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diff --git a/28577.txt b/28577.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c5f67c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/28577.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1741 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Negrito and Allied Types in the +Philippines and The Ilongot or Ibilao of Luzon, by David P. Barrows + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Negrito and Allied Types in the Philippines and The Ilongot or Ibilao of Luzon + +Author: David P. Barrows + +Release Date: April 20, 2009 [EBook #28577] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEGRITO AND ALLIED TYPES *** + + + + +Produced by the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net/ + + + + + + + + +THE NEGRITO AND ALLIED TYPES IN THE PHILIPPINES + +By David P. Barrows + + +[Reprinted from the American Anthropologist, Vol. 12, No. 3, +July-Sept., 1910.] + + +Nine years of residence and travel in the Philippines have produced +the conviction that in discussions of the ethnology of Malaysia, +and particularly of the Philippines, the Negrito element has been +slighted. Much has been made of the "Indonesian" theory and far too +much of pre-Spanish Chinese influence, but the result to the physical +types found in the Philippines of the constant absorption of the +Negrito race into the Malayan and the wide prevalence of Negrito +blood in all classes of islanders has been generally overlooked. + +The object of this paper is to present some physical measurements of +the Negrito and then of several other pagan peoples of the islands +whose types, as determined by measurement and observation, reveal +the presence of Negrito blood. + +The physical measurements here given were taken by me at various times +between 1901 and 1909. They were taken according to the methods of +Topinard (Elements d'Anthropologie Generale) and are discussed in +accordance with his system of nomenclature. + +The first Negritos measured are members of a little community on the +south slope of Mount Mariveles in the province of Bataan. They are of +a markedly pure type. While it is usual to find Negrito communities +considerably affected by Malayan blood, in this case I doubt if there +is more than a single individual who is not of pure Negrito race. Nine +men and ten women, all adults, practically the entire grown population +of this group, were measured. Although this is a small number, the +surprising uniformity of characteristics in all practically assures +us that in these individuals we have the normal, pure type of Negrito, +which may be used as a standard for comparison with other peoples. + +The stature of these nine men and ten women arranged serially appears +below: + + + Men Women + 1374 1266 + 1381 1292 + 1435 1305 + 1439 1326 + 1440 = mean 1341 + 1467 1375 + 1495 1385 + 1526 1396 + 1532 1400 + 1460 + + +These figures give an extreme variation of 158 mm. for the men and +194 mm. for the women. The mean stature for men is 1440, the average +1454, and for the women 1341-1375 and 1354 respectively. These, +it scarcely need be said, are extremely low statures, perhaps as +low as have ever been recorded on any group of people. According to +Topinard's nomenclature they are all distinctly "pigmy." + +In every individual the extreme reach of the arms ("grande envergure") +exceeded the stature. In the men the excess varied from 30 mm. to +139 mm. and in the women from 23 mm. to 102 mm. This measurement +shows the Negritos to have unusually long arms. In yellow races the +arm-reach is about equal to the stature, and in the white race it is +usually a little above. I think we may take this excessive reach of +arms to be a truly Negrito character. + +The cephalic and nasal indices for both men and women are next given: + + + Cephalic Index + + Men Women [1] + 80 78 + 80 79 + 80 81 + 80 81 + 82 82 + 82 87 + 82 93 + 87 + 88 + + Nasal Index + + Men Women + 84 79 + 90 86 + 90 90 + 91 92 + 95 92 + 97 92 + 98 97 + 98 98 + 100 98 + 109 + + +Topinard's nomenclature for cephalic index is as follows: + + + Long heads (dolichocephalic) 74 and below + Medium heads (mesaticephalic) 75 to 79 + Broad or round heads (brachycephalic) 80 to 90 + + +Thus with two exceptions our Negritos are decidedly round headed or +brachycephalic. The exceptions are two women (indices 78 and 79), +who in other respects are typical. The first had the lowest stature +recorded (1266 mm.) and her arm-reach exceeded her stature by 57 +mm. Her nose was very broad and flat (index 98), hair kinky, color +and other characters those of the pure Negrito. The second woman was +without obvious indication of mixed blood, but her nasal index was +only 79 or mesorhinian, and this even more than her head form would +suggest the probability of some Malay blood. I think we must conclude, +then, that the head form of the Negrito, while usually decidedly round, +has considerable variation and approaches mesaticephaly. + +Topinard's nomenclature for nasal index is, for the living: + + + Broad and flat noses (platyrhinian) 108 to 87.9 + Medium noses (mesorhinian) 81.4 to 69.3 + Thin, high noses (leptorhinian) 69.4 to 63 + + +Those familiar with Topinard's monumental work will recall the +particular importance he gives to the nasal index, and how he shows +that it is perhaps the most exact character for classifying races; +all white races being leptorhinian, the yellow mesorhinian, and the +black or negro races platyrhinian. Indeed the presence of a markedly +platyrhinian type of nose may almost be taken as clear proof of negro +derivation. The nasal index of Negritos, as would be expected in a race +whose outward characters are so obviously negroid, is exceptionally +high or platyrhinian. Again the figures for men and women are arranged +serially so as to show the mean and variation. + + + Nasal Index + + Men Women + 84 79 + 90 86 + 90 90 + 91 92 + 95 92 + 97 92 + 97 97 + 98 98 + 100 98 + 109 + + +All of these nasal indices, with the sole exception of the woman +mentioned above, are below mesorhinian or pronouncedly platyrhinian +and negroid. + +The shape of the Negrito nose is peculiar and after it has once +been carefully observed can be easily recognized. The root is deeply +depressed from a smooth and rounding forehead, the bridge is short +and low, and the end rounding and bulbous. Sometimes, but not usually, +the nostrils are horizontally visible. The apertures of the nostrils +are very flat and their direction almost parallel with the plane of +the face. + +It has been repeatedly asserted that the body color of the Negrito is +black, but this is a gross exaggeration. It is a dark brown, several +shades darker than the Malay, with a yellowish or saffron "undertone" +showing on the less exposed parts of the body. As compared with the +lighter colored peoples about him his color is pronounced enough to +warrant the appellation of negro which is applied to him, but this +term must not be considered as other than a popular description. + +The hair of the Negrito is typically African. It is kinky and grows +in the little clusters or "peppercorn" bunches peculiar to negro +races. The Negrito man and woman usually wear the hair short, cutting +it more or less closely so that it resembles a thick pad over the +head. Sometimes a tonsure on the back is cut away, and among still +other Negritos a considerable part of the hair is removed from the +head. In persons of mixed Negrito-Malayan blood the hair, if left +uncut, grows into a great wavy or frizzly mop standing up well from +the head. + +The Negrito is seldom prognathous, nor is the lower part of his +face excessively developed. His profile and features on the whole +are comely and pleasing, especially in the pure type, which is less +"scrawny" than in mixed individuals. The body, too, is shapely and +the proportions good, except that the head appears a little large, +the legs too short, and the arms, as above noted, excessively long. + +The muscular development is slender rather than stocky, seldom obese, +legs a little thin and deficient in the calf. + +The Negrito eye is distinctly pretty. It is dark brown and well +opened. It has no suggestion of doubled lid and in all these respects +differs from the eye of the Malayan. + +The lips are full, the chin slightly retreating, the ear well shaped +and "attached." + +Such are, I believe, the normal characters of the Negrito of the +Philippines. He is a scattered survivor of the pygmy negro race, at +one time undoubtedly far more important and numerous; brachycephalic, +platyrhinian, woolly headed, and, when unaffected by the higher +culture of the surrounding peoples, a pure forest-dwelling savage. + +The only other undisputed members of the Negrito race, besides those +found in the Philippines, are the Andaman islanders and the Semang +of the Malay peninsula. De Quatrefages' diligent and hopeful search +through the literature of Malaysia for traces of the Negrito led him to +the belief in their existence in a good many other places from Sumatra +to Formosa, but Meyer in a subsequent essay assailed De Quatrefages' +evidence except for the three areas mentioned above. If by Negrito +we mean compact, independent communities of relatively pure type, +I think we must agree with Meyer, but if on the other hand we mean by +the presence of the Negrito the occurrence of his typical characters in +numerous individuals of reputed Malayan race, then we must, I think, +admit the presence of the Negrito in a great proportion of the peoples +and localities of Malaysia. And in this sense there is much evidence +that the Negrito still exists from the Andamans to Formosa and even +to Japan, absorbed in the stronger populations that have overrun +these regions. + +Meyer's Distribution of the Negritos in the Philippines and Elsewhere +is a very valuable sifting of the evidence, but it is not final, as +was quickly apparent eight years ago when we came to locate Negritos +on the ground. There are none for instance in Cebu, where Meyer +was led to place them, and it is certain that they live in Guimaras +and on Palawan. Those of the last island are a very curious people, +locally called "Batak." They were first described in a brief note with +photographs by Lieutenant E. Y. Miller published by the Philippine +Ethnological Survey in volume II of its Publications. Doubt has been +cast on the Negrito character of these people, some supposing them +to be predominantly Malayan, but there is no doubt about their being +Negrito, although in places they have perhaps received Malayan blood. + +In June, 1909, I measured a few Batak who had a small settlement called +Laksun near the village of Bintuan, thirty miles up the coast from +Puerto Princesa. The individuals of this group were typical Negritos, +in color, character of hair, and general appearance. Four men who were +measured were 1433, 1475, 1497, and 1590 respectively in stature. Their +arm-reach in every case exceeded the height, in one the excess being +152 mm. The head indices were 80 to 81, the nasal indices 85, 98, 102, +and 102. These are all true Negrito characters and, while there may be +in some communities of Batak a considerable amount of Malayan blood, +the predominant type is Negrito. + +It appears also that the other pagan element in Palawan, known as +"Tagbanwa," while predominantly Malayan and exhibiting the general +appearance and manner of life of the Malayan, is in part Negrito, as +is revealed by the following measurements of five "Tagbanwa" men taken +at Eraan, thirty miles south of Puerto Princesa. These men include +the chief, "Masekampo Kosa" and four of his retainers. Their stature +varied from 1521 to 1595, less than the usual stature of a group of +Malayan men. The arm-reach was notably greater than the height. All +were brachycephalic, the indices being 79, 81, 81, 82, and 83. All were +platyrhinian, except one who was mesorhinian, the indices being 79, +88, 95, 100, and 105. In spite of these pronouncedly Negrito results, +these men had the appearance of Malays, not Negritos. Their skin +color was light brown, hair wavy not curly; their habits, bearing, +and speech indicated the temperament of the Malay. + +The "Mamanua" of Surigao peninsula, Mindanao, have long been recognized +as of Negrito race. They were seen and described by Montano in 1880. At +the present time they are very few in number, and are found in the +forest about Lake Mainit and in the hill country southward. They +are fast being absorbed by the Manobo, who join their communities +and intermarry with them. In a little village called Kicharao in the +forest near Lake Mainit are Mamanua men married to Manobo women and +Manobo men married to Mamanua women, the children of these unions +sometimes presenting Negroid and sometimes Malayan characters. The +opportunity to observe the immediate results of mixture between two +different races is very unusual. Naturally this group is of mixed +race, some individuals looking like pure Negritos and from this +type varying all the way to primitive Malayan. Three men whom I +measured had a stature exceeding the Negrito but in other respects +were Negritic. The statures were 1583, 1594, and 1612; the cephalic +indices, 80, 85, and 86; the nasal indices, 97, 102, and 111. + +What has not been generally noted, however, is the fact that nearly +all the peoples of eastern Mindanao, usually described as "Malayan" +or "Indonesian," are to a large degree Negrito. This is especially +true of the Manobo of the lower waters of the river Agusan. I have +no measurements of these people, but the appearance of nearly every +individual in their communities is Negritic rather than Malayan. The +stature is very low and frail, hair black and wavy to frizzly, features +negroid, and behavior that of the pacified Negrito. Similar characters, +though in a less marked degree, display themselves among the tribes +southward and about the gulf of Davao. There is no doubt that there is +a large amount of absorbed Negrito stock in the pagan peoples of all +this great island. Even among the Subanon of the Samboanga peninsula, +who are perhaps as purely Malayan as any, I have seen occasional +individuals with marked Negrito characters. + +I shall not attempt here to estimate the proportion of Negrito blood +in the Christian peoples of the Philippines--Bisaya, Bikol, Tagalog, +Ilokano, etc.--further than to express my conviction that in certain +regions it is very large and has greatly modified the primitive Malayan +type. But let us turn to the consideration of possible Negrito blood in +two interesting pagan stocks of northern Luzon, the "Igorot" and the +"Ilongot" or "Ibilao." + +The term Igorot is used to include all the wild, headhunting, +mountain-dwelling peoples of the great cordillera of Luzon, a region +some two hundred miles in length by forty across. This mountain area is +divisible into regions wherein the culture, physical type, and language +of the inhabitants are homogeneous or nearly so. These regions, in +reports made some years ago on the wild tribes of the Philippines, +I have called "culture areas," and they may serve, in the absence of +the tribal relation, as the basis of classification. Beginning with +the southern end of this mountain system we have the area of southern +Benguet and Kayapa inhabited by Igorot speaking a dialect called +"Nabaloi." In northern Benguet, Amburayan, and southern Lepanto are +the "Kankanay." In the central mountain region, a great area with +several subdivisions, the "Bontok"; and southeast, occupying the +former Comandancia of Kiangan, the "Ifugao." North of Bontok are the +"Tinglayan," the "Tinggian" or "Itnig," the "Kalinga," and "Apayao" +areas, and perhaps others. Of these most northerly peoples I have no +anthropometric data. Their general appearance is somewhat different +from that of the Igorot farther south. They appear to the eye to be +more slender and handsomely built, with finer features, especially +in the case of the Tinggian. I am of opinion, however, that these +dissimilarities are apparent rather than real, and that measurements +and careful observation will demonstrate unity of physical type +throughout the entire cordillera. This unity does not refer of course +to manner of dressing the hair, ornamentation, artificial deformations, +etc., in which there is wide variation. The ethnological origin of +these Igorot peoples is at first very puzzling. They are obviously +not typical Malayans. Some physical measurements which I have should, +and I believe do, throw some light on the problem. + +On September 26, 1902, at Ambuklao, Benguet, I measured ten Igorot men +from the villages of Baguio, Trinidad, Tublay, and Ambuklao. All were +adults, from 20 to 40 years of age, except one, a boy of 16, who was, +however, married and not inferior in stature to the others. These +men all belonged to the poor or "kailian" class, except one who had +arisen to the "principal" class from poor parentage. By "poor" class +in Benguet is meant those who have no cattle, rice terraces, mines, +or other productive property and are liable to the forced labor of +"polistas." The stature, arm-reach, and cephalic and nasal indices +of these Igorot are arranged below: + + + Height Arm-reach Cephalic Index Nasal Index + + 1481 1489 83.0 82.9 + 1490 1550 75.7 85.8 + 1496 1532 78.9 104.8 + 1499 1556 79.7 83.3 + 1500 1567 76.8 83.5 + 1512 1588 87.5 75.0 + 1522 1583 76.0 89.4 + 1546 1602 81.2 97.7 + 1596 1564 82.3 79.1 + 1615 1647 96.3 105.0 + + +Of these statures all but one are "short," or below 1600. In fact +these men are only a little above the average stature of the +Negritos of Mariveles (1450). Five are within 50 mm. of a true +pygmy stature. The mean stature is 1500 to 1512, and the average +is identical, 1505.7. In all but one case the arm reach exceeds the +height, the excess varying from 8 to 36 mm. Six are brachycephalic, +and four mesaticephalic, the variation extending from 75.7 to 96.3. The +nasal index shows wide variation from 75 to 105, the mean being about +85. Four are platyrhinian, two exceeding 100, two are mesorhinian, +and four are midway between Topinard's mesorhinian and platyrhinian +types. The muscular development of these men is very strong, robust, +or "stocky." The skin color is coffee brown with saffron undertone, +lighter on trunk. Their hair is coarse and in nearly every case +straight, in one case only being slightly wavy. The hair is usually +scant on the body and about the face, but two men have relatively hairy +bodies and legs. The eye in some cases appears to be oblique. The ear +in every case is attached and normal. The chin is retreating and in one +case the face is somewhat prognathic. The lips are thick and the under +lip heavy. In several cases the supraorbital arches are prominent. + +On September 29th of the same year, at Wagan, a small town in Kayapa, +I measured fifteen Igorot of that town and of Losod. Eight were women +and seven were men. The measurements and indices of these follow: + + + Stature Arm-reach Cephalic Index Nasal Index + + Men + 1413 1478 78.7 125.0 + 1493 1539 80.4 86.4 + 1512 1544 82.7 84.0 + 1550 1600 78.9 90.7 + 1589 1650 73.2 90.9 + 1594 1650 78.8 100.0 + 1653 1672 74.6 140.0 + + Women + 1351 1376 85.1 92.6 + 1367 1394 76.7 92.7 + 1423 1467 79.1 100.0 + 1433 1466 76.8 105.7 + 1435 1455 84.8 125.3 + 1435 1522 82.6 100.0 + 1442 1446 84.6 100.0 + 1509 1520 74.4 100.0 + + +The mean stature (1550) and the average (1526) were a little higher +than in Benguet. In every case the arm-reach exceeded the height. The +shape of head in men and women shows a wide variation. Seven +are brachycephalic and seven are mesaticephalic while one is +dolichocephalic (73.2). The nasal index varies from 84 to 140--a truly +astonishing series of noses! All are platyrhinian except two, and nine +of the sixteen have indices of 100 or over. The descriptive characters +were much the same as for the Benguet group. There was occasional +marked supraorbital development, retreating chin, and prognathism. + +Two of the men deserve special remark. One was the very small fellow--a +true pigmy (1413 mm.). He was named "Mokyao" and was born in Wagan. He +suggested the Negrito in stature, in arm-reach (65 mm. in excess of +stature), in nasal index (125), and in the slightly wavy quality of +his hair. His head, however, was mesaticephalic (78.7). + +The other was the Igorot of unusually tall stature, 1653 mm., +and he was the most extraordinary savage I have ever seen. He was +about 30 years old, named "Ngaao," a native of Wagan. When he first +appeared in our camp he almost startled us with the brutality of +his appearance. He was promptly dubbed the "Gorilla." His arm-reach +was 1672, his head length 197, breadth 147, and index 74.6; his nose +length 35, breadth 48, and index 140; his height and breadth of face +were 179 and 139; width of shoulders 396; circumference of chest +880; of belly 810. His ears were greatly developed, his supraorbital +arches most pronounced, and his whole appearance like a restoration +of primitive man. He wore only a loin string and a deerskin knapsack, +and was most extraordinarily blackened with dirt and the pitch from +smoky fires. His intelligence seemed very low, but he was said to be +married and to have two children. + +In May, 1908, I measured two Igorot men at Akop's place near Tublay, +Benguet, four men of Karao at Bokod and six men of Kabayan. These, +like the preceding, were all Nabaloi, although the people of Karao +speak a somewhat different dialect and are allied to the "Busul"--wild, +robbing Igorot of the high mountains between the Agno river valley +and Nueva Vizcaya. The statures and cephalic and nasal indices of +these twelve men are given below: + + + Stature Cephalic Index [2] Nasal Index [2] + + 1467 74.1 79.4 + 1508 74.2 85.1 + 1511.5 74.3 86.3 + 1529 75.2 87.6 + 1541 75.6 88.3 + 1550 76.0 92.0 + 1565 76.0 92.1 + 1572 76.2 93.7 + 1591 76.4 100.0 + 1602 78.1 100.0 + 1648 78.4 100.0 + 1681 79.7 100.0 + + +The stature of these men is "short," about the same mean as that of +other Igorot given above. Two, however, belong to Topinard's "above +medium" statures, being 1648 and 1681. These are unusually tall +Igorot and it may be worth noting that both belong to the wealthy or +"baknang" class. The taller is "Belasco" of Kabayan and the other +"Akop" of Tublay. All are mesaticephalic and their indices cover the +entire range of this class, 74 to 80. The most brachycephalic is +"Belasco" and the next "Akop," the two of unusual stature. These +men are less brachycephalic than the Igorot measured at Ambuklao +and Kayapa, but the numbers in each case are too few to permit +generalization. The group is platyrhinian for the greater part, four +only being mesorhinian. On the whole this is a very homogeneous group +of men. With two exceptions all are of about the same low stature, +all mesaticephalic, all platyrhinian or nearly so. The hair of all is +black, coarse, and straight, the body smooth and face as well, except +that the men of Karao had a few mustache and chin hairs and seemed to +be more hairy on the legs than the others. The profile of the nose +was much alike in all, a straight short bridge, rounding bluntly at +the end. The brows were rather prominent, especially in the Karao men. + +In the same month I measured two men of Bugias, Benguet, and four of +Suyok, Lepanto, all of whom were "Kankanay." These measurements were +as follows: + + + Stature Arm-reach Cephalic Index Nasal Index + + 1452 1490 75.3 100.0 + 1470 1545 78.8 88.6 + 1518 1577 79.2 95.0 + 1621 1676 78.8 97.8 + 1558 1554 72.8 92.6 + 1571 1591 81.0 83.0 + + +These men are all of low stature, long armed, all platyrhinian, but +having a very varying head-shape, one being dolichocephalic (head +length 195, breadth 142, and index 72.8), and one brachycephalic, 81. + +On the same trip, at Benawi, I measured ten Ifugao men. All were adult, +well formed, and of the laboring or "polista" class. Their measures +are as follows: + + + Height Cephalic Index [3] Nasal Index [3] + + 1465 71.00 85 + 1501 71.65 93 + 1530 74.00 95 + 1534 76.50 97 + 1556 76.90 100 + 1567 77.26 100 + 1579 77.80 106 + 1581 79.60 106 + 1600 80.40 118 + 1606 83.50 119 + + +The mean height and the amount of variation are almost exactly the +same as those found in Benguet. All but two are of "short" stature, +while one approaches that of a Negrito. The head index is generally +mesaticephalic, but three are dolichocephalic and two brachycephalic, +the amount of variation being surprising. All are platyrhinian, most +of them excessively so. Their color was a dirty brown, with saffron +undertone. The hair was black, abundant, and in every case wavy. The +nose was flat, "bulbous," with a very rounding end, and deeply indented +at root. The lips were full and prominent, the chin retreating, and +eye-arches rather heavy. As these men sat together with their dark +faces and abundant heads of wavy hair they had a suggestively Papuan +appearance. Another peculiarity was their singularly depressed temples, +which gave the face a very narrow diameter across the brow. + +In the foregoing series we have altogether 53 Igorot, 8 of them women, +whose physical characters may now be summarized. While this may seem a +small number upon which to base conclusions, a few general statements +may, with propriety, be made. [4] + +Arranging serially the statures of the forty-five men, it is found +that two of them are below 1450 mm., nine are between 1451 and 1500, +fourteen between 1501 and 1550, thirteen between 1551 and 1600, five +between 1501 and 1650, and two are above 1650 and below 1700. I believe +that these figures are representative of all the Igorot stock. From a +personal experience extending over a good many years I think it may +be asserted that the Igorot in all parts of the cordillera present +about the same statures as those which I have here given. Belasco +and Akop would be recognized as very tall Igorot in any part of the +mountains. Two of the above are pygmy and all but seven are below 1600, +and correspond to Topinard's "below medium" statures. We may say, +then, with positiveness that the Igorot is one of the exceptionally +short races of mankind. With three or four exceptions the arm-reach +is greater than the height, usually by 40 to 50 mm. Thus, the short +stature is somewhat compensated for by long arms, heavy, robust bodies, +and short, muscular legs. + +The cephalic index of both men and women ranges from 70 to 96.3, a very +surprising range. Ten are dolichocephalic, 71 to 74.6; twenty-nine are +mesaticephalic, 75.2 to 79.7; twelve are brachycephalic, 80.4 to 84.8, +and two are hyperbrachycephalic, 85 and 96.3. Thus the vast majority +of heads are mesaticephalic with more tendency toward brachycephaly +than to dolichocephaly. + +The nose represents on the other hand surprising uniformity. Only +three noses are mesorhinian, 75, 79.1, and 79.4, thirty-nine are full +platyrhinian, while twenty-two have an index of 100 or more. The mean +index is 95. + +From this comparison I think we may assert that in the mountain people +of the southern half of the cordillera of Luzon we have a very short, +long-armed, muscular race of dark brown color varying to saffron, with +coarse black hair that is usually straight but in Bontok is sometimes +wavy, and in Kiangan regularly so, full lips, retreating chin, flat, +broad noses rounding at the end and deeply depressed at the root, +with an extraordinarily high nasal index, and heads that have great +variation in shape but are usually mesaticephalic or brachycephalic. + +May we then draw a few conclusions? Obviously this is not a typical +Malay type. To a possible basis of primitive Malayan stock some +other racial element or elements have been added and thoroughly +incorporated. The wide range in shape of head may be taken, I think, as +probable evidence of such mingling of types. The color, the straight +or slightly wavy black hair, and the temperament (the "psyche") +of the Igorot show the Malay or Oceanic Mongol derivation. The short +stature and limbs, the long arms, the shape and index of the nose, the +occasional heads of hair that are too wavy for the Malay and would be +unheard of in the Mongol--these things are Negrito, or at least they +are characteristic of the black race of Oceanica. The variability in +shape of head would be puzzling were it not for the fact that both +the Malayan and the black races of the Indian archipelago show a +wide variability in this character of the head. These reflections +have already suggested the theory that I have to propose for the +origin of the Igorot, that he is an old, thoroughly fused mixture +of the aboriginal Negritos, who still survive in a few spots of +the cordillera, and an intrusive, Malayan race, who, by preference +or by press of foes behind them, scaled the high mountains and on +their bleak and cold summits and canyon slopes laboriously built +themselves rock-walled fields and homes, in which they have long been +acclimated. The culture of the Igorot has been greatly modified and +advanced by the rigors of his habitat, but it is Malayan at base, +as are the languages which he speaks. Except in one or two localities +where there has been recent mixture with the still existing Negrito he +does not make use of the bow and arrow, which are Negrito weapons, but +uses the shield and spear for close fighting and the jungle knife or +an interesting modification, the "headax," for both fighting and work. + +While the above expressed hypothesis of the origin of the Igorot +appears to me to have much probability, for a similar theory +to explain the Malay type of the Ilongot or Ibilao I feel even +stronger confidence. This curious people occupies a very broken +mountain area formed by the junction of the Sierra Madre with the +Caraballo Sur. This is the headwaters of the Kagayan river and to a +less degree of the Pampanga. Besides being wholly mountainous it is +covered with thick and well nigh impenetrable jungle, in which the +scattered homes of these wild people are hidden and protected. They +have long had the worst of reputations as head hunters and marauders, +and little information about them has circulated except wild rumors +of their strange appearance and treacherous ferocity. + +They have been described as "very tall," "heavily bearded," +"light in color," "white," and of a type elsewhere unknown in the +Philippines. For most of these reports there is no foundation. My +experience with this people is limited to two visits to two different +communities, in 1902 to a group in the jurisdiction of Nueva Vizcaya +and in 1909 to a community in the mountains back of Pantabangan, +Nueva Ecija. On the first visit measurements and notes were made of +four men and three women. Their stature was found to be as follows: + + + Men Women + + 1480 1386 + 1518 1440 + 1553 1510 + 1590 + + +The average stature of these men was 1535, a little less than the +average stature of Igorot, and so a very short human height. The +cephalic index for the seven, and the nasal index for six (one missing) +are as follows: + + + Cephalic Index Nasal Index + + 79.7 77.5 + 80.7 82.5 + 80.8 88.6 + 83.8 88.6 + 85.1 88.7 + 87.1 90.9 + 88.0 + + +All are brachycephalic except one (79.7), and all are platyrhinian +but one. + +In the second community I measured twelve men and five women, with +the following results: + + + Stature Men Stature Women Cephalic Index Nasal Index + + 1610 1453 89 100 + 1583 1450 87 98 + 1582 1441 86 95 + 1580 1422 85.9 95 + 1570 1412 85 94 + 1544 84 93 + 1532 83.7 90 + 1503 83.3 89 + 1486 83 89 + 1467 81 88 + 1439 81 87.8 + 81 87 + 1240 (a boy) 80 87 + 80 83 + 79 82 + 79 82 + 76 76 + + +The height of these men presents a wider variation, as would be +expected in the larger number (1601 to 1437), but the mean and the +general results are the same. The head index is brachycephalic except +in the case of three, and all are platyrhinian, or nearly so, except +one. Thus in these Ilongot we have a short race, even shorter than the +Igorot, brachycephalic and platyrhinian. Their hair is wavy, except +when it is curly. It is usually worn long. The face is occasionally +hairy; a few individuals have been seen with sparse but quite long, +curly beards. Their eyes are larger, finer, and more open than is usual +in the Igorot and the Malay. One peculiarity of the face is noticeable: +it narrows rapidly from the cheek bones to the chin, giving the face a +pentagonal shape. The color may be a little lighter than in the Igorot, +who is more exposed to sunlight than the Ilongot of the forest, and +it is much lighter than in the Negrito, but by no means light enough +to justify any likeness to either white or Mongol races. + +In these people we have, I am quite sure, a mixture of primitive +Malayan and Negrito, with more Negrito than in the case of the +Igorot. Stature, curly hair, short head, and broad, flat nose--these +are all negritic characters, as is also the hairiness of the face +and body. In fact there can be no doubt of the presence of Negrito +blood in the Ilongot, for the process of assimilation can be seen +going on. The Negrito of a comparatively pure type is a neighbor +of the Ilongot on both the south and the north. Usually they are +at enmity, but this does not, and certainly has not in the past, +prevented commingling. The culture of the Ilongot is intermediate, +or a composite of Malayan and Negrito elements. He uses the bow and +arrow of the Negrito and the spear of the Malayan as well. There are +few things in the ethnography of the Ilongot that seem unusual and +for which the culture of neither Malay nor Negrito does not provide +an explanation. One curious peculiarity, however, is an aptitude and +taste for decorative carving, applied to the door posts, lintels, +and other parts of his house, to the planting sticks of the woman, +to the rattan frame of his deer-hide rain-hat, etc. But except for +this there seems little that is not an inheritance from the two above +strains or a development due to isolation in these mountainous forests +that have long been his home. + +In concluding this account of the Ilongot I cannot forbear calling +attention to what appears to me a striking resemblance between +them and the "Sakay" of the Malay peninsula as these latter are +photographed and described in Skeat and Blagden's Pagan Races of the +Malay Peninsula. There, as in the Philippines, we have a wavy-haired +people (the Sakay) located in between, and obviously mingling with, +the Negrito ("Semang") on the north and the primitive ("Jakun") +Malayan on the south. The type is clearly intermediate between these +two races, and every Sakay community seems to contain individuals +that exhibit both pronounced Negrito and Malayan characters. There +seem to be no culture elements in the ethnography of the Sakay that +are not found in the life of Semang, Jakun, or allied peoples. And +yet, in the face of what would seem to be the obvious and natural +supposition that the Sakay is a half-breed of the Semang and Jakun, +our authors, following Professor Rudolf Martin (Die Inlandstaemme der +malayischen Halbinsel), discover in the Sakay a distinct race of wholly +different origin from the Semang and Jakun--but allied to the Veddahs +of Ceylon! This seems to me to be creating a far-fetched theory where +none is necessary. While I have not had an opportunity of studying +the Sakay at first hand, I am tolerably familiar with Negrito and +primitive Malayan, and the results of their intermarriage, and every +fresh examination of the texts and illustrations above referred to +increases my belief that the Sakay, like so many of the types of the +Philippines, is an exhibit to the widely diffused Negrito element in +Malayan peoples. + + + + + + + University of California, Berkeley. + + + + + + +THE ILONGOT OR IBILAO OF LUZON + +By Dr. David P. Barrows + +University of California + + +Reprinted from the Popular Science Monthly, December, 1910. + + + +The grewsome practise of taking human heads is particularly associated +with the Igorot peoples of the Cordillera of Luzon. These all engage +in it or have done so until recently. But to-day the most persistent +and dreaded headhunters are neither Igorot nor inhabitants of the +Cordillera; they are a wild, forest-dwelling people in the broken +and almost impenetrable mountain region formed by the junction of +the Sierra Madre range with the Caraballo Sur. They have been called +by different names by the peoples contiguous to them on the north, +west and south, "Italon," "Ibilao," "Ilongot" or "Ilungut." The last +designation would for some reasons be the preferred, but "Ibilao," +or as it is quite commonly pronounced locally through northern Nueva +Ecija, "Abilao," has perhaps the widest use. [5] + +There are no early records of these people and until late in his +rule the Spaniard knew almost nothing of them. In the latter half +of the eighteenth century, the valley of the Magat was occupied and +the mission of Ituy founded, out of which came the province of Nueva +Vizcaya, with its converted population of Gaddang and Isinay. To +reach Ituy from the south the trail followed up the valley of the Rio +Pampanga almost to its sources and then climbed over the Caraballo Sur +to the headwaters of the Magat. On this trail along the upper waters +of the Pampanga grew up several small mission stations, Pantabangan +and Karanglan, with a population of Pampanga and Tagalog people drawn +from the provinces to the south. After more than a hundred years +these small towns are still almost the only Christian settlements +in northern Nueva Ecija. From the time of their establishment we +find references to the "Ilongotes" who inhabited the mountains to +the east and were spoken of as "savages," "treacherous murderers," +"cannibals," and wholly untamable. Much as described a hundred years +ago they have continued to the present day. Their homes are in thick +mountain jungle where it is difficult to follow them, but, from time +to time they steal out of the forests to fall upon the wayfarer or +resident of the valley and leave him a beheaded and dismembered corpse. + +Here are a few instances occurring in recent years which came under +my own notice or investigation. In 1902, the presidente of Bambang, +Nueva Vizcaya, informed me that four women had been killed while +fishing a short distance from the town. In March of the same year, a +party of Ilongot crossed the upper part of Nueva Ecija and in a barrio +of San Quentin, Pangasinan, killed five people and took the heads of +four. In November, 1901, near the barrio of Kita Kita, Nueva Ecija, +an old man and two boys were killed, while a little earlier two men +were attacked on the road above Karanglan, one killed and his head +taken. In January, 1902, Mr. Thomson, the superintendent of schools, +saw the bodies of two men and a woman on the road, six miles south of +Karanglan, who had been killed only a few moments before. The heads +of these victims had been taken and their breasts completely opened +by a triangular excision, the apex at the collar bone and the lower +points at the nipples, through which the heart and lungs had been +removed and carried away. As late as a year ago (1909), on the trail +to San Jose and Punkan, I saw the spot where shortly before four +men were murdered by Ilongot from the "Biruk district." These men +were carrying two large cans of "bino" or native distilled liquor, +from which the Ilongot imbibed, with the result that three of their +party were found drunk on the trail and were captured. These are +only a few out of numerous instances, but they explain why the great +fertile plains of northern Nueva Ecija are undeveloped and why the +few inhabitants dwell uneasy and apprehensive. + +There have been no successful attempts to subdue or civilize these +people. Between 1883 and 1893, the missionary friar, Francisco +Eloriaga, founded the Mission of Binatangan in the forested hills east +of Bayombong, and the Spanish government had the project of erecting it +into a "politico-military commandancia," but so far as I know did not +reach the point of sending there an officer and detachment. Something +was learned about the most accessible Ibilao, but no permanent results +followed. [6] Since the American occupation, however, progress has +been made in our knowledge and control of this people. In October, +1902, the writer, at that time chief of the Bureau of Non-Christian +Tribes, and engaged in a preliminary reconnaissance of the pagan +peoples of northern Luzon, made a trip with a small party to one of +their communities in the mountains east of Bambang. Photographs, +measurements and notes on their language and social institutions +were made. In January, 1906, Mr. Dean C. Worcester, secretary of the +interior, approached these people from the north, by ascending the +Kagayan river. His party started from a station of the Tabacalera +Company, south of Echague, and from there rode through fine forest +to a "sitio" called Masaysayasaya. From here they "started at dawn +and about noon passed the 'dead line' set by the Ilongotes. A little +before sundown reached Dumabato, an Ilongote and Negrito settlement, +which had been the headquarters of Sibley, [7] the deserter. Here +were found a few filthy Ilongotes and some fine Negritos." + +In the spring of 1908, Dr. William Jones, of the Field Columbian +Museum, began a residence among the Ilongot of the upper Kagayan and +lived with them continuously until nearly a year had passed, when he +was killed by them. His notes and specimens were fortunately preserved +and, when published, should constitute the most original and important +contribution ever made to Philippine ethnology. Dr. Jones was part +American Indian, a member of the Sac and Fox tribe. He was not only +a brilliant scientist, but one of the most engaging and interesting +men I have ever known--a man to cleave to. Here are brief extracts +from two letters written by him from the Ibilao country, valuable, +I think, not only for the information they contain about this people, +but for the light they throw upon him and his manner of work. + + + May 26, 1908. I am at present among the Ilongotes of the Cagayan, + where I am having the most enjoyable time since my arrival in + the islands. These people are wilder than the Igorrotes. We made + friends at the beginning and the friendship has grown wider and + stronger every succeeding day. I have a shack high up on poles + where I dwell with great comfort. And plenty of food is to be + had always; wild hog and venison in the jungle on either side + of the river; lurong and liesas in the river; wild honey back on + the mountain side; bananas, beans, camote and other things from + the cultivated patches, and rice which has been saved from last + season. For the last fortnight the people have been clearing in + the jungle for sementeras. [8] I wish you might hear the sweet + melody of the songs of boys and women at work in the clearings, + songs sung to the spirits of the trees and for good crops. Ilongot + society is much simpler than that of the Igorote; there is little + if any of what may be called village life. There is a house here, + another yonder and so on here and there along the river. Places + near the river are reached by going on balsas [9] and away from + the river the trails are dim and indistinct. I do not know where + I shall end up. I am heading up-stream. It may be that I shall + find myself going west and southwest into the country of the + Ilongotes, who are enemies of the ones I am now with. I have to + go much lighter than what I am now to keep up with the little + black Negrito. He is like a flea; here to-day, there to-morrow, + and ever on the move when food is gone, and at rest, when he + has a supply, long enough to consume it. He is at outs with the + particular people I am with at present. + + Kagadyangan, on the Cagayan, Isabela. July, about the 12, 1908. I + am compelled by force of circumstances to continue in this field + for three or four months more; at least that much time must pass + before I can observe a full cycle of the various activities of + these people. Furthermore, the rainy season sets in about September + and it is difficult ascending in this region where the rapids are + numerous and swift.... I have come upon Ilongote habitations in + cliff and rock shelters. Why might their ancestors or those of + others not have lived in such in ages past and left evidences + of an earlier culture? Many Ifugao burials are in sepulchres + on mountain sides and the practise is no doubt very old. Places + like these and those of rock shelters in other lands have given + fruitful results and might they not in these islands? [10] I am + having a pleasant time with these people. They are the wildest of + any people that I have yet come across in Luzon. But like all wild + people, they are cordial and hospitable. I live in their houses + and so have their presence day and night. I hunt, fish and hike + with them, see them on and off their guard, observe them in all + their varying moods--in short, I'm very close to them all the + time. Some time I will tell you a thing or two about them. + + +Alas, for his intimacy and confidence in them! Alas, that so gifted +and lovable a man should have been lost by their treachery to science +and to his friends! + +From the Nueva Vizcaya side considerable progress has been made +in the acquaintance and control of these people. For several years, +Mr. Conner, the superintendent of schools, cultivated their friendship +and gained information that led to his successor, Mr. R. J. Murphy, +organizing a school in the community of Makebengat. The method followed +was to hire a very trustworthy and capable Filipino of the town of +Bambang who speaks their language and has had friendly relations +with them, to go out and dwell with them, persuading and hiring them +to build a good dwelling house for the teacher, a school house and +shop, and to bring their own dwellings into the locality fixed upon +for the school. Then there were sent out two native teachers (one a +woman, capable of teaching spinning and loom weaving), to begin the +instruction of the children in language, figuring and in industrial +arts not known to the Ilongot. This school experiment promises to +succeed and has already led to starting one or two other schools in +communities still more distant in the forest. + +Governor Bryant, of the province, has felt much interest in these +people, and two years ago performed the very difficult feat of +traversing the forests from these first communities northward to +the province of Isabela. This hazardous exploration occupied about +two weeks before the party emerged from the forest into the open +country. The greatest difficulty and peril was lack of food, which can +not be carried in sufficient quantities to sustain the entire journey. + +In January, 1909, a very important exploration was made by Governor +Bryant, escorted by Captain Hunt with a detachment of soldiers, +and accompanied by Mr. Murphy and Dr. M. L. Miller, chief of the +ethnological survey. The party left Dupah, January 7, and traversed the +wholly unknown country lying to the southwest. The course of the wild +gorge of the "Kaseknan" river, the head of the Kagayan, was developed, +several important communities of Ilongot were discovered and visited +without hostilities and the first knowledge obtained of much of this +region. After struggling for ten days with the difficulties of jungle, +ravine and densely covered mountains, the party reached Baler on the +Pacific coast. + +In May, 1909, the writer, accompanied by Lieutenant Coon and six native +soldiers, reached a small community of Ilongot east of Pantabangan, +called "Patakgao." This community seemed to be composed of renegades +and outlaws from several other communities. Certainly their hand was +against every man. They were charged by a small group of Ilongot living +near Pantabangan with the murder of two of their number a few weeks +earlier and they themselves professed to be harried and persecuted by +unfriendly Ilongot to the north and east of them. They had wounds to +exhibit received in a chance fray a few days before with a hunting +party from near Baler. Altogether, their wayward and hazardous life +was a most interesting exhibit of the anarchy and retaliation that +reign in primitive Malayan communities which are totally "in want of +a common judge with authority." A series of measurements was obtained +by me at Patakgao and vocabulary and notes extended. + +With the above remarks as to what has been accomplished in throwing +light upon these people some description of them will be given. For +information of their location and condition I am indebted to several +others, and particularly to Mr. Murphy, otherwise the facts are the +results of my own investigation. + +Ilongot can not be said to live in villages, for their houses are not +closely grouped, but are scattered about within hallooing distance +on the slopes of canyons where clearings have been made. Each little +locality has its name and is usually occupied by families with blood +or social ties between them, and several such localities within a +few hours' travel of one another form a friendly group. Outside of +this group all other Ilongot as well as all other peoples are blood +enemies, to be hunted, murdered and decapitated as occasion permits. + +The most considerable body of Ilongot appears to be those living +east of the towns of Nueva Vizcaya from Mount Palali south, along +a high-wooded range to the district of "Biruk," nearly east of +Karanglan. Here are some important occupied sites that go by the +names of Kampote, Kanatwan, Kanadem, Makebengat, Oyao and Biruk, as +well as others. Homes are shifted from time to time as new clearings +have to be made, and the name of a community's home will vary and +can not always be relied on. All of these communities seem to be in +fairly friendly relations with one another, though they are not bound +together by tribal or political ties. Southeast on the rough hillsides +of the Kaseknan River, the country first traversed by Mr. Bryant's +party in January, 1909, are several communities of very wild Ilongot, +Sugak, Kumian and Dakgang. Those places were greatly alarmed by the +approach of the party and used every effort to persuade it to pass +without visiting at their houses. Conversations had to be held by +shouting back and forth across deep gorges, and approach was very +difficult. These people have scattered rancherias toward Baler and +sustain trading relations with the Tagalog of that town, but are +hostile with the Ilongot of the Nueva Vizcaya jurisdiction. Appurtenant +to the towns of Karanglan and Pantabangan are a few minor communities, +among them Patakgao. Finally, further north on the Rio Kagayan, +toward the province of Isabela, we have the Ilongot communities in +which Dr. Jones worked, and lost his life, Dumabato, Kagadyangan and +others. It may be that these Ilongot communicate with the Tagalog town +of Kasiguran. In all of these communities together there are probably +only a couple of thousand souls at most. Few communities have as many +as twenty houses or 200 souls; the most are isolated groups of four or +five married couples and their immediate relations. The harsh nature +of their country, unsanitary life, occasional epidemics and most of +all their perpetual warfare contribute toward their diminution rather +than their increase. + +Like other primitive Malayan people who live in the forest, the Ilongot +support life by cultivating a forest clearing or "kaingin." The great +trees are girdled, men ascend their smooth clean trunks a hundred +feet or more and daringly lop away their branches and stems that the +life of the tree may be destroyed and the sunlight be admitted to +the earth below. At Patakgao I was shown some beautiful long pieces +of the rattan an inch and a half in diameter with elaborately woven +loops at the ends. These are swung from one tree top to another and +serve as passage-ways for the men at work. To cross they stand on the +slack cable, one hand grasping it on each side, and so, crouching, +pass along it at a height above the ground of 80 to 100 feet. With +this in mind, I could understand their replying to my inquiry as to +when they prayed, by saying that they "prayed and sang to the spirits +when they went to climb the trees." Their crops are mountain rice, +camotes or sweet potatoes, gabi or taro, maize, squash, bananas, +tapioca and, in some places, sugar cane and tobacco. They are good +gardeners, although all their cultivation is by hand, their tools +being a short hoe or trowel and a wooden planting stick, which is +ornamented with very tasteful carving. + +The houses of the Ilongot are of two sorts. Sometimes they are low +wretched hovels, built two or three feet above the ground, with roofs +of grass and sides of bark. But frequently the Ilongot build really +well-constructed and creditable homes. These are set high above the +ground, fully twelve feet, on a large number of posts or piles; the +floor is made of carefully set strips of palma brava, the door-posts, +lintels and exposed pieces of framework are curiously and tastefully +carved. Such a dwelling is built large and spacious for the occupancy +of several families and there is usually a hearth in each of the four +corners of the big, single room. Such a house set on a conspicuous +ridge and lifted by its piles high among the foliage of the surrounding +jungle is a striking and almost an imposing sight. + +The arms of the Ilongot are the spear, the jungle knife which they +forge into a peculiar form, wide and curving at the point, a slender, +bent shield of light wood and the bow and arrow. The use of the latter +weapons is significant and here, as always in Malaysia, it indicates +Negrito influence and mixture. They use a bow of palma brava and the +ingenious jointed arrow of the Negrito with point attached by a long +cord of rattan to the shaft, which separates and dragging behind the +transfixed animal impedes his escape. + +Both men and women wear the long rattan waist belt wound many times +about the loins with clouts and skirts of beaten bark cloth. The men +also use a curious rain hat not unlike a fireman's helmet, made of +rattan and deerskin, the light frame neatly decorated with carving, +and a deerskin rain coat to cover their backs in the dripping forest. + +The physical type of the Ilongot is peculiar and rather unlike that of +any other Philippine people. The men are small, with long bodies and +very short legs, weak, effeminate faces, occasionally bearded. The +hair is worn long, but usually coiled upon the head and held by a +rattan net. The color of the Ilongot is brown and a little lighter +than that of Malayans exposed to the sun by life on the water or in +the plain. Their head hair is sometimes nearly straight, usually wavy +and occasionally quite curly. These rather unusual characteristics +of the Ilongot have led to some absurdly exaggerated reports of +their appearance. + +My measurements include 15 men, 8 women and a young boy whose stature +is disregarded. The height of the men varied from 1,439 mm. to +1,610 mm., the mean being about 1,540, a very small stature though +considerably above the Negrito. The stature of the women was from 1,386 +mm. to 1,510 mm., the mean being about 1,440. The cephalic index of all +but four of the 24 individuals was between 89 and 80 (brachycephalic), +one was 79.9, two were 79, and one 76 (mesaticephalic). The nasal +index of all but six varied from 100 to 87 (markedly platyrhinian), +while the remaining six had indices from 83 to 76. The mean index +of all was 88.6. The arm reach, as is usual in Negritic peoples, +exceeded the height. + +A peculiarity of the Ilongot face is that, while it is relatively +wide at the cheek bones, it narrows rapidly below, giving the effect +of a pentagonal shaped face with sharp chin. The eyes are relatively +well opened and clear, like the eye of the Negrito, without slant or +folding lid. + +In the Ilongot then we have a small, shortlegged, wavy or curly-haired +man, round headed generally, flat and broad nosed, with occasionally +bearded face and restless nervous physiognomy. Most of these are +not characteristics of the ordinary forest Malayan; on the contrary, +they suggest the Negrito, and occasion the belief, in my own mind, +that the Ilongot is, like many other peoples of the Philippines and +Malaysia, a mixed race resulting from the union of Negrito and Malayan. + +From what has already been said it is apparent that in Ilongot society +we have a most rudimentary stage of political development. There is +no tribe. There is no chieftainship. There are no social classes, +for the Ilongot have neither aristocracy nor slaves nor what is very +common in most Malayan communities, a class of bonded debtors. They +have words to designate such classes, a slave being "sina lima" +and a debtor "makiotang," but this information was imparted with the +repeated statement, "There are none here." I was unable to get any word +whatever for a chieftain, although the Ilongot of Neuva Vizcaya spoke +of the "nalahaian" or head of the body of kin, but this person seemed +to be only the oldest influential relation in the family group. The +Ilongot of Patakgao said it was customary to hold a council called +"pogon" but it was evident that this gathering was without definite +constitution. The feebleness of the political life of the Ilongot +can be appreciated by comparing it to the Igorot, the sturdy mountain +headhunters in the Cordillera to the west. The Igorot likewise have no +conception of the tribe but they do have thoroughly organized towns and +town life. They have a detailed social system, based primarily on the +possession of wealth; there are slaves, servant and indebted classes, +and a carefully developed and adequate body of law covering property, +inheritance, conveyance and contract. Thus the political life of +the Igorot, although exceedingly weak on the side of federation or +agreement between the independent towns, is centuries of development +ahead of the almost institutionless communities of the Ilongot. + +The Ilongot appears to be usually a monogamist and the wife is +purchased, or at least a dowry called "piyat" is paid in weapons, +utensils, liquor, wire, etc. Her position is not at all that of a +bought piece of property, but, like the woman in Malayan society +generally, she is the companion and almost the equal in influence +and independence of the man. + +While the machinery for righting injuries or settling grievances is +almost non-existent, the Ilongot has a strong sense of injury and +of wrongful acts. He will say with the strongest feeling and disgust +that certain actions are "forbidden" (ma kul). + +I once asked an Ilongot what he would do if a man of a neighboring +community, with which relations were peaceful, should come and steal +his pig. He thereupon detailed the steps open to him. He might take +his weapons and go within hallooing distance of the aggressor's home +and demand a double fine or restitution ("baiyad"). If the demand did +not avail he would make a solemn warning ("tongtongan") and then, if +satisfaction did not follow, there was no recourse but retaliation. I +believe, however, that compensation, even for such offenses as murder, +is frequently arranged through the anxiety of all members of the +family to escape retaliation. Feud, that inevitably arises under +such social conditions as these, pursues generation after generation +and the obligation that descends to posterity and relations to take +vengeance is spoken of as the "debt of life" (utang nu biay). + +Apart from the taking of heads as an act of vengeance, murder with the +winning of the gruesome trophy is obligatory on the other occasions as +well. An Ilongot once said to me "A man may during his life take three, +four or even five heads, but he must take one, and that before he +marries. This head he carries to the relations of his intended wife to +prove that his heart and body are strong to defend her." Furthermore, +after the palay harvest each year the bundles of unthreshed rice or +palay are neatly piled into a stack about a tall stake which is set +up in the "kaingin." Then, for some ungodly reason, a human head +is very desirable to place on top of this pole. So raids are made, +usually on the Christian settlements below. Several questions may +be asked regarding these practises, but I can offer nothing by way +of answer. To whom is the "debt of life" owed? To the spirit of the +dead person? To the customary Malayan spirits of the forest? Only a +long acquaintance would enable one to get to the bottom of the motive +of such customs as these. + +The primitive Malayan is full of beliefs and dreads of the malignant +spirits which throng his environment. These are the spirits of forest, +trees, canyons, streams and sea; horribly conceived monsters and ghouls, +and furthermore, and omnipresent in the affairs of the living, are +the spirits of the dead--the ghosts. The Negrito, on the contrary, +seems to be very little disturbed by such beliefs. His elementary +religious notions leave him free for the most part from terror by night +or by day. Where troubled with conceptions of "anito" or "diwata" +it is almost certain that he has been learning at the feet of some +demon-worshipping Malayan. Now, the Ilongot appear to have religious +ideas that have come from various sources. Those of Nueva Vizcaya, with +whom I talked, professed belief in spirits and called them "be tung"; +the spirits of the dead were "gi na va." The Ilongot of Patakgao, +curiously, have been affected by Christian nomenclature. The ruling +spirit or spirits is "apo sen diot" ("apo" meaning lord or sir and +"diot" being a corruption of Dios). They had no word for heaven, +but mentioned "Impiedno" (Infierno). They said that when people die +"they go to the mountains." They bury the dead near their houses +in a coffin of bark (ko ko). They said that there were no "aswang" +(malignant monsters believed in by the Christian Filipinos) in their +mountains. They stated that prayer is a frequent observance; that they +prayed when some one is sick or injured. "When an animal is killed +we pray before cutting up the animal," and as stated above prayer is +offered before the dangerous ascent of trees. In one house I saw a +little bundle of grasses which was put there, following prayer made +"at the first time when we are eating the new rice." Prayer is then +made that rats may not destroy the harvest or other ill occur to crops. + +These notes are too fragmentary to give any definite idea of what +the religion of the Ilongot may be, but two other things observed +had religious significance. When our party reached the vicinity of +the community at Patakgao, we encountered in the bed of the canyon +we were following a curious contrivance placed over the running +water. Two stakes had been set up, and attached horizontally was a +branch twelve feet long, five or six feet from the ground. A chicken +had been sacrificed here and its blood had been daubed along this pole +in at least eighteen different stains. Feathers had been tied to the +ends of the upright poles and midway between them a curiously whittled +stick of shavings was tied perpendicularly and the giblets and head of +the fowl stuck upon it. Our guide, who was a Christian native from a +small barrio which has some relations with this community, pronounced +this contrivance to be a warning against further approach, in fact a +"dead line." But later, Buliud, one of the important men of Patakgao, +insisted that it was an offering made for the cure of their wounds +received a few days before in a fight with hostile Ilongot. + +In the houses of the Ilongot at Bayyait were many curiously whittled +sticks suspended from the rafters. Some of these were of irregular +shape like a ray of lightning; many were bunches of shavings, +singularly suggestive of the prayer sticks of the Ainu. + +The language of the Ilongot is predominantly Malayan. It contains a +large bulk of words identical or related to the surrounding Malayan +tongues. There are a few Sanskrit or Indian words, "pagi" (palay, +"paddy," the unhulled rice) and "pana" for arrow, both words widely +diffused in Malaysia. But besides, there is a doubtful element which +does not seem to be Malayan; at least no similar words or roots occur +in any of the other vocabularies of primitive peoples of northern Luzon +collected by me. The Ilongot continually makes use of a short u, which +sometimes becomes the German sound ue as in "buh duek," a flower. These +sounds can not be imitated by the Christian people in contact with +them. This is a condition similar to what we find in Negrito speech, +where, with a preponderance of terms occurring in Malayan languages, +are often a number of totally distinct and usually eccentric words +and sounds. + +Finally, it is manifest that the Ilongot are a problem to the +government of the islands. What is to be done with such people as +these? They can not be allowed to continue, as they have done, to +harass and murder the peaceful population of Nueva Ecija, northern +Pangasinan and Nueva Vizcaya. Some means must be found to restrain +them. Humanity does not permit their extermination. Steps are now +being taken to do something to get them in hand. The exploring parties +above referred to have opened the way. The communities organized +under teachers of the Bureau of Education seem to promise something as +well. Last fall when I left the islands search was being made for the +right sort of an American teacher to put in charge of school interests +at Baler, with jurisdiction over the Ilongot villages appurtenant +thereto. The people of Patakgao since my visit have accepted an +invitation, then made, to send their young men and boys to the barrio +of San Juan, a village in the mountains back of Pantabangan, where a +school is conducted and where several of these youth are now living +in charge of a native man in whom the Ilongot have confidence. The +Bureau of Education meets the slight expenses of this educational +experiment. This work of social development, here as in a thousand +similar places in the Philippines, will be best done by the American +teacher, but the task is inviting only to the man in whom the spirit +of youth and adventure and fascination with human problems runs strong. + +Mr. Murphy's last report concluded, "I believe the schools can do +these people a great amount of good and solve the government's worst +problems. The work, however, is dangerous, as the man who undertakes +it has no protection but his own diplomacy in handling the people. If +trouble comes it will be from the young bucks, desirous of gaining +a reputation." + + + + + + + +NOTES + + +[1] Obtained for seven women only. + +[2] The numbers are arranged serially. + +[3] The numbers are arranged serially. + +[4] Other anthropometric data on the Igorot besides that here presented +are as follows: In 1905, at San Francisco, Dr A. L. Kroeber measured 18 +men and 7 women of Bontok and published the results in the American +Anthropologist for Jan.-Mar., 1906, p. 194. The stature of these +men varied from 1460 to 1630, the average being 1550. The average +arm-reach was 1572, the average nose length 41 and breadth 40, the +index varying from 85.7 to 135.5, while the average nasal index was +99.8. The average head length was 186 and breadth 148. The cephalic +index varied from 73.40 (dolichocephalic) to 85.47 (brachycephalic), +with an average index of 78.43 (mesaticephalic). The data for the +women were: stature 1486, arm-reach 1491, nasal index 85.7 to 108.8, +average 99.7, cephalic index 78.59. These measurements conform closely +to my own taken upon Igorot of surrounding localities. + +More recently Dr Robert B. Bean of the Bureau of Science, Manila, +has published the results of a study of the Igorots of Benguet. (The +Benguet Igorots: A Somatological Study of the Live Folk of Benguet +and Lepanto, Bontoc. Manila, 1908.) Dr Bean measured 104 adult males, +10 adult females, and 30 boys. The average stature of the men was +1540, which is about my own average; but he seems to have found a +maximum stature in Benguet of 1700, a very tall stature indeed and +unprecedented in my experience with this race. He also considers the +Igorot to be "essentially short armed." He found a very variable type +of head (hyperdolichocephaly to hyperbrachycephaly). The nose was +platyrhinian. Thus, in a general way, Dr Bean's results agree with +my own, although his measurements were carried out with many more +details than it appeared to me advisable to attempt. Our conclusions, +also, as to the origin and affiliations of the Igorot are far apart. + +[5] The report of these people under different names has been the +cause of the belief that they were so many separate peoples. Professor +F. Blumentritt makes this mistake. "Versuch einer Ethnographie der +Philippinen," p. 33; "List of Native Tribes of the Philippines," +translated in Smithsonian Report for 1899. + +[6] A brief account of the people about Binatangan was published by +a missionary in 1891 in "El Correo Sino-Annamita," Vol. XXV. "Una +Visita a los Rancherias de Ilongotes" by Father Buenaventura Campa. + +[7] Sibley was an American soldier from the 16th Infantry who deserted +in 1900, and lived for over four years, a renegade among these +people. He finally surrendered to Governor Curry, of Isabela province. + +[8] Fields for seeding. + +[9] Cane rafts. + +[10] The Ifugao are an Igorot people inhabiting the Kiangan region. All +the Igorot people practise, wherever possible, the burial of their +rich and important personages in caves and artificial grottos. Burial +caves occur in many places in the Philippines and have yielded a +large store of jars, skulls and ornaments. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Negrito and Allied Types in the +Philippines and The Ilongot or Ibilao of Luzon, by David P. 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