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diff --git a/28575.txt b/28575.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5013439 --- /dev/null +++ b/28575.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1396 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Terminal Market System, by Mrs. Elmer Black + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: A Terminal Market System + New York's Most Urgent Need; Some Observations, Comments, + and Comparisons of European Markets + +Author: Mrs. Elmer Black + +Release Date: April 22, 2009 [EBook #28575] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A TERMINAL MARKET SYSTEM *** + + + + +Produced by Diane Monico and The Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + + + + + + + + +Copyright, 1912, by Mrs. Elmer Black + + + + +A Terminal Market +System + +New York's +Most Urgent Need + +Some Observations, Comments +and Comparisons +of European Markets + +[Illustration] + +_By_ +Mrs. ELMER BLACK + +Member of the Advisory Board of the New York +Terminal Market Commission + + + + +Contents + + + Page + +Foreword 3 +The Markets of the United States 5 +The Markets of the British Isles 5 +The Markets of the German Empire 13 +The Markets of France 23 +The Markets of Austria-Hungary 29 +The Markets of Holland 30 +The Markets of Belgium 30 +Comments 31 + + + + +Illustrations + + +Covent Garden Market 6 +Smithfield in the Olden Days 8 +Delivering Meat at Smithfield Today 8 +Inside Smithfield Market 10 +Billingsgate Fish Market, London 12 +Berlin's Terminal Market 14 +Interior of the Berlin Central Market 16 +Ground Plan of the Munich Market 18 +Munich's Modern Terminal Market 20 +The Paris Halles, exterior view 24 +The Paris Halles; Keen Morning Buyers 26 +A Drastic Inspection 28 + + + + +Foreword + + +In the belief that the establishment of a first-class _Terminal Market_ +system, worthy of twentieth century requirements, is a matter of vital +importance to every family in New York, I have spent considerable time +during the past few months investigating markets on both sides of the +Atlantic. + +As a result I am more than ever conscious of the need for an +enlightened public opinion to support the efforts of the Terminal +Market Commission to secure this benefit for our community. I am +convinced that our fellow-citizens will approve the requisite +expenditure once they are roused to a realization of the inadequacy of +our food-distributing centers. + +In the hope that my investigations may aid in the accomplishment of +this reform, I have prepared these observations, comments and +comparisons. + +It is true that the problem of the high cost of living is afflicting +the old lands of Europe, the newer countries like New Zealand, as well +as our own wide territories of the United States. The causes vary, +according to local conditions; but everywhere it is agreed that a +potent force for the amelioration of the condition of the consumers is +found in the establishment of efficient Terminal Markets under +municipal control for all progressive cities. With wise administration, +stringent inspection and sound safeguards, these municipal markets +benefit both producers and consumers. They eliminate considerable +intermediate expense, delay and confusion. Last but not least they +return a profit to the city treasury. + +It is because our New York markets achieve none of these beneficent +results that I issue this plea for the establishment of an adequate +_Terminal Market_ system. I appeal to all who have the welfare of their +city at heart to add the force of their opinion to the accomplishment +of this civic improvement. + +[Illustration: Madeleine Black (signature) + (MRS. ELMER BLACK)] + + + + +United States + + +NEW YORK, with over 5,000,000 inhabitants, has no effective market +system. The buildings are out of repair, there is little or no +organization, and the superintendent has testified before the New York +Food Investigation Commission (March 12, 1912) that on their +administration last year there was _a loss to the city treasury of +$80,000_. To that must be added due consideration of the inconvenience +to the consumers, producers and dealers, and the extra cost of handling +entailed by the lack of modern market methods. The city has almost +quadrupled its population in a generation, but the markets remain about +as they were. Many other cities in the United States not only testify +to the value of municipal markets as a means for lowering prices to the +consumer, but so guard their interests as to provide a very different +balance sheet. + +Boston has a profit on its markets of $60,000, Baltimore $50,000, New +Orleans $79,000, Buffalo $44,000, Cleveland (Ohio) $27,507, Washington +(D. C.) $7,000, Nashville (Tenn.) $8,200, Indianapolis $17,220, +Rochester (N. Y.) $4,721, and St. Paul (Minn.) $4,085. + +If the following facts concerning municipal markets are studied, also, +it will be seen that no city in any way comparable to New York fails to +make the municipal markets yield advantages both to the community and +the city treasury. + + + + +The British Isles + + +LONDON naturally serves as a starting point for a tour of European +investigation. The British capital has, indeed, features that render it +comparable in a peculiar degree with New York. The population of both, +including their outer ring of suburbs, is over five millions. In each +case there is access to the open sea by means of a noble waterway over +which passes the commerce of the seven seas. Railroads supplement the +water-borne cargoes with home-grown produce, fresh from the farms for +the use of urban kitchens. + +London's markets do not afford the unbroken example of municipal +control that they would if a new system were to be created at the +present day. Precedent looms large in British administration and even +now there are only two ways of establishing a market--by Parliamentary +authority and Royal Charter. King Henry III covenanted by charter with +the City of London not to grant permission to anyone else to set up a +market within a radius of seven miles of the Guildhall, and this +privilege was subsequently confirmed by a charter granted by Edward III +in 1326. But of late years the City Corporation has waived its rights +and allowed markets to be established in various districts wherever a +real necessity has been shown to exist. In fact the markets of London +have grown with the city, keeping pace with its requirements. + +[Illustration: COVENT GARDEN MARKET + +The Morning Rush of Farm and Garden Produce for London Consumers.] + +There remains, however, the fact that certain Corporation markets and +Covent Garden market serve as great wholesale terminals, connected more +or less unofficially with the numerous local markets in the outlying +districts. + +Chief among the Corporation markets is Smithfield, covering about eight +acres, and costing altogether $1,940,000. There are to be found +wholesale meat, poultry and provision markets, with sections for the +sale, wholesale and retail, of vegetables and fish. In the last twenty +years the development of cold storage processes has lowered the +quantity of home-killed meat and remarkably increased the importation +of refrigerated supplies. Last year the wholesale market disposed of +433,723 tons of meat, of which 77.2 per cent came from overseas. + +Ten years ago the United States supplied 41 per cent of the Smithfield +meat, but now these supplies have fallen off enormously and the last +report of the Markets Committee says: "The United States, in particular +for domestic needs, is within measurable distance of becoming a +competitor with England for the output of South America." South America +and Australasia are, indeed, the chief producers today for the British +market. + +This has developed a great cold storage business in London. All told +London can accommodate 3,032,000 carcases of mutton, reckoning each +carcase at 36 pounds. Over 41 per cent of England's imported meat +passes through Smithfield, and railroad access is arranged to the heart +of the market. The Great Northern Railway Company has a lease from the +corporation on 100,000 feet of basement works under the meat market, +with hydraulic lifts to the level of the market hall, and inclined +roadways for vehicular traffic. + +Most of the tenants at Smithfield are commission salesmen, who pay +weekly rents for their shops and stalls at space rates, all the +fittings being supplied. Last year these rents brought in $427,920. +There is a toll of a farthing on every 21 pounds of meat sold, which +together with cold storage, weighing and other charges amounted in the +same period to $241,635. The meat sales are entirely wholesale, except +on Saturday afternoons, when there is a retail "People's Market," where +thousands of the very poor buy cheap joints. + +[Illustration: SMITHFIELD IN THE OLDEN DAYS + +From an Old Print Dated 1810.] + +[Illustration: DELIVERING MEAT AT SMITHFIELD TODAY + +There is an inclined road by the tree in the center of the picture, +leading to the special railroad freight depot. Cars are also run +directly under the market and their cargoes are delivered by hydraulic +lifts to the stands above.] + +The inspection is very strict, every precaution is taken to ensure +cleanliness, and breaches of the regulations are punished by fines or +imprisonment. All condemned carcases are sent to a patent Podewill +destructor to be reduced by steam pressure and rolling to a powder, +which is disposed of as an agricultural fertilizer. + +On these central meat markets there is a _profit of about $100,000_. + +The Corporation also controls a great live cattle market at Islington, +covering seventy-five acres. Over $2,500,000 have been spent on this +market and the modern slaughterhouses attached thereto. These +slaughterhouses are not regarded as a remunerative concern, but are +provided because they afford hygienic methods, and private +slaughterhouses in London are decreasing rapidly. Last year 37,670 +cattle, 101,646 sheep, 11,722 calves and 34,981 swine were slaughtered +there, the charges being 36 cents a head for cattle, 4 cents for sheep, +8 cents for calves, and 12 cents for hogs. Mainly on account of the +extensions and improvements, this market is not being run at a profit +at present, but its public utility is held to justify the outlay. Nor +does the Deptford Cattle market, of thirty acres, maintained on the +banks of the Thames to deal with live cattle imported from abroad, pay +its way. But there has been a serious decline in imported stock in late +years, especially from America. At this market extreme precautions are +taken to prevent the entry of cattle disease that might spread +infection to British flocks and herds. All animals landed there must be +slaughtered within ten days and submitted to rigid inspection. All +hides and offal are immediately disinfected. Five hundred cattle can be +unloaded from vessels at Deptford in twenty minutes. Last year 104,351 +animals were killed, the meat being sent for sale to Smithfield and +Whitechapel. + +Billingsgate, the famous fish market of London, is also administered by +the Corporation. Its records cover over six hundred years. It is +hampered by narrow street approaches, but a very expeditious system of +direct delivery of fish from the Thames side of the market building +enables the licensed auctioneers to dispose of supplies very quickly. +Steam carriers collect the fish from the fleets around the coast and +deliver them packed in ice at Billingsgate every night. Billingsgate +market has cost the city $1,600,000. Stand prices are high, but there +is keen competition whenever a vacancy occurs. Last year the receipts +amounted to $182,455. The auctioneers dealt with 194,477 tons of fish, +of which 120,905 were water-borne and 73,572 land-borne. _The City +profited to the extent of over $40,000_ on this fish trade. + +[Illustration: INSIDE SMITHFIELD MARKET + +The City of London Corporation's $1,940,000 Terminal--one of the Aisles +with Wholesale Stands on each side.] + +On the wholesale and retail meat, fruit, vegetable and fish market at +Leadenhall there is also a profit of over $5,000. + +_On the entire municipal market enterprises of the city there is a +profit of $156,000._ The markets are regarded with especial interest by +the Corporation and the Committee which regulates them is considered +one of the most important in the whole administration of the city. In +order to keep abreast of the times most of the profit is expended on +improvements and extensions. + +Covent Garden, London's great fruit, flower and vegetable market, is +owned by the Duke of Bedford, whose family have held it for hundreds of +years. In the past century they have spent $730,000 on extensions and +improvements. Of the present modern buildings, the fruit hall cost +$170,000 and the flower building $243,000. Formerly the producers were +chiefly concerned in the market, holding their stands at a yearly +rental. But with the expansion of London the growers have gradually +given place to dealers and commission men, who pay twenty-five cents a +day per square foot of space, and on the produce, at a regular scale, +according to its nature. On flowers there is no toll, but each stand +holder pays a fixed rental. Though this market has direct access +neither to river nor railroad, it still retains its premier position +among the wholesale markets of England. As the approaches are extremely +narrow, most of the produce has to be carried on the heads of hundreds +of porters from the wagons outside into the market buildings. As it is +under private ownership, no figures are issued, but there is known to +be a huge profit on the market. For outer London there are fruit and +vegetable markets at Stratford, in the east, Kew in the west, the +Borough in the south and two railroad markets in the north. + + +BIRMINGHAM, England's chief midland city, has owned its markets since +1824, administering them through a markets and fairs committee. Since +1908 the profits have been somewhat reduced, owing to outlay on +improvements and extensions; but although the city has expended +$2,156,362 on the markets, the profits have paid off more than half of +that indebtedness, besides relieving taxation in other directions. + +Not far away is the small city of KIDDERMINSTER, that may be mentioned +as affording a demonstration of provincial municipal enterprise, under +more restricted conditions. On its vegetable market it makes a _profit +of $1,000_, and on its butter market _a profit of $1,500_. The +population of the city is only 25,000. Another midland city, +WOLVERHAMPTON, makes a _profit of nearly $20,000_. + +[Illustration: BILLINGSGATE FISH MARKET, LONDON + +The Thames Side of the Market, Showing the Steam Carriers Unloading +their Cargoes Direct into the Sale Room.] + + +LIVERPOOL, the great northern port on the Mersey, has spent $1,242,534 +on six municipal markets. The only market to lose money is the cattle +market, which shows a deficit of $8,000. Liverpool has a cold storage +capacity for 2,176,000 carcases. On the whole municipal market +enterprise, in this city of 700,000 people, there is an average annual +_profit of $80,000_. + + +MANCHESTER serves not only its own area but surrounding industrial +centers, with a total population of nearly 8,000,000. There are twelve +markets and four slaughterhouses. Since 1868 the city has benefited by +their administration to the extent of _$3,250,000 profit_. + +Next to that of London, the fish market here is the largest in England. +Its annual profit is well over $10,000, in addition to heavy extension +payments in late years. + + +DUBLIN, the capital of what is often called 'the distressful isle,' +makes _a profit of $14,000_ on the food market and _$12,000 more_ on +the cattle market, while EDINBURGH, Scotland's chief city, makes about +_$15,000 a year on municipal markets_. + +Statistics are available of something like 150 other British towns and +cities, ranging from a population of 5,000 upwards, where there is the +conviction born of experience that municipal markets pay not merely in +profits, but in convenience to the community, and they have a powerful +influence in keeping prices down. + + + + +Germany + + +Perhaps more than any other country in the world Germany places +reliance on municipal markets, because of the peculiar pressure of the +problem of the high cost of living in the cities of the Fatherland. On +several occasions, during the last twelve months, the butchers' stalls +have been raided by women in protest against the ten per cent increase +in one year on the price of meat. And when, to meet the clamor, the +government reduced the hitherto prohibitive import duties on meat by +one-half and the inland railroad charges by one-third, it was on +condition that the meat brought in should be for delivery to municipal +markets or co-operative societies only. The result has been an +immediate fall in retail prices ranging up to fifty per cent. + +[Illustration: BERLIN'S TERMINAL MARKET + +An Outside View of One Section of the $7,250,000 Central Market that +Caters for the Needs of Consumers in the German Capital.] + + +BERLIN'S two million people since 1886 have had a splendid terminal +market on the Alexanderplatz, consisting of two great adjoining halls, +with direct access to the city railroad. One of these halls is entirely +wholesale, while the other is partly wholesale and partly retail. Meat, +fish, fruit and vegetables are dealt with under the same roof by +upwards of 2,000 producers and dealers. + +The whole market cost $7,250,000, of which $1,920,711 was for the main +market and $4,852,862 was for the slaughterhouses, which are most +elaborately equipped to ensure sanitation and cleanliness. Great as the +market is, the pressure of business has grown so much that a project is +on foot to construct more accommodation at a cost of $15,000,000. The +market is maintained by stand rentals and administrative charges and by +a fund established for the improvement and extension of the system. On +the entire enterprise, when all charges have been met and interest +paid, there is _a profit of over $135,000 a year_. + +A committee of eleven, partly city councillors and partly selected +representatives of the public, administer the markets with ninety-three +officials to ensure the carrying out of their orders. The regulations +are most elaborate, especially as regards the inspection of foods, +which is conducted by a department having a staff of six hundred. + +A healthy competition is created by the system of sales, which may be +conducted by the producer himself, or through an approved wholesale +dealer, or through one of the six municipal sales commissioners. These +municipal sales commissioners have to give bonds on appointment and are +not allowed to have any interest in the trade of the market beyond a +small percentage on sales. Producers living at a distance can have +their business carried through by them under conditions so well +understood and respected as to ensure confidence. Though the municipal +sales commissioners handle less than a quarter of the sales, they +nevertheless act as a check on the private dealers, especially as they +issue a regular report on the average wholesale prices. Moreover the +purchasers benefit by these market arrangements, for if they buy from a +regularly authorized dealer they can file a claim with the +administration if the supplies delivered are faulty and if their case +is proved the account will be rectified. + +About fifty railroad car loads can be handled at once at the market, +but when extended accommodation is provided it is intended to deal with +two hundred carloads simultaneously. On supplies thus delivered a +railroad tax is collected from the receivers for maintaining rail +connections, and this yields an annual profit of $11,000. + +[Illustration: INTERIOR OF THE BERLIN CENTRAL MARKET + +The Fish Section of the Great Municipal Market of the German Capital.] + +Of the stand holders, nine-tenths are monthly tenants, and the +remainder pay by the day. The highest charge is 9.5 cents per square +meter a day for meat stalls. The fish sold comes mainly from +Geestemunde, at the mouth of the Weser, and is sold under the strictest +conditions, only a small commission being allowed to be added by the +dealers. + +The slaughterhouses deal with 800 wagons daily and for the use of the +butchers and the market generally 2,000 square meters of distilled +water are produced every day, valued at four cents the square meter. +Eight thousand pipes conduct the water to every part of the market. To +ensure cleanliness, bathrooms and rooms for drying clothes are +established for the use of the butchers, who are charged two and a half +cents a bath. In inspecting the carcases the veterinaries take the most +minute precautions. From every animal four samples are taken, at +different parts of the body, and each of these samples is submitted to +tests for twenty minutes. + +In an average year 14,000 carcases are condemned and destroyed, as well +as 400,000 diseased parts. Whenever possible the inspectors cut away +diseased portions, and the remainder of the carcase, after being +sterilized, is sent to the markets known as the Freibank, for sale to +the very poor. This proportion is not so startling when it is +considered that something like two million animals are slaughtered +every year, of which more than half are pigs. Until recently Germany +used to export a large number of prime animals to the London market, +but the demands of home consumers now prevent this and the export trade +has practically ceased. In fact Germany, in common with the rest of +Europe, is now competing for the world's refrigerated supplies. + +Storm doors and windbreaks are provided at the entrances to the markets +and wagons are only allowed inside at certain hours and through +specified doorways. Thus there is an absence of dust, and a carefully +arranged series of windows ensure ample ventilation. All dealers have +to unpack their stock at least once every seven days, for the +destruction of unsound articles. All supplies of unripe fruit, +horseflesh and artificial butter have to carry labels disclosing their +real nature. Attached to the market is a hospital with skilled +attendance, for cases of sickness or injury happening on the market +premises. + +As in most other centers, the establishment of the market led to the +peddlers entering into outside competition. They bought their supplies +wholesale inside, and then offered them cheaply outside, free from +stand rentals and other charges. This menace to the prosperity of the +market grew so great that the peddlers' traffic in adjacent streets was +prohibited and strictly limited elsewhere. This measure, in fact, is +deemed essential in every city where municipal markets are conducted +successfully. + +[Illustration: GROUND PLAN OF THE MUNICH MARKET + +In front is seen the toll-house and receiving station, then the great +market hall and, in the upper part of the picture, the restaurant and +administration offices. The sidetracks on the right facilitate the +rapid distribution of produce sold at the market. Under the great +market hall are large refrigeration chambers connected directly with +the railroad.] + + +COLOGNE completed a million dollar market in 1904, with a cold storage +plant and connections with the state and narrow gauge railways. Nearly +half the space is taken up by wholesale dealers in fruit and +vegetables. + +The chief fault of the market is the remoteness from the center of the +town. At first it had a great success but, on this account, it has not +been entirely maintained. Encouraged by that initial prosperity, the +city authorities bought a nearer site, but the subsequent decrease in +the market's popularity has caused the postponement of extensions. +Though the market does not pay the five per cent on capital that is +required, the present administration, even with its drawbacks, does +succeed in making a profit of about three per cent on the capital +invested, last year's income amounting to $535,200. + + +HAMBURG is peculiarly situated as to its market conditions. The market +halls of Hamburg and Altona adjoin, but while the former is under the +control of the Hamburg senate, the latter is subject to the laws of the +Prussian government and administered by the Altona city authorities. +Each has a large hall, with a considerable portion of the space used +for auctions. The senate of Hamburg appoints two auctioneers and Altona +one; but, while the latter is a salaried official, the former are two +Hamburg auctioneers approved by the government for the special market +business, on undertaking not to trade on their own account. The trade +of the chief market is in fish. With the Altona market, the Hamburg +market and the Geestemunde market, the sales in this section of Germany +are the most important in the Fatherland for fresh sea fish, and salted +herrings. About a fourth comes in fishing cutters or steam trawlers +direct alongside the market halls, while the remaining three-fourths +come from Denmark by rail or by ships from England, Scotland and +Norway. Often there are three or four special fish trains from the +north in a day, while twenty-five to thirty steamers bring the regular +supply of imported fish. + +The auctioneers derive their revenue from a four per cent charge on +sales of the cargoes of German fishing vessels and five per cent on +imported supplies. Out of this they pay half of one per cent to the +government on the German and one per cent on the foreign sales. No fees +are charged to importers and dealers using the auction section of the +fish market. Out of the percentage paid to the government by the +auctioneers is provided light and water, the cleansing of the halls and +the carting away of refuse for destruction. Strict regulations govern +the inspection of the fish and to ensure the destruction of those that +have deteriorated they are sprinkled with petroleum immediately on +detection. + +[Illustration: MUNICH TERMINAL MARKET + +The World's Most Modern Distribution Center for Foodstuffs.] + +Steam fishing boats using the market quays pay 48 cents for 24 hours' +use, seagoing sailing cutters 24 cents, river sailing cutters 6 cents, +and small boats 3 cents, in which charges the use of electric and other +hoists is included. + +From these markets almost the whole of Germany receives its sea fish +supplies, for the distribution of which most of the leading dealers +have branch houses in the principal cities. + +There are also two markets--one in Hamburg and one in Altona--for the +sale of farm produce, mostly transported thither by boats. Besides +these, there is a big auction for imported fruit, conducted by private +firms. All these Hamburg markets are prosperous, and their utility to +the community is universally acknowledged. + + +FRANKFORT'S market system dates back to 1879, when the first hall was +erected at a cost of $375,000. It has 548 stands on the main floor +renting at $1.08 per two square meters a month, payable in advance, +while there is space for 347 more in the galleries at 84 cents per two +square meters a month. Nearby is a second hall, built in 1883 at a cost +of $143,750. A third hall followed in 1899 at a cost of $38,500, while +in 1911 further extensions were determined on and there are fresh +projects now under consideration. Besides these covered markets the +city has a paved and fenced square that has been used since 1907 as an +open market, where stands are rented at 5 cents a day. + +Sixty per cent of the stands in the market halls are rented by the +month and forty per cent by the day. Tuesdays and Fridays are reserved +for wholesale trading. A market commission rules the markets and the +police enforce their regulations, the violation of which is liable to +cost the offender $7.20 in fines or imprisonment up to eight days. + + +MUNICH, with a population of half a million, has the most modern of all +the European municipal markets. It was opened in February, 1912, and +embodies the improvements suggested by experience of market +administration in other cities. + +The total cost was $797,000, of which $510,000 was spent on four +communicating iron market halls, with their cellar accommodation +underneath, $190,000 on a receiving and toll department, $52,000 on a +group of adjacent buildings, including a post-office, restaurant and +beer-garden, and $45,000 on roadways. The whole establishment covers +46,500 square meters, of which the market halls occupy 37,100 square +meters. + +At the northern extremity of the buildings is the toll and receiving +department, where produce is delivered at special sidings connected +with the south railway station of the city. Next comes a succession of +lofty halls, with covered connections, terminating in a small retail +section and the administration offices. At the northern end of the +great market is a section where express delivery traffic is dealt with, +while the western side is occupied with sidings for loading produce +sold to buyers from other German centers. + +Below the toll house and the market generally are vast cold storage +cellars and refrigerating plants for the preservation of surplus +supplies till the demand in the market above calls for their delivery. +Each market hall is devoted to a separate section of produce, and the +cellars below are correspondingly distinct, so that there is an absence +of confusion, orderliness is ensured, and rapid deliveries facilitated. +Across this underground space from north to south run three roadways, +while down the center, from east to west, a further broad aisle is +provided, with an equipment of great hydraulic lifts. There are nine of +these lifts altogether for heavy consignments, while each stand-owner +in the market has, in addition, a small lift connecting his stand and +storage cellar. + +Both market halls and underground cellars are so constructed as to +facilitate ventilation and complete cleanliness. The floors are of +concrete and every stand is fitted with running water, with which all +the fittings have to be scoured every day. There is both roof and side +light, and ample ventilation, while the entrances are wind-screened, to +prevent dust. Electric light is used underground, and the cellars are +inspected as strictly as the upper halls, to ensure due attention to +hygiene. In the center of each market hall there are offices and +writing rooms for those using the markets. In the restaurant 150 can be +served with meals at one time, or they can be accommodated with seats +in the beer-garden. + +Associated with this market establishment is a great cattle market and +range of slaughterhouses on a neighboring site. The live cattle market +dates back for centuries, but the present accommodation was only +completed in May, 1904, at a total cost of $1,600,000. + +Last year 809,508 animals were sold, including 432,159 swine and +234,457 calves. In the slaughterhouses 713,228 of these were killed, +besides 2,619 horses and 97 dogs. About twenty-five per cent of the +animals reach the market by road from neighboring farms, while +seventy-five per cent come by rail. For the inspection of all flesh +foods there are very strict rules, enforced by the chief veterinary +surgeon, Dr. Mueller, and a staff of specially trained assistants. As in +Berlin, extensive bathrooms are provided for the slaughterhouse staff, +and baths are available at nominal charges. Though the new market halls +have not been established long enough to provide a definite financial +statement, the live-cattle market and slaughterhouses do afford an +indication of the success of municipal administration in Munich. Last +year the income was $416,500 and the expenditure $410,100, thus showing +a profit of $6,400. The new produce halls are certainly the best +equipped in the world, and the only element of doubt as to their +success arises from the fact that three old-fashioned open markets are +nearer the center of the city and for that reason are even now +preferred by many retailers. This fact emphasises the importance of +selecting a central position in establishing a municipal terminal +market. + + + + +France + + +PARIS has one of the most skilfully organized municipal market systems +in Europe. The chief food distribution center for the 3,000,000 +Parisians is established at the Halles Centrales, a series of ten +pavilions covering twenty-two acres of ground and intervening streets. +Altogether this great terminal market has cost the city more than +$10,000,000. + +Most of the pavilions are entirely for the wholesale trade, but some +are used as retail markets to a limited extent. Retail traders are +being decreased gradually, so that whereas in 1904 there were 1,164 +retail stands there are now only 856. + +The total receipts of the Halles Centrales and thirty local markets +amount to $2,100,000, of which _about $1,000,000 is profit_. There is a +general advance in the wholesale trade, but the local covered markets +or marches de quartier, are not progressing in the same way, so the +city does not quite maintain a steady level of market profit. + +[Illustration: THE HALLES CENTRALES, PARIS + +An Outside View, Showing How the Supplies Overflow into the Adjacent +Streets, Notwithstanding the Provision of Twenty-two Acres of Covered +Pavilions.] + +The reasons given for the falling off of the retail trade are various, +but the principal causes appear to be (1) the growth of big stores, +with local branches, that deliver the goods at the door, thus relieving +the purchaser of the necessity of taking home market supplies; (2) the +number of perambulating produce salesmen, who sell from carts in the +street at low rates, having neither store rent nor market tolls to pay, +and (3) the growth of co-operative societies. + +A complicated and severe code of regulations governs the markets. +Commission salesmen at the Halles Centrales must be French citizens of +unblemished record and must give a bond of not less than $1,000 in +proof of solvency. Producers may have their supplies sold either at +auction or by private treaty, as they prefer, and as none of the agents +are allowed to do business for themselves the distant growers have +confidence in the market methods. + +In the retail markets each dealer in fresh meat pays just under $6.00 a +week in all, while dealers in salted meats, fish, game and vegetables +pay a much lower rate. All, however, in the covered markets pay three +taxes--one for the right to occupy a stand, one for the cleaning and +arranging of the markets, and one for the maintenance of guardians and +officials. In the open markets the stands are rented by the day, week, +or year, the rate for the day ranging from ten to thirty cents, +according to space. Several of these local markets have charters dating +back to pre-revolution days, that cannot now be annulled. + +It would be difficult to devise a more thorough system of inspection. +An average year's seizures include half a million pounds of meat, +17,000 pounds of fruit and vegetables and half a million pounds of salt +water fish. + +Thus the Paris market arrangements provide an admirable central +clearing house, where supplies are inspected and sold under such +conditions as to prevent the artificial raising of prices. It also acts +as a feeder to the marches de quartier, to the great convenience of +local consumers. Moreover the producer is safeguarded, for on his +supplies a small fixed percentage only can be charged by the salesman, +and the current market prices are made public by agents especially +detailed for that purpose. + + +HAVRE, the well-known French seaport, with a population of 130,000, has +a profit of over six per cent on the Halles Centrales and ten per cent +on the fish market. All told there is _a profit of $27,000_ on the +twelve municipal markets. + +[Illustration: KEEN MORNING BUYERS + +In the Game Section of the Paris Halles Centrales.] + +The Halles Centrales occupy an entire square in the center of the city +and cost $75,000, exclusive of the site. Gardeners and farmers are not +permitted to sell their produce on the way to the market and are only +allowed to deliver to storekeepers after the wholesale markets are +closed. Here, as elsewhere where the markets are successful, every +precaution is taken to avoid the prosperity of the market being +dissipated by sales in the surrounding neighborhood. The annual rents +for butchers are very moderate, ranging from $57.90 to $154.40, +vegetable dealers $42.85 to $92.64; dairy produce dealers $52.11 to +$85.11, fishmongers $23.16 to $86.85. In the wholesale markets there is +an annual trade turnover worth well above $1,000,000, of which fish +represents $280,000. So far from the fishermen finding the fish market +detrimental to their interests, they welcome it and cheerfully observe +the rule forbidding sales on the quays or transit sheds except under +special permits. + + +LYONS, with a population of half a million, may be taken as the best +example of a flourishing French provincial city at a considerable +distance from the sea. The principal market, La Halle, is known all +over France for its public auctions. Accommodation is provided for 276 +stalls, rented at 14 cents a day per square meter for fruit, vegetables +and cheese, while other stalls for meat and fish are rented at 33 cents +per square meter. + +At the morning auctions, held at the rear of the hall, are sold immense +quantities of fish, oysters, lobsters, game, poultry, butter, cheese, +eggs, fruit and vegetables. There is a rule that all supplies must come +from outside Lyons, so that local store men cannot there dispose of +surplus stocks, but dealers in other French cities often thus relieve +themselves when overloaded. These auctions not only enable local +dealers to distribute supplies at cheap rates to the small stores all +over the city, but wide awake housewives can frequently tell just what +the stores gave wholesale for the produce offered to them retail later +in the day, so a check can be kept on overcharges. + +The auctioneers are given a monopoly of selling for ten years, on +binding themselves to pay to the city a sum equal to two per cent on +the total annual sales. The minimum is fixed at $1,930 for one stand or +$5,650 for four stands, to be paid to the municipal treasury. Two per +cent is added to the purchase price of every payment made by buyers at +auction, and if this does not amount to $1,930 per stand for the year, +the auctioneer has to make up the difference. The poorer classes +benefit largely by these sales, banding together to buy wholesale and +then dividing their purchases. + +[Illustration: A DRASTIC INSPECTION + +Of Refrigerated Chinese Pork at the Port of Liverpool.] + +There are also seventeen markets for general retail trade in Lyons. The +Terminal Market of La Halle cost the city $886,980. The company which +built it was given a concession for fifty years, on a division of +profits arrangement, but within sixteen months the utility of the +market as an advantageous enterprise for the city was so clearly +demonstrated that the municipality bought the company out. + + + + +Austria-Hungary + + +VIENNA, with 1,700,000 people to supply, has a magnificently managed +system of forty-five markets, seven of which are located in large, +well-ventilated halls, all kept spotlessly clean. + +Market commissioners appointed by the municipality conduct the business +of the markets according to strict regulations, enforcing a rigid +inspection of all products as well as weights and measures. Violations +of these rules are punishable by fines of about $2.00, imprisonment for +24 hours or exclusion from the markets. Such penalties are enforced +when buyers are defrauded, dealers oppose the market authority, or +exceed the charges that are posted in the market. + +Not merely land and water produce, but general farm and household +requisites, are sold at these markets. Outside buying is strictly +controlled, owners of boats on the Danube or wagons on the public +streets paying toll to the municipality on any sales. + +_Over $60,000 profit_ is the average annual yield of the markets to the +city treasury, and it is generally agreed that the market system tends +to keep down the price of foodstuffs to normal levels. + + +BUDA-PESTH has 715,000 people and a very complete market system, under +which, though only nominal rentals are charged, there is _a profit of +over $100,000_. + +There is one large wholesale terminal market, while six local markets +cater for the retail requirements of all quarters of the city. All +salesmen are carefully selected; criminals and diseased persons being +rigidly excluded. Though a wide variety of articles are sold in the +smaller markets besides farm produce, storekeepers are not allowed to +rent stalls, so the market men and farmers alone have the use of the +buildings. The regulations under which they trade were drawn up by a +market commission and confirmed by ministerial decrees. These +regulations are regarded in Europe as a model of comprehensiveness and +their observance ensures close attention to hygiene. Among the rules is +one insisting on the placing of all waste paper in the public refuse +receptacles, while another compels the use of new, clean paper only in +wrapping up food products. + +Stalls are rented from four to ten cents a day, according to the +accommodation. Supplies come by boat, rail and wagon, and when there is +pressure on the interior market space sales are allowed from the boats +and wagons at a toll of ten cents a day. Otherwise only merchandise is +allowed to be sold outside the market halls. Not only must no fish, +game, meat or poultry be sold without first being passed by the +veterinary inspectors, but none of these articles of diet must be +brought to market packed in straw, cloth or paper. Unripe fruit must +not be sold to children. + +Every day a bulletin issued by the market commission sets out the +wholesale prices, while a weekly list gives the retail prices, but in +the latter case the note is added that the market commission will not +be responsible for any controversy that may arise. All the stocks held +by the market traders are insured by the municipality, though not to +their full value. + +Not only have these markets proved beneficial to the consumers +generally, but the market men are unanimous as to their advantage, for +they afford a ready and inexpensive means of doing a large business. + + + + +Holland + + +AMSTERDAM, with a population of 510,000, has all the local markets +under the control of the municipality. They are divided into five +districts, each managed by a director or market master, responsible to +the city council. + +Two of the markets are covered, but the remainder are open and are +situated by the side of the canals, along which the produce is brought +in boats from the farms around. On the administration of the markets in +an average year there is _a profit of $36,000_, but there is a law +against making a profit on municipal enterprises, so the surplus is +spent on local improvements. + + +ROTTERDAM, another great Dutch seaport, operates its markets under +similar conditions and makes _a profit of $34,000_, of which $23,000 +comes from the cattle and meat markets. + + + + +Belgium + + +BRUSSELS, possessing a population of half a million, reaps considerable +advantage from its picturesque municipal markets, four of which are +covered, while several are in the open air. + +The renting of space to standholders at the central market is according +to the highest bidder, provided the price is not below $11.58 per month +for meat, $9.65 for poultry and game, $5.79 for fruit, vegetables, +butter and cheese. + +Both producers and dealers sell at these markets, all their supplies +being subjected to drastic inspection regulations. All meats are tested +by the municipal veterinary surgeon and his staff, while a communal +chemist regulates the milk, butter and general dairy produce. The +cleansing of the markets is done by the department of public +cleanliness. Some of the public markets are managed by a contractor, +who receives $250.90 a year for setting up the stalls and keeping them +in good order. He deposits a security on undertaking his contract and +in default of a satisfactory performance of his work the commune does +it and charges him with it. + + + + +Comments + + +It has been testified that New York's annual food supply costs, at the +railroad and steamer terminals, $350,000,000. But the consumers pay +$500,000,000 for it. The balance of $150,000,000 does not necessarily +indicate that any particular section of middle-men have been exacting +excessive profits. It merely demonstrates that too many people handle +the produce between the farm and the fireside. The provision of an +adequate Terminal Market system for New York would apply the remedy. + +New York stands alone, for a city of its importance, in having to face +an annual deficit on its markets. The results elsewhere prove that the +deficit could be turned into a profit by the creation of a Terminal +Market system, equipped and administered on twentieth century lines. + +America is exporting less foodstuffs than formerly. The annual value +has fallen $126,000,000 in eleven years. The growth of the +manufacturing population and the relative decrease of the agricultural +population, together with the gradual impoverishment of much of our +farm land, will soon make conditions worse unless we organize our food +distribution. + +The first step for New York is the establishment of a Terminal Market +system. It is estimated that New York's population will continue to +grow at the rate of fully 100,000 a year, so this problem admits of no +further procrastination. + +In natural resources America is the richest country in the world. Other +nations have to import vast quantities of produce because of the +restricted area of their territory, the comparative unfruitfulness of +their soil, or their adverse climatic conditions. We have a wide land +of boundless fertility, never wholly in the grip of winter's cold. Yet +we no more escape the high cost of living than these less favored +peoples overseas. They have partially compensated for their +disadvantages by organizing their markets, while we have neglected that +important branch of civic enterprise. + +Everywhere in Europe, the provision of adequate terminal markets under +municipal control is pointed to as a powerful aid in keeping food +prices down. There is a lesson in that for New York and other American +cities. + +There is a lesson also for growers in up-state districts, for +experience shows that with adequate markets, supplying produce at lower +rates, there comes a demand for more farm and garden stuff and a +greater variety of it. This directly aids in developing rural +prosperity and enhances the value of agricultural land. + +I believe a marked improvement will be shown if a bureau is maintained +to inform farmers as to the demands of the market and the best method +of packing, preparing and despatching their produce so as to reach the +market in prime condition. Not only will that aid the market, but it +will have a powerful influence in arresting "the drift from the land" +to the cities. + +The municipality should select central positions for its markets, with +rail and river access. It should have effective control not only over +the markets but the adjacent streets, wharves, and railroad sidings, so +as to obviate evasion of the market tolls. The rentals should not be +high, and no sub-letting should be allowed under any circumstances. + +Under such conditions, with wise administration, New York's Terminal +Market system could be made a model that would be studied by other +cities in an age when economic questions absorb the attention of all +our public-spirited men and women. + +In the interests of the people's health and happiness, no less than in +consideration of the municipal finances, all should rally to the +support of those who are seeking to secure the consummation of this +urgent reform at the earliest possible moment consistent with a full +consideration of all its aspects. + + +The Willett Press, New York + + + + + * * * * * + + + + +Transcriber's Notes + + +Moved illustrations to paragraph breaks. + +Removed period from "per cent" for consistency. + +Removed hyphen from "to-day" for consistency. + + + + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's A Terminal Market System, by Mrs. Elmer Black + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A TERMINAL MARKET SYSTEM *** + +***** This file should be named 28575.txt or 28575.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/8/5/7/28575/ + +Produced by Diane Monico and The Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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