free from +stand rentals and other charges. This menace to the prosperity of the +market grew so great that the peddlers' traffic in adjacent streets was +prohibited and strictly limited elsewhere. This measure, in fact, is +deemed essential in every city where municipal markets are conducted +successfully. + +[Illustration: GROUND PLAN OF THE MUNICH MARKET + +In front is seen the toll-house and receiving station, then the great +market hall and, in the upper part of the picture, the restaurant and +administration offices. The sidetracks on the right facilitate the +rapid distribution of produce sold at the market. Under the great +market hall are large refrigeration chambers connected directly with +the railroad.] + + +COLOGNE completed a million dollar market in 1904, with a cold storage +plant and connections with the state and narrow gauge railways. Nearly +half the space is taken up by wholesale dealers in fruit and +vegetables. + +The chief fault of the market is the remoteness from the center of the +town. At first it had a great success but, on this account, it has not +been entirely maintained. Encouraged by that initial prosperity, the +city authorities bought a nearer site, but the subsequent decrease in +the market's popularity has caused the postponement of extensions. +Though the market does not pay the five per cent on capital that is +required, the present administration, even with its drawbacks, does +succeed in making a profit of about three per cent on the capital +invested, last year's income amounting to $535,200. + + +HAMBURG is peculiarly situated as to its market conditions. The market +halls of Hamburg and Altona adjoin, but while the former is under the +control of the Hamburg senate, the latter is subject to the laws of the +Prussian government and administered by the Altona city authorities. +Each has a large hall, with a considerable portion of the space used +for auctions. The senate of Hamburg appoints two auctioneers and Altona +one; but, while the latter is a salaried official, the former are two +Hamburg auctioneers approved by the government for the special market +business, on undertaking not to trade on their own account. The trade +of the chief market is in fish. With the Altona market, the Hamburg +market and the Geestemunde market, the sales in this section of Germany +are the most important in the Fatherland for fresh sea fish, and salted +herrings. About a fourth comes in fishing cutters or steam trawlers +direct alongside the market halls, while the remaining three-fourths +come from Denmark by rail or by ships from England, Scotland and +Norway. Often there are three or four special fish trains from the +north in a day, while twenty-five to thirty steamers bring the regular +supply of imported fish. + +The auctioneers derive their revenue from a four per cent charge on +sales of the cargoes of German fishing vessels and five per cent on +imported supplies. Out of this they pay half of one per cent to the +government on the German and one per cent on the foreign sales. No fees +are charged to importers and dealers using the auction section of the +fish market. Out of the percentage paid to the government by the +auctioneers is provided light and water, the cleansing of the halls and +the carting away of refuse for destruction. Strict regulations govern +the inspection of the fish and to ensure the destruction of those that +have deteriorated they are sprinkled with petroleum immediately on +detection. + +[Illustration: MUNICH TERMINAL MARKET + +The World's Most Modern Distribution Center for Foodstuffs.] + +Steam fishing boats using the market quays pay 48 cents for 24 hours' +use, seagoing sailing cutters 24 cents, river sailing cutters 6 cents, +and small boats 3 cents, in which charges the use of electric and other +hoists is included. + +From these markets almost the whole of Germany receives its sea fish +supplies, for the distribution of which most of the leading dealers +have branch houses in the principal cities. + +There are also two markets--one in Hamburg and one in Altona--for the +sale of farm produce, mostly transported thither by boats. Besides +these, there is a big auction for imported fruit, conducted by private +firms. All these Hamburg markets are prosperous, and their utility to +the community is universally acknowledged. + + +FRANKFORT'S market system dates back to 1879, when the first hall was +erected at a cost of $375,000. It has 548 stands on the main floor +renting at $1.08 per two square meters a month, payable in advance, +while there is space for 347 more in the galleries at 84 cents per two +square meters a month. Nearby is a second hall, built in 1883 at a cost +of $143,750. A third hall followed in 1899 at a cost of $38,500, while +in 1911 further extensions were determined on and there are fresh +projects now under consideration. Besides these covered markets the +city has a paved and fenced square that has been used since 1907 as an +open market, where stands are rented at 5 cents a day. + +Sixty per cent of the stands in the market halls are rented by the +month and forty per cent by the day. Tuesdays and Fridays are reserved +for wholesale trading. A market commission rules the markets and the +police enforce their regulations, the violation of which is liable to +cost the offender $7.20 in fines or imprisonment up to eight days. + + +MUNICH, with a population of half a million, has the most modern of all +the European municipal markets. It was opened in February, 1912, and +embodies the improvements suggested by experience of market +administration in other cities. + +The total cost was $797,000, of which $510,000 was spent on four +communicating iron market halls, with their cellar accommodation +underneath, $190,000 on a receiving and toll department, $52,000 on a +group of adjacent buildings, including a post-office, restaurant and +beer-garden, and $45,000 on roadways. The whole establishment covers +46,500 square meters, of which the market halls occupy 37,100 square +meters. + +At the northern extremity of the buildings is the toll and receiving +department, where produce is delivered at special sidings connected +with the south railway station of the city. Next comes a succession of +lofty halls, with covered connections, terminating in a small retail +section and the administration offices. At the northern end of the +great market is a section where express delivery traffic is dealt with, +while the western side is occupied with sidings for loading produce +sold to buyers from other German centers. + +Below the toll house and the market generally are vast cold storage +cellars and refrigerating plants for the preservation of surplus +supplies till the demand in the market above calls for their delivery. +Each market hall is devoted to a separate section of produce, and the +cellars below are correspondingly distinct, so that there is an absence +of confusion, orderliness is ensured, and rapid deliveries facilitated. +Across this underground space from north to south run three roadways, +while down the center, from east to west, a further broad aisle is +provided, with an equipment of great hydraulic lifts. There are nine of +these lifts altogether for heavy consignments, while each stand-owner +in the market has, in addition, a small lift connecting his stand and +storage cellar. + +Both market halls and underground cellars are so constructed as to +facilitate ventilation and complete cleanliness. The floors are of +concrete and every stand is fitted with running water, with which all +the fittings have to be scoured every day. There is both roof and side +light, and ample ventilation, while the entrances are wind-screened, to +prevent dust. Electric light is used underground, and the cellars are +inspected as strictly as the upper halls, to ensure due attention to +hygiene. In the center of each market hall there are offices and +writing rooms for those using the markets. In the restaurant 150 can be +served with meals at one time, or they can be accommodated with seats +in the beer-garden. + +Associated with this market establishment is a great cattle market and +range of slaughterhouses on a neighboring site. The live cattle market +dates back for centuries, but the present accommodation was only +completed in May, 1904, at a total cost of $1,600,000. + +Last year 809,508 animals were sold, including 432,159 swine and +234,457 calves. In the slaughterhouses 713,228 of these were killed, +besides 2,619 horses and 97 dogs. About twenty-five per cent of the +animals reach the market by road from neighboring farms, while +seventy-five per cent come by rail. For the inspection of all flesh +foods there are very strict rules, enforced by the chief veterinary +surgeon, Dr. Müller, and a staff of specially trained assistants. As in +Berlin, extensive bathrooms are provided for the slaughterhouse staff, +and baths are available at nominal charges. Though the new market halls +have not been established long enough to provide a definite financial +statement, the live-cattle market and slaughterhouses do afford an +indication of the success of municipal administration in Munich. Last +year the income was $416,500 and the expenditure $410,100, thus showing +a profit of $6,400. The new produce halls are certainly the best +equipped in the world, and the only element of doubt as to their +success arises from the fact that three old-fashioned open markets are +nearer the center of the city and for that reason are even now +preferred by many retailers. This fact emphasises the importance of +selecting a central position in establishing a municipal terminal +market. + + + + +France + + +PARIS has one of the most skilfully organized municipal market systems +in Europe. The chief food distribution center for the 3,000,000 +Parisians is established at the Halles Centrales, a series of ten +pavilions covering twenty-two acres of ground and intervening streets. +Altogether this great terminal market has cost the city more than +$10,000,000. + +Most of the pavilions are entirely for the wholesale trade, but some +are used as retail markets to a limited extent. Retail traders are +being decreased gradually, so that whereas in 1904 there were 1,164 +retail stands there are now only 856. + +The total receipts of the Halles Centrales and thirty local markets +amount to $2,100,000, of which _about $1,000,000 is profit_. There is a +general advance in the wholesale trade, but the local covered markets +or marchés de quartier, are not progressing in the same way, so the +city does not quite maintain a steady level of market profit. + +[Illustration: THE HALLES CENTRALES, PARIS + +An Outside View, Showing How the Supplies Overflow into the Adjacent +Streets, Notwithstanding the Provision of Twenty-two Acres of Covered +Pavilions.] + +The reasons given for the falling off of the retail trade are various, +but the principal causes appear to be (1) the growth of big stores, +with local branches, that deliver the goods at the door, thus relieving +the purchaser of the necessity of taking home market supplies; (2) the +number of perambulating produce salesmen, who sell from carts in the +street at low rates, having neither store rent nor market tolls to pay, +and (3) the growth of co-operative societies. + +A complicated and severe code of regulations governs the markets. +Commission salesmen at the Halles Centrales must be French citizens of +unblemished record and must give a bond of not less than $1,000 in +proof of solvency. Producers may have their supplies sold either at +auction or by private treaty, as they prefer, and as none of the agents +are allowed to do business for themselves the distant growers have +confidence in the market methods. + +In the retail markets each dealer in fresh meat pays just under $6.00 a +week in all, while dealers in salted meats, fish, game and vegetables +pay a much lower rate. All, however, in the covered markets pay three +taxes--one for the right to occupy a stand, one for the cleaning and +arranging of the markets, and one for the maintenance of guardians and +officials. In the open markets the stands are rented by the day, week, +or year, the rate for the day ranging from ten to thirty cents, +according to space. Several of these local markets have charters dating +back to pre-revolution days, that cannot now be annulled. + +It would be difficult to devise a more thorough system of inspection. +An average year's seizures include half a million pounds of meat, +17,000 pounds of fruit and vegetables and half a million pounds of salt +water fish. + +Thus the Paris market arrangements provide an admirable central +clearing house, where supplies are inspected and sold under such +conditions as to prevent the artificial raising of prices. It also acts +as a feeder to the marchés de quartier, to the great convenience of +local consumers. Moreover the producer is safeguarded, for on his +supplies a small fixed percentage only can be charged by the salesman, +and the current market prices are made public by agents especially +detailed for that purpose. + + +HAVRE, the well-known French seaport, with a population of 130,000, has +a profit of over six per cent on the Halles Centrales and ten per cent +on the fish market. All told there is _a profit of $27,000_ on the +twelve municipal markets. + +[Illustration: KEEN MORNING BUYERS + +In the Game Section of the Paris Halles Centrales.] + +The Halles Centrales occupy an entire square in the center of the city +and cost $75,000, exclusive of the site. Gardeners and farmers are not +permitted to sell their produce on the way to the market and are only +allowed to deliver to storekeepers after the wholesale markets are +closed. Here, as elsewhere where the markets are successful, every +precaution is taken to avoid the prosperity of the market being +dissipated by sales in the surrounding neighborhood. The annual rents +for butchers are very moderate, ranging from $57.90 to $154.40, +vegetable dealers $42.85 to $92.64; dairy produce dealers $52.11 to +$85.11, fishmongers $23.16 to $86.85. In the wholesale markets there is +an annual trade turnover worth well above $1,000,000, of which fish +represents $280,000. So far from the fishermen finding the fish market +detrimental to their interests, they welcome it and cheerfully observe +the rule forbidding sales on the quays or transit sheds except under +special permits. + + +LYONS, with a population of half a million, may be taken as the best +example of a flourishing French provincial city at a considerable +distance from the sea. The principal market, La Halle, is known all +over France for its public auctions. Accommodation is provided for 276 +stalls, rented at 14 cents a day per square meter for fruit, vegetables +and cheese, while other stalls for meat and fish are rented at 33 cents +per square meter. + +At the morning auctions, held at the rear of the hall, are sold immense +quantities of fish, oysters, lobsters, game, poultry, butter, cheese, +eggs, fruit and vegetables. There is a rule that all supplies must come +from outside Lyons, so that local store men cannot there dispose of +surplus stocks, but dealers in other French cities often thus relieve +themselves when overloaded. These auctions not only enable local +dealers to distribute supplies at cheap rates to the small stores all +over the city, but wide awake housewives can frequently tell just what +the stores gave wholesale for the produce offered to them retail later +in the day, so a check can be kept on overcharges. + +The auctioneers are given a monopoly of selling for ten years, on +binding themselves to pay to the city a sum equal to two per cent on +the total annual sales. The minimum is fixed at $1,930 for one stand or +$5,650 for four stands, to be paid to the municipal treasury. Two per +cent is added to the purchase price of every payment made by buyers at +auction, and if this does not amount to $1,930 per stand for the year, +the auctioneer has to make up the difference. The poorer classes +benefit largely by these sales, banding together to buy wholesale and +then dividing their purchases. + +[Illustration: A DRASTIC INSPECTION + +Of Refrigerated Chinese Pork at the Port of Liverpool.] + +There are also seventeen markets for general retail trade in Lyons. The +Terminal Market of La Halle cost the city $886,980. The company which +built it was given a concession for fifty years, on a division of +profits arrangement, but within sixteen months the utility of the +market as an advantageous enterprise for the city was so clearly +demonstrated that the municipality bought the company out. + + + + +Austria-Hungary + + +VIENNA, with 1,700,000 people to supply, has a magnificently managed +system of forty-five markets, seven of which are located in large, +well-ventilated halls, all kept spotlessly clean. + +Market commissioners appointed by the municipality conduct the business +of the markets according to strict regulations, enforcing a rigid +inspection of all products as well as weights and measures. Violations +of these rules are punishable by fines of about $2.00, imprisonment for +24 hours or exclusion from the markets. Such penalties are enforced +when buyers are defrauded, dealers oppose the market authority, or +exceed the charges that are posted in the market. + +Not merely land and water produce, but general farm and household +requisites, are sold at these markets. Outside buying is strictly +controlled, owners of boats on the Danube or wagons on the public +streets paying toll to the municipality on any sales. + +_Over $60,000 profit_ is the average annual yield of the markets to the +city treasury, and it is generally agreed that the market system tends +to keep down the price of foodstuffs to normal levels. + + +BUDA-PESTH has 715,000 people and a very complete market system, under +which, though only nominal rentals are charged, there is _a profit of +over $100,000_. + +There is one large wholesale terminal market, while six local markets +cater for the retail requirements of all quarters of the city. All +salesmen are carefully selected; criminals and diseased persons being +rigidly excluded. Though a wide variety of articles are sold in the +smaller markets besides farm produce, storekeepers are not allowed to +rent stalls, so the market men and farmers alone have the use of the +buildings. The regulations under which they trade were drawn up by a +market commission and confirmed by ministerial decrees. These +regulations are regarded in Europe as a model of comprehensiveness and +their observance ensures close attention to hygiene. Among the rules is +one insisting on the placing of all waste paper in the public refuse +receptacles, while another compels the use of new, clean paper only in +wrapping up food products. + +Stalls are rented from four to ten cents a day, according to the +accommodation. Supplies come by boat, rail and wagon, and when there is +pressure on the interior market space sales are allowed from the boats +and wagons at a toll of ten cents a day. Otherwise only merchandise is +allowed to be sold outside the market halls. Not only must no fish, +game, meat or poultry be sold without first being passed by the +veterinary inspectors, but none of these articles of diet must be +brought to market packed in straw, cloth or paper. Unripe fruit must +not be sold to children. + +Every day a bulletin issued by the market commission sets out the +wholesale prices, while a weekly list gives the retail prices, but in +the latter case the note is added that the market commission will not +be responsible for any controversy that may arise. All the stocks held +by the market traders are insured by the municipality, though not to +their full value. + +Not only have these markets proved beneficial to the consumers +generally, but the market men are unanimous as to their advantage, for +they afford a ready and inexpensive means of doing a large business. + + + + +Holland + + +AMSTERDAM, with a population of 510,000, has all the local markets +under the control of the municipality. They are divided into five +districts, each managed by a director or market master, responsible to +the city council. + +Two of the markets are covered, but the remainder are open and are +situated by the side of the canals, along which the produce is brought +in boats from the farms around. On the administration of the markets in +an average year there is _a profit of $36,000_, but there is a law +against making a profit on municipal enterprises, so the surplus is +spent on local improvements. + + +ROTTERDAM, another great Dutch seaport, operates its markets under +similar conditions and makes _a profit of $34,000_, of which $23,000 +comes from the cattle and meat markets. + + + + +Belgium + + +BRUSSELS, possessing a population of half a million, reaps considerable +advantage from its picturesque municipal markets, four of which are +covered, while several are in the open air. + +The renting of space to standholders at the central market is according +to the highest bidder, provided the price is not below $11.58 per month +for meat, $9.65 for poultry and game, $5.79 for fruit, vegetables, +butter and cheese. + +Both producers and dealers sell at these markets, all their supplies +being subjected to drastic inspection regulations. All meats are tested +by the municipal veterinary surgeon and his staff, while a communal +chemist regulates the milk, butter and general dairy produce. The +cleansing of the markets is done by the department of public +cleanliness. Some of the public markets are managed by a contractor, +who receives $250.90 a year for setting up the stalls and keeping them +in good order. He deposits a security on undertaking his contract and +in default of a satisfactory performance of his work the commune does +it and charges him with it. + + + + +Comments + + +It has been testified that New York's annual food supply costs, at the +railroad and steamer terminals, $350,000,000. But the consumers pay +$500,000,000 for it. The balance of $150,000,000 does not necessarily +indicate that any particular section of middle-men have been exacting +excessive profits. It merely demonstrates that too many people handle +the produce between the farm and the fireside. The provision of an +adequate Terminal Market system for New York would apply the remedy. + +New York stands alone, for a city of its importance, in having to face +an annual deficit on its markets. The results elsewhere prove that the +deficit could be turned into a profit by the creation of a Terminal +Market system, equipped and administered on twentieth century lines. + +America is exporting less foodstuffs than formerly. The annual value +has fallen $126,000,000 in eleven years. The growth of the +manufacturing population and the relative decrease of the agricultural +population, together with the gradual impoverishment of much of our +farm land, will soon make conditions worse unless we organize our food +distribution. + +The first step for New York is the establishment of a Terminal Market +system. It is estimated that New York's population will continue to +grow at the rate of fully 100,000 a year, so this problem admits of no +further procrastination. + +In natural resources America is the richest country in the world. Other +nations have to import vast quantities of produce because of the +restricted area of their territory, the comparative unfruitfulness of +their soil, or their adverse climatic conditions. We have a wide land +of boundless fertility, never wholly in the grip of winter's cold. Yet +we no more escape the high cost of living than these less favored +peoples overseas. They have partially compensated for their +disadvantages by organizing their markets, while we have neglected that +important branch of civic enterprise. + +Everywhere in Europe, the provision of adequate terminal markets under +municipal control is pointed to as a powerful aid in keeping food +prices down. There is a lesson in that for New York and other American +cities. + +There is a lesson also for growers in up-state districts, for +experience shows that with adequate markets, supplying produce at lower +rates, there comes a demand for more farm and garden stuff and a +greater variety of it. This directly aids in developing rural +prosperity and enhances the value of agricultural land. + +I believe a marked improvement will be shown if a bureau is maintained +to inform farmers as to the demands of the market and the best method +of packing, preparing and despatching their produce so as to reach the +market in prime condition. Not only will that aid the market, but it +will have a powerful influence in arresting "the drift from the land" +to the cities. + +The municipality should select central positions for its markets, with +rail and river access. It should have effective control not only over +the markets but the adjacent streets, wharves, and railroad sidings, so +as to obviate evasion of the market tolls. The rentals should not be +high, and no sub-letting should be allowed under any circumstances. + +Under such conditions, with wise administration, New York's Terminal +Market system could be made a model that would be studied by other +cities in an age when economic questions absorb the attention of all +our public-spirited men and women. + +In the interests of the people's health and happiness, no less than in +consideration of the municipal finances, all should rally to the +support of those who are seeking to secure the consummation of this +urgent reform at the earliest possible moment consistent with a full +consideration of all its aspects. + + +The Willett Press, New York + + + + + * * * * * + + + + +Transcriber's Notes + + +Moved illustrations to paragraph breaks. + +Removed period from "per cent" for consistency. + +Removed hyphen from "to-day" for consistency. + + + + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's A Terminal Market System, by Mrs. Elmer Black + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A TERMINAL MARKET SYSTEM *** + +***** This file should be named 28575-8.txt or 28575-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/8/5/7/28575/ + +Produced by Diane Monico and The Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/28575-8.zip b/28575-8.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..dceb0e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/28575-8.zip diff --git a/28575-h.zip b/28575-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..fb7db8c --- /dev/null +++ b/28575-h.zip diff --git a/28575-h/28575-h.htm b/28575-h/28575-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a404305 --- /dev/null +++ b/28575-h/28575-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,1664 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of A Terminal Market System, New York's Most Urgent Need; +Some Observations, Comments and Comparisons of European Markets, by Madeleine Black. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + + p { margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + h1 { text-align: center; line-height: 1.5; clear: both; } + + h2,h3 { text-align: center; clear: both; } + + p.title { text-align: center; text-indent: 0; + font-weight: bold; + line-height: 1.4; margin-bottom: 3em; } + + hr { width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; + } + + body{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + + .pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; + } /* page numbers */ + .center {text-align: center;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + + .caption {font-weight: bold;} + + .figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center;} + + +dd, li {margin-top: 0.50em; margin-bottom: 0; + line-height: 1.2em; /* a bit closer than p's */} + +.lsoff { list-style-type: none; } + + ul.toc { /* styling the Table of Contents */ + list-style-type: none; + position: relative; /* makes a "container" for span.tocright */ + margin-right: 10%; /* pulls the page#s in a skosh */ + margin-left: 10%; } + +span.tocright { /* use absolute positioning to move page# right */ + position: absolute; right: 10%;} + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Terminal Market System, by Mrs. Elmer Black + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: A Terminal Market System + New York's Most Urgent Need; Some Observations, Comments, + and Comparisons of European Markets + +Author: Mrs. Elmer Black + +Release Date: April 22, 2009 [EBook #28575] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A TERMINAL MARKET SYSTEM *** + + + + +Produced by Diane Monico and The Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + + + + + +</pre> + + + + +<p class="center"><small>Copyright, 1912, by Mrs. Elmer Black</small> +</p> + + + + +<h1><big> +A Terminal Market<br /> +System</big><br /> +<br /> +New York's<br /> +Most Urgent Need<br /> +<br /></h1> +<p class="title"><big>Some Observations, Comments<br /> +and Comparisons<br /> +of European Markets</big><br /> +</p> + +<p class="figcenter" style="width: 36px;"> +<img src="images/image001.png" width="36" height="50" alt="" title="" /> +<br /><br /></p> + +<p class="title"><i>By</i><br /> +<big>Mrs. ELMER BLACK</big><br /> +<br /> +<small>Member of the Advisory Board of the New York<br /> +Terminal Market Commission</small><br /> +</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="Contents" id="Contents"></a>Contents</h2> + + +<ul class="toc"> +<li> <span class="tocright">Page</span></li> + +<li>Foreword <span class="tocright"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></span></li> +<li>The Markets of the United States <span class="tocright"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></span></li> +<li>The Markets of the British Isles <span class="tocright"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></span></li> +<li>The Markets of the German Empire <span class="tocright"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></span></li> +<li>The Markets of France <span class="tocright"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></span></li> +<li>The Markets of Austria-Hungary <span class="tocright"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></span></li> +<li>The Markets of Holland <span class="tocright"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></span></li> +<li>The Markets of Belgium <span class="tocright"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></span></li> +<li>Comments <span class="tocright"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></span></li> +</ul> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="Illustrations" id="Illustrations"></a>Illustrations</h2> + + +<ul class="toc"> +<li>Covent Garden Market <span class="tocright"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></span></li> +<li>Smithfield in the Olden Days <span class="tocright"><a href="#Page_8">8</a></span></li> +<li>Delivering Meat at Smithfield Today <span class="tocright"><a href="#Page_8">8</a></span></li> +<li>Inside Smithfield Market <span class="tocright"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></span></li> +<li>Billingsgate Fish Market, London <span class="tocright"><a href="#Page_12">12</a></span></li> +<li>Berlin's Terminal Market <span class="tocright"><a href="#Page_14">14</a></span></li> +<li>Interior of the Berlin Central Market <span class="tocright"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></span></li> +<li>Ground Plan of the Munich Market <span class="tocright"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></span></li> +<li>Munich's Modern Terminal Market <span class="tocright"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></span></li> +<li>The Paris Halles, exterior view <span class="tocright"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></span></li> +<li>The Paris Halles; Keen Morning Buyers <span class="tocright"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></span></li> +<li>A Drastic Inspection <span class="tocright"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></span></li> +</ul> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="Foreword" id="Foreword"></a>Foreword</h2> + + +<p>In the belief that the establishment of a first-class +<i>Terminal Market</i> system, worthy of twentieth +century requirements, is a matter of vital importance +to every family in New York, I have spent +considerable time during the past few months investigating +markets on both sides of the Atlantic.</p> + +<p>As a result I am more than ever conscious of the +need for an enlightened public opinion to support the +efforts of the Terminal Market Commission to secure +this benefit for our community. I am convinced that +our fellow-citizens will approve the requisite expenditure +once they are roused to a realization of the +inadequacy of our food-distributing centers.</p> + +<p>In the hope that my investigations may aid in +the accomplishment of this reform, I have prepared +these observations, comments and comparisons.</p> + +<p>It is true that the problem of the high cost of +living is afflicting the old lands of Europe, the newer +countries like New Zealand, as well as our own wide +territories of the United States. The causes vary, according +to local conditions; but everywhere it is agreed +that a potent force for the amelioration of the condition +of the consumers is found in the establishment of efficient +Terminal Markets under municipal control for all +progressive cities. With wise administration, stringent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> +inspection and sound safeguards, these municipal markets +benefit both producers and consumers. They +eliminate considerable intermediate expense, delay and +confusion. Last but not least they return a profit to +the city treasury.</p> + +<p>It is because our New York markets achieve none +of these beneficent results that I issue this plea for the +establishment of an adequate <i>Terminal Market</i> system. +I appeal to all who have the welfare of their city at +heart to add the force of their opinion to the accomplishment +of this civic improvement.</p> + +<p class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"> +<img src="images/image004.png" width="300" height="97" alt="Madeleine Black (signature) +(MRS. ELMER BLACK)" title="(MRS. ELMER BLACK)" /> +<span class="caption">(MRS. ELMER BLACK)</span> +</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="United_States" id="United_States"></a>United States</h2> + + +<p><span class="smcap"><big>New York</big></span>, with over 5,000,000 inhabitants, has no effective +market system. The buildings are out of repair, there is little +or no organization, and the superintendent has testified before +the New York Food Investigation Commission (March 12, +1912) that on their administration last year there was <i>a loss to +the city treasury of $80,000</i>. To that must be added due consideration +of the inconvenience to the consumers, producers and +dealers, and the extra cost of handling entailed by the lack of +modern market methods. The city has almost quadrupled its +population in a generation, but the markets remain about as +they were. Many other cities in the United States not only +testify to the value of municipal markets as a means for lowering +prices to the consumer, but so guard their interests as to +provide a very different balance sheet.</p> + +<p>Boston has a profit on its markets of $60,000, Baltimore +$50,000, New Orleans $79,000, Buffalo $44,000, Cleveland +(Ohio) $27,507, Washington (D. C.) $7,000, Nashville (Tenn.) +$8,200, Indianapolis $17,220, Rochester (N. Y.) $4,721, and St. +Paul (Minn.) $4,085.</p> + +<p>If the following facts concerning municipal markets are +studied, also, it will be seen that no city in any way comparable +to New York fails to make the municipal markets yield advantages +both to the community and the city treasury.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="The_British_Isles" id="The_British_Isles"></a>The British Isles</h2> + + +<p><span class="smcap"><big>London</big></span> naturally serves as a starting point for a tour of +European investigation. The British capital has, indeed, features +that render it comparable in a peculiar degree with New York. +The population of both, including their outer ring of suburbs, +is over five millions. In each case there is access to the open +sea by means of a noble waterway over which passes the commerce +of the seven seas. Railroads supplement the water-borne +cargoes with home-grown produce, fresh from the farms for the +use of urban kitchens.</p> + +<p>London's markets do not afford the unbroken example of +municipal control that they would if a new system were to be +created at the present day. Precedent looms large in British +administration and even now there are only two ways of establishing +a market—by Parliamentary authority and Royal Charter. +King Henry III covenanted by charter with the City of +London not to grant permission to anyone else to set up a market +within a radius of seven miles of the Guildhall, and this +privilege was subsequently confirmed by a charter granted by +Edward III in 1326. But of late years the City Corporation +has waived its rights and allowed markets to be established in +various districts wherever a real necessity has been shown to +exist. In fact the markets of London have grown with the +city, keeping pace with its requirements.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span></p> + +<p class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/image006.jpg" width="600" height="389" alt="COVENT GARDEN MARKET + +The Morning Rush of Farm and Garden Produce for London Consumers." title="COVENT GARDEN MARKET + +The Morning Rush of Farm and Garden Produce for London Consumers." /> +<span class="caption">COVENT GARDEN MARKET<br /> + +The Morning Rush of Farm and Garden Produce for London Consumers.</span> +</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></p> +<p>There remains, however, the fact that certain Corporation +markets and Covent Garden market serve as great wholesale +terminals, connected more or less unofficially with the numerous +local markets in the outlying districts.</p> + +<p>Chief among the Corporation markets is Smithfield, covering +about eight acres, and costing altogether $1,940,000. There +are to be found wholesale meat, poultry and provision markets, +with sections for the sale, wholesale and retail, of vegetables +and fish. In the last twenty years the development of cold +storage processes has lowered the quantity of home-killed meat +and remarkably increased the importation of refrigerated supplies. +Last year the wholesale market disposed of 433,723 tons +of meat, of which 77.2 per cent came from overseas.</p> + +<p>Ten years ago the United States supplied 41 per cent of +the Smithfield meat, but now these supplies have fallen off enormously +and the last report of the Markets Committee says: +"The United States, in particular for domestic needs, is within +measurable distance of becoming a competitor with England for +the output of South America." South America and Australasia +are, indeed, the chief producers today for the British market.</p> + +<p>This has developed a great cold storage business in London. +All told London can accommodate 3,032,000 carcases of +mutton, reckoning each carcase at 36 pounds. Over 41 per +cent of England's imported meat passes through Smithfield, and +railroad access is arranged to the heart of the market. The +Great Northern Railway Company has a lease from the corporation +on 100,000 feet of basement works under the meat market, +with hydraulic lifts to the level of the market hall, and +inclined roadways for vehicular traffic.</p> + +<p>Most of the tenants at Smithfield are commission salesmen, +who pay weekly rents for their shops and stalls at space rates, all +the fittings being supplied. Last year these rents brought in +$427,920. There is a toll of a farthing on every 21 pounds of +meat sold, which together with cold storage, weighing and other +charges amounted in the same period to $241,635. The meat sales +are entirely wholesale, except on Saturday afternoons, when +there is a retail "People's Market," where thousands of the very +poor buy cheap joints.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span></p> +<p class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/image008.jpg" width="600" height="379" alt="SMITHFIELD IN THE OLDEN DAYS + +From an Old Print Dated 1810." title="SMITHFIELD IN THE OLDEN DAYS + +From an Old Print Dated 1810." /> +<span class="caption">SMITHFIELD IN THE OLDEN DAYS<br /> + +From an Old Print Dated 1810.</span> +</p> +<hr style="width: 33%;" /> +<p class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/image009.jpg" width="600" height="370" alt="DELIVERING MEAT AT SMITHFIELD TODAY + +There is an inclined road by the tree in the center of the picture, leading +to the special railroad freight depot. Cars are also run directly under the +market and their cargoes are delivered by hydraulic lifts to the stands above." title="DELIVERING MEAT AT SMITHFIELD TODAY + +There is an inclined road by the tree in the center of the picture, leading +to the special railroad freight depot. Cars are also run directly under the +market and their cargoes are delivered by hydraulic lifts to the stands above." /> +<span class="caption">DELIVERING MEAT AT SMITHFIELD TODAY<br /> + +There is an inclined road by the tree in the center of the picture, leading +to the special railroad freight depot. Cars are also run directly under the +market and their cargoes are delivered by hydraulic lifts to the stands above.</span> +</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p> +<p>The inspection is very strict, every precaution is taken to +ensure cleanliness, and breaches of the regulations are punished +by fines or imprisonment. All condemned carcases are sent to a +patent Podewill destructor to be reduced by steam pressure and +rolling to a powder, which is disposed of as an agricultural +fertilizer.</p> + +<p>On these central meat markets there is a <i>profit of about +$100,000</i>.</p> + +<p>The Corporation also controls a great live cattle market at +Islington, covering seventy-five acres. Over $2,500,000 have +been spent on this market and the modern slaughterhouses attached +thereto. These slaughterhouses are not regarded as a +remunerative concern, but are provided because they afford hygienic +methods, and private slaughterhouses in London are decreasing +rapidly. Last year 37,670 cattle, 101,646 sheep, 11,722 +calves and 34,981 swine were slaughtered there, the charges +being 36 cents a head for cattle, 4 cents for sheep, 8 cents for +calves, and 12 cents for hogs. Mainly on account of the extensions +and improvements, this market is not being run at a +profit at present, but its public utility is held to justify the +outlay. Nor does the Deptford Cattle market, of thirty acres, +maintained on the banks of the Thames to deal with live cattle +imported from abroad, pay its way. But there has been a serious +decline in imported stock in late years, especially from America. +At this market extreme precautions are taken to prevent the +entry of cattle disease that might spread infection to British +flocks and herds. All animals landed there must be slaughtered +within ten days and submitted to rigid inspection. All hides and +offal are immediately disinfected. Five hundred cattle can be +unloaded from vessels at Deptford in twenty minutes. Last year +104,351 animals were killed, the meat being sent for sale to +Smithfield and Whitechapel.</p> + +<p>Billingsgate, the famous fish market of London, is also administered +by the Corporation. Its records cover over six hundred +years. It is hampered by narrow street approaches, but a +very expeditious system of direct delivery of fish from the +Thames side of the market building enables the licensed auctioneers +to dispose of supplies very quickly. Steam carriers collect +the fish from the fleets around the coast and deliver them +packed in ice at Billingsgate every night. Billingsgate market +has cost the city $1,600,000. Stand prices are high, but there +is keen competition whenever a vacancy occurs. Last year the +receipts amounted to $182,455. The auctioneers dealt with 194,477 +tons of fish, of which 120,905 were water-borne and 73,572 +land-borne. <i>The City profited to the extent of over $40,000</i> on +this fish trade.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span></p> +<p class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/image010.jpg" width="600" height="400" alt="INSIDE SMITHFIELD MARKET + +The City of London Corporation's $1,940,000 Terminal—one of the Aisles with Wholesale Stands on each side." title="INSIDE SMITHFIELD MARKET + +The City of London Corporation's $1,940,000 Terminal—one of the Aisles with Wholesale Stands on each side." /> +<span class="caption">INSIDE SMITHFIELD MARKET<br /> + +The City of London Corporation's $1,940,000 Terminal—one of the Aisles with Wholesale Stands on each side.</span> +</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span></p> +<p>On the wholesale and retail meat, fruit, vegetable and fish +market at Leadenhall there is also a profit of over $5,000.</p> + +<p><i>On the entire municipal market enterprises of the city there +is a profit of $156,000.</i> The markets are regarded with especial +interest by the Corporation and the Committee which regulates +them is considered one of the most important in the whole +administration of the city. In order to keep abreast of the times +most of the profit is expended on improvements and extensions.</p> + +<p>Covent Garden, London's great fruit, flower and vegetable +market, is owned by the Duke of Bedford, whose family have +held it for hundreds of years. In the past century they have +spent $730,000 on extensions and improvements. Of the present +modern buildings, the fruit hall cost $170,000 and the flower +building $243,000. Formerly the producers were chiefly concerned +in the market, holding their stands at a yearly rental. +But with the expansion of London the growers have gradually +given place to dealers and commission men, who pay twenty-five +cents a day per square foot of space, and on the produce, at a +regular scale, according to its nature. On flowers there is no +toll, but each stand holder pays a fixed rental. Though this market +has direct access neither to river nor railroad, it still retains +its premier position among the wholesale markets of England. +As the approaches are extremely narrow, most of the produce has +to be carried on the heads of hundreds of porters from the wagons +outside into the market buildings. As it is under private ownership, +no figures are issued, but there is known to be a huge profit +on the market. For outer London there are fruit and vegetable +markets at Stratford, in the east, Kew in the west, the Borough +in the south and two railroad markets in the north.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap"><big>Birmingham</big></span>, England's chief midland city, has owned +its markets since 1824, administering them through a markets +and fairs committee. Since 1908 the profits have been somewhat +reduced, owing to outlay on improvements and extensions; +but although the city has expended $2,156,362 on the markets, +the profits have paid off more than half of that indebtedness, besides +relieving taxation in other directions.</p> + +<p>Not far away is the small city of KIDDERMINSTER, that +may be mentioned as affording a demonstration of provincial +municipal enterprise, under more restricted conditions. On its +vegetable market it makes a <i>profit of $1,000</i>, and on its butter +market <i>a profit of $1,500</i>. The population of the city is only +25,000. Another midland city, WOLVERHAMPTON, makes +a <i>profit of nearly $20,000</i>.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span></p> +<p class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/image012.jpg" width="600" height="397" alt="BILLINGSGATE FISH MARKET, LONDON + +The Thames Side of the Market, Showing the Steam Carriers Unloading their Cargoes Direct into the Sale Room." title="BILLINGSGATE FISH MARKET, LONDON + +The Thames Side of the Market, Showing the Steam Carriers Unloading their Cargoes Direct into the Sale Room." /> +<span class="caption">BILLINGSGATE FISH MARKET, LONDON<br /> + +The Thames Side of the Market, Showing the Steam Carriers Unloading their Cargoes Direct into the Sale Room.</span> +</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap"><big>Liverpool</big></span>, the great northern port on the Mersey, has +spent $1,242,534 on six municipal markets. The only market to +lose money is the cattle market, which shows a deficit of $8,000. +Liverpool has a cold storage capacity for 2,176,000 carcases. +On the whole municipal market enterprise, in this city of 700,000 +people, there is an average annual <i>profit of $80,000</i>.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap"><big>Manchester</big></span> serves not only its own area but surrounding +industrial centers, with a total population of nearly 8,000,000. +There are twelve markets and four slaughterhouses. Since 1868 +the city has benefited by their administration to the extent of +<i>$3,250,000 profit</i>.</p> + +<p>Next to that of London, the fish market here is the largest +in England. Its annual profit is well over $10,000, in addition +to heavy extension payments in late years.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap"><big>Dublin</big></span>, the capital of what is often called 'the distressful +isle,' makes <i>a profit of $14,000</i> on the food market and <i>$12,000 +more</i> on the cattle market, while EDINBURGH, Scotland's chief +city, makes about <i>$15,000 a year on municipal markets</i>.</p> + +<p>Statistics are available of something like 150 other British +towns and cities, ranging from a population of 5,000 upwards, +where there is the conviction born of experience that municipal +markets pay not merely in profits, but in convenience to the community, +and they have a powerful influence in keeping prices +down.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="Germany" id="Germany"></a>Germany</h2> + + +<p>Perhaps more than any other country in the world Germany +places reliance on municipal markets, because of the peculiar +pressure of the problem of the high cost of living in the cities +of the Fatherland. On several occasions, during the last twelve +months, the butchers' stalls have been raided by women in protest +against the ten per cent increase in one year on the price +of meat. And when, to meet the clamor, the government reduced +the hitherto prohibitive import duties on meat by one-half and +the inland railroad charges by one-third, it was on condition that +the meat brought in should be for delivery to municipal markets +or co-operative societies only. The result has been an immediate +fall in retail prices ranging up to fifty per cent.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span></p> +<p class="figcenter" style="width: 470px;"> +<img src="images/image014.jpg" width="470" height="600" alt="BERLIN'S TERMINAL MARKET + +An Outside View of One Section of the $7,250,000 Central Market that +Caters for the Needs of Consumers in the German Capital." title="BERLIN'S TERMINAL MARKET + +An Outside View of One Section of the $7,250,000 Central Market that +Caters for the Needs of Consumers in the German Capital." /> +<span class="caption">BERLIN'S TERMINAL MARKET<br /> + +An Outside View of One Section of the $7,250,000 Central Market that +Caters for the Needs of Consumers in the German Capital.</span> +</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="smcap"><big>Berlin's</big></span> two million people since 1886 have had a splendid +terminal market on the Alexanderplatz, consisting of two great +adjoining halls, with direct access to the city railroad. One of +these halls is entirely wholesale, while the other is partly wholesale +and partly retail. Meat, fish, fruit and vegetables are dealt +with under the same roof by upwards of 2,000 producers and +dealers.</p> + +<p>The whole market cost $7,250,000, of which $1,920,711 was +for the main market and $4,852,862 was for the slaughterhouses, +which are most elaborately equipped to ensure sanitation and +cleanliness. Great as the market is, the pressure of business has +grown so much that a project is on foot to construct more accommodation +at a cost of $15,000,000. The market is maintained +by stand rentals and administrative charges and by a fund +established for the improvement and extension of the system. On +the entire enterprise, when all charges have been met and interest +paid, there is <i>a profit of over $135,000 a year</i>.</p> + +<p>A committee of eleven, partly city councillors and partly +selected representatives of the public, administer the markets +with ninety-three officials to ensure the carrying out of their +orders. The regulations are most elaborate, especially as regards +the inspection of foods, which is conducted by a department having +a staff of six hundred.</p> + +<p>A healthy competition is created by the system of sales, +which may be conducted by the producer himself, or through +an approved wholesale dealer, or through one of the six municipal +sales commissioners. These municipal sales commissioners have to +give bonds on appointment and are not allowed to have any +interest in the trade of the market beyond a small percentage on +sales. Producers living at a distance can have their business +carried through by them under conditions so well understood +and respected as to ensure confidence. Though the municipal +sales commissioners handle less than a quarter of the sales, they +nevertheless act as a check on the private dealers, especially as +they issue a regular report on the average wholesale prices. +Moreover the purchasers benefit by these market arrangements, +for if they buy from a regularly authorized dealer they can file +a claim with the administration if the supplies delivered are faulty +and if their case is proved the account will be rectified.</p> + +<p>About fifty railroad car loads can be handled at once at the +market, but when extended accommodation is provided it is intended +to deal with two hundred carloads simultaneously. On +supplies thus delivered a railroad tax is collected from the receivers +for maintaining rail connections, and this yields an annual +profit of $11,000.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span></p> +<p class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/image016.jpg" width="600" height="398" alt="INTERIOR OF THE BERLIN CENTRAL MARKET + +The Fish Section of the Great Municipal Market of the German Capital." title="INTERIOR OF THE BERLIN CENTRAL MARKET + +The Fish Section of the Great Municipal Market of the German Capital." /> +<span class="caption">INTERIOR OF THE BERLIN CENTRAL MARKET<br /> + +The Fish Section of the Great Municipal Market of the German Capital.</span> +</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span></p> +<p>Of the stand holders, nine-tenths are monthly tenants, and +the remainder pay by the day. The highest charge is 9.5 cents +per square meter a day for meat stalls. The fish sold comes +mainly from Geestemunde, at the mouth of the Weser, and is +sold under the strictest conditions, only a small commission being +allowed to be added by the dealers.</p> + +<p>The slaughterhouses deal with 800 wagons daily and for the +use of the butchers and the market generally 2,000 square meters +of distilled water are produced every day, valued at four cents +the square meter. Eight thousand pipes conduct the water to +every part of the market. To ensure cleanliness, bathrooms and +rooms for drying clothes are established for the use of the +butchers, who are charged two and a half cents a bath. In +inspecting the carcases the veterinaries take the most minute +precautions. From every animal four samples are taken, at +different parts of the body, and each of these samples is submitted +to tests for twenty minutes.</p> + +<p>In an average year 14,000 carcases are condemned and destroyed, +as well as 400,000 diseased parts. Whenever possible +the inspectors cut away diseased portions, and the remainder +of the carcase, after being sterilized, is sent to the markets known +as the Freibank, for sale to the very poor. This proportion is +not so startling when it is considered that something like two +million animals are slaughtered every year, of which more than +half are pigs. Until recently Germany used to export a large +number of prime animals to the London market, but the demands +of home consumers now prevent this and the export trade has +practically ceased. In fact Germany, in common with the rest +of Europe, is now competing for the world's refrigerated supplies.</p> + +<p>Storm doors and windbreaks are provided at the entrances +to the markets and wagons are only allowed inside at certain +hours and through specified doorways. Thus there is an absence +of dust, and a carefully arranged series of windows ensure ample +ventilation. All dealers have to unpack their stock at least once +every seven days, for the destruction of unsound articles. All +supplies of unripe fruit, horseflesh and artificial butter have to +carry labels disclosing their real nature. Attached to the market +is a hospital with skilled attendance, for cases of sickness or +injury happening on the market premises.</p> + +<p>As in most other centers, the establishment of the market +led to the peddlers entering into outside competition. They +bought their supplies wholesale inside, and then offered them +cheaply outside, free from stand rentals and other charges. This +menace to the prosperity of the market grew so great that the +peddlers' traffic in adjacent streets was prohibited and strictly +limited elsewhere. This measure, in fact, is deemed essential in +every city where municipal markets are conducted successfully.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span></p> +<p class="figcenter" style="width: 520px;"> +<a href="images/image018a.png"> +<img src="images/image018.png" width="520" height="600" alt="GROUND PLAN OF THE MUNICH MARKET + +In front is seen the toll-house and receiving station, then the great +market hall and, in the upper part of the picture, the restaurant and +administration offices. The sidetracks on the right facilitate the rapid +distribution of produce sold at the market. Under the great market hall +are large refrigeration chambers connected directly with the railroad." title="GROUND PLAN OF THE MUNICH MARKET + +In front is seen the toll-house and receiving station, then the great +market hall and, in the upper part of the picture, the restaurant and +administration offices. The sidetracks on the right facilitate the rapid +distribution of produce sold at the market. Under the great market hall +are large refrigeration chambers connected directly with the railroad." /> +</a><span class="caption">GROUND PLAN OF THE MUNICH MARKET<br /> + +In front is seen the toll-house and receiving station, then the great +market hall and, in the upper part of the picture, the restaurant and +administration offices. The sidetracks on the right facilitate the rapid +distribution of produce sold at the market. Under the great market hall +are large refrigeration chambers connected directly with the railroad.</span> +</p> +<p class="center"><small>[Click on image for larger view.]</small><br /><br /></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="smcap"><big>Cologne</big></span> completed a million dollar market in 1904, with +a cold storage plant and connections with the state and narrow +gauge railways. Nearly half the space is taken up by wholesale +dealers in fruit and vegetables.</p> + +<p>The chief fault of the market is the remoteness from the +center of the town. At first it had a great success but, on this +account, it has not been entirely maintained. Encouraged by that +initial prosperity, the city authorities bought a nearer site, but +the subsequent decrease in the market's popularity has caused +the postponement of extensions. Though the market does not +pay the five per cent on capital that is required, the present +administration, even with its drawbacks, does succeed in making +a profit of about three per cent on the capital invested, last year's +income amounting to $535,200.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap"><big>Hamburg</big></span> is peculiarly situated as to its market conditions. +The market halls of Hamburg and Altona adjoin, but while the +former is under the control of the Hamburg senate, the latter +is subject to the laws of the Prussian government and administered +by the Altona city authorities. Each has a large hall, +with a considerable portion of the space used for auctions. The +senate of Hamburg appoints two auctioneers and Altona one; +but, while the latter is a salaried official, the former are two +Hamburg auctioneers approved by the government for the special +market business, on undertaking not to trade on their own account. +The trade of the chief market is in fish. With the Altona +market, the Hamburg market and the Geestemunde market, +the sales in this section of Germany are the most important in +the Fatherland for fresh sea fish, and salted herrings. About a +fourth comes in fishing cutters or steam trawlers direct alongside +the market halls, while the remaining three-fourths come +from Denmark by rail or by ships from England, Scotland and +Norway. Often there are three or four special fish trains from +the north in a day, while twenty-five to thirty steamers bring the +regular supply of imported fish.</p> + +<p>The auctioneers derive their revenue from a four per cent +charge on sales of the cargoes of German fishing vessels and +five per cent on imported supplies. Out of this they pay half +of one per cent to the government on the German and one per +cent on the foreign sales. No fees are charged to importers and +dealers using the auction section of the fish market. Out of the +percentage paid to the government by the auctioneers is provided +light and water, the cleansing of the halls and the carting away +of refuse for destruction. Strict regulations govern the inspection +of the fish and to ensure the destruction of those that have +deteriorated they are sprinkled with petroleum immediately on +detection.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span></p> +<p class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/image020.jpg" width="600" height="400" alt="MUNICH TERMINAL MARKET + +The World's Most Modern Distribution Center for Foodstuffs." title="MUNICH TERMINAL MARKET + +The World's Most Modern Distribution Center for Foodstuffs." /> +<span class="caption">MUNICH TERMINAL MARKET<br /> + +The World's Most Modern Distribution Center for Foodstuffs.</span> +</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span></p> +<p>Steam fishing boats using the market quays pay 48 cents +for 24 hours' use, seagoing sailing cutters 24 cents, river sailing +cutters 6 cents, and small boats 3 cents, in which charges the +use of electric and other hoists is included.</p> + +<p>From these markets almost the whole of Germany receives +its sea fish supplies, for the distribution of which most of the +leading dealers have branch houses in the principal cities.</p> + +<p>There are also two markets—one in Hamburg and one in +Altona—for the sale of farm produce, mostly transported thither +by boats. Besides these, there is a big auction for imported fruit, +conducted by private firms. All these Hamburg markets are +prosperous, and their utility to the community is universally acknowledged.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap"><big>Frankfort's</big></span> market system dates back to 1879, when the +first hall was erected at a cost of $375,000. It has 548 stands +on the main floor renting at $1.08 per two square meters a month, +payable in advance, while there is space for 347 more in the +galleries at 84 cents per two square meters a month. Nearby +is a second hall, built in 1883 at a cost of $143,750. A third +hall followed in 1899 at a cost of $38,500, while in 1911 further +extensions were determined on and there are fresh projects now +under consideration. Besides these covered markets the city has +a paved and fenced square that has been used since 1907 as an +open market, where stands are rented at 5 cents a day.</p> + +<p>Sixty per cent of the stands in the market halls are rented +by the month and forty per cent by the day. Tuesdays and Fridays +are reserved for wholesale trading. A market commission +rules the markets and the police enforce their regulations, the +violation of which is liable to cost the offender $7.20 in fines or +imprisonment up to eight days.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap"><big>Munich</big></span>, with a population of half a million, has the most +modern of all the European municipal markets. It was opened +in February, 1912, and embodies the improvements suggested by +experience of market administration in other cities.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span></p> + +<p>The total cost was $797,000, of which $510,000 was spent +on four communicating iron market halls, with their cellar accommodation +underneath, $190,000 on a receiving and toll department, +$52,000 on a group of adjacent buildings, including a +post-office, restaurant and beer-garden, and $45,000 on roadways. +The whole establishment covers 46,500 square meters, of +which the market halls occupy 37,100 square meters.</p> + +<p>At the northern extremity of the buildings is the toll and +receiving department, where produce is delivered at special sidings +connected with the south railway station of the city. Next +comes a succession of lofty halls, with covered connections, terminating +in a small retail section and the administration offices. At +the northern end of the great market is a section where express +delivery traffic is dealt with, while the western side is occupied +with sidings for loading produce sold to buyers from other German +centers.</p> + +<p>Below the toll house and the market generally are vast cold +storage cellars and refrigerating plants for the preservation of +surplus supplies till the demand in the market above calls for +their delivery. Each market hall is devoted to a separate section +of produce, and the cellars below are correspondingly distinct, +so that there is an absence of confusion, orderliness is ensured, +and rapid deliveries facilitated. Across this underground space +from north to south run three roadways, while down the center, +from east to west, a further broad aisle is provided, with an +equipment of great hydraulic lifts. There are nine of these lifts +altogether for heavy consignments, while each stand-owner in +the market has, in addition, a small lift connecting his stand +and storage cellar.</p> + +<p>Both market halls and underground cellars are so constructed +as to facilitate ventilation and complete cleanliness. The +floors are of concrete and every stand is fitted with running +water, with which all the fittings have to be scoured every day. +There is both roof and side light, and ample ventilation, while +the entrances are wind-screened, to prevent dust. Electric light +is used underground, and the cellars are inspected as strictly as +the upper halls, to ensure due attention to hygiene. In the center +of each market hall there are offices and writing rooms for +those using the markets. In the restaurant 150 can be served +with meals at one time, or they can be accommodated with seats +in the beer-garden.</p> + +<p>Associated with this market establishment is a great cattle +market and range of slaughterhouses on a neighboring site. The +live cattle market dates back for centuries, but the present accommodation<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> +was only completed in May, 1904, at a total cost +of $1,600,000.</p> + +<p>Last year 809,508 animals were sold, including 432,159 swine +and 234,457 calves. In the slaughterhouses 713,228 of these were +killed, besides 2,619 horses and 97 dogs. About twenty-five per +cent of the animals reach the market by road from neighboring +farms, while seventy-five per cent come by rail. For the inspection +of all flesh foods there are very strict rules, enforced +by the chief veterinary surgeon, Dr. Müller, and a staff of specially +trained assistants. As in Berlin, extensive bathrooms are +provided for the slaughterhouse staff, and baths are available at +nominal charges. Though the new market halls have not been +established long enough to provide a definite financial statement, +the live-cattle market and slaughterhouses do afford an indication +of the success of municipal administration in Munich. Last +year the income was $416,500 and the expenditure $410,100, thus +showing a profit of $6,400. The new produce halls are certainly +the best equipped in the world, and the only element of doubt as +to their success arises from the fact that three old-fashioned open +markets are nearer the center of the city and for that reason are +even now preferred by many retailers. This fact emphasises the +importance of selecting a central position in establishing a municipal +terminal market.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="France" id="France"></a>France</h2> + + +<p><span class="smcap"><big>Paris</big></span> has one of the most skilfully organized municipal market +systems in Europe. The chief food distribution center for +the 3,000,000 Parisians is established at the Halles Centrales, a +series of ten pavilions covering twenty-two acres of ground and +intervening streets. Altogether this great terminal market has +cost the city more than $10,000,000.</p> + +<p>Most of the pavilions are entirely for the wholesale trade, +but some are used as retail markets to a limited extent. Retail +traders are being decreased gradually, so that whereas in 1904 +there were 1,164 retail stands there are now only 856.</p> + +<p>The total receipts of the Halles Centrales and thirty local +markets amount to $2,100,000, of which <i>about $1,000,000 is +profit</i>. There is a general advance in the wholesale trade, but the +local covered markets or marchés de quartier, are not progressing +in the same way, so the city does not quite maintain a steady +level of market profit.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span></p> +<p class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/image024.jpg" width="600" height="421" alt="THE HALLES CENTRALES, PARIS + +An Outside View, Showing How the Supplies Overflow into the Adjacent Streets, Notwithstanding the +Provision of Twenty-two Acres of Covered Pavilions." title="THE HALLES CENTRALES, PARIS + +An Outside View, Showing How the Supplies Overflow into the Adjacent Streets, Notwithstanding the +Provision of Twenty-two Acres of Covered Pavilions." /> +<span class="caption">THE HALLES CENTRALES, PARIS<br /> + +An Outside View, Showing How the Supplies Overflow into the Adjacent Streets, Notwithstanding the +Provision of Twenty-two Acres of Covered Pavilions.</span> +</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span></p> +<p>The reasons given for the falling off of the retail trade are +various, but the principal causes appear to be (1) the growth +of big stores, with local branches, that deliver the goods at the +door, thus relieving the purchaser of the necessity of taking home +market supplies; (2) the number of perambulating produce +salesmen, who sell from carts in the street at low rates, having +neither store rent nor market tolls to pay, and (3) the growth of +co-operative societies.</p> + +<p>A complicated and severe code of regulations governs the +markets. Commission salesmen at the Halles Centrales must be +French citizens of unblemished record and must give a bond of +not less than $1,000 in proof of solvency. Producers may have +their supplies sold either at auction or by private treaty, as they +prefer, and as none of the agents are allowed to do business +for themselves the distant growers have confidence in the market +methods.</p> + +<p>In the retail markets each dealer in fresh meat pays just +under $6.00 a week in all, while dealers in salted meats, fish, +game and vegetables pay a much lower rate. All, however, in +the covered markets pay three taxes—one for the right to occupy +a stand, one for the cleaning and arranging of the markets, and +one for the maintenance of guardians and officials. In the open +markets the stands are rented by the day, week, or year, the rate +for the day ranging from ten to thirty cents, according to space. +Several of these local markets have charters dating back to pre-revolution +days, that cannot now be annulled.</p> + +<p>It would be difficult to devise a more thorough system of +inspection. An average year's seizures include half a million +pounds of meat, 17,000 pounds of fruit and vegetables and half +a million pounds of salt water fish.</p> + +<p>Thus the Paris market arrangements provide an admirable +central clearing house, where supplies are inspected and sold +under such conditions as to prevent the artificial raising of prices. +It also acts as a feeder to the marchés de quartier, to the great +convenience of local consumers. Moreover the producer is safeguarded, +for on his supplies a small fixed percentage only can be +charged by the salesman, and the current market prices are made +public by agents especially detailed for that purpose.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap"><big>Havre</big></span>, the well-known French seaport, with a population of +130,000, has a profit of over six per cent on the Halles Centrales +and ten per cent on the fish market. All told there is <i>a profit of +$27,000</i> on the twelve municipal markets.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></p> +<p class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/image026.jpg" width="600" height="403" alt="KEEN MORNING BUYERS + +In the Game Section of the Paris Halles Centrales." title="KEEN MORNING BUYERS + +In the Game Section of the Paris Halles Centrales." /> +<span class="caption">KEEN MORNING BUYERS<br /> + +In the Game Section of the Paris Halles Centrales.</span> +</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span></p> +<p>The Halles Centrales occupy an entire square in the center +of the city and cost $75,000, exclusive of the site. Gardeners +and farmers are not permitted to sell their produce on the way +to the market and are only allowed to deliver to storekeepers +after the wholesale markets are closed. Here, as elsewhere where +the markets are successful, every precaution is taken to avoid the +prosperity of the market being dissipated by sales in the surrounding +neighborhood. The annual rents for butchers are very +moderate, ranging from $57.90 to $154.40, vegetable dealers +$42.85 to $92.64; dairy produce dealers $52.11 to $85.11, fishmongers +$23.16 to $86.85. In the wholesale markets there is an +annual trade turnover worth well above $1,000,000, of which +fish represents $280,000. So far from the fishermen finding the +fish market detrimental to their interests, they welcome it and +cheerfully observe the rule forbidding sales on the quays or +transit sheds except under special permits.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap"><big>Lyons</big></span>, with a population of half a million, may be taken as +the best example of a flourishing French provincial city at a +considerable distance from the sea. The principal market, La +Halle, is known all over France for its public auctions. Accommodation +is provided for 276 stalls, rented at 14 cents a day per +square meter for fruit, vegetables and cheese, while other stalls +for meat and fish are rented at 33 cents per square meter.</p> + +<p>At the morning auctions, held at the rear of the hall, are +sold immense quantities of fish, oysters, lobsters, game, poultry, +butter, cheese, eggs, fruit and vegetables. There is a rule that +all supplies must come from outside Lyons, so that local store +men cannot there dispose of surplus stocks, but dealers in other +French cities often thus relieve themselves when overloaded. +These auctions not only enable local dealers to distribute supplies +at cheap rates to the small stores all over the city, but wide awake +housewives can frequently tell just what the stores gave wholesale +for the produce offered to them retail later in the day, so a +check can be kept on overcharges.</p> + +<p>The auctioneers are given a monopoly of selling for ten +years, on binding themselves to pay to the city a sum equal to +two per cent on the total annual sales. The minimum is fixed at +$1,930 for one stand or $5,650 for four stands, to be paid to the +municipal treasury. Two per cent is added to the purchase price +of every payment made by buyers at auction, and if this does not +amount to $1,930 per stand for the year, the auctioneer has to +make up the difference. The poorer classes benefit largely by +these sales, banding together to buy wholesale and then dividing +their purchases.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span></p> +<p class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/image028.jpg" width="600" height="401" alt="A DRASTIC INSPECTION + +Of Refrigerated Chinese Pork at the Port of Liverpool." title="A DRASTIC INSPECTION + +Of Refrigerated Chinese Pork at the Port of Liverpool." /> +<span class="caption">A DRASTIC INSPECTION<br /> + +Of Refrigerated Chinese Pork at the Port of Liverpool.</span> +</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span></p> +<p>There are also seventeen markets for general retail trade +in Lyons. The Terminal Market of La Halle cost the city $886,980. +The company which built it was given a concession for +fifty years, on a division of profits arrangement, but within +sixteen months the utility of the market as an advantageous +enterprise for the city was so clearly demonstrated that the municipality +bought the company out.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="Austria-Hungary" id="Austria-Hungary"></a>Austria-Hungary</h2> + + +<p><span class="smcap"><big>Vienna</big></span>, with 1,700,000 people to supply, has a magnificently +managed system of forty-five markets, seven of which are located +in large, well-ventilated halls, all kept spotlessly clean.</p> + +<p>Market commissioners appointed by the municipality conduct +the business of the markets according to strict regulations, +enforcing a rigid inspection of all products as well as weights +and measures. Violations of these rules are punishable by fines +of about $2.00, imprisonment for 24 hours or exclusion from the +markets. Such penalties are enforced when buyers are defrauded, +dealers oppose the market authority, or exceed the +charges that are posted in the market.</p> + +<p>Not merely land and water produce, but general farm and +household requisites, are sold at these markets. Outside buying +is strictly controlled, owners of boats on the Danube or wagons +on the public streets paying toll to the municipality on any sales.</p> + +<p><i>Over $60,000 profit</i> is the average annual yield of the markets +to the city treasury, and it is generally agreed that the +market system tends to keep down the price of foodstuffs to +normal levels.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap"><big>Buda-pesth</big></span> has 715,000 people and a very complete market +system, under which, though only nominal rentals are charged, +there is <i>a profit of over $100,000</i>.</p> + +<p>There is one large wholesale terminal market, while six +local markets cater for the retail requirements of all quarters +of the city. All salesmen are carefully selected; criminals and +diseased persons being rigidly excluded. Though a wide variety +of articles are sold in the smaller markets besides farm produce, +storekeepers are not allowed to rent stalls, so the market +men and farmers alone have the use of the buildings. The regulations +under which they trade were drawn up by a market +commission and confirmed by ministerial decrees. These regulations +are regarded in Europe as a model of comprehensiveness +and their observance ensures close attention to hygiene. Among +the rules is one insisting on the placing of all waste paper in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> +public refuse receptacles, while another compels the use of new, +clean paper only in wrapping up food products.</p> + +<p>Stalls are rented from four to ten cents a day, according to +the accommodation. Supplies come by boat, rail and wagon, and +when there is pressure on the interior market space sales are +allowed from the boats and wagons at a toll of ten cents a day. +Otherwise only merchandise is allowed to be sold outside the +market halls. Not only must no fish, game, meat or poultry be +sold without first being passed by the veterinary inspectors, but +none of these articles of diet must be brought to market packed +in straw, cloth or paper. Unripe fruit must not be sold to +children.</p> + +<p>Every day a bulletin issued by the market commission sets +out the wholesale prices, while a weekly list gives the retail +prices, but in the latter case the note is added that the market +commission will not be responsible for any controversy that may +arise. All the stocks held by the market traders are insured +by the municipality, though not to their full value.</p> + +<p>Not only have these markets proved beneficial to the consumers +generally, but the market men are unanimous as to their +advantage, for they afford a ready and inexpensive means +of doing a large business.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="Holland" id="Holland"></a>Holland</h2> + + +<p><span class="smcap"><big>Amsterdam</big></span>, with a population of 510,000, has all the local +markets under the control of the municipality. They are divided +into five districts, each managed by a director or market master, +responsible to the city council.</p> + +<p>Two of the markets are covered, but the remainder are open +and are situated by the side of the canals, along which the produce +is brought in boats from the farms around. On the administration +of the markets in an average year there is <i>a profit of +$36,000</i>, but there is a law against making a profit on municipal +enterprises, so the surplus is spent on local improvements.</p> + + +<p><span class="smcap"><big>Rotterdam</big></span>, another great Dutch seaport, operates its +markets under similar conditions and makes <i>a profit of $34,000</i>, +of which $23,000 comes from the cattle and meat markets.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="Belgium" id="Belgium"></a>Belgium</h2> + + +<p><span class="smcap"><big>Brussels</big></span>, possessing a population of half a million, reaps +considerable advantage from its picturesque municipal markets, +four of which are covered, while several are in the open air.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span></p> + +<p>The renting of space to standholders at the central market +is according to the highest bidder, provided the price is not +below $11.58 per month for meat, $9.65 for poultry and game, +$5.79 for fruit, vegetables, butter and cheese.</p> + +<p>Both producers and dealers sell at these markets, all their +supplies being subjected to drastic inspection regulations. All +meats are tested by the municipal veterinary surgeon and his +staff, while a communal chemist regulates the milk, butter and +general dairy produce. The cleansing of the markets is done by +the department of public cleanliness. Some of the public markets +are managed by a contractor, who receives $250.90 a year for +setting up the stalls and keeping them in good order. He deposits +a security on undertaking his contract and in default of +a satisfactory performance of his work the commune does it and +charges him with it.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="Comments" id="Comments"></a>Comments</h2> + + +<p>It has been testified that New York's annual food supply costs, +at the railroad and steamer terminals, $350,000,000. But the +consumers pay $500,000,000 for it. The balance of $150,000,000 +does not necessarily indicate that any particular section of middle-men +have been exacting excessive profits. It merely demonstrates +that too many people handle the produce between the farm and +the fireside. The provision of an adequate Terminal Market +system for New York would apply the remedy.</p> + +<p>New York stands alone, for a city of its importance, in +having to face an annual deficit on its markets. The results elsewhere +prove that the deficit could be turned into a profit by the +creation of a Terminal Market system, equipped and administered +on twentieth century lines.</p> + +<p>America is exporting less foodstuffs than formerly. The +annual value has fallen $126,000,000 in eleven years. The +growth of the manufacturing population and the relative decrease +of the agricultural population, together with the gradual impoverishment +of much of our farm land, will soon make conditions +worse unless we organize our food distribution.</p> + +<p>The first step for New York is the establishment of a Terminal +Market system. It is estimated that New York's population +will continue to grow at the rate of fully 100,000 a year, so +this problem admits of no further procrastination.</p> + +<p>In natural resources America is the richest country in the +world. Other nations have to import vast quantities of produce +because of the restricted area of their territory, the comparative<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> +unfruitfulness of their soil, or their adverse climatic conditions. +We have a wide land of boundless fertility, never wholly in the +grip of winter's cold. Yet we no more escape the high cost of +living than these less favored peoples overseas. They have partially +compensated for their disadvantages by organizing their +markets, while we have neglected that important branch of civic +enterprise.</p> + +<p>Everywhere in Europe, the provision of adequate terminal +markets under municipal control is pointed to as a powerful +aid in keeping food prices down. There is a lesson in that for +New York and other American cities.</p> + +<p>There is a lesson also for growers in up-state districts, for +experience shows that with adequate markets, supplying produce +at lower rates, there comes a demand for more farm and garden +stuff and a greater variety of it. This directly aids in developing +rural prosperity and enhances the value of agricultural land.</p> + +<p>I believe a marked improvement will be shown if a bureau +is maintained to inform farmers as to the demands of the market +and the best method of packing, preparing and despatching +their produce so as to reach the market in prime condition. Not +only will that aid the market, but it will have a powerful influence +in arresting "the drift from the land" to the cities.</p> + +<p>The municipality should select central positions for its markets, +with rail and river access. It should have effective control +not only over the markets but the adjacent streets, wharves, and +railroad sidings, so as to obviate evasion of the market tolls. The +rentals should not be high, and no sub-letting should be allowed +under any circumstances.</p> + +<p>Under such conditions, with wise administration, New +York's Terminal Market system could be made a model that +would be studied by other cities in an age when economic questions +absorb the attention of all our public-spirited men and +women.</p> + +<p>In the interests of the people's health and happiness, no less +than in consideration of the municipal finances, all should rally +to the support of those who are seeking to secure the consummation +of this urgent reform at the earliest possible moment consistent +with a full consideration of all its aspects.</p> + + +<p class="center"><small> +The Willett Press, New York</small><br /> +</p> + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<h3>Transcriber's Notes</h3> + + +<p>Moved illustrations to paragraph breaks.</p> + +<p>Removed period from "per cent" for consistency.</p> + +<p>Removed hyphen from "to-day" for consistency.</p> + + + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's A Terminal Market System, by Mrs. Elmer Black + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A TERMINAL MARKET SYSTEM *** + +***** This file should be named 28575-h.htm or 28575-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/8/5/7/28575/ + +Produced by Diane Monico and The Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + + +</pre> + +</body> +</html> diff --git a/28575-h/images/image001.png b/28575-h/images/image001.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..c342730 --- /dev/null +++ b/28575-h/images/image001.png diff --git a/28575-h/images/image004.png b/28575-h/images/image004.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..2a9c2c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/28575-h/images/image004.png diff --git a/28575-h/images/image006.jpg b/28575-h/images/image006.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..290867c --- /dev/null +++ b/28575-h/images/image006.jpg diff --git a/28575-h/images/image008.jpg b/28575-h/images/image008.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..480a761 --- /dev/null +++ b/28575-h/images/image008.jpg diff --git a/28575-h/images/image009.jpg b/28575-h/images/image009.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..a495895 --- /dev/null +++ b/28575-h/images/image009.jpg diff --git a/28575-h/images/image010.jpg b/28575-h/images/image010.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..625e6c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/28575-h/images/image010.jpg diff --git a/28575-h/images/image012.jpg b/28575-h/images/image012.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..2af8463 --- /dev/null +++ b/28575-h/images/image012.jpg diff --git a/28575-h/images/image014.jpg b/28575-h/images/image014.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..96c0edf --- /dev/null +++ b/28575-h/images/image014.jpg diff --git a/28575-h/images/image016.jpg b/28575-h/images/image016.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..3e56db7 --- /dev/null +++ b/28575-h/images/image016.jpg diff --git a/28575-h/images/image018.png b/28575-h/images/image018.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..4f0311a --- /dev/null +++ b/28575-h/images/image018.png diff --git a/28575-h/images/image018a.png b/28575-h/images/image018a.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..1c8b460 --- /dev/null +++ b/28575-h/images/image018a.png diff --git a/28575-h/images/image020.jpg b/28575-h/images/image020.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..32a160e --- /dev/null +++ b/28575-h/images/image020.jpg diff --git a/28575-h/images/image024.jpg b/28575-h/images/image024.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..5fd4fac --- /dev/null +++ b/28575-h/images/image024.jpg diff --git a/28575-h/images/image026.jpg b/28575-h/images/image026.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..56f49c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/28575-h/images/image026.jpg diff --git a/28575-h/images/image028.jpg b/28575-h/images/image028.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..c850dc5 --- /dev/null +++ b/28575-h/images/image028.jpg diff --git a/28575.txt b/28575.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5013439 --- /dev/null +++ b/28575.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1396 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Terminal Market System, by Mrs. Elmer Black + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: A Terminal Market System + New York's Most Urgent Need; Some Observations, Comments, + and Comparisons of European Markets + +Author: Mrs. Elmer Black + +Release Date: April 22, 2009 [EBook #28575] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A TERMINAL MARKET SYSTEM *** + + + + +Produced by Diane Monico and The Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + + + + + + + + +Copyright, 1912, by Mrs. Elmer Black + + + + +A Terminal Market +System + +New York's +Most Urgent Need + +Some Observations, Comments +and Comparisons +of European Markets + +[Illustration] + +_By_ +Mrs. ELMER BLACK + +Member of the Advisory Board of the New York +Terminal Market Commission + + + + +Contents + + + Page + +Foreword 3 +The Markets of the United States 5 +The Markets of the British Isles 5 +The Markets of the German Empire 13 +The Markets of France 23 +The Markets of Austria-Hungary 29 +The Markets of Holland 30 +The Markets of Belgium 30 +Comments 31 + + + + +Illustrations + + +Covent Garden Market 6 +Smithfield in the Olden Days 8 +Delivering Meat at Smithfield Today 8 +Inside Smithfield Market 10 +Billingsgate Fish Market, London 12 +Berlin's Terminal Market 14 +Interior of the Berlin Central Market 16 +Ground Plan of the Munich Market 18 +Munich's Modern Terminal Market 20 +The Paris Halles, exterior view 24 +The Paris Halles; Keen Morning Buyers 26 +A Drastic Inspection 28 + + + + +Foreword + + +In the belief that the establishment of a first-class _Terminal Market_ +system, worthy of twentieth century requirements, is a matter of vital +importance to every family in New York, I have spent considerable time +during the past few months investigating markets on both sides of the +Atlantic. + +As a result I am more than ever conscious of the need for an +enlightened public opinion to support the efforts of the Terminal +Market Commission to secure this benefit for our community. I am +convinced that our fellow-citizens will approve the requisite +expenditure once they are roused to a realization of the inadequacy of +our food-distributing centers. + +In the hope that my investigations may aid in the accomplishment of +this reform, I have prepared these observations, comments and +comparisons. + +It is true that the problem of the high cost of living is afflicting +the old lands of Europe, the newer countries like New Zealand, as well +as our own wide territories of the United States. The causes vary, +according to local conditions; but everywhere it is agreed that a +potent force for the amelioration of the condition of the consumers is +found in the establishment of efficient Terminal Markets under +municipal control for all progressive cities. With wise administration, +stringent inspection and sound safeguards, these municipal markets +benefit both producers and consumers. They eliminate considerable +intermediate expense, delay and confusion. Last but not least they +return a profit to the city treasury. + +It is because our New York markets achieve none of these beneficent +results that I issue this plea for the establishment of an adequate +_Terminal Market_ system. I appeal to all who have the welfare of their +city at heart to add the force of their opinion to the accomplishment +of this civic improvement. + +[Illustration: Madeleine Black (signature) + (MRS. ELMER BLACK)] + + + + +United States + + +NEW YORK, with over 5,000,000 inhabitants, has no effective market +system. The buildings are out of repair, there is little or no +organization, and the superintendent has testified before the New York +Food Investigation Commission (March 12, 1912) that on their +administration last year there was _a loss to the city treasury of +$80,000_. To that must be added due consideration of the inconvenience +to the consumers, producers and dealers, and the extra cost of handling +entailed by the lack of modern market methods. The city has almost +quadrupled its population in a generation, but the markets remain about +as they were. Many other cities in the United States not only testify +to the value of municipal markets as a means for lowering prices to the +consumer, but so guard their interests as to provide a very different +balance sheet. + +Boston has a profit on its markets of $60,000, Baltimore $50,000, New +Orleans $79,000, Buffalo $44,000, Cleveland (Ohio) $27,507, Washington +(D. C.) $7,000, Nashville (Tenn.) $8,200, Indianapolis $17,220, +Rochester (N. Y.) $4,721, and St. Paul (Minn.) $4,085. + +If the following facts concerning municipal markets are studied, also, +it will be seen that no city in any way comparable to New York fails to +make the municipal markets yield advantages both to the community and +the city treasury. + + + + +The British Isles + + +LONDON naturally serves as a starting point for a tour of European +investigation. The British capital has, indeed, features that render it +comparable in a peculiar degree with New York. The population of both, +including their outer ring of suburbs, is over five millions. In each +case there is access to the open sea by means of a noble waterway over +which passes the commerce of the seven seas. Railroads supplement the +water-borne cargoes with home-grown produce, fresh from the farms for +the use of urban kitchens. + +London's markets do not afford the unbroken example of municipal +control that they would if a new system were to be created at the +present day. Precedent looms large in British administration and even +now there are only two ways of establishing a market--by Parliamentary +authority and Royal Charter. King Henry III covenanted by charter with +the City of London not to grant permission to anyone else to set up a +market within a radius of seven miles of the Guildhall, and this +privilege was subsequently confirmed by a charter granted by Edward III +in 1326. But of late years the City Corporation has waived its rights +and allowed markets to be established in various districts wherever a +real necessity has been shown to exist. In fact the markets of London +have grown with the city, keeping pace with its requirements. + +[Illustration: COVENT GARDEN MARKET + +The Morning Rush of Farm and Garden Produce for London Consumers.] + +There remains, however, the fact that certain Corporation markets and +Covent Garden market serve as great wholesale terminals, connected more +or less unofficially with the numerous local markets in the outlying +districts. + +Chief among the Corporation markets is Smithfield, covering about eight +acres, and costing altogether $1,940,000. There are to be found +wholesale meat, poultry and provision markets, with sections for the +sale, wholesale and retail, of vegetables and fish. In the last twenty +years the development of cold storage processes has lowered the +quantity of home-killed meat and remarkably increased the importation +of refrigerated supplies. Last year the wholesale market disposed of +433,723 tons of meat, of which 77.2 per cent came from overseas. + +Ten years ago the United States supplied 41 per cent of the Smithfield +meat, but now these supplies have fallen off enormously and the last +report of the Markets Committee says: "The United States, in particular +for domestic needs, is within measurable distance of becoming a +competitor with England for the output of South America." South America +and Australasia are, indeed, the chief producers today for the British +market. + +This has developed a great cold storage business in London. All told +London can accommodate 3,032,000 carcases of mutton, reckoning each +carcase at 36 pounds. Over 41 per cent of England's imported meat +passes through Smithfield, and railroad access is arranged to the heart +of the market. The Great Northern Railway Company has a lease from the +corporation on 100,000 feet of basement works under the meat market, +with hydraulic lifts to the level of the market hall, and inclined +roadways for vehicular traffic. + +Most of the tenants at Smithfield are commission salesmen, who pay +weekly rents for their shops and stalls at space rates, all the +fittings being supplied. Last year these rents brought in $427,920. +There is a toll of a farthing on every 21 pounds of meat sold, which +together with cold storage, weighing and other charges amounted in the +same period to $241,635. The meat sales are entirely wholesale, except +on Saturday afternoons, when there is a retail "People's Market," where +thousands of the very poor buy cheap joints. + +[Illustration: SMITHFIELD IN THE OLDEN DAYS + +From an Old Print Dated 1810.] + +[Illustration: DELIVERING MEAT AT SMITHFIELD TODAY + +There is an inclined road by the tree in the center of the picture, +leading to the special railroad freight depot. Cars are also run +directly under the market and their cargoes are delivered by hydraulic +lifts to the stands above.] + +The inspection is very strict, every precaution is taken to ensure +cleanliness, and breaches of the regulations are punished by fines or +imprisonment. All condemned carcases are sent to a patent Podewill +destructor to be reduced by steam pressure and rolling to a powder, +which is disposed of as an agricultural fertilizer. + +On these central meat markets there is a _profit of about $100,000_. + +The Corporation also controls a great live cattle market at Islington, +covering seventy-five acres. Over $2,500,000 have been spent on this +market and the modern slaughterhouses attached thereto. These +slaughterhouses are not regarded as a remunerative concern, but are +provided because they afford hygienic methods, and private +slaughterhouses in London are decreasing rapidly. Last year 37,670 +cattle, 101,646 sheep, 11,722 calves and 34,981 swine were slaughtered +there, the charges being 36 cents a head for cattle, 4 cents for sheep, +8 cents for calves, and 12 cents for hogs. Mainly on account of the +extensions and improvements, this market is not being run at a profit +at present, but its public utility is held to justify the outlay. Nor +does the Deptford Cattle market, of thirty acres, maintained on the +banks of the Thames to deal with live cattle imported from abroad, pay +its way. But there has been a serious decline in imported stock in late +years, especially from America. At this market extreme precautions are +taken to prevent the entry of cattle disease that might spread +infection to British flocks and herds. All animals landed there must be +slaughtered within ten days and submitted to rigid inspection. All +hides and offal are immediately disinfected. Five hundred cattle can be +unloaded from vessels at Deptford in twenty minutes. Last year 104,351 +animals were killed, the meat being sent for sale to Smithfield and +Whitechapel. + +Billingsgate, the famous fish market of London, is also administered by +the Corporation. Its records cover over six hundred years. It is +hampered by narrow street approaches, but a very expeditious system of +direct delivery of fish from the Thames side of the market building +enables the licensed auctioneers to dispose of supplies very quickly. +Steam carriers collect the fish from the fleets around the coast and +deliver them packed in ice at Billingsgate every night. Billingsgate +market has cost the city $1,600,000. Stand prices are high, but there +is keen competition whenever a vacancy occurs. Last year the receipts +amounted to $182,455. The auctioneers dealt with 194,477 tons of fish, +of which 120,905 were water-borne and 73,572 land-borne. _The City +profited to the extent of over $40,000_ on this fish trade. + +[Illustration: INSIDE SMITHFIELD MARKET + +The City of London Corporation's $1,940,000 Terminal--one of the Aisles +with Wholesale Stands on each side.] + +On the wholesale and retail meat, fruit, vegetable and fish market at +Leadenhall there is also a profit of over $5,000. + +_On the entire municipal market enterprises of the city there is a +profit of $156,000._ The markets are regarded with especial interest by +the Corporation and the Committee which regulates them is considered +one of the most important in the whole administration of the city. In +order to keep abreast of the times most of the profit is expended on +improvements and extensions. + +Covent Garden, London's great fruit, flower and vegetable market, is +owned by the Duke of Bedford, whose family have held it for hundreds of +years. In the past century they have spent $730,000 on extensions and +improvements. Of the present modern buildings, the fruit hall cost +$170,000 and the flower building $243,000. Formerly the producers were +chiefly concerned in the market, holding their stands at a yearly +rental. But with the expansion of London the growers have gradually +given place to dealers and commission men, who pay twenty-five cents a +day per square foot of space, and on the produce, at a regular scale, +according to its nature. On flowers there is no toll, but each stand +holder pays a fixed rental. Though this market has direct access +neither to river nor railroad, it still retains its premier position +among the wholesale markets of England. As the approaches are extremely +narrow, most of the produce has to be carried on the heads of hundreds +of porters from the wagons outside into the market buildings. As it is +under private ownership, no figures are issued, but there is known to +be a huge profit on the market. For outer London there are fruit and +vegetable markets at Stratford, in the east, Kew in the west, the +Borough in the south and two railroad markets in the north. + + +BIRMINGHAM, England's chief midland city, has owned its markets since +1824, administering them through a markets and fairs committee. Since +1908 the profits have been somewhat reduced, owing to outlay on +improvements and extensions; but although the city has expended +$2,156,362 on the markets, the profits have paid off more than half of +that indebtedness, besides relieving taxation in other directions. + +Not far away is the small city of KIDDERMINSTER, that may be mentioned +as affording a demonstration of provincial municipal enterprise, under +more restricted conditions. On its vegetable market it makes a _profit +of $1,000_, and on its butter market _a profit of $1,500_. The +population of the city is only 25,000. Another midland city, +WOLVERHAMPTON, makes a _profit of nearly $20,000_. + +[Illustration: BILLINGSGATE FISH MARKET, LONDON + +The Thames Side of the Market, Showing the Steam Carriers Unloading +their Cargoes Direct into the Sale Room.] + + +LIVERPOOL, the great northern port on the Mersey, has spent $1,242,534 +on six municipal markets. The only market to lose money is the cattle +market, which shows a deficit of $8,000. Liverpool has a cold storage +capacity for 2,176,000 carcases. On the whole municipal market +enterprise, in this city of 700,000 people, there is an average annual +_profit of $80,000_. + + +MANCHESTER serves not only its own area but surrounding industrial +centers, with a total population of nearly 8,000,000. There are twelve +markets and four slaughterhouses. Since 1868 the city has benefited by +their administration to the extent of _$3,250,000 profit_. + +Next to that of London, the fish market here is the largest in England. +Its annual profit is well over $10,000, in addition to heavy extension +payments in late years. + + +DUBLIN, the capital of what is often called 'the distressful isle,' +makes _a profit of $14,000_ on the food market and _$12,000 more_ on +the cattle market, while EDINBURGH, Scotland's chief city, makes about +_$15,000 a year on municipal markets_. + +Statistics are available of something like 150 other British towns and +cities, ranging from a population of 5,000 upwards, where there is the +conviction born of experience that municipal markets pay not merely in +profits, but in convenience to the community, and they have a powerful +influence in keeping prices down. + + + + +Germany + + +Perhaps more than any other country in the world Germany places +reliance on municipal markets, because of the peculiar pressure of the +problem of the high cost of living in the cities of the Fatherland. On +several occasions, during the last twelve months, the butchers' stalls +have been raided by women in protest against the ten per cent increase +in one year on the price of meat. And when, to meet the clamor, the +government reduced the hitherto prohibitive import duties on meat by +one-half and the inland railroad charges by one-third, it was on +condition that the meat brought in should be for delivery to municipal +markets or co-operative societies only. The result has been an +immediate fall in retail prices ranging up to fifty per cent. + +[Illustration: BERLIN'S TERMINAL MARKET + +An Outside View of One Section of the $7,250,000 Central Market that +Caters for the Needs of Consumers in the German Capital.] + + +BERLIN'S two million people since 1886 have had a splendid terminal +market on the Alexanderplatz, consisting of two great adjoining halls, +with direct access to the city railroad. One of these halls is entirely +wholesale, while the other is partly wholesale and partly retail. Meat, +fish, fruit and vegetables are dealt with under the same roof by +upwards of 2,000 producers and dealers. + +The whole market cost $7,250,000, of which $1,920,711 was for the main +market and $4,852,862 was for the slaughterhouses, which are most +elaborately equipped to ensure sanitation and cleanliness. Great as the +market is, the pressure of business has grown so much that a project is +on foot to construct more accommodation at a cost of $15,000,000. The +market is maintained by stand rentals and administrative charges and by +a fund established for the improvement and extension of the system. On +the entire enterprise, when all charges have been met and interest +paid, there is _a profit of over $135,000 a year_. + +A committee of eleven, partly city councillors and partly selected +representatives of the public, administer the markets with ninety-three +officials to ensure the carrying out of their orders. The regulations +are most elaborate, especially as regards the inspection of foods, +which is conducted by a department having a staff of six hundred. + +A healthy competition is created by the system of sales, which may be +conducted by the producer himself, or through an approved wholesale +dealer, or through one of the six municipal sales commissioners. These +municipal sales commissioners have to give bonds on appointment and are +not allowed to have any interest in the trade of the market beyond a +small percentage on sales. Producers living at a distance can have +their business carried through by them under conditions so well +understood and respected as to ensure confidence. Though the municipal +sales commissioners handle less than a quarter of the sales, they +nevertheless act as a check on the private dealers, especially as they +issue a regular report on the average wholesale prices. Moreover the +purchasers benefit by these market arrangements, for if they buy from a +regularly authorized dealer they can file a claim with the +administration if the supplies delivered are faulty and if their case +is proved the account will be rectified. + +About fifty railroad car loads can be handled at once at the market, +but when extended accommodation is provided it is intended to deal with +two hundred carloads simultaneously. On supplies thus delivered a +railroad tax is collected from the receivers for maintaining rail +connections, and this yields an annual profit of $11,000. + +[Illustration: INTERIOR OF THE BERLIN CENTRAL MARKET + +The Fish Section of the Great Municipal Market of the German Capital.] + +Of the stand holders, nine-tenths are monthly tenants, and the +remainder pay by the day. The highest charge is 9.5 cents per square +meter a day for meat stalls. The fish sold comes mainly from +Geestemunde, at the mouth of the Weser, and is sold under the strictest +conditions, only a small commission being allowed to be added by the +dealers. + +The slaughterhouses deal with 800 wagons daily and for the use of the +butchers and the market generally 2,000 square meters of distilled +water are produced every day, valued at four cents the square meter. +Eight thousand pipes conduct the water to every part of the market. To +ensure cleanliness, bathrooms and rooms for drying clothes are +established for the use of the butchers, who are charged two and a half +cents a bath. In inspecting the carcases the veterinaries take the most +minute precautions. From every animal four samples are taken, at +different parts of the body, and each of these samples is submitted to +tests for twenty minutes. + +In an average year 14,000 carcases are condemned and destroyed, as well +as 400,000 diseased parts. Whenever possible the inspectors cut away +diseased portions, and the remainder of the carcase, after being +sterilized, is sent to the markets known as the Freibank, for sale to +the very poor. This proportion is not so startling when it is +considered that something like two million animals are slaughtered +every year, of which more than half are pigs. Until recently Germany +used to export a large number of prime animals to the London market, +but the demands of home consumers now prevent this and the export trade +has practically ceased. In fact Germany, in common with the rest of +Europe, is now competing for the world's refrigerated supplies. + +Storm doors and windbreaks are provided at the entrances to the markets +and wagons are only allowed inside at certain hours and through +specified doorways. Thus there is an absence of dust, and a carefully +arranged series of windows ensure ample ventilation. All dealers have +to unpack their stock at least once every seven days, for the +destruction of unsound articles. All supplies of unripe fruit, +horseflesh and artificial butter have to carry labels disclosing their +real nature. Attached to the market is a hospital with skilled +attendance, for cases of sickness or injury happening on the market +premises. + +As in most other centers, the establishment of the market led to the +peddlers entering into outside competition. They bought their supplies +wholesale inside, and then offered them cheaply outside, free from +stand rentals and other charges. This menace to the prosperity of the +market grew so great that the peddlers' traffic in adjacent streets was +prohibited and strictly limited elsewhere. This measure, in fact, is +deemed essential in every city where municipal markets are conducted +successfully. + +[Illustration: GROUND PLAN OF THE MUNICH MARKET + +In front is seen the toll-house and receiving station, then the great +market hall and, in the upper part of the picture, the restaurant and +administration offices. The sidetracks on the right facilitate the +rapid distribution of produce sold at the market. Under the great +market hall are large refrigeration chambers connected directly with +the railroad.] + + +COLOGNE completed a million dollar market in 1904, with a cold storage +plant and connections with the state and narrow gauge railways. Nearly +half the space is taken up by wholesale dealers in fruit and +vegetables. + +The chief fault of the market is the remoteness from the center of the +town. At first it had a great success but, on this account, it has not +been entirely maintained. Encouraged by that initial prosperity, the +city authorities bought a nearer site, but the subsequent decrease in +the market's popularity has caused the postponement of extensions. +Though the market does not pay the five per cent on capital that is +required, the present administration, even with its drawbacks, does +succeed in making a profit of about three per cent on the capital +invested, last year's income amounting to $535,200. + + +HAMBURG is peculiarly situated as to its market conditions. The market +halls of Hamburg and Altona adjoin, but while the former is under the +control of the Hamburg senate, the latter is subject to the laws of the +Prussian government and administered by the Altona city authorities. +Each has a large hall, with a considerable portion of the space used +for auctions. The senate of Hamburg appoints two auctioneers and Altona +one; but, while the latter is a salaried official, the former are two +Hamburg auctioneers approved by the government for the special market +business, on undertaking not to trade on their own account. The trade +of the chief market is in fish. With the Altona market, the Hamburg +market and the Geestemunde market, the sales in this section of Germany +are the most important in the Fatherland for fresh sea fish, and salted +herrings. About a fourth comes in fishing cutters or steam trawlers +direct alongside the market halls, while the remaining three-fourths +come from Denmark by rail or by ships from England, Scotland and +Norway. Often there are three or four special fish trains from the +north in a day, while twenty-five to thirty steamers bring the regular +supply of imported fish. + +The auctioneers derive their revenue from a four per cent charge on +sales of the cargoes of German fishing vessels and five per cent on +imported supplies. Out of this they pay half of one per cent to the +government on the German and one per cent on the foreign sales. No fees +are charged to importers and dealers using the auction section of the +fish market. Out of the percentage paid to the government by the +auctioneers is provided light and water, the cleansing of the halls and +the carting away of refuse for destruction. Strict regulations govern +the inspection of the fish and to ensure the destruction of those that +have deteriorated they are sprinkled with petroleum immediately on +detection. + +[Illustration: MUNICH TERMINAL MARKET + +The World's Most Modern Distribution Center for Foodstuffs.] + +Steam fishing boats using the market quays pay 48 cents for 24 hours' +use, seagoing sailing cutters 24 cents, river sailing cutters 6 cents, +and small boats 3 cents, in which charges the use of electric and other +hoists is included. + +From these markets almost the whole of Germany receives its sea fish +supplies, for the distribution of which most of the leading dealers +have branch houses in the principal cities. + +There are also two markets--one in Hamburg and one in Altona--for the +sale of farm produce, mostly transported thither by boats. Besides +these, there is a big auction for imported fruit, conducted by private +firms. All these Hamburg markets are prosperous, and their utility to +the community is universally acknowledged. + + +FRANKFORT'S market system dates back to 1879, when the first hall was +erected at a cost of $375,000. It has 548 stands on the main floor +renting at $1.08 per two square meters a month, payable in advance, +while there is space for 347 more in the galleries at 84 cents per two +square meters a month. Nearby is a second hall, built in 1883 at a cost +of $143,750. A third hall followed in 1899 at a cost of $38,500, while +in 1911 further extensions were determined on and there are fresh +projects now under consideration. Besides these covered markets the +city has a paved and fenced square that has been used since 1907 as an +open market, where stands are rented at 5 cents a day. + +Sixty per cent of the stands in the market halls are rented by the +month and forty per cent by the day. Tuesdays and Fridays are reserved +for wholesale trading. A market commission rules the markets and the +police enforce their regulations, the violation of which is liable to +cost the offender $7.20 in fines or imprisonment up to eight days. + + +MUNICH, with a population of half a million, has the most modern of all +the European municipal markets. It was opened in February, 1912, and +embodies the improvements suggested by experience of market +administration in other cities. + +The total cost was $797,000, of which $510,000 was spent on four +communicating iron market halls, with their cellar accommodation +underneath, $190,000 on a receiving and toll department, $52,000 on a +group of adjacent buildings, including a post-office, restaurant and +beer-garden, and $45,000 on roadways. The whole establishment covers +46,500 square meters, of which the market halls occupy 37,100 square +meters. + +At the northern extremity of the buildings is the toll and receiving +department, where produce is delivered at special sidings connected +with the south railway station of the city. Next comes a succession of +lofty halls, with covered connections, terminating in a small retail +section and the administration offices. At the northern end of the +great market is a section where express delivery traffic is dealt with, +while the western side is occupied with sidings for loading produce +sold to buyers from other German centers. + +Below the toll house and the market generally are vast cold storage +cellars and refrigerating plants for the preservation of surplus +supplies till the demand in the market above calls for their delivery. +Each market hall is devoted to a separate section of produce, and the +cellars below are correspondingly distinct, so that there is an absence +of confusion, orderliness is ensured, and rapid deliveries facilitated. +Across this underground space from north to south run three roadways, +while down the center, from east to west, a further broad aisle is +provided, with an equipment of great hydraulic lifts. There are nine of +these lifts altogether for heavy consignments, while each stand-owner +in the market has, in addition, a small lift connecting his stand and +storage cellar. + +Both market halls and underground cellars are so constructed as to +facilitate ventilation and complete cleanliness. The floors are of +concrete and every stand is fitted with running water, with which all +the fittings have to be scoured every day. There is both roof and side +light, and ample ventilation, while the entrances are wind-screened, to +prevent dust. Electric light is used underground, and the cellars are +inspected as strictly as the upper halls, to ensure due attention to +hygiene. In the center of each market hall there are offices and +writing rooms for those using the markets. In the restaurant 150 can be +served with meals at one time, or they can be accommodated with seats +in the beer-garden. + +Associated with this market establishment is a great cattle market and +range of slaughterhouses on a neighboring site. The live cattle market +dates back for centuries, but the present accommodation was only +completed in May, 1904, at a total cost of $1,600,000. + +Last year 809,508 animals were sold, including 432,159 swine and +234,457 calves. In the slaughterhouses 713,228 of these were killed, +besides 2,619 horses and 97 dogs. About twenty-five per cent of the +animals reach the market by road from neighboring farms, while +seventy-five per cent come by rail. For the inspection of all flesh +foods there are very strict rules, enforced by the chief veterinary +surgeon, Dr. Mueller, and a staff of specially trained assistants. As in +Berlin, extensive bathrooms are provided for the slaughterhouse staff, +and baths are available at nominal charges. Though the new market halls +have not been established long enough to provide a definite financial +statement, the live-cattle market and slaughterhouses do afford an +indication of the success of municipal administration in Munich. Last +year the income was $416,500 and the expenditure $410,100, thus showing +a profit of $6,400. The new produce halls are certainly the best +equipped in the world, and the only element of doubt as to their +success arises from the fact that three old-fashioned open markets are +nearer the center of the city and for that reason are even now +preferred by many retailers. This fact emphasises the importance of +selecting a central position in establishing a municipal terminal +market. + + + + +France + + +PARIS has one of the most skilfully organized municipal market systems +in Europe. The chief food distribution center for the 3,000,000 +Parisians is established at the Halles Centrales, a series of ten +pavilions covering twenty-two acres of ground and intervening streets. +Altogether this great terminal market has cost the city more than +$10,000,000. + +Most of the pavilions are entirely for the wholesale trade, but some +are used as retail markets to a limited extent. Retail traders are +being decreased gradually, so that whereas in 1904 there were 1,164 +retail stands there are now only 856. + +The total receipts of the Halles Centrales and thirty local markets +amount to $2,100,000, of which _about $1,000,000 is profit_. There is a +general advance in the wholesale trade, but the local covered markets +or marches de quartier, are not progressing in the same way, so the +city does not quite maintain a steady level of market profit. + +[Illustration: THE HALLES CENTRALES, PARIS + +An Outside View, Showing How the Supplies Overflow into the Adjacent +Streets, Notwithstanding the Provision of Twenty-two Acres of Covered +Pavilions.] + +The reasons given for the falling off of the retail trade are various, +but the principal causes appear to be (1) the growth of big stores, +with local branches, that deliver the goods at the door, thus relieving +the purchaser of the necessity of taking home market supplies; (2) the +number of perambulating produce salesmen, who sell from carts in the +street at low rates, having neither store rent nor market tolls to pay, +and (3) the growth of co-operative societies. + +A complicated and severe code of regulations governs the markets. +Commission salesmen at the Halles Centrales must be French citizens of +unblemished record and must give a bond of not less than $1,000 in +proof of solvency. Producers may have their supplies sold either at +auction or by private treaty, as they prefer, and as none of the agents +are allowed to do business for themselves the distant growers have +confidence in the market methods. + +In the retail markets each dealer in fresh meat pays just under $6.00 a +week in all, while dealers in salted meats, fish, game and vegetables +pay a much lower rate. All, however, in the covered markets pay three +taxes--one for the right to occupy a stand, one for the cleaning and +arranging of the markets, and one for the maintenance of guardians and +officials. In the open markets the stands are rented by the day, week, +or year, the rate for the day ranging from ten to thirty cents, +according to space. Several of these local markets have charters dating +back to pre-revolution days, that cannot now be annulled. + +It would be difficult to devise a more thorough system of inspection. +An average year's seizures include half a million pounds of meat, +17,000 pounds of fruit and vegetables and half a million pounds of salt +water fish. + +Thus the Paris market arrangements provide an admirable central +clearing house, where supplies are inspected and sold under such +conditions as to prevent the artificial raising of prices. It also acts +as a feeder to the marches de quartier, to the great convenience of +local consumers. Moreover the producer is safeguarded, for on his +supplies a small fixed percentage only can be charged by the salesman, +and the current market prices are made public by agents especially +detailed for that purpose. + + +HAVRE, the well-known French seaport, with a population of 130,000, has +a profit of over six per cent on the Halles Centrales and ten per cent +on the fish market. All told there is _a profit of $27,000_ on the +twelve municipal markets. + +[Illustration: KEEN MORNING BUYERS + +In the Game Section of the Paris Halles Centrales.] + +The Halles Centrales occupy an entire square in the center of the city +and cost $75,000, exclusive of the site. Gardeners and farmers are not +permitted to sell their produce on the way to the market and are only +allowed to deliver to storekeepers after the wholesale markets are +closed. Here, as elsewhere where the markets are successful, every +precaution is taken to avoid the prosperity of the market being +dissipated by sales in the surrounding neighborhood. The annual rents +for butchers are very moderate, ranging from $57.90 to $154.40, +vegetable dealers $42.85 to $92.64; dairy produce dealers $52.11 to +$85.11, fishmongers $23.16 to $86.85. In the wholesale markets there is +an annual trade turnover worth well above $1,000,000, of which fish +represents $280,000. So far from the fishermen finding the fish market +detrimental to their interests, they welcome it and cheerfully observe +the rule forbidding sales on the quays or transit sheds except under +special permits. + + +LYONS, with a population of half a million, may be taken as the best +example of a flourishing French provincial city at a considerable +distance from the sea. The principal market, La Halle, is known all +over France for its public auctions. Accommodation is provided for 276 +stalls, rented at 14 cents a day per square meter for fruit, vegetables +and cheese, while other stalls for meat and fish are rented at 33 cents +per square meter. + +At the morning auctions, held at the rear of the hall, are sold immense +quantities of fish, oysters, lobsters, game, poultry, butter, cheese, +eggs, fruit and vegetables. There is a rule that all supplies must come +from outside Lyons, so that local store men cannot there dispose of +surplus stocks, but dealers in other French cities often thus relieve +themselves when overloaded. These auctions not only enable local +dealers to distribute supplies at cheap rates to the small stores all +over the city, but wide awake housewives can frequently tell just what +the stores gave wholesale for the produce offered to them retail later +in the day, so a check can be kept on overcharges. + +The auctioneers are given a monopoly of selling for ten years, on +binding themselves to pay to the city a sum equal to two per cent on +the total annual sales. The minimum is fixed at $1,930 for one stand or +$5,650 for four stands, to be paid to the municipal treasury. Two per +cent is added to the purchase price of every payment made by buyers at +auction, and if this does not amount to $1,930 per stand for the year, +the auctioneer has to make up the difference. The poorer classes +benefit largely by these sales, banding together to buy wholesale and +then dividing their purchases. + +[Illustration: A DRASTIC INSPECTION + +Of Refrigerated Chinese Pork at the Port of Liverpool.] + +There are also seventeen markets for general retail trade in Lyons. The +Terminal Market of La Halle cost the city $886,980. The company which +built it was given a concession for fifty years, on a division of +profits arrangement, but within sixteen months the utility of the +market as an advantageous enterprise for the city was so clearly +demonstrated that the municipality bought the company out. + + + + +Austria-Hungary + + +VIENNA, with 1,700,000 people to supply, has a magnificently managed +system of forty-five markets, seven of which are located in large, +well-ventilated halls, all kept spotlessly clean. + +Market commissioners appointed by the municipality conduct the business +of the markets according to strict regulations, enforcing a rigid +inspection of all products as well as weights and measures. Violations +of these rules are punishable by fines of about $2.00, imprisonment for +24 hours or exclusion from the markets. Such penalties are enforced +when buyers are defrauded, dealers oppose the market authority, or +exceed the charges that are posted in the market. + +Not merely land and water produce, but general farm and household +requisites, are sold at these markets. Outside buying is strictly +controlled, owners of boats on the Danube or wagons on the public +streets paying toll to the municipality on any sales. + +_Over $60,000 profit_ is the average annual yield of the markets to the +city treasury, and it is generally agreed that the market system tends +to keep down the price of foodstuffs to normal levels. + + +BUDA-PESTH has 715,000 people and a very complete market system, under +which, though only nominal rentals are charged, there is _a profit of +over $100,000_. + +There is one large wholesale terminal market, while six local markets +cater for the retail requirements of all quarters of the city. All +salesmen are carefully selected; criminals and diseased persons being +rigidly excluded. Though a wide variety of articles are sold in the +smaller markets besides farm produce, storekeepers are not allowed to +rent stalls, so the market men and farmers alone have the use of the +buildings. The regulations under which they trade were drawn up by a +market commission and confirmed by ministerial decrees. These +regulations are regarded in Europe as a model of comprehensiveness and +their observance ensures close attention to hygiene. Among the rules is +one insisting on the placing of all waste paper in the public refuse +receptacles, while another compels the use of new, clean paper only in +wrapping up food products. + +Stalls are rented from four to ten cents a day, according to the +accommodation. Supplies come by boat, rail and wagon, and when there is +pressure on the interior market space sales are allowed from the boats +and wagons at a toll of ten cents a day. Otherwise only merchandise is +allowed to be sold outside the market halls. Not only must no fish, +game, meat or poultry be sold without first being passed by the +veterinary inspectors, but none of these articles of diet must be +brought to market packed in straw, cloth or paper. Unripe fruit must +not be sold to children. + +Every day a bulletin issued by the market commission sets out the +wholesale prices, while a weekly list gives the retail prices, but in +the latter case the note is added that the market commission will not +be responsible for any controversy that may arise. All the stocks held +by the market traders are insured by the municipality, though not to +their full value. + +Not only have these markets proved beneficial to the consumers +generally, but the market men are unanimous as to their advantage, for +they afford a ready and inexpensive means of doing a large business. + + + + +Holland + + +AMSTERDAM, with a population of 510,000, has all the local markets +under the control of the municipality. They are divided into five +districts, each managed by a director or market master, responsible to +the city council. + +Two of the markets are covered, but the remainder are open and are +situated by the side of the canals, along which the produce is brought +in boats from the farms around. On the administration of the markets in +an average year there is _a profit of $36,000_, but there is a law +against making a profit on municipal enterprises, so the surplus is +spent on local improvements. + + +ROTTERDAM, another great Dutch seaport, operates its markets under +similar conditions and makes _a profit of $34,000_, of which $23,000 +comes from the cattle and meat markets. + + + + +Belgium + + +BRUSSELS, possessing a population of half a million, reaps considerable +advantage from its picturesque municipal markets, four of which are +covered, while several are in the open air. + +The renting of space to standholders at the central market is according +to the highest bidder, provided the price is not below $11.58 per month +for meat, $9.65 for poultry and game, $5.79 for fruit, vegetables, +butter and cheese. + +Both producers and dealers sell at these markets, all their supplies +being subjected to drastic inspection regulations. All meats are tested +by the municipal veterinary surgeon and his staff, while a communal +chemist regulates the milk, butter and general dairy produce. The +cleansing of the markets is done by the department of public +cleanliness. Some of the public markets are managed by a contractor, +who receives $250.90 a year for setting up the stalls and keeping them +in good order. He deposits a security on undertaking his contract and +in default of a satisfactory performance of his work the commune does +it and charges him with it. + + + + +Comments + + +It has been testified that New York's annual food supply costs, at the +railroad and steamer terminals, $350,000,000. But the consumers pay +$500,000,000 for it. The balance of $150,000,000 does not necessarily +indicate that any particular section of middle-men have been exacting +excessive profits. It merely demonstrates that too many people handle +the produce between the farm and the fireside. The provision of an +adequate Terminal Market system for New York would apply the remedy. + +New York stands alone, for a city of its importance, in having to face +an annual deficit on its markets. The results elsewhere prove that the +deficit could be turned into a profit by the creation of a Terminal +Market system, equipped and administered on twentieth century lines. + +America is exporting less foodstuffs than formerly. The annual value +has fallen $126,000,000 in eleven years. The growth of the +manufacturing population and the relative decrease of the agricultural +population, together with the gradual impoverishment of much of our +farm land, will soon make conditions worse unless we organize our food +distribution. + +The first step for New York is the establishment of a Terminal Market +system. It is estimated that New York's population will continue to +grow at the rate of fully 100,000 a year, so this problem admits of no +further procrastination. + +In natural resources America is the richest country in the world. Other +nations have to import vast quantities of produce because of the +restricted area of their territory, the comparative unfruitfulness of +their soil, or their adverse climatic conditions. We have a wide land +of boundless fertility, never wholly in the grip of winter's cold. Yet +we no more escape the high cost of living than these less favored +peoples overseas. They have partially compensated for their +disadvantages by organizing their markets, while we have neglected that +important branch of civic enterprise. + +Everywhere in Europe, the provision of adequate terminal markets under +municipal control is pointed to as a powerful aid in keeping food +prices down. There is a lesson in that for New York and other American +cities. + +There is a lesson also for growers in up-state districts, for +experience shows that with adequate markets, supplying produce at lower +rates, there comes a demand for more farm and garden stuff and a +greater variety of it. This directly aids in developing rural +prosperity and enhances the value of agricultural land. + +I believe a marked improvement will be shown if a bureau is maintained +to inform farmers as to the demands of the market and the best method +of packing, preparing and despatching their produce so as to reach the +market in prime condition. Not only will that aid the market, but it +will have a powerful influence in arresting "the drift from the land" +to the cities. + +The municipality should select central positions for its markets, with +rail and river access. It should have effective control not only over +the markets but the adjacent streets, wharves, and railroad sidings, so +as to obviate evasion of the market tolls. The rentals should not be +high, and no sub-letting should be allowed under any circumstances. + +Under such conditions, with wise administration, New York's Terminal +Market system could be made a model that would be studied by other +cities in an age when economic questions absorb the attention of all +our public-spirited men and women. + +In the interests of the people's health and happiness, no less than in +consideration of the municipal finances, all should rally to the +support of those who are seeking to secure the consummation of this +urgent reform at the earliest possible moment consistent with a full +consideration of all its aspects. + + +The Willett Press, New York + + + + + * * * * * + + + + +Transcriber's Notes + + +Moved illustrations to paragraph breaks. + +Removed period from "per cent" for consistency. + +Removed hyphen from "to-day" for consistency. + + + + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's A Terminal Market System, by Mrs. Elmer Black + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A TERMINAL MARKET SYSTEM *** + +***** This file should be named 28575.txt or 28575.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/8/5/7/28575/ + +Produced by Diane Monico and The Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/28575.zip b/28575.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..3dc057e --- /dev/null +++ b/28575.zip diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..97a00cc --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #28575 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/28575) |
