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+} + +a.hidden:hover, a.noteref:hover +{ +color: red; +} + +p.dropcap:first-letter +{ +color: #001FA4; +font-weight: bold; +} + +sub, sup +{ +line-height: 0; +} + + + + + +/* Standard Aural CSS stylesheet */ + + + +.pagenum, .linenum +{ +speak: none; +} + + +</style></head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Negrito and Allied Types in the +Philippines and The Ilongot or Ibilao of Luzon, by David P. Barrows + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Negrito and Allied Types in the Philippines and The Ilongot or Ibilao of Luzon + +Author: David P. Barrows + +Release Date: April 20, 2009 [EBook #28577] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEGRITO AND ALLIED TYPES *** + + + + +Produced by the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net/ + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<div class="body"><span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd0e79" href="#xd0e79">358</a>]</span><div id="xd0e80" class="div1"><span class="pagenum"> +[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>] +</span><h2 class="normal">The Negrito and Allied Types in the Philippines</h2> +<p class="byline
 ">By David P. Barrows</p> +<p>[Reprinted from the <span class="smallcaps">American Anthropologist</span>, Vol. 12, No. 3, July–Sept., 1910.] + + +</p> +<p>Nine years of residence and travel in the Philippines have produced the conviction that in discussions of the ethnology of +Malaysia, and particularly of the Philippines, the Negrito element has been slighted. Much has been made of the “Indonesian” +theory and far too much of pre-Spanish Chinese influence, but the result to the physical types found in the Philippines of +the constant absorption of the Negrito race into the Malayan and the wide prevalence of Negrito blood in all classes of islanders +has been generally overlooked. + +</p> +<p>The object of this paper is to present some physical measurements of the Negrito and then of several other pagan peoples of +the islands whose types, as determined by measurement and observation, reveal the presence of Negrito blood. + +</p> +<p>The physical measurements here given were taken by me at various times between 1901 and 1909. They were taken according to +the methods of Topinard (<i lang="fr">Éléments d’Anthropologie Générale</i>) and are discussed in accordance with his system of nomenclature. + +</p> +<p>The first Negritos measured are members of a little community on the south slope of Mount Mariveles in the province of Bataan. +They are of a markedly pure type. While it is usual to find Negrito communities considerably affected by Malayan blood, in +this case I doubt if there is more than a single individual who is not of pure Negrito race. Nine men and ten women, all adults, +practically the entire grown population of this group, were measured. Although this is a small number, the surprising uniformity +of characteristics in all practically assures us that in these individuals we have the normal, pure type of Negrito, which +may be used as a standard for comparison with other peoples. + +</p> +<p>The stature of these nine men and ten women arranged serially appears below: + +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd0e103" href="#xd0e103">359</a>]</span> +</p> +<div class="table"> +<table> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"><b>Men </b></td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"><b>Women</b></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1374 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1266</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1381 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1292</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1435 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1305</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1439 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1326</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1440 = mean </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1341</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1467 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1375</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1495 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1385</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1526 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1396</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1532 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1400</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1460</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div><p> + + +</p> +<p>These figures give an extreme variation of 158 mm. for the men and 194 mm. for the women. The mean stature for men is 1440, +the average 1454, and for the women 1341–1375 and 1354 respectively. These, it scarcely need be said, are extremely low statures, +perhaps as low as have ever been recorded on any group of people. According to Topinard’s nomenclature they are all distinctly +“pigmy.” + +</p> +<p>In every individual the extreme reach of the arms (“<i lang="fr">grande envergure</i>”) exceeded the stature. In the men the excess varied from 30 mm. to 139 mm. and in the women from 23 mm. to 102 mm. This +measurement shows the Negritos to have unusually long arms. In yellow races the arm-reach is about equal to the stature, and +in the white race it is usually a little above. I think we may take this excessive reach of arms to be a truly Negrito character. + +</p> +<p>The cephalic and nasal indices for both men and women are next given: + +</p> +<div class="table"> +<h4 class="tablecaption">Cephalic Index</h4> +<table> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"><b>Men </b></td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"><b>Women<a class="noteref" id="xd0e181src" href="#xd0e181">1</a></b></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 80 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">78</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 80 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">79</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 80 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">81</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 80 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">81</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 82 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">82</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 82 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">87</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 82 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">93</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 87</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 88</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div><p> + +</p> +<div class="table"> +<h4 class="tablecaption">Nasal Index</h4> +<table> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"><b>Men </b></td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"><b>Women</b></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 84 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">79</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 90 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">86</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 90 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">90</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 91 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">92</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 95 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">92</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 97 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">92</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 98 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">97</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 98 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">98</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">100 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">98</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">109</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div><p> + +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd0e284" href="#xd0e284">360</a>]</span></p> +<p>Topinard’s nomenclature for cephalic index is as follows: + +</p> +<div class="table"> +<table> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Long heads (dolichocephalic) </td> +<td valign="top">74 and below</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Medium heads (mesaticephalic) </td> +<td valign="top">75 to 79</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Broad or round heads (brachycephalic) </td> +<td valign="top">80 to 90</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div><p> + +</p> +<p>Thus with two exceptions our Negritos are decidedly round headed or brachycephalic. The exceptions are two women (indices +78 and 79), who in other respects are typical. The first had the lowest stature recorded (1266 mm.) and her arm-reach exceeded +her stature by 57 mm. Her nose was very broad and flat (index 98), hair kinky, color and other characters those of the pure +Negrito. The second woman was without obvious indication of mixed blood, but her nasal index was only 79 or mesorhinian, and +this even more than her head form would suggest the probability of some Malay blood. I think we must conclude, then, that +the head form of the Negrito, while usually decidedly round, has considerable variation and approaches mesaticephaly. + +</p> +<p>Topinard’s nomenclature for nasal index is, for the living: + +</p> +<div class="table"> +<table> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Broad and flat noses (platyrhinian) </td> +<td valign="top">108 to 87.9</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Medium noses (mesorhinian) </td> +<td valign="top"> 81.4 to 69.3</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top">Thin, high noses (leptorhinian) </td> +<td valign="top"> 69.4 to 63</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div><p> + +</p> +<p>Those familiar with Topinard’s monumental work will recall the particular importance he gives to the nasal index, and how +he shows that it is perhaps the most exact character for classifying races; all white races being leptorhinian, the yellow +mesorhinian, and the black or negro races platyrhinian. Indeed the presence of a markedly platyrhinian type of nose may almost +be taken as clear proof of negro derivation. The nasal index of Negritos, as would be expected in a race whose outward characters +are so obviously negroid, is exceptionally high or platyrhinian. Again the figures for men and women are arranged serially +so as to show the mean and variation. + + +</p> +<div class="table"> +<h4 class="tablecaption">Nasal Index</h4> +<table> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"><b>Men </b></td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"><b>Women</b></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 84 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">79</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 90 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">86</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 90 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">90</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 91 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">92<span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd0e357" href="#xd0e357">361</a>]</span></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 95 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">92</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 97 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">92</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 97 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">97</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 98 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">98</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">100 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">98</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">109</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div><p> + + +</p> +<p>All of these nasal indices, with the sole exception of the woman mentioned above, are below mesorhinian or pronouncedly platyrhinian +and negroid. + +</p> +<p>The shape of the Negrito nose is peculiar and after it has once been carefully observed can be easily recognized. The root +is deeply depressed from a smooth and rounding forehead, the bridge is short and low, and the end rounding and bulbous. Sometimes, +but not usually, the nostrils are horizontally visible. The apertures of the nostrils are very flat and their direction almost +parallel with the plane of the face. + +</p> +<p>It has been repeatedly asserted that the body color of the Negrito is black, but this is a gross exaggeration. It is a dark +brown, several shades darker than the Malay, with a yellowish or saffron “undertone” showing on the less exposed parts of +the body. As compared with the lighter colored peoples about him his color is pronounced enough to warrant the appellation +of negro which is applied to him, but this term must not be considered as other than a popular description. + +</p> +<p>The hair of the Negrito is typically African. It is kinky and grows in the little clusters or “peppercorn” bunches peculiar +to negro races. The Negrito man and woman usually wear the hair short, cutting it more or less closely so that it resembles +a thick pad over the head. Sometimes a tonsure on the back is cut away, and among still other Negritos a considerable part +of the hair is removed from the head. In persons of mixed Negrito-Malayan blood the hair, if left uncut, grows into a great +wavy or <i>frizzly</i> mop standing up well from the head. + +</p> +<p>The Negrito is seldom prognathous, nor is the lower part of his face excessively developed. His profile and features on the +whole are comely and pleasing, especially in the pure type, which is less “scrawny” than in mixed individuals. The body, too, +is shapely <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd0e402" href="#xd0e402">362</a>]</span>and the proportions good, except that the head appears a little large, the legs too short, and the arms, as above noted, excessively +long. + +</p> +<p>The muscular development is slender rather than stocky, seldom obese, legs a little thin and deficient in the calf. + +</p> +<p>The Negrito eye is distinctly pretty. It is dark brown and well opened. It has no suggestion of doubled lid and in all these +respects differs from the eye of the Malayan. + +</p> +<p>The lips are full, the chin slightly retreating, the ear well shaped and “attached.” + +</p> +<p>Such are, I believe, the normal characters of the Negrito of the Philippines. He is a scattered survivor of the pygmy negro +race, at one time undoubtedly far more important and numerous; brachycephalic, platyrhinian, woolly headed, and, when unaffected +by the higher culture of the surrounding peoples, a pure forest-dwelling savage. + +</p> +<p>The only other undisputed members of the Negrito race, besides those found in the Philippines, are the Andaman islanders and +the Semang of the Malay peninsula. De Quatrefages’ diligent and hopeful search through the literature of Malaysia for traces +of the Negrito led him to the belief in their existence in a good many other places from Sumatra to Formosa, but Meyer in +a subsequent essay assailed De Quatrefages’ evidence except for the three areas mentioned above. If by Negrito we mean compact, +independent communities of relatively pure type, I think we must agree with Meyer, but if on the other hand we mean by the +presence of the Negrito the occurrence of his typical characters in numerous individuals of reputed Malayan race, then we +must, I think, admit the presence of the Negrito in a great proportion of the peoples and localities of Malaysia. And in this +sense there is much evidence that the Negrito still exists from the Andamans to Formosa and even to Japan, absorbed in the +stronger populations that have overrun these regions. + +</p> +<p>Meyer’s <i>Distribution of the Negritos in the Philippines and Elsewhere</i> is a very valuable sifting of the evidence, but it is not final, as was quickly apparent eight years ago when we came to +locate Negritos on the ground. There are none for instance in Cebu, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd0e419" href="#xd0e419">363</a>]</span>where Meyer was led to place them, and it is certain that they live in Guimaras and on Palawan. Those of the last island are +a very curious people, locally called “Batak.” They were first described in a brief note with photographs by Lieutenant E. +Y. Miller published by the Philippine Ethnological Survey in volume II of its Publications. Doubt has been cast on the Negrito +character of these people, some supposing them to be predominantly Malayan, but there is no doubt about their being Negrito, +although in places they have perhaps received Malayan blood. + +</p> +<p>In June, 1909, I measured a few Batak who had a small settlement called Laksun near the village of Bintuan, thirty miles up +the coast from Puerto Princesa. The individuals of this group were typical Negritos, in color, character of hair, and general +appearance. Four men who were measured were 1433, 1475, 1497, and 1590 respectively in stature. Their arm-reach in every case +exceeded the height, in one the excess being 152 mm. The head indices were 80 to 81, the nasal indices 85, 98, 102, and 102. +These are all true Negrito characters and, while there may be in some communities of Batak a considerable amount of Malayan +blood, the predominant type is Negrito. + +</p> +<p>It appears also that the other pagan element in Palawan, known as “Tagbanwa,” while predominantly Malayan and exhibiting the +general appearance and manner of life of the Malayan, is in part Negrito, as is revealed by the following measurements of +five “Tagbanwa” men taken at Eraan, thirty miles south of Puerto Princesa. These men include the chief, “Masekampo Kosa” and +four of his retainers. Their stature varied from 1521 to 1595, less than the usual stature of a group of Malayan men. The +arm-reach was notably greater than the height. All were brachycephalic, the indices being 79, 81, 81, 82, and 83. All were +platyrhinian, except one who was mesorhinian, the indices being 79, 88, 95, 100, and 105. In spite of these pronouncedly Negrito +results, these men had the appearance of Malays, not Negritos. Their skin color was light brown, hair wavy not curly; their +habits, bearing, and speech indicated the temperament of the Malay. + +</p> +<p>The “Mamanua” of Surigao peninsula, Mindanao, have long been recognized as of Negrito race. They were seen and described <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd0e427" href="#xd0e427">364</a>]</span>by Montano in 1880. At the present time they are very few in number, and are found in the forest about Lake Mainit and in +the hill country southward. They are fast being absorbed by the Manobo, who join their communities and intermarry with them. +In a little village called Kicharao in the forest near Lake Mainit are Mamanua men married to Manobo women and Manobo men +married to Mamanua women, the children of these unions sometimes presenting Negroid and sometimes Malayan characters. The +opportunity to observe the immediate results of mixture between two different races is very unusual. Naturally this group +is of mixed race, some individuals looking like pure Negritos and from this type varying all the way to primitive Malayan. +Three men whom I measured had a stature exceeding the Negrito but in other respects were Negritic. The statures were 1583, +1594, and 1612; the cephalic indices, 80, 85, and 86; the nasal indices, 97, 102, and 111. + +</p> +<p>What has not been generally noted, however, is the fact that nearly all the peoples of eastern Mindanao, usually described +as “Malayan” or “Indonesian,” are to a large degree Negrito. This is especially true of the Manobo of the lower waters of +the river Agusan. I have no measurements of these people, but the appearance of nearly every individual in their communities +is Negritic rather than Malayan. The stature is very low and frail, hair black and wavy to frizzly, features negroid, and +behavior that of the pacified Negrito. Similar characters, though in a less marked degree, display themselves among the tribes +southward and about the gulf of Davao. There is no doubt that there is a large amount of absorbed Negrito stock in the pagan +peoples of all this great island. Even among the Subanon of the Samboanga peninsula, who are perhaps as purely Malayan as +any, I have seen occasional individuals with marked Negrito characters. + +</p> +<p>I shall not attempt here to estimate the proportion of Negrito blood in the Christian peoples of the Philippines—Bisaya, Bikol, +Tagalog, Ilokano, etc.—further than to express my conviction that in certain regions it is very large and has greatly modified +the primitive Malayan type. But let us turn to the consideration of possible Negrito blood in two interesting pagan stocks +of northern Luzon, the “Igorot” and the “Ilongot” or “Ibilao.” +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd0e433" href="#xd0e433">365</a>]</span></p> +<p>The term Igorot is used to include all the wild, headhunting, mountain-dwelling peoples of the great cordillera of Luzon, +a region some two hundred miles in length by forty across. This mountain area is divisible into regions wherein the culture, +physical type, and language of the inhabitants are homogeneous or nearly so. These regions, in reports made some years ago +on the wild tribes of the Philippines, I have called “culture areas,” and they may serve, in the absence of the tribal relation, +as the basis of classification. Beginning with the southern end of this mountain system we have the area of southern Benguet +and Kayapa inhabited by Igorot speaking a dialect called “Nabaloi.” In northern Benguet, Amburayan, and southern Lepanto are +the “Kankanay.” In the central mountain region, a great area with several subdivisions, the “Bontok”; and southeast, occupying +the former <i lang="es">Comandancia</i> of Kiangan, the “Ifugao.” North of Bontok are the “Tinglayan,” the “Tinggian” or “Itnig,” the “Kalinga,” and “Apayao” areas, +and perhaps others. Of these most northerly peoples I have no anthropometric data. Their general appearance is somewhat different +from that of the Igorot farther south. They appear to the eye to be more slender and handsomely built, with finer features, +especially in the case of the Tinggian. I am of opinion, however, that these dissimilarities are apparent rather than real, +and that measurements and careful observation will demonstrate unity of physical type throughout the entire cordillera. This +unity does not refer of course to manner of dressing the hair, ornamentation, artificial deformations, etc., in which there +is wide variation. The ethnological origin of these Igorot peoples is at first very puzzling. They are obviously not typical +Malayans. Some physical measurements which I have should, and I believe do, throw some light on the problem. + +</p> +<p>On September 26, 1902, at Ambuklao, Benguet, I measured ten Igorot men from the villages of Baguio, Trinidad, Tublay, and +Ambuklao. All were adults, from 20 to 40 years of age, except one, a boy of 16, who was, however, married and not inferior +in stature to the others. These men all belonged to the poor or “kailian” class, except one who had arisen to the “principal” +class from poor parentage. By “poor” class in Benguet is meant those who have <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd0e441" href="#xd0e441">366</a>]</span>no cattle, rice terraces, mines, or other productive property and are liable to the forced labor of “polistas.” The stature, +arm-reach, and cephalic and nasal indices of these Igorot are arranged below: + + +</p> +<div class="table"> +<table> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"><b>Height </b></td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"><b>Arm-reach </b></td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"><b>Cephalic Index </b></td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"><b>Nasal Index +</b></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1481 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1489 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">83.0 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 82.9</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1490 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1550 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">75.7 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 85.8</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1496 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1532 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">78.9 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">104.8</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1499 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1556 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">79.7 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 83.3</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1500 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1567 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">76.8 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 83.5</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1512 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1588 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">87.5 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 75.0</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1522 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1583 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">76.0 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 89.4</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1546 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1602 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">81.2 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 97.7</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1596 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1564 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">82.3 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 79.1</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1615 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1647 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">96.3 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">105.0</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div><p> + + +</p> +<p>Of these statures all but one are “short,” or below 1600. In fact these men are only a little above the average stature of +the Negritos of Mariveles (1450). Five are within 50 mm. of a true pygmy stature. The mean stature is 1500 to 1512, and the +average is identical, 1505.7. In all but one case the arm reach exceeds the height, the excess varying from 8 to 36 mm. Six +are brachycephalic, and four mesaticephalic, the variation extending from 75.7 to 96.3. The nasal index shows wide variation +from 75 to 105, the mean being about 85. Four are platyrhinian, two exceeding 100, two are mesorhinian, and four are midway +between Topinard’s mesorhinian and platyrhinian types. The muscular development of these men is very strong, robust, or “stocky.” +The skin color is coffee brown with saffron undertone, lighter on trunk. Their hair is coarse and in nearly every case straight, +in one case only being slightly wavy. The hair is usually scant on the body and about the face, but two men have relatively +hairy bodies and legs. The eye in some cases appears to be oblique. The ear in every case is attached and normal. The chin +is retreating and in one case the face is somewhat prognathic. The lips are thick and the under lip heavy. In several cases +the supraorbital arches are prominent. + +</p> +<p>On September 29th of the same year, at Wagan, a small town in Kayapa, I measured fifteen Igorot of that town and of Losod. +Eight were women and seven were men. The measurements and indices of these follow: + +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd0e552" href="#xd0e552">367</a>]</span> +</p> +<div class="table"> +<table> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"><b>Stature </b></td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"><b>Arm-reach </b></td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"><b>Cephalic Index </b></td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"><b>Nasal Index +</b></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" colspan="4" class="alignleft"><i>Men</i></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1413 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1478 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">78.7 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">125.0</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1493 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1539 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">80.4 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 86.4</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1512 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1544 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">82.7 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 84.0</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1550 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1600 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">78.9 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 90.7</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1589 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1650 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">73.2 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 90.9</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1594 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1650 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">78.8 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">100.0</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1653 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1672 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">74.6 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">140.0</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" colspan="4" class="alignleft"><i>Women</i></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1351 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1376 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">85.1 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 92.6</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1367 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1394 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">76.7 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 92.7</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1423 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1467 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">79.1 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">100.0</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1433 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1466 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">76.8 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">105.7</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1435 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1455 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">84.8 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">125.3</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1435 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1522 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">82.6 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">100.0</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1442 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1446 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">84.6 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">100.0</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1509 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1520 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">74.4 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">100.0</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div><p> + + +</p> +<p>The mean stature (1550) and the average (1526) were a little higher than in Benguet. In every case the arm-reach exceeded +the height. The shape of head in men and women shows a wide variation. Seven are brachycephalic and seven are mesaticephalic +while one is dolichocephalic (73.2). The nasal index varies from 84 to 140—a truly astonishing series of noses! All are platyrhinian +except two, and nine of the sixteen have indices of 100 or over. The descriptive characters were much the same as for the +Benguet group. There was occasional marked supraorbital development, retreating chin, and prognathism. + +</p> +<p>Two of the men deserve special remark. One was the very small fellow—a true pigmy (1413 mm.). He was named “Mokyao” and was +born in Wagan. He suggested the Negrito in stature, in arm-reach (65 mm. in excess of stature), in nasal index (125), and +in the slightly wavy quality of his hair. His head, however, was mesaticephalic (78.7). + +</p> +<p>The other was the Igorot of unusually tall stature, 1653 mm., and he was the most extraordinary savage I have ever seen. He +was about 30 years old, named “Ñgaao,” a native of Wagan. When he first appeared in our camp he almost startled us with the +brutality <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd0e718" href="#xd0e718">368</a>]</span>of his appearance. He was promptly dubbed the “Gorilla.” His arm-reach was 1672, his head length 197, breadth 147, and index +74.6; his nose length 35, breadth 48, and index 140; his height and breadth of face were 179 and 139; width of shoulders 396; +circumference of chest 880; of belly 810. His ears were greatly developed, his supraorbital arches most pronounced, and his +whole appearance like a restoration of primitive man. He wore only a loin string and a deerskin knapsack, and was most extraordinarily +blackened with dirt and the pitch from smoky fires. His intelligence seemed very low, but he was said to be married and to +have two children. + +</p> +<p>In May, 1908, I measured two Igorot men at Akop’s place near Tublay, Benguet, four men of Karao at Bokod and six men of Kabayan. +These, like the preceding, were all Nabaloi, although the people of Karao speak a somewhat different dialect and are allied +to the “Busul”—wild, robbing Igorot of the high mountains between the Agno river valley and Nueva Vizcaya. The statures and +cephalic and nasal indices of these twelve men are given below: + + +</p> +<div class="table"> +<table> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"><b>Stature </b></td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"><b>Cephalic Index<a class="pseudonoteref" href="#n11.1">2</a> </b></td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"><b>Nasal Index<a class="noteref" id="n11.1src" href="#n11.1">2</a> +</b></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1467 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">74.1 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 79.4</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1508 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">74.2 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 85.1</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1511.5 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">74.3 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 86.3</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1529 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">75.2 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 87.6</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1541 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">75.6 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 88.3</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1550 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">76.0 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 92.0</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1565 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">76.0 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 92.1</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1572 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">76.2 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 93.7</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1591 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">76.4 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">100.0</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1602 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">78.1 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">100.0</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1648 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">78.4 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">100.0</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1681 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">79.7 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">100.0</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div><p> + + +</p> +<p>The stature of these men is “short,” about the same mean as that of other Igorot given above. Two, however, belong to Topinard’s +“above medium” statures, being 1648 and 1681. These are unusually tall Igorot and it may be worth noting that both belong +to the wealthy or “baknang” class. The taller is “Belasco” of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd0e826" href="#xd0e826">369</a>]</span>Kabayan and the other “Akop” of Tublay. All are mesaticephalic and their indices cover the entire range of this class, 74 +to 80. The most brachycephalic is “Belasco” and the next “Akop,” the two of unusual stature. These men are less brachycephalic +than the Igorot measured at Ambuklao and Kayapa, but the numbers in each case are too few to permit generalization. The group +is platyrhinian for the greater part, four only being mesorhinian. On the whole this is a very homogeneous group of men. With +two exceptions all are of about the same low stature, all mesaticephalic, all platyrhinian or nearly so. The hair of all is +black, coarse, and straight, the body smooth and face as well, except that the men of Karao had a few mustache and chin hairs +and seemed to be more hairy on the legs than the others. The profile of the nose was much alike in all, a straight short bridge, +rounding bluntly at the end. The brows were rather prominent, especially in the Karao men. + +</p> +<p>In the same month I measured two men of Bugias, Benguet, and four of Suyok, Lepanto, all of whom were “Kankanay.” These measurements +were as follows: + +</p> +<div class="table"> +<table> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"><b>Stature </b></td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"><b>Arm-reach </b></td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"><b>Cephalic Index </b></td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"><b>Nasal Index +</b></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1452 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1490 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">75.3 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">100.0</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1470 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1545 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">78.8 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 88.6</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1518 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1577 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">79.2 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 95.0</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1621 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1676 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">78.8 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 97.8</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1558 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1554 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">72.8 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 92.6</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1571 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1591 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">81.0 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 83.0</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div><p> + +</p> +<p>These men are all of low stature, long armed, all platyrhinian, but having a very varying head-shape, one being dolichocephalic +(head length 195, breadth 142, and index 72.8), and one brachycephalic, 81. + +</p> +<p>On the same trip, at Benawi, I measured ten Ifugao men. All were adult, well formed, and of the laboring or “polista” class. +Their measures are as follows: + +</p> +<div class="table"> +<table> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"><b>Height </b></td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"><b>Cephalic Index<a class="pseudonoteref" href="#n12.1">3</a> </b></td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"><b>Nasal Index<a class="noteref" id="n12.1src" href="#n12.1">3</a> +</b></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1465 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">71.00 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 85</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1501 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">71.65 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 93</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1530 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">74.00 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 95<span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd0e942" href="#xd0e942">370</a>]</span></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1534 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">76.50 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 97</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1556 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">76.90 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">100</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1567 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">77.26 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">100</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1579 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">77.80 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">106</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1581 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">79.60 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">106</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1600 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">80.40 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">118</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1606 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">83.50 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">119</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div><p> + + +</p> +<p>The mean height and the amount of variation are almost exactly the same as those found in Benguet. All but two are of “short” +stature, while one approaches that of a Negrito. The head index is generally mesaticephalic, but three are dolichocephalic +and two brachycephalic, the amount of variation being surprising. All are platyrhinian, most of them excessively so. Their +color was a dirty brown, with saffron undertone. The hair was black, abundant, and in every case wavy. The nose was flat, +“bulbous,” with a very rounding end, and deeply indented at root. The lips were full and prominent, the chin retreating, and +eye-arches rather heavy. As these men sat together with their dark faces and abundant heads of wavy hair they had a suggestively +Papuan appearance. Another peculiarity was their singularly depressed temples, which gave the face a very narrow diameter +across the brow. + +</p> +<p>In the foregoing series we have altogether 53 Igorot, 8 of them women, whose physical characters may now be summarized. While +this may seem a small number upon which to base conclusions, a few general statements may, with propriety, be made.<a class="noteref" id="xd0e997src" href="#xd0e997">4</a> +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd0e1014" href="#xd0e1014">371</a>]</span></p> +<p>Arranging serially the statures of the forty-five men, it is found that two of them are below 1450 mm., nine are between 1451 +and 1500, fourteen between 1501 and 1550, thirteen between 1551 and 1600, five between 1501 and 1650, and two are above 1650 +and below 1700. I believe that these figures are representative of all the Igorot stock. From a personal experience extending +over a good many years I think it may be asserted that the Igorot in all parts of the cordillera present about the same statures +as those which I have here given. Belasco and Akop would be recognized as very tall Igorot in any part of the mountains. Two +of the above are pygmy and all but seven are below 1600, and correspond to Topinard’s “below medium” statures. We may say, +then, with positiveness that the Igorot is one of the exceptionally short races of mankind. With three or four exceptions +the arm-reach is greater than the height, usually by 40 to 50 mm. Thus, the short stature is somewhat compensated for by long +arms, heavy, robust bodies, and short, muscular legs. + +</p> +<p>The cephalic index of both men and women ranges from 70 to 96.3, a very surprising range. Ten are dolichocephalic, 71 to 74.6; +twenty-nine are mesaticephalic, 75.2 to 79.7; twelve are brachycephalic, 80.4 to 84.8, and two are hyperbrachycephalic, 85 +and 96.3. Thus the vast majority of heads are mesaticephalic with more tendency toward brachycephaly than to dolichocephaly. + +</p> +<p>The nose represents on the other hand surprising uniformity. Only three noses are mesorhinian, 75, 79.1, and 79.4, thirty-nine +are full platyrhinian, while twenty-two have an index of 100 or more. The mean index is 95. + +</p> +<p>From this comparison I think we may assert that in the mountain people of the southern half of the cordillera of Luzon we +have <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd0e1023" href="#xd0e1023">372</a>]</span>a very short, long-armed, muscular race of dark brown color varying to saffron, with coarse black hair that is usually straight +but in Bontok is sometimes wavy, and in Kiangan regularly so, full lips, retreating chin, flat, broad noses rounding at the +end and deeply depressed at the root, with an extraordinarily high nasal index, and heads that have great variation in shape +but are usually mesaticephalic or brachycephalic. + +</p> +<p>May we then draw a few conclusions? Obviously this is not a typical Malay type. To a possible basis of primitive Malayan stock +some other racial element or elements have been added and thoroughly incorporated. The wide range in shape of head may be +taken, I think, as probable evidence of such mingling of types. The color, the straight or slightly wavy black hair, and the +temperament (the “psyche”) of the Igorot show the Malay or Oceanic Mongol derivation. The short stature and limbs, the long +arms, the shape and index of the nose, the occasional heads of hair that are too wavy for the Malay and would be unheard of +in the Mongol—these things are Negrito, or at least they are characteristic of the black race of Oceanica. The variability +in shape of head would be puzzling were it not for the fact that both the Malayan and the black races of the Indian archipelago +show a wide variability in this character of the head. These reflections have already suggested the theory that I have to +propose for the origin of the Igorot, that he is an old, thoroughly fused mixture of the aboriginal Negritos, who still survive +in a few spots of the cordillera, and an intrusive, Malayan race, who, by preference or by press of foes behind them, scaled +the high mountains and on their bleak and cold summits and canyon slopes laboriously built themselves rock-walled fields and +homes, in which they have long been acclimated. The culture of the Igorot has been greatly modified and advanced by the rigors +of his habitat, but it is Malayan at base, as are the languages which he speaks. Except in one or two localities where there +has been recent mixture with the still existing Negrito he does not make use of the bow and arrow, which are Negrito weapons, +but uses the shield and spear for close fighting and the jungle knife or an interesting modification, the “headax,” for both +fighting and work. +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd0e1027" href="#xd0e1027">373</a>]</span></p> +<p>While the above expressed hypothesis of the origin of the Igorot appears to me to have much probability, for a similar theory +to explain the Malay type of the Ilongot or Ibilao I feel even stronger confidence. This curious people occupies a very broken +mountain area formed by the junction of the Sierra Madre with the Caraballo Sur. This is the headwaters of the Kagayan river +and to a less degree of the Pampanga. Besides being wholly mountainous it is covered with thick and well nigh impenetrable +jungle, in which the scattered homes of these wild people are hidden and protected. They have long had the worst of reputations +as head hunters and marauders, and little information about them has circulated except wild rumors of their strange appearance +and treacherous ferocity. + +</p> +<p>They have been described as “very tall,” “heavily bearded,” “light in color,” “white,” and of a type elsewhere unknown in +the Philippines. For most of these reports there is no foundation. My experience with this people is limited to two visits +to two different communities, in 1902 to a group in the jurisdiction of Nueva Vizcaya and in 1909 to a community in the mountains +back of Pantabangan, Nueva Ecija. On the first visit measurements and notes were made of four men and three women. Their stature +was found to be as follows: + + +</p> +<div class="table"> +<table> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"><b>Men </b></td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"><b>Women +</b></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1480 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1386</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1518 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1440</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1553 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1510</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1590</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div><p> + + +</p> +<p>The average stature of these men was 1535, a little less than the average stature of Igorot, and so a very short human height. +The cephalic index for the seven, and the nasal index for six (one missing) are as follows: + + +</p> +<div class="table"> +<table> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"><b>Cephalic Index </b></td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"><b>Nasal Index +</b></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">79.7 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">77.5</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">80.7 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">82.5</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">80.8 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">88.6</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">83.8 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">88.6</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">85.1 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">88.7</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">87.1 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">90.9</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">88.0</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div><p> + +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd0e1103" href="#xd0e1103">374</a>]</span></p> +<p>All are brachycephalic except one (79.7), and all are platyrhinian but one. + +</p> +<p>In the second community I measured twelve men and five women, with the following results: + + +</p> +<div class="table"> +<table> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"><b>Stature Men </b></td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"><b>Stature Women </b></td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"><b>Cephalic Index </b></td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"><b>Nasal Index +</b></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1610 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1453 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">89 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">100</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1583 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1450 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">87 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 98</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1582 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1441 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">86 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 95</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1580 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1422 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">85.9 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 95</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1570 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1412 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">85 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 94</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1544 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">84 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 93</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1532 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">83.7 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 90</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1503 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">83.3 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 89</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1486 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">83 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 89</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1467 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">81 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 88</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1439 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">81 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 87.8</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">81 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 87</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">1240 (a boy) </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">80 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 87</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">80 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 83</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">79 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 82</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">79 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 82</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft">76 </td> +<td valign="top" class="alignleft"> 76</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div><p> + + +</p> +<p>The height of these men presents a wider variation, as would be expected in the larger number (1601 to 1437), but the mean +and the general results are the same. The head index is brachycephalic except in the case of three, and all are platyrhinian, +or nearly so, except one. Thus in these Ilongot we have a short race, even shorter than the Igorot, brachycephalic and platyrhinian. +Their hair is wavy, except when it is curly. It is usually worn long. The face is occasionally hairy; a few individuals have +been seen with sparse but quite long, curly beards. Their eyes are larger, finer, and more open than is usual in the Igorot +and the Malay. One peculiarity of the face is noticeable: it narrows rapidly from the cheek bones to the chin, giving the +face a pentagonal shape. The color may be a little lighter than in the Igorot, who is more exposed to sunlight than the Ilongot +of the forest, and it is much lighter than in the Negrito, but by no means light enough to justify any likeness to either +white or Mongol races. +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd0e1278" href="#xd0e1278">375</a>]</span></p> +<p>In these people we have, I am quite sure, a mixture of primitive Malayan and Negrito, with more Negrito than in the case of +the Igorot. Stature, curly hair, short head, and broad, flat nose—these are all negritic characters, as is also the hairiness +of the face and body. In fact there can be no doubt of the presence of Negrito blood in the Ilongot, for the process of assimilation +can be seen going on. The Negrito of a comparatively pure type is a neighbor of the Ilongot on both the south and the north. +Usually they are at enmity, but this does not, and certainly has not in the past, prevented commingling. The culture of the +Ilongot is intermediate, or a composite of Malayan and Negrito elements. He uses the bow and arrow of the Negrito and the +spear of the Malayan as well. There are few things in the ethnography of the Ilongot that seem unusual and for which the culture +of neither Malay nor Negrito does not provide an explanation. One curious peculiarity, however, is an aptitude and taste for +decorative carving, applied to the door posts, lintels, and other parts of his house, to the planting sticks of the woman, +to the rattan frame of his deer-hide rain-hat, etc. But except for this there seems little that is not an inheritance from +the two above strains or a development due to isolation in these mountainous forests that have long been his home. + +</p> +<p>In concluding this account of the Ilongot I cannot forbear calling attention to what appears to me a striking resemblance +between them and the “Sakay” of the Malay peninsula as these latter are photographed and described in Skeat and Blagden’s +<i>Pagan Races of the Malay Peninsula</i>. There, as in the Philippines, we have a wavy-haired people (the Sakay) located in between, and obviously mingling with, +the Negrito (“Semang”) on the north and the primitive (“Jakun”) Malayan on the south. The type is clearly intermediate between +these two races, and every Sakay community seems to contain individuals that exhibit both pronounced Negrito and Malayan characters. +There seem to be no culture elements in the ethnography of the Sakay that are not found in the life of Semang, Jakun, or allied +peoples. And yet, in the face of what would seem to be the obvious and natural supposition that the Sakay is a half-breed +of the Semang and Jakun, our authors, following Professor Rudolf Martin <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd0e1286" href="#xd0e1286">376</a>]</span>(<i lang="de">Die Inlandstämme der malayischen Halbinsel</i>), discover in the Sakay a distinct race of wholly different origin from the Semang and Jakun—but allied to the Veddahs of +Ceylon! This seems to me to be creating a far-fetched theory where none is necessary. While I have not had an opportunity +of studying the Sakay at first hand, I am tolerably familiar with Negrito and primitive Malayan, and the results of their +intermarriage, and every fresh examination of the texts and illustrations above referred to increases my belief that the Sakay, +like so many of the types of the Philippines, is an exhibit to the widely diffused Negrito element in Malayan peoples. + + + + + + +</p> +<p class="aligncenter"><span class="smallcaps">University of California, Berkeley.</span> + + + +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd0e1295" href="#xd0e1295">521</a>]</span></p> +<div class="footnotes"> +<hr class="fnsep"> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" href="#xd0e181src" id="xd0e181">1</a></span> Obtained for seven women only. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" href="#n11.1src" id="n11.1">2</a></span> The numbers are arranged serially. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" href="#n12.1src" id="n12.1">3</a></span> The numbers are arranged serially. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" href="#xd0e997src" id="xd0e997">4</a></span> Other anthropometric data on the Igorot besides that here presented are as follows: In 1905, at San Francisco, Dr A. L. Kroeber +measured 18 men and 7 women of Bontok and published the results in the <i>American Anthropologist</i> for Jan.–Mar., 1906, p. 194. The stature of these men varied from 1460 to 1630, the average being 1550. The average arm-reach +was 1572, the average nose length 41 and breadth 40, the index varying from 85.7 to 135.5, while the average nasal index was +99.8. The average head length was 186 and breadth 148. The cephalic index varied from 73.40 (dolichocephalic) to 85.47 (brachycephalic), +with an average index of 78.43 (mesaticephalic). The data for the women were: stature 1486, arm-reach 1491, nasal index 85.7 +to 108.8, average 99.7, cephalic index 78.59. These measurements conform closely to my own taken upon Igorot of surrounding +localities. + +</p> +<p class="footnote">More recently Dr Robert B. Bean of the Bureau of Science, Manila, has published the results of a study of the Igorots of Benguet. +(<i>The Benguet Igorots: A Somatological Study of the Live Folk of Benguet and Lepanto, Bontoc.</i> Manila, 1908.) Dr <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd0e1008" href="#xd0e1008">371</a>]</span>Bean <span class="corr" id="xd0e1010" title="Source: mesaured">measured</span> 104 adult males, 10 adult females, and 30 boys. The average stature of the men was 1540, which is about my own average; but +he seems to have found a maximum stature in Benguet of 1700, a very tall stature indeed and unprecedented in my experience +with this race. He also considers the Igorot to be “essentially short armed.” He found a very variable type of head (hyperdolichocephaly +to hyperbrachycephaly). The nose was platyrhinian. Thus, in a general way, Dr Bean’s results agree with my own, although his +measurements were carried out with many more details than it appeared to me advisable to attempt. Our conclusions, also, as +to the origin and affiliations of the Igorot are far apart. +</p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="xd0e1296" class="div1"><span class="pagenum"> +[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>] +</span><h2 class="normal">The Ilongot or Ibilao of Luzon</h2> +<p class="byline
 ">By Dr. David P. Barrows</p> +<p>University of California + + +</p> +<p>Reprinted from the <span class="smallcaps">Popular Science Monthly</span>, December, 1910. + + + +</p> +<p>The grewsome practise of taking human heads is particularly associated with the Igorot peoples of the Cordillera of Luzon. +These all engage in it or have done so until recently. But to-day the most persistent and dreaded headhunters are neither +Igorot nor inhabitants of the Cordillera; they are a wild, forest-dwelling people in the broken and almost impenetrable mountain +region formed by the junction of the Sierra Madre range with the Caraballo Sur. They have been called by different names by +the peoples contiguous to them on the north, west and south, “Italon,” “Ibilao,” “Ilongot” or “Ilūngūt.” The last designation +would for some reasons be the preferred, but “Ibilao,” or as it is quite commonly pronounced locally through northern Nueva +Ecija, “Abilao,” has perhaps the widest use.<a class="noteref" id="xd0e1310src" href="#xd0e1310">1</a> + + +</p> +<p></p> +<div class="figure"><img border="0" src="images/p001.jpg" alt="An Ilongot at Oyao, Nueva Vizcaya." width="465" height="311"><p class="figureHead">An Ilongot at Oyao, Nueva Vizcaya.</p> +<p>Photograph taken in 1904. Tobacco is drying underneath the house. Behind the house stand the bare trees of the forest clearing.</p> +</div><p> + + +</p> +<p>There are no early records of these people and until late in his rule the Spaniard knew almost nothing of them. In the latter +half of the eighteenth century, the valley of the Magat was occupied and the mission of Ituy founded, out of which came the +province of Nueva Vizcaya, with its converted population of Gaddang and Isinay. To reach Ituy from the south the trail followed +up the valley of the Rio Pampanga almost to its sources and then climbed over the Caraballo Sur to the headwaters of the Magat. +On this trail along the upper waters of the Pampanga grew up several small mission stations, Pantabangan and Karanglan, with +a population of Pampanga and Tagalog people drawn from the provinces to the south. After more than a hundred years these small +towns are still almost the only Christian settlements in <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd0e1325" href="#xd0e1325">523</a>]</span>northern Nueva Ecija. From the time of their establishment we find references to the “Ilongotes” who inhabited the mountains +to the east and were spoken of as “savages,” “treacherous murderers,” “cannibals,” and wholly untamable. Much as described +a hundred years ago they have continued to the present day. Their homes are in thick mountain jungle where it is difficult +to follow them, but, from time to time they steal out of the forests to fall upon the wayfarer or resident of the valley and +leave him a beheaded and dismembered corpse. + +</p> +<p>Here are a few instances occurring in recent years which came under my own notice or investigation. In 1902, the presidente +of Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya, informed me that four women had been killed while fishing a short distance from the town. In March +of the same year, a party of Ilongot crossed the upper part of Nueva Ecija and in a barrio of San Quentin, Pangasinan, killed +five people and took the heads of four. In November, 1901, near the barrio of Kita Kita, Nueva Ecija, an old man and two boys +were killed, while a little earlier two men were attacked on the road above Karanglan, one killed and his head taken. In January, +1902, Mr. Thomson, the superintendent of schools, saw the bodies of two men and a woman on the road, six miles south of Karanglan, +who had been killed only a few moments before. The heads of these victims had been taken and their breasts completely opened +by a triangular excision, the apex at the collar bone and the lower points at the nipples, through which the heart and lungs +had been removed and carried away. As late as a year ago (1909), on the trail to San José and Punkan, I saw the spot where +shortly before four men were murdered by Ilongot from the “Biruk district.” These men were carrying two large cans of “bino” +or native distilled liquor, from which the Ilongot imbibed, with the result that three of their party were found drunk on +the trail and were captured. These are only a few out of numerous instances, but they explain why the great fertile plains +of northern Nueva Ecija are undeveloped and why the few inhabitants dwell uneasy and apprehensive. + + +</p> +<p></p> +<div class="figure"><img border="0" src="images/p002.jpg" alt="Ilongot Hunting Party." width="501" height="293"><p class="figureHead">Ilongot Hunting Party.</p> +<p>Photograph taken near Delapin in Nueva Vizcaya in August<span class="corr" id="xd0e1335" title="Source: ,">.</span> The large nets carried are stretched in the jungle across the game trails and the game are driven into them. The spears and +bows and arrows represent their typical weapons. The curly headed man represents the mixed Malayan and Negrito type common +in these people. +</p> +</div><p> + + + +</p> +<p>There have been no successful attempts to subdue or civilize these people. Between 1883 and 1893, the missionary friar, Francisco +Eloriaga, founded the Mission of Binatangan in the forested hills east of Bayombong, and the Spanish government had the project +of erecting it into a “politico-military commandancia,” but so far as I know did not reach the point of sending there an officer +and detachment. Something was learned about the most accessible Ibilao, but no permanent results followed.<a class="noteref" id="xd0e1341src" href="#xd0e1341">2</a> Since the American occupation, however, progress has been made in our knowledge and control of this people. In October, 1902, +the writer, at that time chief of the Bureau of Non-Christian <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd0e1350" href="#xd0e1350">525</a>]</span>Tribes, and engaged in a preliminary reconnaissance of the pagan peoples of northern Luzon, made a trip with a small party +to one of their communities in the mountains east of Bambang. Photographs, measurements and notes on their language and social +institutions were made. In January, 1906, Mr. Dean C. Worcester, secretary of the interior, approached these people from the +north, by ascending the Kagayan river. His party started from a station of the Tabacalera Company, south of Echague, and from +there rode through fine forest to a “sitio” called Masaysayasaya. From here they “started at dawn and about noon passed the +’dead line’ set by the Ilongotes. A little before sundown reached Dumabato, an Ilongote and Negrito settlement, which had +been the headquarters of Sibley,<a class="noteref" id="xd0e1352src" href="#xd0e1352">3</a> the deserter. Here were found a few filthy Ilongotes and some fine Negritos.” + + +</p> +<p></p> +<div class="figure floatRight" style="width: 309px"><img border="0" src="images/p003.jpg" alt="Ilongot Men and Woman of Oyao, Nueva Vizcaya." width="309" height="428"><p class="figureHead">Ilongot Men and Woman of Oyao, Nueva Vizcaya.</p> +<p>The man on the right wears a characteristic head cover of rattan, which confines his long hair.</p> +</div><p> + + +</p> +<p>In the spring of 1908, Dr. William Jones, of the Field Columbian Museum, began a residence among the Ilongot of the upper +Kagayan and lived with them continuously until nearly a year had passed, when he was killed by them. His notes and specimens +were fortunately preserved and, when published, should constitute the most original and important contribution ever made to +Philippine ethnology. Dr. Jones was part American Indian, a member of the Sac and Fox tribe. He was not only a brilliant scientist, +but one of the most engaging and interesting men I have ever known—a man to cleave to. Here are brief extracts from two letters +written by him from the Ibilao country, valuable, I think, not only for the information they contain about this people, but +for the light they throw upon him and his manner of work. + + +</p> +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>May 26, 1908. I am at present among the Ilongotes of the Cagayan, where I am having the most enjoyable time since my arrival +in the islands. These people are wilder than the Igorrotes. We made friends at the beginning and the friendship has grown +wider and stronger every succeeding day. I have a shack high up on poles where I dwell with great comfort. And plenty of food +is to be had always; wild hog and venison in the jungle on either side of the river; lurong and liesas in the river; wild +honey back on the mountain side; bananas, beans, camote and other things from the cultivated patches, and rice which has been +saved from last season. For the last fortnight the people have been clearing in the jungle for sementeras.<a class="noteref" id="xd0e1367src" href="#xd0e1367">4</a> I wish you might hear the sweet melody of the songs of boys and women at work in the clearings, songs sung to the spirits +of the trees and for good crops. Ilongot society is much simpler than that of the Igorote; there is little if any of what +may be called village life. There is a house here, another yonder and so on here and there along the river. Places near the +river are reached by going on balsas<a class="noteref" id="xd0e1370src" href="#xd0e1370">5</a> and away from the river the trails are dim and indistinct. I do not know where I shall end up. I am heading up-stream. It +may be that I shall find myself going west and southwest into the country of the Ilongotes, who are enemies of the ones I +am now <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd0e1373" href="#xd0e1373">527</a>]</span>with. I have to go much lighter than what I am now to keep up with the little black Negrito. He is like a flea; here to-day, +there to-morrow, and ever on the move when food is gone, and at rest, when he has a supply, long enough to consume it. He +is at outs with the particular people I am with at present. + + +</p> +<p>Kagadyangan, on the Cagayan, Isabela. July, about the 12, 1908. I am compelled by force of circumstances to continue in this +field for three or four months more; at least that much time must pass before I can observe a full cycle of the various activities +of these people. Furthermore, the rainy season sets in about September and it is difficult ascending in this region where +the rapids are numerous and swift.... I have come upon Ilongote habitations in cliff and rock shelters. Why might their ancestors +or those of others not have lived in such in ages past and left evidences of an earlier culture? Many Ifugao burials are in +sepulchres on mountain sides and the practise is no doubt very old. Places like these and those of rock shelters in other +lands have given fruitful results and might they not in these islands?<a class="noteref" id="xd0e1377src" href="#xd0e1377">6</a> I am having a pleasant time with these people. They are the wildest of any people that I have yet come across in Luzon. But +like all wild people, they are cordial and hospitable. I live in their houses and so have their presence day and night. I +hunt, fish and hike with them, see them on and off their guard, observe them in all their varying moods—in short, I’m very +close to them all the time. Some time I will tell you a thing or two about them. +</p> +</div><p> + + +</p> +<p>Alas, for his intimacy and confidence in them! Alas, that so gifted and lovable a man should have been lost by their treachery +to science and to his friends! + +</p> +<p>From the Nueva Vizcaya side considerable progress has been made in the acquaintance and control of these people. For several +years, Mr. Conner, the superintendent of schools, cultivated their friendship and gained information that led to his successor, +Mr. R. J. Murphy, organizing a school in the community of Makebengat. The method followed was to hire a very trustworthy and +capable Filipino of the town of Bambang who speaks their language and has had friendly relations with them, to go out and +dwell with them, persuading and hiring them to build a good dwelling house for the teacher, a school house and shop, and to +bring their own dwellings into the locality fixed upon for the school. Then there were sent out two native teachers (one a +woman, capable of teaching spinning and loom weaving), to begin the instruction of the children in language, figuring and +in industrial arts not known to the Ilongot. This school experiment promises to succeed and has already led to starting one +or two other schools in communities still more distant in the forest. + +</p> +<p>Governor Bryant, of the province, has felt much interest in these people, and two years ago performed the very difficult feat +of traversing the forests from these first communities northward to the province of Isabela. This hazardous exploration occupied +about two weeks before <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd0e1387" href="#xd0e1387">528</a>]</span>the party emerged from the forest into the open country. The greatest difficulty and peril was lack of food, which can not +be carried in sufficient quantities to sustain the entire journey. + +</p> +<p>In January, 1909, a very important exploration was made by Governor Bryant, escorted by Captain Hunt with a detachment of +soldiers, and accompanied by Mr. Murphy and Dr. M. L. Miller, chief of the ethnological survey. The party left Dupah, January +7, and traversed the wholly unknown country lying to the southwest. The course of the wild gorge of the “Kaseknan” river, +the head of the Kagayan, was developed, several important communities of Ilongot were discovered and visited without hostilities +and the first knowledge obtained of much of this region. After struggling for ten days with the difficulties of jungle, ravine +and densely covered mountains, the party reached Baler on the Pacific coast. + +</p> +<p>In May, 1909, the writer, accompanied by Lieutenant Coon and six native soldiers, reached a small community of Ilongot east +of Pantabangan, called “Patakgao.” This community seemed to be composed of renegades and outlaws from several other communities. +Certainly their hand was against every man. They were charged by a small group of Ilongot living near Pantabangan with the +murder of two of their number a few weeks earlier and they themselves professed to be harried and persecuted by unfriendly +Ilongot to the north and east of them. They had wounds to exhibit received in a chance fray a few days before with a hunting +party from near Baler. Altogether, their wayward and hazardous life was a most interesting exhibit of the anarchy and retaliation +that reign in primitive Malayan communities which are totally “in want of a common judge with authority.” A series of measurements +was obtained by me at <span class="corr" id="xd0e1393" title="Source: Patagkao">Patakgao</span> and vocabulary and notes extended. + +</p> +<p>With the above remarks as to what has been accomplished in throwing light upon these people some description of them will +be given. For information of their location and condition I am indebted to several others, and particularly to Mr. Murphy, +otherwise the facts are the results of my own investigation. + +</p> +<p>Ilongot can not be said to live in villages, for their houses are not closely grouped, but are scattered about within hallooing +distance on the slopes of cañons where clearings have been made. Each little locality has its name and is usually occupied +by families with blood or social ties between them, and several such localities within a few hours’ travel of one another +form a friendly group. Outside of this group all other Ilongot as well as all other peoples are blood enemies, to be hunted, +murdered and decapitated as occasion permits. + + +</p> +<p></p> +<div class="figure floatRight" style="width: 230px"><img border="0" src="images/p004.jpg" alt="An Ilongot Man at Work in Clearing." width="230" height="287"><p class="figureHead">An Ilongot Man at Work in Clearing.</p> +<p>He wears the peculiarly shaped Ilongot knife, the usual head covering and a shell ear-ring. The wavy hair on head, face and +limbs strongly suggests the Negrito. +</p> +</div><p> + + +</p> +<p>The most considerable body of Ilongot appears to be those living east of the towns of Nueva Vizcaya from Mount Palali south, +along a high-wooded range to the district of “Biruk,” nearly east of Karanglan. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd0e1409" href="#xd0e1409">529</a>]</span>Here are some important occupied sites that go by the names of Kampote, Kanatwan, Kanadem, Makebengat, Oyao and Biruk, as +well as others. Homes are shifted from time to time as new clearings have to be made, and the name of a community’s home will +vary and can not always be relied on. All of these communities seem to be in fairly friendly relations with one another, though +they are not bound together by tribal or political ties. Southeast on the rough hillsides of the Kaseknan River, the country +first traversed by Mr. Bryant’s party in January, 1909, are several communities of very wild Ilongot, Sugak, Kumian and Dakgang. +Those places were greatly alarmed by the approach of the party and used every effort to persuade it to pass without visiting +at their houses. Conversations had to be held by shouting back and forth across deep gorges, and approach was very difficult. +These people have scattered rancherias toward Baler and sustain trading relations with the Tagalog of that town, but are hostile +with the Ilongot of the Nueva Vizcaya jurisdiction. Appurtenant to the towns of Karanglan and Pantabangan are a few minor +communities, among them Patakgao. Finally, further north on the Rio Kagayan, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd0e1411" href="#xd0e1411">530</a>]</span>toward the province of Isabela, we have the Ilongot communities in which Dr. Jones worked, and lost his life, Dumabato, Kagadyangan +and others. It may be that these Ilongot communicate with the Tagalog town of Kasiguran. In all of these communities together +there are probably only a couple of thousand souls at most. Few communities have as many as twenty houses or 200 souls; the +most are isolated groups of four or five married couples and their immediate relations. The harsh nature of their country, +unsanitary life, occasional epidemics and most of all their perpetual warfare contribute toward their diminution rather than +their increase. + + +</p> +<p></p> +<div class="figure floatLeft" style="width: 161px"><img border="0" src="images/p005.jpg" alt="A Young Woman of Oyao, Nueva Vizcaya." width="161" height="315"><p class="figureHead">A Young Woman of Oyao, Nueva Vizcaya.</p> +<p>Photograph taken in 1904.</p> +</div><p> + + +</p> +<p>Like other primitive Malayan people who live in the forest, the Ilongot support life by cultivating a forest clearing or “kaingin.” +The great trees are girdled, men ascend their smooth clean trunks a hundred feet or more and daringly lop away their branches +and stems that the life of the tree may be destroyed and the sunlight be admitted to the earth below. At Patakgao I was shown +some beautiful long <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd0e1422" href="#xd0e1422">531</a>]</span>pieces of the rattan an inch and a half in diameter with elaborately woven loops at the ends. These are swung from one tree +top to another and serve as passage-ways for the men at work. To cross they stand on the slack cable, one hand grasping it +on each side, and so, crouching, pass along it at a height above the ground of 80 to 100 feet. With this in mind, I could +understand their replying to my inquiry as to when they prayed, by saying that they “prayed and sang to the spirits when they +went to climb the trees.” Their crops are mountain rice, camotes or sweet potatoes, gabi or taro, maize, squash, bananas, +tapioca and, in some places, sugar cane and tobacco. They are good gardeners, although all their cultivation is by hand, their +tools being a short hoe or trowel and a wooden planting stick, which is ornamented with very tasteful carving. + + +</p> +<p></p> +<div class="figure floatRight" style="width: 161px"><img border="0" src="images/p006.jpg" alt="An Ilongot Man of Bayyait, Nueva Vizcaya." width="161" height="316"><p class="figureHead">An Ilongot Man of Bayyait, Nueva Vizcaya.</p> +<p>The photograph shows the curious deer skin cape and hat worn by the men when hunting or traveling in the rain.</p> +</div><p> + + +</p> +<p>The houses of the Ilongot are of two sorts. Sometimes they are low wretched hovels, built two or three feet above the ground, +with roofs of grass and sides of bark. But frequently the Ilongot build really well-constructed and creditable homes. These +are set high above the ground, fully twelve feet, on a large number of posts or piles; the floor is made of carefully set +strips of palma brava, the door-posts, lintels and exposed pieces of framework are curiously and tastefully carved. Such a +dwelling is built large and spacious for the occupancy of several families and there is usually a hearth in each of the four +corners of the big, single room. Such a house set on a conspicuous ridge and lifted by its piles high among the foliage of +the surrounding jungle is a striking and almost an imposing sight. + +</p> +<p>The arms of the Ilongot are the spear, the jungle knife which they forge into a peculiar form, wide and curving at the point, +a slender, bent shield of light wood and the bow and arrow. The use of the latter weapons is significant and here, as always +in Malaysia, it indicates Negrito influence and mixture. They use a bow of palma brava and the ingenious jointed arrow of +the Negrito with point attached by a long cord of rattan to the shaft, which separates and dragging behind the transfixed +animal impedes his escape. + +</p> +<p>Both men and women wear the long rattan waist belt wound many times about the loins with clouts and skirts of beaten bark +cloth. The men also use a curious rain hat not unlike a fireman’s helmet, made of rattan and deerskin, the light frame neatly +decorated with carving, and a deerskin rain coat to cover their backs in the dripping forest. + +</p> +<p>The physical type of the Ilongot is peculiar and rather unlike that of any other Philippine people. The men are small, with +long bodies and very short legs, weak, effeminate faces, occasionally bearded. The hair is worn long, but usually coiled upon +the head and held by a rattan net. The color of the Ilongot is brown and a little lighter than that of Malayans exposed to +the sun by life on the water or in the plain. Their head hair is sometimes nearly straight, usually wavy and occasionally +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd0e1439" href="#xd0e1439">533</a>]</span>quite curly. These rather unusual characteristics of the Ilongot have led to some absurdly exaggerated reports of their appearance. + + +</p> +<p></p> +<div class="figure"><img border="0" src="images/p007.jpg" alt="Ilongot Men and Women Clearing the Ground for Rice Planting." width="501" height="267"><p class="figureHead">Ilongot Men and Women Clearing the Ground for Rice Planting.</p> +<p>The men have a characteristic trowel. The women have planting sticks of hard wood elaborately carved. The man with the curly +head indicates the Negrito blood in these people. +</p> +</div><p> + + +</p> +<p>My measurements include 15 men, 8 women and a young boy whose stature is disregarded. The height of the men varied from 1,439 +mm. to 1,610 mm., the mean being about 1,540, a very small stature though considerably above the Negrito. The stature of the +women was from 1,386 mm. to 1,510 mm., the mean being about 1,440. The cephalic index of all but four of the 24 individuals +was between 89 and 80 (brachycephalic), one was 79.9, two were 79, and one 76 (mesaticephalic). The nasal index of all but +six varied from 100 to 87 (markedly platyrhinian), while the remaining six had indices from 83 to 76. The mean index of all +was 88.6. The arm reach, as is usual in Negritic peoples, exceeded the height. + +</p> +<p>A peculiarity of the Ilongot face is that, while it is relatively wide at the cheek bones, it narrows rapidly below, giving +the effect of a pentagonal shaped face with sharp chin. The eyes are relatively well opened and clear, like the eye of the +Negrito, without slant or folding lid. + +</p> +<p>In the Ilongot then we have a small, shortlegged, wavy or curly-haired man, round headed generally, flat and broad nosed, +with occasionally bearded face and restless nervous physiognomy. Most of these are not characteristics of the ordinary forest +Malayan; on the contrary, they suggest the Negrito, and occasion the belief, in my own mind, that the Ilongot is, like many +other peoples of the Philippines and Malaysia, a mixed race resulting from the union of Negrito and Malayan. + +</p> +<p>From what has already been said it is apparent that in Ilongot society we have a most rudimentary stage of political development. +There is no tribe. There is no <span class="corr" id="xd0e1456" title="Source: chieftanship">chieftainship</span>. There are no social classes, for the Ilongot have neither aristocracy nor slaves nor what is very common in most Malayan +communities, a class of bonded debtors. They have words to designate such classes, a slave being “sina lima” and a debtor +“makiotang,” but this information was imparted with the repeated statement, “There are none here.” I was unable to get any +word whatever for a chieftain, although the Ilongot of Neuva Vizcaya spoke of the “nalahaian” or head of the body of kin, +but this person seemed to be only the oldest influential relation in the family group. The Ilongot of Patakgao said it was +customary to hold a council called “pogon” but it was evident that this gathering was without definite constitution. The feebleness +of the political life of the Ilongot can be appreciated by comparing it to the Igorot, the sturdy mountain headhunters in +the Cordillera to the west. The Igorot likewise have no conception of the tribe but they do have thoroughly organized towns +and town life. They have a detailed social system, based primarily on the possession of wealth; there are slaves, servant +and indebted classes, and a carefully developed and adequate body of law covering property, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd0e1459" href="#xd0e1459">534</a>]</span>inheritance, conveyance and contract. Thus the political life of the Igorot, although exceedingly weak on the side of federation +or agreement between the independent towns, is centuries of development ahead of the almost institutionless communities of +the Ilongot. + +</p> +<p>The Ilongot appears to be usually a monogamist and the wife is purchased, or at least a dowry called “piyat” is paid in weapons, +utensils, liquor, wire, etc. Her position is not at all that of a bought piece of property, but, like the woman in Malayan +society generally, she is the companion and almost the equal in influence and independence of the man. + +</p> +<p>While the machinery for righting injuries or settling grievances is almost non-existent, the Ilongot has a strong sense of +injury and of wrongful acts. He will say with the strongest feeling and disgust that certain actions are “forbidden” (ma kŭl). + +</p> +<p>I once asked an Ilongot what he would do if a man of a neighboring community, with which relations were peaceful, should come +and steal his pig. He thereupon detailed the steps open to him. He might take his weapons and go within hallooing distance +of the aggressor’s home and demand a double fine or restitution (“baiyad”). If the demand did not avail he would make a solemn +warning (“tongtongan”) and then, if satisfaction did not follow, there was no recourse but retaliation. I believe, however, +that compensation, even for such offenses as murder, is frequently arranged through the anxiety of all members of the family +to escape retaliation. Feud, that inevitably arises under such social conditions as these, pursues generation after generation +and the obligation that descends to posterity and relations to take vengeance is spoken of as the “debt of life” (utang nu +biay). + +</p> +<p>Apart from the taking of heads as an act of vengeance, murder with the winning of the gruesome trophy is obligatory on the +other occasions as well. An Ilongot once said to me “A man may during his life take three, four or even five heads, but he +must take <i>one</i>, and that before he marries. This head he carries to the relations of his intended wife to prove that his heart and body +are strong to defend her.” Furthermore, after the palay harvest each year the bundles of unthreshed rice or palay are neatly +piled into a stack about a tall stake which is set up in the “kaingin.” Then, for some ungodly reason, a human head is very +desirable to place on top of this pole. So raids are made, usually on the Christian settlements below. Several questions may +be asked regarding these practises, but I can offer nothing by way of answer. To whom is the “debt of life” owed? To the spirit +of the dead person? To the customary Malayan spirits of the forest? Only a long acquaintance would enable one to get to the +bottom of the motive of such customs as these. + + +</p> +<p></p> +<div class="figure floatLeft" style="width: 312px"><img border="0" src="images/p008.jpg" alt="Ilongot Men of Puludpud in the Former Spanish Commandery of Principe." width="312" height="476"><p class="figureHead">Ilongot Men of Puludpud in the Former Spanish Commandery of Principe.</p> +<p>One carries a bow and arrow, the other a spear with a point which detaches itself from the shaft to which it is attached by +a long cord. The dragging shaft impedes the escape of the animal that has been speared until the hunters can come up and dispatch +it. +</p> +</div><p> + + +</p> +<p>The primitive Malayan is full of beliefs and dreads of the malignant spirits which throng his environment. These are the spirits +of forest, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd0e1481" href="#xd0e1481">536</a>]</span>trees, cañons, streams and sea; horribly conceived monsters and ghouls, and furthermore, and omnipresent in the affairs of +the living, are the spirits of the dead—the ghosts. The Negrito, on the contrary, seems to be very little disturbed by such +beliefs. His elementary religious notions leave him free for the most part from terror by night or by day. Where troubled +with conceptions of “anito” or “diwata” it is almost certain that he has been learning at the feet of some demon-worshipping +Malayan. Now, the Ilongot appear to have religious ideas that have come from various sources. Those of Nueva Vizcaya, with +whom I talked, professed belief in spirits and called them “bĕ tung”; the spirits of the dead were “gi na vá.” The Ilongot +of Patakgao, curiously, have been affected by Christian nomenclature. The ruling spirit or spirits is “apo sen diot” (“apo” +meaning lord or sir and “diot” being a corruption of <i lang="es">Dios</i>). They had no word for heaven, but mentioned “Impiĕdno” (<i lang="es">Infierno</i>). They said that when people die “they go to the mountains.” They bury the dead near their houses in a coffin of bark (ko +ko). They said that there were no “aswang” (malignant monsters believed in by the Christian Filipinos) in their mountains. +They stated that prayer is a frequent observance; that they prayed when some one is sick or injured. “When an animal is killed +we pray before cutting up the animal,” and as stated above prayer is offered before the dangerous ascent of trees. In one +house I saw a little bundle of grasses which was put there, following prayer made “at the first time when we are eating the +new rice.” Prayer is then made that rats may not destroy the harvest or other ill occur to crops. + +</p> +<p>These notes are too fragmentary to give any definite idea of what the religion of the Ilongot may be, but two other things +observed had religious significance. When our party reached the vicinity of the community at Patakgao, we encountered in the +bed of the cañon we were following a curious contrivance placed over the running water. Two stakes had been set up, and attached +horizontally was a branch twelve feet long, five or six feet from the ground. A chicken had been sacrificed here and its blood +had been daubed along this pole in at least eighteen different stains. Feathers had been tied to the ends of the upright poles +and midway between them a curiously whittled stick of shavings was tied perpendicularly and the giblets and head of the fowl +stuck upon it. Our guide, who was a Christian native from a small barrio which has some relations with this community, pronounced +this contrivance to be a warning against further approach, in fact a “dead line.” But later, Bŭliŭd, one of the important +men of Patakgao, insisted that it was an offering made for the cure of their wounds received a few days before in a fight +with hostile Ilongot. + +</p> +<p>In the houses of the Ilongot at Bayyait were many curiously whittled sticks suspended from the rafters. Some of these were +of irregular <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd0e1493" href="#xd0e1493">537</a>]</span>shape like a ray of lightning; many were bunches of shavings, singularly suggestive of the prayer sticks of the Ainu. + +</p> +<p>The language of the Ilongot is predominantly Malayan. It contains a large bulk of words identical or related to the surrounding +Malayan tongues. There are a few Sanskrit or Indian words, “pagi” (palay, “paddy,” the unhulled rice) and “pana” for arrow, +both words widely diffused in Malaysia. But besides, there is a doubtful element which does not seem to be Malayan; at least +no similar words or roots occur in any of the other vocabularies of primitive peoples of northern Luzon collected by me. The +Ilongot continually makes use of a short ŭ, which sometimes becomes the German sound ü as in “buh dük,” a flower. These sounds +can not be imitated by the Christian people in contact with them. This is a condition similar to what we find in Negrito speech, +where, with a preponderance of terms occurring in Malayan languages, are often a number of totally distinct and usually eccentric +words and sounds. + +</p> +<p>Finally, it is manifest that the Ilongot are a problem to the government of the islands. What is to be done with such people +as these? They can not be allowed to continue, as they have done, to harass and murder the peaceful population of Nueva Ecija, +northern Pangasinan and Nueva Vizcaya. Some means must be found to restrain them. Humanity does not permit their extermination. +Steps are now being taken to do something to get them in hand. The exploring parties above referred to have opened the way. +The communities organized under teachers of the Bureau of Education seem to promise something as well. Last fall when I left +the islands search was being made for the right sort of an American teacher to put in charge of school interests at Baler, +with jurisdiction over the Ilongot villages appurtenant thereto. The people of Patakgao since my visit have accepted an invitation, +then made, to send their young men and boys to the barrio of San Juan, a village in the mountains back of Pantabangan, where +a school is conducted and where several of these youth are now living in charge of a native man in whom the Ilongot have confidence. +The Bureau of Education meets the slight expenses of this educational experiment. This work of social development, here as +in a thousand similar places in the Philippines, will be best done by the American teacher, but the task is inviting only +to the man in whom the spirit of youth and adventure and fascination with human problems runs strong. + +</p> +<p>Mr. Murphy’s last report concluded, “I believe the schools can do these people a great amount of good and solve the government’s +worst problems. The work, however, is dangerous, as the man who undertakes it has no protection but his own diplomacy in handling +the people. If trouble comes it will be from the young bucks, desirous of gaining a reputation.” + + + +</p> +<div class="footnotes"> +<hr class="fnsep"> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" href="#xd0e1310src" id="xd0e1310">1</a></span> The report of these people under different names has been the cause of the belief that they were so many separate peoples. +Professor F. Blumentritt makes this mistake. “<span lang="de">Versuch einer Ethnographie der Philippinen</span>,” p. 33; “List of Native Tribes of the Philippines,” translated in Smithsonian Report for 1899. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" href="#xd0e1341src" id="xd0e1341">2</a></span> A brief account of the people about Binatangan was published by a missionary in 1891 in “<span lang="es">El Correo Sino-Annamita</span>,” Vol. XXV. “<span lang="es">Una Visita á los Rancherias de Ilongotes</span>” by Father Buenaventura Campa. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" href="#xd0e1352src" id="xd0e1352">3</a></span> Sibley was an American soldier from the 16th Infantry who deserted in 1900, and lived for over four years, a renegade among +these people. He finally surrendered to Governor Curry, of Isabela province. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" href="#xd0e1367src" id="xd0e1367">4</a></span> Fields for seeding. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" href="#xd0e1370src" id="xd0e1370">5</a></span> Cane rafts. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" href="#xd0e1377src" id="xd0e1377">6</a></span> The Ifugao are an Igorot people inhabiting the Kiangan region. All the Igorot people practise, wherever possible, the burial +of their rich and important personages in caves and artificial grottos. Burial caves occur in many places in the Philippines +and have yielded a large store of jars, skulls and ornaments. +</p> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="back"> +<div class="div1" id="toc"> +<h2 class="normal">Table of Contents</h2> +<ul> +<li><a href="#xd0e80">The Negrito and Allied Types in the Philippines</a></li> +<li><a href="#xd0e1296">The Ilongot or Ibilao of Luzon</a></li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="transcribernote"> +<h2>Colophon</h2> +<h3>Availability</h3> +<p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give +it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/">www.gutenberg.org</a>. + +</p> +<p>This eBook is produced by the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at <a href="https://www.pgdp.net/">www.pgdp.net</a>. + +</p> +<p>Derived from the scans available at <i>The United States and its Territories</i> collection of the University of Michigan, at <a href="http://name.umdl.umich.edu/ahz9229.0001.001">http://name.umdl.umich.edu/ahz9229.0001.001</a>. + +</p> +<h3>Encoding</h3> +<h3>Revision History</h3> +<ol class="lsoff"> +<li>2009-03-06 Started. + +</li> +</ol> +<h3>External References</h3> +<p>This Project Gutenberg eBook contains external references. These links may not work for you.</p> +<h3>Corrections</h3> +<p>The following corrections have been applied to the text:</p> +<table width="75%"> +<tr> +<th>Page</th> +<th>Source</th> +<th>Correction</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width="20%"><a class="pageref" href="#xd0e1010">371</a></td> +<td width="40%">mesaured</td> +<td width="40%">measured</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width="20%"><a class="pageref" href="#xd0e1335">523</a></td> +<td width="40%">,</td> +<td width="40%">.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width="20%"><a class="pageref" href="#xd0e1393">528</a></td> +<td width="40%">Patagkao</td> +<td width="40%">Patakgao</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width="20%"><a class="pageref" href="#xd0e1456">533</a></td> +<td width="40%">chieftanship</td> +<td width="40%">chieftainship</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +</div> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Negrito and Allied Types in the +Philippines and The Ilongot or Ibilao of Luzon, by David P. 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